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chhota bheem aur bali ki kahani full movie			Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali	chhota bheem and the throne of bali		Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali Directed by Rajiv Chilaka Produced by Rajiv Chilaka Samir Jain Based on Chhota Bheem by Rajiv Chilaka Music by Sunil Kaushik Production company Green Gold Animation Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 3 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) ( India ) Running time 107 minutes Country India Language Hindi Tamil Telugu Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali ( 2013 ) is an Indian animation film based on the characters Chhota Bheem and his friends . This is the sixteenth movie in the Chhota Bheem series and the second to be released to theatres rather than to television . The film was distributed by Yash Raj Films and released in three different languages -- Hindi , Tamil , Telugu -- and received mixed reviews . This movie was also released in USA on 1 February 2014 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Regular characters 2.2 Film specific characters 3 Filming 4 Release and reception 5 Box office 6 Arjun Prince of Bali 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with Dholakpur under attack with some wild wolves taking away a baby of an innocent woman . Bheem comes to the rescue and defeats those wolves to save Dholakpur . Later in the Dholakpur royal palace , Princess Indumathi sees a horrible dream and requests her father , King Indraverma to tell her a story . Indraverma tells Indumati about a beauty of a land , Bali . In Bali , a Balian chants some mantras to release an evil and deadly demon , Rangda . Next day , King Indraverma gives a brief introduction of a boy of Bali who is none other than Arjun , the prince of Bali . Rangda is released from Kaal Dhund and creates her own army of magical demons called Leykas . Next day , King Indraverma , Princess Indumathi along with Bheem and his friends set out on a trip to Bali . Indraverma tells more about Bali on their way . But before they reach Bali , it is attacked by Rangda and her magical demons , Leyaks . However , Arjun manages to escape and is rescued by Guru Bahula , the royal priest of Bali . Bahula manages to escape with Arjun and hide in a cave . Arjun is found unconscious lying on a bed . He soon wakes up and addresses Bheem and friends as mere kids . Chutki and Raju feel that they should n't help Arjun at all . Bheem explains his friends to keep patience and asks them not to leave Arjun in this dangerous situation . Meanwhile , Rangda sends Leyaks to kill any one in Bali who has survived their previous attacks . Next day , Arjun who does n't look fully recovered is cheered up by Bheem who throws a laddoo high up in the air and Arjun successfully jumps and catches the laddoo and eats it , indication of his recovery from his injuries . Bheem and his friends along with Arjun train under the supervision of Guru Bahula to face Leyaks . They then see Leyaks attack Bali and all of them run to stop Leyaks by pulling their horns and tails . They fight bravely until when Bheem sees a Leyak coming to attack Arjun , who is fighting bravely and stops him but Arjun still did not like Bheem helping him out . Raju challenges Arjun and Bheem for a Leyka killing competition . As the competition starts , ends with Arjun killing 99 Leyaks and Bheem killing 100 Leyaks , emerging as the winner . Dholu , Bholu meet up with two pretty Indonesian girls , Aci and Ayu , falling in love with them . Meanwhile , Guru Bahula wanted to find out what kind of devils these Leyaks are , so he chants a mantra and sees Guyang , Rangda 's sycophant taking two sheep of Bali to Rangda to be killed . Rangda reveals that after three days , she is going to destroy Agung Mountain to destroy Barong , the supreme God of Bali . She forms electrifying rays which hit Bahula on the other side , making him unconscious . Rangda sends Rarung , a demon to kill Bheem and Arjun . Both Bheem and Arjun soon make up as a team and kill Rarung . Just then , Rarung turns into a beautiful fairy named Sonmukhi who tells them every useful information about Rangda . The kids then form a monkey army to fight with Rangda . Next day , Bheem and Arjun along with their friends set out for Agung Mountain to complete their mission . They come across a beautiful lake in Bali and cheer up Arjun by singing a funny song . Arjun runs to a hill and sees that Rangda is increasing her powers through a ritual . Bheem speaks about something to Arjun and he hugs Bheem , indication of their friendship . They set out in different directions , with Bheem heading towards Chief Dukun , leader of the Bali Agah Tribe while Arjun , Kalia , Dholu and Bholu encountering with Baruk , caretaker of a temple on Agung Mountain . Arjun explains to Baruk that Rangda is going to attack Agung Mountain the next day . Later in the night , Chief Dukun gives Bheem and his friends a few special weapons and soon they head towards the palace . Meanwhile , Kalia , Dholu and Bholu are day dreaming . On the other hand , Baruk reaches the temple along with Arjun and tells him that they take care of this temple because it has the supreme weapon , Keris which was used by Bali 's last prince to fight Rangda . Arjun rushes inside to find Keris . Bheem and his friends reach the palace to stop Rangda from completing her rituals and to save Arjun 's parents . They manage to rescue Arjun 's parents but when Bheem tries to stop Rangda , she sends a demon named Shadow Rangda to trick Bheem . Bheem tries to stop Shadow Rangda , thinking it is Rangda but fails and falls down under the demolished palace and is trapped . Chutki feels that Bheem should have reached back by then but he did n't so she , Raju and Jaggu go and look for Bheem . Rangda finishes her rituals and attacks Agung Mountain becoming stronger and more powerful . Arjun is still searching for Keris when he sees fire inside the palace and thinks that his parents have been killed . King Indraverma , Baruk and Chief Dukun along with their armies head towards Agung Mountain to fight Rangda and her Leyaks . A long fight ensues while on the other hand , Chutki , Raju and Jaggu are looking Bheem in the demolished palace . They fail to find and Jaggu calls his monkey army and they manage to find Bheem , the kids and the monkeys think that he is dead . But he opens his eyes and as soon as he eats two laddoos , he is full of energy . They head towards Agung Mountain along with Arjun 's parents . They all fight with great bravery and determination and soon Jaggu once again calls the monkey army to kill the Leyaks . King Indraverma reaches there with his army and they finished all Leyaks . Bheem finds Keris but accidentally gives it to Arjun who in an attempt to finish Rangda fails . Bheem jumps into boiling lava and is rescued by Barong . He explains to Bheem that not Arjun , he is the real prince . Bheem succeeds to finish Rangda and bring happiness and prosperity in Bali once and for all . Arjun 's coronation takes place in the palace and the ceremony ends with a traditional Balinese dance as the film comes to an end . Characters ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Bheem -- a eleven - year - old boy , hero of the film . Chutki -- a nine - year - old girl , friend of Bheem . Indumati -- a nine - year - old girl , young princess of Dholakpur . Raju -- a six - year - old boy , friend of Bheem . Indraverma -- king of Dholakpur . Jaggu -- a monkey and Bheem 's friend . Kalia -- a twelve - year - old boy and friend of Bheem , but he is jealous of him . Dholu Bholu -- identical twin brothers , followers of Kalia . Film specific characters ( edit ) Rangda -- evil witch , captures Bali . Arjun -- a eleven - year - old boy , young prince of Bali . Bahula -- a scholar of Bali . Balian -- ex-royal priest of Bali . Aci and Ayu -- identical twin village girls of Bali Leyak -- magical creatures . Filming ( edit ) ( The ) First time , we did not have much experience . Probably we did not market the film like we are doing it this time , on a larger scale . This time , the film is bigger than the first one . It has lot of songs and music , more monsters and Bheem will be facing bigger challenges . Rajiv Chilaka The animation series Chhota Bheem was launched in 2008 . After the huge success of the series , Indian animation content producer Green Gold Animation , in association with PVR Pictures , released their first full - length movie , Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan , which was a surprise success at the Indian box office . The second film was again directed by Rajiv Chilaka . Yash Raj Films were the distributor of this film . The film introduced a new character , Arjun , a young boy , a friend of Chhota Bheem . Release and reception ( edit ) Professional reviews Review Scores Source Rating The Times of India Sify 123Telugu.com The film was distributed by Yash Raj Films and released on 400 screens on 3 May 2013 . The film got mixed reviews from critics and reviewers . The Times of India reviewer , found the animation quality of the film far better than that of other contemporary Indian works . They also appreciated the simple story telling in the film . Sify , in their review , found the film `` critic - proof '' and gave 3 out of 5 stars . 123telugu.com commented that the second half of the film was slower in comparison to the first . They also found that Arjun 's character was portrayed well in this movie . They also gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars . Box office ( edit ) The film was very successful at the box office , earning 2.30 Crores in the first week , and 3.14 Crores after the second week . As of 4 June 2013 the film has earned 4.33 Crores . Arjun prince of Bali ( edit ) A spin - off series `` Arjun : Prince of Bali '' ran for 3 seasons from 1 June 2014 to 11 September 2016 on Disney Channel India . See also ( edit ) Indian animation industry List of indian animated feature films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chota Bheem and throne of Bali '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chhota Bheem and the throne of Bali '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New ' Chhota Bheem ' movie powered with better marketing '' . Zee News . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The curious case of Chhota Bheem '' . Business Today . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast of the film '' . Green Gold pictures cast . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan Is A Surprise Success '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` YRF to distribute ' Chhota Bheem -- The Throne of Bali ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali out in May '' . Sify . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review '' . Sify . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chota Bheem and the Throne of Bali -- Fun for Kids '' . 123 Telugu . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chhota Bheem and the throne of Bali sees dull opening at box office '' . Business Today . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout benefits as Aurangzeb fails to impress '' . Indian Television.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` YJHD set to break records at the BO , opens with Rs 61.25 crore '' . IndianTelevision.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney set to launch Green Gold Animation 's ' Arjun , Prince of Bali ' '' . May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney India bets big on Arjun '' . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arjun Prince of Bali Season 3 External links ( edit ) Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali on IMDb Official website Chhota Bheem Films TV films Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna Chhota Bheem & Krishna : Pataliputra - City of the Dead Chhota Bheem : Bheem vs Aliens Chhota Bheem : Journey To Petra Chhota Bheem & Krishna : Mayanagari Chhota Bheem : Master of Shaolin Chhota Bheem : Dholakpur to Kathmandu Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman Chhota Bheem : The Rise Of Kirmada Chhota Bheem Aur Ganesh in The Amazing Odessey Chhota Bheem And The Crown of Valahalla Chhota Bheem and the Incan Adventure Chhota Bheem aur Krishna vs Zimbara Chhota Bheem And The Shinobi Secret Theatrical films Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali Chhota Bheem : Himalayan Adventure Spinoffs Mighty Raju Arjun -- Prince of Bali Krishna film series Producer Green Gold Animations ( Rajiv Chilaka ) Indian animation industry Notable feature films The Banyan Deer ( 1957 ) Ek Anek Aur Ekta ( 1974 ) Raja Chinna Roja ( 1989 ) Deepa & Rupa : A Fairy Tale from India ( 1990 ) Ramayana : The Legend of Prince Rama ( 1992 ) O ' Faby ( 1993 ) Pandavas : The Five Warriors ( 2000 ) Son of Aladdin ( 2003 ) Hanuman ( 2005 ) Bhagmati : The Queen of Fortune ( 2005 ) Kittu ( 2006 ) Bal Ganesh ( 2007 ) Inimey Nangathan ( 2007 ) Return of Hanuman ( 2007 ) My Friend Ganesha ( 2007 ) My Friend Ganesha 2 ( 2008 ) Cheenti Cheenti Bang Bang ( 2008 ) Ghatothkach ( 2008 ) Dashavatar ( 2008 ) Jumbo ( 2008 ) Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Bal Ganesh 2 ( 2009 ) My Friend Ganesha 3 ( 2010 ) Lava Kusa : The Warrior Twins ( 2010 ) Ramayana : The Epic ( 2010 ) Toonpur Ka Super Hero ( 2010 ) Main Krishna Hoon ( 2011 ) Crackers ( 2011 ) Anaganaga O Dheerudu ( 2011 ) Super K -- The Movie ( 2011 ) Arjun -- The Warrior Prince ( 2012 ) Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan ( 2012 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Delhi Safari ( 2012 ) Sons of Ram ( 2012 ) Krishna Aur Kans ( 2012 ) Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya ( 2013 ) Mahabharat ( 2013 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2013 ) Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali ( 2014 ) Kochadaiiyaan ( 2014 ) Chaar Sahibzaade ( 2014 ) True Love Story ( 2014 ) Alibaba Aur 41 Chor ( 2016 ) Chhota Bheem Himalayan Adventure ( 2016 ) Nagarahavu ( 2016 ) Chaar Sahibzaade : The Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur ( 2016 ) Hanuman : Da ' Damdaar ( 2017 ) Television The Adventures of Tenali Raman Akbar Birbal Chamatkari Telephone Chhota Bheem Chorr Police Ghayab Aaya Kumbh Karan Little Krishna Motu Patlu Pakdam Pakdai Roll No 21 Vir The Robot Boy Shiva Companies Children 's Film Society , India Crest Animation Studios Disney India Green Gold Animations Makuta Animation Pentamedia Graphics Tata Elxsi Toonz India Ltd Trace VFX Turner International India Key people Nikhil Advani Suddhasattwa Basu Rajiv Chilaka Jugal Hansraj Karan Johar Ram Mohan Vijaya Mulay S.P. Muthuraman S.S. Rajamouli Soundarya Rajinikanth Gitanjali Rao Kodi Ramakrishna Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Binu Sasidharan Pankaj Sharma Manick Sorcar Awards National Film Award for Best Animated Film National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film Schools , colleges and institutes Arena Animation DSK International Campus Frameboxx Animation & Visual Effects Image College of Arts , Animation & Technology Industrial Design Centre National Institute of Design National Institute of Design , Gandhinagar University Institute of Animation & Multimedia , Chandigarh University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhota_Bheem_and_the_Throne_of_Bali&oldid=854734187 '' Categories : 2013 films Indian animated films 2013 animated films Indian films Animated films based on animated series Films based on television series Chhota Bheem Films distributed by Yash Raj Films Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Film articles using image size parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhota%20Bheem%20and%20the%20Throne%20of%20Bali	2,554
hear oh israel the lord thy god is one god			Shema Yisrael	shema yisrael	Shema Yisrael ( or Sh'ma Yisrael ; Hebrew : שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ ; `` Hear , ( O ) Israel '' ) are the first two words of a section of the Torah , and is the title ( better known as The Shema ) of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services . The first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism : `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD our God , the LORD is one '' ( Hebrew : שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד ׃ ‎ ) , found in Deuteronomy 6 : 4 , sometimes alternatively translated as `` The LORD is our God , the LORD is one . '' Observant Jews consider the Shema to be the most important part of the prayer service in Judaism , and its twice - daily recitation as a mitzvah ( religious commandment ) . It is traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words , and for parents to teach their children to say it before they go to sleep at night .	The term `` Shema '' is used by extension to refer to the whole part of the daily prayers that commences with Shema Yisrael and comprises Deuteronomy 6 : 4 -- 9 , 11 : 13 - 21 , and Numbers 15 : 37 -- 41 . These sections of the Torah are read in the weekly Torah portions Va'etchanan , Eikev , and Shlach , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Content 2.1 Shema Yisrael 2.2 Baruch Shem 2.3 V'ahavta 2.4 V'haya im shamoa 2.5 Vayomer 2.6 Summary 3 Jewish Women and the Shema 4 Accompanying blessings 4.1 Shacharit 4.2 Maariv 5 Bedtime Shema 6 Other instances 6.1 Music 7 Divine Unity of the Shema in Hasidic philosophy 8 In Christianity 9 In Islam 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Originally , the Shema consisted of only one verse : Deuteronomy 6 : 4 ( see Talmud Sukkah 42a and Berachot 13b ) . The recitation of the Shema in the liturgy , however , consists of three portions : Deuteronomy 6 : 4 -- 9 , 11 : 13 - 21 , and Numbers 15 : 37 -- 41 . The three portions are already mentioned in the Mishnah ( Berachot 2 : 2 ) . The three portions relate to central issues of Jewish belief . In the Mishnah ( Berakhot 2 : 5 ) the reciting of the shema was linked with re-affirming a personal relationship with God 's rule . Literally , reciting the shema was stated as `` receiving the kingdom of heaven . '' ( `` Heaven '' is a metaphor for God . The best texts of the Mishnah , Kaufmann and Parma , do not have the addition `` yoke '' that is found in later printed Mishnahs : `` receive the ( yoke of the ) kingdom of Heaven . '' The original statement appears to have been `` to receive the kingdom of Heaven '' ) Additionally , the Talmud points out that subtle references to the Ten Commandments can be found in the three portions . As the Ten Commandments were removed from daily prayer in the Mishnaic period ( 70 - 200 CE ) , the Shema is seen as an opportunity to commemorate the Ten Commandments . There are two larger - print letters in the first sentence ( ' ayin ע and daleth ד ) which , when combined , spell `` עד '' . In Hebrew this means `` witness '' . The idea thus conveyed is that through the recitation or proclamation of the Shema one is a living witness testifying to the truth of its message . Modern Kabbalistic schools , namely that of the Ari , teach that when one recites the last letter of the word `` ' ecḥad ' '' ( אחד ) , meaning `` one '' , he is to intend that he is ready to `` die into God '' . Content ( edit ) Shema Yisrael ( edit ) The first paragraph of the Shema seen in a Tefillin scroll The first , pivotal , words of the Shema are , in the original Hebrew : שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד ׃ ‎ , which can be transliterated : Sh'ma Yisra'el , YHVH ' eloheinu , YHVH ' eḥad . Rabbinic Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton ( י - ה - ו - ה ) , YHVH , is the ineffable and actual name of God , and as such is not read aloud in the Shema but is traditionally replaced with אדני , Adonai ( `` LORD '' ) . For this reason , the Shema is recited aloud as : Sh'ma Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Eḥad - `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD is our God , the LORD is One . '' The literal word meanings are roughly as follows : Sh'ma -- listen , or hear and do ( according to the Targum , accept ) Yisrael -- Israel , in the sense of the people or congregation of Israel Adonai -- often translated as `` LORD '' , it is read in place of the YHVH written in the Hebrew text ; Samaritans say Shema , which is Aramaic for `` the ( Divine ) Name '' and is the exact equivalent of the Hebrew `` ha - Shem '' , which Rabbinic Jews substitute for `` Adonai '' in a non-liturgical context such as everyday speech . Eloheinu -- the plural 1st person possessive of אֱלֹהִים ‎ Elohim , meaning `` our God '' . Echad -- the unified and cardinal number one אֶחָד ‎ This first verse of the Shema relates to the kingship of God . The first verse , `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD our God is one LORD , '' has ever been regarded as the confession of belief in the One God . Due to the ambiguity of the possible ways to translate this Hebrew language passage , there are several possible renderings : `` Hear , O Israel ! Adonai is our God ! Adonai is One ! '' and , `` Hear , O Israel ! Adonai is our God -- Adonai alone . '' Many commentaries have been written about the subtle differences between the translations . There is an emphasis on the oneness of God and on the sole worship of God by Israel . There are other translations , though most retain one or the other emphases . Baruch Shem ( edit ) בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד - `` Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever '' The second line is a rabbinic addition and is recited silently during congregational worship ( except on Yom Kippur , when it is recited aloud ) . It was originally a liturgical response in use in the Temple when the name of God was pronounced and took the form of `` Baruch shem k'vodo l'olam '' , `` Blessed be His glorious name '' ( Psalm 72 : 19 ) . However , in time the words , `` malchuto '' ( `` His kingdom '' ) and `` va'ed '' ( `` for ever and ever '' ) were added . `` Malchuto '' was introduced by the rabbis during Roman rule as a counter to the claim of divine honors by Roman emperors . `` Va'ed '' was introduced at the time of the Second Temple to contrast the view of the `` minim '' ( sectarians ) that there is no life after death . V'ahavta ( edit ) The following verses are commonly referred to as the V'ahavta according to the first word of the verse immediately following the Shema , or in Classical Hebrew V'ahav'ta meaning `` and you shall love ... '' . They contain the command to love God with all one 's heart , soul , and might ( Deuteronomy 6 : 5 ) . The Talmud emphasizes that you will , at some point , whether you choose to or not , and therefore uses `` shall '' - future tense - love God . Then verse 7 goes on to remind the community to remember all the commandments and to `` teach them diligently to your children and speak of them when you sit down and when you walk , when you lie down and when you rise '' , to recite the words of God when retiring or rising ; to bind those words `` on thy arm and thy head '' ( classically Jewish oral tradition interprets as tefillin ) , and to `` inscribe them on the door - posts of your house and on your gates '' ( referring to mezuzah ) . V'haya im shamoa ( edit ) The passage following the `` Shema '' and `` V'ahavta '' relates to the issue of reward and punishment . It contains the promise of reward for serving God with all one 's heart , soul , and might ( Deut 11 : 13 ) and for the fulfillment of the laws . It also contains punishment for transgression . It also contains a repetition of the contents of the first portion - but this time spoken to the second person plural , ( Whereas the first portion is directed to the individual Jew , this time it is directed to the whole community , all the Jews ) . Vayomer ( edit ) The third portion relates to the issue of redemption . Specifically , it contains the law concerning the tzitzit ( Numbers 15 : 37 - 41 ) as a reminder that all laws of God are obeyed , as a warning against following evil inclinations and in remembrance of the exodus from Egypt . For the prophets and rabbis , the exodus from Egypt is paradigmatic of Jewish faith that God redeems from all forms of foreign domination . It can be found in the portion `` Shlach Lecha '' in the book of Numbers . Summary ( edit ) In summary , the content flows from the assertion of the oneness of God 's kingship . Thus , in the first portion , there is a command to love God with all one 's heart , soul and might and to remember and teach these very important words to the children throughout the day . Obeying these commands , says the second portion , will lead to rewards , and disobeying them will lead to punishment . To ensure fulfillment of these key commands , God also commands in the third portion a practical reminder , wearing the tzitzit , `` that ye may remember and do all my commandments , and be holy unto your God . '' The full content verse by verse , in Hebrew , English transliteration and English translation , can be found on the jewfaq.org website . The second line quoted , `` Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever '' , was originally a congregational response to the declaration of the Oneness of God ; it is therefore often printed in small font and recited in an undertone , as recognition that it is not , itself , a part of the cited Biblical verses . The third section of the Shema ends with Numbers 15 : 41 , but traditional Jews end the recitation of the Shema by reciting the first word of the following blessing , Emet , or `` Truth '' without interruption . Jewish women and the Shema ( edit ) Main article : Role of women in Judaism In Orthodox Judaism , women are not required to recite the Shema ( as a command from the Torah ) , as with other time - bound requirements which might impinge on their traditional familial obligations , although they are obligated to pray at least once daily without a specific liturgy requirement and many fulfill that obligation through prayers like the Shema . However , the practice among all Jews -- women , men , and children -- is to recite it . The Mishnah suggests that the time for recitation should not be more than 3rd hour , but if it is after that time , it should still be read , since it contains expressions of the unity of God , belief in a Creator etc . It is incumbent to teach children to recite the first verse , and subsequent paragraphs as soon as they are able to understand its meaning . Women are not time bound in its recitation and therefore are not required to say it within its time . Rabbi Ephraim Greenblatt approvingly cites the Rashba , who holds that the last set of Blessings are on the Shema , based on the rulings of Maimonides . Conservative Judaism generally regards Jewish women as being obligated to recite the Shema at the same times as men . Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard gender - related traditional Jewish ritual requirements as necessary in modern circumstances , including obligations for men but not women to pray specific prayers at specific times . Instead , both genders may fulfill all requirements . Accompanying blessings ( edit ) The Benedictions preceding and following the Shema are traditionally credited to the members of the Great Assembly . They were first instituted in the liturgy of the Temple in Jerusalem . According to the Talmud , the reading of the Shema morning and evening fulfils the commandment `` You shall meditate therein day and night '' . As soon as a child begins to speak , his father is directed to teach him the verse `` Moses commanded us a law , even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob '' ( Deut. 33 : 4 ) , and teach him to read the Shema ( Talmud , Sukkah 42a ) . The reciting of the first verse of the Shema is called `` the acceptance of the yoke of the kingship of God '' ( kabalat ol malchut shamayim ) ( Mishnah Berachot 2 : 5 ) . Judah ha - Nasi , who spent all day involved with his studies and teaching , said just the first verse of the Shema in the morning ( Talmud Berachot 13b ) `` as he passed his hands over his eyes '' which appears to be the origin of the Jewish custom to cover the eyes with the right hand whilst reciting the first verse . The first verse of the Shema is recited aloud , simultaneously by the hazzan and the congregation , which responds with the rabbinically instituted Baruch Shem ( `` Blessed be the Name '' ) in silence before continuing the rest of Shema . Only on Yom Kippur is this response said aloud . The remainder of the Shema is read in silence . Sephardim recite the whole of the Shema aloud , except the Baruch Shem . Reform Jews also recite the whole of the first paragraph of the Shema aloud . Shacharit ( edit ) During Shacharit , there are two blessing before the Shema and one thereafter . These numbers , two before and one after , are based on the Mishnah Tractate Berachos , Chapter 11 , which states : `` In the morning one blesses two before and one after , '' though there is a question in Jewish law as to whether one recites these blessing on the Shema , or surrounding the Shema . The conclusion that has been drawn is that they are to be blessing surrounding the Shema , because the structure is similar to that of blessings of the Torah , and there is doubt as to whether such blessings would actually enhance the Shema . The two blessings that are recited before the Shema are Yotzer ohr and Ahava Rabbah / Ahavat Olam . The blessing after is known as Emet Vayatziv . Maariv ( edit ) During Maariv , there are two blessings before the Shema and two after . The two before are HaMaariv Aravim and Ahavat Olam . The three after are Emet V'Emunah and Hashkiveinu . Ashkenazim add Baruch Hashem L'Olam outside of Israel on weekdays . Overall , the three blessings in the morning and four in the evening which accompany the Shema sum to seven , in accordance with the verse in Psalms : `` I praise You seven times each day for Your just rules . '' Bedtime Shema ( edit ) Before going to sleep , the first paragraph of the Shema is recited . This is not only a commandment directly given in the Bible ( in Deuteronomy 6 : 6 -- 7 ) , but is also alluded to from verses such as `` Commune with your own heart upon your bed '' ( Psalms 4 : 4 ) . Some also have the custom to read all three paragraphs , along with a whole list of sections from Psalms , Tachanun , and other prayers . Altogether this is known as the K'riat Shema she - al ha - mitah . According to Arizal , reading this prayer with great concentration is also effective in cleansing one from sin . This is discussed in the Tanya . Other instances ( edit ) The exhortation by the Kohen ( `` priest '' ) in calling Israel to arms against an enemy ( which does not apply when the Temple in Jerusalem is not standing ) also includes Shema Yisrael . ( Deuteronomy 20 : 3 ; Talmud Sotah 42a ) . Rabbi Akiva patiently endured while his flesh was being torn with iron combs , and died reciting the Shema . He pronounced the last word of the sentence , Eḥad ( `` one '' ) with his last breath ( Talmud Berachot 61b ) . Since then , it has been traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words . Roi Klein ( d . 2006 ) , a major in the IDF , said the Shema before jumping on a live grenade to save his fellow soldiers , in accordance with the traditional Jewish practice of reciting the Shema when one believes one is going to die . Music ( edit ) Arnold Schoenberg used it as part of the story to his narrative orchestral work A Survivor from Warsaw ( 1947 ) . In Parade , a musical based on true events , the main character Leo Frank , wrongly accused of the murder of a child worker at the pencil factory he manages , recites the Shema Yisrael as a vigilante gang kidnap and hang him in the final scenes of the work . Pop versions have been published by Mordechai ben David and Sarit Hadad . In Pi , Max Cohen and Lenny Meyer can be seen reciting the first three verses of the Shema . In The Shoes of the Fisherman , Anthony Quinn , as the fictional Pope Kiril , explores the back streets of Rome disguised as a simple priest , and recites the Shema at the bedside of a dying Roman Jew . Reggae singer Matisyahu recites the Shema in his songs `` Got no water '' and `` Tel Aviv'n '' . Yaakov Shwekey in his `` Shema Yisrael , '' used the story of Rabbi Eliezer Silver 's saving Jewish children hidden in Christian monasteries following the Holocaust by reciting the first line of the Shema . Singer Justin Bieber says the Shema before each public performance with his manager Scooter Braun , who is Jewish . Divine Unity of the Shema in Hasidic philosophy ( edit ) See also : Jewish philosophy , Kabbalah , and Hasidic philosophy Schneur Zalman of Liadi articulated Divine Unity in Hasidic philosophy The second section of the Hasidic text the Tanya , by Schneur Zalman of Liadi ( Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah-Gate of Unity and Faith ) , brings the mystical Panentheism of the founder of Hasidism , the Baal Shem Tov , into philosophical explanation . It explains the Hasidic interpretation of God 's Unity in the first two lines of the Shema , based upon their interpretation in Kabbalah . The emphasis on Divine Omnipresence and immanence lies behind Hasidic joy and dveikut , and its stress on transforming the material into spiritual worship . In this internalisation of Kabbalistic ideas , the Hasidic follower seeks to reveal the Unity and hidden holiness in all activities of life . Medieval , rationalist Jewish philosophers ( exponents of `` Hakirah '' - rational `` investigation '' from first principles in support of Judaism ) , such as Maimonides , describe Biblical Monotheism to mean that there is only one God , and His essence is a unique , simple , infinite Unity . Jewish mysticism gives a deeper explanation , by distinguishing between God 's essence and emanation . In Kabbalah and especially Hasidism , God 's Unity means that there is nothing independent of His essence . The new doctrine in Lurianic Kabbalah of God 's Tzimtzum ( `` Withdrawal '' ) , received different interpretations after Isaac Luria , from the literal to the metaphorical . To Hasidism and Schneur Zalman , it is unthinkable for the `` Withdrawal '' of God that `` makes possible '' Creation , to be taken literally . Tzimtzum only relates to the Ohr Ein Sof ( `` Infinite Light '' ) , not the Ein Sof ( Divine essence ) itself . God 's true infinity is revealed in both complementary infinitude ( infinite light ) and finitude ( finite light ) . The `` Withdrawal '' was only a concealment of the Infinite Light into the essence of God , to allow the latent potentially finite light to emerge after the Tzimtzum . God Himself remains unaffected ( `` For I , the Lord , I have not changed '' Malachi 3 : 6 ) . His essence was One , alone , before Creation , and still One , alone , after Creation , without any change . As the Tzimtzum was only a concealment , therefore God 's Unity is Omnipresent . In the Baal Shem Tov 's new interpretation , Divine Providence affects every detail of Creation . The `` movement of a leaf in the wind '' is part of the unfolding Divine presence , and is a necessary part of the complete Tikkun ( Rectification in Kabbalah ) . This awareness of the loving Divine purpose and significance of each individual , awakens mystical love and awe of God . Schneur Zalman explains that God 's Unity has two levels , that are both paradoxically true . The main text of Kabbalah , the Zohar , describes the first verse of the Shema ( `` Hear Israel , the Lord is God , the Lord is One '' ) as the `` Upper level Unity '' , and the second line ( `` Blessed be the Name of the Glory of His Kingdom forever '' ) as the `` Lower level Unity '' . Schneur Zalman gives the Hasidic explanation of this . In Kabbalah , all Creation is dependent on the immanent , potentially finite , `` Light that Fills all Worlds '' , that each Creation receives continually . All is bittul - nullified to the light , even though in our realm this complete dependence is hidden . From this perspective , of God knowing the Creation on its own terms , Creation exists , but the true essence of anything is only the Divine spark that continuously recreates it from nothing . God is One , as nothing has any independent existence without this continual flow of Divine Will to Create . This is the Lower Level Unity . In relation to God 's essence , Creation affects no change or withdrawal . All Creation takes place `` within '' God . `` There is nothing but God '' . The ability to create can only come from the infinite Divine essence , represented by the Tetragrammaton name of God . However , `` It is not the essence of the Divine , to create Worlds and sustain them '' , as this ability is only external to the Infinite essence . Creation only derives from God 's revelatory `` speech '' ( as in Genesis 1 ) , and even this is unlike the external speech of Man , as it too remains `` within '' God . From this upper perspective of God knowing Himself on His own terms , Creation does not exist , as it is as nothing in relation to God 's essence . This Monistic Acosmism is the `` Upper Level Unity '' , as from this perspective , only God exists . In christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the Old Covenant The Shema is one of the Old Testament sentences quoted in the New Testament . The Gospel of Mark 12 : 29 - 31 mentions that Jesus of Nazareth considered the opening exhortation of the Shema to be the first of his two greatest commandments and linked with a second ( based on Leviticus 19 : 18b ) : `` The first of all the commandments is , Hear , O Israel ; The Lord our God is one Lord : And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy mind , and with all thy strength : this is the first commandment . And the second is like , namely this , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . '' In Luke 10 : 25 - 27 the Shema is also linked with Leviticus 19 : 18 , only by the questioner , before Jesus ' agreement . The verses Deuteronomy 6 : 5 and Leviticus 19 : 18b both begin with ve'ahavta , `` and you shall love . '' In Luke 's Gospel it appears that this connection between the two verses was already part of cultural discussion or practice . Theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch noted that `` the heart is mentioned first ( in Deuteronomy 6 : 5 ) , as the seat of the emotions generally and of love in particular ; then follows the soul ( nephesh ) as the centre of personality in man , to depict the love as pervading the entire self - consciousness ; and to this is added , `` with all the strength , '' i.e. of body and soul `` . The Shema has also been incorporated in Christian liturgy , and is discussed in terms of the Trinity . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer in use in Canada since 1962 , has included the Shema in its Summary of the Law . Since 2012 , when the Anglican Use version of the BCP was adapted for use in Canada , it has been recited by Roman Catholics as well . The Orthodox Church of the Culdees utilize the Shema in the Daily Services . In islam ( edit ) The words used in the Shema prayer are similar to the words of Sura 112 ( Al - Tawhid or Monotheism ) in Quran . The words `` أَحَدٌ '' in Arabic is identical to the word `` אֶחָד '' in Hebrew . Arabic : قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ‎ - Qul Huwa ' Llāhu ʾAḥad ( `` Say , He is Allah the One '' ) Hebrew : : שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יהוה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יהוה אֶחָד ‎ - Sh'ma Yisra'el YHVH Eloheinu YHVH Eḥad See also ( edit ) Profession ( religious ) Tawhid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OzTorah '' Blog Archive '' Baruch Shem : The 2nd line of the Shema -- Ask the Rabbi `` . www.oztorah.com . ^ Jump up to : The Complete Hebrew Bible ( Tanach ) based on JPS 1917 Hebrew - English translation Deuteronomy 6 , accessed 29 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Shema '' . www.jewfaq.org . Jump up ^ ( Mishnah Berurah , O.C. 106 : 1 § 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Shailos and Teshuvos , Rav Ephraim Greenblatt , Rabbavot Ephraim , Vol. 1 , ( O.C ) § 52 ) Jump up ^ Mishnah , Berachos 1 : 2 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.2/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi Jump up ^ Mishnah , Berachos 1 : 2 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.2/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi Jump up ^ Mishnah , Berachos 1 : 4 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.4/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi Jump up ^ With all your heart : the Shema in Jewish worship , practice and life By Meir Levin , ISBN 1 - 56871 - 215 - 4 , page 207 - 12 Jump up ^ Mishnah , Berachos 1 : 4 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.4/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi Jump up ^ Psalms 119 : 164 http://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.119.164/he/Tanach_with_Ta'amei_Hamikra?lang=bi Jump up ^ `` ( Otzar770 - Book page view ) '' . otzar770.com . Jump up ^ Lubotzky , Asael ( 2016 ) . From the Wilderness and Lebanon . Koren Publishers Jerusalem . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 1592644179 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : Tween Evangelist ? '' . 9 February 2011 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ English translation and commentary on the second section of Tanya : Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah-Gate of Unity and Faith from Chabad.org . Retrieved Oct. 2009 Jump up ^ Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament on Deuteronomy 6 , accessed 6 November 2015 Jump up ^ See Brian J. Wright , `` Deuteronomy 6 : 4 and the Trinity : How Can Jews and Christians Both Embrace the ' Echad ' of the Shema ? '' https://www.academia.edu/12230043/Deuteronomy_6_4_and_the_Trinity_How_Can_Jews_and_Christians_Both_Embrace_the_Echad_of_the_Shema Jump up ^ `` The Order for the Administration of The Lord 's Supper or Holy Communion '' . 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liturgical BCP Prayer , `` THE SHAMA '' A Prayer of Christendom and of the Culdees -- Orthodox Church of the Culdees ( Celtic ) , Home of the Priory of Salem , TCAWW , and Watchman News `` . christsassembly.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Shema Yisrael at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia : Shema Recitation of the Shema Yisrael Explanation of the Shema by Rabeinu Bachya ( hide ) Jewish prayer List of Jewish prayers and blessings Shacharit Preparation Birkot hashachar Akeida Offerings Pesukei dezimra Mizmor Shir ( Psalm 30 ) Barukh she'amar Songs of thanksgiving ( Psalm 100 ) Yehi kevod Hallel ( Ashrei Psalms 146 147 148 149 150 ) Baruch Adonai L'Olam Vayivarech David Atah Hu Adonai L'Vadecha Az Yashir Yishtabach Core prayers Barechu Yotzer ohr Ahava rabbah Shema Emet Vayatziv Amidah Kedushah Conclusion Tachanun Torah reading Ashrei Psalm 20 Uva letzion Aleinu Shir shel yom Kaddish Ein Keloheinu Mincha Ashrei Torah reading Amidah Kedushah Tachanun Aleinu Kaddish Maariv Barechu Maariv Aravim Ahavat Olam Shema Emet V'Emunah Hashkiveinu Baruch Adonai L'Olam Half Kaddish Amidah Full Kaddish Aleinu Mourner 's Kaddish Shabbat / Holiday additions Extended Pesukei dezimra ( Psalms 19 34 90 91 135 136 33 Lekhah Dodi 92 93 ) Nishmat Shochen Ad Hallel Torah reading Yom Tov Torah readings Haftarah Yekum Purkan Av HaRachamim Mussaf Birkat Cohanim Anim Zemirot Tzidkatcha Al HaNissim Adon Olam Seasonal additions Psalm 27 Avinu Malkeinu Selichot Other prayers Amen Modeh Ani Ma Tovu Adon Olam Yigdal Al Netilat Yadayim Asher Yatzar Birkat HaMazon El Malei Rachamim Havdalah Kiddush Levana Tefilat HaDerech Birkat Hachama On Shabbat On holidays On Mondays and Thursdays Only on Shabbat and holidays , according to Nusach Ashkenaz in the diaspora On fast days Daily in Israel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shema_Yisrael&oldid=815929326 '' Categories : Jewish prayer and ritual texts Hebrew Bible verses Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible Shacharit Maariv Book of Deuteronomy Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings Siddur of Orthodox Judaism Monotheism Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Ladino Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 03 : 40 . 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who is required to promise to uphold the constitution			Oath of office	oath of office	An oath of office is an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office , usually a position in government or within a religious body , although such oaths are sometimes required of officers of other organizations . Such oaths are often required by the laws of the state , religious body , or other organization before the person may actually exercise the powers of the office or any religious body . It may be administered at an inauguration , coronation , enthronement , or other ceremony connected with the taking up of office itself , or it may be administered privately . In some cases it may be administered privately and then repeated during a public ceremony .	Some oaths of office are a statement of loyalty to a constitution or other legal text or to a person or other office - holder ( e.g. , an oath to support the constitution of the state , or of loyalty to the king ) . Under the laws of a state it may be considered treason or a high crime to betray a sworn oath of office . The word ' oath ' and the phrase ' I swear ' refer to a solemn vow . For those who choose not to , the alternative terms ' solemn promise ' and ' I promise ' are sometimes used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Bangladesh 3 Belarus 4 Belgium 4.1 King 4.2 Prime minister , ministers and state secretaries 4.3 Members of the Parliaments 4.4 Public servants 4.5 Mayors and members of municipal executive and city council 5 Brazil 6 Canada 6.1 Governor general 6.2 Ministers 7 China 8 Costa Rica 9 Croatia 10 Egypt 11 Fiji 12 Finland 12.1 General oath of office . 12.2 Presidential affirmation of office 12.3 Oath of Judge 12.4 Military oath 13 Germany 14 Ghana 15 Greece 16 Guatemala 17 Hong Kong 18 India 18.1 President of India 18.2 Vice-President of India 18.3 Union Council of Ministers of India 18.4 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or High Court 19 Indonesia 19.1 President and Vice President 19.2 Cabinet members and Presidential Work Units ( UKP ) 20 Iran 20.1 Oath of Judge 21 Ireland 22 Israel 23 Italy 24 Lebanon 25 Luxembourg 26 Malaysia 26.1 Yang di - Pertuan Agong and Deputy Yang di - Pertuan Agong 26.2 Executive and legislative members 26.3 Judicial members 27 Mexico 28 Moldova 29 Netherlands 29.1 King 29.2 Ministers , state secretaries and members of Parliament 29.3 Civil servants 30 New Zealand 30.1 Governor - General 31 Norway 32 Pakistan 33 Philippines 34 Poland 34.1 President 34.2 Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister , Minister 34.3 Sejm Members and Senators 35 Portugal 36 Romania 36.1 President 36.2 Local officials 37 Russia 37.1 Russian Empire 38 Singapore 39 South Africa 40 Spain 41 Sweden 42 Switzerland 43 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 44 Turkey 45 Ukraine 46 United Kingdom 46.1 Oaths taken by the monarch 46.1. 1 Coronation Oath 46.1. 2 Oath relating to the security of the Church of Scotland 46.2 Oath of Allegiance and Official Oath 46.2. 1 Oath of Allegiance 46.2. 2 Official Oath 46.3 Judicial Oath 46.4 Armed forces 46.5 Privy Counsellors 46.6 Constables declaration 47 United States 47.1 History of the Oath 47.2 Federal Executive and Legislative Branch Oaths 47.3 Federal Judiciary Oaths 47.4 Military Oaths -- Federal and State 47.5 State and Local Oaths 47.5. 1 Tennessee ( county offices ) 48 Venezuela 49 Catholic Church 50 See also 51 Notes 52 References 53 External links 54 Further reading Australia See also : Oath of Allegiance ( Australia ) All members of the Australian Parliament are required to take before taking their seat in Parliament an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance before the Governor - General of Australia . The requirement to take the oath is set out in section 42 of the Australian Constitution and the wording of the oath and affirmation are set out in a schedule to the Constitution . The oath is : I , ( name ) , do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second , Her heirs and successors according to law . So help me God ! The affirmation is : I , ( name ) , do solemnly and sincerely affirm and declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second , Her heirs and successors according to law . Upon taking office , the Governor - General of Australia is required to take the above Oath of Allegiance as well as a second Oath of Office : I , ( name ) , do swear that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second , Her heirs and successors according to law , in the office of Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia , and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of the Commonwealth of Australia , without fear or favour , affection or ill will . So help me God ! In addition to swearing , the Oath of Allegiance upon becoming a Member of Parliament , the Prime Minister , Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries also recite an Oath of Office upon entering office . The wording of this oath is not prescribed within the Constitution and is ultimately determined by the Prime Minister of the day . Traditionally the oath has repeated the swearing of allegiance to the Sovereign , although this is not required . The current Oath of Office is : I , ( name ) , do swear that I will well and truly serve the people of Australia in the office of ( position ) and that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second , Queen of Australia . So help me God ! Bangladesh The President , Prime Minister , Chief Justice , Speaker , Ministers take their oath of office . The oath is taken in Bengali . President : The President takes oath from the Speaker : `` আমি , ( নাম ) , ... সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ ( বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা ) করিতেছি যে , আমি আইন - অনুযায়ী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি - পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব ; আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ , সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব : এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ , অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন - অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব । '' In English , `` I , ( name ) do swear with honor ( or solemnly affirm ) that I , according to the laws , shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the President . I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh . I shall preserve , support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws , without being affected by fear or mercy , love or hatred . '' Ministers : The members of the cabinet is appointed and sworn in by the President : `` আমি , ( নাম ) , ... * সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ ( বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা ) করিতেছি যে , আমি আইন - অনুযায়ী সরকারের প্রধানমন্ত্রী ( কিংবা ক্ষেত্রমত মন্ত্রী , প্রতি - মন্ত্রী , বা উপমন্ত্রী ) - পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব : আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিব ; আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ , সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব ; এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ , অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন - অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব । '' In English , `` I , ( name ) do swear with honor ( or solemnly affirm ) that I , according to the laws , shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the Prime Minister ( or Minister or State Minister or Sub-minister , as the circumstances allow ) . I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh . I shall preserve , support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws , without being affected by fear or mercy , love or hatred . '' Speaker : The Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad , takes the oath of his or her office as well as the presidential oath , since the acts of president is practiced by the Speaker , whenever necessary : `` আমি , ( নাম ) ... সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ ( বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা ) করিতেছি যে , আমি আইন - অনুযায়ী সংসদের স্পীকারের কর্তব্য ( এবং কখনও আহুত হইলে রাষ্ট্রপতির কর্তব্য ) বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব ; আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ , সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব ; এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ , অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন - অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব । '' In English : `` I , ( name ) do swear with honor ( or solemnly affirm ) that I , according to the laws , shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad ( and the office of the President , whenever called ) . I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh . I shall preserve , support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws , without being affected by fear or mercy , love or hatred . '' The deputy speaker takes a likely oath . Chief Justice : The Chief Justice , Justices of the Appellate Division and High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh takes the following oath of office from the President : `` আমি ( নাম ) , ... , প্রধান বিচারপতি ( বা ক্ষেত্রমত সুপ্রীম কোর্টের আপীল / হাইকোর্ট বিভাগের বিচারক ) নিযুক্ত হইয়া সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ ( বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা ) করিতেছি যে , আমি আইন - অনুযায়ী ও বিশ্বস্থতার সহিত আমার পদের কর্তব্য পালন করিব ; গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান ও আইনের রক্ষণ , সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব ; এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ , অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন - অনুযায়ী যথাবিহিত আচরণ করিব । '' In English , `` I , ( name ) do swear with honor ( or solemnly affirm ) that I , according to the laws , shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the Chief Justice ( or Justice of the Apealate Division or High Court Division of the Supreme Court , as the circumstances allow ) . I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh . I shall preserve , support and secure the constitution and the laws and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws , without being affected by fear or mercy , love or hatred . '' Others : The Election Commissioner s , members of the Public Service Commission and the Comtroller and Auditor General takes a likely oath of office from the Chief Justice . The representatives of the people in the local government takes oath from the Prime Minister or the minister in charge of the Local Government Division . Belarus The Constitution of Belarus requires the president - elect to recite the following oath before taking office : Assuming the office of President of the Republic of Belarus , I solemnly swear to faithfully serve the people of the Republic of Belarus , to respect and safeguard the rights and liberties of man and citizen , to abide by and protect the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus , and to discharge strictly and conscientiously the lofty duties that have been bestowed upon me Belgium King In Belgium , the King is not crowned but swears the constitutional oath in front of both Chambers of the federal parliament in the Palace of the Nation in Brussels . The assembly room is rebuilt for this occasion . First , the parliamentary session of the Federal Chamber of Representatives and the Senate is opened . The joint session is presided over by the presidents of the Chamber and the Senate . Afterwards , the King is announced by the usher in the country 's three official languages : le Roi -- de Koning -- der König . The King enters the assembly room and sits on the throne in the center . After a speech of the President of the Chamber , the King is invited to take the constitutional oath . This happens in the three official languages : Dutch : Ik zweer dat ik de Grondwet en de wetten van het Belgische volk zal naleven , ' s Lands onafhankelijkheid handhaven en het grondgebied ongeschonden bewaren . French : Je jure d'observer la Constitution et les lois du peuple belge , de maintenir l'indépendance nationale et l'intégrité du territoire . German : Ich schwöre , die Verfassung und die Gesetze des belgischen Volkes zu beachten , die Unabhängigkeit des Landes zu erhalten und die Unversehrtheit des Staatsgebietes zu wahren . In English : I swear that I will observe the constitution and laws of the Belgian people , preserve the country 's independence and protect its territorial integrity . ( Article 91 of the Belgian Constitution ) The King makes his inaugural speech . The President of the Senate congratulates the King . The Royal Band of the Belgian Naval Component performs the Belgian national anthem and the European anthem . The King leaves and the parliamentary session is closed . 101 cannon shots are fired . Prime Minister , ministers and State secretaries The prime minister , the ministers and state secretaries of the Belgian federal government swear an oath in front of the Belgian King . Also the minister - presidents of the Flemish government , of the Walloon government , of the government of the French community , of the government of the German - speaking community and of the Brussels - Capital region government swear the oath at the King . The other members of these governments do not take the oath at the King , but in front of their respective parliaments . They may choose to take the oath in one or more of the country 's languages . Dutch : Ik zweer getrouwheid aan de Koning , gehoorzaamheid aan de Grondwet en aan de wetten van het Belgische volk . French : Je jure fidélité au Roi , obéissance à la Constitution et aux lois du Peuple belge . German : Ich schwöre Treue dem König , Gehorsam der Verfassung und den Gesetzen des belgisches Volkes . In English : I swear fidelity to the King , obedience to the constitution and to the law of the Belgian people . Members of the parliaments The members of the Chambers of Representatives , the Senate , the Flemish Parliament , the Walloon Parliament , the Parliament of the French Community , the Parliament of the German - speaking Community and the Parliament of the Brussels - Capital Region have to swear the following oath : Dutch : Ik zweer de Grondwet na te leven . French : Je jure d'observer la Constitution . German : Ich schwöre , die Verfassung zu beachten . In English : I swear obedience to the constitution . Public servants All public servants in judiciary and administration , officers of the civil guards and the army and servants in general of any public office have to swear the same oath as ministers . Mayors and members of municipal Executive and city Council Flemish mayors and the members of municipal executive and the city council in Flanders have following oath : `` Ik zweer de verplichtingen van mijn mandaat trouw na te komen '' ( I swear to fulfill the duties of my office faithfully ) . In Walloon the following version is used : `` Je jure fidélité au Roi , obéissance à la Constitution et aux lois du peuple belge . '' Brazil Dilma Rousseff takes the oath of office of the President of Brazil . The affirmation required by the Constitution of Brazil to be taken by the president - elect upon entering into office is as follows : I promise to preserve , defend and uphold the Constitution , observe the Laws , promote the general welfare of the Brazilian people , and to sustain the union , the integrity and the independence of Brazil . The vice-president is required to take the same pledge . The affirmations of office required of members of the National Congress of Brazil are specified in the rules of procedure of each house ( the Chamber of Deputies and Senate ) The internal rules of the Supreme Federal Court set out the affirmation that must be taken by justices upon their investiture . Other judges make different affirmations , as provided for by law or in the internal rules of each Court . The Constitution and laws of the several states and the organic laws of the municipalities also specify affirmations that must be made by the key officers of those entities . Canada Further information : Oath of Allegiance ( Canada ) No formal oath is required to be taken by the monarch . Governor General The Governor General of Canada is required to take the `` Oath for the due execution of the Office of Our Governor General and Commander - in - Chief in and over Canada , and for the due impartial administration of justice '' , which includes swearing allegiance to the reigning Canadian monarch the viceroy is to represent . This oath must be administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada or a puisne justice and , though not demanded , this is usually done during a swearing - in ceremony in the Canadian Senate chamber . Ministers The Clerk of the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada administers the Oath of Office and Oath of Allegiance to ministers , including the prime minister of Canada , at Rideau Hall . The Oath of Office is as follows : I , ( name ) , do solemnly and sincerely promise and swear ( or declare ) that I will truly and faithfully , and to the best of my skill and knowledge , execute the powers and trusts reposed in me as ( office ) , so help me God . Ministers who choose to take the oath as an affirmation use declare instead of swear and omit so help me God . When not already members of the privy council , ministers also take the oath for members of the privy council . The prime minister 's oath is slightly different : I , ( name ) , do solemnly and sincerely promise and swear ( or declare ) that I will truly and faithfully , and to the best of my skill and knowledge , execute the powers and trust reposed in me as Prime Minister of Canada . So help me God . China Further information : Constitutional oath of office of China Li Keqiang publicly swore an oath to the Constitution upon formally taking office after he was appointed as the Premier in the 1st Session of the 13th National People 's Congress . On July 1 , 2015 , the 15th Meeting of the 12th Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress passed the Decision of the National People 's Congress Standing Committee Regarding the Implementation of a Constitutional Oath System , with an effective date of January 1 , 2016 . The Decision requires state civil servants elected or appointed by the National People 's Congress , its Standing Committee , the State Council , the Central Military Commission , the Supreme People 's Court , the Supreme People 's Procuratorate , and other central government organs , as well as equivalent local government organs at or above the county level , to publicly swear an oath to the constitution upon formally taking office . As prescribed by the decision , the oath is as follows : 我宣誓 : 忠于中华人民共和国宪法 , 维护宪法权威 , 履行法定职责 , 忠于祖国、忠于人民 , 恪尽职守、廉洁奉公 , 接受人民监督 , 为建设富强、民主、文明、和谐的社会主义国家努力奋斗 ! English translation : I pledge to show allegiance to the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , safeguard the authority of the Constitution , fulfill the legal responsibilities of my position , show allegiance to the Motherland , show allegiance to the people , show the utmost respect for my duty , pursue public affairs with integrity , accept the supervision of the people , and strive for a prosperous , strong , democratic , civilized , and harmonious socialist country ! Costa Rica In Costa Rica , the oath of office is administered to the President - elect on Inauguration Day , and to all other public officials on the day of the undertaking of their duties . The oath of office for the President of Costa Rica is administered to him , or her , by the President of the Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica . It is established in the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica ( Article 194 ) : `` El juramento que deben prestar los funcionarios públicos , según lo dispuesto en el artículo 11 de esta Constitución es el siguiente : - ¿ Juráis a Dios y prometéis a la Patria , observar y defender la Constitución y las leyes de la República , y cumplir fielmente los deberes de vuestro destino ? - Sí , juro - . - Si así lo hiciereis , Dios os ayude , y si no , Él y la Patria os lo demanden . '' ( Do you swear before God and promise the Country to observe and defend the Constitution and the laws of the Republic and faithfully fulfill the duties of your office ? '' Yes , I swear . If you do , may God help you , and if you do not , may He and the Country call you to account . ) Croatia Before assuming duty , the President - elect of the Republic takes oath of office before the judges of the Constitutional Court swearing loyalty to the Constitution : I solemnly swear to perform the duty of the President of the Republic of Croatia conscientiously and responsibly , to the benefit of the Croatian people and all Croatian citizens . As a Head of the Croatian State , I will keep the Constitution and laws , care for the respect of the Constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia , cherish proper and fair action of all bodies of state authority and keep the independence , existence and unity of the Croatian State . So help me God ! Egypt Before assuming duty , the President - elect of the Republic and the ministers takes oath of office : I swear by Almighty Allah to uphold the Republican system , to respect the Constitution and the law , to fully safeguard the interests of the people and to protect the independence of the nation and its territorial integrity Fiji In Fiji , the oath of office for the President of Fiji and Vice-President of Fiji are set out in Chapter 17 of the Constitution of Fiji . Finland General oath of office . In Finland , the oath of office is sworn by The Chancellor of Justice and the Assistant Chancellor of Justice The chief of staff ( Finnish : kansliapäällikkö ) of the office of the President of Finland , the following officials of the Finnish Government , the office of the Chancellor of Justice or of any government ministry : heads of office ( Finnish : kansliapäällikkö ) the secretaries and under - secretaries of state ( Finnish : valtiosihteeri , alivaltiosihteeri ) heads of section ( Finnish : osastopäällikkö ) heads of central agencies provincial governors heads of diplomatic or consular missions all career military personnel of Finnish Defence Forces and the Finnish Border Guard prison governors The oath of office is : I , ( name ) , promise and swear before almighty and all - knowing God that I will , in the fulfilment of my office , follow the constitution and other laws , acting rightfully and impartially for the sake of the citizens and the society . Those who do not want to swear the religious oath may give an affirmation . In this case , the words `` promise and swear before almighty and all - knowing God '' are replaced by `` promise and affirm by my honor and by my conscience '' . Policemen and some other persons executing justice make a written affirmation of office instead of an oath . The text of the affirmation is I , ( name ) , promise and affirm by my honour and by my conscience that I will , in the fulfillment of my office , follow the constitution and other laws , acting rightfully and impartially . I will fulfill my duties carefully and as well as I can . Furthermore , I will not divulge to third parties knowledge which I have gained in my office , and which must be kept secret . In Finnish practice , the oaths of office are given only once . If the person who has given an oath or affirmation moves to another duty where such oath is required , the oath is not given anew . Presidential affirmation of office The President of Finland gives the following affirmation of office : I , ( name ) , elected by the people of Finland as the President of the Republic , hereby affirm that in my presidential duties I shall sincerely and conscientiously observe the Constitution and the laws of the Republic , and to the best of my ability promote the wellbeing of the people of Finland . Oath of judge Finnish judges and justices of all courts are required to give the following oath : I , ( name ) , do promise and swear by God and His Holy Gospels that to the best of my understanding and conscience I wish to and shall in all judgments render justice to poor and rich alike and render judgment in accordance with the laws and lawful rules of God and country : I shall never , under any pretext , pervert the law nor promote injustice because of kinship , relationship , friendship , envy , hatred or fear , or for the sake of gifts or presents or other reasons , nor shall I find an innocent person guilty or a guilty person innocent . Furthermore , I shall not , before pronouncing a judgment or thereafter , reveal to the parties or to anyone else anything about the deliberations that the Court has held behind closed doors . All of this I wish to and shall fulfil faithfully , honestly and as an earnest judge , without deceit and intrigue , so help me God , in body and mind . Those taking an affirmation do not use the parts involving God . All Finnish cabinet ministers are required to give both the general oath or affirmation of office and the oath of judge , unless they have given these oaths and affirmations before . Like the general oath of office , the oath of judge is given only once . Military oath Main article : Finnish Defence Forces military oath All Finnish conscripts are required to give the military oath or affirmation . The oath or affirmation is given in the end of the basic training using the formula : I , ( name ) , promise and affirm before the almighty and all - knowing God ( in affirmation : by my honour and by my conscience ) that I am a trustworthy and faithful citizen of the realm of Finland . I want to serve my country honestly and , to my best ability , seek and pursue her edification and advantage . I want everywhere and in every situation , during the peace and during the war , defend the inviolability of my fatherland , her legal system of government and the legal authority of the realm . If I perceive or gain knowledge of activity to overthrow the legal authority or to subvert the system of government of the country , I want to report it to the authorities without delay . The troop to which I belong and my place in it I will not desert in any situation , but so long as I have strength in me , I will completely fulfill the task I have received . I promise to act properly and uprightly , obey my superiors , comply with the laws and decrees and keep the service secrets trusted in me . I want to be forthright and helpful to my fellow servicemen . Never will I due to kinship , friendship , envy , hatred or fear nor because of gifts or any other reason act contrary to my duty in service . If I be given a position of superiority , I want to be rightful to my subordinates , to take care of their wellbeing , acquire information on their wishes , to be their councillor and guide and , for my own self , set them a good and encouraging example . All this I want to fulfil according to my honour and my conscience . Germany See also : Hitler oath The oath of office of the Federal President , Federal Chancellor , and other federal ministers in Germany is as follows : I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well - being of the German people , promote their welfare , protect them from harm , uphold and defend the Basic Law and the laws of the Federation , perform my duties conscientiously , and do justice to all . So help me God . The religious affirmation may be omitted . The first ( and only ) chancellor to do this was Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Each of the 16 Länder ( states ) has its own oath of office for the Minister Presidents and other ministers , also for the Länder employees . The oath for soldiers in Germany reads as follows : I swear to serve loyally the Federal Republic of Germany and to defend bravely the right and the freedom of the German people . So help me God . Depending on the oath 's interpretation , the following translation is also possible : I swear to serve loyally the Federal Republic of Germany and to defend bravely the justice and the freedom of the German people . So help me God In both of the above , conscripts say `` vow '' instead of `` swear '' , and the religious affirmation is not added for conscripts since the vow is not an actual oath . The oath for federal Beamte : I swear to protect the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and all valid laws within the Federal Republic and to fulfill my duties of the office faithfully , so help me God . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Ghana The oath of office of the President of Ghana is as follows : I , ( name ) , having been elected to the high office of President of the Republic of Ghana do in the name of the Almighty God swear ( or do solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful and true to the Republic of Ghana ; that I will at all times preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana ; and that I dedicate myself to the service and well - being of the people of the Republic of Ghana and to do right to all manner of persons . I further solemnly swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that should I at any time break this oath of office I shall submit myself to the laws of the Republic of Ghana and suffer the penalty for it . For members of the Parliament of Ghana , the oath is : I , ( name ) , having been elected a member of Parliament do in the name of the Almighty God swear ( or do solemnly affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Ghana as by law established ; that I will uphold , preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana ; and that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge the duties of a member of Parliament . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Greece Article 59 of the Constitution of Greece states that members of parliament must take the following oath : I swear in the name of the Holy Consubstantial and Indivisible Trinity to keep faith in my Country and in the democratic form of government , obedience to the Constitution and the laws and to discharge conscientiously my duties . Article 33 of the Constitution of Greece states that the President of the Hellenic Republic must take the following oath : I swear in the name of the Holy , Consubstantial and Indivisible Trinity to safeguard the Constitution and the laws , to ensure their faithful observance , to defend the national independence and territorial integrity of the Country , to protect the rights and liberties of the Greeks and to serve the general interest and the progress of the Greek People . Guatemala Article 181 of the Guatemalan Constitution provides that the incoming president of Guatemala should raises his or her right arm up to shoulder - level before the President of the Congress of Guatemala and say the following oath of office in Spanish : I promise to make and to keep the political constitution of the Republic Of Guatemala and the laws that came from it , and loyally and faithfully love to my country the position of President of the Republic that the public has given me legally and legitimate , looking above all for the good and the prosperity of the country so help me God ; and if I do n't do it as such that the nation should demand it from me . Afterwards , the outgoing President passes him the Guatemalan flag ( the Banda Presidential ) , which is worn from the left shoulder to the right rib , to the new President along with the presidential pin and with the Constitutional Collar . Hong Kong See also : Hong Kong Legislative Council oath - taking controversy The oath of office for the Chief Executive is as follows : I , ( name ) , swear that , in the office of Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , I will uphold the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , bear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China and serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conscientiously , dutifully , in full accordance with the law , honestly and with integrity , and be held accountable to the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The oath of office for the Principal Officials is as follows : I swear that , in the office of ( office ) of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , I will uphold the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , bear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China and serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conscientiously , dutifully , in full accordance with the law , honestly and with integrity . The oath of office for the unofficial members of the Executive Council is as follows : I swear that , being appointed to the Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , I will uphold the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , bear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China and serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conscientiously , dutifully , in full accordance with the law , honestly and with integrity . The oath of office for the members of the Legislative Council is as follows : I swear that , being a member of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , I will uphold the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , bear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China and serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conscientiously , dutifully , in full accordance with the law , honestly and with integrity . The oath of office of judges is as follows : I swear that , in the Office of a Judge of the Judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , I will uphold the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , bear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conscientiously , dutifully , in full accordance with the law , honestly and with integrity , safeguard the law and administer justice without fear or favour , self - interest or deceit . During the colonial era , the Governors of Hong Kong were required by Hong Kong Royal Instructions and Hong Kong Letters Patent to take the Oath of Allegiance , the Official Oath and the Judicial Oath of the United Kingdom before assuming the office . India President of India The oath of office for the President of India is as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the office of President ( or discharge the functions of the President ) of the Republic of India , and will to the best of my ability preserve , protect and defend the Constitution and the law , and that I will devote myself to the service and well - being of the people of Republic of India . -- Article 60 , Constitution of India Vice-President of India The oath of office for the Vice-President of India is as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter . -- Article 69 , Constitution of India Union Council of ministers of India The oath of office for Prime Minister and other members of the Union Council of Ministers : The oath of office is as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or , solemnly affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law , without fear or favour , affection or ill - will . -- Schedule III , Constitution of India The oath of secrecy is as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or , solemnly affirm ) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister . -- Schedule III , Constitution of India Chief justice of the Supreme Court or high Court The oath of office for Chief Justice of Supreme Court or High Court is as follows : I , ( name ) , having been appointed Chief Justice ( or a Judge ) of the Supreme Court of India , do swear in the name of God ( or affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability , knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour , affection or ill - will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws . -- Schedule III , Constitution of India Indonesia President and Vice President Based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 9 about the Oath of Office and Promise of the President and Vice President : Before assuming office , the President and the Vice-President shall take the oath of office according to their religions , or solemnly promise before the People 's Consultative Assembly ( MPR ) or the People 's Representative Council ( DPR ) session as follows : The President 's / Vice-President's Oath of Office ( for Muslims ) : In the name of Allah , I swear that I will perform the duties of the President ( or Vice-President ) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my ability and as justly as possible , and that I will strictly observe the Constitution and consistently implement the law and regulations in the service of the country and the people . The President 's / Vice-President's Promise : I solemnly promise that I will perform the duties of the President ( or Vice-President ) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my ability and as justly as possible , and that I will strictly observe the constitution and consistently implement the law and regulations in the service of the country and the people . In case any sessions can not be held , like one in 1998 when the protesters took control of the parliament building , the oath can be performed before the MPR chairperson and vice chairpersons , as well as the Chief Justice and his / her deputies with presence of the chairperson of every chambers . Cabinet members and presidential work units ( ukp ) In the name of Allah ( for Muslims ) or Om Atah Paramawisesa ( for Hindus ) or In the name of Sanghyang Adi Buddha ( for Buddhists ) I swear ( or in the name of God I promise ( for Protestants and Catholics ) ) that I will be faithful to the Constitution of Indonesia , and will execute any laws consistently for my service to the nation and the country . That I , when executing the duties of this office , will highly honor office ethics , perform to the best of my ability , and with full responsibility . That I will maintain my integrity , never abuse my power , and avert myself from despicable actions . ( for Christians and Catholics : So help me God . ) ( for Hindus : Om Shanti Shanti Shanti Om . ) In the past , between the pronunciation of God according to each religions and `` so help me God '' expression , the oath will be like this ( note that before the second and third sentence , they will be started with `` I swear '' , regardless of the religions ) : that I , being appointed to this office , directly or indirectly , by any name or excuse , will not grant or promise or give something to anyone . That I , for doing or not doing something , will never receive from anyone , directly or indirectly , any promise or givings . That I , will be faithful to the Constitution and will preserve any laws and rulings that valid for the state of the Republic of Indonesia . That I , with all my strength , will seek the welfare of the Republic of Indonesia . That I will be faithful to the people and the country , and will fulfill any obligations that were passed on me because of this office . That I will execute the duties and obligations with full responsibility to the people and the country . To refer the god in Hindu , the oath used to use sentence `` In the name of Sang Hyang Widhi '' , and later `` Om Swastiastu '' . There was also a time when Christian and Catholic ministers said `` I swear '' instead of promise at the beginning of the oath , did not mention any reference to God . The verses `` to seek the welfare '' was removed since it reflected the dictatorial New Order era . Iran Hassan Rouhani takes the oath of office as the President of Iran . The oath of office for the President of Iran is as follows : I , as the President , upon the Holy Qur'an and in the presence of the Iranian nation , do hereby swear in the name of Almighty God to safeguard the official Faith , the system of the Islamic republic and the Constitution of the country ; to use all my talents and abilities in the discharge of responsibilities undertaken by me ; to devote myself to the service of the people , glory of the country , promotion of religion and morality , support of right and propagation of justice ; to refrain from being autocratic ; to protect the freedom and dignity of individuals and the rights of the Nation recognized by the Constitution ; to spare no efforts in safeguarding the frontiers and the political , economic and cultural freedoms of the country ; to guard the power entrusted to me by the Nation as a sacred trust like an honest and faithful trustee , by seeking help from God and following the example of the Prophet of Islam and the sacred Imams , peace be upon them , and to entrust it to the one elected by the Nation after me . For members of the Majlis of Iran , the oath is as follows : In the presence of the Holy Qur'an I swear to God Almighty and undertake upon my human dignity to protect the sanctity of Islam and safeguard the achievements of the Islamic Revolution of Iranian people and the essentials of the Islamic Republic , to uphold the trust placed in us by the Nation as a just trustee , to observe piety and honesty in the discharge of my functions as a representative of the people , to remain always faithful and true to the independence and dignity of the country , protection of rights of the Nation and service to people , to defend the Constitution , and to uphold the independence of the country and the freedom and interests of the people in words , writings and comments . According to the Iranian Constitution , MPs belonging to religious minorities may swear by the holy books of their respective faiths . Oath of judge Iranian judges of all courts are required to give the following oath : In the name of God , the Merciful , the Compassionate Oath letter I , as a judge , in the presence of the Holy Qur'an and before Iranian nation , swear to omnipotent God to follow the Prophet of Islam and the sacred Imams , peace be upon them , and seeking help of the spirits of the martyrs of Islam , guard justice and righteous , and undertake upon my human dignity to be diligent in seeking the truth and justice , administer Islamic justice to demand from oppressor and restore it to its owner and with sustained effort in Judicial position fulfill my obligation to Islamic republic with strengthening the foundations of the Islamic republic and supporting The Leader . Name and surname Signature This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) Ireland The Constitution of Ireland specifies , for each of three offices , a `` declaration '' which the holder must `` make and subscribe '' before taking office . Office Declaration : In the presence of Almighty God I , ( name ) , do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will ... President ... maintain the Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws , that I will fulfil my duties faithfully and conscientiously in accordance with the Constitution and the law , and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Ireland . May God direct and sustain me . Member of the Council of State ... faithfully and conscientiously fulfil my duties as a member of the Council of State . Judge ... duly and faithfully and to the best of my knowledge and power execute the office of ( office ) without fear or favour , affection or ill - will towards any man , and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws . May God direct and sustain me . The declarations ' references to God were criticised in a 1993 report of the United Nations Human Rights Committee . The 1996 Constitution Review Group proposed that the President and members of the Council of State should be permitted to substitute a non-religious affirmation . In contrast , it recommended a uniform non-religious oath for all judges , on the basis that impartiality was more central to the judicial function and would be compromised by providing a choice of words . The `` solemn declaration '' for members of the Garda Síochána was revised in 2005 . Its reference to God may be omitted . Members pledge not to `` belong to or subscribe to , any political party or secret society whatsoever '' . In the Defence Forces , the `` Oath or Declaration '' differs between permanent and reserve forces , and between commissioned officers and enlisted members . The wording makes no reference to God ; it was changed in 1979 when women were first admitted . Main article : Oath of Allegiance ( Ireland ) Members of the Oireachtas and of the Government do not make any oath . From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 , both had to make an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and of fidelity to King George V . This controversial provision of the 1921 Anglo - Irish Treaty contributed to the Civil War of 1922 -- 23 . The Oath was abolished by Fianna Fáil in 1932 -- 33 . Since then , Oireachtas members are required by standing orders to sign the roll before first taking their seats . The Governor - General of the Irish Free State took the same Oath of Allegiance and Oath of Office as the Governor General of Canada . This did not take place in public . Israel In Israel , the Basic Laws specify oaths of office of high - ranking members of the government . For the President of Israel , there is a `` Declaration of Loyalty '' : I pledge to maintain loyalty to the State of Israel and to its laws and to faithfully fulfill my duties as President of the State . In the Knesset , the oath of office ( or `` declaration of allegiance '' ) is as follows : Oldest member of Knesset or chairperson : I pledge myself to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and faithfully to discharge my mandate in the Knesset . Each other member of the Knesset , in turn : I pledge myself . The Prime Minister of Israel has to make the following `` declaration of allegiance '' upon taking office : I , ( name ) , pledge myself as Prime Minister to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws , to carry out faithfully my functions as Prime Minister and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset . Each of the other Ministers has to swear : I , ( name ) , pledge myself as a member of the Government to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws , to carry out faithfully my functions as a member of the Government and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset . Italy In Italy , before taking office , the President is required by Article 91 of the Constitution to take an oath of allegiance to the Republic and swear to uphold the Constitution before Parliament in joint session . The oath of office of the President is the following : Giuro di essere fedele alla Repubblica e di osservarne lealmente la Costituzione . I swear to be faithful to the Republic and to loyally observe its Constitution . Also , Article 54 of the Constitution requires public officials to fulfil their functions with discipline and honour , taking an oath to that effect in those cases established by the law . The Prime Minister and members of the Council are sworn in by the President with the following oath of office : Giuro di essere fedele alla Repubblica , di osservarne lealmente la Costituzione e le leggi , e di esercitare le mie funzioni nell'interesse esclusivo della Nazione . I swear to be faithful to the Republic , to loyally observe its Constitution and laws , and to exercise my functions in the exclusive interest of the Nation . Lebanon In Lebanon , the president must take the following oath before the Parliament : I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the Laws of the Lebanese Nation and to maintain the independence of Lebanon and its territorial integrity . Luxembourg Article 5 of the Constitution of Luxembourg prescribes the following oath for a new Grand Duke : I swear to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , to maintain the national independence and integrity of the territory , as well as public and individual liberties . The oath for a Regent is : I swear to be faithful to the Grand Duke ; I swear to observe the Constitution and the laws of the country . A Lieutenant of the Grand Duke takes an oath to respect the Constitution , but no exact text is prescribed . Deputies at the Chamber of Deputies ( the Luxembourg parliament ) take the following oath upon taking office : I swear to be faithful to the Grand Duke and to obey the Constitution and the laws of the State . All civil servants take the following oath : I swear allegiance to the Grand Duke and obedience to the Constitution and the laws of the State . I promise to fulfill my duties with integrity , exactitude , and impartiality . Malaysia Yang di - Pertuan Agong and Deputy Yang di - Pertuan Agong Article 37 of the Federal Constitution requires the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( King ) and his deputy to take the Oath of Office before the Conference of Rulers . The Yang di - Pertuan Agong take the oath of office as follows : We , ( name ) , Yang di - Pertuan Agong of Malaysia do hereby swear Wallahi ; Wabillahi ; Watallahi ( in Allah 's name ) and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that we shall justify and faithfully perform / carry out our duties in the administration of Malaysia in accordance with its laws and Constitution which have been promulgated or which may be promulgated from time to time in the future . Further we do solemnly and truly declare that we shall at all time protect the religion of Islam and uphold the rules of law and order in the Nation . Next , the Deputy Yang di - Pertuan Agong take the oath of office as follows : We , ( name ) , being elected to be Timbalan Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( Deputy King ) of Malaysia do hereby swear Wallahi ; Wabillahi ; Watallahi ( in Allah 's name ) and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that we shall faithfully perform / carry out our duties as Timbalan Yang di - Pertuan Agong as laid down and as may from time to time be laid down by the laws and the Constitution of Malaysia . Executive and Legislative members Federal Constitution requires the various executive and legislative members to take the Oath of Office and Allegiance as follows : I , ( name ) , having been elected / appointed to the office of ( office ) do solemnly swear / affirm that I will faithfully discharge the duties of that office to the best of my ability , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Malaysia and will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . The oath is read according to the various section of the Constitution : Article of the Constitution Office 43 ( 6 ) Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister , Ministers , Deputy Ministers and Chief Secretary to the Government 43B ( 4 ) Parliamentary Secretary 57 ( 1A ) ( a ) Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives 142 ( 6 ) Royal Commissioners The Members of Parliament and Senators take the Oath based on Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Federal Constitution as follows : I , ( name ) , having been elected / appointed as a Member of the House of Representatives / the Senate do solemnly swear / affirm that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Malaysia and will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . Judicial members Article 124 of the Federal Constitution requires the Chief Justice , the President of the Appeal Court , Chief Judge of the High Court , higher court justice and judicial commissioners to take the Oath of Office and Allegiance as follows : I , ( name ) , having been elected / appointed to the office of ( office ) do solemnly swear / affirm that I will faithfully discharge my judicial duties in that office to the best of my ability , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Malaysia and will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . Mexico Article 87 of the Mexican Constitution provides that the incoming president of Mexico should raise his or her right arm up to shoulder - level before the Congress of Mexico and say the following oath of office in Spanish : I promise to make and to keep the political constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that from it derive , and with loyalty and patriotism the position of President of the Republic that the people has given me , looking above all for the good and the prosperity of the Union ; and if I do n't , the nation should demand it from me . Afterwards , the outgoing President passes him the presidential sash ( the Banda Presidential ) , which is worn from the left shoulder to the right rib , to the new President . Moldova Article 79 of the Constitution of Moldova provides that the President , no more than 45 days after his election , and before the Parliament and Constitutional Court , gives the following oath : I solemnly swear to devote all my personal strength and abilities to the prosperity of the Republic of Moldova , to abide by the Constitution and the laws of the country , to defend democracy , fundamental human rights and freedoms , the sovereignty , independence , unity and territorial integrity of Moldova . Netherlands King As set out by the Swearing - in and Investiture Act , the oath of office for the monarch of the Netherlands , which in accordance with Article 32 of the Constitution is to be declared as soon as possible after the King or Queen takes office in a public united meeting of the States General in the capital of Amsterdam , is as follows : I swear ( affirm ) to the peoples of the Kingdom that I will always observe and uphold the Statute for the Kingdom and the Constitution . I swear ( affirm ) that I will defend and preserve , with all My power , the independence and territory of the Kingdom ; that I will protect the freedom and the rights of all Dutchmen and all residents , and will employ for the maintenance and promotion of the welfare , all the means which the laws place at My disposal , as a good and true King should do . So help me , God Almighty ! ( This I affirm ! ) After this declaration the chairman of the States General , in the name of the States General , the States of the Netherlands Antilles and the States of Aruba , pronounces the following solemn declaration : We receive you and do homage to you as King in the name of the peoples of the Kingdom and by virtue of the Statute for the Kingdom and the Constitution ; we swear ( affirm ) that we will uphold your inviolability and the rights of your crown . We swear ( affirm ) that we will do everything that good and true States General , States of Aruba , States of Curaçao and States of Saint Martin should do . So help us , God Almighty ! ( This we affirm ! ) The declaration shall then be sworn or confirmed by each of the members individually . Ministers , State secretaries and members of Parliament The oath of office for ministers and state secretaries , which shall be administered by the King , and for members of Parliament is as follows : I swear ( or declare ) that in order to be appointed minister / state secretary / member of the States General , I have not promised or given , directly or indirectly , any gifts or presents to any person under whatsoever name or pretext . I swear ( or declare and affirm ) that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office , I have not accepted and will not accept , directly or indirectly , any promises or presents from anyone whomsoever . I swear ( or affirm ) allegiance to the King , to the Statute for the Kingdom and to the Constitution . I swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully perform all the duties which the office lays upon me . So help me , God Almighty ! ( or , This I declare and affirm ! ) Civil servants The oath of office for civil servants is as follows : I swear ( or affirm ) allegiance to the King and that I will respect the Constitution and all other laws of our country ; I swear ( or declare ) that in relation to my appointment , I have not provided , directly or indirectly , any false information whatsoever ; I swear ( or declare ) that in relation to my appointment , I have not given or promised and will not give or promise anything to any person whatsoever ; I swear ( or declare ) that in relation to my appointment , I have not accepted or promised and will not accept or promise any gifts or presents whatsoever ; I swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully perform all the duties which the office lays upon me and that I keep secret everything which , in relation to my office , is told me confidentially or in which I should see the confidential character , to others than whom I obliged to inform by virtue of my office ; I swear ( or affirm ) that I will behave as a good civil servant should do , that I will be careful , honest and reliable and that I will do nothing that harms the prestige of the office . So help me God Almighty ! ( or , This I declare and affirm ! ) New Zealand Governor - General The chief justice of New Zealand administers the oath of office at the installation of new Governors - General of New Zealand . The oath is as follows : I , ( name ) , swear that , as Governor - General and Commander - in - Chief of the Realm of New Zealand , comprising New Zealand ; the self - governing states of the Cook Islands and Niue ; Tokelau ; and the Ross Dependency , I will faithfully and impartially serve Her ( or His ) Majesty ( specify the name of the reigning Sovereign , as thus : Queen Elizabeth the Second ) , Queen of New Zealand ( or King of New Zealand ) , Her ( or His ) heirs and successors , and the people of the Realm of New Zealand , in accordance with their respective laws and customs . So help me God . An affirmation may be used instead of this oath . Norway As soon as the King , being of age , accedes to the Government , he shall take the following oath before the Storting ( article 9 of the Constitution of Norway ) : I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its Constitution and Laws ; so help me God , the Almighty and Omniscient . If the Storting is not in session at the time , the oath shall be made in writing in the Council of State and be repeated solemnly by the King at the first subsequent Storting . Pakistan The oath of office of the President of Pakistan is as follows : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah , the Books of Allah , the Holy Quran being the last of them , the Prophethood of Muhammad as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him , the Day of Judgment , and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah : That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan : That , as President of Pakistan , I will discharge my duties , and perform my functions , honestly , to the best of my ability , faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law , and always in the interest of the sovereignty , integrity , solidarity , well - being and prosperity of Pakistan : That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions : That I will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan : That , in all circumstances , I will do right to all manner of people , according to law , without fear or favor , affection or ill - will : And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of Pakistan , except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President . May Allah Almighty help and guide me ( A'meen ) . The oath of office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan is as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear solemnly that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah , the Books of Allah , the Holy Quran being the last of them , the Prophethood of Muhammad as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him , the Day of Judgment , and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah : That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan : That , as Prime Minister of Pakistan , I will discharge my duties , and perform my functions , honestly , to the best of my ability , faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law , and always in the interest of the sovereignty , integrity , solidarity , well - being and prosperity of Pakistan : That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan : That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions : That I will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan : That , in all circumstances , I will do right to all manner of people , according to law , without fear or favor , affection or ill - will : And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister . May Allah Almighty help and guide me ( A'meen ) Philippines The oath of office of the President of the Philippines as written in the 1987 Constitution is as follows : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President ( or Vice-President or Acting President ) of the Philippines , preserve and defend its Constitution , execute its laws , do justice to every man , and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation . So help me God . '' ( In case of affirmation , last sentence will be omitted ) . The oath from the Filipino language version of the constitution was used for the inauguration of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos , Joseph Estrada and Benigno Aquino III : `` Ako si ( pangalan ) , ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan ( o pinatotohanan ) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo ( o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo ) ng Pilipinas , pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon , ipatutupad ang mga batas nito , magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao , at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa . Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos . '' ( Kapag pagpapatotoo , ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin . ) Prior to the 1987 Constitution the oath of office for the President of the Philippines is as follows : I , ( name ) of ( Hometown ) , having been elected and proclaimed as President of the Philippines , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President ( or Vice-President or Acting President ) of the Philippines , preserve and defend its Constitution , execute its laws , do justice to every man , and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation . So help me God . '' ( In case of affirmation , last sentence will be omitted ) . During the inauguration of President Corazon C. Aquino , this version was used : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President ( or Vice-President or Acting President ) of the Philippines , preserve and defend its fundamental law , execute its just laws , do justice to every man , and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation . So help me God . '' ( In case of affirmation , last sentence will be omitted ) . The oath of office requirement for all public officers and employees of the government including every member of the armed forces is as follows : All public officers and employees of the government including every member of the armed forces shall , before entering upon the discharge of his duties , take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend the Constitution ; that he will bear true faith and allegiance to it ; obey the laws , legal orders and decrees promulgated by the duly constituted authorities ; will well and faithfully discharge to the best of his ability the duties of the office or position upon which he is about to enter ; and that he voluntarily assumes the obligation imposed by his oath of office , without mental reservation or purpose of evasion . The oath of office for all public officials and employees is as follows : I , ( name ) of ( Residence ) , having been elected / appointed to the position of ( office ) , do hereby solemnly swear that I will well and faithfully discharge to the best of my ability , the duties of my present position and of all others I may hereafter hold , under the Republic of the Philippines , that I will support and defend the Constitution of the Philippines , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same , that I will obey the laws , legal orders and decrees , promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of the Republic of the Philippines , and that I impose this obligation upon myself , voluntarily , without mental reservation or purpose of evasion . So Help me God . Filipino version : Ako si________________ng______________ , naihalal / naitinalaga sa katungkulan bilang_____________ , ay taimtim na nanunumpa na tutuparin ko ng buong husay at katapatan sa abot ng aking kakayahan , ang mga tungkulin ng aking kasalukuyan katungkulan at ng mga iba pang pagkaraan nito'y gagampanan ko sa ilalim ng Republika ng Pilipinas ; na aking itataguyod at ipagtatanggol ang saligang batas / konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ; na tunay na mananalig at tatalima ako rito ; na susundin ko ang mga batas ; mga kautusang legal at mga dikretong pinaiiral ng mga sadyang itinakdang may kapangyarihan ng Republika ng Pilipinas , at kusa kong babalikatin ang mga pananagutang ito na walang anumang pasubali o hangaring umiwas . Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos If done for personnel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , instead of legal orders / mga katususang legal , the phrase lawful orders / mga utos na ayon sa batas is used . Poland President Assuming , by the will of the Nation , the office of President of the Republic of Poland , I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution ; I pledge that I shall steadfastly safeguard the dignity of the Nation , the independence and security of the State , and also that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme obligation . Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister , Minister Assuming this office of Prime Minister ( or Deputy Prime Minister or minister ) , I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland , and that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme obligation . `` So help me God '' ( Tak mi dopomóż Bóg ) formula at the end is optional . Sejm members and Senators I do solemnly swear to perform my duties to the Nation diligently and conscientiously , to safeguard the sovereignty and interests of the State , to do all within my power for the prosperity of the Homeland and the well - being of its citizens , and to observe the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland . `` So help me God '' ( Tak mi dopomóż Bóg ) formula at the end is optional . Portugal The Constitution of Portugal requires that the following oath be taken by the President - elect upon entering into office : In Portuguese : Juro por minha honra desempenhar fielmente as funções em que fico investido e defender , cumprir e fazer cumprir a Constituição da República Portuguesa . In English : I swear by my honour to faithfully perform the functions in which I am invested and to defend and observe the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and cause it to be observed . Romania President Article 82 of the Constitution of Romania provides that the President , before the Chamber of Deputies and Senate in joint session , gives the following oath : I solemnly swear that I will dedicate all my strength and the best of my abilities for the spiritual and material welfare of the Romanian people , to abide by the Constitution and laws of the country , to defend democracy , the fundamental rights and freedoms of my fellow citizens , Romania 's sovereignty , independence , unity and territorial integrity . So help me God ! Local officials Article 32 of the Law 215 ( 23 April 2001 ) provides that all local officials ( Local Councilors , Mayors , County Councilors and County Council Presidents ) , before the assembled Councils and the Prefect of the County , give , in Romanian the following oath . I solemnly swear to abide by the Constitution and laws of the country , and in good faith , to dedicate all my strength and the best of my abilities for the good of the citizens of the commune ( city , municipality or county ) ___ . So help me God ! Romanian : Jur să respect Constituţia şi legile ţării şi să fac , cu bună - credinţă , tot ceea ce stă în puterile şi priceperea mea pentru binele locuitorilor comunei ( oraşului , municipiului , judeţului ) ... Aşa să - mi ajute Dumnezeu ! The religious formula may be omitted . Russia The oath of office of the President of Russia is prescribed in the Constitution of Russia , in Chapter 4 ( The President of the Russian Federation ) , Article 82 : 1 . When taking office the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath of loyalty to the people : I swear in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation to respect and safeguard the rights and freedoms of man and citizen , to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation , to protect the sovereignty and independence , security and integrity of the State , to faithfully serve the people . 2 . The oath shall be taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Council of the Federation , deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitution Court of the Russian Federation . Russian empire During the Coronation of the Russian monarch , after his anointing , but prior to partaking of Holy Communion , the Tsar recited a coronation oath , in which he swore to preserve the autocracy intact and to rule his realm with justice and fairness . Singapore The oath of office of the President of Singapore is as follows : I , ( name ) , having been elected President of the Republic of Singapore , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability without fear or favor , affection or ill - will , and without regard to any previous affiliation with any political party , and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic , and that I will preserve , protect , and defend its Constitution . The Prime Minister of Singapore swears 2 oaths : the Oaths of Office and Oath of Affirmation respectively : I , ( name ) , having been appointed to the office of Prime Minister , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore , and that I will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore . I , ( name ) , being chosen and appointed Prime Minister of Singapore , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will at all times faithfully discharge my duties as Prime Minister , according to law , to the best of my knowledge and ability , and without fear or favour , affection or ill - will . For Ministers of the Cabinet of Singapore , they swear the Oaths of Allegiance and Execution of Office respectively : I , ( name ) , having been appointed to the office of Minister , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore , and that I will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore . I , ( name ) , being chosen as Minister of Singapore , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will at all times faithfully discharge my duties as Minister according to law , and to the best of my knowledge and ability , without fear or favour , affection or ill - will . For members of the Parliament of Singapore , it is : I , ( name ) , having been elected as a Member of the Parliament of Singapore , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore , and that I will preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) South Africa Schedule 2 of the Constitution of South Africa specifies the oaths or affirmations of office for the various high offices of state . These oaths are sworn before the Chief Justice or another judge designated by the Chief Justice . The President and any Acting President swears the following oath : In the presence of everyone assembled here , and in full realisation of the high calling I assume as President ( or Acting President ) of the Republic of South Africa , I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa , and will obey , observe , uphold and maintain the Constitution and all other law of the Republic ; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always promote all that will advance the Republic , and oppose all that may harm it ; protect and promote the rights of all South Africans ; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and true to the dictates of my conscience ; do justice to all ; and devote myself to the well - being of the Republic and all of its people . ( So help me God . ) The Deputy President swears the following oath : In the presence of everyone assembled here , and in full realisation of the high calling I assume as Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa , I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey , observe , uphold and maintain the Constitution and all other law of the Republic ; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always promote all that will advance the Republic , and oppose all that may harm it ; be a true and faithful counsellor ; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and true to the dictates of my conscience ; do justice to all ; and devote myself to the well - being of the Republic and all of its people . ( So help me God . ) Ministers and Deputy Ministers of the Cabinet swear the following oath : I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey , respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic ; and I undertake to hold my office as Minister ( or Deputy Minister ) with honour and dignity ; to be a true and faithful counsellor ; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter entrusted to me ; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability . ( So help me God . ) Members of the National Assembly , the National Council of Provinces and the provincial legislatures swear the following oath : I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey , respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic , and I solemnly promise to perform my functions as a member of the National Assembly ( or permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces , or member of the legislature of the province of ( province ) ) to the best of my ability . ( So help me God . ) Premiers , Acting Premiers and Members of the Executive Council of a province swear the following oath : I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey , respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic ; and I undertake to hold my office as Premier ( or Acting Premier or member of the Executive Council ) of the province of ( province ) with honour and dignity ; to be a true and faithful counsellor ; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter entrusted to me ; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability . ( So help me God . ) Judges and acting judges swear the following oath : I , ( name ) , swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that , as a Judge of the ( court ) , I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa , will uphold and protect the Constitution and the human rights entrenched in it , and will administer justice to all persons alike without fear , favour or prejudice , in accordance with the Constitution and the law . ( So help me God . ) Spain Article 61 of the Spanish Constitution requires the King to take the following oath as soon as practicable after ascending to the Throne and before performing any other official duty : I swear to faithfully execute my duties , obey and enforce the Constitution and the laws , to respect the rights of the citizens and of the Autonomous Communities . The heir to the Crown , upon becoming of age , and any Regents , upon taking office , are required by the Constitution to take the same oath , adding to it a vow of allegiance to the King . In an inauguration ceremony a new Spanish Prime Minister takes an oath or affirmation of office over an open Constitution , which may be next to a cross and a Bible , and before the King of Spain and other dignitaries . I swear / promise , under my conscience and honor , to faithfully execute the duties of the office of President of the Government with loyalty to the King , obey and enforce the Constitution as the fundamental law of the State , and preserve in secret the deliberations of the Council of Ministers . Other ministers take a similar oath . Sweden In Sweden , a judge , whether a legally trained judge or a lay judge ( Swedish : nämndeman ) shall take the following oath before assuming the duties of their office : I , ( name ) , promise and affirm on my honour and conscience that I will and shall impartially , as to the rich as well as to the poor , administer justice in all matters to the best of my ability and conscience , and judge according to the law of the Realm of Sweden ; that I will never manipulate the law or further injustice for kinship , relation by marriage , friendship , envy , ill - will , or fear , nor for bribes or gifts , or any other cause in whatever guise it may appear ; nor will I declare guilty one who is innocent , or innocent one who is guilty . Neither before nor after the pronouncement of the judgment of the court shall I disclose to the litigants or to other persons the in camera deliberations of the court . All this , as a honest and righteous judge , I will and shall faithfully observe . Switzerland Elisabeth Kopp 's oath of office after her election at the Swiss Federal Council in 1984 . See also : Schwurhand § In Switzerland In Switzerland , according to the Federal Act on the Federal Assembly , people elected at the Swiss Federal Assembly or elected by it ( such as the Swiss Federal Council ) have to take an oath in front of the assembly . The oath is as follows : I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Constitution and the law and to fulfil the duties of my office to the best of my abilities . The solemn promise is as follows : I solemnly promise to uphold the Constitution and the law and to fulfil the duties of my office to the best of my abilities . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) In the Republic of China ( mostly Taiwan and surrounding islands ) , oath of office is required to be taken by the President - elect before he or she assumes office . The Oath of office for the President of the Republic of China is specified in the Constitution of the Republic of China ( Article 48 ) : The President shall , at the time of assuming office , take the following oath : I do solemnly and sincerely swear before the people of the whole country that I will observe the Constitution , faithfully perform my duties , promote the welfare of the people , safeguard the security of the State , and will in no way betray the people 's trust . Should I break my oath , I shall be willing to submit myself to severe punishment by the State . This is my solemn oath . TURKEY All members of the Turkish Parliament , as well as cabinet ministers that are not members of parliament are required to take the following oath in a parliamentary session before taking office . The Turkish President takes a slightly modified version of this oath : I swear upon my honour and integrity , before the great Turkish Nation , to safeguard the existence and independence of the state , the indivisible integrity of the country and the nation , and the absolute sovereignty of the nation ; to remain loyal to the supremacy of law , to the democratic and secular republic , and to Atatürk 's principles and reforms ; not to deviate from the ideal according to which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under the notion of peace and prosperity in society , national solidarity and justice , and loyalty to the Constitution . All members of the Turkish Armed Forces should take the following oath before starting their service : I hereby take an oath on my honor : To serve my nation and republic in times of war and peace with integrity and affection , on land , on the sea , and in the air , To abide by all rules and regulations and to obey my superiors , To value more than my life , the honor of service and the reputation of the Turkish Flag , And if necessary , to willingly give up my life in the name of duty , homeland , and republic . Ukraine See also : President_of_Ukraine § Oath and term of office In Ukraine , the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine administers the oath of office . The President - elect recites the oath with his hand on the Constitution and the Peresopnytsia Gospels . The Ukrainian text of the oath according to the article 104 is : Я , ( ім'я та прізвище ) , волею народу обраний Президентом України , заступаючи на цей високий пост , урочисто присягаю на вірність Україні . Зобов'язуюсь усіма своїми справами боронити суверенітет і незалежність України , дбати про благо Вітчизни і добробут Українського народу , обстоювати права і свободи громадян , додержуватися Конституції України і законів України , виконувати свої обов'язки в інтересах усіх співвітчизників , підносити авторитет України у світі . The official English translation : I , ( name and surname ) , elected by the will of the people as the President of Ukraine , assuming this high office , do solemnly swear allegiance to Ukraine . I pledge with all my undertakings to protect the sovereignty and independence of Ukraine , to provide for the good of the Motherland and the welfare of the Ukrainian people , to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens , to abide by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine , to exercise my duties in the interests of all compatriots , and to enhance the prestige of Ukraine in the world . United Kingdom Oaths taken by the monarch In the United Kingdom , no formal oath is essential to be taken by the monarch in relation to his or her accession . He or she is , however , required to take an oath regarding the security of the Church of Scotland . At a coronation , the monarch usually takes an oath but as a coronation is inessential , Monarchs need not take a similar oath in order to discharge their duties , as with the case of Edward VIII . The exact wording of the coronation oath of various monarchs has altered throughout the years without statutory authority but remain based on the oath as prescribed by the Coronation Oath Act 1688 . Coronation oath The following was the oath taken by Queen Elizabeth II at her coronation on 2 June 1953 : Archbishop : Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon , and of your Possessions and the other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining , according to their respective laws and customs ? Queen : I solemnly promise so to do . Archbishop : Will you to your power cause Law and Justice , in Mercy , to be executed in all your judgements ? Queen : I will . Archbishop : Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel ? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law ? Will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England , and the doctrine , worship , discipline , and government thereof , as by law established in England ? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England , and to the Churches there committed to their charge , all such rights and privileges , as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them ? Queen : All this I promise to do . Then the Queen arising out of her Chair , supported as before , the Sword of State being carried before her , shall go to the Altar , and make her solemn Oath in the sight of all the people to observe the premisses : laying her right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible ( which was before carried in the procession and is now brought from the Altar by the Arch - bishop , and tendered to her as she kneels upon the steps ) , and saying these words : The things which I have here before promised , I will perform and keep . So help me God . Oath relating to the security of the Church of Scotland Made by the Queen at her Accession Council , 8 February 1952 , in accordance with the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 : I , ( Name ) , by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of My other Realms and Territories Queen , Defender of the Faith , do faithfully promise and swear that I shall inviolably maintain and preserve the Settlement of the true Protestant Religion as established by the Laws made in Scotland in prosecution of the Claim of Right and particularly by an Act entitled ' An Act for securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government ' and by the Acts passed in the Parliament of both Kingdoms for Union of the two Kingdoms , together with the Government , Worship , Discipline , Rights and Privileges of the Church of Scotland . Oath of allegiance and official oath Main article : Oath of Allegiance ( United Kingdom ) A general Oath of Allegiance and Official Oath , are set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 are required to be taken by various office - holders . Members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords are required to take the oath of allegiance in the House at the beginning of a new Parliament , as well as after a Demise of the Crown . Section 84 of the Scotland Act 1998 requires members of the Scottish Parliament to take the Oath of Allegiance at a meeting of the Parliament . Members of the Scottish Executive and junior Scottish Ministers are additionally required to take the Official Oath . Section 20 of the Government of Wales Act 1998 requires members of the National Assembly for Wales to take the oath of allegiance . A Welsh form of the Oath is prescribed by the National Assembly for Wales ( Oath of Allegiance in Welsh ) Order 1999 . Oath of allegiance The Oath of Allegiance is in the following form : I , ( name ) , do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth , her heirs and successors , according to law . So help me God . Official oath The Official Oath is in the following form : I , ( name ) , do swear that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth in the office of ( office ) . So help me God . Judicial oath The standard form of the judicial oath is set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 : I , ( name ) , do swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth in the office of ( office ) , and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of this realm ( or colony ) , without fear or favour , affection or ill will . Those choosing affirm simply replace `` do swear by Almighty God '' with `` solemnly sincerely and truly declare and affirm '' In Northern Ireland all references to the Sovereign were removed by the Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2002 . Section 19 ( 2 ) provides that the oath is -- I , ( name ) , do swear that I will well and faithfully serve in the office of ( office ) , etc . Section 19 ( 3 ) provides that the affirmation and declaration is -- I , ( name ) , do solemnly and sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I will well and faithfully serve in the office of ( office ) , etc . Armed Forces All persons enlisting in the British Armed Forces are required to attest to the following oath or equivalent affirmation : I ... swear by Almighty God ( do solemnly , and truly declare and affirm ) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Her Heirs and Successors , and that I will , as in duty bound , honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty , Her Heirs and Successors , in Person , Crown and Dignity against all enemies , and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty , Her Heirs and Successors , and of the generals ( admirals / air officers ) and officers set over me . Privy Counsellors Privy Counsellors take office on being `` sworn of the Privy Council '' . It was formerly regarded as criminal to disclose the form of Privy Council oath , which includes an undertaking of secrecy as to the proceedings in Council ( where the Oath is taken ) . On 28 July 1964 it was published by the President of the Council in answer to a written parliamentary question . You do swear by Almighty God to be a true and faithful Servant unto the Queen 's Majesty , as one of Her Majesty 's Privy Council . You will not know or understand of any manner of thing to be attempted , done , or spoken against Her Majesty 's Person , Honour , Crown , or Dignity Royal , but you will lett and withstand the same to the uttermost of your Power , and either cause it to be revealed to Her Majesty Herself , or to such of Her Privy Council as shall advertise Her Majesty of the same . You will , in all things to be moved , treated , and debated in Council , faithfully and truly declare your Mind and Opinion , according to your Heart and Conscience ; and will keep secret all Matters committed and revealed unto you , or that shall be treated of secretly in Council . And if any of the said Treaties or Counsels shall touch any of the Counsellors , you will not reveal it unto him , but will keep the same until such time as , by the Consent of Her Majesty , or of the Council , Publication shall be made thereof . You will to your uttermost bear Faith and Allegiance unto the Queen 's Majesty ; and will assist and defend all Jurisdictions , Pre-eminences , and Authorities , granted to Her Majesty , and annexed to the Crown by Acts of Parliament , or otherwise , against all Foreign Princes , Persons , Prelates , States , or Potentates . And generally in all things you will do as a faithful and true Servant ought to do to Her Majesty . So help you God . Constables declaration A person appointed to the office of constable of a police force in Scotland is required to make the following declaration : `` I hereby do solemnly and sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of constable . '' United States Further information : Oath of office of the President of the United States and Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States History of the oath While the oath - taking dates back to the First Congress in 1789 , the current oath is a product of the 1860s , drafted by Civil War - era members of Congress intent on ensnaring traitors . In 1789 , the 1st United States Congress created an oath to fulfill the requirement of Article VI of the United States Constitution : I , A.B. do solemnly swear or affirm ( as the case may be ) that I will support the Constitution of the United States . It also passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established an additional oath taken by federal judges : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) , that I will administer justice without respect to persons , and do equal right to the poor and to the rich , and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me , according to the best of my abilities and understanding , agreeably to the Constitution , and laws of the United States . ( So help me God . ) The outbreak of the Civil War quickly transformed the routine act of oath - taking into one of enormous significance . In April 1861 , a time of uncertain and shifting loyalties , President Abraham Lincoln ordered all federal civilian employees within the executive branch to take an expanded oath . When Congress convened for a brief emergency session in July , members echoed the president 's action by enacting legislation requiring employees to take the expanded oath in support of the Union . This oath is the earliest direct predecessor of the modern version of the oath . When Congress returned for its regular session in December 1861 , members who believed that the Union had as much to fear from northern traitors as southern soldiers again revised the oath , adding a new first section known as the `` Ironclad Test Oath . '' The war - inspired Test Oath , signed into law on July 2 , 1862 , required `` every person elected or appointed to any office ... under the Government of the United States ... excepting the President of the United States '' to swear or affirm that they had never previously engaged in criminal or disloyal conduct . Those government employees who failed to take the 1862 Test Oath would not receive a salary ; those who swore falsely would be prosecuted for perjury and forever denied federal employment . The 1862 oath 's second section incorporated a different rendering of the hastily drafted 1861 oath . Although Congress did not extend coverage of the Ironclad Test Oath to its own members , many took it voluntarily . Angered by those who refused this symbolic act during a wartime crisis , and determined to prevent the eventual return of prewar southern leaders to positions of power in the national government , congressional hard - liners eventually succeeded by 1864 in making the Test Oath mandatory for all members . The Senate then revised its rules to require that members not only take the Test Oath orally , but also that they `` subscribe '' to it by signing a printed copy . This condition reflected a wartime practice in which military and civilian authorities required anyone wishing to do business with the federal government to sign a copy of the Test Oath . The current practice of newly sworn senators signing individual pages in an oath book dates from this period . As tensions cooled during the decade following the Civil War , Congress enacted private legislation permitting particular former Confederates to take only the second section of the 1862 oath . An 1868 public law prescribed this alternative oath for `` any person who has participated in the late rebellion , and from whom all legal disabilities arising therefrom have been removed by act of Congress . '' Northerners immediately pointed to the new law 's unfair double standard that required loyal Unionists to take the Test Oath 's harsh first section while permitting ex-Confederates to ignore it . In 1884 , a new generation of lawmakers quietly repealed the first section of the Test Oath , leaving intact the current affirmation of constitutional allegiance . Federal Executive and Legislative branch oaths In the United States , the oath of office for the President is specified in the Constitution ( Article II , Section 1 ) : `` I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the United States . '' The oath may be sworn or affirmed ( in which case it is called an affirmation instead of oath ) . Although not present in the text of the Constitution , it is customary for modern presidents to say `` So help me God '' after the end of the oath . For officers other than the President , the expression `` So help me God '' is explicitly prescribed , but the Judiciary Act of 1789 also explains when it can be omitted ( specifically for oaths taken by court clerks ) : `` Which words , so help me God , shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath . '' The Constitution ( Article VI , clause 3 ) also specifies : The Senators and Representatives before mentioned , and the members of the several state legislatures , and all executive and judicial officers , both of the United States and of the several states , shall be bound by oath or affirmation , to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States . At the start of each new U.S. Congress , in January of every odd - numbered year , newly elected or re-elected Members of Congress -- the entire House of Representatives and one - third of the Senate -- must recite an oath : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . This oath is also taken by the Vice President , members of the Cabinet , federal judges and all other civil and military officers and federal employees other than the President . Federal Judiciary oaths In the United States , federal judges are required to take two oaths . The first oath is this : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will administer justice without respect to persons , and do equal right to the poor and to the rich , and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as ( office ) under the Constitution and laws of the United States . ( So help me God . ) The second is the same oath that members of Congress take : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . ( So help me God . ) Federal statute specifically says that the latter oath `` does not affect other oaths required by law . '' Military oaths -- Federal and State See United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office . State and local oaths The oaths of state and local officials are largely patterned on the federal oath of constitutional allegiance . Typical would be the oath taken by all New York government officials : I solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support the Constitution of the United States , and the Constitution of the State of New York , ( and the Charter of the City of New York , e.g. ) , and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of ( mayor of the City of New York , e.g. ) to the best of my ability . ( So help me God is traditionally added . ) Tennessee ( County offices ) All elected county officials and the appointed officers such as clerk and master , and deputies to these officers , are required to take an oath of office which actually consists of two oaths : the constitutional oath , and an oath for the particular office or fidelity oath ( Tenn . Const . Art . X , Sec. 1 ) . The following is combination fidelity and constitutional oath : I do solemnly swear that I will perform with fidelity the duties of the office to which I have been elected , and which I am about to assume . I do solemnly swear to support the constitutions of Tennessee and the United States and to faithfully perform the duties of the office of ____________ for ____________ County , Tennessee . The simple constitutional oath and fidelity oath are taken by persons who do not have a more specific oath prescribed by law ( T.C.A. § 8 - 18 - 111 ) . This basic oath is used upon entering the following offices : County Executive / Mayor County Clerk ( or deputy county clerk by substituting the word `` appointed '' for `` elected '' ) County Register ( or deputy register by substituting the word `` appointed '' for `` elected '' ) Chief administrative officer of the county highway department County commissioners may use the same basic oath as noted above , but phrased as follows : I do solemnly swear that I will perform with fidelity the duties of the office to which I have been elected , and which I am about to assume . I do solemnly swear to support the constitutions of Tennessee and the United States and to faithfully perform the duties of the office of county commissioner representing the ____________ district of ____________ County , Tennessee . Clerks of court , deputy clerks of court , sheriffs , deputy sheriffs , assessors of property and deputy assessors , constables with law enforcement powers , constables without law enforcement powers , general sessions court judges , and school board members in Tennessee all have specific variations of their oaths of office . Venezuela The President of Venezuela , upon assumption of the office on his inauguration , is asked by the President of the National Assembly ( until 1999 , the Senate President , on behalf of the entire National Federal Congress ) , holding a copy of the Constitution of Venezuela , the following : Before God and the Fatherland , Do you swear therefore to perform the duties of the position of Constitutional President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , and in the performance of your duties fulfill the Constitution and laws of the Republic ? With the right hand on the shoulder level he answers with a `` Yes I swear '' and the President then responds : `` If you do so , before God and the Fatherland your duties will be performed , and it will be demanded of you if you not . Therefore , in the name of the Republic and by the authority of the law , I investiture you as Constitutional President of the Republic as of this moment for this term period . '' Then the Presidential Sash ( with the colors and coat of arms from the Flag of Venezuela and the collar of the Order of the Liberatiors is turned over to him from the outgoing President , but if the case is that of succession due to death of office of his predecessor both items are cased and are given to him by the National Assembly President instead . If reelected the method is the same as after the sudden death of the President while in office . Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church requires all of its clergy before ordination and most of those promoted to positions of authority to make a `` Profession of Faith , '' as below . It is very similar to the Apostles ' Creed and the Nicene Creed ( referred to as the Symbol of Faith ) . I , ( name ) , with firm faith believe and profess everything that is contained in the Symbol of Faith : namely : I believe in one God , the Father , the Almighty , of heaven and earth , of all that is seen and unseen . I believe in one Lord , Jesus Christ , the only Son of God , eternally begotten of the Father , God from God , Light from Light , true God from true God , begotten not made , one in Being with the Father . Through him all things were made . For us men and for our salvation , he came down from heaven : by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate of the Virgin Mary , and became man . For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate ; he suffered death and was buried . On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures ; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father . He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead , and his kingdom will have no end . I believe in the Holy Spirit , the Lord , the giver of life , who proceeds from the Father and the Son . With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified . He has spoken through the Prophets . I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church . I acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins . I look forward to resurrection of the dead , and the life of the world to come . Amen . With firm faith , I also believe everything contained in the Word of God , whether written or handed down in Tradition , which the Church , either by a solemn judgement or by the ordinary and universal Magisterium , sets forth to be believed as divinely revealed . I also firmly accept and hold each and everything definitively proposed by the Church regarding teaching on faith and morals . Moreover , I adhere with religious submission of will and intellect to the teachings which either the Roman pontiff or the College of Bishops enunciate when they exercise their authentic Magisterium , even if they do not intend to proclaim these teachings by a definitive act . Further , all of those promoted to positions of authority ( vicars general , judicial vicars , episcopal vicars , pastors of parishes and superiors within religious orders ) or with teaching responsibilities ( rectors of seminaries , professors at seminaries , heads or Catholic universities or professors on the faculties of Catholic colleges and universities who teach subjects involving religion ) , and all those ordained deacons ( and therefore all those who will also later be ordained priests ) to take the following `` Oath of Fidelity '' I , ( name ) , in assuming the office of ( office ) , promise that in my words and in my actions I shall always preserve communion with the Catholic Church . With great care and fidelity I shall carry out the duties incumbent on me toward the Church , both universal and particular , in which , according to the provisions of the law , I have been called to exercise my service . In fulfilling the charge entrusted to me in the name of the Church , I shall hold fast to the deposit of faith in its entirety ; I shall faithfully hand it on and explain it , and I shall avoid any teachings contrary to it . I shall follow and foster the common discipline of the entire Church and I shall maintain the observance of all ecclesiastical laws , especially those contained in the Code of Canon Law . With Christian obedience I shall follow what the Bishops , as authentic doctors and teachers of the faith , declare , or what they , as those who govern the Church , establish . I shall also faithfully assist the diocesan Bishops , so that the apostolic activity , exercised in the name and by mandate of the Church , may be carried out in communion with the Church . So help me God , and God 's Holy Gospels on which I place my hand . See also Coronation Oath Act 1688 Oath of allegiance Oath of enlistment Oath of citizenship List of U.S. presidential swearing - ins Oath - taking controversy Notes Jump up ^ Juro / Prometo , por mi conciencia y honor , cumplir fielmente las obligaciones del cargo de Presidente del Gobierno con lealtad al Rey , guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución como norma fundamental del Estado , así como mantener el secreto de las deliberaciones del Consejo de Ministros . References Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act . Commonwealth of Australia . 1900 . pp. Chapter I , Part IV , clause 42 . Jump up ^ `` Oath of Office '' . Office of the Official Secretary to the Governor - General . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oaths and affirmations made by the executive and members of federal parliament since 1901 '' . Parliament of Australia . 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PM Abbott sworn in on royal oath '' . Irish Echo. 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.djvu/%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.djvu/%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` পাতা : গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান. djvu / ৯২ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার '' . bn.wikisource.org ( in Bengali ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The official internet - portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus / Status '' . President.gov.by. 1998 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil , art . 78 Jump up ^ Constituiусo Jump up ^ See United Kingdom Jump up ^ `` Oaths of Office '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Swearing - in of Privy Councillors '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 我国通过宪法宣誓制度 '' . 人民网 . 新华社. 2015 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Article 194 of the Constitution of Costa Rica , costaricalaw.com . ^ Jump up to : Asetus virkavalasta ja virkavakuutuksesta sekä tuomarinvalasta ja tuomarinvakuutuksesta 23.12. 1987 / 1183 Asetus virkavalasta ja virkavakuutuksesta sekä tuomarinvalasta ja tuomarinvakuutuksesta 1183 / 1987 ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ Finnish constitution . Section 56 . Retrieved 1 - 9 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Code of judicial procedure ( 4 / 1734 ) , 1st Chapter , section 7 . Retrieved 1 - 9 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Decree on conscription ( Valtioneuvoston asetus asevelvollisuudesta ( 1443 / 2007 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . ( in Finnish ) ^ Jump up to : Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland , Art . 56 Jump up ^ The Triumph of Propaganda : Film and National Socialism , 1933 - 1945 , Volume 1 ISBN 1 - 571 - 81066 - 8 p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Oaths and Declarations ( Amendment ) Bill 1997 , legco.gov.hk . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( October 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . p. 67 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Indonesian Constitutional Reform , 1999 - 2002 : An Evaluation of Constitution - making in Transition ISBN 978 - 9 - 79709 - 394 - 5 p. 439 Jump up ^ `` Oath of judges in Iran '' . Stop.torturing.us. 2010 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Archived May 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Articles 12.8 , 31.4 , 34.5. 1 ° ^ Jump up to : Constitution Review Group ( July 1996 ) . `` Report '' ( PDF ) . Dublin : Stationery Office . pp. 26 , 113 , 157 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Section 16 , Garda Síochána Act 2005 Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ Schedules 6 -- 10 , Defence Act 1954 Irish Statute Book Jump up ^ Section 6 , Defence ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Act , 1979 Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Eireann ) Articles 17 , 55 Jump up ^ Anglo - Irish Treaty 1921 Article 4 Jump up ^ Constitution ( Removal of Oath ) Act , 1933 Jump up ^ Excerpts from the Basic Law : The President , Government of Israel Jump up ^ Knesset website , `` Basic Law : The Knesset - 1958 '' ) ) ^ Jump up to : Knesset website , `` Basic Law : The Government - 1968 ( Original Version ) '' , point 16 , `` Declaration of allegiance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Italian Constitution '' ( PDF ) . The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic . Jump up ^ `` Swearing in of President Mattarella '' . La Repubblica newspaper . Jump up ^ `` Swearing in of the Government '' . The official website of the Government of the Italian Republic . Jump up ^ `` The Lebanese Constitution '' ( PDF ) . May 23 , 1926 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` ICL - Luxembourg - Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` ICL - Luxembourg - Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` ICL - Luxembourg - Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` ICL - Luxembourg - Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` ICL - Luxembourg - Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Political Constitution of the United Mexican States '' . Internet Archive - Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Oath of the President '' . Presidency of the Republic of Moldova . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wet beëdiging en inhuldiging van de Koning ( Swearing - in and Investiture of the King act ) wetten.overheid.nl Jump up ^ Wet beëdiging ministers en leden Staten - Generaal ( Swearing - in of ministers and members of the States General act ) wetten.overheid.nl Jump up ^ `` Appendix A : Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor - General of New Zealand 1983 '' . Cabinet Manual . Cabinet Office ; Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet ; Wellington , New Zealand . 2008 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Constitution of Norway Archived 2011 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES '' . ChanRobles Law Library Jump up ^ `` ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS '' . Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Northern Illinois University . Jump up ^ `` Aquino takes oath as 15th Philippine president '' . GMA News . June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC ACT NO . 6733 : AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 21 , TITLE I , BOOK I OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1987 , GRANTING MEMBERS OF BOTH HOUSES OF THE CONGRESS OF THE '' . ChanRobles Law Library . Jump up ^ `` Chapter V , The Constitution of the Republic of Poland '' . Sejm.gov.pl . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter VI , The Constitution of the Republic of Poland '' . Sejm.gov.pl . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter IV , The Constitution of the Republic of Poland '' . Sejm.gov.pl . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Constituição da República Portuguesa Jump up ^ CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC : SEVENTH REVISION 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 4 . The President of the Russian Federation The Constitution of the Russian Federation '' . Constitution.ru . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ R. Monk Zachariah ( Liebmann ) , `` Martyrology of the Communist Yoke : The Life of Tsar - Martyr Nicholas II '' , The Orthodox Word , 153 ( 1990 ) , pg. 200 . At The Royal Passion - Bearer : Tsar - Martyr Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov II , pg. 4 . Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ See : https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9453 Jump up ^ `` ds_engelsk. PDF '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Act on the Federal Assembly , Federal Chancellery of Switzerland ( page visited on 28 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Inauguration of Yushchenko will be conducted in the Rada and on Maidan '' ( in Russian ) . News.ru . January 23 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Article 103 '' . Constitution of Ukraine . Wikisource . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Assembly for Wales ( Oath of Allegiance in Welsh ) Order 1999 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` oaths '' . Judicial Office . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2002 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hansard 28 July 1998 : Column : 182 Jump up ^ Written Answer , Hansard Jump up ^ Chap . I. 1 Stat. 23 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chap . CXXVIII. 12 Stat. 502 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chap . CXXXIX. 15 Stat. 85 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article II - The Executive Branch : Section 1 - The President , The Constitution of the United States . Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789 , Sec. 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 3331 , Oath of Office Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 453 , Oaths of justices and judges Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 3331 ) , Oath of Office . Jump up ^ New York State Constitution , Article 8 Section 1 Archived 2010 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : OATHS OF OFFICE ( 2006 ) , County technical Assistance Servise , University of Tennessee External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oath of office . U.S. Senate : Oath of Office U.S. Code , Title 5 , Sec. 3331 : Oath of Office Pictures of various world leaders taking their oaths of office Further reading Steve Sheppard , What Oaths Meant to the Framers ' Generation : A Preliminary Sketch , 2009 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 273 . 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tool shaped like an arrow that indicates wind direction			Weather vane	weather vane	A weather vane , wind vane , or weathercock is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind . It is typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building . The word vane comes from the Old English word fana meaning `` flag '' .	Although partly functional , weather vanes are generally decorative , often featuring the traditional cockerel design with letters indicating the points of the compass . Other common motifs include ships , arrows and horses . Not all weather vanes have pointers . When the wind is sufficiently strong , the head of the arrow or cockerel ( or equivalent depending on the chosen design ) will indicate the direction from which the wind is blowing . The weather vane was independently invented in ancient China and Greece around the same time during the 2nd century BCE . The earliest written reference to a weather vane appears in the Huainanzi , and a weather vane was fitted on top of the Tower of the Winds in Athens . Contents 1 History 2 World 's largest weather vane 3 Slang term 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The oldest textual reference to a weather vane comes from the Chinese Huainanzi dating from around 139 BCE , which describes a `` a wind - observing fan '' ( hou feng shan , 侯風扇 ) . The Tower of the Winds on the ancient Greek agora in Athens once bore on its roof a wind vane in the form of a bronze Triton holding a rod in his outstretched hand , rotating as the wind changed direction . Below this was a frieze adorned with the eight Greek wind deities . The eight - metre - high structure also featured sundials , and a water clock inside . It dates from around 50 BCE . Military documents from the Three Kingdoms period of China ( 220 -- 280 ) refer to the weather vane as `` five ounces '' ( wu liang , 五兩 ) , named after the weight of its materials . By the 3rd century , Chinese weather vanes were shaped like birds and took the name of `` wind - indicating bird '' ( xiang feng wu , 相風烏 ) . The Sanfu huangtu ( 三輔黃圖 ) , a 3rd century book written by Miao Changyan about the palaces at Chang'an , describes a bird - shaped wind vane situated on a tower roof , which was possibly also an anemometer : The Han ' Ling Tai ' ( Observatory Platform ) was eight li north - west of Chang'an . It was called ' Ling Tai ' because it was originally intended for observations of the Yin and the Yang and the changes occurring in the celestial bodies , but in the Han it began to be called Qing Tai . Guo Yuansheng , in his Shu Zheng Ji ( Records of Military Expeditions ) , says that south of the palaces there was a Ling Tai , fifteen ren ( 120 feet ) high , upon the top of which was the armillary sphere made by Zhang Heng . Also there was a wind - indicating bronze bird ( xiang feng tong wu ) , which was moved by the wind ; and it was said that the bird moved when a 1000 - li wind was blowing . There was also a bronze gnomon 8 feet high , with a 13 feet long and 1 foot 2 inches broad . According to an inscription , this was set up in the 4th year of the Taichu reign - period ( 101 BCE ) . The oldest surviving weather vane with the shape of a rooster is the Gallo di Ramperto , made in 820 CE and now preserved in the Museo di Santa Giulia in Brescia , Lombardy . Pope Leo IV had a cock placed on the Old St. Peter 's Basilica or old Constantinian basilica . Pope Gregory I said that the cock ( rooster ) `` was the most suitable emblem of Christianity '' , being `` the emblem of St Peter '' , a reference to Luke 22 : 34 in which Jesus predicts that Peter will deny him three times before the rooster crows . As a result of this , the cock gradually began to be used as a weather vane on church steeples , and in the 9th century Pope Nicholas I ordered the figure to be placed on every church steeple . The Bayeux Tapestry of the 1070s depicts a man installing a cock on Westminster Abbey . One alternative theory about the origin of weathercocks on church steeples is that it was an emblem of the vigilance of the clergy calling the people to prayer . Another theory says that the cock was not a Christian symbol but an emblem of the sun derived from the Goths . A few churches used weather vanes in the shape of the emblems of their patron saints . The City of London has two surviving examples . The weather vane of St Peter upon Cornhill is not in the shape of a rooster , but a key ; while St Lawrence Jewry 's weather vane is in the form of a gridiron . Early weather vanes had very ornamental pointers , but modern wind vanes are usually simple arrows that dispense with the directionals because the instrument is connected to a remote reading station . An early example of this was installed in the Royal Navy 's Admiralty building in London -- the vane on the roof was mechanically linked to a large dial in the boardroom so senior officers were always aware of the wind direction when they met . Modern aerovanes combine the directional vane with an anemometer ( a device for measuring wind speed ) . Co-locating both instruments allows them to use the same axis ( a vertical rod ) and provides a coordinated readout . World 's largest weather vane ( edit ) According to the Guinness World Records , the world 's largest weather vane is a Tío Pepe sherry advertisement located in Jerez , Spain . The city of Montague , Michigan also claims to have the largest standard - design weather vane , being a ship and arrow which measures 48 feet tall , with an arrow 26 feet long . A challenger for the title of world 's largest weather vane is located in Whitehorse , Yukon . The weather vane is a retired Douglas DC - 3 CF - CPY atop a swiveling support . Located at the Yukon Transportation Museum beside Whitehorse International Airport , the weather vane is used by pilots to determine wind direction , used as a landmark by tourists and enjoyed by locals . The weather vane only requires a 5 knot wind to rotate . A challenger for the worlds tallest weather vane is located in Westlock , Alberta . The classic weather vane that reaches to 50 feet is topped by a 1942 Case Model D Tractor . This landmark is located at the Canadian Tractor Museum . Slang term ( edit ) The term `` weathervane '' is also a slang word for a politician who has frequent changes of opinion . The National Assembly of Quebec has banned use of this slang term as a slur after its use by members of the legislature . See also ( edit ) Play media Weather vane ( video ) Windsock , in aviation Apparent wind indicator , in sailing List of weather instruments Weather station References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ; Ling , Wang ( 1959 ) , Science and Civilisation in China : Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth , Vol. 3 , Cambridge University Press , p. 478 Jump up ^ Noble , Joseph V. ; Price , Derek J. de Solla ( October 1968 ) . `` The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 72 ( 4 ) : 345 -- 355 ( 353 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 503828 . JSTOR 503828 . Jump up ^ Rossana Prestini , Vicende faustiniane , in AA. VV. , La chiesa e il monastero benedettino di San Faustino Maggiore in Brescia , Gruppo Banca Lombarda , La Scuola , Brescia 1999 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Fedele Savio , Gli antichi vescovi d'Italia . La Lombardia , Bergamo 1929 , p. 188 Jump up ^ ST PETER 'S BASILICA.ORG - Providing information on St. Peter 's Basilica and Square in the Vatican City - The Treasury Museum ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : John G.R. Forlong , Encyclopedia of Religions : A-d - Page 471 Jump up ^ The Antiquary : a magazine devoted to the study of the past , Volume 17 edited by Edward Walford , John Charles Cox , George Latimer Apperson - page 202 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Jerry Adler ; Andrew Lawler ( June 2012 ) . `` How the Chicken Conquered the World '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Museum bulletin , Volumes 1 - 5 - By Pennsylvania Museum of Art , Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art , Philadelphia Museum of Art - p 14 - 1906 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Ignatius M. Forster , Circle of the Seasons , p. 18 Jump up ^ William White , Notes and Queries Jump up ^ Hargrave Jennings , Phallicism , p. 72 Jump up ^ William Shepard Walsh , A Handy Book of Curious Information Jump up ^ `` History of London : Vanity and Wind '' . Wordpress . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Weather Vane '' . St Lawrence Jewry . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Largest Weather Vane - Ella Ellenwood '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ goytm.ca Jump up ^ `` DC - 3 CF - CPY : The World 's Largest Weather Vane - ExploreNorth '' . ExploreNorth . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec bans ' weathervane ' insult '' . Metro. 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Bishop , Robert ; Coblentz , Patricia ( 1981 ) , A Gallery of American Weather Vanes and Whirligigs , New York : Dutton , p. 127 , ISBN 9780525931515 Burnell , Marcia ( 1991 ) , Heritage above : a tribute to Maine 's tradition of weather vanes , Camden , ME : Down East Books , p. 84 , ISBN 9780892722785 Crépeau , Pierre ; Portelance , Pauline ( 1990 ) , Pointing at the wind : the weather - vane collection of the Canadian Museum of Civilization , Hull , Quebec : Canadian Museum of Civilization , p. 84 , ISBN 9780660129044 Kaye , Myrna ( 1975 ) , Yankee weathervanes , New York : Dutton , p. 236 , ISBN 9780525238591 Klamkin , Charles ( 1973 ) , Weather Vanes : The history , design and manufacture of an American folk art , New York : Hawthorn Books , p. 209 , OCLC 756017 Lane Arts Council ( Or . ) ( 1994 ) , Whirligigs & weathervanes , Eugene , OR : Visual Arts Resources , p. 54 , OCLC 33052846 Lynch , Kenneth ; Crowell , Andrew Durkee ( 1971 ) , Weathervanes , Architectural Handbook series , Canterbury , CN : Canterbury Publishing Company , p. 95 , OCLC 1945107 Messent , Claude John Wilson ( 1937 ) , The weather vanes of Norfolk & Norwich , Norwich : Fletcher & Son Limited , p. 127 , OCLC 5318669 Miller , Steve ( 1984 ) , The art of the weathervane , Exton , PA : Schiffer Pub. , p. 160 , ISBN 9780887400056 Mockridge , Patricia ; Mockridge , Philip ( 1990 ) , Weather vanes of Great Britain , London : Hale , p. 256 , ISBN 9780709037224 Needham , Albert ( 1953 ) , English weather vanes , their stories and legends from medieval to modern times , Haywards Heath , Sussex : C. Clarke , p. 102 , OCLC 1472757 Nesbitt , Ilse Buchert ; Nesbitt , Alexander ( 1970 ) , Weathercocks and weathercreatures ; some examples of early American folk art from the collection of the Shelburne Museum , Vermont. , Newport , RI : Third & Elm Press , OCLC 155708 Reaveley , Mabel E. ; Kunhardt , Priscilla ( 1984 ) , Weathervane secrets , Dublin , NH : W.L. Bauhan , p. 71 , ISBN 9780872330757 Westervelt , A.B. ; Westervelt , W.T. ( 1982 ) , American Antique Weather Vanes : The Complete Illustrated Westervelt Catalog of 1883 , New York : Dover , p. 100 , ISBN 9780486243962 External links ( edit ) Media related to Weather vanes at Wikimedia Commons Earth - based meteorological equipment and instrumentation Anemometer Atmometer Barograph Barometer Ceiling balloon Ceiling projector Ceilometer Dark adaptor goggles Dewcell Disdrometer Dropsonde Field mill Heat flux sensor Hygrometer Ice accretion indicator Lidar Lightning detector Nephelometer Nephoscope Pan evaporation Pyranometer Pyrheliometer Radiosonde Rain gauge Snow gauge Snowboard Snow pillow SODAR Solarimeter Sounding rocket Stevenson screen Sunshine recorder Tethersonde Thermo - hygrograph Thermometer Tide gauge Transmissometer Weather balloon Weather buoy Weather radar Weather vane Whole sky camera Wind profiler Windsock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weather_vane&oldid=855430429 '' Categories : Hellenistic engineering Meteorological instrumentation and equipment Ancient inventions Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語 Zazaki 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 07 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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who plays the god of wisdom in gods of egypt	Chadwick Boseman as Thoth , the Egyptian God of Wisdom .	Chadwick Boseman	Gods of Egypt ( film )	gods of egypt ( film )		Gods of Egypt Theatrical release poster Directed by Alex Proyas Produced by Basil Iwanyk Alex Proyas Written by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Starring Gerard Butler Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Brenton Thwaites Élodie Yung Courtney Eaton Chadwick Boseman Geoffrey Rush Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Richard Learoyd Production companies Thunder Road Pictures Mystery Clock Cinema Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) ( Australia ) February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $140 million Box office $150.7 million Gods of Egypt is a 2016 fantasy action film directed by Alex Proyas and portraying ancient Egyptian deities . It stars Gerard Butler , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Brenton Thwaites , Chadwick Boseman , Élodie Yung , Courtney Eaton , Rufus Sewell and Geoffrey Rush . The film portrays a mortal Egyptian hero who partners with the Egyptian god Horus to save the world from Set and rescue his love . Filming took place in Australia under the American film production and distribution company Summit Entertainment . While the film 's production budget was $140 million , the parent company Lionsgate 's financial exposure was less than $10 million due to tax incentives and pre-sales . The Australian government provided a tax credit for 46 % of the film 's budget . When Lionsgate began promoting the film in November 2015 , it received backlash for its predominantly white cast playing Egyptian deities . In response , Lionsgate and director Proyas apologized for ethnically - inaccurate casting . Lionsgate released Gods of Egypt in theaters globally , starting on February 25 , 2016 , in 2D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D , and in the United States , Canada , and 68 other markets on February 26 . The film was poorly reviewed by critics , who criticized its choice of cast , script , acting and special effects ; these reviews prompted an angry response from Proyas . It grossed a total of $150 million against a $140 million budget , becoming a box office bomb and losing the studio up to $90 million . It received five nominations at the 37th Golden Raspberry Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Racial and ethnic casting 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office forecast 5.3 Theatrical run 6 Critical reception 7 Accolades 8 Home media 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Set in the mythology of ancient Egypt , the world is flat and the Egyptian gods live among humans , they differ from humans by their greater height , golden blood , and ability to transform into their divine forms . A young thief named Bek and his love Zaya are attending the coronation of Horus . During the ceremony , Osiris is killed by his extremely jealous brother Set , who seizes the throne and declares a new regime where the dead will have to pay with riches to pass into the afterlife . Horus is stripped of his eyes , the source of his power , and almost killed . His love , Hathor pleads with Set to spare him and he is instead exiled in exchange for Egypt 's surrender . A year later , Bek has been working as a slave building monuments while Zaya is now under the ownership of Set 's chief architect Urshu . Believing that Horus is the only one who can defeat Set , she gives Bek the floor plans to his treasure vault and also manages to get a glimpse of the plans for his pyramid . Bek is able to steal back one of Horus ' eyes from the treasure vault . However , Urshu finds out and kills Zaya as the couple flee . Bek takes her body to the blind Horus and makes a bargain : Horus agrees to bring Zaya back from the dead for his eye and Bek 's knowledge about Set 's pyramid . The two fly to the divine vessel of Horus ' grandfather Ra . Horus is unable to convince Ra to regrant him his power so he can defeat Set himself , as Ra is both neutral about their conflict and daily at war with the enormous shadow beast Apophis that threatens to devour the world . He does however allow Horus to obtain a vial of the divine waters that surround his vessel , which can extinguish the desert thirst and weaken Set gravely . Ra tells Horus that his weakness is the result of him not fulfilling his destiny , which Horus believes means avenging his parents ' deaths . Set asks Hathor to take him to the underworld , but she refuses and escapes . After surviving an attack by Set 's Egyptian Minotaurs led by Mnevis and an attack by some of Set 's minions and their giant cobras , Hathor finds and saves Bek and Horus . Horus at first does n't trust her as she is a mistress of Set , while she tries to convince him that Set is her enemy as well . When they tell her of their plan regarding Set 's pyramid , she warns them of a guardian sphinx who will kill anyone not wise enough to solve a riddle . The group then heads to the library of Thoth , so they can recruit him to solve the riddle . Arriving at Set 's pyramid , they overcome its traps including the sphinx , to reach the source of Set 's power . But before they can pour the divine water , Set traps them and reveals to Bek that Horus can not bring Zaya back from the dead . Set destroys their flask and kills Thoth by taking his brain . Horus is able to save Hathor and Bek . Horus admits to caring more about his revenge than the mortals . Hathor sacrifices her own safety for Zaya 's payment into the afterlife by giving Bek her bracelet and calls Anubis to take him to Zaya , letting herself be dragged to the underworld . Having combined Thoth 's brain , Osiris 's heart , Horus 's eye , and wings from Nephthys with himself , Set travels to Ra , questioning his favoritism for Osiris and denying him the throne and children . Ra claims that all of Set 's prior mistreatments were tests preparing Set for his true role : taking Ra 's place as the defender of the world aboard his solar barge , fighting against Apophis . Set is dismayed and wants to destroy the afterlife so that he can be immortal . Ra tries to fight Set by blasting him with his spear , though Set survives . He stabs Ra , takes his spear of power , and casts him off the boat freeing Apophis to consume both the mortal and underworld realms . Bek finds Zaya , who refuses Hathor 's gift as she does n't want an afterlife without Bek , but then Apophis attacks and the gate to the afterlife is closed . Bek returns to the mortal world , where Horus is amazed that Bek still wants to help take down Set . Bek tells him it was Zaya who told him to , as she still has faith in Horus . Horus climbs up the outer wall of an obelisk Set is standing on and attempts to battle him , but is heavily outmatched . Whilst Bek fights Urshu who is thrown off to his death , Bek ascends on the inside and joins the battle , removing Horus 's stolen eye from Set 's armor , being wounded in the process . As Bek slides toward the edge of the obelisk , he throws the eye toward Horus , who must choose to catch it or save Bek instead . Horus reaches for Bek and apologizes for all he has put him through . As they plummet toward the ground , Horus regains the power to transform and he catches Bek and flies him to safety . Horus realizes that it was n't the recovery of his eye nor revenge that was his destiny , it was the protection of his people that he needed to fight for . Now , Horus has the strength for battling Set , and he gains the obelisk and kills him . He then finds Ra wounded and floating in space , and returns his spear to him , allowing Ra to once again repel Apophis and for Anubis to reopen the gates . As Horus returns to Bek , a child holds out his other eye , while people cheer him . Horus finds Bek dying from the wounds he sustained whilst fighting Set , carries him to Osiris 's tomb and lays him beside Zaya . Ra arrives and offers to bestow any power on him to repay Horus for his life and Egypt 's survival . All Horus wants is bringing Bek and Zaya back to life . The other gods are also revived and have their attributes restored ( except for Osiris and Isis , who died a full year before ) . Horus is crowned king by Thoth and declares the afterlife will be for those who do good in the world . Bek is made chief advisor , and he gives Horus back Hathor 's bracelet letting him leave to rescue her from the underworld . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as Set , the Egyptian God of the Desert Geoffrey Rush as Ra , the Egyptian God of the Sun Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Horus , the Egyptian God of Air and Hathor 's lover . Brenton Thwaites as Bek , a young thief who allies with Horus . Lindsay Farris voices an older Bek that narrates the film . Chadwick Boseman as Thoth , the Egyptian God of Wisdom . Élodie Yung as Hathor , the Egyptian Goddess of Love and Horus ' lover . Courtney Eaton as Zaya , Bek 's lover . Rufus Sewell as Urshu , Set 's architect . Bryan Brown as Osiris , the Egyptian God of the Afterlife , King of Egypt and Horus ' father Goran D. Kleut as the voice and motion capture of Anubis , the Egyptian God of Death Rachael Blake as Isis , the Egyptian Goddess of Health , Marriage , and Wisdom who is the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus . Emma Booth as Nephthys , the Goddess of Protection . Alexander England as the voice and motion capture of Mnevis , the leader of the Egyptian Minotaurs that work for Set . Yaya Deng as Astarte Abbey Lee as Anat Kenneth Ransom as the voice and motion capture of Sphinx Robyn Nevin as Sharifa Bruce Spence as Head Judge Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) ... the world of Gods of Egypt never really existed . It is inspired by Egyptian mythology , but it makes no attempt at historical accuracy because that would be pointless -- none of the events in the movie ever really happened . It is about as reality - based as Star Wars -- which is not real at all ... Maybe one day if I get to make further chapters I will reveal the context of the when and where of the story . But one thing is for sure -- it is not set in Ancient Egypt at all . Director Alex Proyas , December 2015 Gods of Egypt is directed by Alex Proyas based on a screenplay by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . The film was produced under Summit Entertainment . Proyas was contracted by Summit in May 2012 , to write the screenplay with Sazama and Sharpless , and to direct the film . Proyas said he sought to make a big - budget film with an original premise , to contrast franchise films . The director cited the following films as influences on Gods of Egypt : The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , and Sergio Leone 's Western films . Lionsgate anticipated that Gods of Egypt would be the first film in a new franchise after it finished releasing The Hunger Games films . Casting ( edit ) Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau was cast in June 2013 . Gerard Butler , Geoffrey Rush , and Brenton Thwaites joined the cast toward the end of 2013 . Chadwick Boseman and Élodie Yung joined the cast at the start of 2014 . Filming ( edit ) The film was shot in Australia . A crew of 200 began pre-production in Sydney in New South Wales , and producers considered filming in Melbourne in Victoria , to take advantage of the state 's tax incentive . Docklands Studios Melbourne was too booked to accommodate Gods of Egypt , and producers were instead offered an airport facility for production . The Australian states New South Wales and Victoria competed to be the location of the film 's production , and Summit selected NSW in February 2014 . The state 's deputy premier , Andrew Stoner , estimated that the production would add 400 jobs to the state and contribute $75 million to its economy . Principal photography began on March 19 , 2014 at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney . The setting of Anubis ' temple was filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney , and visual effects were laid over the scene . The production budget was $140 million . Jon Feltheimer , the CEO of Summit 's parent company Lionsgate , said Lionsgate 's financial exposure was under $10 million due to tax incentives of filming in Australia , as well as foreign pre-sales . The Australian government 's tax credit to have the film produced in the country covered 46 % of the $140 million production budget , and most of the remaining budget was covered by the foreign pre-sales . In the film , the gods in humanoid form are 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) tall and in `` battle beast '' form are over 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall . Proyas used forced perspective and motion control photography to portray the difference in height between the actors portraying the gods and the humans . Proyas called the logistical challenge a `` reverse Hobbit '' , referring to The Lord of the Rings films , in which Hobbits are depicted as shorter than humans . For the Sphinx , actor Kenneth Ransom portrayed the giant creature via motion capture . For the god Thoth , who can appear as many copies , actor Chadwick Boseman was filmed hundreds of times from different angles . For a scene with many copies of Thoth , other actors took a day to film the scene , where Boseman filmed the scene for three days . Music ( edit ) Composer Marco Beltrami , who scored Proyas 's previous films Knowing ( 2009 ) and I , Robot ( 2004 ) , returned to score Gods of Egypt . Racial and ethnic casting ( edit ) See also : Whitewashing in film White actors make up most of the principal cast of Gods of Egypt . When Lionsgate began marketing the film , the Associated Press said the distributor received backlash for ethnically inaccurate casting . Lionsgate and director Alex Proyas both issued apologies . The AP said , `` While some praised the preemptive mea culpa ... others were more skeptical , concluding that it 's simply meant to shut down any further backlash . '' The casting practice of white actors as Egyptian characters was first reported after filming started in March 2014 , when Daily Life 's Ruby Hamad highlighted the practice as `` Hollywood whitewashing '' . Lionsgate released a set of character posters in November 2015 , and The Guardian reported that the casting received a backlash on Twitter over the predominantly white cast . Some suggested that the casting of black actor Chadwick Boseman , who plays the god Thoth , played into the Magical Negro stereotype . The previous year , the biblical epic Exodus : Gods and Kings by director Ridley Scott received similar backlash for having a white cast . The Washington Post 's Soraya Nadia McDonald also disparaged the casting practice for Gods of Egypt and said Lionsgate released the posters at an unfortunate time . She said with the release of Aziz Ansari 's TV series Master of None in the previous week , `` Whitewashed casting and the offensiveness of brownface has pretty much dominated the pop culture conversation this week . Promotion for the movie is beginning just as we 're wrapping a banner year for discussions of diversity and gender pay equity in the film industry . '' When Lionsgate followed its release of posters with a release of a theatrical trailer , Scott Mendelson at Forbes said , `` The implication remains that white actors , even generic white actors with zero box office draw , are preferable in terms of domestic and overseas box office than culturally - specific ( minority ) actors who actually look like the people they are supposed to be playing . '' He said almost none of the actors , aside from potentially Butler , qualified as box office draws . BET 's Evelyn Diaz said while Ridley Scott had defended his casting practice for Exodus by claiming the need to cast box office draws , `` Gods of Egypt is headlined by character actors and Gerard Butler , none of whom will have people running to the theater on opening day . '' Deadline 's Ross A. Lincoln said of the released trailer , `` Casting here stands out like a sore thumb leftover from 1950s Hollywood . I suspect this film generates a lot of conversation before it hits theaters February 26 , 2016 . '' In response to criticisms of its casting practice , director Alex Proyas and Lionsgate issued apologies in late November 2015 for not considering diversity ; Lionsgate said it would strive to do better . Mendelson of Forbes said the apologies were `` a somewhat different response '' than defenses made by Ridley Scott for Exodus and Joe Wright for Pan ( 2015 ) . Ava DuVernay , who directed Selma ( 2014 ) , said , `` This kind of apology never happens - for something that happens all the time . An unusual occurrence worth noting . '' The Guardian 's Ben Child said , `` The apologies are remarkable , especially given that Gods of Egypt does not debut in cinemas until 26 February and could now suffer at the box office . '' Michael Ordoña of San Francisco Chronicle said of the apologies , `` That 's little comfort to the nonwhite actors denied opportunities or the Egyptians who will see a pale shadow of their ancestral traditions . '' The Casting Society of America applauded the statements from Lionsgate and Proyas . Professor Todd Boyd , chair for the Study of Race and Popular Culture at the University of Southern California , said , `` The apology is an attempt to have it both ways . They want the cast that they selected and they do n't want people to hold it against them that it 's a white cast . '' Boseman , who plays the god Thoth , commenting on the whitewashing , said he expected the backlash to happen when he saw the script . He said , `` I 'm thankful that it did , because actually , I agree with it . That 's why I wanted to do it , so you would see someone of African descent playing Thoth , the father of mathematics , astronomy , the god of wisdom . '' Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau said , `` A lot of people are getting really worked up online about the fact that I 'm a white actor . I 'm not even playing an Egyptian ; I 'm an 8 - foot - tall god who turns into a falcon . A part of me just wants to freak out , but then I think , ' There 's nothing you can do about it . ' You ca n't win in that sort of discussion . '' In the month leading up to release , director Proyas said his film was fantasy and not intended to be history . He cited `` creative license and artistic freedom of expression '' to cast the actors he found to fit the roles . He said `` white - washing '' was a justified concern but for his fantasy film , `` To exclude any one race in service of a hypothetical theory of historical accuracy ... would have been biased . '' Proyas said that films `` need more people of color and a greater cultural diversity '' but that Gods of Egypt `` is not the best one to soap - box issues of diversity with '' . He argued that the lack of English - speaking Egyptian actors , production practicalities , the studio 's requirement for box office draws , and Australia having guidelines limiting `` imported '' actors were all factors in casting for the film . He concluded , `` I attempted to show racial diversity , black , white , Asian , as far as I was allowed , as far as I could , given the limitations I was given . It is obviously clear that for things to change , for casting in movies to become more diverse many forces must align . Not just the creative . To those who are offended by the decisions which were made I have already apologised . I respect their opinion , but I hope the context of the decisions is a little clearer based on my statements here . '' After the film was critically panned , Proyas said , `` I guess I have the knack of rubbing reviewers the wrong way . This time of course they have bigger axes to grind -- they can rip into my movie while trying to make their mainly pale asses look so politically correct by screaming ' white - wash ! ! ! ' '' Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Lionsgate spent an estimated $30 million on marketing the film . It released a set of character posters in November 2015 , for which it received backlash due to white actors playing Egyptian characters , as noted above . Later in the month , it released a theatrical trailer . Lionsgate aired a 60 - second spot for Gods of Egypt during the pre-game show of the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 , though they released the trailer online a day earlier . In the week before the film 's release , Lions released the tie - in mobile game Gods of Egypt : Secrets of the Lost Kingdom on iOS and Android . Box office forecast ( edit ) BoxOffice forecast two months in advance that Gods of Egypt would gross $14.5 million on its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , and that it would gross $34 million total on its theatrical run . The magazine said the film had `` a strong ensemble cast '' and that its director has `` had a noteworthy following '' . BoxOffice also said the premise could attract movie - goers who saw Clash of the Titans , Wrath of the Titans , and the Percy Jackson films . Admissions to 3D screenings would help boost Gods of Egypt 's gross . The magazine said factors negatively affecting the film 's gross were a `` lackluster reaction '' to its marketing and the backlash to its predominantly white cast causing negative buzz . It anticipated that the film 's release would be front - loaded ( focused on profiting mainly from opening weekend ) due to the poor buzz , its categorization as a fantasy film , and with London Has Fallen opening the following weekend . A week before the film 's release , TheWrap 's Todd Cunningham reported an updated forecast of $15 million for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada . The Hollywood Reporter 's Pamela McClintock said it was tracking to gross between $12 million and $15 million . Cunningham said the expected gross was low for the film 's triple - digit budget as well as additional marketing costs . He said the film could attract Alex Proyas 's fan base but that it had suffered `` some negativity out there '' due to the predominantly white casting as well as the film being perceived to have an `` old - fashioned '' feel . Exhibitor Relations senior media analyst Jeff Bock said the film `` feels late '' years after the release of 300 ( 2007 ) and Immortals ( 2011 ) , and an earlier production and release would have been more advantageous . Cunningham said with Lionsgate 's financial exposure only being $10 million and the expected opening gross , the film could gross between $40 million and $50 million for its theatrical run in the United States and Canada and ultimately avoid a loss . The Hollywood Reporter 's McClintock said `` ancient epics '' in recent years had not performed well at the box office , citing the 2014 films Hercules , The Legend of Hercules , and Pompeii . Ryan Faughnder of Los Angeles Times said in the week before the film 's release that the expected opening weekend gross meant that Lionsgate 's plans to make Gods of Egypt the first film in a new franchise were unlikely . Faughnder said the film would need to perform strongly in territories outside the United States and Canada for a sequel to be developed . Variety 's Brent Lang reported that analysts said the film would need to open to $30 million or more in the United States to justify a sequel . Theatrical run ( edit ) Gods of Egypt grossed $31.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $119.6 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $150.7 million against a production budget of $140 million . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio up to $90 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . Lionsgate released Gods of Egypt in theaters globally starting on February 25 , 2016 . It was released in 2D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D . Lionsgate released the film in the United States and Canada on the weekend of February 26 -- 28 , as well as in 68 other markets , including Russia , South Korea , and Brazil . Jaguar Films released the film in the United Arab Emirates ( February 25 ) and other countries in the Middle East under the title Kings of Egypt . Viacom 18 released the film in India on February 26 , 2016 in four languages : English , Hindi , Tamil , and Telugu . In the United States and Canada , the film was released in 3,117 theaters . It grossed an estimated $800,000 in Thursday - night previews and $4.8 million on Friday , lowering the projected weekend gross to $11 -- 13 million . It went on to gross $14.1 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Deadpool ( $31.5 million ) . It competed with fellow newcomers Eddie the Eagle and Triple 9 , as well as with Deadpool , which opened two weekends earlier . Opening - day audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . The Christian Science Monitor 's Molly Driscoll said the Gods of Egypt 's US release was during `` a traditionally quiet time at the box office '' . Scott Mendelson of Forbes commented on supporting versus opposing a successful debut of the film , while existing as a great right ( an original fantasy from a gifted and visionary director ) at the same time . '' Outside North America , the film got a staggered release . In its opening weekend , it was number one across Central America , Eastern Europe and South East Asia . Top openings were in Russia ( $4.3 million ) , Brazil ( $1.9 million ) and Philippines ( $1.7 million ) . Le Vision Pictures acquired rights from Lionsgate in November 2015 to distribute Gods of Egypt in China , and released the film there on March 11 , 2016 . China was the film 's largest territory , with US $35.6 million . Lionsgate also released the film in the United Kingdom on June 17 , 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Gods of Egypt was panned by critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 15 % , based on 172 reviews , with an average rating of 3.4 / 10 . Metacritic gives the film a score of 25 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote , `` A mishmash of unconvincing visual effects and clumsy writing -- not to mention another depiction of ancient Egypt in which the lead roles are almost all played by white folks -- Gods of Egypt might have merited a so - bad - it 's - good schadenfreude fanbase had it maintained the unintentional laughs of its first 10 minutes . Instead , it skids into dullness , thus negating the camp classic that it so often verges on becoming . '' Joycelyn Noveck of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a half star out of four , writing , `` It 's obvious the filmmakers were gunning for a sequel here . But this bloated enterprise is so tiresome by the end , it seems more likely headed for a long rest somewhere in the cinematic afterlife . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club called Gods of Egypt `` overlong and very silly , '' and said : `` A treasure trove of gilded fantasy bric - a-brac and clashing accents , Proyas ' sword - and - sandals space opera is a head above the likes of Wrath of the Titans , but it rapidly devolves into a tedious and repetitive succession of monster chases , booby traps , and temples that start to crumble at the last minute . '' Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian said , `` This is ridiculous . This is offensive . This should n't be , and I 'm not going to say otherwise if you ca n't bring yourself to buy a ticket for this movie . But if you are on the fence you can always offset your karmic footprint with a donation to a charity , because this movie is a tremendous amount of fun . '' On the other hand , Olly Richards of Empire was heavily critical , calling the film a `` catastrophe '' and `` the Dolly Parton of movies , without any of the knowing wit '' . In response to the reviews , director Proyas posted to Facebook calling critics `` diseased vultures pecking at the bones of a dying carcass '' , who were `` trying to peck to the rhythm of the consensus . I applaud any film - goer who values their own opinion enough to not base it on what the pack - mentality says is good or bad . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result AACTA Awards ( 6th ) Best Original Music Score Marco Beltrami Nominated Best Sound Wayne Pashley Nominated Peter Grace Nominated Derryn Pasquill Nominated Fabian Sanjurjo Nominated Greg P. Fitzgerald Nominated Peter Purcell Nominated Best Costume Design Liz Palmer Nominated Best Visual Effects or Animation Eric Durst Nominated Jack Geist Nominated Andrew Hellen Nominated James Whitlam Nominated Julian Dimsey Nominated Best Hair and Makeup Lesley Vanderwalt Nominated Lara Jade Birch Nominated Adam Johansen Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Basil Iwanyk Nominated Alex Proyas Nominated Worst Director Nominated Worst Actor Gerard Butler Nominated Worst Screen Combo Any two Egyptian gods or mortals Nominated Worst Screenplay Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Worst Film Basil Iwanyk & Alex Proyas Nominated Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on May 31 , 2016 , on DVD and Blu - ray . See also ( edit ) Ancient Egyptian deities in popular culture List of fantasy films of the 2010s Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The union Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance filed an objection with Australia 's Fair Work Commission stating that the film would adopt unfair work conditions . The union contested the production being Australian enough to receive a 40 % producer rebate , yet importing work conditions substandard for Australia . Jump up ^ Filmmakers for Gods of Egypt had already set their cast and had completed filming when backlash occurred over the casting practice for Exodus : Gods and Kings . Jump up ^ Lionsgate initially scheduled the film to be released in the United States on February 12 , 2016 , then it postponed the release to April 8 , 2016 , before finalizing the date to February 26 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GODS OF EGYPT ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Sarah ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' : Review '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Todd ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' on Track for $15 Million Opening -- Can It Beat the Odds and Launch a Franchise ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt Official Movie Site Story '' . godsofegypt. movie . Lionsgate . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gods of Egypt Story '' . godsofegyptmovie.com . Lionsgate . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Groves , Don ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Gods of Egypt ' : Alex Proyas Grapples With a Size Issue In Fantasy Adventure '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Proyas in talks for Summit 's ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Groves , Don ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' - Silly And Outdated , Or An Unlikely Blockbuster ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` A roughly $15 - million debut is predicted for ' Gods of Egypt ' -- a $140 - million film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Nikolaj Coster - Waldau in Talks to Lead ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Gerard Butler to Join Summit 's ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Kit , Borys ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Joining Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Gerard Butler in ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Kroll , Justin ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites Board Summit 's ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman Set For Summit 's ' Gods Of Egypt ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Yamato , Jen ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Elodie Yung Joins Summit 's ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maddox , Gary ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Interstate battle for Gods of Egypt movie decided '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frater , Patrick ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Summit 's ' Gods of Egypt ' Heads for Australia Shoot '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Groves , Don ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Gods of Egypt rolls in Sydney '' . If Magazine . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Groves , Don ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' Unleashes Its Own Golem , A Giant Sphinx Of Stone '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Lionsgate Has Franchise Fever , Looks to Duplicate ' Hunger Games ' Success '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Plans 17 Films For 2017 , Says ' Star Wars ' Grabbed $50 M - $100 M From ' Mockingjay 2 ' ; Stock Falls 27 % '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr , Lindsey ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' renews concern about inaccurate film casting '' . ap.org . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamad , Ruby ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` All lead actors in The Gods of Egypt will be white '' . Daily Life . Fairfax Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Benjamin ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Gods of Egypt posters spark anger with ' whitewashed ' cast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Staff ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' posters cause online uproar over predominantly white cast '' . FOX News . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Butler , Tom ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Gods of Egypt Movie Accused Of ' Whitewashing ' '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Soraya Nadia ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' promo posters reveal no lessons learned from ' Exodus ' fiasco '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt , ' With Gerald Butler And Chadwick Boseman , Gets A Visually Spectacular Trailer '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Shepherd , Jack ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Gods of Egypt : Gerard Butler and Game of Thrones ' Nikolaj Coster - Waldau star in heavily CGI 'd trailer '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Evelyn ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Another Whitewashed Movie Set in Africa Is Coming to a Theater Near You '' . bet.com . BET . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' Trailer : The Ancient Greek Version Of Ancient Egypt ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Lionsgate Responds To ' Gods Of Egypt ' Whitewashing Controversy '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Ge , Linda ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' Director , Studio Apologize for Mostly White Cast : ' We Failed to Live Up to Our Own Standards ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Staff ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' Director , Studio Apologize for Lack of Diverse Casting : ' We Can Do Better ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Evans , Greg ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate And ' Gods Of Egypt ' Director Alex Proyas Apologize For Film 's Lack Of Diversity '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Whipp , Glenn ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' backlash : Director , studio apologize for racial miscasting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Grinberg , Emanuella ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' director , Lionsgate apologize for predominantly white cast '' . cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Walker , Tim ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` Gods of Egypt : Film - makers apologise after casting white actors to play Ancient Egyptian deities '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Bui , Hoai - Tran ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' director apologizes for ' whitewashed ' cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Shea , Christopher D. ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' Casting Prompts Apologies From Director and Lionsgate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' Director , Studio Apologize Following Diverse Casting Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Gods of Egypt director and studio apologise for lack of diversity '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Diverse array of white actors in ' Gods of Egypt ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ball , Sarah ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman on His Steph Curry Love and the Gods of Egypt Controversy '' . GQ . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sturm , Rüdiger ( February 2016 ) . `` Nikolaj Coster - Waldau On Surviving Five Seasons of Game of Thrones '' . The Red Bulletin . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Are Egypt 's gods too white -- or just too hammy ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' Getting 60 - Second Spot In Super Bowl Pre-Game Show '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Gods Of Egypt ' Trailer : Lionsgate Unleashes Super Bowl Spot A Day Early '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hannley , Steve ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gods Of Egypt Movie Tie - In Game Gets a Surprise Release '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garris , Daniel ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : ' Gods Of Egypt ' & ' Triple 9 ' '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Big - Budget ' Gods of Egypt ' Imperiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Gods of Egypt ' Falling Flat , ' Deadpool ' Still King '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Mia Galuppo ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ben Hur ' to ' BFG ' : Hollywood 's Biggest Box - Office Bombs of 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate 's Visual Effects - Driven Event Film Gods of Egypt Rolls Out In Domestic And International IMAX ® 3D Theatres February 26 '' . prnewswire.com . PR Newswire . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Will Cuss Out ' Gods Of Egypt ' , ' Eddie The Eagle ' & ' Triple 9 ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Release Dates For ' Gods Of Egypt ' ' Allegiant ' & ' Step Up 5 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Movie Pushed Back to 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tusing , David ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' film title changed to ' Kings of Egypt ' '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Gods of Egypt to hit theatres on Feb 26 '' . The Statesman . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Gods of Egypt ' Bombing Friday for Dismal U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Powerless to ' Deadpool ' , ' Gods of Egypt ' Is First 2016 Big - Budget Bomb : Friday Late Night B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Tops $490 M Worldwide ; ' Risen ' , ' Witch ' & ' Mermaid ' Open Strong '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gods of Egypt ' : A look at the popularity of action - heavy mythology movies '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Does ' Gods Of Egypt ' Deserve To Bomb ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gods Of Egypt ' Bow To $24.2 M ; ' Zootopia ' Hops With $30 M in 3rd Frame -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` China 's Le Vision Acquires Lionsgate 's ' Gods of Egypt , ' Unveils 10 - Film Slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) - Release Info '' . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Gary ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Gods of Egypt Heading for Epic Box Office Flop '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gods of Egypt ' Review : Gerard Butler Fiasco Is the Worst Thing to Hit the Nile Since Asps '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gods of Egypt ' : A new entry in the Pantheon of Mythical misfires '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Look on Gods Of Egypt , ye Mighty , and be baffled '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( 2016 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Gods of Egypt review -- ridiculous , offensive and tremendously fun '' . The Guardian . London . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Gods of Egypt '' . Empire . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Gods of Egypt director Alex Proyas calls film critics ' diseased vultures ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Egypt DVD Release Date May 31 , 2016 '' . dvdsreleasedates.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Gods of Egypt on IMDb Gods of Egypt at Rotten Tomatoes Gods of Egypt at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Alex Proyas Spirits of the Air , Gremlins of the Clouds ( 1989 ) The Crow ( 1994 ) Dark City ( 1998 ) Garage Days ( 2002 ) I , Robot ( 2004 ) Knowing ( 2009 ) Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gods_of_Egypt_(film)&oldid=852288656 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Australian films Australian adventure films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American adventure films American fantasy adventure films Australian fantasy films Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films based on Egyptian mythology Films directed by Alex Proyas Films set in ancient Egypt Films shot in Sydney Fratricide in fiction Regicide in fiction Motion capture in film IMAX films Summit Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Demons in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 21 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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when is the fifth five kingdoms book coming out	Five Kingdoms : Sky Raiders , Aladdin , 11 March 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9700 - 9 Five Kingdoms : Rogue Knight , Aladdin , 18 November 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9703 - 0 Five Kingdoms : Crystal Keepers , Aladdin , 17 March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9706 - 1 Five Kingdoms : Death Weavers , Aladdin , 15 March 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9709 - 2 Five Kingdoms : Time Jumpers , Aladdin , 13 March 2018 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9712 - 2	13 March 2018	Brandon Mull	brandon mull	Brandon Mull is an American author who wrote the children 's fantasy series , Fablehaven , as well as The Candy Shop War , the Beyonders trilogy , and the Five Kingdoms series .	He was inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien , C.S. Lewis , and J.K. Rowling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Education and early work 2 Writer 3 Published works 3.1 Fablehaven 3.2 Beyonders 3.3 Dragonwatch 3.4 Five Kingdoms 3.5 Candy Shop War 3.6 Pingo 3.7 Spirit Animals 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Education and early work ( edit ) Brandon Mull went to Mt . Diablo Elementary School in Clayton , California , United States . Mull then attended Pine Hollow Middle School as a student , and then attended Clayton Valley . He currently lives in Alpine , Utah and graduated from BYU ( Brigham Young University ) in Utah . While at BYU Mull led the sketch comedy group Divine Comedy ( BYU ) . Mull served a two - year mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Chile . Brandon Mull has worked as a comedian , a filing clerk , a patio installer , a movie promoter , a copywriter , and briefly as a chicken stacker . Writer ( edit ) Brandon Mull spearheaded a seven - book series called Spirit Animals . Each book is written by a different author , but he was given the charge to create the fantasy world where the characters will live , and all the books will be based . The first installment , written by Brandon , called Wild Born was released in September 2013 . Brandon Mull authored the Five Kingdoms series . The first book is titled Sky Raiders and was released March 11 , 2014 . The second installment , Rogue Knight , arrived November 18 , 2014 . The third , Crystal Keepers , arrived on March 17 , 2015 . The fourth , Death Weavers , was released on March 1 , 2016 . Of this series , Brandon Mull says , `` It 'll be for the kind of readers who liked Fablehaven . A Halloween spook alley turns out to be a front for slave traders taking kids into another world . It 'll be cool , promise . '' On Mull 's Facebook page he mentioned that he is planning a second Fablehaven series , but would n't get serious about it until some of his other projects are finished , like Spirit Animals , possibly not until 2015 . Brandon announced at the launching of Spirit Animals that there is a very good plan for the Fablehaven sequel series to be published in 2016 . Fablehaven is currently optioned by Schaffer Studios . Published works ( edit ) Fablehaven ( edit ) Fablehaven is about siblings Seth and Kendra Sorenson who find out their grandfather and grandmother run Fablehaven , one of the last places mythical creatures can live in peace . ( ages 8 -- 13 ) Fablehaven , Shadow Mountain , 14 June 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59038 - 581 - 4 Fablehaven : Rise of the Evening Star , Shadow Mountain , 1 May 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59038 - 742 - 9 Fablehaven : Grip of the Shadow Plague , Shadow Mountain , 12 April 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59038 - 898 - 3 Fablehaven : Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary , Shadow Mountain , 24 March 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60641 - 042 - 4 Fablehaven : Keys to the Demon Prison , Shadow Mountain , 23 March 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60641 - 238 - 1 Fablehaven Dragon watch The Caretaker 's Guide to Fablehaven , Shadow Mountain , 13 October 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1629720913 Beyonders ( edit ) Beyonders is a series about a teenage boy named Jason who gets summoned as the last chance to save Lyrian , a doomed realm ruled by the wizard Maldor . ( ages 8 -- 13 ) Beyonders : A World Without Heroes , Aladdin , 15 March 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 41699 - 792 - 4 Beyonders : Seeds of Rebellion , Aladdin , 13 March 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 41699 - 794 - 8 Beyonders : Chasing the Prophecy , Aladdin , 12 March 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 41699 - 796 - 2 Dragonwatch ( edit ) Dragonwatch is a sequel series to Fablehaven that will span 5 books . Book One was released in March 2017 . Book Two is predicted to come in 2018 . In the story the dragons will seek to escape the sanctuaries they 've been placed in , seeing them as prisons . The only thing that can keep them under control is the order of the Dragonwatch , but most of the Dragonwatch members have died of old age . A wizard named Agad decides to seek out Grandpa Sorensen for help , and in the process Kendra and Seth . Kendra and Seth will have to unite forces to become dragon tamers to keep the dragons from escaping . ( ages 8 -- 14 ) Dragonwatch : A Fablehaven Adventure , Shadow Mountain , 14 March 2017 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 6297 - 2256 - 6 Five Kingdoms ( edit ) Five Kingdoms is a series about an 11 - year - old boy named Cole who gets stolen by slave traders and gets sucked away to another world called the Outskirts . ( ages 8 -- 13 ) Five Kingdoms : Sky Raiders , Aladdin , 11 March 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9700 - 9 Five Kingdoms : Rogue Knight , Aladdin , 18 November 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9703 - 0 Five Kingdoms : Crystal Keepers , Aladdin , 17 March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9706 - 1 Five Kingdoms : Death Weavers , Aladdin , 15 March 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9709 - 2 Five Kingdoms : Time Jumpers , Aladdin , 13 March 2018 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4424 - 9712 - 2 Candy Shop War ( edit ) Candy Shop War follows Nate in a strange town full of magical candies and crazy arcades . ( ages 8 -- 13 ) The Candy Shop War , Shadow Mountain , 11 September 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59038 - 783 - 2 Arcade Catastrophe , Shadow Mountain , 23 October 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60907 - 179 - 0 Pingo ( edit ) Pingo , illustrated by Brandon Dorman , Shadow Mountain , 5 August 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60641 - 109 - 4 , for ages 4 -- 8 Pingo and the Playground Bully -- Prequel to Pingo , illustrated by Brandon Dorman , Shadow Mountain , 9 October 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60907 - 178 - 3 Spirit Animals ( edit ) Mull has written one full book in the series : Wild Born ( Book 1 ) , and select stories in Special Edition : Tales of the Great Beasts ( 21 October 2014 ) and Special Edition : Tales of the Fallen Beasts ( 23 February 2016 ) . Wild Born tells the story of four 11 - year - old kids ( Conor from Eura , Meilin from Zhong , Rollan from Amaya , and Abeke from Nilo ) who summon the legendary Four Fallen ( Briggan with Connor , Jhi with Meilin , Essix with Rollan , and Uraza with Abeke ) . The kids must work together to find the first talisman with the Greencloaks , leading to a heroic battle against the Ravens and the Conquerors . The first Special Edition covers the story of the four great beasts : Briggan the Wolf , Uraza the Leopard , Jhi the Panda , and Essix the Falcon before they sacrifice themselves to protect the land and become the legendary Four Fallen Spirit Animals . The second special edition features the story of the betrayal of the great beast Gerathon . Personal life ( edit ) Mull is married and has four children . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress Authority Record , n2006002424 , `` Mull , Brandon , 1989 -- '' authorities.loc.gov Jump up ^ Hilliard , Juli Cragg ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . Will the Next Harry Potter Be a Mormon ? . Publishersweekly.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Howard , Chris ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) Interview With Brandon Mull Archived 2008 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Stuffasdreamsaremadeon.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Interview with Brandon Mull . Teens Read Too ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cordova , Randy ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) ' Fablehaven ' author Brandon Mull . AZ Central . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lefrandt , Diane ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) . Making No. 1 on the New York Times bestseller list . Universe.byu.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2008 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Deseret News -- Mull converted daydreaming into dream job Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2008 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Publisher Weekly -- New Spirit Animals Book Series Jump up ^ ( 3 ) New Book Series - Five Kingdoms Jump up ^ ( 4 ) The Daily Universe - Fablehaven author launches new series Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Utah Weekly Forum radio broadcast 26 June 2013 Jump up ^ Tweet from Brandon Mull 's Official Twitter ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) ( 6 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official website Blog Fablehaven series ( official ) Candy Shop War Vol. 2 : The Arcade Catasrophe ( official ) Interview by Glenn Beck ( 2008 ) , CNN Headline News ( YouTube ) Interview by the Dr. Pat Show , Seattle - based talk Brandon Mull at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Brandon Mull at Library of Congress Authorities , with 17 catalog records VIAF : 51107982 LCCN : n2006002424 ISNI : 0000 0001 2025 6060 SELIBR : 382522 BNF : cb16181051z ( data ) MusicBrainz : 32c77ecf - 2db0 - 4aa6 - 9b2b - 286e6a6eb033 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Mull&oldid=836174642 '' Categories : 1974 births 21st - century American novelists American fantasy writers Latter Day Saints from California American Mormon missionaries in Chile Brigham Young University alumni Fablehaven series American male novelists Living people People from Clayton , California Latter Day Saints from Utah Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from October 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles that may contain original research from October 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 03 : 11 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon%20Mull	2,559
how many chronicles of narnia movies are they going to make			The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series )	the chronicles of narnia ( film series )	The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy films from Walden Media , based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them .	The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) . The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) 2.2 Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) 2.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) 2.4 The Silver Chair ( TBA ) 3 Main cast 3.1 Children 3.2 Other main characters 4 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) C.S. Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series during his lifetime , as he was skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically . Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham ( Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and film co-producer ) give approval for a film adaptation . Although the plan was originally to produce the films in the same order as the book series ' original publication , it was reported that The Magician 's Nephew , which recounts the creation of Narnia , would be the fourth feature film in the series , instead of The Silver Chair . It was rumoured that The Magician 's Nephew was chosen as an attempt to reboot the series , after the release of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader grossed less when compared to the two previous films . In March 2011 , Walden Media confirmed that they intended The Magician 's Nephew to be next in the series , but stressed that it was not yet in development . In October 2011 , Douglas Gresham stated that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate had expired , hinting that Walden Media 's lapse in renegotiating their contract with the C.S. Lewis estate was due to internal conflicts between both companies about the direction of future films . On October 1 , 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced a parthernship with The Mark Gordon Company , and that The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair was officially in pre-production . Films ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series . Directed by Andrew Adamson , it was shot mainly in New Zealand , though locations were used in Poland , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom . The story follows four British children who are evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside and find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There , they must ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of the White Witch , who has Narnia under an eternal winter . The film was released theatrically on December 9 , 2005 and on DVD on April 4 , 2006 and grossed over $745 million worldwide . Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Prince Caspian , based on the novel of the same title , is the second film in the series and the last distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The story follows four British children who were transported to Narnia in the previous film returning to Narnia , where 1,300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by Telmarines . The four Pevensie children aid Prince Caspian in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle , King Miraz . The film was released on May 16 , 2008 . It grossed $419 million worldwide . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series not to be co-produced by Disney , who dropped out over a budget dispute with Walden Media . In February 2009 it was announced that 20th Century Fox would replace Disney for future installments . Directed by Michael Apted , the movie was filmed almost entirely in Australia . The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin , Eustace . They join the old king of Narnia , Caspian , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a lit island . The film was released on December 10 , 2010 ( in RealD 3D in select theaters ) and grossed over $415 million worldwide . The Silver Chair ( tba ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair After Walden Media 's contract of the series ' film rights expired in 2011 it was originally assumed that 2014 would be the earliest that production on another Narnia film could begin according to the moratorium placed on the C.S. Lewis estate 's right to sell the books ' film option . On October 1 , 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , based on The Silver Chair . Mark Gordon and Douglas Gresham along with Vincent Sieber , the Los Angeles based director of The C.S. Lewis Company , would serve as producers and work with The Mark Gordon Company on developing the script . On December 5 , 2013 , it was announced that David Magee would write the screenplay . In July 2014 , the official Narnia website allowed the opportunity for fans to suggest names for the Lady of the Green Kirtle , the main antagonist . The winning name is to be selected by Mark Gordon and David Magee for use in the final script of The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film has a new creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . The film itself is still considered to be a sequel to the film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On August 9 , 2016 , it was announced that Sony 's TriStar Productions and Entertainment One Films will finance and distribute the fourth film with Mark Gordon Company ( which eOne owns 51 % of ) and C.S. Lewis Company . In April 2017 it was announced that Joe Johnston had been hired to direct The Silver Chair . Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members Children ( edit ) Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , title : Queen Lucy the Valiant , the youngest Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , title : King Edmund the Just ; the younger Pevensie child and a King of Narnia during the Golden Age . William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , title : High King Peter the Magnificent , the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , title : Queen Susan the Gentle , the elder Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb , the Pevensie children 's arrogant cousin . He will return to Narnia with his friend Jill Pole in The Silver Chair . Other main characters ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan , the magnificent and majestically powerful lion who helps govern and maintain order in Narnia ; a mystical world of his own creation . He is the only main character to appear in all seven books . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch ; the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after being released in The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Ben Barnes as Caspian X ( Also known as `` Prince Caspian '' ) , the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle Miraz . Eddie Izzard and later Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep , in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , ( respectively ) , the noble and courageous mouse who fights for Aslan and the freedom of Narnia . Crew ( edit ) Role Film The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair 2005 2008 TBA Director ( s ) Andrew Adamson Michael Apted Joe Johnston Producer ( s ) Mark Johnson and Phillip Steuer Mark Johnson , Andrew Adamson and Phillip Steuer Mark Gordon , Douglas Gresham , Vincent Sieber and Melvin Adams Writer ( s ) Ann Peacock and Andrew Adamson and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Andrew Adamson & Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely and Michael Petroni David Magee Composer ( s ) Harry Gregson - Williams David Arnold TBA Cinematographer ( s ) Donald McAlpine Karl Walter Lindenlaub Dante Spinotti TBA Editor ( s ) Sim Evan - Jones Rick Shaine TBA U.S. release date December 9 , 2005 May 16 , 2008 December 10 , 2010 TBA Distributor ( s ) Buena Vista Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox Sony Pictures Releasing and Entertainment One Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget ( million ) Ref Opening weekend ( North America ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 $65,556,312 $291,710,957 $453,302,158 $745,013,115 # 58 # 61 $180 Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 $55,034,805 $141,621,490 $278,044,078 $419,665,568 # 305 # 184 $225 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader December 10 , 2010 $24,005,069 $104,386,950 $311,299,267 $415,686,217 # 546 # 186 $155 Total $ 7008537719397000000 ♠ 537 719 397 $ 7009104264550300000 ♠ 1042645503 $ 7009158036490000000 ♠ 1580364900 $560 Average $179.2 million $347.5 million $526.8 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 75 % ( 212 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) A+ Prince Caspian 67 % ( 188 reviews ) 62 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 49 % ( 160 reviews ) 53 ( 33 reviews ) A − See also ( edit ) Outline of Narnia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema is seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on March 3 , 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , June 1 , 1926 , p. 405 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Box Office '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' : Walden , Fox in discussions on ' The Magician 's Nephew ' '' . Inside movies . EW. 23 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . Narnia Web . May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth `` Chronicles of Narnia '' Movie in Works from Mark Gordon Co `` . Deadline. Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexonx ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . filmissimo.it . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Sequel Taps David Magee to Write Script '' . The Wrap . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Enter The Silver Chair Movie Contest ! '' . Narnia.com . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` TriStar , Mark Gordon & eOne Revive ' The Chronicles Of Narnia ' With ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box office mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema score '' . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)&oldid=800064988 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2005 British films British epic films Film series The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about siblings Fantasy films by series Action films by series Adventure films by series C.S. Lewis Children 's film series High fantasy films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chronicles%20of%20Narnia%20%28film%20series%29	1,095
synthesis of 3 5-dinitrobenzoic acid from benzoic acid			3 , 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid	3, 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid	3 , 5 - Dinitrobenzoic acid is an organic chemical that is an important corrosion inhibitor and is also used in photography . This aromatic compound is used by chemists to identify alcohol components in esters and in the fluorometric analysis of creatinine .	Identification of isopropanol as a derivate of 3 , 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid : 3 , 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid - 2 - propylester ( mp. : 123 ° C ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Tables for Organic Compound Identification , Third Edition , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0303 - 6 . Literature ( edit ) `` 3 , 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid '' . Combined Chemical Dictionary . Chapman and Hall / CRC Press . 2007 . B.C. Saunders , G.J. Stacey , I.G.E. Wilding : `` The Preparation of 3 : 5 - Dinitrobenzoic Acid and 3 : 5 - Dinitrobenzoyl Chloride -- Observations on the Acylation of Amino - acids by means of 3 : 5 - Dinitrobenzoyl Chloride and certain other Acid Chlorides '' , Biochem. J. , 1942 , 36 ( 3 -- 4 ) , p. 368 -- 375 ; Text ; PDF . External links ( edit ) MSDS Data Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3,5-Dinitrobenzoic_acid&oldid=781735890 '' Categories : Nitrobenzenes Benzoic acids Corrosion inhibitors Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia Chemicals without a PubChem CID Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Italiano Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2017 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%2C5-Dinitrobenzoic%20acid	2,560
what is the population of eagle river wi	Eagle River is a city in Vilas County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,398 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Vilas County . Because of the many lakes in the area , the city is a popular vacation and retirement destination . The area contains many condominia , seasonal vacation homes , and hunting cabins .	1,398	Eagle River , Wisconsin	eagle river, wisconsin	Eagle River is a city in Vilas County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,398 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Vilas County . Because of the many lakes in the area , the city is a popular vacation and retirement destination . The area contains many condominia , seasonal vacation homes , and hunting cabins .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Founding 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 2000 census 4 Transportation 4.1 Major highways 4.2 Airport 5 Media 6 Sports and recreation 7 Notable people 8 Images 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Eagle River was the site of the first permanent Indian settlement in the Wisconsin Northwoods , located on the shores of Watersmeet Lake where the Wisconsin River and Chain O ' Lakes meet . These early Indians , who were called Old Copper Indians , were succeeded by the Woodland Indians from 2,600 B.C. to 800 A.D. These Indians were probably the ancestors of the Chippewa , Potawatomi , and Menominee . Founding ( edit ) The first recorded white settler in what became Vilas County was a man named Ashman who established a trading post in Lac du Flambeau in 1818 . Eagle River 's name was derived from the abundance of eagles nesting along the river . It is believed that Bethuel Draper and `` Dutch Pete '' Cramer camped in the area in 1853 and were responsible for naming the community . A settlement grew as other families settled in the area in 1857 . The town of Eagle River was created by an act of the state legislature in 1885 . Vilas County was set off from Oneida County on April 12 , 1893 and named for William Freeman Vilas , a migrant from Vermont . Vilas had served for Wisconsin in the United States Senate from 1891 to 1897 . In the 1850s migrants from New England , primarily from Vermont and Connecticut , constructed a number of wagon roads and trails through Vilas County including the Ontonogan Mail Trail and a Military Road from Fort Howard to Fort Wilkins in Copper Harbor , Michigan . Geography ( edit ) Eagle River is located in southeastern Vilas County at 45 ° 55 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 1 '' W / 45.92000 ° N 89.25028 ° W / 45.92000 ; - 89.25028 ( 45.919902 , - 89.250210 ) , along the Eagle River , which is part of a popular chain of lakes . The Eagle River / Three Lakes Chain of Lakes is made up of 28 lakes , which is the largest number of inland interconnecting lakes in the world . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.20 square miles ( 8.29 km ) , of which , 3.03 square miles ( 7.85 km ) is land and 0.17 square miles ( 0.44 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Eagle River has a cool humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) , with long , cold winters and short , mild summers . Annually the temperature drops below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) on 190 days , and below 0 ° F ( - 17.8 ° C ) on 39 days . The comfortable summers result in only one day per year on average with temperatures exceeding 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Eagle River , Wisconsin Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 42 ( 6 ) 53 ( 12 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 93 ( 34 ) 97 ( 36 ) 93 ( 34 ) 90 ( 32 ) 80 ( 27 ) 69 ( 21 ) 57 ( 14 ) 97 ( 36 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 20.7 ( − 6.3 ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 50.48 ( 10.26 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 10.4 ( − 12 ) 15.6 ( − 9.1 ) 25.4 ( − 3.7 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 29.0 ( − 1.7 ) 16.3 ( − 8.7 ) 40.13 ( 4.52 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 0.0 ( − 17.8 ) 5.3 ( − 14.8 ) 14.5 ( − 9.7 ) 28.8 ( − 1.8 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 54.2 ( 12.3 ) 43.9 ( 6.6 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 21.2 ( − 6 ) 7.9 ( − 13.4 ) 29.72 ( − 1.27 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 33 ( − 36 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 37 ( 3 ) 39 ( 4 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.29 ( 32.8 ) 0.80 ( 20.3 ) 1.67 ( 42.4 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.52 ( 89.4 ) 3.62 ( 91.9 ) 3.92 ( 99.6 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 2.41 ( 61.2 ) 2.06 ( 52.3 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 29.59 ( 751.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 15.8 ( 40.1 ) 8.6 ( 21.8 ) 7.7 ( 19.6 ) ( 5.6 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 5.4 ( 13.7 ) 12.1 ( 30.7 ) 52.7 ( 133.9 ) Source : Midwestern Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 1,150 -- 1910 1,141 -- 1920 672 − 41.1 % 1930 1,386 106.3 % 1940 1,491 7.6 % 1950 1,469 − 1.5 % 1960 1,367 − 6.9 % 1970 1,326 − 3.0 % 1980 1,326 0.0 % 1,374 3.6 % 2000 1,443 5.0 % 1,398 − 3.1 % Est. 2016 1,419 1.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 1,398 people , 684 households , and 308 families residing in the city . The population density was 461.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 178.1 / km ) . There were 876 housing units at an average density of 289.1 per square mile ( 111.6 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.0 % White , 0.8 % African American , 3.5 % Native American , 0.1 % Asian , 1.1 % from other races , and 1.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9 % of the population . There were 684 households of which 21.8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.7 % were married couples living together , 12.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 55.0 % were non-families. 46.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 22.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.68 . The median age in the city was 43.2 years . 18 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 9.4 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 25.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.5 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 23 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.1 % male and 50.9 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,443 people , 626 households , and 321 families residing in the city . The population density was 566.3 people per square mile ( 218.5 / km2 ) . There were 726 housing units at an average density of 284.9 per square mile ( 109.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 95.98 % White , 1.39 % African American , 1.94 % Native American , 0.07 % Pacific Islander , 0.35 % from other races , and 0.28 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83 % of the population . There were 626 households out of which 23.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.8 % were married couples living together , 11.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 48.7 % were non-families. 43.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 24.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.80 . In the city , the population was spread out with 19.4 % under the age of 18 , 8.2 % from 18 to 24 , 25.4 % from 25 to 44 , 20.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 26.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females there were 82.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 76.7 males . The median income for a household in the city was $23,611 , and the median income for a family was $36,339 . Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $21,477 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,876 . About 8.6 % of families and 11.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.9 % of those under age 18 and 11.7 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) U.S. 45 travels northbound to Land o ' Lakes . Southbound , US 45 routes to Three Lakes and Antigo . WIS 17 travels north concurrently with US 45 and WIS 32 approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) before splitting off northeasterly towards Phelps and west concurrently with WIS 70 before turning south towards Rhinelander , Wisconsin . WIS 32 runs concurrently with US 45 through Eagle River . WIS 70 travels east on a winding course through the Chequamegon - Nicolet National Forest to Florence and west via St. Germain to Woodruff and Minocqua . Airport ( edit ) Eagle River Union Airport Eagle River is served by the Eagle River Union Airport ( KEGV ) , which serves as a landing spot for seasonal home owners . Located just northwest of the city , the airport handles approximately 20,000 operations per year , with roughly 90 % general aviation and 10 % air taxi . The airport has a 5,000 - ft asphalt runway with approved LOC / DME and GPS approaches ( Runway 4 - 22 ) , a 3,400 - ft asphalt crosswind runway ( Runway 13 - 31 ) and a helipad . Media ( edit ) WERL ( AM ) 950 , Freedom Talk WRJO FM 94.5 , Oldies Sports and recreation ( edit ) World Snowmobile Headquarters Common recreational activities include boating , camping , fishing , swimming , hunting , golfing , ice fishing , and snowmobiling . Bald eagles can be viewed here , the source of the name `` Eagle '' River . Eagle River is known as the `` Snowmobile Capital of the World '' because of the World Championship Snowmobile Derby held for over 50 years at an ice oval on the north side of the city . There are over 500 miles of groomed snowmobile trails in the county . The World Snowmobile Headquarters and International Snowmobile Hall of Fame are located in Eagle River . The Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame is in Eagle River Stadium in Eagle River . Eagle River has been the host of the Labatt Blue USA hockey pond hockey championship games . Eagle River has a public golf course , located on East McKinley Street . Notable people ( edit ) Jim Abrahams , director and screenwriter Charles Comiskey , former owner of the Chicago White Sox , member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame John A. Conant , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Claire Decker , racing car driver Natalie Decker , racing car driver Paige Decker , racing car driver Emil Gross , MLB player Craig Ludwig , NHL player and assistant coach Sean McKeever , comic book writer Robert Peters , poet Daniel E. Riordan , teacher , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Margaret P. Varda , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Cy Williams , MLB player Jinelle Zaugg - Siergiej , Olympic athlete Images ( edit ) Sign on U.S. Route 45 Post office Water tower Eagle River Derby Track in summer Northland Pines High School Walter Olson Memorial Library References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.eagleriver.govoffice2.com/index.asp?SEC=2D342C75-65A5-41CE-AAC1-502DA3E925AA&Type=B_BASIC ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.eagleriver.org/history.asp ^ Jump up to : Vilas County , WI Government Main Page Accessed January 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Horace Samuel Merrill . William Freeman Vilas : Doctrinaire Democrat . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1954 . Jump up ^ Vilas County History . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Atlas & Gazetteer . Yarmouth , Me. : DeLorme. 1992 . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 89933 - 247 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Midwest : Climate Summaries '' . Midwestern Regional Climate Center . 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved on July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.airnav.com/airports/egv Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagles ! - Picture of Wildwood Outdoor Adventures , Eagle River - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage World Championship Winner Crowned ! '' . American Snowmobiler . Spring : 12 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle River Stadium and Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame '' . Clio . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle River , WI golf courses '' . WisconsinGolf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ ' Wisconsin Blue Book 1944 , ' Biographical sketch of Margaret P. Varda , pg. 49 External links ( edit ) City of Eagle River Eagle River Area Chamber of Commerce Sanborn fire insurance maps : 1894 1901 1909 Municipalities and communities of Vilas County , Wisconsin , United States County seat : Eagle River City Eagle River Towns Arbor Vitae Boulder Junction Cloverland Conover Lac du Flambeau Land O ' Lakes Lincoln Manitowish Waters Phelps Plum Lake Presque Isle St. Germain Washington Winchester CDPs Boulder Junction Lac du Flambeau Sayner Unincorporated communities Arbor Vitae Conover Katinka Village Land O ' Lakes Manitowish Waters Marlands Phelps Presque Isle St. Germain Star Lake Winchester Indian reservations Lac du Flambeau ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties VIAF : 130254217 LCCN : n85207515 GND : 1080852 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_River,_Wisconsin&oldid=800816392 '' Categories : Cities in Wisconsin Cities in Vilas County , Wisconsin County seats in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20River%2C%20Wisconsin	2,561
how many terminals are there at vienna airport	Vienna International Airport has four terminal buildings named Terminal 1 , 2 and 3 which are directly built against each other as well as the additional Terminal 1A located opposite Terminal 1 . Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 connect to the five concourses . The central arrivals hall for all terminal areas is located in Terminal 3 .	four	Vienna International airport	vienna international airport	Vienna International Airport ( German : Flughafen Wien - Schwechat ; IATA : VIE , ICAO : LOWW ) is the international airport of Vienna , the capital of Austria , located in Schwechat , 18 km ( 11 mi ) southeast of central Vienna and 57 km west of Bratislava . It is the country 's biggest airport and serves as the hub for Austrian Airlines and a base for Eurowings and Niki . It is capable of handling wide - body aircraft up to the Airbus A380 . The airport features a dense network of European destinations as well as long - haul flights to Asia , North America and Africa . During 2016 , the airport handled 23.4 million passengers , a 2.5 % increase compared to 2015 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Development since the 2000s 2 Terminals 2.1 Terminals 2.2 Concourses 3 Expansion projects 4 Airlines and destinations 4.1 Passenger 4.2 Cargo 5 Statistics 5.1 Traffic figures 6 Ground transportation 6.1 Train 6.2 Car 6.3 Bus 7 Accidents and incidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Originally built as a military airport in 1938 , and used during World War II as the Heinkel firm 's southern military aircraft design and production complex , or Heinkel - Süd facility , it was taken over by the British in 1945 and became RAF Schwechat under the occupation of the country . In 1954 , the Betriebsgesellschaft was founded , and the airport replaced Aspern as Vienna 's ( and Austria 's ) principal aerodrome . There was just one runway , which in 1959 was expanded to measure 3,000 m ( 9,843 ft ) . The erection of the new airport building starting in 1959 . In 1972 another runway was built . In 1982 the airport was connected to the national motorway network ( Ostautobahn ) . In 1986 the enlarged arrivals hall was opened , and in 1988 Pier East with 8 jetbridges . Flughafen Wien AG ( de ) , one of the few publicly traded airport operators in Europe , was privatised in 1992 . The state of Lower Austria and the City of Vienna each hold 20 % of the shares , the private employee participation foundation holds 10 % , with the remaining 50 % held privately . The shares are part of the Austrian Traded Index . In 1992 , the new Terminal 1 was opened and a year later the shopping area around the plaza in the transit area of the B , C and D gates . In 1996 Pier West with 12 jetbridges got in operation . Development since the 2000s ( edit ) In 2006 the 109 m ( 358 ft ) tall control tower started operating . It allows a free overview of the entire airport area and offers a night laser show , which should welcome the passengers even from the aircraft . From 2004 -- 2007 an Office Park had been erected offering 69,000 m ( 740,000 sq ft ) of rentable space . A VIP - and general aviation - terminal , including a separated apron , opened in 2006 . To accommodate future growth , in 1998 Vienna Airport published a master plan that outlined expansion projects until 2015 . These projects included a new office park , railway station , cargo center , general aviation center , air traffic control tower , terminal , and runway . Additionally , the plan called for streamlined security control . The centerpiece of the enlargement was the new terminal , dubbed Skylink during its construction . In 2002 , the airport 's management estimated that building the new terminal will cost € 401.79 million . However , costs skyrocketed and in 2009 stood at an estimated € 929.5 million . The Austrian Court of Audit then recommended that the airport implement several cost - savings measures , which in the Court 's estimate brought down final costs to € 849.15 million , still more than double the original plans . On June 5 , 2012 , the new Austrian Star Alliance Terminal ( Terminal 3 , named Skylink during its construction ) was opened , which enables the airport to handle up to 30 million passengers per year . Construction started in 2004 and was suspended due to projected cost increases in 2009 , but resumed in 2010 . The maximum planned costs totaled less than € 770 million . Following concerns over the mismanagement of the Skylink project , chief executive Herbert Kaufman agreed to resign at the end of December 2010 . The new building with its North Pier has 17 jetbridges and makes the airport capable of handling more aircraft , although the new terminal is not able to handle Airbus A380 aircraft . However , the older Concourse D will see an upgrade to accommodate the A380 . Terminals ( edit ) Vienna International Airport has four terminal buildings named Terminal 1 , 2 and 3 which are directly built against each other as well as the additional Terminal 1A located opposite Terminal 1 . Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 connect to the five concourses . The central arrivals hall for all terminal areas is located in Terminal 3 . Terminals ( edit ) Terminal 1 underwent refurbishment in January 2013 and is now mainly used by Air Berlin and Niki as well as several other oneworld and SkyTeam airlines . Terminal 1A , located in a standalone building opposite Terminal 1 hosts check - in facilities for a number of low - cost carriers . Terminal 2 is currently closed , pending refurbishment . It was used by numerous foreign airlines whose check - in facilities have been primarily relocated to Terminal 1 . Terminal 3 , also referred to as the Austrian Star Alliance Terminal , with its adjoining Concourses F and G is the airport 's newest facility . It is used by the Austrian Airlines Group , most Star Alliance members , and a number of other carriers including Emirates , El Al and Qatar Airways . Concourses ( edit ) Concourse B is in the basement of Concourse C and features Gates B22 -- B43 ( boarding by buses ) for Schengen destinations Concourse C ( pier west ) for Schengen destinations ; features Gates C31 -- C42 ( jetbridges ) , C35 -- C41 ( only for transfer ) , C71 -- C75 ( buses , Schengen only ) Concourse D ( pier east ; formerly Concourse A ) for non-Schengen destinations with shared passport control at the entrance of pier east ; features Gates D21 -- D29 ( boarding via jetbridges ) , D31 -- D37 ( boarding via buses ) , D61 -- D70 ( buses ) . Concourse D will be refurbished and equipped to handle the Airbus A380 as part of the refurbishment programme announced in March 2016 . Concourse F ( Level 1 of pier north ) is used for Schengen destinations and consists of Gates F01 - F37 ( jetbridges and buses ) Concourse G ( Level 3 of pier north ) for non-Schengen destinations ; shared passport control at the entrance of Level 3 ; features Gates G01 - G37 ( jetbridges and busgates ) Expansion projects ( edit ) Vienna Airport originally projected that it will need a third runway by 2012 , or 2016 at the latest , in the event of cooperation with nearby Bratislava Airport . It currently projects that a third runway will be necessary by 2025 , however , environmental organizations and some local communities oppose construction . These groups have attacked the decision of Lower Austria ( the state in which the airport is located ) to move ahead with the first phase of construction ; verdict from the administrative court that has taken up the lawsuit was expected later in 2015 . As of September 2016 , there are ongoing public protests while still no legal decision has been made . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Vienna International Airport : Airlines Destinations Adria Airways Ljubljana Aegean Airlines Athens Seasonal : Heraklion Aer Lingus Dublin Aeroflot Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Aeroflot operated by Rossiya Airlines St Petersburg Air Algerie Algiers airBaltic Riga , Tallinn Air Berlin Berlin -- Tegel , Düsseldorf Seasonal : Olbia Air Cairo Hurghada , Sharm El Sheikh Air China Barcelona , Beijing -- Capital Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air India Delhi Air Malta Malta Air Moldova Chișinău Air Serbia Belgrade Air VIA Charter : Burgas , Varna ASL Airlines France Seasonal charter : Bordeaux , Toulouse Austrian Airlines Amman -- Queen Alia , Amsterdam , Antalya , Athens , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Basel / Mulhouse , Beijing -- Capital , Belgrade , Berlin -- Tegel , Bologna , Brussels , Bucharest , Budapest , Cairo , Chicago -- O'Hare , Chișinău , Cologne / Bonn , Copenhagen , Dnipro , Düsseldorf , Erbil , Frankfurt , Funchal , Geneva , Gothenburg , Gran Canaria , Graz , Hamburg , Hong Kong , Iași , Ibiza , Innsbruck , Isfahan , Kiev - Boryspil , Klagenfurt , Košice , Kraków , Krasnodar , Lanzarote , Larnaca , Leipzig / Halle , Linz , London -- Heathrow , Luxor , Lviv , Lyon , Manchester , Marrakesh , Miami , Milan -- Malpensa , Minsk , Moscow -- Domodedovo , Munich , Naples , Newark , New York -- JFK , Nice , Odessa , Oslo -- Gardermoen , Palma de Mallorca , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Podgorica , Prague , Pristina , Salzburg , Sarajevo , Shanghai -- Pudong , Sharm el - Sheikh , Shiraz , Sibiu , Skopje , Sofia , Stockholm -- Arlanda , Stuttgart , Tehran -- Imam Khomeini , Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion , Tenerife -- South , Thessaloniki , Tirana , Tokyo -- Narita ( resumes 15 May 2018 ) , Toronto -- Pearson , Varna , Venice , Vilnius , Warsaw -- Chopin , Washington -- Dulles , Yerevan , Zagreb , Zürich Seasonal : Bari , Bodrum , Cagliari , Cape Town ( resumes 28 October 2018 ) , Catania , Cephalonia , Chania , Chios , Colombo , Corfu , Dalaman , Dubrovnik , Faro , Florence , Fuerteventura , Havana , Heraklion , Kalamata , Karpathos , Kos , Lamezia Terme , Los Angeles , Mahé ( begins 25 October 2017 ) , Malé , Mauritius , Menorca , Mykonos , Mytilene , Ohrid , Olbia , Palermo , Patras , Preveza , Reykjavík -- Keflávik , Rhodes , St. Petersburg , Samos , Santorini , Skiathos , Split , Volos , Zakynthos Seasonal charter : Glasgow , Jersey , Shannon BH Air Charter : Burgas British Airways London -- Heathrow Brussels Airlines Brussels Bulgaria Air Sofia Seasonal : Varna Bulgarian Air Charter Charter : Burgas , Varna China Airlines Taipei -- Taoyuan Corendon Airlines Europe Seasonal charter : Corfu ( begins 15 May 2018 ) , Heraklion ( begins 14 May 2018 ) , Kos ( begins 16 May 2018 ) , Rhodes ( begins 17 May 2018 ) , Tenerife -- South ( begins 12 May 2018 ) Croatia Airlines Zagreb Seasonal : Split Czech Airlines Seasonal charter : Brač easyJet Amsterdam , Berlin -- Schönefeld , Bristol , Edinburgh , London -- Gatwick , London -- Luton , Lyon , Manchester , Naples easyJet Switzerland Geneva EgyptAir Cairo El Al Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion Emirates Dubai -- International Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa , Brussels Eurowings operated by Air Berlin Birmingham , Madrid , Porto Seasonal : Ibiza , Kalamata , Malta , Mytilene , Paphos ( ends 23 October 2017 ) , Santorini Eurowings operated by Eurowings Europe Agadir ( begins 04 November 2017 ) Alicante , Barcelona , Bastia , Brindisi , Dortmund ( begins 29 October 2017 ) , Düsseldorf , Faro , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Hamburg , Hanover , London -- Stansted , Málaga , Marsa Alam , Nice , Nuremberg , Olbia , Pisa , Palma de Mallorca , Paphos ( begins 1 July 2018 ) , Rome -- Fiumicino , Valencia Seasonal : Jerez de la Frontera , Kavala , Lamezia Terme , Samos , Santorini , Zadar Eurowings operated by Germanwings Cologne / Bonn , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart EVA Air Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Taipei -- Taoyuan Finnair Helsinki Finnair operated by Nordic Regional Airlines Helsinki Flybe operated by Stobart Air London -- Southend Freebird Airlines Charter : Antalya , Istanbul - Sabiha Gökcen , Izmir Germania Seasonal : Rostock Georgian Airways Tbilisi Iberia Madrid Iran Air Tehran -- Imam Khomeini Jet2.com Seasonal : Edinburgh KLM Amsterdam KLM operated by KLM Cityhopper Amsterdam Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon Seasonal : Zürich Kuwait Airways Seasonal : Kuwait City LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw -- Chopin Lufthansa Frankfurt Luxair Luxembourg Montenegro Airlines Podgorica Niki Agadir , Catania , Faro , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , Larnaca , Málaga , Marrakesh , Palma de Mallorca , Tenerife -- South Seasonal : Calvi , Chania , Corfu , Dubrovnik , Heraklion , Ibiza , Kalamata , Karpathos , Kos , Preveza , Reykjavík -- Keflávik , Rhodes , Santorini , Zakynthos Nordica operated by LOT Polish Airlines Tallinn Norwegian Air Shuttle Oslo -- Gardermoen Nouvelair Seasonal : Enfidha Onur Air Seasonal : Istanbul -- Atatürk Pegasus Airlines Ankara , Istanbul -- Sabiha Gökçen Seasonal : Antalya People 's Viennaline St. Gallen / Altenrhein Seasonal charter : Olbia , Preveza Qatar Airways Doha Royal Jordanian Amman -- Queen Alia S7 Airlines Moscow -- Domodedovo Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen SkyWork Airlines Basel / Mulhouse , Bern SunExpress Ankara , Antalya , Izmir Seasonal : Dalaman SunExpress Deutschland Seasonal : Marrakesh , Varna Swiss International Air Lines Zürich TAP Portugal Lisbon TAROM Bucharest Thai Airways Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi ( resumes 16 November 2017 ) Transavia Rotterdam Transavia France Paris -- Orly Tunisair Tunis Charter : Djerba , Enfidha Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk , Istanbul -- Sabiha Gökçen Seasonal : Ankara , Antalya , Kayseri , Samsun , Trabzon Ukraine International Airlines Kiev -- Boryspil UTair Aviation Moscow - Vnukovo Volotea Genoa , Marseille , Nantes Vueling Barcelona , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Rome -- Fiumicino Wings of Lebanon Beirut Cargo ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Asiana Cargo Frankfurt , Gothenburg , Seoul -- Incheon , Moscow -- Domodedovo ASL Airlines Belgium Athens , Liège , Ljubljana Cargolux Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Doha , Hanoi , Hong Kong , Luxembourg , Novosibirsk , Taipei -- Taoyuan FedEx Express Budapest , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Korean Air Cargo Basel / Mulhouse , Brussels , Copenhagen , Milan -- Malpensa , Navoi , Seoul -- Incheon , Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion , Oslo -- Gardermoen , Zaragoza Silk Way Airlines Baku , Hanoi , Milan -- Malpensa , Seoul -- Incheon Turkish Airlines Cargo Istanbul -- Atatürk , Minsk UPS Airlines Budapest , Cologne / Bonn Statistics ( edit ) Traffic figures ( edit ) Interior of Terminal 1 Interior of Terminal 1A Interior of Terminal 3 Traffic by calendar year . Official ACI Statistics Passengers Change from previous year Aircraft operations Change from previous year Cargo ( metric tons ) Change from previous year 2005 15,859,050 7.26 % 252,988 3.42 % 180,066 13.77 % 2006 16,855,725 6.28 % 260,846 3.11 % 201,870 12.11 % 2007 18,768,468 11.35 % 280,912 7.69 % 205,024 1.56 % 2008 19,747,289 5.22 % 292,740 4.21 % 201,364 1.79 % 2009 18,114,103 8.27 % 261,758 10.58 % 198,407 1.47 % 19,691,206 8.71 % 265,150 1.30 % 231,824 16.84 % 2011 21,106,292 7.19 % 266,865 0.65 % 291,313 25.66 % 2012 22,195,794 5.02 % 264,542 0.87 % 265,467 8.89 % 2013 21,999,926 0.75 % 250,224 5.41 % 268,155 1.03 % 2014 22,483,158 2.20 % 249,989 0.09 % 290,116 8.19 % Source : Airports Council International . World Airport Traffic Reports ( Years 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) Ground transportation ( edit ) Train ( edit ) The airport 's railway station Main article : Flughafen Wien railway station The Vienna S - Bahn line S7 provides a local service to the city centre taking approx. 25 minutes . The more expensive City Airport Train connects the airport directly to Wien Mitte railway station , close to the city centre , in just 16 minutes . Additionally , the underground railway station has been expanded to accommodate long - distance trains . Since December 2014 , the first trains passing Vienna 's new main station , ICE services from Germany , terminate at the airport . Since December 2015 , ÖBB Railjet services operate to the airport as well . Long - distance train rides between the airport and the main station take approx. 15 minutes . Car ( edit ) The airport lies directly adjacent to motorway A4 which leads from central Vienna to Budapest . It has its own exit named Flughafen Wien - Schwechat . Bratislava can be reached via motorway A6 which splits from the A4 in the east . Taxis and car rental facilities are available at the airport . There are also several taxi companies that operate at the airport . Bus ( edit ) Furthermore , there are also buses from the airport to various places in Vienna and to other cities including Bratislava , Budapest and Brno . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) There has not been a fatal aviation accident at Vienna International Airport since 1955 , when a Convair CV - 340 crashed on approach to the airport , killing 7 of the 29 passengers and crew on board . On 27 December 1985 , the El Al ticket counter was attacked by Abu Nidal , a Palestinian terrorist organization that simultaneously conducted a terrorist attack at Fumicino Airport in Rome . The attack in Vienna happened in a part of Terminal 1 that has since been demolished . On 12 July 2000 , Hapag - Lloyd Flight 3378 crashed short of the runway at Vienna International Airport . The cause of the incident was fuel exhaustion . There were no fatalities . See also ( edit ) Transport in Austria List of airports in Austria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viennaairport - Press releases & news '' . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Good Business Results of the Flughafen Wien Group : Further Improvement of Revenue and Earnings Despite High Extraordinary Depreciation of € 30.4 Million Due to Negative Runway Ruling '' ( Press release ) . Vienna International Airport . 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FWAG ( group ) facts & figures - Open for new horizons '' . Viennaairport. 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Annual Report 2005 Flughafen Wien AG ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Schwechat : Vienna International Airport . 16 February 2006 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skylink : Empfehlungen des Rechnungshof umgesetzt '' ( Skylink : Recommendations from the Court of Audit implemented ) . Kurier. 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Allett , Tom ( 18 June 2012 ) . Cook , Caroline , ed . `` Vienna 's Skylink Open for Business '' . Airports International . Key Publishing Ltd . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flughafen Wien - Presseaussendungen & News - Offen für neue Horizonte '' . Viennaairport.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Industry and Aviation Safety News from Flightglobal '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : austrianaviation.net - `` Vienna Airport : New terminal , new routes '' ( German ) 30 March 2016 Jump up ^ viennaairport.com - AIRPORT MAP retrieved 30 July 2016 Jump up ^ `` Flughafen : Vorstände vorzeitig verlängert '' ( Airport : ( Management ) Board ( appointments ) extended ) . ORF. 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthias ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` The Third Runway : Toxic on Take - Off '' . The Vienna Review . Vienna Review Publishing . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dritte Piste dürfte vor Höchstrichter landen '' ( Third runway likely to end up in front of Chief Justice ) . ORF. 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wien : Demo gegen dritte Piste angekündigt - Austrian Aviation Net '' . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Viennaairport - Online timetable '' . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274733/austrian-extends-naples-to-year-round-service-in-w17/ Jump up ^ `` Austrian resumes Tokyo from May 2018 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273685/austrian-resumes-cape-town-service-from-oct-2018/ Jump up ^ 2017 , UBM ( UK ) Ltd . `` Austrian files Seychelles schedule for NW17 '' . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable '' . myAustrian Holidays . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.corendonairlines.com/de/page/nachrichten/corendon-airlines-europe-%E2%80%93-weitere-fluggesellschaft-unter-dem-dach-der-corendon-touristic-gruppe-hebt-ab Jump up ^ https://www.gulet.at/buchen?dest%5B0%5D=GR2&regionFilter=188&giataId=677&from=15.05.2018&till=22.05.2018&adults%5B0%5D=2&airport%5B0%5D=VIE&initialCity=notset&initialRegionFilter%5B0%5D=188&calendar=2018-05-01&date=2018-05-15 Jump up ^ https://www.gulet.at/buchen?dest%5B0%5D=GR2&city=209&giataId=72125&from=14.05.2018&till=21.05.2018&adults%5B0%5D=2&airport%5B0%5D=VIE&initialCity%5B0%5D=209&initialRegionFilter=notset&calendar=2018-05-01&date=2018-05-14 Jump up ^ https://www.gulet.at/buchen?dest%5B0%5D=GR2&regionFilter=189&giataId=20523&from=20.06.2018&till=27.06.2018&adults%5B0%5D=2&initialCity=notset&initialRegionFilter%5B0%5D=189&calendar=2018-06-01&date=2018-06-13&departureAirport=VIE&lengthOfStay=7 Jump up ^ http://www.tui.at/pauschalreisen/suchen/angebote/Hotel-Riu-Palace-Tenerife/20442/fcf677d0946eb756392fe6a088d01b89/offer?useExtendedFilterDefaultValues=true&contentid=ibe:pt3_ut_teneriffa_TFS31030_cta&departureAirports=VIE&startDate=2018-05-12&endDate=2018-06-19&duration=exact&sortOffersField=countryDepartureAirports&abtestSuperLastMinute=true&links=1 Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273232/eurowings-boosts-austrian-routes-in-s17/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273232/eurowings-boosts-austrian-routes-in-s17/ Jump up ^ https://www.austrianwings.info/2017/06/von-wien-nach-marokko-mit-eurowings-neue-verbindung-nach-agadir/ Jump up ^ https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/staedte/dortmund/44137-Dortmund~/Neue-Verbindung-Airport-Dortmund-fliegt-ab-Herbst-nach-Wien;art930,3295178 Jump up ^ https://www.eurowings.com/us/information/flight-schedule.html Jump up ^ `` Peoples Viennaline : Nonstop von Wien nach Lefkas '' . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1499773530767 Jump up ^ https://flug.tui.at/?type=roundtrip&deptime=0_24&rettime=0_24&flexible_date=0&depshift=3&retshift=3&class=E&pax_type=ADT&rail=1&direct_only=1&sid=d705060dmsehx2vhrhi33rzh20mlwx&st=p&aid=tuiatnew&lang=de_DE&adt=2&depdate1=2017-06-16&retdate1=2017-06-23&depapt1=VIE&dstapt1=DJE Jump up ^ https://flug.tui.at/?type=roundtrip&deptime=0_24&rettime=0_24&flexible_date=0&depshift=3&retshift=3&class=E&pax_type=ADT&direct_only=1&sid=d805068vekvyl7fv639yx4uks1conj&st=p&aid=tuiatnew&lang=de_DE&adt=1&depdate1=2017-06-19&retdate1=2017-06-28&depapt1=VIE&dstapt1=NBE Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2005 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2006 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2007 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2009 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2011 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2012 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2013 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ Airport Council International 's 2014 World Airport Traffic Report Jump up ^ `` Flughafen Wien - Bahnverbindungen '' . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flughafen Wien - City Airport Train / CAT '' . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV - 340 - 58 YU - ADC Wien - Schwechat International Airport ( VIE ) '' . Aviation-safety.net. 1955 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Vienna International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Vienna International Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Current weather for LOWW at NOAA / NWS Accident history for VIE at Aviation Safety Network Vienna portal Austria portal Aviation portal ( hide ) Airports in Austria Major international Vienna Minor international Graz Innsbruck Klagenfurt Linz Salzburg Unscheduled Bad Vöslau Hohenems - Dornbirn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vienna_International_Airport&oldid=801449740 '' Categories : Airports in Austria Airports established in 1938 Wien - Umgebung District Schwechat Transport in Vienna Buildings and structures in Lower Austria Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 05 . 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who won the title of 2018 thailand open in bangkok	2018 Thailand Open Tournament details Dates 10 -- 15 July Level Super 500 Total prize money US $ 350,000 Venue Nimibutr Stadium Location Bangkok , Thailand Champions Men 's Singles Kanta Tsuneyama Women 's Singles Nozomi Okuhara Men 's Doubles Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda Women 's Doubles Greysia Polii Apriyani Rahayu Mixed Doubles Hafiz Faisal Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja ← 2017		2018 Thailand Open ( badminton )	2018 thailand open ( badminton )	The 2018 Thailand Open , officially TOYOTA Thailand Open 2018 , is a badminton tournament which will take place at Nimibutr Stadium in Thailand from 10 to 15 July 2018 and has a total purse of $350,000 .	Contents 1 Tournament 1.1 Venue 1.2 Point distribution 1.3 Prize money 2 Men 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 Women 's singles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 3 3.4. 2 Section 4 4 Men 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 3 4.4. 2 Section 4 5 Women 's doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Finals 5.3 Top half 5.3. 1 Section 1 5.3. 2 Section 2 5.4 Bottom half 5.4. 1 Section 3 5.4. 2 Section 4 6 Mixed doubles 6.1 Seeds 6.2 Finals 6.3 Top half 6.3. 1 Section 1 6.3. 2 Section 2 6.4 Bottom half 6.4. 1 Section 3 6.4. 2 Section 4 7 References 8 External links Tournament ( edit ) The 2018 Thailand Open is the thirteenth tournament of the 2018 BWF World Tour and also part of the Thailand Open championships which has been held since 1984 . This tournament was organized by the Badminton Association of Thailand with the sanctioned from BWF . Venue ( edit ) This international tournament will be held at Nimibutr Stadium in Bangkok , Thailand . Point distribution ( edit ) Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament based on the BWF points system for the BWF World Tour Super 500 event . Winner Runner - up 3 / 4 5 / 8 9 / 16 17 / 32 33 / 64 65 / 128 129 / 256 257 / 512 513 / 1024 9,200 7,800 6,420 5,040 3,600 2,220 880 430 170 80 40 Prize money ( edit ) The total prize money for this year tournament is US $350,000 . Distribution of prize money will be in accordance with BWF regulations . Event Winner Finals Semifinals Quarterfinals Last 16 Singles $26,250 $13,300 $5,075 $2,100 $1,225 Doubles $27,650 $13,300 $4,900 $2,537.5 $1,312.5 Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Shi Yuqi ( Withdrew ) Srikanth Kidambi ( Withdrew ) Chen Long ( Withdrew ) Prannoy Kumar ( Second Round ) Kenta Nishimoto ( Quarterfinals ) Wang Tzu - wei ( Withdrew ) Kazumasa Sakai ( First Round ) Sameer Verma ( First Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Kanta Tsuneyama 21 14 23 Q3 Sony Dwi Kuncoro 13 21 21 Kanta Tsuneyama 21 13 21 Tommy Sugiarto 16 21 9 Suppanyu Avihingsanon 15 12 Tommy Sugiarto 21 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals PFQ J Ho - shue 15 17 P Kashyap 21 21 P Kashyap 18 21 19 K Tsuneyama 21 18 21 K Tsuneyama 21 21 21 Lee CY 23 11 17 K Tsuneyama 21 21 K Phetpradab 15 13 PFQ P Thonghuam 12 15 K Phetpradab 21 21 K Phetpradab 23 21 R Ouseph 21 13 R Ouseph 21 21 21 Hu Y 12 23 19 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Prannoy K 21 21 P Abián 16 19 Prannoy K 18 14 Q3 SD Kuncoro 21 21 IM Mustofa 19 8 Q3 SD Kuncoro 21 21 Q3 SD Kuncoro 21 21 Huang YX 9 8 7 K Sakai 21 21 11 Chong WF 23 17 21 Chong WF 9 19 Huang YX 21 21 Liew D 17 18 Huang YX 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals B Leverdez 21 18 14 Q1 Lu GZ 14 21 21 Q1 Lu GZ 16 22 19 5 K Nishimoto 21 20 21 Hsu J-h 7 17 5 K Nishimoto 21 21 5 K Nishimoto 19 16 S Avihingsanon 21 21 L Corvée 18 17 S Avihingsanon 21 21 S Avihingsanon 21 21 Lee ZJ 18 12 Lee ZJ 21 16 21 PFQ V Malkov 11 21 16 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals T Sugiarto 21 21 Qiao B 14 15 T Sugiarto 19 21 21 T Saensomboonsuk 21 18 16 T Saensomboonsuk 21 21 8 S Verma 18 16 T Sugiarto 21 11 21 K Wangcharoen 11 21 13 K Wangcharoen 19 21 24 Q4 Leong JH 21 9 22 K Wangcharoen 21 21 Q2 S Thammasin 11 9 Q2 S Thammasin 15 21 21 PFQ T Penty 21 15 12 Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Akane Yamaguchi ( Quarterfinals ) P.V. Sindhu ( Final ) Ratchanok Intanon ( Withdrew ) Nozomi Okuhara ( Champion ) Saina Nehwal ( Withdrew ) Nitchaon Jindapol ( First Round ) Zhang Beiwen ( Semifinals ) Sayaka Sato ( Second Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final 7 Zhang Beiwen 17 10 Nozomi Okuhara 21 21 Nozomi Okuhara 21 21 P.V. Sindhu 15 18 Gregoria Mariska Tunjung 21 21 9 P.V. Sindhu 23 16 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals A Yamaguchi 21 21 Gao FJ 14 14 A Yamaguchi 21 21 Goh JW 15 12 Goh JW 21 21 Fitriani 12 9 A Yamaguchi 21 19 19 7 Zhang BW 14 21 21 7 Zhang BW 21 21 Chiang Y-l 15 14 7 Zhang BW 21 19 21 DD Ayustine 16 21 11 Lee YY 17 10 DD Ayustine 21 21 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals N Okuhara 21 21 E Kosetskaya 12 12 N Okuhara 21 21 P Chochuwong 18 15 P Chochuwong 21 21 B Corrales 6 11 N Okuhara 21 15 21 A Ohori 12 21 19 8 S Sato 21 21 VR Jakka 13 17 8 S Sato 21 19 18 A Ohori 9 21 21 A Ohori 21 21 PFQ LA Mainaky 13 11 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals M Li 21 21 Q3 YY Susanto 12 9 M Li 15 21 21 B Ongbamrungphan 21 12 19 B Ongbamrungphan 21 11 PFQ S Jaquet 9 5 M Li 17 8 GM Tunjung 21 21 S Kawakami 23 21 Q1 Han Y 21 16 S Kawakami 12 18 GM Tunjung 21 21 GM Tunjung 21 21 PFQ C Birch 14 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Q2 Zhang YM 21 16 21 Q4 C Jucharoen 15 21 13 Q2 Zhang YM 17 17 S Cheah SY 21 21 S Cheah SY 21 21 6 N Jindapol 16 14 S Cheah SY 17 13 P.V. Sindhu 21 21 Yip PY 21 21 Lee C-h 14 10 Yip PY 16 14 P.V. Sindhu 21 21 L Zetchiri 8 15 P.V. Sindhu 21 21 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Takeshi Kamura / Keigo Sonoda ( Champions ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( Second Round ) Takuto Inoue / Yuki Kaneko ( Semifinals ) Chen Hung - ling / Wang Chi - lin ( First Round ) Liao Min - chun / Su Ching - heng ( Quarterfinals ) Lu Ching - yao / Yang Po - han ( Second Round ) Takuro Hoki / Yugo Kobayashi ( First Round ) Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty ( First Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 21 21 Takuto Inoue Yuki Kaneko 19 17 Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 21 21 Hiroyuki Endo Yuta Watanabe 17 19 Hiroyuki Endo Yuta Watanabe 19 22 21 Bodin Isara Maneepong Jongjit 21 20 10 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals T Kamura K Sonoda 11 SK Gutama FW Putra 8 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 AB Cahyono MRP Isfahani 14 13 AB Cahyono MRP Isfahani 21 21 T Isriyanet K Namdash 18 15 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 5 Liao M-c Su C-h 19 13 5 Liao M-c Su C-h 21 21 T Kona S Sharma 6 6 5 Liao M-c Su C-h 19 21 21 Q2 Chung Y Tam CH 21 18 18 Q2 Chung Y Tam CH 14 21 21 Q1 MA Raju VG Prasad 21 12 14 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 I Apisuk T Viriyangkura 13 14 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 J Ho - shue N Yakura 13 18 PFQ Po L-w Yang M-t 17 9 J Ho - shue N Yakura 21 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 25 W Nayaka A Yusuf 11 23 6 Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 21 B Lane S Vendy 11 10 6 Lu C-y Yang P-h 17 15 W Nayaka A Yusuf 21 21 Arjun M.R. R Shlok 18 21 16 W Nayaka A Yusuf 21 13 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals P Chew R Chew 18 14 Q3 Ou XY Ren XY 21 21 Q3 Ou XY Ren XY 21 21 Han CK Zhou HD 17 13 Han CK Zhou HD 21 21 7 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 17 19 Q3 Ou XY Ren XY 18 14 H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 PFQ T Gicquel B Kersaudy 10 7 H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 H Endo Y Watanabe 22 21 21 M Attri B. S Reddy 24 13 19 M Attri B. S Reddy 21 15 21 Chen H-l Wang C-l 18 21 17 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Q4 R Swastedian A Syahnawi 16 21 17 N Phuangphuapet N Yordphaisong 21 14 21 N Phuangphuapet N Yordphaisong 21 16 19 B Isara M Jongjit 17 21 21 B Isara M Jongjit 21 21 8 S Rankireddy C Shetty 11 15 B Isara M Jongjit 21 21 A Chia Soh WY 14 12 PFQ P Kuna - Anuvit N Trinkajee 16 16 A Chia Soh WY 21 21 A Chia Soh WY 21 13 21 Lee J-h Lee Y 18 21 19 P Briggs T Wolfenden 13 16 Lee J-h Lee Y 21 21 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Yuki Fukushima / Sayaka Hirota ( Quarterfinals ) Shiho Tanaka / Koharu Yonemoto ( Semifinals ) Misaki Matsutomo / Ayaka Takahashi ( Final ) Greysia Polii / Apriyani Rahayu ( Champions ) Jongkolphan Kititharakul / Rawinda Prajongjai ( Semifinals ) Gabriela Stoeva / Stefani Stoeva ( Second Round ) Mayu Matsumoto / Wakana Nagahara ( Quarterfinals ) Naoko Fukuman / Kurumi Yonao ( Quarterfinals ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final 5 Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai 16 19 Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi 21 21 Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi 13 10 Greysia Polii Apriyani Rahayu 21 21 Greysia Polii Apriyani Rahayu 21 21 Shiho Tanaka Koharu Yonemoto 15 18 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Y Fukushima S Hirota 21 21 PFQ B Aimsaard N Aimsaard 10 10 Y Fukushima S Hirota 21 21 C Birch J Moore 11 14 C Birch J Moore 21 21 Ng TY Yuen SY 19 19 Y Fukushima S Hirota 13 21 12 5 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 14 21 5 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 21 Tang JH Yu XH 13 16 5 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 21 Chen H-h Hu L-f 10 17 Chen H-h Hu L-f 23 21 M Jakkampudi P S. Ram 21 8 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 S Paewsampran P Supajirakul 13 16 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 J Pugh L Smith 15 14 PFQ Dong WJ Feng XY 18 15 J Pugh L Smith 21 21 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 8 N Fukuman K Yonao 11 10 8 N Fukuman K Yonao 21 21 Q2 R Iamratanamaetheekul T Thamnopakao 10 15 8 N Fukuman K Yonao 12 21 21 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 17 14 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 21 Q4 P Sukjai R Sukjai 8 8 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals A Lee S Lee 7 7 PFQ NKM Istarani NK Maheswari 21 21 PFQ NKM Istarani NK Maheswari 21 21 6 G Stoeva S Stoeva 15 13 Y Barkah RE Putri Sari 5 21 15 6 G Stoeva S Stoeva 21 18 21 PFQ NKM Istarani NK Maheswari G Polii A Rahayu 12 É Lefel A Tran 21 21 E Bolotova A Davletova 16 17 É Lefel A Tran 9 9 G Polii A Rahayu 21 21 Ng WY Yeung NT 14 14 G Polii A Rahayu 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Cao TW Zheng Y 21 21 R Laisuan S Mingchua 13 14 Cao TW Zheng Y 18 14 7 M Matsumoto W Nagahara 21 21 C Chaladchalam P Muenwong 12 8 7 M Matsumoto W Nagahara 21 21 7 M Matsumoto W Nagahara 21 19 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 23 21 S Amitrapai P Chochuwong 21 23 Q3 Lim CS Tan SJ 13 21 S Amitrapai P Chochuwong 6 5 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 21 11 Q1 MC Bandaso WO Kandow 11 15 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 21 21 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Chris Adcock / Gabrielle Adcock ( Final ) Tan Kian Meng / Lai Pei Jing ( First Round ) Wang Chi - lin / Lee Chia - hsin ( Semifinals ) Marcus Ellis / Lauren Smith ( Second Round ) Praveen Jordan / Melati Daeva Oktavianti ( Quarterfinals ) Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying ( Withdrew ) Dechapol Puavaranukroh / Sapsiree Taerattanachai ( Quarterfinals ) Hafiz Faisal / Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja ( Champions ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Chris Adcock Gabrielle Adcock 21 19 21 Wang Chi - lin Lee Chia - hsin 16 21 7 Chris Adcock Gabrielle Adcock 12 12 8 Hafiz Faisal Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja 21 21 8 Hafiz Faisal Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja 21 21 Lu Kai Chen Lu 15 16 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals C Adcock G Adcock 21 21 Q4 A Ramadiansyah MC Bandaso 14 14 C Adcock G Adcock 21 22 R Karanda Suwardi D Susanto 9 20 N Phuangphuapet S Amitrapai 17 17 R Karanda Suwardi D Susanto 21 21 C Adcock G Adcock 21 18 21 5 P Jordan MD Oktavianti 18 21 18 5 P Jordan MD Oktavianti 21 21 T Hoki K Yonemoto 15 15 5 P Jordan MD Oktavianti 22 21 Chang TC Ng WY 20 15 Chang TC Ng WY 21 24 Liao M-c Chen H-h 17 22 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Wang C-l Lee C-h 21 21 T Isriyanet P Chochuwong 18 13 Wang C-l Lee C-h 21 21 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 16 15 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 21 21 R Widianto M Mahmudin 16 19 Wang C-l Lee C-h 21 21 Q3 Y Kaneko M Matsumoto 14 17 PFQ AB Cahyono WO Kandow 21 14 17 S Rankireddy A Ponnappa 19 21 21 S Rankireddy A Ponnappa 11 16 Q3 Y Kaneko M Matsumoto 21 21 Q3 Y Kaneko M Matsumoto 22 21 G Mairs J Moore 20 18 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals B Lane J Pugh 18 21 21 YE Saputra MG Islami 21 19 10 B Lane J Pugh 13 18 8 H Faisal GE Widjaja 21 21 PFQ P Käsbauer O Konon 14 21 8 H Faisal GE Widjaja 21 23 8 H Faisal GE Widjaja 21 21 Ren XY Tang JH 14 15 R Alimov A Davletova 15 12 Ren XY Tang JH 21 21 Ren XY Tang JH 21 16 21 M Ellis L Smith 16 21 17 Q1 I Fadhilah PZ Bernadeth 11 11 M Ellis L Smith 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Q2 Mak HC Yeung NT 21 21 S Sharma A Parikh 19 15 Q2 Mak HC Yeung NT 17 13 7 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 21 21 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 10 17 7 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 19 21 21 7 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 10 21 13 Lu K Chen L 21 18 21 Y Watanabe A Higashino 21 20 16 Lu K Chen L 18 22 21 Lu K Chen L 21 21 Lu C-y Hu L-f 17 18 Lu C-y Hu L-f 21 21 Tan KM Lai PJ 14 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Prospectus Thailand Open 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Ranking System '' ( PDF ) . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Tournament Link Preceded by 2017 Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold Thailand Open Succeeded by 2019 Thailand Open Preceded by 2018 Indonesia Open BWF World Tour 2018 BWF Season Succeeded by 2018 Singapore Open 2018 BWF World Tour Super 1000 All England Open Indonesia Open China Open Super 750 Malaysia Open Japan Open Denmark Open French Open China Masters Super 500 Malaysia Masters Indonesia Masters India Open Thailand Open Singapore Open Korea Open Hong Kong Open Super 300 Thailand Masters Swiss Open German Open New Zealand Open Australian Open U.S. Open Spain Masters Chinese Taipei Open Macau Open Syed Modi International Korea Masters Super 100 Orleans Masters Lingshui China Masters Canada Open Akita Masters Russian Open Vietnam Open Hyderabad Open Bangka Belitung Dutch Open SaarLorLux Open Scottish Open BWF World Tour Finals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Thailand_Open_(badminton)&oldid=850668545 '' Categories : Thailand Open ( badminton ) 2018 BWF World Tour 2018 in Thai sport July 2018 sports events in Asia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 09 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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where did the battle of little big horn	The Battle of the Little Bighorn Part of The Great Sioux War of 1876 The Custer Fight by Charles Marion Russell Date June 25 -- 26 , 1876 Location Near Little Bighorn River , Crow Indian Reservation , Big Horn County , Montana , U.S. 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Coordinates : 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Result Lakota , Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho victory Belligerents Lakota Dakota Northern Cheyenne Arapaho United States Crow Scouts Arikara scouts Commanders and leaders Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Chief Gall Lame White Man † Two Moon George A. Custer † Marcus Reno Frederick Benteen Myles Keogh † James Calhoun † Units involved Irregular military 7th Cavalry Regiment Strength 900 -- 2,500 647 Casualties and losses Likely 31 killed plus 10 non-combatants . Up to 160 wounded 268 killed 49 wounded ( 6 died of wounds ) Little Big Horn Battlefield Location within Montana	Near Little Bighorn River , Crow Indian Reservation , Big Horn County , Montana , U.S.	Battle of the Little Bighorn	battle of the little bighorn	The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of US forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25 -- 26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory .	The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The U.S. 7th Cavalry , including the Custer Battalion , a force of 700 men led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer , suffered a major defeat . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew , and a brother - in - law . The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their injuries ) , including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Custer 's widow soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic figures in American history , a status that lasted into the 1960s . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The battlefield and surrounding areas 1.2 1876 Sun Dance Gathering 1.3 1876 U.S. military campaign 1.3. 1 7th Cavalry organization 1.3. 2 Battle of the Rosebud 1.3. 3 Little Bighorn 2 Prelude 2.1 Military assumptions prior to the battle 2.1. 1 Number of Indian warriors 2.1. 2 Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy 2.2 The Lone Teepee 3 Battle 3.1 Reno 's attack 3.1. 1 Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill 3.2 Custer 's fight 3.2. 1 Custer at Minneconjou Ford 3.2. 2 Other views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou Ford 3.3 The `` Last Stand '' 3.3. 1 Custer 's final resistance 3.3. 2 Last break - out attempt 4 Aftermath 5 Participants 5.1 7th Cavalry officers 5.2 Native American leaders and warriors 5.3 Arapaho participation 5.4 Notable scouts / interpreters 6 Order of battle 7 Casualties 7.1 Native American warriors 7.2 Native American noncombatants 7.3 7th Cavalry 7.4 Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) 8 Legacy 8.1 Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry 8.2 Expansion of the U.S. Army 8.3 `` Sell or Starve '' 9 Controversies 9.1 Reno 's conduct 9.2 Custer 's errors 9.3 Admiration for Custer 9.4 Gatling gun controversy 10 Weapons 10.1 Lakota and Cheyenne 10.2 7th Cavalry 10.3 Lever - action Repeaters vs. Single - shot Breechloaders 10.3. 1 Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army 10.3. 2 Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism 11 Survivor claims 12 Battlefield preservation 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background ( edit ) The battlefield and surrounding areas ( edit ) In 1805 , fur trader Francois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area . On the way , he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the `` Small Horn River '' . The United States built Fort Raymond in 1807 for trade with the Crow . It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn , around 40 miles north of the future battlefield . The area is first noted in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie . In the latter half of the 19th century , tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the United States and encroaching settlers . This resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars , which took place between 1854 and 1890 . While some of the Indigenous peoples eventually agreed to relocate to ever - shrinking reservations , a number of them resisted , at times fiercely . On May 7 , 1868 , the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country . The battlefield is known as `` Greasy Grass '' to the Lakota , Dakota , Cheyenne , and most other Plains Indians ; however , in contemporary accounts by participants , it was referred to as the `` Valley of Chieftains '' . 1876 Sun Dance gathering ( edit ) A Cheyenne Sun Dance gathering , circa 1909 Among the Plains Tribes , the long - standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year . It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice on behalf of the community , as well as making personal vows . Towards the end of spring in 1876 , the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by a number of `` Agency Indians '' who had slipped away from their reservations . During a Sun Dance around June 5 , 1876 , on Rosebud Creek in Montana , Sitting Bull , the spiritual leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota , reportedly had a vision of `` soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky . '' At the same time , U.S. military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations , using infantry and cavalry in a so - called `` three - pronged approach '' . 1876 U.S. military campaign ( edit ) 1876 Army Campaign against the Sioux Col. John Gibbon 's column of six companies ( A , B , E , H , I , and K ) of the 7th Infantry and four companies ( F , G , H , and L ) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River . Brig. Gen. George Crook 's column of ten companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , I , L , and M ) of the 3rd Cavalry , five companies ( A , B , D , E , and I ) of the 2nd Cavalry , two companies ( D and F ) of the 4th Infantry , and three companies ( C , G , and H ) of the 9th Infantry moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29 , marching toward the Powder River area . Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry 's column , including twelve companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , K , L , and M ) of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer 's immediate command , Companies C and G of the 17th U.S. Infantry , and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17 . They were accompanied by teamsters and packers with 150 wagons and a large contingent of pack mules that reinforced Custer . Companies C , D , and I of the 6th U.S. Infantry moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River . They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West , which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Lincoln . 7th Cavalry organization ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry had been created just after the American Civil War . Many men were veterans of the war , including most of the leading officers . A significant portion of the regiment had previously served four - and - a-half years at Fort Riley , Kansas , during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes , experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded . Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 from cholera epidemics . In November 1868 , while stationed in Kansas , the 7th Cavalry under Custer had successfully routed Black Kettle 's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River , an attack which was at the time labeled a `` massacre of innocent Indians '' by the Indian Bureau . ( Need citation ) U.S. 7th Cavalry guidon By the time of the Little Bighorn , half of the 7th Cavalry 's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep South , having been recalled to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reassemble the regiment for the campaign . About 20 percent of the troopers had been enlisted in the prior seven months ( 139 of an enlisted roll of 718 ) , were only marginally trained , and had no combat or frontier experience . A sizable number of these recruits were immigrants from Ireland , England and Germany , just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments . Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition , despite being the best - equipped and supplied regiment in the Army . Of the 45 officers and 718 troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry ( including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L ) , 14 officers ( including the regimental commander , Col. Samuel D. Sturgis ) and 152 troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign . The ratio of troops detached for other duty ( approximately 22 percent ) was not unusual for an expedition of this size , and part of the officer shortage was chronic , due to the Army 's rigid seniority system : three of the regiment 's 12 captains were permanently detached , and two had never served a day with the 7th since their appointment in July 1866 . Three second lieutenant vacancies ( in E , H , and L Companies ) were also unfilled . Battle of the Rosebud ( edit ) The Army 's coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17 , 1876 , when Crook 's column retreated after the Battle of the Rosebud , just 30 miles to the southeast of the eventual Little Bighorn battlefield . Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans , Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back , regroup , and wait for reinforcements . Unaware of Crook 's battle , Gibbon and Terry proceeded , joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek . They reviewed Terry 's plan calling for Custer 's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon 's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers . As this was the likely location of native encampments , all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans . On June 22 , Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry , composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer , to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud , with the prerogative to `` depart '' from orders if Custer saw `` sufficient reason '' . Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined , believing they would slow his command . Little Bighorn ( edit ) External video Gall C - SPAN Cities Tour -- Billings : Battle of the Little Bighorn , 38 : 44 , C - SPAN Park Ranger Steve Adelson describes the battle on - site While the Terry -- Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn , on the evening of June 24 , Custer 's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow 's Nest , 14 miles ( 23 km ) east of the Little Bighorn River . At sunrise on June 25 , Custer 's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village roughly 15 miles ( 24 km ) in the distance . After a night 's march , the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither , and when Custer joined them , he was also unable to make the sighting . Custer 's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10 miles ( 16 km ) away , disclosing the regiment 's position . Custer contemplated a surprise attack against the encampment the following morning of June 26 , but he then received a report informing him several hostiles had discovered the trail left by his troops . Assuming his presence had been exposed , Custer decided to attack the village without further delay . On the morning of June 25 , Custer divided his 12 companies into three battalions in anticipation of the forthcoming engagement . Three companies were placed under the command of Major Marcus Reno ( A , G , and M ) and three were placed under the command of Captain Frederick Benteen ( H , D , and K ) . Five companies ( C , E , F , I , and L ) remained under Custer 's immediate command . The 12th , Company B under Captain Thomas McDougall , had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition . Unknown to Custer , the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village . Custer 's scouts warned him about the size of the village , with Mitch Bouyer reportedly saying , `` General , I have been with these Indians for 30 years , and this is the largest village I have ever heard of . '' Custer 's overriding concern was that the Native American group would break up and scatter . The command began its approach to the village at noon and prepared to attack in full daylight . Prelude ( edit ) Military assumptions prior to the battle ( edit ) A Cheyenne artist 's depiction of the Battle of the Little Bighorn Number of Indian warriors ( edit ) As the Army moved into the field on its expedition , it was operating with incorrect assumptions as to the number of Indians it would encounter . These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 hostiles were in the area . The Indian Agents based this estimate on the number of Lakota that Sitting Bull and other leaders had reportedly led off the reservation in protest of U.S. government policies . It was in fact a correct estimate until several weeks before the battle , when the `` reservation Indians '' joined Sitting Bull 's ranks for the summer buffalo hunt . The agents did not take into account the many thousands of these `` reservation Indians '' who had unofficially left the reservation to join their `` uncooperative non-reservation cousins led by Sitting Bull '' . Thus , Custer unknowingly faced thousands of Indians , including the 800 non-reservation `` hostiles '' . All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers . Although Custer was severely criticized after the battle for not having accepted reinforcements and for dividing his forces , it must be understood that he had accepted the same official government estimates of hostiles in the area which Terry and Gibbon had also accepted . Historian James Donovan states that when Custer asked interpreter Fred Gerard for his opinion on the size of the opposition , he estimated the force at between 1,500 to 2,500 warriors . Additionally , Custer was more concerned with preventing the escape of the Lakota and Cheyenne than with fighting them . From his own observation , as reported by his bugler John Martin ( Martini ) , Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle , to which virtually every native account attested later , giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against . When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow 's Nest across the Little Bighorn River , they could only see the herd of ponies . Looking from a hill 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) away after parting with Reno 's command , Custer could observe only women preparing for the day , and young boys taking thousands of horses out to graze south of the village . Custer 's Crow scouts told him it was the largest native village they had ever seen . When the scouts began changing back into their native dress right before the battle , Custer released them from his command . While the village was enormous in size , Custer thought there were far fewer warriors to defend the village . He assumed most of the warriors were still asleep in their tipis . Finally , Custer may have assumed that in the event of his encountering Native Americans , his subordinate Benteen with the pack train would quickly come to his aid . Rifle volleys were a standard way of telling supporting units to come to another unit 's aid . In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno , the Reno Board of Inquiry ( RCOI ) , Benteen and Reno 's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4 : 30 pm during the battle . Custer had initially wanted to take a day and scout the village before attacking ; however , when men went back after supplies dropped by the pack train , they discovered they were being back - trailed by Indians . Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation . It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware of or would soon be aware of his approach . Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase , Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack . Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy ( edit ) Custer 's field strategy was designed to engage noncombatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn so as to capture women , children , and the elderly or disabled to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate . Custer 's battalions were poised to `` ride into the camp and secure noncombatant hostages '' and `` forc ( e ) the warriors to surrender '' . Author Evan S. Connell observed that if Custer could occupy the village before widespread resistance developed , the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors `` would be obliged to surrender , because if they started to fight , they would be shooting their own families . '' In Custer 's book My Life on the Plains , published just two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , he asserted : Indians contemplating a battle , either offensive or defensive , are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger ... For this reason I decided to locate our ( military ) camp as close as convenient to ( Chief Black Kettle 's Cheyenne ) village , knowing that the close proximity of their women and children , and their necessary exposure in case of conflict , would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace , when the question of peace or war came to be discussed . On Custer 's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east , Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised : ( Custer ) expected to find the squaws and children fleeing to the bluffs on the north , for in no other way do I account for his wide detour . He must have counted upon Reno 's success , and fully expected the `` scatteration '' of the non-combatants with the pony herds . The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors , and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted . The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of noncombatants and that `` even a semblance of an attack on the women and children '' would draw the warriors back to the village , according to historian John S. Gray . Such was their concern that a `` feint '' by Capt . Yates ' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee ( Minneconjou Ford ) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village . Some authors and historians , based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony , speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A. Fox , James Donovan , and others , Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion ( Yates ' Troops E and F ) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing , which provided `` access to the ( women and children ) fugitives . '' Yates 's force `` posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families ... '' gathering at the north end of the huge encampment ; he then persisted in his efforts to `` seize women and children '' even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh 's wing on the bluffs . Yates ' wing , descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D , encountered `` light resistance '' , undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village . Custer was almost within `` striking distance of the refugees '' before being repulsed by Indian defenders and forced back to Custer Ridge . The Lone Teepee ( edit ) The Lone Teepee ( or Tipi ) was a landmark along the 7th Cavalry 's march . It was where the Indian encampment had been a week earlier , during the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17 . The Indians had left a single teepee standing ( some reports mention a second that had been partially dismantled ) , and in it was the body of a Sans Arc warrior , Old She - Bear , who had been wounded in the battle . He had died a couple of days after the Rosebud battle , and it was the custom of the Indians to move camp when a warrior died and leave the body with its possessions . The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons , including : It is where Custer gave Reno his final orders to attack the village ahead . It is also where some Indians who had been following the command were seen and Custer assumed he had been discovered . Many of the survivors ' accounts use the Lone Teepee as a point of reference for event times or distances . Knowing this location helps establish the pattern of the Indians ' movements to the encampment on the river where the soldiers found them . Battle ( edit ) Movements of the 7th Cavalry A : Custer B : Reno C : Benteen D: Yates E : Weir Reno 's attack ( edit ) The first group to attack was Major Reno 's second detachment ( Companies A , G and M ) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke , as Custer 's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village . Ordered to charge , Reno began that phase of the battle . The orders , made without accurate knowledge of the village 's size , location , or the warriors ' propensity to stand and fight , had been to pursue the Native Americans and `` bring them to battle . '' Reno 's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3 : 00 pm on June 25 . They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present `` in force and not running away . '' Movement of Major Reno 's three companies Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest , his movements masked by the thick bramble of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River . The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode , first with two approximately forty - man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast . The trees also obscured Reno 's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow - shot of the village . The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux . Neither Custer nor Reno had much idea of the length , depth and size of the encampment they were attacking , as the village was hidden by the trees . When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village , he sent his Arikara / Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank . Realizing the full extent of the village 's width , Reno quickly suspected what he would later call `` a trap '' and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment . He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line , according to standard army doctrine . In this formation , every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position , with five to ten yards separating each trooper , officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers . This formation reduced Reno 's firepower by 25 percent . As Reno 's men fired into the village and killed , by some accounts , several wives and children of the Sioux leader , Chief Gall ( in Lakota , Phizí ) , mounted warriors began streaming out to meet the attack . With Reno 's men anchored on their right by the impassable tree line and bend in the river , the Indians rode hard against the exposed left end of Reno 's line . After about 20 minutes of long - distance firing , Reno had taken only one casualty , but the odds against him had risen ( Reno estimated five to one ) and Custer had not reinforced him . Trooper Billy Jackson reported that by then , the Indians had begun massing in the open area shielded by a small hill to the left of Reno 's line and to the right of the Indian village . From this position the Indians mounted an attack of more than 500 warriors against the left and rear of Reno 's line , turning Reno 's exposed left flank . They forced a hasty withdrawal into the timber along the bend in the river . Here the Indians pinned Reno and his men down and set fire to the brush to try to drive the soldiers out of their position . Reno -- Benteen defensive position After giving orders to mount , dismount and mount again , Reno told his men , `` All those who wish to make their escape follow me , '' and led a disorderly rout across the river toward the bluffs on the other side . The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters . Later , Reno reported that three officers and 29 troopers had been killed during the retreat and subsequent fording of the river . Another officer and 13 -- 18 men were missing . Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber , although many eventually rejoined the detachment . Reno 's hasty retreat may have been precipitated by the death of Reno 's Arikara scout Bloody Knife , who had been shot in the head as he sat on his horse next to Reno , his blood and brains splattering the side of Reno 's face . Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill ( edit ) Bloody Knife This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Atop the bluffs , known today as Reno Hill , Reno 's shaken troops were joined by Captain Benteen 's column ( Companies D , H and K ) , arriving from the south . This force had been on a lateral scouting mission when it had been summoned by Custer 's messenger , Italian bugler John Martin ( Giovanni Martini ) with the handwritten message `` Benteen . Come on , Big Village , Be quick , Bring packs . P.S. Bring Packs . '' . Benteen 's coincidental arrival on the bluffs was just in time to save Reno 's men from possible annihilation . Their detachments were reinforced by McDougall 's Company B and the pack train . The 14 officers and 340 troopers on the bluffs organized an all - around defense and dug rifle pits using whatever implements they had among them , including knives . This practice had become standard during the last year of the American Civil War , with both Union and Confederate troops utilizing knives , eating utensils , mess plates and pans to dig effective battlefield fortifications . Despite hearing heavy gunfire from the north , including distinct volleys at 4 : 20 pm , Benteen concentrated on reinforcing Reno 's badly wounded and hard - pressed detachment rather than continuing on toward Custer 's position . Benteen 's apparent reluctance to reach Custer prompted later criticism that he had failed to follow orders . Around 5 : 00 pm , Capt . Thomas Weir and Company D moved out to make contact with Custer . They advanced a mile , to what is today Weir Ridge or Weir Point , and could see in the distance native warriors on horseback shooting at objects on the ground . By this time , roughly 5 : 25 pm , Custer 's battle may have concluded . The conventional historical understanding is that what Weir witnessed was most likely warriors killing the wounded soldiers and shooting at dead bodies on the `` Last Stand Hill '' at the northern end of the Custer battlefield . Some contemporary historians have suggested that what Weir witnessed was a fight on what is now called Calhoun Hill . The destruction of Keogh 's battalion may have begun with the collapse of L , I and C Company ( half of it ) following the combined assaults led by Crazy Horse , White Bull , Hump , Chief Gall and others . Other native accounts contradict this understanding , however , and the time element remains a subject of debate . The other entrenched companies eventually followed Weir by assigned battalions , first Benteen , then Reno , and finally the pack train . Growing native attacks around Weir Ridge forced all seven companies to return to the bluff before the pack train , with the ammunition , had moved even a quarter mile . The companies remained pinned down on the bluff for another day , but the natives were unable to breach the tightly held position . Benteen displayed calmness and courage by exposing himself to Indian fire and was hit in the heel of his boot by an Indian bullet . At one point , he personally led a counterattack to push back Indians who had continued to crawl through the grass closer to the soldier 's positions . Custer 's fight ( edit ) Fanciful 1876 illustration of Lieutenant Colonel Custer on horseback and his U.S. Army troops making their last charge at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Crow Indian Reservation , 1868 ( area 619 and 635 ) . Yellow area 517 is 1851 Crow treaty land ceded to the U.S. It was in the red area 635 that the battle stood . The Lakotas were here without consent from the local Crow tribe , which had treaty on the area . Already in 1873 , Crow chief Blackfoot had called for U.S. military actions against the Indian intrudes . The precise details of Custer 's fight are largely conjectural since none of his men ( the five companies under his immediate command ) survived the battle . Later accounts from surviving Indians are conflicting and unclear . While the gunfire heard on the bluffs by Reno and Benteen 's men was probably from Custer 's fight , the soldiers on Reno Hill were unaware of what had happened to Custer until General Terry 's arrival on June 27 . They were reportedly stunned by the news . When the army examined the Custer battle site , soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired . Custer 's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the north of Reno and Benteen 's defensive position . Evidence of organized resistance included apparent breastworks made of dead horses on Custer Hill . By the time troops came to recover the bodies , the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their dead from the field . The troops found most of Custer 's dead stripped of their clothing , ritually mutilated , and in an advanced state of decomposition , making identification of many impossible . The soldiers identified the 7th Cavalry 's dead as best as possible and hastily buried them where they fell . Custer was found with shots to the left chest and left temple . Either wound would have been fatal , though he appeared to have bled from only the chest wound , meaning his head wound may have been delivered postmortem . He also suffered a wound to the arm . Some Lakota oral histories assert that Custer committed suicide to avoid capture and subsequent torture , though this is usually discounted since the wounds were inconsistent with his known right - handedness . ( Other native accounts note several soldiers committing suicide near the end of the battle . ) Custer 's body was found near the top of Custer Hill , which also came to be known as `` Last Stand Hill '' . There the United States erected a tall memorial obelisk inscribed with the names of the 7th Cavalry 's casualties . Several days after the battle , Curley , Custer 's Crow scout who had left Custer near Medicine Tail Coulee ( a drainage which led to the river ) , recounted the battle , reporting that Custer had attacked the village after attempting to cross the river . He was driven back , retreating toward the hill where his body was found . As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer 's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground , it became the basis of many popular accounts of the battle . According to Pretty Shield , the wife of Goes - Ahead ( another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry ) , Custer was killed while crossing the river : `` ... and he died there , died in the water of the Little Bighorn , with Two - bodies , and the blue soldier carrying his flag '' . In this account , Custer was allegedly killed by a Lakota called Big - nose . However , in Chief Gall 's version of events , as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey , Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge . Chief Gall 's statements were corroborated by other Indians , notably the wife of Spotted Horn Bull . Given that no bodies of men or horses were found anywhere near the ford , Godfrey himself concluded `` that Custer did not go to the ford with any body of men '' . Cheyenne oral tradition credits Buffalo Calf Road Woman with striking the blow that knocked Custer off his horse before he died . Custer at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) `` Hurrah boys , we 've got them ! We 'll finish them up and then go home to our station . '' -- Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle 's outset . Having isolated Reno 's force and driven them away from the encampment , the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer . The route taken by Custer to his `` Last Stand '' remains a subject of debate . One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge , Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half mile ( 800 m ) of the Little Bighorn , but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs , reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat . From this point on the other side of the river , he could see Reno charging the village . Riding north along the bluffs , Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee . Some historians believe that part of Custer 's force descended the coulee , going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village . According to some accounts , a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters opposed this crossing . Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn Battlefield , June 25 , 1876 at Little Bighorn River , Montana White Cow Bull claimed to have shot a leader wearing a buckskin jacket off his horse in the river . While no other Indian account supports this claim , if White Bull did shoot a buckskin - clad leader off his horse , some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him . Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance , a soldier carrying a company guidon was also hit . Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses . The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer 's body ( a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple ) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted . Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer 's purpose for Reno 's attack , that is , a coordinated `` hammer - and - anvil '' maneuver , with Reno 's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp , while Custer drove them against Reno 's line from the north . Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee , he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp , although it was only the middle . Some Indian accounts , however , place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left ( and south ) of the opposite side of the crossing . The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute , however . Custer 's route over battlefield , as theorized by Curtis . ( Credit : Northwestern University Library Edward S. Curtis 's The North American Indian , 2003 ) . Edward Curtis , the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians , made a detailed personal study of the battle , interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it . First he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him , Goes Ahead , and Hairy Moccasin , and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors . He also visited the Lakota country and interviewed Red Hawk , `` whose recollection of the fight seemed to be particularly clear '' . Then , he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts , but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff `` as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer '' . Finally , Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer 's command . Based on all the information he gathered , Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it . However , `` the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side '' . They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who ( no longer engaging Reno ) rushed down the valley . This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous `` last stand '' . Thus , wrote Curtis , `` Custer made no attack , the whole movement being a retreat '' . Other views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other historians claim that Custer never approached the river , but rather continued north across the coulee and up the other side , where he gradually came under attack . According to this theory , by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered , it was too late to break back to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance . Two men from the 7th Cavalry , the young Crow scout Ashishishe ( known in English as Curley ) and the trooper Peter Thompson , claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians . The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial ; accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson 's claim . Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony has led to a new interpretation of the battle . In the 1920s , battlefield investigators discovered hundreds of . 45 -- 55 shell cases along the ridge line known today as Nye - Cartwright Ridge , between South Medicine Tail Coulee and the next drainage at North Medicine Tail ( also known as Deep Coulee ) . Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two ( and possibly three ) battalions , retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second . `` Custer 's Last Stand . '' Lieutenant Colonel Custer standing center , wearing buckskin , with few of his soldiers of the 7th Cavalry still standing . Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye - Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the `` V '' formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left . The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno 's detachment ( according to the Crow scout Curley , possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer ) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber on the edge of the Little Bighorn River . Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee , their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River . That they might have come southeast , from the center of Nye - Cartwright Ridge , seems to be supported by Northern Cheyenne accounts of seeing the approach of the distinctly white - colored horses of Company E , known as the Grey Horse Company . Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village . Behind them , a second company , further up on the heights , would have provided long - range cover fire . Warriors could have been drawn to the feint attack , forcing the battalion back towards the heights , up the north fork drainage , away from the troops providing cover fire above . The covering company would have moved towards a reunion , delivering heavy volley fire and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later . The `` Last Stand '' ( edit ) Custer 's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson In the end , the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded . Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer 's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense . According to Lakota accounts , far more of their casualties occurred in the attack on Last Stand Hill than anywhere else . The extent of the soldiers ' resistance indicated they had few doubts about their prospects for survival . According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony , the command structure rapidly broke down , although smaller `` last stands '' were apparently made by several groups . Custer 's remaining companies ( E , F , and half of C ) were soon killed . By almost all accounts , the Lakota annihilated Custer 's force within an hour of engagement . David Humphreys Miller , who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle , wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one - half hour . Other native accounts said the fighting lasted only `` as long as it takes a hungry man to eat a meal . '' The Lakota asserted that Crazy Horse personally led one of the large groups of warriors who overwhelmed the cavalrymen in a surprise charge from the northeast , causing a breakdown in the command structure and panic among the troops . Many of these men threw down their weapons while Cheyenne and Sioux warriors rode them down , `` counting coup '' with lances , coup sticks , and quirts . Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a `` buffalo run . '' Captain Frederick Benteen , battalion leader of Companies D , H and K , recalled his observations on the Custer battlefield on June 27 , 1876 : I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the battle was fought . I arrived at the conclusion I ( hold ) now -- that it was a rout , a panic , until the last man was killed ... There was no line formed on the battlefield . You can take a handful of corn and scatter ( the kernels ) over the floor , and make just such lines . There were none ... The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 ( dead ) horses found at equal distances , like skirmishers ( part of Lt. Calhoun 's Company L ) . That was the only approach to a line on the field . There were more than 20 ( troopers ) killed ( in one group ) ; there were ( more often ) four or five at one place , all within a space of 20 to 30 yards ( of each other ) ... I counted 70 dead ( cavalry ) horses and 2 Indian ponies . I think , in all probability , that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so . Many orders might have been given , but few obeyed . I think that they were panic stricken ; it was a rout , as I said before . A Brulé Sioux warrior stated : `` In fact , Hollow Horn Bear believed that the troops were in good order at the start of the fight , and kept their organization even while moving from point to point . '' Red Horse , an Oglala Sioux warrior , commented : `` Here ( Last Stand Hill ) the soldiers made a desperate fight . '' One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior , Moving Robe , noted that `` It was a hotly contested battle '' , while another , Iron Hawk , stated : `` The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill . But the soldiers were n't ready to die . We stood there a long time . '' In a letter from February 21 , 1910 , Private William Taylor , Company M , 7th Cavalry , wrote : `` Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifference -- I will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind . Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone . '' Custer 's final resistance ( edit ) Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control . E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed , which resulted in total destruction , leaving behind some 50 to 60 men . The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight . Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer 's force may have been divided into three groups , with the Indians ' attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting . Indian accounts describe warriors ( including women ) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers ' horses . One 7th Cavalry trooper claimed finding a number of stone mallets consisting of a round cobble weighing 8 -- 10 pounds ( about 4 kg ) with a rawhide handle , which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded . Fighting dismounted , the soldiers ' skirmish lines were overwhelmed . Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and , in extreme cases , one man in eight . Later , the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover . As individual troopers were wounded or killed , initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable . Under threat of attack , the first U.S. soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves , more or less where they had fallen . A couple of years after the battle , markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen , so the placement of troops has been roughly construed . The troops evidently died in several groups , including on Custer Hill , around Captain Myles Keogh , and strung out towards the Little Bighorn River . Last break - out attempt ( edit ) Mitch Bouyer marker on Deep Ravine trail . Deep Ravine is to the right of this picture ( south / southwest ) and about 65 yards distant . 1 : 5260 of Custer battlefield -- surveyed 1891 , detailing U.S. soldiers body locations Modern documentaries suggest that there may not have been a `` Last Stand '' as traditionally portrayed in popular culture . Instead , archaeologists suggest that , in the end , Custer 's troops were not surrounded but rather overwhelmed by a single charge . This scenario corresponds to several Indian accounts stating Crazy Horse 's charge swarmed the resistance , with the surviving soldiers fleeing in panic . Many of these troopers may have ended up in a deep ravine 300 -- 400 yards away from what is known today as Custer Hill . At least 28 bodies ( the most common number associated with burial witness testimony ) , including that of scout Mitch Bouyer , were discovered in or near that gulch , their deaths possibly the battle 's final actions . Although the marker for Mitch Bouyer has been accounted for as being accurate through archaeological and forensic testing , it is some 65 yards away from Deep Ravine . Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine have found no human remains associated with the battle . According to Indian accounts , about 40 men made a desperate stand around Custer on Custer Hill , delivering volley fire . The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle , as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill . Aftermath ( edit ) Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield , circa 1913 Plenty Coups Edward Curtis Portrait ( c1908 ) . When the Crows got news from the battlefield , they went into grief . Crow woman Pretty Shield told how they were `` crying ... for Son - of - the - morning - star ( Custer ) and his blue soldiers ... '' With the defeat of Custer , it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take - over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion . In the end , the army won the Sioux war . Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled with amazement , how his tribe now finally could sleep without fear for Lakota attacks . `` ... this was the first time I had ever known such a condition . '' After the Custer force was annihilated , the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne regrouped to attack Reno and Benteen . The fight continued until dark ( approximately 9 : 00 pm ) and for much of the next day , with the outcome in doubt . Reno credited Benteen 's leadership with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M. On June 27 , the column under General Terry approached from the north , and the Indians drew off in the opposite direction . The Crow scout White Man Runs Him was the first to tell General Terry 's officers that Custer 's force had `` been wiped out . '' Reno and Benteen 's wounded troops were given what treatment was available at that time ; five later died of their wounds . One of the regiment 's three surgeons had been with Custer 's column , while another , Dr. DeWolf , had been killed during Reno 's retreat . The only remaining doctor was Assistant Surgeon Henry R. Porter . News of the defeat arrived in the East as the U.S. was observing its centennial . The Army began to investigate , although its effectiveness was hampered by a concern for survivors , and the reputation of the officers . Custer 's wife , Elisabeth Bacon Custer , in particular , guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero , attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation . The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far - reaching consequences for the Indians . It was the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars and has even been referred to as `` the Indians ' last stand '' in the area . Within 48 hours of the battle , the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses . Oglala Sioux Black Elk recounted the exodus this way : `` We fled all night , following the Greasy Grass . My two younger brothers and I rode in a pony - drag , and my mother put some young pups in with us . They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in , so I did n't sleep much . '' Crow warrior Two Leggings joined the U.S. army for a short time after the defeat of Custer . Two Belly had given him and nearly 30 other Crows a lecture and explained how the Sioux had taken the hunting grounds of the Crow . `` Two Belly said ... we should help the soldiers drive them back to their own country . '' The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers . After their celebrations , many of the Indians slipped back to the reservation . Soon the number of warriors who still remained at large and hostile amounted to only about 600 . Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle , awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Indians until they had at least 2,000 men . Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Indians in August . General Nelson A. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876 . In May 1877 , Sitting Bull escaped to Canada . Within days , Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson , Nebraska . The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles ' defeat of a remaining band of Miniconjou Sioux . Ownership of the Black Hills , which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict , was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission , according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations . Threatened with starvation , the Indians ceded Paha Sapa to the United States , but the Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the transaction . They lobbied Congress to create a forum to decide their claim and subsequently litigated for 40 years ; the United States Supreme Court in the 1980 decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians acknowledged that the United States had taken the Black Hills without just compensation . The Sioux refused the money subsequently offered and continue to insist on their right to occupy the land . Participants ( edit ) 7th Cavalry officers ( edit ) An obelisk commemorates the U.S. Army dead and marks the spot of the mass grave where all U.S. soldiers were re-buried Commanding Officer : Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer ( killed ) Maj . Marcus Reno Adjutant : 1st Lt. William W. Cooke ( killed ) Assistant Surgeon George Edwin Lord ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon James Madison DeWolf ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon Henry Rinaldo Porter Chief of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Charles Varnum ( detached from A Company , wounded ) 2nd in command of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Luther Hare ( detached from K Company ) Pack Train commander : 1st Lt. Edward Gustave Mathey ( detached from M Company ) A Company : Capt . Myles Moylan , 1st Lt. Charles DeRudio B Company : Capt . Thomas McDougall , 2nd Lt. Benjamin Hodgson ( killed ) as Adjutant to Major Reno C Company : Capt . Thomas Custer ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. Henry Moore Harrington ( killed ) D Company : Capt . Thomas Weir , 2nd Lt. Winfield Edgerly E Company : 1st Lt. Algernon Smith ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. James G. Sturgis ( killed ) F Company : Capt . George Yates ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. William Reily ( killed ) G Company : 1st Lt. Donald McIntosh ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. George D. Wallace H Company : Capt . Frederick Benteen , 1st Lt. Francis Gibson I Company : Capt . Myles Keogh ( killed ) , 1st Lt. James Porter ( killed ) K Company : 1st Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey L Company : 1st Lt. James Calhoun ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. John J. Crittenden ( killed ) M Company : Capt . Thomas French Native American leaders and warriors ( edit ) Pretty Nose who , according to her grandson , was a woman war chief who participated in the battle Marker stone on the battlefield Hunkpapa ( Lakota ) : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Woman , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle , Little Big Man Sihasapa ( Blackfoot Lakota ) : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou ( Lakota ) : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc ( Lakota ) : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala ( Lakota ) : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule ( Lakota ) : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles ( Lakota ) : Runs - the - Enemy Lower Yanktonai ( Dakota ) : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute ( Dakota ) : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Black Powder ( Sioux Firearms trader ) : Black Powder , Johann Smidt Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird Arapaho participation ( edit ) Modern - day accounts include Arapaho warriors in the battle , but the five Arapaho men who were at the encampments were there only by accident . While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the U.S. Army . Two Moon , a Northern Cheyenne leader , interceded to save their lives . Notable scouts / interpreters ( edit ) Three of Custer 's scouts accompanying Edward Curtis on his investigative tour of the battlefield , circa 1907 . Left to right : Goes Ahead , Hairy Moccasin , White Man Runs Him , Curtis and Alexander B. Upshaw ( Curtis 's assistant and Crow interpreter ) . The 7th Cavalry was accompanied by a number of scouts and interpreters : Bloody Knife : Arikara / Lakota scout ( killed ) Bob Tailed Bull : Arikara scout ( killed ) Boy Chief : Arikara scout Charley Reynolds : scout ( killed ) Curley : Crow scout Curling Head : Arikara scout Fred Gerard : interpreter Goes Ahead : Crow scout Goose : Arikara scout ( wounded in the hand by a 7th Cavalry trooper ) Hairy Moccasin : Crow scout Half Yellow Face , leader of Crow Scouts , also known as Paints Half His Face Yellow Isaiah Dorman : interpreter ( killed ) Little Brave : Arikara scout ( killed ) Little Sioux : Arikara scout Mitch Bouyer : scout / interpreter ( killed ) One Feather : Arikara scout Owl : Arikara scout Curley , Custer 's Crow scout and interpreter through the battle . Peter Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot brother of William , scout Red Bear : Arikara scout Red Star : Arikara scout Running Wolf : Arikara scout Sitting Bear : Arikara scout Soldier : Arikara scout Strikes The Lodge : Arikara scout Strikes Two : Arikara scout Two Moons : Arikara / Cheyenne scout White Man Runs Him : Crow scout White Swan : Crow Scout ( severely wounded ) William Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot scout Young Hawk : Arikara scout Order of battle ( edit ) Native Americans Native Americans Tribe Leaders Native Americans Lakota Sioux Hunkpapa : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Women , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle Sihasapa : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , American Horse the Elder , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles : Runs - the - Enemy Dakota Sioux Lower Yanktonai : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Northern Cheyenne Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man † , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking † Arapaho Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird United States Army , Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer , 7th United States Cavalry Regiment , Commanding . 7th United States Cavalry Regiment Battalion Companies and Others Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † , commanding . Custer 's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † Company C : Captain Thomas Custer † Company E : First Lieutenant Algernon Smith † Company F : Captain George Yates † Company I : Captain Myles Keogh † Company L : First Lieutenant James Calhoun † Reno 's Battalion Major Marcus Reno Company A : Captain Myles Moylan Company G : First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M : Captain Thomas French Benteen 's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen Company D: Captain Thomas Weir Company H : Captain Frederick Benteen Company K : First Lieutenant Edward Settle Godfrey Pack Train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey Company B : Captain Thomas McDougall Scouts and Interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum ( wounded ) , Chief of Scouts Bloody Knife † , Charley Reynolds † , Isaiah Dorman † , Mitch Bouyer † , Bob Tailed Bull † , Little Brave † , White Swan ( severely wounded ) , Goose ( wounded ) , Curley , Curling Head , Fred Gerard , Goes Ahead , Boy Chief , Hairy Moccasin , Half Yellow Face ( Paints Half His Face Yellow ) , Little Sioux , One Feather , Owl , Peter Jackson , William Jackson , Red Bear , Red Star , Running Wolf , Sitting Bear , Soldier , Strikes The Lodge , Strikes Two , Two Moons , White Man Runs Him , Young Hawk Casualties ( edit ) Red Horse pictographic account of the Battle of Little Bighorn Native American warriors ( edit ) Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely , from as few as 36 dead ( from Native American listings of the dead by name ) to as many as 300 . Lakota chief Red Horse told Col. W.H. Wood in 1877 that the Native Americans suffered 136 dead and 160 wounded during the battle . In 1881 , Red Horse told Dr. C.E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle , he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties . Of those sixty figures only thirty some are portrayed with a conventional Plains Indian method of indicating death . In the last 140 years , historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual , which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers . Today a list of positively known casualties exists that lists 99 names , attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors . Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties at Battle of Little Bighorn ( Plate XLV ) Native American noncombatants ( edit ) Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno 's charge . Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi ( Gall ) . 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties : 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds , 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded . Every soldier of the five companies with Custer was killed ( except for some Crow scouts and several troopers that had left that column before the battle or as the battle was starting ) . Among the dead were Custer 's brothers Boston and Thomas , his brother - in - law James Calhoun , and his nephew Henry Reed . In 1878 , the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery , most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded . Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men , but many questioned the tactics , strategy and conduct of the officers . Indian accounts spoke of soldiers ' panic - driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians . While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s , it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions . Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured , Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children . Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death . Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen+ 2 Indian Government scouts ( ? ) Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen & dead cavalry horses Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) ( edit ) Boston Custer : brother of George and Thomas , forager for the 7th Mark Kellogg : reporter Henry Armstrong Reed : Custer 's nephew , herder for the 7th Legacy ( edit ) Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry ( edit ) Scene of Custer 's Last Stand , looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine . Photo by Stanley J. Morrow , spring 1877 . Beginning in July , the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers and recruiting efforts began to fill the depleted ranks . The regiment , reorganized into eight companies , remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition , now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Bighorn and reinforced by Gibbon 's column . On August 8 , 1876 , after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry , the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota . It met with Crook 's command , similarly reinforced , and the combined force , almost 4,000 strong , followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River . Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points . The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute . Expansion of the U.S. Army ( edit ) The U.S. Congress authorized appropriations to expand the Army by 2,500 men to meet the emergency after the defeat of the 7th Cavalry . For a session , the Democratic Party - controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army . Word of Custer 's fate reached the 44th United States Congress as a conference committee was attempting to reconcile opposing appropriations bills approved by the House and the Republican Senate . They approved a measure to increase the size of cavalry companies to 100 enlisted men on July 24 . The committee temporarily lifted the ceiling on the size of the Army by 2,500 on August 15 . `` Sell or starve '' ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Land Claim As a result of the defeat in June 1876 , Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the `` sell or starve '' rider ( 19 Stat. 192 ) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 ( enacted August 15 , 1876 ) , which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States . The Agreement of 1877 ( 19 Stat. 254 , enacted February 28 , 1877 ) officially took away Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations . Controversies ( edit ) Reno 's conduct ( edit ) The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago , held at Reno 's request , during which his conduct was scrutinized . Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward . The court found Reno 's conduct to be without fault . After the battle , Thomas Rosser , James O'Kelly , and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat . Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that , while the retreat was disorganized , Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Indians . Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno 's scout , Bloody Knife , was shot in the head , spraying him with blood , possibly increasing his own panic and distress . Custer 's errors ( edit ) General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign . For instance , he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns , and turned down General Terry 's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry . Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility . His rapid march en route to the Little Bighorn averaged nearly 30 miles ( 48 km ) a day , so his assessment appears to have been accurate . Custer planned `` to live and travel like Indians ; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can '' , he wrote in his Herald dispatch . By contrast , each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses , and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles . Each of the heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier , a Gatling gun had turned over , rolled down a mountain , and shattered to pieces . Lieutenant William Low , commander of the artillery detachment , was said to have almost wept when he learned he had been excluded from the strike force . Custer believed that the 7th Cavalry could handle any Indian force and that the addition of the four companies of the 2nd would not alter the outcome . When offered the 2nd Cavalry , he reportedly replied that the 7th `` could handle anything . '' There is evidence that Custer suspected that he would be outnumbered by the Indians , although he did not know by how many . By dividing his forces , Custer could have caused the defeat of the entire column , had it not been for Benteen 's and Reno 's linking up to make a desperate yet successful stand on the bluff above the southern end of the camp . The historian James Donovan believed that Custer 's dividing his force into four smaller detachments ( including the pack train ) can be attributed to his inadequate reconnaissance ; he also ignored the warnings of his Crow scouts and Charley Reynolds . By the time the battle began , Custer had already divided his forces into three battalions of differing sizes , of which he kept the largest . His men were widely scattered and unable to support each other . Wanting to prevent any escape by the combined tribes to the south , where they could disperse into different groups , Custer believed that an immediate attack on the south end of the camp was the best course of action . Death of Custer , scene by Pawnee Bill 's Wild West Show performers c. 1905 of Sitting Bull 's stabbing Custer , with dead Native Americans lying on ground Admiration for Custer ( edit ) Criticism of Custer was not universal . While investigating the battlefield , Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles wrote in 1877 , `` The more I study the moves here ( on the Little Big Horn ) , the more I have admiration for Custer . '' Facing major budget cutbacks , the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways to exculpate Custer . They blamed the defeat on the Indians ' alleged possession of numerous repeating rifles and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the warriors . The widowed Elizabeth Bacon Custer , who never remarried , wrote three popular books in which she fiercely protected her husband 's reputation . She lived until 1933 , thus preventing much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone . In addition , Captain Frederick Whittaker 's 1876 book idealizing Custer was hugely successful . Custer as a heroic officer fighting valiantly against savage forces was an image popularized in Wild West extravaganzas hosted by showman `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody , Pawnee Bill , and others . It was not until over half a century later that historians took another look at the battle and Custer 's decisions that led to his death and loss of half his command and found much to criticize . Gatling gun controversy ( edit ) General Alfred Terry 's Dakota column included a single battery of artillery , comprising two Rodman guns ( 3 - inch Ordnance rifle ) and two Gatling guns . ( According to historian Evan S. Connell , the precise number of Gatlings has not been established , ranging from two to three . ) The Gatling gun , invented in 1861 by Richard Gatling . Custer declined an offer of a battery of these weapons , explaining to Terry that they would `` hamper our movements '' . Said Custer : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Custer 's decision to reject Terry 's offer of the rapid - fire Gatlings has raised questions among historians as to why he refused them and what advantage their availability might have conferred on his forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno 's recent 8 - day reconnaissance - in - force of the Powder - Tongue - Rosebud Rivers , June 10 to 18 . This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts ( so - called condemned horses ) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns . Custer , valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry 's acknowledgement of the regiment as `` the primary strike force '' preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns . Custer insisted that the artillery was superfluous to his success , in that the 7th Cavalry alone was sufficient to cope with any force they should encounter , informing Terry : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets '' . In addition to these practical concerns , a strained relationship with Major James Brisbin induced Custer 's polite refusal to integrate Brisbin 's Second Cavalry unit -- and the Gatling guns -- into his strike force , as it would disrupt any hierarchical arrangements that Custer presided over . Historians have acknowledged the firepower inherent in the Gatling gun : they were capable of firing 350 . 45 - 70 caliber rounds per minute . Jamming caused by black powder residue could lower that rate , raising questions as to their reliability under combat conditions . Researchers have further questioned the effectiveness of the guns under the tactics that Custer was likely to face with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The Gatlings , mounted high on carriages , required the battery crew to stand upright during its operation , making them easy targets for Lakota and Cheyenne sharpshooters . Historian Robert M. Utley , in a section entitled `` Would Gatling Guns Have Saved Custer ? '' presents two judgments from Custer 's contemporaries : General Henry J. Hunt , expert in the tactical use of artillery in Civil War , stated that Gatlings `` would probably have saved the command '' , whereas General Nelson A. Miles , participant in the Great Sioux War declared `` ( Gatlings ) were useless for Indian fighting . '' Weapons ( edit ) Lakota and Cheyenne ( edit ) The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer 's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry , from Stone Age war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day . The typical firearms carried by the Lakota and Cheyenne combatants were muzzleloaders , more often a cap - lock smoothbore , the so - called Indian trade musket or Leman guns distributed to Indians by the US government at treaty conventions . Less common were surplus . 58 caliber rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Enfield and Springfield . Metal cartridge weapons were prized by native combatants , such as the Henry and the Spencer lever - action rifles , as well as Sharps breechloaders . Bows and arrows were utilized by younger braves in lieu of the more potent firearms ; effective up to 30 yards ( 27 meters ) , the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent . Colt Single Action Army , serial No 5773 7th Cavalry issued Springfield Trapdoor Rifle with breech open . Custer 's troops were equipped with these breech - loading , single - shot rifles . A Henry Rifle and a Winchester Mod 1866 Rifle . These repeater rifles were capable of higher rates of fire than the Springfield Trapdoor . Sitting Bull 's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition . Nonetheless , they could usually procure these through post-traders , licensed or unlicensed , and from gunrunners who operated in the Dakota Territory : `` ... a horse or a mule for a repeater ... buffalo hides for ammunition . '' Custer 's highly regarded guide , `` Lonesome '' Charley Reynolds , informed his superior in early 1876 that Sitting Bull 's forces were amassing weapons , including numerous Winchester repeating rifles and abundant ammunition . Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn , approximately 200 were repeating rifles corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment 's two thousand able - bodied fighters who participated in the battle 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The troops under Custer 's command carried two regulation firearms authorized and issued by the U.S. Army in early 1876 : the breech - loading , single - shot Springfield Model 1873 carbine , and the 1873 Colt single - action revolver . The regulation M1860 saber or `` long knives '' were not carried by troopers upon Custer 's order . With the exception of a number of officers and scouts who opted for personally owned and more expensive rifles and handguns , the 7th Cavalry was uniformly armed . Ammunition allotments provided 100 carbine rounds per trooper , carried on a cartridge belt and in saddlebags on their mounts . An additional 50 carbine rounds per man were reserved on the pack train that accompanied the regiment to the battlefield . Each trooper had 24 rounds for his Colt handgun . The opposing forces , though not equally matched in the number and type of arms , were comparably outfitted , and neither side held a overwhelming advantage in weaponry . Lever - action repeaters vs. single - shot breechloaders ( edit ) Two hundred or more Lakota and Cheyenne combatants are known to have been armed with Henry , Winchester , or similar lever - action repeating rifles at the battle . Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single - shot , breech - loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver . Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull 's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer 's carbine - armed soldiers . Historian Michael L. Lawson offers a scenario based on archaeological collections at the `` Henryville '' site , which yielded plentiful Henry rifle cartridge casings from approximately 20 individual guns . Lawson speculates that , though less powerful than the Springfield carbines , the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point , driving Lieutenant James Calhoun 's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge , forcing them to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh 's I Company , and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer 's Battalion . Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army ( edit ) After exhaustive testing -- including comparisons to domestic and foreign single - shot and repeating rifles -- the Army Ordnance Board ( whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry ) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United State Army . The Springfield , manufactured in a . 45 - 70 long rifle version for the infantry and a . 45 - 55 light carbine version for the cavalry , was judged a solid firearm that met the long - term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces . Tomahawk and sabre ; or even odds , painting by Charles Schreyvogel ( 1861 -- 1912 ) . This kind of combat never occurred at the Battle of the Little Bighorn : none of the 7th Cavalry carried sabers on Custer 's orders . British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever - action repeater designs , deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies , or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict . Gallear 's analysis minimizes the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever - action models influenced the decision in favor of the single - shot Springfield . The Indian War , in this context , appears as a minor theatre of conflict , whose contingencies were unlikely to govern the selection of standard weaponry for an emerging industrialized nation . The Springfield carbine is praised for its `` superior range and stopping power '' by historian James Donovan , and author Charles M. Robinson reports that the rifle could be `` loaded and fired much more rapidly than its muzzle loading predecessors , and had twice the range of repeating rifles such as the Winchester , Henry and Spencer . '' Gallear points out that lever - action rifles , after a burst of rapid discharge , still required a reloading interlude that lowered their overall rate of fire ; Springfield breechloaders `` in the long run , had a higher rate of fire , which was sustainable throughout a battle . '' The breechloader design patent for the Springfield 's Erskine S. Allin trapdoor system was owned by the US government and the firearm could be easily adapted for production with existing machinery at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts . At time when funding for the post-war Army had been slashed , the prospect for economical production influenced the Ordnance Board member selection of the Springfield option . Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism ( edit ) The question as to whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years . That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested , but its contribution to Custer 's defeat is considered negligible . This conclusion is supported by evidence from archaeological studies performed at the battlefield , where the recovery of Springfield cartridge casing , bearing tell - tale scratch marks indicating manual extraction , were rare . The flaw in the ejector mechanism was known to the Army Ordnance Board at the time of the selection of the Model 1873 rifle and carbine , and was not considered a significant shortcoming in the overall worthiness of the shoulder arm . With the ejector failure in US Army tests as low as 1 : 300 , the Springfield carbine was vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading Springfields used in the Civil War . Gallear addresses the post-battle testimony concerning the copper . 45 - 55 cartridges supplied to the troops in which an officer is said to have cleared the chambers of spent cartridges for a number of Springfield carbines . This testimony of widespread fusing of the casings offered to the Chief of Ordnance at the Reno Court of Inquiry in 1879 conflicts with the archaeological evidence collected at the battlefield . Field data showed that possible extractor failures occurred at a rate of approximately 1 : 30 firings at the Custer Battlefield and at a rate of 1 : 37 at the Reno - Benteen Battlefield . Historian Thom Hatch observes that the Model 1873 Springfield , despite the known ejector flaw , remained the standard issue shoulder arm for US troops until the early 1890s . when the copper - cased , inside - primed cartridges were replaced with brass . Survivor claims ( edit ) John Martin wearing the US Army uniform , ca . 1904 Soldiers under Custer 's direct command were annihilated on the first day of the battle ( except for three Crow scouts and several troopers ( including John Martin ( Giovanni Martino ) ) that had left that column before the battle ; one Crow scout , Curly , was the only survivor to leave after the battle had begun ) , although for years rumors persisted of other survivors . Over 120 men and women would come forward over the course of the next 70 years claiming they were `` the lone survivor '' of Custer 's Last Stand . The phenomenon became so widespread that one historian remarked , `` Had Custer had all of those who claimed to be ' the lone survivor ' of his two battalions he would have had at least a brigade behind him when he crossed the Wolf Mountains and rode to the attack . '' The historian Earl Alonzo Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 `` lone survivor '' stories . Michael Nunnally , an amateur Custer historian , wrote a booklet describing 30 such accounts . W.A. Graham claimed that even Libby Custer received dozens of letters from men , in shocking detail , about their sole survivor experience . At least 125 alleged `` single survivor '' tales have been confirmed in the historical record as of July 2012 . Frank Finkel , from Dayton , Washington , had such a convincing story that historian Charles Kuhlman believed the alleged survivor , going so far as to write a lengthy defense of Finkel 's participation in the battle . Douglas Ellison -- mayor of Medora , North Dakota , and an amateur historian -- also wrote a book in support of the veracity of Finkel 's claim , but most scholars reject it . Some of these survivors held a form of celebrity status in the United States , among them Raymond Hatfield `` Arizona Bill '' Gardner and Frank Tarbeaux . A few even published their own autobiographies , including their deeds at the Little Bighorn . Almost as soon as men came forward implying or directly pronouncing their unique role in the battle , there were others who were equally opposed to any such claims . Theodore Goldin , a battle participant who later became a controversial historian on the event , wrote ( in regards to Charles Hayward 's claim to have been with Custer and taken prisoner ) : The Indians always insisted that they took no prisoners . If they did -- a thing I firmly believe -- they were tortured and killed the night of the 25th . As an evidence of this I recall the three charred and burned heads we picked up in the village near the scene of the big war dance , when we visited the village with Capt . Benteen and Lieut . Wallace on the morning of the 27th ... I 'm sorely afraid , Tony , that we will have to class Hayward 's story , like that of so many others , as pure , unadulterated B.S. As a clerk at headquarters I had occasion to look over the morning reports of at least the six troops at Lincoln almost daily , and never saw his name there , or among the list of scouts employed from time to time ... I am hoping that some day all of these damned fakirs will die and it will be safe for actual participants in the battle to admit and insist that they were there , without being branded and looked upon as a lot of damned liars . Actually , there have been times when I have been tempted to deny that I ever heard of the 7th Cavalry , much less participated with it in that engagement ... My Medal of Honor and its inscription have served me as proof positive that I was at least in the vicinity at the time in question , otherwise I should be tempted to deny all knowledge of the event . The only documented and verified survivor of Custer 's command ( having been actually involved in Custer 's part of the battle ) was Captain Keogh 's horse , Comanche . The wounded horse was discovered on the battlefield by General Terry 's troops , and although other cavalry mounts survived they had been taken by the Indians . Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot . Several other badly wounded horses were found and destroyed at the scene . Writer Evan S. Connell noted in Son of the Morning Star : Comanche in 1887 Comanche was reputed to be the only survivor of the Little Bighorn , but quite a few Seventh Cavalry mounts survived , probably more than one hundred , and there was even a yellow bulldog . Comanche lived on another fifteen years , and when he died , he was stuffed and to this day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas . So , protected from moths and souvenir hunters by his humidity - controlled glass case , Comanche stands patiently , enduring generation after generation of undergraduate jokes . The other horses are gone , and the mysterious yellow bulldog is gone , which means that in a sense the legend is true . Comanche alone survived . For more on survivor claims , see Custer Survivors in Little Bighorn Folklore . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Main article : Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. Locke on Battle Ridge looking toward Last Stand Hill ( top center ) . To the right of Custer Hill is Wooden Leg Hill , named for a surviving warrior . He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy . The battlefield in 2005 Indian Memorial by Colleen Cutschall The site of the battle was first preserved as a United States national cemetery in 1879 to protect the graves of the 7th Cavalry troopers . In 1946 , it was re-designated as the Custer Battlefield National Monument , reflecting its association with Custer . In 1967 , Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors , including an eleven - gun salute . Beginning in the early 1970s , there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures . Hearings on the name change were held in Billings on June 10 , 1991 , and during the following months Congress renamed the site the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument . United States memorialization of the battlefield began in 1879 with a temporary monument to the U.S. dead . In 1881 , the current marble obelisk was erected in their honor . In 1890 , marble blocks were added to mark the places where the U.S. cavalry soldiers fell . Nearly 100 years later , ideas about the meaning of the battle have become more inclusive . The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site . The 1991 bill changing the name of the national monument also authorized an Indian Memorial to be built near Last Stand Hill in honor of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The commissioned work by native artist Colleen Cutschall is shown in the photograph at right . On Memorial Day 1999 , in consultation with tribal representatives , the U.S. added two red granite markers to the battlefield to note where Native American warriors fell . As of December 2006 , a total of ten warrior markers have been added ( three at the Reno -- Benteen Defense Site and seven on the Little Bighorn Battlefield ) . The Indian Memorial , themed `` Peace Through Unity '' l is an open circular structure that stands 75 yards ( 69 metres ) from the 7th Cavalry obelisk . Its walls have some of the names of Indians who died at the site , as well as native accounts of the battle . The open circle of the structure is symbolic , as for many tribes , the circle is sacred . The `` spirit gate '' window facing the Cavalry monument is symbolic as well , welcoming the dead cavalrymen into the memorial . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer John Mulvany 's 1881 painting Custer 's Last Rally was the first of the large images of this battle . It was 11 ft by 20 ft and toured the country for over 17 years . In 1896 , Anheuser - Busch commissioned from Otto Becker a lithographed , modified version of Cassily Adam 's painting Custer 's Last Fight , which was distributed as a print to saloons all over America . It is reputed to still be in some bars today . Edgar Samuel Paxson completed his painting Custer 's Last Stand in 1899 . In 1963 Harold McCracken , the noted historian and Western art authority , deemed Paxson 's painting `` the best pictoral representation of the battle '' and `` from a purely artistic standpoint ... one of the best if not the finest pictures which have been created to immortalize that dramatic event . '' Noted artist Charles Marion Russell painted The Custer Fight in 1903 , concentrating on the Indians . In 1912 , the first movie about the battle , titled Custer 's Last Fight , was released . In 1916 , Britton of the Seventh , starring Darwin Karr , was released in the U.S. In 1927 , Little Big Horn opened in theaters in the U.S. , featuring Roy Stewart with John Beck as Custer . The 1936 film serial Custer 's Last Stand is a heavily fictionalized version of events leading up to the battle . They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) is a highly fictionalized account of the battle , with Custer portrayed by Errol Flynn . In the 1952 Western Bugles in the Afternoon , a soldier played by Ray Milland witnesses the closing stages of the battle from a distance , having ridden to try to warn Custer . Earlier in the film Custer was seen leading the 7th Cavalry off on the campaign which climaxed at the Little Bighorn . The battle scene is actually a clip from They Died With Their Boots On . In the 1954 western Sitting Bull , Chief Sitting Bull of the Sioux tribe is forced by the Indian - hating General Custer to react with violence , resulting in the famous Last Stand at the Little Bighorn . In the 1956 movie 7th Cavalry , directed by Joseph H. Lewis , the captain Benson ( Randolph Scott ) , aide - de-camp of colonel Custer , comes back to the fort just after the battle and discovers half of the men died . Because he was on leave during the battle , he is seen as a coward by the other soldiers . The 1958 Walt Disney Studios film Tonka is a highly fictionalized history of the horse Comanche that survived the battle . This was the first film to tell the story from the Indian point - of - view , with a fairly accurate version of the battle taking place near the end of the film . Two 1960 episodes of the TV series `` Cheyenne '' focus on the circumstances and motivations leading up to the battle , as well as the roles of Custer and Reno . The 1963 episode of the TV series The Twilight Zone The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms is a science fiction treatment where three present day National Guardsman actually end up in the battle . The 1964 novel Little Big Man by American author Thomas Berger includes an account of the battle ( and see below for the film of the novel ) . The 1965 film The Great Sioux Massacre stars Philip Carey as Custer and Darren McGavin as Captain Benteen ( called Benton in this film ) . The 1967 film Custer of the West stars Robert Shaw as Custer and concludes with the Battle of the Little Bighorn . The 1970 film Little Big Man portrays a manic and somewhat psychotic Custer ( Richard Mulligan ) realizing to his horror that he and his command are `` being wiped out . '' The 1977 television film The Court - Martial of George Armstrong Custer , starring James Olson as Custer , was based on a controversial best - selling novel by Douglas C. Jones in which Custer survives the battle and must explain his actions in court . The television miniseries Son of the Morning Star , based on Evan S. Connell 's bestselling book , debuted in 1991 . The film recounted the story of Custer ( Gary Cole ) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn . In 2005 , the battle was portrayed in the mini-series Into the West In 2007 , the BBC presented a one - hour drama - documentary titled Custer 's Last Stand . The 2007 HBO production Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the last stand of the 7th Cavalry at the beginning of the movie . The May 2011 episode of the BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time featured Melvyn Bragg ( and guests ) discussing the context , conditions , and consequences of the battle . Sherman Alexie provided a depiction of the battle through the perspective of a young American Indian boy in his 2007 novel Flight . In 2017 , historian Daniele Bolelli covered the battle and the events leading to it in a three - part series on the `` History on Fire '' podcast See also ( edit ) Battle of the Little Bighorn reenactment Battle of the Rosebud St. Clair 's Defeat , an earlier overwhelming defeat of the U.S. military by Native Americans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Capt . Sheridan ( Company L ) , the brother of Lt. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , served only seven months in 1866 -- 67 before becoming permanent aide to his brother but remained on the rolls until 1882 . Capt . Ilsley ( Company E ) was aide to Maj. Gen John Pope from 1866 to 1879 , when he finally joined his command . Capt . Tourtelotte ( Company G ) never joined the 7th . A fourth captain , Owen Hale ( Company K ) , was the regiment 's recruiting officer in St. Louis and rejoined his company immediately . Jump up ^ Testimony of Yellow Nose . Jump up ^ Reno Court of Inquiry . Jump up ^ According to United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , 448 U.S. 371 ( 1980 ) , the US government had to pay just compensation and interest to the Sioux for taking the Black Hills . This case confirmed the court 's view that the government can treat Indian reservations like private property and take them by eminent domain if just compensation is paid . Jump up ^ Major Elmer I. Otis of the 1st Cavalry was promoted to replace Custer effective June 25 , 1876 , but did not report until February 1877 . Two 1876 West Point graduates designated for the 7th Cavalry were advanced to 1st lieutenant effective 10 days after their graduation . Four others appointed to other regiments , along with eight experienced 2nd lieutenants , were transferred and designated one to each company of the 7th . However , five declined the appointment , replaced by 2nd lieutenants of infantry and unappointed new officers in July and August 1876 . Only three replacements were able to report while the 7th was still in the field . Jump up ^ Twenty - three men were called to testify at the inquiry , which met in session daily except Sundays . For the army , far more was at stake than individual reputations , as the future of the service could be affected . On January 2 , General Sheridan had quoted Lee 's report of agent malfeasance in a supplement to his annual report , which continued the General 's running battle with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Department of the Interior . At the same time , a House committee was busy debating a new appropriations bill that required a major reorganization of the army . `` Reduction of expenses '' was emphasized . One proposal would lop off entire regiments , including two cavalry regiments . Another would set the line officers ( those in the field ) from Major down back a few years in the promotion schedule . The total reduction in officers was proposed to be 406 , almost 25 percent of the total . The military strongly wanted to avoid confirmation of incompetency or cowardice -- rumors of which were circulating around the impending court of inquiry in Chicago . Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6395 -- 6403 ) Jump up ^ Libbie Custer `` spent almost sixty years commemorating her marriage -- and her memories of it quite literally kept her alive ... she was quintessentially the professional widow , forcing it to become a very touchy matter for any military writer or officer to criticize Custer for having insanely launched an attack without taking the most elementary precautions or making even an attempt at reconnaissance . To say or write such put one in the position of standing against bereaved Libbie '' . Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ Graham , 146 . Lt. Edward Godfrey reported finding a dead 7th Cavalry horse ( shot in the head ) , a grain sack , and a carbine at the mouth of the Rosebud River . He conjectured that a soldier had escaped Custer 's fight and rafted across the river , abandoning his played - out horse . Jump up ^ Badly wounded , the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors , who had taken the other surviving horses . Comanche was taken back to the steamer Far West and returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to be nursed back to health . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ewers , John C. : `` Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian - White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains '' . Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 6 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1975 ) , pp. 397 - 410 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Stands In Timber , John and Margot Liberty ( 1972 ) : Cheyenne Memories . Lincoln and London . P. 170 , note 13 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : `` The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 '' , Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ White , Richard : `` The Winning of the West : The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries '' , The Journal of American History , Vo. 65 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1987 ) , pp. 319 - 343 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . Pp. 64 , 84 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . P. 132 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 . Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . Pp. 112 - 114 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. xi . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , pp. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Douglas D ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0806132922 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Robert ( 2005 ) . Red Sabbath : The Battle of Little Bighorn . Ian Allan Publishing . pp. vi -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3325 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wood , Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen ( 1987 ) : Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains . Canadian Traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London , p. 184 Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The Making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 594 - 596 . Jump up ^ Carole A. Barrett . `` Sioux Wars '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. 44 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Paul Andrew , The Custer Reader , 1992 , University of Nebraska Press Jump up ^ `` Sitting Bull '' , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. , Centennial Campaign The Sioux War of 1876 , 1988 , University of Oklahoma Press Jump up ^ `` Virtual Online Steamboat Museum at '' . Steamboats.com. 1914 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` A 7th Cavalry survivor 's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Conversations with Crazy Horse . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 121 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . HistoryNet.com . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Little Bighorn '' . C - SPAN . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrist , Ralph K. , The Long Death : The Last Days of the Plains Indian , Editorial Galaxia , 2001 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Macnab , David B. , A Day to Remember : Introducing the Drama , Irony , and Controversies of the Battle of the Little Bighorn , iUniverse , 2003 , p. 45 , based on Abstract of the Official Record of Proceedings of the Reno Court of Inquiry , 35 . Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3576 ^ Jump up to : Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt , Neil Mangum , I Fought with Custer : The Story of Sergeant Windolph , Last Survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn : with Explanatory Material and Contemporary Sidelights on the Custer Fight , University of Nebraska Press , 1987 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Reno , Marcus A . `` The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 '' . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3684 ^ Jump up to : Donovan , loc 3699 ^ Jump up to : Fox , Richard A. ( 1993 ) Archaeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle . University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2998 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory . Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . P. 253 Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles M. , A Good Year to Die . Random House Publishing ( 1995 ) . p. 257 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. Son of the Morning Star . Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( 1997 ) . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Custer , George Armstrong ( 1874 ) . My Life on the Plains : Or , Personal Experiences with Indians . New York : Sheldon and Company . p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , E.S. ( 1892 ) Custer 's Last Battle . The Century Magazine , Vol . XLIII , No. 3 , January . New York : The Century Company . ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press ( 1991 ) p. 360 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James , A Terrible Glory , Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bray , Kingsley M. Crazy Horse -- A Lakota Life University of Oklahoma Press ( 2006 ) . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter ( 1914 ) . `` Custer 's Last Fight '' ( PDF ) . Belle Fource Bee . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Murchison , R. ( November 1973 ) . `` George Armstrong Custer and THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN ( A South African View ) '' . S.A. Military History Society Journal . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Tipi ( marker ) '' . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts , Little Sioux '' . Astonisher.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Little Sioux 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Astonisher.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1997 . p. 242 . Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan . Last Stand : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour , 1993 ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ John Keegan , The American Civil War . ^ Jump up to : Michno , Gregory F. , Lakota Noon , the Indian narrative of Custer 's defeat , Mountain Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 349 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Robert Patterson . `` Frederick William Benteen , Brigadier General , United States Army '' . Arlingtoncemetery.net . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , 1873 . Washington 1874 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Brininstool , 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , A Warrior Who Fought Custer , p. 246 Sun Bear , `` A Cheyenne Old Man '' , in Marquis , The Cheyennes of Montana , p. 86 Kate Big Head , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , She Watched Custer 's Last Battle Jump up ^ Fox , pp. 10 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Linderman , F. ( 1932 ) Pretty - shield : Medicine Woman of the Crows . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0803280254 . ( Preface © 2003 by Alma Snell and Becky Matthews ) . Jump up ^ Martin J. Kidston , `` Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence '' , Helena Independent Record , June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I fought with Custer by Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt . 1987 - 09 - 01 . ISBN 9780803297203 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` White Cow Bull 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 1 '' . Jump up ^ Wert , 1996 , p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , E. ( 1907 ) The North American Indian . Vol. 3 . The Sioux . Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 , pg 158 Jump up ^ Graham , Benteen letter to Capt . R.E. Thompson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Graham , Gall 's Narrative , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , the Indian Side of the Story . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 ( reprint of 1957 edition ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 45 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Rice ( 1998 ) . Benteen testimony at Reno Court of Inquiry , January 13 -- February 11 , 1879 . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 254 Jump up ^ GSklenar , Larry , To Hell with Honor , p. 260 Jump up ^ Fox , Allen ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle : The Little Big Horn Reexamined . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press pp. 255 -- 59 . Jump up ^ They Died With Custer : Soldiers ' Bones from the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Douglas D. Scott , P. Willey , Melissa A. Connor , p. 314 , University of Oklahoma Press , 09 / 09 / 2002 ^ Jump up to : Gray , John , C. `` Custer 's Last Campaign '' Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 p. 82 . Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 , pp. 39 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1974 ) : Pretty Shield . Medicine Woman of the Crows . Lincoln and London . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1962 ) : Plenty Coups . Chief of the Crows . Lincoln / London . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Brust , J.S. , Pohanka , B.C. and Barnard , S. ( 2005 ) Where Custer Fell : Photographs of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Then and Now . University of Oklahoma Press , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Reno - Benteen Entrenchment Trail , p. 6 , Western Parks Association , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Horn ( sic ) Massacre '' , The New - York Times. , Vol. 25 , No. 7742 , July 7 , 1876 , p. 1 , recounting `` dispatches '' published the day before . Jump up ^ Cheney , Lynne V. ( 1974 ) 1876 : The Eagle Screams . Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876 . American Heritage , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , April 1974 . Jump up ^ Dee Brown `` The Westerners '' Chapter 15 Michael Joseph Ltd 1974 . Jump up ^ `` The Custer Syndrome '' , Newsweek , Sep. 29 , 1991 ; accessed 2012.08. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Custer 's Last Stand '' . sonofthesouth.net . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : p. 194 . Jump up ^ Nabokov , Peter ( 1982 ) : Two Leggings . The Making of a Crow Warrior . Lincoln and London . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer New York : Anchor Books , 1996 , pp. 451 -- 52 Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Count Carlo Di Rudio at Little Bighorn '' . Derudio.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturgis was the son of the 7th Cavalry 's Colonel . `` Samuel Davis Sturgis '' . Arlington National cemetery . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , The Custer Myth , p. 109 . Jump up ^ leeanne ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass 140 Years Later : The Complete Story in 18 Drawings '' . indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardorff , Hokayhey ! , page 13 . Jump up ^ Graham , Col. W.A. The Custer Myth . NY , Bonanza Books , 1953 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients : Indian Wars Period '' . United States Army Center of Military History . ^ Jump up to : Liberty , Dr. Margot . `` Cheyenne Primacy : The Tribes ' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army ; A Possible Alternative To `` The Great Sioux War Of 1876 '' . Friends of the Little Bighorn . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Running Dog ( 1920 - 08 - 19 ) . `` He Dog 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 2 '' . Astonisher.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Records of Living Officers of the United States Army ( 1884 ) . eBay.com. 1883 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Utley , Robert M. ( 1973 ) Frontier Regulars : The United States Army and the Indian 1866 -- 1890 , pp. 64 and 69 note 11 . Jump up ^ House Report 95 - 375 Jump up ^ United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians ( Ct . Cl. 1979 ) , 601 F. 2d 1157 , 1161 Jump up ^ `` A Complete scanned transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry ( RCOI ) '' . Digicoll.library.wisc.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn -- the Last Great Battle of the American West ( Kindle Location 5870 ) . Little , Brown and Company . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory , ( Kindle Locations 3080 -- 3086 ) Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1997 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : HarperPerennial , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 5758 ) Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 3697 ) Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas ( 1984 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1964 / 1996 ) Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , page 341 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) . `` Libbie Custer '' . American Heritage . 44 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ A Complete Life of General George A. Custer ( 1876 ) , noted in Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6222 -- 6223 ) Jump up ^ Robert B. Smith ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Buffalo Bill 's Skirmish At Warbonnet Creek '' . American History Magazine . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 68 : Terry 's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included `` ... artillery ( two Rodman and two Gatling guns ) ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 48 : `` ( Three ) rapid - fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns '' were part of Terry 's firepower included in the Dakota column . Jump up ^ Connell , 1984 , p. 101 : `` How many Gatling guns lurched across the prairie is uncertain . Probably three . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Custer refused Terry 's offer of the Gatling gun battery . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 50 : `` Military historians have speculated whether this decision was a mistake . If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield , they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer 's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Since its invention during the Civil War , the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle , but there was no denying , potentially at least , an awesome weapon . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 71 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , pp. 162 -- 63 : Reno 's wing `` left ... on June 10 ... accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 163 : `` The ( Gatling gun ) and its ammunition ... was mostly pulled by two ' condemned ' cavalry mounts ( p. 176 : `` ... drawn by four condemned horses ... '' ) judged not fit to carry troopers , but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines . ( The gun would eventually upset and injure three men . ) '' and p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken ( a Gatling gun ) on his ( June reconnaissance mission ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 72 : On Reno 's ( June 10 to June 18 ) reconnaissance `` the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden ... they either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain . '' And p. 79 : `` During the Reno scout ( reconnoitering ) , the two guns were actually abandoned ( and retrieved later ) because soldiers got tired of dragging them over rough spots ... ( I ) f Custer did not already have a fully formed negative opinion of the Gatlings on such an expedition , the experience of the Reno ( reconnaissance of early June ) surely convinced him . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` The biggest problem with the ( Gatling ) gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use ... ( in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn ) , the Gatling , not the mules , proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken one ( Gatling gun ) along ( on his June reconnaissance ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' And p. 195 : Custer , in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , said that `` ... if hostiles could whip the Seventh ( Cavalry ) ... they could defeat a much larger force . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : The Gatling guns `` were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route . The guns were drawn by four condemned horses ( and ) obstacles in the terrain ( would ) require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continue ... Terry 's own battery ( of Gatling guns ) -- the one he had offered to Custer -- ( would have ) a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon 's infantry . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 : `` ( Custer ) turned down General Terry 's offer to bring the three Gatling guns , because they would slow down his movement . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective . That was why he ultimately declined the offer of the Gatling guns that had proven such a bother to Reno . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 79 : After the 7th Cavalry 's departure up Rosebud Creek , `` even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon 's command understood ( that ) ... the Seventh was the primary strike force . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter , ( Custer , in addition to declining the Gatling guns ) declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from ( Gibbon 's ) Montana column . '' And p. 114 : Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he `` opted against the Gatling guns ... so as not to ' hamper our movements ' '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 92 : Custer `` on the evening of 22 June ... ( informed his officer staff ) ... why he had not accepted the offers ... of Gatling guns ( he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 p. 50 : `` Custer ... refused Major James Brisbin 's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment ( 200 troopers ) , told Terry `` the 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p . `` Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion , he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh 's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 24 : `` Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned , and requested that his troops ( which had the ) Gatling guns -- with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custer -- be permitted to accompany ( Custer 's ) column . Custer refused the assistance , and Terry abided by that . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , pp. 78 -- 79 : `` Apparently , Terry offered ( Major James ) Brisbin 's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh , but Custer refused these additions for several reasons . First of all , Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position . Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen , and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind . Also , Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter , and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave ( Colonel John ) Gibbon 's column susceptible to attack and defeat ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The offer of 3 Gatling Guns ... was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry ( at the ) urging of Major James Brisbin , who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer 's detachment . Custer respectfully declined both offers , state that the Gatlings would impede his march . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play ; this rapid fire artillery could fire up to 350 rounds in 1 minute . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Each of these heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : `` The Gatlings had major drawbacks , such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder ... '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable , but in actuality the Gatling functioned surprisingly well . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 81 : `` ... The ( Gatling ) guns were mounted on large ( diameter ) wheels , which meant that in order to operate them the gun crews would ( necessarily ) be standing upright , making them ( extremely vulnerable ) to Indian snipers . '' Jump up ^ Utley , 1987 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Indians were well equipped with hand - to - hand weapons and these included lances , tomahawks , war clubs , knives and war shields were carried for defense . Such weapons were little different from the shock and hand - to - hand weapons , used by the cavalry of the European armies , such as the sabre and lance ... ( in addition ) the Indians were clearly armed with a number of sophisticated firearms ... '' Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` Sioux and Cheyenne weapons included ... clubs , bows and arrows , lances , and hatchets ( as well as ) an array of new and old ( model ) firearms : muzzleloaders , Spenser , Sharps , Henry and Winchester repeating rifles , and ... Springfield carbines taken from Reno 's dead cavalrymen . '' Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` ... Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds of firearms in the fight . '' Jump up ^ Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : `` By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman , J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards , but with volley fire were effective to 1000 yards . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle ... over the past decade ( 1866 -- 1876 ) the sale and trade of arms to the Indians had increased significantly ... ( t ) he latest Winchester magazine rifles were available for the right price ... Many men carried older guns -- muzzleloaders , for which some molded their own bullets ; Henry and Spencer repeaters ; Springfield , Enfield ( rifled muskets ) , Sharps breechloaders and many different pistols . All told , between one - third and one - half of the gathering warriors had a gun . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The bows effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse . However , it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were . They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice , except whilst hunting buffalo , and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range , '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 ( fragment of quote ) Utley , 1993 , p. 39 : The Indians had grown to depend on the goods ( white traders ) supplied , especially firearms and ammunition ... they could be obtained only though white men , directly , of through Indian intermediaries . '' Gallear , 2001 : `` Indian trade muskets ... could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies ... The Sioux ( however ) were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons ( available ). from half - breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana ... By 1876 almost all ( Model 1860 Henry rifles ) in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders , such as the Métis . Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` ... there were many ... ways a warrior could acquire a rifle . Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat ( y ) ( Indians ) ; so did unlicensed traders -- primarily the half - breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills . Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds ( models ) if firearms in that fight , and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent ( of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants ) were armed with modern sixteen - shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles. ... they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines ... ( and ) carried traditional weapons ... bows and arrows , hatchets ... and war clubs . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 118 : Reynolds `` ... best white scout in Dakota Territory ... had earned Custer 's respect for his excellent work ... report ( ed ) to Custer that Lakotas under Sitting Bull were ' gathering in force ' . They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition . '' ^ Jump up to : Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians , nearly one for each ( man in Custer 's battalion ) . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 163 : `` ... the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges , plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors . The total population of men , woman and children probably reached 6,000 to 7,000 at its peak , with 2,000 of these being able - bodied warriors ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53 : `` The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons , a rifle and a pistol . The rifle was a . 45 / 55 - caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a . 45 - caliber Colt revolver ... both weapons were models ( introduced in ) 1873 ( though ) they did not represent the latest in firearm technology . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 53 : `` Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber , Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed ( up Rosebud Creek ) ... the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead . Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder . It causes substantial fouling within the firearm . After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder , the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin . The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber . However , their inclusion would not have changed the ultimate outcome . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber , which under Custer 's orders was left behind . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 53 : `` Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... each enlisted man carried the regulation single - action breech - loading , M1873 Springfield carbine ... the standard issue sidearm was the reliable ( single - action ) M1873 Colt . 45 cal . pistol . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes ... ( however ) these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle . However , there is evidence that Reno 's men did make use of long - range hunting rifles . White Scouts would have been better armed and seemed to favor long - range buffalo hunting type rifles over fast - shooting lever actions ... Henrys , Spencers and Winchester M1866s would also have been popular choices ... Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ( Each ) trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him -- as many as 50 on a belt or in a pouch , and the remainder in his saddlebag ( the pack train mules carried 26,000 more carbine rounds ( approximately 50 extra per trooper ) ) . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` ... not a wide disparity ... '' in arms of the opposing forces . Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` the . 44 rim - fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as many individual guns identified as the Cavalry Springfield Model 1873 carbine . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine ( and ) saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 93 : `` The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating , especially to inexperience soldiers . Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 91 -- 93 : `` ( Henryville ) was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there , which included numerous . 44 - caliber Henry cartridges . The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles . These weapons were less powerful than the cavalry 's Springfield rifles , especially at long range ; however , they had the advantage of providing rapid fire ... The rapid fire power ... was intimidating , especially to inexperienced soldiers . Their use was probably a significant a confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses ... Survivors of the assaults ... fled north to seek safety with Keogh 's Company I ... they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles , some of them repeaters , after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single - shot breechloaders ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii : `` ... the Model 1873 Springfield rifle , in caliber . 45 - 70 for the infantry , and . 45 - 55 light carbine for cavalry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever - action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition . However , I believe that by the time of the Indian Wars the Army viewed the lever - actions weapons as under - powered novelty weapons and that they were equipping their men to fight wars against European equipped enemies or to re-fight the Civil War . The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Army saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . They could fire a much more powerful round at longer ranges than lever - actions . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost , but the U.S. Treasury had already been forced to pay $124,000 to inventors whose patents it infringed . The adoption of the Allin breech gave the advantages of being already familiar throughout the Army , involved no more royalties , and existing machinery at the Springfield Armory could easily be adapted to its manufacture . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` Army appropriations were at an all - time low , and a key factor in the Springfield 's favor was its low production cost . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... some authorities have blamed the gun 's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the defeat at the Little Bighorn ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` A study of . 45 - 55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35 % of some 1,751 cases tested ... the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service . These weapons were vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading weapons of the Civil War , which would frequently misfire and cause the soldier to uselessly load multiple rounds on top of each other in the heat of battle . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : ' Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen , malfunctioned during the battle and ( whether this ) was one reason for the defeat '' and `` No definitive conclusion can be drawn ( as to ) the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 440 : footnote , `` the carbine extractor problem did exist , though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle . DeRudio testified that ' the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds . ' ... but ' the men ' seems to have been an exaggeration . Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to ( eject ) the spent . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge ( casings ) . The cartridge cases were made of copper , which expands when hot . That -- coupled with a faulty extractor mechanism and dirt -- could cause the head of the cartridge to be torn away when the block was opened , and the cartridge cylinder would then be left inside the chamber ... The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before ( reloading and ) firing again . This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` How often did this defect ( ejector failure ) occur and cause the ( Springfield carbines ) to malfunction on June 25 , 1876 ? According to Dr. Richard Fox in Archeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle ( 1993 ) , there were very few . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge casings found during the digs on the battlefield that showed any evidence to pry or scratch marks ( indicating manual extraction ) . Only 3 of 88 ( 3.4 % ) found on the Custer ( battalion ) portion of the battlefield could possibly have been removed in an extraction jam . On the Reno - Benteen defense site ( Reno Hill ) , 7 of 257 fit this category ( 2.7 % ) . If this was a representative number it would appear that malfunction from that source was minimal . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` Both sides ( troopers and Indians ) apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned . Indian testimony ... reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns . Could this indicate a malfunctioning ( carbine ) that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked ( pry scratched ) casings on the field ? ( ... ) No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` On a final note : the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s '' Jump up ^ Harris , Ethan E. ( 2012 ) . Custer Survivors 101 : The Impostor Roster ( E-book ) . Warrior 's Quill . Introduction . Jump up ^ Stewart , Edgar I. ( 1980 ) . Custer 's Luck . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 490 . ISBN 9780806116327 . Jump up ^ Van de Water , Frederic F. ( 1988 ) . Glory - Hunter : A Life of General Custer . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0803296077 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ege , Robert J. ( 2008 ) . Curse Not His Curls. Old Army Press . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2005 ) . I Survived Custer 's Last Stand . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Graham , W.A. ( 1995 ) . The Custer Myth : A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. 353 -- 57 , 413 . ISBN 0811703479 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Kuhlman Papers , 1896 -- 1959 '' . University of Montana Library . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhlman , Charles ( 1968 ) . The Frank Finkel Story . Omaha , NE : Citizen Printing Co. p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Douglas W. ( 1983 ) . Sole Survivor : An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative . North Plains Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Boyes , William ( 1977 ) . No Custer Survivors : Or , The Unveiling of Frank Finkel . WJBM Associates . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2008 ) . The Frank Finkel Hoax : No Survivor of Custer 's Last Stand. Old Scout Books . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Raymond Hatfield Gardner ( 1944 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill ( 1st ed . ) . San Antonio , TX : Naylor Company . Jump up ^ The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux , as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke . Vanguard Press . 1930 . p. 287 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Ed ( 1951 ) . Me and The Black Hills . Custer , South Dakota : Ed Ryan . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Raymond Hatfield ( 2009 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill . Kessinger Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1104848590 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald Henderson ( 1930 ) . The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` A Pretended Custer Survivor : Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment 's Clerk '' . The Big Horn Searchlight . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Jenny ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` Comanche : The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Part 2 '' . NewWest . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 088 - 4 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Pate '' , Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield , retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , q.v. , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Rankin , ed. by Charles E. ( 1997 ) . Legacy : new perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn ; ( proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium , held in Billings , Montana , August 3 -- 6 , 1994 ) ( Nachdr . ed . ) . Helena , Mont. : Historical Soc . Press . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 917298 - 41 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity -- Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Russell , D. Custer 's List : A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn . Fort Worth : Amon Carter Museum of Western Art , 1969 , Jump up ^ `` Kansas Historical Quarterly -- The Pictorial Record of the Old West , 4 -- Kansas Historical Society '' . Kshs.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Custer 's Last Stand -- Artist E.S. Paxson '' . Home1.gte.net . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand . BBC Two , Friday 23 Feb 2007 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand . BBC Radio 4 , Thursday 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The War for the Black Hills '' . Further reading ( edit ) Barnard , Sandy ( 1998 ) . Digging into Custer 's Last Stand . Huntington Beach , California : Ventana Graphics . ISBN 0 - 9618087 - 5 - 6 . Brininstool , E.A. ( 1994 ) . Troopers With Custer . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1742 - 9 . Chiaventone , Frederick J. ( 1996 ) . A Road We Do Not Know : A Novel of Custer at the Little Bighorn . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83056 - 6 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Cornut , David ( 2012 ) . Little Big Horn : Autopsie d'une bataille légendaire . Parçay - sur - Vienne : Anovi . ISBN 978 - 2 - 360351 - 34 - 3 . Dickson , Ephriam D. III . `` Prisoners in the Indian Camp : Kill Eagle 's Band at the Little Bighorn '' ( PDF ) . Greasy Grass. 27 ( May 2011 ) : 3 -- 11 . OCLC 38114524 . Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Little , Brown , and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 15578 - 6 . Dustin , Fred ( 1939 ) . The Custer Tragedy : Events Leading Up to and Following the Little Big Horn Campaign of 1876 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Edwards Brothers . OCLC 4387990 . Elliot , M.A. ( 2007 ) . Custerology : The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 20146 - 5 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and The Little Bighorn . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Evans , Alun ( 2000 ) . Brassey 's Guide to War Films . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 263 - 5 . Flaherty , Thomas H. , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Wild West . New York : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51761 - 5 . Fox , Richard Allan , Jr. ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2496 - 2 . Gallear , Mark ( 2001 ) . Guns at the Little Bighorn . Custer Association of Great Britain . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Goodrich , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1523 - X . Graham , Col. William A. ( 1953 ) . The Custer Myth : A Source Book for Custeriana . New York : Bonanza Books . OCLC 944258 . Gray , John S. ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign : Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Grinnell , George Bird ( 1956 ) ( 1915 ) . The Fighting Cheyennes ( Reprint ed . ) . Norman : The University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 0373 - 7 . Hammer , Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed . Men with Custer : Biographies of the 7th Cavalry : June 25 , 1876 . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . ISBN 1 - 892258 - 05 - 6 . Hammer , Kenneth , ed. ( 1976 ) . Custer in ' 76 : Walter Camp 's notes on the Custer Fight . Provo : Brigham Young University . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2279 - X . Hardorff , R.G. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Camp , Custer and the Little Big Horn . El Segundo , California : Upton and Sons . ISBN 0 - 912783 - 25 - 7 . Hatch , Thom ( 1997 ) . Custer and the Little Bighorn : An Encyclopedia . London : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0154 - 0 . Hardorff , R.G. ( 1993 ) . Hokahey ! A Good Day to Die ! The Indian Casualties of the Custer Fight . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7322 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1996 ) . Warpaths . London : Pimlico . ISBN 1 - 55013 - 621 - 6 . Lawson , Michael L. ( 2007 ) . Little Bighorn : Winning the Battle , Losing the War . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9347 - 4 . Mails , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . The Mystic Warriors of the Plains : The Culture , Arts , Crafts and Religion of the Plains Indians . New York : Marlowe & Co . ISBN 1 - 56924 - 538 - X . Michno , Gregory F. ( 1994 ) . The Mystery of E Troop : Custer 's Grey Horse Company at the Little Bighorn . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 304 - 4 . Miller , David , H. ( 1985 ) . Custer 's Fall : The Native American Side of the Story . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 452 - 01095 - 0 . Neihardt , John G. , ed. ( 1979 ) . Black Elk Speaks : Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8359 - 8 . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Reno Court of Inquiry . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . OCLC 45499454 . Panzeri , Peter ( 1995 ) . Little Big Horn , 1876 : Custer 's Last Stand . London , UK : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 458 - X . Perrett , Bryan ( 1993 ) . Last Stand ! : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 188 - 3 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2010 ) . The Last Stand : Custer , Sitting Bull , and The Battle of The Little Bighorn . Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 242769 - 9 . Reno , Marcus A . The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 . University of Wisconsin Digital Collections . Rice , Earle Jr. ( 1998 ) . The Battle or the Little Bighorn . World History Series . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 978 - 1560064534 . Sandoz , Mari ( 1966 ) . The Battle of the Little Bighorn . Lippincott Major Battle Series . Philadelphia : Lippincott . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9100 - 0 . Robbins , James S. ( 2014 ) . The Real Custer ; From Boy General to Tragic Hero . Washington D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 209 - 1 . Robinson , Charles M. III ( 1995 ) . A Good Year to Die : the story of the great Sioux war . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43025 - 3 . Sarf , Wayne Michael ( 1993 ) . The Little Bighorn Campaign : March -- September 1876 . Conshohocken , Pennsylvania : Combined Books . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 025 - 7 . Scott , Douglas D. ; Connor , Melissa ( 1997 ) . `` Context Delicti : Archaeological Context in Forensic Work '' . In Haglund , W.D. ; Sorg , M.H. Forensic Taphonomy : The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 27 -- 38 . ISBN 9780849394348 . Sklenar , Larry ( 2000 ) . To Hell with Honor , General Custer and the Little Big Horn . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3472 - 0 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1993 ) . The Lance and the Shield : the life and times of Sitting Bull . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1274 - 5 . Utley , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . Cavalier in Buckskin : George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier ( Revised ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2292 - 7 . Vestal , Stanley ( 1934 ) . Warpath : The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4653 - 6 . Viola , Herman J. ( 1999 ) . Little Bighorn Remembered : The Untold Indian Story of Custer 's Last Stand . Westminster , Maryland : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3256 - 0 . Welch , James ; Stekler , Paul ( 1994 ) . Killing Custer : The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32939 - 9 . Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1996 ) . Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81043 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Little Bighorn . Account of Custer 's fight on Little Bighorn , MSS SC 860 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University Custer Battlefield Museum , Garryowen , Montana Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part III . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part IV . Indians . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part V . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VI . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VII . Custer 's Last Stand . Map of Indian battles and skirmishes after the Battle of Little Bighorn. 1876 -- 1881 . Battle field related Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Portals The Little Big Horn Associates -- includes a bibliography and articles , as well as many general and commercial links custerwest.org -- site for traditional scholarship with sources and videos First - person accounts The Battle of Little Bighorn : An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse An eyewitness account by Tantanka Iyotake ( Lakota Chief Sitting Bull ) , New York Times archive pdf . Complete transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry 100 Voices : Sioux , Cheyenne , Arapaho , Crow , Arikara and American eyewitness accounts of the Battle of the Little Bighorn Lists of participants Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield -- Battle information , including names of 7th Cavalry soldiers and warriors who fought in the battle . Muster Rolls of 7th U.S. Cavalry , June 25 , 1876 Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association Kenneth M. Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( Harold G. Andersen Library , University of Wisconsin - Whitewater ) Charles Kuhlman collection on the Battle of the Little Big Horn , MSS 1401 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University `` Custer 's Last Stand '' -- An American Experience Documentary Verdict at the Little Bighorn -- The American Surveyor ( October 2009 ) ( hide ) Native American battles in Montana American Indian Wars The following Native American battles occurred within Montana Territory or the state of Montana . 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who wins at the end of friday night lights	Permian is successful in the playoffs , but all eyes are on the state powerhouse Dallas Carter High School . Permian and Carter make it to the state championship game , which is held at the Astrodome due to the schools ' different demographics . Miles rejoins the team and watches from the sidelines as the Panthers head into the game . They are initially overwhelmed by Carter 's superior size and fall behind , but mount a comeback in the second half to pull within one score . The defense improves its tackling , and the offense pushes through despite injuries . After a defensive stop , Winchell , Comer , and Billingsley mount a final drive , but Comer and Billingsley are injured . Billingsley goes back in , and holds onto the ball for a big run , but it is called back for a holding penalty . On fourth down , Winchell is stopped just short of the goal line as the clock runs out , and Carter wins the championship .	Dallas Carter High School	Friday Night Lights ( film )	friday night lights ( film )	Friday Night Lights is a 2004 American sports drama film , directed by Peter Berg . The film follows the coach and players of a high school football team in the Texas city of Odessa , which supported and was obsessed with them . The book on which it was based , Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) by H.G. Bissinger , followed the story of the 1988 Permian High School Panthers football team as they made a run towards the state championship . A television series of the same name premiered on October 3 , 2006 on NBC . The film won the Best Sports Movie ESPY Award and was ranked number 37 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the Best High School Movies .	Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameo roles 3 Differences between the movie and events 3.1 Players 3.2 The regular season 3.3 The playoffs 3.4 Permian vs. Carter 3.5 The school and the city 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) As preseason practice begins for the Permian High School football team in August 1988 , the town of Odessa , Texas has high expectations for the players and their coach Gary Gaines to win a state championship with their star running back James `` Boobie '' Miles . The quarterback , Mike Winchell , runs under the expectation of handing off the ball to Miles on most plays . Fullback Don Billingsley struggles with his ball handling and is abused by his alcoholic father Charles , who won a state championship with Permian . The players frequently party as they deal with the pressures of Odessa 's expectations . In the season opener against the Marshall Bulldogs , the Permian Panthers make the game a blowout . Gaines intends to bench Miles in the waning minutes , but keeps him in after third - stringer Chris Comer is unprepared to go in . Miles tears his ACL after being tackled at the knee , and afterwards Gaines is widely criticized by the town for keeping Miles in . In the next game during the start of district play , Permian gets blown out as Winchell struggles with consistency in his increased role and the second - string running back gets hurt . Comer goes in , but avoids contact , and discussion arises about Gaines losing his job . However , the Panthers start winning again as Winchell and Comer improve , and safety Brian Chavez and linebacker Ivory Christian emerge as defensive standouts . Miles holds out hope that he can return to playing soon , and although his MRI scan shows otherwise , he rejects it and lies to Gaines so he can suit up again , with his uncle and guardian L.V. backing him up . Permian plays its final district game against Midland Lee , with first place and a playoff spot on the line . The Panthers fall behind , and Gaines puts Miles in out of desperation , but Miles is soon injured again . Winchell leads a comeback drive , but Permian loses as his final pass flies over the receiver 's hands . After the game , Billingsley fights with his drunk father , who throws his state championship ring onto the side of the freeway . The next morning , Don reveals to his father that he recovered the championship ring and gives it back to him . Charles partially apologizes and makes the point that his state championship was the best thing that happened to him , and he now has nothing happy except those memories . The loss puts Permian in a three - way tie for first place with Lee and Abilene Cooper , and a coin toss is held to determine which two teams make the playoffs . Permian and Lee win the toss , and as the Panthers prepare for the playoffs , Miles clears his locker . While in his uncle 's car , he cries about his future in football becoming bleak . Permian is successful in the playoffs , but all eyes are on the state powerhouse Dallas Carter High School . Permian and Carter make it to the state championship game , which is held at the Astrodome due to the schools ' different demographics . Miles rejoins the team and watches from the sidelines as the Panthers head into the game . They are initially overwhelmed by Carter 's superior size and fall behind , but mount a comeback in the second half to pull within one score . The defense improves its tackling , and the offense pushes through despite injuries . After a defensive stop , Winchell , Comer , and Billingsley mount a final drive , but Comer and Billingsley are injured . Billingsley goes back in , and holds onto the ball for a big run , but it is called back for a holding penalty . On fourth down , Winchell is stopped just short of the goal line as the clock runs out , and Carter wins the championship . Afterwards , Gaines removes the outgoing seniors from his depth chart , and it is revealed that Winchell , Billingsley , Miles , and Chavez went on to have successful lives after their football careers ended , with only Christian receiving a Division I scholarship . The movie ends with the statement that Gaines and Comer led Permian to an undefeated state championship season the following year . Cast ( edit ) Billy Bob Thornton as Coach Gary Gaines Lucas Black as Mike Winchell Garrett Hedlund as Don Billingsley Derek Luke as James `` Boobie '' Miles Jay Hernandez as Brian Chavez Lee Jackson III as Ivory Christian Lee Thompson Young as Chris Comer Tim McGraw as Charles Billingsley B.T. ( Bob Thomas ) Stone as Slammin ' Sammy Stands Grover Coulson as L.V. Miles Connie Britton as Sharon Gaines Julius Tennon as Coach Freddie James Connie Cooper as Ms. Winchell Amber Heard as Maria Kasey Stevens as Flippy Rutherford Cravens as Kansas Weslyan Recruiter Stephen Bishop as Loie Harris Katherine Willis as Booster Wife Christian Kane as Brian Brad Leland as John Aubrey Tim Crowley , Gary Vaught , and Lee Mack Turner as Championship game officials Cameo roles ( edit ) Former NFL wide receiver Roy Williams ( a Permian alumnus ) had a cameo in the movie as an assistant coach for Midland Lee , Permian 's arch - rival . Some sequences during the state playoffs showed highlights from high school football games in Texas . In one of those highlights , NFL Pro Bowl cornerback Aqib Talib can be seen . Ty Law played a wide receiver for Dallas Carter , the team Permian played in the movie 's state championship game . He wore jersey # 2 , his last name was Graf , and he caught a one - handed touchdown pass . The real James `` Boobie '' Miles played a Permian assistant coach in the film . Although he has no lines , he was seen several times . In the locker room scene at halftime of the state championship game , he was seen standing next to the fictional `` Boobie '' Miles as Coach Gaines gives his speech . Differences between the movie and events ( edit ) Players ( edit ) In the movie , Boobie Miles was depicted as one of the team 's three captains , but that honor was held by Ivory Christian , Mike Winchell and Brian Chavez in real life . In the movie , some of the players ' numbers and positions were changed : Boobie Miles was # 45 and played tailback in the movie , but in the book he was playing fullback ( while Don Billingsley was the tailback ) and # 35 . In the movie , Brian Chavez was the # 4 strong safety , while he was the # 85 tight end in the book , and Ivory Christian was a defensive end and wore # 90 , while he was the # 62 middle ( `` Mike '' ) linebacker in the book . At the beginning of the film , as the camera panned over Coach Gaines ' depth chart , ' Miles ' name was listed under the FB tag . Chris Comer was also the backup fullback in the book , not a third - string tailback . One of the athletic directors in the stadium booth said , `` I think he 's a sophomore '' , when Comer was a junior at the time . Comer also wore # 45 in the real season , but in the movie he wore # 42 . Alan Wyles was depicted as a wide receiver when he was the placekicker . Don Billingsley 's father Charlie was depicted in the movie as having won a state championship . In reality , as a junior , the 1968 Permian team lost in the finals . The regular season ( edit ) In the movie , the team was depicted as practicing in full pads and with full contact on the first day of practice . Under rules of the University Interscholastic League ( UIL ) , the governing body for Texas public school sports , teams can not use pads or hit until the 4th day of practice ( however , in the deleted scenes included in the DVD , a non-pad practice was shown ) . A Permian booster was heard toasting Coach Gaines ' second season as Permian 's head coach . It was his third . Boobie Miles , in the book , injured his leg by getting his foot caught on the AstroTurf during a pre-season scrimmage against Amarillo Palo Duro at Jones Stadium in Lubbock . In the movie , he was tackled by two players at the knee during a blowout non-district game at Ratliff Stadium . In the movie , the top - ranked Permian Panthers defeated the hapless Marshall Bulldogs in a non-district game . In real life , the third - ranked Marshall Mavericks ( whose colors are red and white , not purple and gold ) defeated fourth - ranked Permian 13 - 12 . In the movie , the game was the season opener and played on a Friday night in Odessa . In real life , it was Permian 's second game of the season , and played at Maverick Stadium in Marshall on a Saturday afternoon . Permian 's football team chartered a jet for the 500 + mile trip from Odessa to Marshall , spawning controversy on the cost of the trip . Played before a crowd of more than 12,000 fans at Maverick Stadium , the game was on a searing September afternoon where the temperature topped 100 degrees Fahrenheit ( 38 ° C ) . The footage shown in the movie was from a game against the Midland High Bulldogs , who were n't mentioned in the movie . Permian defeated the Dawgs 42 - 0 in district play , but the two teams ended up in a three - way tie along with Midland Lee for the district title . In the movie , district play began in week 2 . In the real regular season , district play began in week 4 . In the movie , Permian defeated `` North Shore Galena '' in a mid-season ( presumably district ) game . In reality , North Shore High School was within the Galena Park Independent School District located in the Houston suburbs over 500 miles ( 800 km ) southeast of Odessa . Although North Shore and Permian have both been 5A football powerhouses , they have never played . Furthermore , North Shore did not start seeing football success until the mid 1990s . In reality , the three teams tied for best district record were Permian , Midland Lee , and Midland High , all with 5 - 1 district records . In the movie , Permian and Lee were joined not by Midland but by Abilene Cooper , and each team had two district losses . The tie breaking coin flip was held at a truck stop outside of Midland , and Midland High lost ( Cooper in the movie ) , so Permian and Lee went on . Midland High 's missing the playoffs was poignant as it had not been to the playoffs since 1951 and did not get back to post-season play until 2002 . A Permian player was shown with coach Gaines at the coin toss . In reality , no players from any of the three schools were allowed at the coin toss . All of Permian 's players were on the team bus returning from the game that evening at San Angelo Central . Permian assistant coach Mike Belew drove with Gaines from San Angelo to the site of the coin toss . In a few scenes , players were shown wearing Under Armour apparel and facemask shields , although in 1988 , Under Armour and visors had n't been invented yet . ( Under Armour founder Kevin Plank was in high school in 1988 . ) The book says they wore green visors , which are now outlawed for high school and college teams . In the movie , the annual duel against Permian 's archrival Midland Lee was portrayed as Lee having a handy lead throughout the game with Permian never having a shot at the victory . In real life , Lee had to come from behind with a late - game touchdown to win the game 22 - 21 . The playoffs ( edit ) Permian 's first opponent in the playoffs was Amarillo Tascosa and not Dallas Jesuit as in the movie . In 1988 , Texas Public Schools ( such as Permian , Carter , and Tascosa ) and private schools ( such as Jesuit ) competed in separate leagues with separate playoffs . Jesuit was not allowed to join the previously all - public school UIL until 2003 , starting football competition in 2004 . Dallas Jesuit and Strake Jesuit of Houston were the only private schools who currently play in the UIL , the rest competing in leagues such as TAPPS and the SPC . Also , with the district setup at that time , it would have been impossible for Permian to play a team from the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex until the third round for the playoffs . Nowadays , Permian could play Fort Worth - area teams in the first round of the playoffs , but still could not play Jesuit until round 3 . Permian played Dallas Jesuit in Odessa during the regular season in 1988 , winning 48 - 2 . Jesuit 's only points came on a missed - PAT return , which was a rule instituted that year ( the defensive conversion was not allowed in high school football under National Federation of State High School Associations rules , but Texas played by NCAA rules ) . Jesuit 's helmet was shown as white and orange with a sort of wildcat 's head logo on it , but in real life they are solid gold without a logo . In the movie , it was said that Carter was the state 's top - ranked team , when Carter was never ranked higher than No. 3 in the Associated Press poll . Carter played `` Hays '' High School in the playoffs , which was depicted as wearing green and white and nicknamed the Rams . The real Jack C. Hays High School , located 15 minutes south of Austin in Buda , used red , white , and blue as its colors , and their nickname was the Rebels . Hays was a Class 4A school in 1988 and did not become 5A until 2000 . Hays was in the movie because the makers filmed crowd shots at Hays High during a Rebels home game against the Austin Westlake Chaparrals , another team depicted as a Permian playoff victim . Permian was depicted as playing `` San Angelo '' in the quarterfinal round . There were two high schools in the San Angelo Independent School District ; until 1998 , San Angelo Central High School , the district 's only 5A school had been in the same district as Permian ( having since been transferred , for football only , to the district with Lubbock and Amarillo schools ) , and could only have played Permian in the quarterfinal round ( owing to the structure of UIL playoffs ) if they had qualified . However , Central finished 5th in the district that year , and as only two teams from each district qualified in 1988 , Permian and Central did not play in the 1988 playoffs . Instead , Permian played Arlington Lamar in the quarterfinals . On the playoff brackets it shows just the word `` Baytown '' . There were two high schools in Baytown in 1988 ( there are now three ) , the team in the playoffs was Baytown Lee . Permian vs Carter ( edit ) Since 1982 , the UIL Class 5A ( now 6A ) football playoffs have had six rounds ( though a second , parallel playoff bracket of five rounds was added in 1990 , later also expanded to six rounds in 2006 ) , so while Permian played Dallas Carter in the fifth round , it was a semi-final and not a final . In the Texas playoffs , a team from North or Western Texas always plays a team from the Houston area or Southern Texas in the final , so the Carter vs Permian final was not possible . The real - life final featured Carter versus Converse Judson ( which defeated Permian in the 1995 state championship ) . The Carter - Permian game was played in front of 10,000 people in a heavy downpour at The University of Texas at Austin 's Memorial Stadium , not in front of 55,000 in the Astrodome in Houston . While the game in the movie was a high - scoring affair ( 34 - 28 ) , the real score was 14 - 9 in favor of Carter . In real life , Permian held a 9 - 7 lead for most of the game and Carter made the dramatic fourth quarter comeback to win . On the last play of the game , Winchell threw the ball incomplete , rather than running it himself close to the goal line . The meeting between officials from Permian and Carter at the Midland airport occurred the Sunday prior to the game . Not shown in the movie was the Carter officials changing their minds about a home site from Texas Stadium in Irving to the Cotton Bowl within the Dallas city limits . Under UIL rules , if the schools can not agree to a neutral site , each side picks a `` home '' site and a `` neutral '' site , and two coin tosses are conducted . The first was to determine whether a `` home '' or `` neutral '' site will be used , and the second to determine which team 's site will be used . After a tense battle between the sides , they agreed to play the game at Austin . In the movie , Gaines suggested at first suggests San Antonio as a potential neutral site , which would have meant playing the game at Alamo Stadium , since the Alamodome did not open until 1993 . The other neutral site suggestion in the movie was College Station , presumably meaning Kyle Field at Texas A&M . The revocation of Carter 's state championship following their use of an academically ineligible player was never mentioned , nor was the prolonged legal battle that Carter went through to enable them to play in the playoffs . Officially , the 1988 state champions were Converse Judson , which lost 31 - 14 in the final to Carter . Furthermore , Carter was portrayed in the movie as a stereotypical `` inner city thug '' team ( likely due to the shocking series of armed robberies committed by several players after the season ended ) ; Carter at the time was located in a middle - class African - American neighborhood and was not known for dirty play . The school and the city ( edit ) Permian was portrayed in the movie as a single large high school in a small , one - horse town in West Texas . In reality , Odessa was a city of nearly 100,000 people at the time of the events portrayed in the movie , and part of a metropolitan area of nearly 250,000 combining the populations of Midland and Ector counties . ( The quaint downtown shown in the trailer for the movie was Manhattan , Kansas . ) Also , Permian was ( and still is ) only one of two large Class 5A high schools in Odessa . The other and first high school in the city , Odessa High School ( mascot : the Bronchos ) , was never mentioned in the movie , despite the fact that they have played Permian every year , as the two schools have been in the same UIL district since Permian opened in 1959 and shared Ratliff Stadium with Permian . An entire chapter in the book was devoted to the `` Civil War '' between the schools . In the movie , Odessa was portrayed as being a mostly Anglo town with a sizable African - American population and virtually no Hispanics . In 1988 , out of the almost 100,000 people that lived in Odessa , one - third were Hispanic while African - Americans made up only 5 % of the population . Ratliff Stadium was depicted as the location for Permian football practices . In reality , the team practiced mostly on campus , and the stadium , used by both Permian and Odessa , was on the outskirts of town in a fairly unpopulated area about three miles ( five km ) away from the Permian High campus . It was also unlikely that children would be playing touch football near the stadium , as depicted in the movie , as few houses were nearby at that time . The area around the stadium has grown dramatically since then ( which caused an anachronism in the movie -- the houses seen near the stadium did not yet exist in 1988 ) . While Ratliff Stadium has had artificial turf since its opening , in 1988 it had the original AstroTurf , not the modern FieldTurf surface seen on the stadium in the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the film predominantly featured post-rock band Explosions in the Sky . Music by Daniel Lanois and rock band Bad Company were also included . Other songs in the film were `` Just Got Paid '' by ZZ Top during the montage of the Panthers ' road to the finals ; the pump up song featured as the team ran through the tunnel in the game against Dallas Carter was `` New Noise '' by the seminal Swedish punk band Refused . During the start of the third quarter during the Championship game , the song `` I Wanna Be Your Dog '' by The Stooges was used . Three songs from Public Enemy 's album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back were also used prominently . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews of the film were highly positive . The film received an 81 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 168 reviews , and the consensus stated : `` An acute survey of the football - obsessed heartland that succeeds as both a stirring drama and a rousing sports movie . '' The film also has a score of 70 / 100 on Metacritic , based on 35 reviews . While the residents of Odessa held a negative reception of the book , they eagerly anticipated the release of the film . Accolades ( edit ) The film was recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 'S Top 10 Film of the Year 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . EW . Jump up ^ Though with the growth in the Houston area , area teams are split between Regions 2 and 3 , so an all - Houston final is possible . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights '' . Metacritic. 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FRIDAY NIGHT FRIGHTS '' . The Miami Herald . March 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Texas portal Film portal American football portal Friday Night Lights on IMDb Friday Night Lights at Box Office Mojo Friday Night Lights at Rotten Tomatoes Friday Night Lights at Metacritic Behind the scenes of Friday Night Lights . UIL State Champion Archives Friday Night Lights Characters Eric Taylor Matt Saracen Jason Street Smash Williams Tim Riggins Tami Taylor Lyla Garrity Tyra Collette Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` The Son '' Season 5 Soundtracks Film soundtrack Television soundtrack ( Vol. 1 ) Television soundtrack ( Vol. 2 ) Related Film Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream Boobie Miles Gary Gaines Films directed by Peter Berg Very Bad Things ( 1998 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) Virtuality ( 2009 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) Mile 22 ( 2018 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Real Genius ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) Armed and Dangerous ( 1986 ) Like Father Like Son ( 1987 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) Closet Land ( 1991 ) My Girl ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) Boomerang ( 1992 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) My Girl 2 ( 1994 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) The Cowboy Way ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Sgt . Bilko ( 1996 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) Liar Liar ( 1997 ) Inventing the Abbotts ( 1997 ) Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Edtv ( 1999 ) Life ( 1999 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) Beyond the Mat ( 2000 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) Blue Crush ( 2002 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) Inside Deep Throat ( 2005 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Restless ( 2011 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Tower Heist ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Rush ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Lowriders ( 2016 ) American Made ( 2017 ) TV series created Shadow Chasers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_Night_Lights_(film)&oldid=854347094 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films High school football films Films based on non-fiction books Films set in 1988 Films set in Texas Films shot in Kansas Films shot in Texas Sports films based on actual events Odessa , Texas American football films Films produced by Brian Grazer Films directed by Peter Berg Universal Pictures films Imagine Entertainment films 2000s high school films Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday%20Night%20Lights%20%28film%29	2,565
what is the most common cause of depurination	When depurination occurs with DNA , it leads to the formation of apurinic site and results in an alteration of the structure . Studies estimate that as many as 5,000 purines are lost this way each day in a typical human cell . In cells , one of the main causes of depurination is the presence of endogenous metabolites undergoing chemical reactions . Apurinic sites in double - stranded DNA are efficiently repaired by portions of the base excision repair ( BER ) pathway . Depurinated bases in single - stranded DNA undergoing replication can lead to mutations , because in the absence of information from the complementary strand , BER can add an incorrect base at the apurinic site , resulting in either a transition or transversion mutation .	the presence of endogenous metabolites undergoing chemical reactions	Depurination	depurination	Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides , deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine , and ribonucleosides , adenosine or guanosine , in which the β - N - glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base , adenine or guanine , respectively . The second product of depurination of deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides is sugar , 2 ' - deoxyribose and ribose , respectively . More complex compounds containing nucleoside residues , nucleotides and nucleic acids , also suffer from depurination . Deoxyribonucleosides and their derivatives are substantially more prone to depurination than their corresponding ribonucleoside counterparts . Loss of pyrimidine bases ( Cytosine and Thymine ) occurs by a similar mechanism , but at a substantially lower rate .	Figure . 1 . Chemical structure of apurinic site present in a fragment of single - stranded DNA . When depurination occurs with DNA , it leads to the formation of apurinic site and results in an alteration of the structure . Studies estimate that as many as 5,000 purines are lost this way each day in a typical human cell . In cells , one of the main causes of depurination is the presence of endogenous metabolites undergoing chemical reactions . Apurinic sites in double - stranded DNA are efficiently repaired by portions of the base excision repair ( BER ) pathway . Depurinated bases in single - stranded DNA undergoing replication can lead to mutations , because in the absence of information from the complementary strand , BER can add an incorrect base at the apurinic site , resulting in either a transition or transversion mutation . Depurination is known to play a major role in cancer initiation . Hydrolytic depurination is one of the principal forms of damage to ancient DNA in fossil or subfossil material , since the base remains unrepaired . This results in both loss of information ( the base sequence ) , and difficulties in recovery and in vitro replication of the damaged molecule by the polymerase chain reaction . Chemistry of the reaction ( edit ) Depurination is not uncommon because purine is a good leaving group via the 9N - nitrogen ( see the structure of a purine ) . Furthermore , the anomeric carbon is especially reactive towards nucleophilic substitution ( effectively making the carbon - oxygen bond shorter , stronger and more polar , while making the carbon - purine bond longer and weaker ) . This makes the bond especially susceptible to hydrolysis . In chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides , depurination is one of the major factors limiting the length of synthetic oligonucleotides . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lindahl , T. ( 22 April 1993 ) . `` Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA '' . Nature . 362 ( 6422 ) : 709 -- 715 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 8469282 . doi : 10.1038 / 362709a0 . Jump up ^ Carr , Steven M. ( 2009 ) . `` Depurination produces transversion mutations '' . www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/ . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cavalieri , E. ; Saeed , M. ; Zahid , M. ; Cassada , D. ; Snow , D. ; Miljkovic , M. ; Rogan , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mechanism of DNA depurination by carcinogens in relation to cancer initiation . '' . IUBMB Life . 64 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 179 . PMC 4418633 . PMID 22162200 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 586 . Jump up ^ Le Proust , E.M. ; Peck , B.J. ; Spirin , K. ; McCuen , Heather B. ; Moore , B. ; Namsaraev , E. ; Caruthers , M.H. ( 2010 ) . `` Synthesis of high - quality libraries of long ( 150mer ) oligonucleotides by a novel depurination controlled process . '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 38 ( 8 ) : 2522 -- 2540 . PMC 2860131 . PMID 20308161 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkq163 . Hartwell , Leland ; Hood , Leroy ; Goldberg , Michael L. ; Reynolds , Ann E. ; Silver , Lee M. ; Veres , Ruth ( 2004 ) . Genetics : From Genes to Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 291930 - 1 . LCCN 2002012767 . OCLC 50417228 . Weinberg , Robert Allan ( 2006 ) . The Biology of Cancer ( 1st ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4076 - 8 . LCCN 2006001825 . OCLC 63114199 . Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York , NY : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 3 . LCCN 2001054471 . OCLC 48122761 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depurination&oldid=797349855 '' Categories : DNA Molecular genetics Mutation Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Galego Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depurination	2,566
consumption of lead in human body causes effect	Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body . The brain is the most sensitive . Symptoms may include abdominal pain , constipation , headaches , irritability , memory problems , inability to have children , and tingling in the hands and feet . It causes almost 10 % of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems . Some of the effects are permanent . In severe cases anemia , seizures , coma , or death may occur .		Lead poisoning	lead poisoning	Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body . The brain is the most sensitive . Symptoms may include abdominal pain , constipation , headaches , irritability , memory problems , inability to have children , and tingling in the hands and feet . It causes almost 10 % of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems . Some of the effects are permanent . In severe cases anemia , seizures , coma , or death may occur .	Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air , water , dust , food , or consumer products . Children are at greater risk as they are more likely to put objects in their mouth such as those that contain lead paint and absorb a greater proportion of the lead that they eat . Exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk . Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level . The Centers for Disease Control ( US ) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 μg / dl ( 10 μg / 100 g ) and for children at 5 μg / dl . Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on X-ray . Lead poisoning is preventable . This includes by individual efforts such as removing lead - containing items from the home , workplace efforts such as improved ventilation and monitoring , and nationwide policies such as laws that ban lead in products such as paint and gasoline , reduce allowable levels in water or soil , and provide for cleanup of contaminated soil . The major treatments are removal of the source of lead and the use of medications that bind lead so it can be eliminated from the body , known as chelation therapy . Chelation therapy in children is recommended when blood levels are greater than 40 -- 45 μg / dl . Medications used include dimercaprol , edetate calcium disodium , and succimer . In 2013 lead is believed to have resulted in 853,000 deaths . It occurs most commonly in the developing world . Those who are poor are at greater risk . Lead is believed to result in 0.6 % of the world 's disease burden . People have been mining and using lead for thousands of years . Descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 2000 BC , while efforts to limit lead 's use date back to at least the 1500s . Concerns for low levels of exposure begin in the 1970s with there being no safe threshold for lead exposure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Acute poisoning 2.2 Chronic poisoning 2.3 Effects on children 2.4 Complications 2.4. 1 Kidneys 2.4. 2 Cardiovascular system 2.4. 3 Reproductive system 2.4. 4 Nervous system 3 Exposure routes 3.1 Occupational exposure 3.2 Food 3.3 Paint 3.4 Soil 3.5 Water 3.6 Lead - containing products 3.7 Bullets 4 Pathophysiology 4.1 Enzymes 4.2 Neurons 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Reference levels 6 Prevention 7 Treatment 8 Epidemiology 8.1 Notable cases 9 Prognosis 9.1 Reversibility 9.2 Encephalopathy 9.3 Long - term 10 History 11 Other species 11.1 Wildlife 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Classification ( edit ) Classically , `` lead poisoning '' or `` lead intoxication '' has been defined as exposure to high levels of lead typically associated with severe health effects . Poisoning is a pattern of symptoms that occur with toxic effects from mid to high levels of exposure ; toxicity is a wider spectrum of effects , including subclinical ones ( those that do not cause symptoms ) . However , professionals often use `` lead poisoning '' and `` lead toxicity '' interchangeably , and official sources do not always restrict the use of `` lead poisoning '' to refer only to symptomatic effects of lead . The amount of lead in the blood and tissues , as well as the time course of exposure , determine toxicity . Lead poisoning may be acute ( from intense exposure of short duration ) or chronic ( from repeat low - level exposure over a prolonged period ) , but the latter is much more common . Diagnosis and treatment of lead exposure are based on blood lead level ( the amount of lead in the blood ) , measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood ( μg / dL ) . Urine lead levels may be used as well , though less commonly . In cases of chronic exposure lead often sequesters in the highest concentrations first in the bones , then in the kidneys . If a provider is performing a provocative excretion test , or `` chelation challenge '' , a measurement obtained from urine rather than blood is likely to provide a more accurate representation of total lead burden to a skilled interpreter . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization state that a blood lead level of 10 μg / dL or above is a cause for concern ; however , lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels , and there is no known safe exposure level . Authorities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics define lead poisoning as blood lead levels higher than 10 μg / dL . Lead forms a variety of compounds and exists in the environment in various forms . Features of poisoning differ depending on whether the agent is an organic compound ( one that contains carbon ) , or an inorganic one . Organic lead poisoning is now very rare , because countries across the world have phased out the use of organic lead compounds as gasoline additives , but such compounds are still used in industrial settings . Organic lead compounds , which cross the skin and respiratory tract easily , affect the central nervous system predominantly . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Symptoms of lead poisoning . Lead poisoning can cause a variety of symptoms and signs which vary depending on the individual and the duration of lead exposure . Symptoms are nonspecific and may be subtle , and someone with elevated lead levels may have no symptoms . Symptoms usually develop over weeks to months as lead builds up in the body during a chronic exposure , but acute symptoms from brief , intense exposures also occur . Symptoms from exposure to organic lead , which is probably more toxic than inorganic lead due to its lipid solubility , occur rapidly . Poisoning by organic lead compounds has symptoms predominantly in the central nervous system , such as insomnia , delirium , cognitive deficits , tremor , hallucinations , and convulsions . Symptoms may be different in adults and children ; the main symptoms in adults are headache , abdominal pain , memory loss , kidney failure , male reproductive problems , and weakness , pain , or tingling in the extremities . Early symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are commonly nonspecific and include depression , loss of appetite , intermittent abdominal pain , nausea , diarrhea , constipation , and muscle pain . Other early signs in adults include malaise , fatigue , decreased libido , and problems with sleep . An unusual taste in the mouth and personality changes are also early signs . In adults , symptoms can occur at levels above 40 μg / dL , but are more likely to occur only above 50 -- 60 μg / dL . Symptoms begin to appear in children generally at around 60 μg / dL . However , the lead levels at which symptoms appear vary widely depending on unknown characteristics of each individual . At blood lead levels between 25 and 60 μg / dL , neuropsychiatric effects such as delayed reaction times , irritability , and difficulty concentrating , as well as slowed motor nerve conduction and headache can occur . Anemia may appear at blood lead levels higher than 50 μg / dL . In adults , abdominal colic , involving paroxysms of pain , may appear at blood lead levels greater than 80 μg / dL . Signs that occur in adults at blood lead levels exceeding 100 μg / dL include wrist drop and foot drop , and signs of encephalopathy ( a condition characterized by brain swelling ) , such as those that accompany increased pressure within the skull , delirium , coma , seizures , and headache . In children , signs of encephalopathy such as bizarre behavior , discoordination , and apathy occur at lead levels exceeding 70 μg / dL . For both adults and children , it is rare to be asymptomatic if blood lead levels exceed 100 μg / dL . Acute poisoning ( edit ) In acute poisoning , typical neurological signs are pain , muscle weakness , numbness and tingling , and , rarely , symptoms associated with inflammation of the brain . Abdominal pain , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and constipation are other acute symptoms . Lead 's effects on the mouth include astringency and a metallic taste . Gastrointestinal problems , such as constipation , diarrhea , poor appetite , or weight loss , are common in acute poisoning . Absorption of large amounts of lead over a short time can cause shock ( insufficient fluid in the circulatory system ) due to loss of water from the gastrointestinal tract . Hemolysis ( the rupture of red blood cells ) due to acute poisoning can cause anemia and hemoglobin in the urine . Damage to kidneys can cause changes in urination such as decreased urine output . People who survive acute poisoning often go on to display symptoms of chronic poisoning . Chronic poisoning ( edit ) Chronic poisoning usually presents with symptoms affecting multiple systems , but is associated with three main types of symptoms : gastrointestinal , neuromuscular , and neurological . Central nervous system and neuromuscular symptoms usually result from intense exposure , while gastrointestinal symptoms usually result from exposure over longer periods . Signs of chronic exposure include loss of short - term memory or concentration , depression , nausea , abdominal pain , loss of coordination , and numbness and tingling in the extremities . Fatigue , problems with sleep , headaches , stupor , slurred speech , and anemia are also found in chronic lead poisoning . A `` lead hue '' of the skin with pallor and / or lividity is another feature . A blue line along the gum with bluish black edging to the teeth , known as a Burton line , is another indication of chronic lead poisoning . Children with chronic poisoning may refuse to play or may have hyperkinetic or aggressive behavior disorders . Visual disturbance may present with gradually progressing blurred vision as a result of central scotoma , caused by toxic optic neuritis . Effects on children ( edit ) As lead safety standards become more stringent , fewer children in the US are found to have elevated lead levels . A fetus developing in the womb of a woman who has elevated blood lead level is susceptible to lead poisoning by intrauterine exposure , and is at greater risk of being born prematurely or with a low birth weight . Children are more at risk for lead poisoning because their smaller bodies are in a continuous state of growth and development . Lead is absorbed at a faster rate compared to adults , which causes more physical harm than to older people . Furthermore , children , especially as they are learning to crawl and walk , are constantly on the floor and therefore more prone to ingesting and inhaling dust that is contaminated with lead . The classic signs and symptoms in children are loss of appetite , abdominal pain , vomiting , weight loss , constipation , anemia , kidney failure , irritability , lethargy , learning disabilities , and behavioral problems . Slow development of normal childhood behaviors , such as talking and use of words , and permanent intellectual disability are both commonly seen . Although less common , it is possible for fingernails to develop leukonychia striata if exposed to abnormally high lead concentrations . Complications ( edit ) Lead affects every one of the body 's organ systems , especially the nervous system , but also the bones and teeth , the kidneys , and the cardiovascular , immune , and reproductive systems . Hearing loss and tooth decay have been linked to lead exposure , as have cataracts . Intrauterine and neonatal lead exposure promote tooth decay . Aside from the developmental effects unique to young children , the health effects experienced by adults are similar to those in children , although the thresholds are generally higher . Kidneys ( edit ) Kidney damage occurs with exposure to high levels of lead , and evidence suggests that lower levels can damage kidneys as well . The toxic effect of lead causes nephropathy and may cause Fanconi syndrome , in which the proximal tubular function of the kidney is impaired . Long - term exposure at levels lower than those that cause lead nephropathy have also been reported as nephrotoxic in patients from developed countries that had chronic kidney disease or were at risk because of hypertension or diabetes mellitus . Lead poisoning inhibits excretion of the waste product urate and causes a predisposition for gout , in which urate builds up . This condition is known as saturnine gout . Cardiovascular system ( edit ) Evidence suggests lead exposure is associated with high blood pressure , and studies have also found connections between lead exposure and coronary heart disease , heart rate variability , and death from stroke , but this evidence is more limited . People who have been exposed to higher concentrations of lead may be at a higher risk for cardiac autonomic dysfunction on days when ozone and fine particles are higher . Reproductive system ( edit ) Lead affects both the male and female reproductive systems . In men , when blood lead levels exceed 40 μg / dL , sperm count is reduced and changes occur in volume of sperm , their motility , and their morphology . A pregnant woman 's elevated blood lead level can lead to miscarriage , prematurity , low birth weight , and problems with development during childhood . Lead is able to pass through the placenta and into breast milk , and blood lead levels in mothers and infants are usually similar . A fetus may be poisoned in utero if lead from the mother 's bones is subsequently mobilized by the changes in metabolism due to pregnancy ; increased calcium intake in pregnancy may help mitigate this phenomenon . Nervous system ( edit ) The brains of adults who were exposed to lead as children show decreased volume , especially in the prefrontal cortex , on MRI . Areas of volume loss are shown in color over a template of a normal brain . Lead affects the peripheral nervous system ( especially motor nerves ) and the central nervous system . Peripheral nervous system effects are more prominent in adults and central nervous system effects are more prominent in children . Lead causes the axons of nerve cells to degenerate and lose their myelin coats . Lead exposure in young children has been linked to learning disabilities , and children with blood lead concentrations greater than 10 μg / dL are in danger of developmental disabilities . Increased blood lead level in children has been correlated with decreases in intelligence , nonverbal reasoning , short - term memory , attention , reading and arithmetic ability , fine motor skills , emotional regulation , and social engagement . The effect of lead on children 's cognitive abilities takes place at very low levels . There is apparently no lower threshold to the dose - response relationship ( unlike other heavy metals such as mercury ) . Reduced academic performance has been associated with lead exposure even at blood lead levels lower than 5 μg / dL . Blood lead levels below 10 μg / dL have been reported to be associated with lower IQ and behavior problems such as aggression , in proportion with blood lead levels . Between the blood lead levels of 5 and 35 μg / dL , an IQ decrease of 2 -- 4 points for each μg / dL increase is reported in children . However , studies that show associations between low - level lead exposure and health effects in children may be affected by confounding and overestimate the effects of low - level lead exposure . High blood lead levels in adults are also associated with decreases in cognitive performance and with psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety . It was found in a large group of current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea that blood lead levels in the range of 20 -- 50 μg / dL were correlated with neuro - cognitive defects . Increases in blood lead levels from about 50 to about 100 μg / dL in adults have been found to be associated with persistent , and possibly permanent , impairment of central nervous system function . Lead exposure in children is also correlated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anti-social behaviour . Elevated lead levels in children are correlated with higher scores on aggression and delinquency measures . A correlation has also been found between prenatal and early childhood lead exposure and violent crime in adulthood . Countries with the highest air lead levels have also been found to have the highest murder rates , after adjusting for confounding factors . A May 2000 study by economic consultant Rick Nevin theorizes that lead exposure explains 65 % to 90 % of the variation in violent crime rates in the US . A 2007 paper by the same author claims to show a strong association between preschool blood lead and subsequent crime rate trends over several decades across nine countries . Lead exposure in childhood appears to increase school suspensions and juvenile detention among boys . It is believed that the U.S. ban on lead paint in buildings in the late 1970s , as well as the phaseout of leaded gasoline in the 1970s and 1980s , partially helped contribute to the decline of violent crime in the United States since the early 1990s . Exposure routes ( edit ) Lead is a common environmental pollutant . Causes of environmental contamination include industrial use of lead , such as is found in facilities that process lead - acid batteries or produce lead wire or pipes , and metal recycling and foundries . Children living near facilities that process lead , such as lead smelters , have been found to have unusually high blood lead levels . In August 2009 , parents rioted in China after lead poisoning was found in nearly 2000 children living near zinc and manganese smelters . Lead exposure can occur from contact with lead in air , household dust , soil , water , and commercial products . Leaded gasoline has also been linked to increases in lead pollution . Some research has suggested a link between leaded gasoline and crime rates . Man made lead pollution has been elevated in the air for the past 2000 years . Lead pollution in the air is entirely due to human activity ( mining and smelting ) . Occupational exposure ( edit ) Battery recycling workers are at risk for lead exposure . This worker ladles molten lead into billets in a lead - acid battery recovery facility . In adults , occupational exposure is the main cause of lead poisoning . People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead - containing products ; these include radiation shields , ammunition , certain surgical equipment , developing dental x-ray films prior to digital x-rays ( each film packet had a lead liner to prevent the radiation from going through ) , fetal monitors , plumbing , circuit boards , jet engines , and ceramic glazes . In addition , lead miners and smelters , plumbers and fitters , auto mechanics , glass manufacturers , construction workers , battery manufacturers and recyclers , firing range instructors , and plastic manufacturers are at risk for lead exposure . Other occupations that present lead exposure risks include welding , manufacture of rubber , printing , zinc and copper smelting , processing of ore , combustion of solid waste , and production of paints and pigments . Parents who are exposed to lead in the workplace can bring lead dust home on clothes or skin and expose their children . Occupational exposure to lead increases the risk of cardiovascular disease , in particular : stroke , and high blood pressure . Food ( edit ) Lead may be found in food when food is grown in soil that is high in lead , airborne lead contaminates the crops , animals eat lead in their diet , or lead enters the food either from what it was stored or cooked in . Paint ( edit ) Some lead compounds are colorful and are used widely in paints , and lead paint is a major route of lead exposure in children . A study conducted in 1998 -- 2000 found that 38 million housing units in the US had lead - based paint , down from a 1990 estimate of 64 million . Deteriorating lead paint can produce dangerous lead levels in household dust and soil . Deteriorating lead paint and lead - containing household dust are the main causes of chronic lead poisoning . The lead breaks down into the dust and since children are more prone to crawling on the floor , it is easily ingested . Many young children display pica , eating things that are not food . Even a small amount of a lead - containing product such as a paint chip or a sip of glaze can contain tens or hundreds of milligrams of lead . Eating chips of lead paint presents a particular hazard to children , generally producing more severe poisoning than occurs from dust . Because removing lead paint from dwellings , e.g. by sanding or torching creates lead - containing dust and fumes , it is generally safer to seal the lead paint under new paint ( excepting moveable windows and doors , which create paint dust when operated ) . Alternately , special precautions must be taken if the lead paint is to be removed . In oil painting it was once common for colours such as yellow or white to be made with lead carbonate . Lead white oil colour was the main white of oil painters until superseded by compounds containing zinc or titanium in the mid-20th century . It is speculated that the painter Caravaggio and possibly Francisco Goya and Vincent Van Gogh had lead poisoning due to overexposure or carelessness when handling this colour . Soil ( edit ) A lead warning on a fuel pump . Tetraethyllead , which used to be added to automotive gasoline ( and still is added to some aviation gasolines ) , contributed to soil contamination . Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas . It has been thought that the more polluted an area is with various contaminants , the more likely it is to contain lead . However , this is not always the case , as there are several other reasons for lead contamination in soil . Lead content in soil may be caused by broken - down lead paint , residues from lead - containing gasoline , used engine oil , or pesticides used in the past , contaminated landfills , or from nearby industries such as foundries or smelters . Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have leaded gasoline , it remains prevalent , raising concerns about the safety of urban agriculture ; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard . Water ( edit ) Lead from the atmosphere or soil can end up in groundwater and surface water . It is also potentially in drinking water , e.g. from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have lead solder . Since acidic water breaks down lead in plumbing more readily , chemicals can be added to municipal water to increase the pH and thus reduce the corrosivity of the public water supply . Chloramines , which were adopted as a substitute for chlorine disinfectants due to fewer health concerns , increase corrositivity . In the US , 14 -- 20 % of total lead exposure is attributed to drinking water . In 2004 , a team of seven reporters from The Washington Post discovered high levels of lead in the drinking water in Washington , D.C. and won an award for investigative reporting for a series of articles about this contamination . In the Flint water crisis , a switch to a more corrosive municipal water source elevated lead levels in drinking water in domestic tap water . Collecting rainwater from roof runoff used as potable water may contain lead if there are lead contaminants on the roof or in the storage tank . The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines allow a maximum of . 01 mg / L lead in water . Lead - containing products ( edit ) Lead can be found in products such as kohl , an ancient cosmetic from the Middle East , South Asia , and parts of Africa that has many names ; and from some toys . In 2007 , millions of toys made in China were recalled from multiple countries owing to safety hazards including lead paint . Vinyl mini-blinds , found especially in older housing , may contain lead . Lead is commonly incorporated into herbal remedies such as Indian Ayurvedic preparations and remedies of Chinese origin . There are also risks of elevated blood lead levels caused by folk remedies like azarcon and greta , which each contain about 95 % lead . Ingestion of metallic lead , such as small lead fishing lures , increases blood lead levels and can be fatal . Ingestion of lead - contaminated food is also a threat . Ceramic glaze often contains lead , and dishes that have been improperly fired can leach the metal into food , potentially causing severe poisoning . In some places , the solder in cans used for food contains lead . When manufacturing medical instruments and hardware , solder containing lead may be present . People who eat animals hunted with lead bullets may be at risk for lead exposure . Bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead , but bullets lodged in the joints are the exception , as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time . In May 2015 , Indian food safety regulators in the state of Uttar Pradesh found that samples of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles contained lead up to 17 times beyond permissible limits . On 3 June 2015 , New Delhi Government banned the sale of Maggi noodles in New Delhi stores for 15 days because it was found to contain lead beyond the permissible limit . The Gujarat FDA on June 4 , 2015 banned the noodles for 30 days after 27 out of 39 samples were detected with objectionable levels of metallic lead , among other things . Some India 's biggest retailers like Future Group , Big Bazaar , Easyday and Nilgiris have imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi noodles . Many other states too have banned Maggi noodles . Bullets ( edit ) Contact with ammunition is a source of lead exposure . As of 2013 , lead - based ammunition production is the second largest annual use of lead in the US , accounting for over 60,000 metric tons consumed in 2012 , second only to the manufacture of storage batteries . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) can not regulate cartridges and shells , as a matter of law . Lead birdshot is banned in some areas , but this is primarily for the benefit of the birds and their predators , rather than humans . Non-lead alternatives include steel , tungsten - nickel - iron , bismuth - tin , and tungsten - polymer . Because game animals can be shot using lead bullets , the potential for lead ingestion from game meat consumption has been studied clinically and epidemiologically . In a recent study conducted by the CDC , a cohort from North Dakota was enrolled and asked to self - report historical consumption of game meat , and participation in other activities that could cause lead exposure . The study found that participants ' age , sex , housing age , current hobbies with potential for lead exposure , and game consumption were all associated with blood lead level ( PbB ) . This study has been cited by popular media as simple evidence that hunting increases exposure to lead poisoning , prompting the University of Illinois Extension to release a statement that there is no such risk . Concerning the CDC report , the authors ' conclusion in a related Epi - AID Trip Report notes the small increase associated with game consumption in the study , and urges interpretation with respect to environmental context : While this study suggests that consumption of wild game meat can adversely affect PbB , no participant had PbB higher than the CDC recommended threshold of 10μg / dl -- the level at which CDC recommends case management ; and the geometric mean PbB among this study population ( 1.17 μg / dl ) was lower than the overall population geometric mean PbB in the United States ( 1.60 μg / dl ) . The clinical significance of low PbB in this sample population and the small quantitative increase of 0.30 μg / dl in PbB associated with wild game consumption should be interpreted in the context of naturally occurring PbB . Copper - jacketed , lead - based bullets are more economical to produce and use than lead or any other material . Alternative materials are available such as steel , copper , and tungsten , but alternatives are universally less effective and / or more expensive . However , the biggest impediment to using the vast majority of alternatives relates to current laws in the United States pertaining to armor - piercing rounds . Laws and regulations relating to armor - piercing ammunition expressly prohibit the use of brass , bronze , steel , tungsten , and nearly every metallic alternative in any bullet that can be shot by a handgun , which at this time is nearly every caliber smaller than 50BMG ( including the popular . 223 Remington , . 308 Winchester and . 30 - 06 to name just a few ) . Some lead - based bullets are resistant to fragmentation , offering hunters the ability to clean game animals with negligible risk of including lead fragments in prepared meat . Other bullets are prone to fragmentation and exacerbate the risk of lead ingestion from prepared meat . In practice , use of a non-fragmenting bullet and proper cleaning of the game animal 's wound can eliminate the risk of lead ingestion from eating game ; however , isolating such practice to experimentally determine its association with blood lead levels in study is difficult . Bismuth is an element used as a lead - replacement for shotgun pellets used in waterfowl hunting although shotshells made from bismuth are nearly ten times the cost of lead . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Tetraethyllead , still used as an additive in some fuels , can be absorbed through the skin . Exposure occurs through inhalation , ingestion or occasionally skin contact . Lead may be taken in through direct contact with mouth , nose , and eyes ( mucous membranes ) , and through breaks in the skin . Tetraethyllead , which was a gasoline additive and is still used in fuels such as aviation fuel , passes through the skin ; however inorganic lead found in paint , food , and most lead - containing consumer products is only minimally absorbed through the skin . The main sources of absorption of inorganic lead are from ingestion and inhalation . In adults , about 35 -- 40 % of inhaled lead dust is deposited in the lungs , and about 95 % of that goes into the bloodstream . Of ingested inorganic lead , about 15 % is absorbed , but this percentage is higher in children , pregnant women , and people with deficiencies of calcium , zinc , or iron . Infants may absorb about 50 % of ingested lead , but little is known about absorption rates in children . The main body compartments that store lead are the blood , soft tissues , and bone ; the half - life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood , months for soft tissues , and years for bone . Lead in the bones , teeth , hair , and nails is bound tightly and not available to other tissues , and is generally thought not to be harmful . In adults , 94 % of absorbed lead is deposited in the bones and teeth , but children only store 70 % in this manner , a fact which may partially account for the more serious health effects on children . The estimated half - life of lead in bone is 20 to 30 years , and bone can introduce lead into the bloodstream long after the initial exposure is gone . The half - life of lead in the blood in men is about 40 days , but it may be longer in children and pregnant women , whose bones are undergoing remodeling , which allows the lead to be continuously re-introduced into the bloodstream . Also , if lead exposure takes place over years , clearance is much slower , partly due to the re-release of lead from bone . Many other tissues store lead , but those with the highest concentrations ( other than blood , bone , and teeth ) are the brain , spleen , kidneys , liver , and lungs . Lead is removed from the body very slowly , mainly through urine . Smaller amounts of lead are also eliminated through the feces , and very small amounts in hair , nails , and sweat . Lead has no known physiologically relevant role in the body , and its harmful effects are myriad . Lead and other heavy metals create reactive radicals which damage cell structures including DNA and cell membranes . Lead also interferes with DNA transcription , enzymes that help in the synthesis of vitamin D , and enzymes that maintain the integrity of the cell membrane . Anemia may result when the cell membranes of red blood cells become more fragile as the result of damage to their membranes . Lead interferes with metabolism of bones and teeth and alters the permeability of blood vessels and collagen synthesis . Lead may also be harmful to the developing immune system , causing production of excessive inflammatory proteins ; this mechanism may mean that lead exposure is a risk factor for asthma in children . Lead exposure has also been associated with a decrease in activity of immune cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Lead also interferes with the normal metabolism of calcium in cells and causes it to build up within them . Enzymes ( edit ) ALAD enzyme with lead bound ( PDB : 1QNV ) The primary cause of lead 's toxicity is its interference with a variety of enzymes because it binds to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes . Part of lead 's toxicity results from its ability to mimic other metals that take part in biological processes , which act as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions , displacing them at the enzymes on which they act . Lead is able to bind to and interact with many of the same enzymes as these metals but , due to its differing chemistry , does not properly function as a cofactor , thus interfering with the enzyme 's ability to catalyze its normal reaction or reactions . Among the essential metals with which lead interacts are calcium , iron , and zinc . The lead ion has a lone pair in its electronic structure , which can result in a distortion in the coordination of ligands , and in 2007 was hypothesized to be important in lead poisoning 's effects on enzymes ( see Lone pair § Unusual lone pairs ) . One of the main causes for the pathology of lead is that it interferes with the activity of an essential enzyme called delta - aminolevulinic acid dehydratase , or ALAD ( see image of the enzyme structure ) , which is important in the biosynthesis of heme , the cofactor found in hemoglobin . Lead also inhibits the enzyme ferrochelatase , another enzyme involved in the formation of heme . Ferrochelatase catalyzes the joining of protoporphyrin and Fe to form heme . Lead 's interference with heme synthesis results in production of zinc protoporphyrin and the development of anemia . Another effect of lead 's interference with heme synthesis is the buildup of heme precursors , such as aminolevulinic acid , which may be directly or indirectly harmful to neurons . Neurons ( edit ) Lead exposure damages cells in the hippocampus , a part of the brain involved in memory . Hippocampi of lead - exposed rats ( bottom ) show structural damage such as irregular nuclei ( IN ) and denaturation of myelin ( DNS ) compared to controls ( top ) . The brain is the organ most sensitive to lead exposure . Lead is able to pass through the endothelial cells at the blood brain barrier because it can substitute for calcium ions and be uptaken by calcium - ATPase pumps . Lead poisoning interferes with the normal development of a child 's brain and nervous system ; therefore children are at greater risk of lead neurotoxicity than adults are . In a child 's developing brain , lead interferes with synapse formation in the cerebral cortex , neurochemical development ( including that of neurotransmitters ) , and organization of ion channels . It causes loss of neurons ' myelin sheaths , reduces numbers of neurons , interferes with neurotransmission , and decreases neuronal growth . Lead - ions ( Pb ) , like magnesium - ions ( Mg ) , blocks NMDA receptors . Since the normal Pb concentration in the extracellular fluid is low ( adult average of 120 mg ) , even a low increase in Pb concentration has a significant positive affect on the blockage of NMDA - receptors . Therefore , an increase in Pb concentration , will , effectively , inhibit ongoing long - term potentiations ( LTPs ) , and lead to an abnormal increase long - term depression ( LDPs ) on neurons on the effected parts of the nervous system . These abnormalities lead to the indirect downregulation of NMDA - receptors , effectively initiating a positive feedback - loop for LDP . The targeting of NMDA receptors is thought to be one of the main causes for lead 's toxicity to neurons . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis includes determining the clinical signs and the medical history , with inquiry into possible routes of exposure . Clinical toxicologists , medical specialists in the area of poisoning , may be involved in diagnosis and treatment . The main tool in diagnosing and assessing the severity of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of the blood lead level ( BLL ) . Basophilic stippling ( arrows ) of red blood cells in a 53 - year - old who had elevated blood lead levels due to drinking repeatedly from glasses decorated with lead paint . Blood film examination may reveal basophilic stippling of red blood cells ( dots in red blood cells visible through a microscope ) , as well as the changes normally associated with iron - deficiency anemia ( microcytosis and hypochromasia ) . However , basophilic stippling is also seen in unrelated conditions , such as megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 ( colbalamin ) and folate deficiencies . Exposure to lead also can be evaluated by measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin ( EP ) in blood samples . EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high , with a delay of a few weeks . Thus EP levels in conjunction with blood lead levels can suggest the time period of exposure ; if blood lead levels are high but EP is still normal , this finding suggests exposure was recent . However , the EP level alone is not sensitive enough to identify elevated blood lead levels below about 35 μg / dL . Due to this higher threshold for detection and the fact that EP levels also increase in iron deficiency , use of this method for detecting lead exposure has decreased . Blood lead levels are an indicator mainly of recent or current lead exposure , not of total body burden . Lead in bones can be measured noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence ; this may be the best measure of cumulative exposure and total body burden . However this method is not widely available and is mainly used for research rather than routine diagnosis . Another radiographic sign of elevated lead levels is the presence of radiodense lines called lead lines at the metaphysis in the long bones of growing children , especially around the knees . These lead lines , caused by increased calcification due to disrupted metabolism in the growing bones , become wider as the duration of lead exposure increases . X-rays may also reveal lead - containing foreign materials such as paint chips in the gastrointestinal tract . Fecal lead content that is measured over the course of a few days may also be an accurate way to estimate the overall amount of childhood lead intake . This form of measurement may serve as a useful way to see the extent of oral lead exposure from all the diet and environmental sources of lead . Lead poisoning shares symptoms with other conditions and may be easily missed . Conditions that present similarly and must be ruled out in diagnosing lead poisoning include carpal tunnel syndrome , Guillain -- Barré syndrome , renal colic , appendicitis , encephalitis in adults , and viral gastroenteritis in children . Other differential diagnoses in children include constipation , abdominal colic , iron deficiency , subdural hematoma , neoplasms of the central nervous system , emotional and behavior disorders , and intellectual disability . Reference levels ( edit ) The current reference range for acceptable blood lead concentrations in healthy persons without excessive exposure to environmental sources of lead is less than 5 μg / dL for children . It was less than 25 μg / dL for adults . Previous to 2012 the value for children was 10 ( μg / dl ) . The current biological exposure index ( a level that should not be exceeded ) for lead - exposed workers in the U.S. is 30 μg / dL in a random blood specimen . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( CDC / NIOSH ) reference blood lead level in adults is 10 μg / dL The U.S. national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 μg / dL in 2009 -- 2010 . Blood lead concentrations in poisoning victims have ranged from 30 - > 80 μg / dL in children exposed to lead paint in older houses , 77 -- 104 μg / dL in persons working with pottery glazes , 90 -- 137 μg / dL in individuals consuming contaminated herbal medicines , 109 -- 139 μg / dL in indoor shooting range instructors and as high as 330 μg / dL in those drinking fruit juices from glazed earthenware containers . Prevention ( edit ) Testing kits are commercially available for detecting lead . These swabs , when wiped on a surface , turn red in the presence of lead . In most cases , lead poisoning is preventable by avoiding exposure to lead . Prevention strategies can be divided into individual ( measures taken by a family ) , preventive medicine ( identifying and intervening with high - risk individuals ) , and public health ( reducing risk on a population level ) . Recommended steps by individuals to reduce the blood lead levels of children include increasing their frequency of hand washing and their intake of calcium and iron , discouraging them from putting their hands to their mouths , vacuuming frequently , and eliminating the presence of lead - containing objects such as blinds and jewellery in the house . In houses with lead pipes or plumbing solder , these can be replaced . Less permanent but cheaper methods include running water in the morning to flush out the most contaminated water , or adjusting the water 's chemistry to prevent corrosion of pipes . Lead testing kits are commercially available for detecting the presence of lead in the household . As hot water is more likely than cold water to contain higher amounts of lead , use only cold water from the tap for drinking , cooking , and for making baby formula . Since most of the lead in household water usually comes from plumbing in the house and not from the local water supply , using cold water can avoid lead exposure . Measures such as dust control and household education do not appear to be effective in changing children 's blood levels . Screening is an important method in preventive medicine strategies . Screening programs exist to test the blood of children at high risk for lead exposure , such as those who live near lead - related industries . Prevention measures also exist on national and municipal levels . Recommendations by health professionals for lowering childhood exposures include banning the use of lead where it is not essential and strengthening regulations that limit the amount of lead in soil , water , air , household dust , and products . Regulations exist to limit the amount of lead in paint ; for example , a 1978 law in the US restricted the lead in paint for residences , furniture , and toys to 0.06 % or less . In October 2008 , the US Environmental Protection Agency reduced the allowable lead level by a factor of ten to 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter of air , giving states five years to comply with the standards . The European Union 's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive limits amounts of lead and other toxic substances in electronics and electrical equipment . In some places , remediation programs exist to reduce the presence of lead when it is found to be high , for example in drinking water . As a more radical solution , entire towns located near former lead mines have been `` closed '' by the government , and the population resettled elsewhere , as was the case with Picher , Oklahoma in 2009 . Treatment ( edit ) CDC management guidelines for children with elevated blood levels Blood lead level ( μg / dL ) Treatment 10 -- 14 Education , repeat screening 15 -- 19 Repeat screening , case management to abate sources 20 -- 44 Medical evaluation , case management 45 -- 69 Medical evaluation , chelation , case management > 69 Hospitalization , immediate chelation , case management The mainstays of treatment are removal from the source of lead and , for people who have significantly high blood lead levels or who have symptoms of poisoning , chelation therapy . Treatment of iron , calcium , and zinc deficiencies , which are associated with increased lead absorption , is another part of treatment for lead poisoning . When lead - containing materials are present in the gastrointestinal tract ( as evidenced by abdominal X-rays ) , whole bowel irrigation , cathartics , endoscopy , or even surgical removal may be used to eliminate it from the gut and prevent further exposure . Lead - containing bullets and shrapnel may also present a threat of further exposure and may need to be surgically removed if they are in or near fluid - filled or synovial spaces . If lead encephalopathy is present , anticonvulsants may be given to control seizures , and treatments to control swelling of the brain include corticosteroids and mannitol . Treatment of organic lead poisoning involves removing the lead compound from the skin , preventing further exposure , treating seizures , and possibly chelation therapy for people with high blood lead concentrations . EDTA , a chelating agent , binds a heavy metal , sequestering it . A chelating agent is a molecule with at least two negatively charged groups that allow it to form complexes with metal ions with multiple positive charges , such as lead . The chelate that is thus formed is nontoxic and can be excreted in the urine , initially at up to 50 times the normal rate . The chelating agents used for treatment of lead poisoning are edetate disodium calcium ( CaNa EDTA ) , dimercaprol ( BAL ) , which are injected , and succimer and d - penicillamine , which are administered orally . Chelation therapy is used in cases of acute lead poisoning , severe poisoning , and encephalopathy , and is considered for people with blood lead levels above 25 μg / dL . While the use of chelation for people with symptoms of lead poisoning is widely supported , use in asymptomatic people with high blood lead levels is more controversial . Chelation therapy is of limited value for cases of chronic exposure to low levels of lead . Chelation therapy is usually stopped when symptoms resolve or when blood lead levels return to premorbid levels . When lead exposure has taken place over a long period , blood lead levels may rise after chelation is stopped because lead is leached into blood from stores in the bone ; thus repeated treatments are often necessary . People receiving dimercaprol need to be assessed for peanut allergies since the commercial formulation contains peanut oil . Calcium EDTA is also effective if administered four hours after the administration of dimercaprol . Administering dimercaprol , DMSA ( Succimer ) , or DMPS prior to calcium EDTA is necessary to prevent the redistribution of lead into the central nervous system . Dimercaprol used alone may also redistribute lead to the brain and testes . An adverse side effect of calcium EDTA is renal toxicity . Succimer ( DMSA ) is the preferred agent in mild to moderate lead poisoning cases . This may be the case in instances where children have a blood lead level > 25μg / dL . The most reported adverse side effect for succimer is gastrointestinal disturbances . It is also important to note that chelation therapy only lowers blood lead levels and may not prevent the lead - induced cognitive problems associated with lower lead levels in tissue . This may be because of the inability of these agents to remove sufficient amounts of lead from tissue or inability to reverse preexisting damage . Chelating agents can have adverse effects ; for example , chelation therapy can lower the body 's levels of necessary nutrients like zinc . Chelating agents taken orally can increase the body 's absorption of lead through the intestine . Chelation challenge , also known as provocation testing , is used to indicate an elevated and mobilizable body burden of heavy metals including lead . This testing involves collecting urine before and after administering a one - off dose of chelating agent to mobilize heavy metals into the urine . Then urine is analyzed by a laboratory for levels of heavy metals ; from this analysis overall body burden is inferred . Chelation challenge mainly measures the burden of lead in soft tissues , though whether it accurately reflects long - term exposure or the amount of lead stored in bone remains controversial . Although the technique has been used to determine whether chelation therapy is indicated and to diagnose heavy metal exposure , some evidence does not support these uses as blood levels after chelation are not comparable to the reference range typically used to diagnose heavy metal poisoning . The single chelation dose could also redistribute the heavy metals to more sensitive areas such as central nervous system tissue . Epidemiology ( edit ) Since lead has been used widely for centuries , the effects of exposure are worldwide . Environmental lead is ubiquitous , and everyone has some measurable blood lead level . Atmospheric lead pollution increased dramatically beginning in the 1950s as a result of the widespread use of leaded gasoline . Lead is one of the largest environmental medicine problems in terms of numbers of people exposed and the public health toll it takes . Lead exposure accounts for about 0.2 % of all deaths and 0.6 % of disability adjusted life years globally . Although regulation reducing lead in products has greatly reduced exposure in the developed world since the 1970s , lead is still allowed in products in many developing countries . In all countries that have banned leaded gasoline , average blood lead levels have fallen sharply . However , some developing countries still allow leaded gasoline , which is the primary source of lead exposure in most developing countries . Beyond exposure from gasoline , the frequent use of pesticides in developing countries adds a risk of lead exposure and subsequent poisoning . Poor children in developing countries are at especially high risk for lead poisoning . Of North American children , 7 % have blood lead levels above 10 μg / dL , whereas among Central and South American children , the percentage is 33 to 34 % . About one fifth of the world 's disease burden from lead poisoning occurs in the Western Pacific , and another fifth is in Southeast Asia . In developed countries , people with low levels of education living in poorer areas are most at risk for elevated lead . In the US , the groups most at risk for lead exposure are the impoverished , city - dwellers , and immigrants . African - American children and those living in old housing have also been found to be at elevated risk for high blood lead levels in the US . Low - income people often live in old housing with lead paint , which may begin to peel , exposing residents to high levels of lead - containing dust . Risk factors for elevated lead exposure include alcohol consumption and smoking ( possibly because of contamination of tobacco leaves with lead - containing pesticides ) . Adults with certain risk factors might be more susceptible to toxicity ; these include calcium and iron deficiencies , old age , disease of organs targeted by lead ( e.g. the brain , the kidneys ) , and possibly genetic susceptibility . Differences in vulnerability to lead - induced neurological damage between males and females have also been found , but some studies have found males to be at greater risk , while others have found females to be . In adults , blood lead levels steadily increase with increasing age . In adults of all ages , men have higher blood lead levels than women do . Children are more sensitive to elevated blood lead levels than adults are . Children may also have a higher intake of lead than adults ; they breathe faster and may be more likely to have contact with and ingest soil . Children of ages one to three tend to have the highest blood lead levels , possibly because at that age they begin to walk and explore their environment , and they use their mouths in their exploration . Blood levels usually peak at about 18 -- 24 months old . In many countries including the US , household paint and dust are the major route of exposure in children . Notable cases ( edit ) Main article : Lead poisoning epidemics Cases of mass lead poisoning can occur , primarily in underdeveloped countries . 15,000 people are being relocated from Jiyuan in central Henan province to other locations after 1000 children living around China 's largest smelter plant ( owned and operated by Yuguang Gold and Lead ) were found to have excess lead in their blood . The total cost of this project is estimated to around 1 billion yuan ( $150 million ) . 70 % of the cost will be paid by local government and the smelter company , while the rest will be paid by the residents themselves . The government has suspended production at 32 of 35 lead plants . The affected area includes people from 10 different villages . The Zamfara State lead poisoning epidemic occurred in Nigeria in 2010 . As of October 5 , 2010 at least 400 children have died from the effects of lead poisoning . Prognosis ( edit ) Reversibility ( edit ) Outcome is related to the extent and duration of lead exposure . Effects of lead on the physiology of the kidneys and blood are generally reversible ; its effects on the central nervous system are not . While peripheral effects in adults often go away when lead exposure ceases , evidence suggests that most of lead 's effects on a child 's central nervous system are irreversible . Children with lead poisoning may thus have adverse health , cognitive , and behavioral effects that follow them into adulthood . Encephalopathy ( edit ) Lead encephalopathy is a medical emergency and causes permanent brain damage in 70 -- 80 % of children affected by it , even those that receive the best treatment . The mortality rate for people who develop cerebral involvement is about 25 % , and of those who survive who had lead encephalopathy symptoms by the time chelation therapy was begun , about 40 % have permanent neurological problems such as cerebral palsy . Long - term ( edit ) Exposure to lead may also decrease lifespan and have health effects in the long term . Death rates from a variety of causes have been found to be higher in people with elevated blood lead levels ; these include cancer , stroke , and heart disease , and general death rates from all causes . Lead is considered a possible human carcinogen based on evidence from animal studies . Evidence also suggests that age - related mental decline and psychiatric symptoms are correlated with lead exposure . Cumulative exposure over a prolonged period may have a more important effect on some aspects of health than recent exposure . Some health effects , such as high blood pressure , are only significant risks when lead exposure is prolonged ( over about one year ) . History ( edit ) Dioscorides noted lead 's effect on the mind in the first century A.D. Roman lead water pipes with taps Lead poisoning was among the first known and most widely studied work and environmental hazards . One of the first metals to be smelted and used , lead is thought to have been discovered and first mined in Anatolia around 6500 BCE . Its density , workability , and corrosion resistance were among the metal 's attractions . In the 2nd century BCE the Greek botanist Nicander described the colic and paralysis seen in lead - poisoned people . Dioscorides , a Greek physician who lived in the 1st century CE , wrote that lead makes the mind `` give way '' . Lead was used extensively in Roman aqueducts from about 500 BCE to 300 CE Julius Caesar 's engineer , Vitruvius , reported , `` water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes . For it seems to be made injurious by lead , because white lead is produced by it , and this is said to be harmful to the human body . '' Gout , prevalent in affluent Rome , is thought to be the result of lead , or leaded eating and drinking vessels . Sugar of lead ( lead ( II ) acetate ) was used to sweeten wine , and the gout that resulted from this was known as `` saturnine '' gout . It is even hypothesized that lead poisoning may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire , a hypothesis thoroughly disputed : The great disadvantage of lead has always been that it is poisonous . This was fully recognised by the ancients , and Vitruvius specifically warns against its use . Because it was nevertheless used in profusion for carrying drinking water , the conclusion has often been drawn that the Romans must therefore have suffered from lead poisoning ; sometimes conclusions are carried even further and it is inferred that this caused infertility and other unwelcome conditions , and that lead plumbing was largely responsible for the decline and fall of Rome . Two things make this otherwise attractive hypothesis impossible . First , the calcium carbonate deposit that formed so thickly inside the aqueduct channels also formed inside the pipes , effectively insulating the water from the lead , so that the two never touched . Second , because the Romans had so few taps and the water was constantly running , it was never inside the pipes for more than a few minutes , and certainly not long enough to become contaminated . However , recent research supports the idea that the lead found in the water came from the supply pipes , rather than another source of contamination . It was not unknown for locals to punch holes in the pipes to draw water off , increasing the number of people exposed to the lead . Thirty years ago , Jerome Nriagu argued in a milestone paper that Roman civilization collapsed as a result of lead poisoning . Clair Patterson , the scientist who convinced governments to ban lead from gasoline , enthusiastically endorsed this idea , which nevertheless triggered a volley of publications aimed at refuting it . Although today lead is no longer seen as the prime culprit of Rome 's demise , its status in the system of water distribution by lead pipes ( fistulæ ) still stands as a major public health issue . By measuring Pb isotope compositions of sediments from the Tiber River and the Trajanic Harbor , the present work shows that `` tap water '' from ancient Rome had 100 times more lead than local spring waters . Romans also consumed lead through the consumption of defrutum , carenum , and sapa , musts made by boiling down fruit in lead cookware . Defrutum and its relatives were used in ancient Roman cuisine and cosmetics , including as a food preservative . The use of leaden cookware , though popular , was not the general standard and copper cookware was used far more generally . There is also no indication how often sapa was added or in what quantity . The consumption of sapa as having a role in the fall of the Roman Empire was used in a theory proposed by geochemist Jerome Nriagu to state that `` lead poisoning contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire '' . In 1984 , John Scarborough , a pharmacologist and classicist , criticized the conclusions drawn by Nriagu 's book as `` so full of false evidence , miscitations , typographical errors , and a blatant flippancy regarding primary sources that the reader can not trust the basic arguments . '' After antiquity , mention of lead poisoning was absent from medical literature until the end of the Middle Ages . In 1656 the German physician Samuel Stockhausen recognized dust and fumes containing lead compounds as the cause of disease , called since ancient Roman times morbi metallici , that were known to afflict miners , smelter workers , potters , and others whose work exposed them to the metal . The painter Caravaggio might have died of lead poisoning . Bones with high lead levels were recently found in a grave thought likely to be his . Paints used at the time contained high amounts of lead salts . Caravaggio is known to have exhibited violent behavior , as caused by lead poisoning . In 17th - century Germany , the physician Eberhard Gockel discovered lead - contaminated wine to be the cause of an epidemic of colic . He had noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy , while wine drinkers developed colic , and traced the cause to sugar of lead , made by simmering litharge with vinegar . As a result , Eberhard Ludwig , Duke of Württemberg issued an edict in 1696 banning the adulteration of wines with litharge . In the 18th century lead poisoning was fairly frequent on account of the widespread drinking of rum , which was made in stills with a lead component ( the `` worm '' ) . It was a significant cause of mortality amongst slaves and sailors in the colonial West Indies . Lead poisoning from rum was also noted in Boston . Benjamin Franklin suspected lead to be a risk in 1786 . Also in the 18th century , `` Devonshire colic '' was the name given to the symptoms suffered by people of Devon who drank cider made in presses that were lined with lead . Lead was added to cheap wine illegally in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a sweetener . The composer Beethoven , a heavy wine drinker , suffered elevated lead levels ( as later detected in his hair ) possibly due to this ; the cause of his death is controversial , but lead poisoning is a contender as a factor . With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century , lead poisoning became common in the work setting . The introduction of lead paint for residential use in the 19th century increased childhood exposure to lead ; for millennia before this , most lead exposure had been occupational . An important step in the understanding of childhood lead poisoning occurred when toxicity in children from lead paint was recognized in Australia in 1897 . France , Belgium , and Austria banned white lead interior paints in 1909 ; the League of Nations followed suit in 1922 . However , in the United States , laws banning lead house paint were not passed until 1971 , and it was phased out and not fully banned until 1978 . The 20th century saw an increase in worldwide lead exposure levels due to the increased widespread use of the metal . Beginning in the 1920s , lead was added to gasoline to improve its combustion ; lead from this exhaust persists today in soil and dust in buildings . Blood lead levels worldwide have been declining sharply since the 1980s , when leaded gasoline began to be phased out . In those countries that have banned lead in solder for food and drink cans and have banned leaded gasoline additives , blood lead levels have fallen sharply since the mid-1980s . The levels found today in most people are orders of magnitude greater than those of pre-industrial society . Due to reductions of lead in products and the workplace , acute lead poisoning is rare in most countries today , but low level lead exposure is still common . It was not until the second half of the 20th century that subclinical lead exposure became understood to be a problem . During the end of the 20th century , the blood lead levels deemed acceptable steadily declined . Blood lead levels once considered safe are now considered hazardous , with no known safe threshold . In the late 1950s through the 1970s Herbert Needleman and Clair Cameron Patterson did research trying to prove lead 's toxicity to humans . In the 1980s Needleman was falsely accused of scientific misconduct by the lead industry associates . In 2002 Tommy Thompson , secretary of Health and Human Services appointed at least two persons with conflicts of interest to the CDC 's Lead Advisory Committee . In 2014 a case by the state of California against a number of companies decided against Sherwin - Williams , NL Industries and ConAgra and ordered them to pay $1.15 billion . The case is currently under appeal . Studies have found a weak link between lead from leaded gasoline and crime rates . Other species ( edit ) Main article : Animal lead poisoning Humans are not alone in suffering from lead 's effects ; plants and animals are also affected by lead toxicity to varying degrees depending on species . Animals experience many of the same effects of lead exposure as humans do , such as abdominal pain , peripheral neuropathy , and behavioral changes such as increased aggression . Much of what is known about human lead toxicity and its effects is derived from animal studies . Animals are used to test the effects of treatments , such as chelating agents , and to provide information on the pathophysiology of lead , such as how it is absorbed and distributed in the body . Farm animals such as cows and horses as well as pet animals are also susceptible to the effects of lead toxicity . Sources of lead exposure in pets can be the same as those that present health threats to humans sharing the environment , such as paint and blinds , and there is sometimes lead in toys made for pets . Lead poisoning in a pet dog may indicate that children in the same household are at increased risk for elevated lead levels . Wildlife ( edit ) Turkey vultures , Cathartes aura ( shown ) , and California condors can be poisoned when they eat carcasses of animals shot with lead pellets . Lead , one of the leading causes of toxicity in waterfowl , has been known to cause die - offs of wild bird populations . When hunters use lead shot , waterfowl such as ducks can ingest the spent pellets later and be poisoned ; predators that eat these birds are also at risk . Lead shot - related waterfowl poisonings were first documented in the US in the 1880s . By 1919 , the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting was positively identified as the source of waterfowl deaths . Lead shot has been banned for hunting waterfowl in several countries , including the US in 1991 and Canada in 1997 . Other threats to wildlife include lead paint , sediment from lead mines and smelters , and lead weights from fishing lines . Lead in some fishing gear has been banned in several countries . The critically endangered California condor has also been affected by lead poisoning . As scavengers , condors eat carcasses of game that have been shot but not retrieved , and with them the fragments from lead bullets ; this increases their lead levels . Among condors around the Grand Canyon , lead poisoning due to eating lead shot is the most frequently diagnosed cause of death . In an effort to protect this species , in areas designated as the California condor 's range the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned to hunt deer , feral pigs , elk , pronghorn antelope , coyotes , ground squirrels , and other non-game wildlife . Also , conservation programs exist which routinely capture condors , check their blood lead levels , and treat cases of poisoning . See also ( edit ) Lead abatement in the U.S. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rates vary greatly by country . ^ Jump up to : `` Lead Information for Workers '' . CDC. 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lead poisoning and health '' . WHO . September 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferri , Fred F. ( 2010 ) . Ferri 's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms , signs , and clinical disorders ( 2nd ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Mosby . p . Chapter L. ISBN 0323076998 . 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PMID 27009351 . doi : 10.1080 / 09603123.2016. 1161179 . Jump up ^ Shih , RA ; Hu , H ; Weisskopf , MG ; Schwartz , BS ( 2007 ) . `` Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Adults : A Review of Studies That Measured Both Blood Lead and Bone Lead '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 92 . PMC 1849945 . PMID 17431502 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 9786 . ^ Jump up to : Kosnett , MJ ; Wedeen , RP ; Rothenberg , SJ ; Hipkins , KL ; Materna , BL ; Schwartz , BS ; Hu , H ; Woolf , A ( 2007 ) . `` Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 ( 3 ) : 463 -- 71 . PMC 1849937 . PMID 17431500 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 9784 . Jump up ^ `` Research Links Lead Exposure to Changes in Violent Crime Rates Throughout the 20th century '' ( PDF ) . ICF International . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 30 . 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PMID 19390698 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0005330 . Jump up ^ Spitz , M ; Lucato , LT ; Haddad , MS ; Barbosa , ER ( 2008 ) . `` Choreoathetosis secondary to lead toxicity '' . Arquivos de neuro - psiquiatria. 66 ( 3A ) : 575 -- 7 . PMID 18813727 . doi : 10.1590 / S0004 - 282X2008000400031 . Jump up ^ Dimaio , VJ ; Dimaio , SM ; Garriott , JC ; Simpson , P ( 1983 ) . `` A fatal case of lead poisoning due to a retained bullet '' . The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 4 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 9 . PMID 6859004 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000433 - 198306000 - 00013 . Jump up ^ Fiorica , V ; Brinker , JE ( 1989 ) . `` Increased lead absorption and lead poisoning from a retained bullet '' . The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association . 82 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 7 . PMID 2926538 . Jump up ^ `` Doubts over MSG and Lead Content in Maggi Instant Noodles '' . 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beware ! Eating 2 - Minute Maggi Noodles can ruin your Nervous System '' . news.biharprabha.com. 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maggi Noodles Packets Recalled Across Uttar Pradesh , Say Food Inspectors : Report '' . NDTV . New Delhi , India . 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sushmi Dey ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` ' Maggi ' under regulatory scanner for lead , MSG beyond permissible limit '' . The Times of India . New Delhi , India . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi govt bans sales of Maggi from its stores : Report '' . Times of India . New Delhi , India . 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ IANS ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Gujarat bans Maggi noodles for 30 days '' . The Times of India . ( The Times Group ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Future Group bans Maggi too : The two - minute death of a India 's favourite noodle brand '' . FirstPost. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Trumpeter Swan Society vs EPA Jump up ^ `` Lead Exposure in Wisconsin Birds '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin department of natural resources . 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Shahed ; Blumenthal , Wendy ; Kennedy , Chinaro ; Yip , Fuyuen Y. ; Pickard , Stephen ; Flanders , W. Dana ; Loringer , Kelly ; Kruger , Kirby ; Caldwell , Kathleen L. ; Jean Brown , Mary ( 2009 ) . `` Hunting with lead : Association between blood lead levels and wild game consumption '' . Environmental Research . 109 ( 8 ) : 952 -- 959 . ISSN 0013 - 9351 . PMID 19747676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envres. 2009.08. 007 . Jump up ^ `` No Danger of Lead Poisoning from Meat Obtained by Hunting '' . University of Illinois . December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal , Shahed . `` Epi - AID Trip Report : Assessment of human health risk from consumption of wild game meat with possible lead contamination among the residents of the State of North Dakota '' ( PDF ) . Epi - AID Trip Report . National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : Atlanta , Georgia , USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blood lead levels -- United States , 1999 -- 2002 '' . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 54 ( 20 ) : 513 -- 6 . May 2005 . PMID 15917736 . Jump up ^ Grant ( 2009 ) p. 767 Jump up ^ Rubin , Strayer ( 2008 ) p. 266 ^ Jump up to : Hu , H ; Shih , R ; Rothenberg , S ; Schwartz , BS ( 2007 ) . `` The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults : Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 ( 3 ) : 455 -- 62 . PMC 1849918 . 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Jump up ^ Scinicariello , Franco ; Murray , H. Edward ; et al. ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Lead and δ - Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Polymorphism : Where Does It Lead ? A Meta - Analysis '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 41 . PMC 1797830 . PMID 17366816 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 9448 . Jump up ^ Chhabra , Namrata ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Effect of Lead poisoning on heme biosynthetic pathway '' . Clinical Cases : Biochemistry For Medics . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fujita , H ; Nishitani , C ; Ogawa , K ( February 2002 ) . `` Lead , chemical porphyria , and heme as a biological mediator . '' . The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine . 196 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 64 . PMID 12498316 . doi : 10.1620 / tjem. 196.53 . ^ Jump up to : Mycyk , Hryhorczuk , Amitai ( 2005 ) p. 462 ^ Jump up to : Kosnett ( 2005 ) p. 822 ^ Jump up to : Xu , J ; Yan , HC ; Yang , B ; Tong , LS ; Zou , YX ; Tian , Y ( 2009 ) . `` Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats '' . Journal of negative results in biomedicine. 8 : 5 . PMC 2674876 . PMID 19374778 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 5751 - 8 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lidsky , Theodore ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Lead neurotoxicity in children : basic mechanisms and clinical correlates '' . Brain . 126 ( Pt 1 ) : 5 -- 19 . PMID 12477693 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awg014 . Jump up ^ Sanders , T ; Liu , Y ; Buchner , V ; Tchounwou , PB ( 2009 ) . `` Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure : A Review '' . Reviews on environmental health . 24 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 45 . PMC 2858639 . PMID 19476290 . doi : 10.1515 / REVEH. 2009.24. 1.15 . 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PMID 18567711 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 00158.2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mycyk , Hryhorczuk , Amitai ( 2005 ) p. 464 Jump up ^ Gwiazda , R ; Campbell , C ; Smith , D ( 2005 ) . `` A Noninvasive Isotopic Approach to Estimate the Bone Lead Contribution to Blood in Children : Implications for Assessing the Efficacy of Lead Abatement '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 10 . PMC 1253718 . PMID 15626656 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 7241 . Jump up ^ Wu , A. ( 2006 ) Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests , 4th ed. , Saunders Elsevier , St. Louis , MO , pp. 658 -- 659 . Jump up ^ `` Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children : A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NIOSH Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology & Surveillance ( ABLES ) program description . Cincinnati , OH : US Department of Health and Human Services , CDC , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health '' . NIOSH . cdc.gov. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals . Updated Tables '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Health and Human Services . Atlanta , GA : cdc.gov . September 2012 . Jump up ^ Baselt , Randall Clint ( 2008 ) . Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man ( 8th ed . ) . Biomedical Publications . pp. 823 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626523 - 7 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , M ( 2008 ) . `` Lead in drinking water '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 179 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 4 . PMC 2474873 . PMID 18663205 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 071483 . Jump up ^ National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nussbaumer - Streit , Barbara ; Yeoh , Berlinda ; Griebler , Ursula ; Pfadenhauer , Lisa M. ; Busert , Laura K. ; Lhachimi , Stefan K. ; Lohner , Szimonetta ; Gartlehner , Gerald ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children '' . 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The Veterinary Clinics of North America . Exotic Animal Practice. 11 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 59 , vi . PMID 18406386 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cvex. 2008.01. 006 . Jump up ^ Menkes ( 2006 ) p. 706 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , PA ; Brown , MJ ; Falk , H ( 2008 ) . `` Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning '' . Mutation research . 659 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 166 -- 75 . PMID 18436472 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrrev. 2008.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Flora , SJ ; Pachauri , V ( Jul 2010 ) . `` Chelation in metal intoxication . '' . International journal of environmental research and public health . 7 ( 12 ) : 2745 -- 88 . PMC 2922724 . PMID 20717537 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph7072745 . ^ Jump up to : Gracia RC , Snodgrass WR ( January 2007 ) . `` Lead toxicity and chelation therapy '' . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 64 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 53 . PMID 17189579 . doi : 10.2146 / ajhp060175 . 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Geneva , Switzerland : World Health Organization . 2009 . p. 24 . ISBN 9789241563871 . Jump up ^ Konradsen F , van der Hoek W , Cole DC , et al. ( November 2003 ) . `` Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries -- options for restricting the availability of pesticides '' . Toxicology. 192 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 249 -- 61 . PMID 14580791 . doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 483X ( 03 ) 00339 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jones , RL ; Homa , DM ; Meyer , PA ; Brody , DJ ; Caldwell , KL ; Pirkle , JL ; Brown , MJ ( 2009 ) . `` Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years , 1988 -- 2004 '' . Pediatrics. 123 ( 3 ) : e376 -- 85 . PMID 19254973 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2007 - 3608 . Jump up ^ Murata , K ; Iwata , T ; Dakeishi , M ; Karita , K ( 2009 ) . `` Lead toxicity : does the critical level of lead resulting in adverse effects differ between adults and children ? '' . Journal of occupational health . 51 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . PMID 18987427 . doi : 10.1539 / joh. K8003 . Jump up ^ `` China to relocate 15,000 from lead - poisoned area '' . AFP . 2009 - 10 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` China to move residents from lead smelter base - report '' . Reuters. 2009 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Aid groups say lead poisoning has killed 400 children in Nigeria '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chisolm ( 2004 ) p. 223 Jump up ^ Merrill , Morton , Soileau ( 2007 ) p. 862 Jump up ^ Needleman , H ( 2009 ) . `` Low level lead exposure : history and discovery '' . Annals of Epidemiology. 19 ( 4 ) : 235 -- 8 . PMID 19344860 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2009.01. 022 . Jump up ^ Prioreschi , P ( 1998 ) . A History of Medicine , Volume 3 Of Roman Medicine . Horatius Press . p. 279 . ISBN 1 - 888456 - 03 - 5 . Jump up ^ Couper RTL. ; Fernandez , P.L. ; Alonso , P.L. ( 2006 ) . `` The Severe Gout of Emperor Charles V '' . N Engl J Med. 355 ( 18 ) : 1935 -- 36 . PMID 17079773 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc062352 . Jump up ^ Hodge 1992 , p. 308 Jump up ^ Delile , H. ; Blichert - Toft , J. ; Goiran , J. - P. ; Keay , S. ; Albarede , F. ( 2014 ) . `` Lead in ancient Rome 's city waters '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 18 ) : 6594 -- 6599 . Bibcode : 2014PNAS ... 111.6594 D. PMC 4020092 . PMID 24753588 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1400097111 . Jump up ^ Ancient Rome 's tap water heavily contaminated with lead , researchers say -- The Guardian Jump up ^ Lead in Ancient Rome 's Water Was 100 Times Natural Levels -- Discover Jump up ^ Director : Chris Warren ( 2004 ) . Tales of the Living Dead : Poisoned Roman Babies ( television ) . Brighton TV for National Geographic . Jump up ^ Nriagu JO ( 1983 ) . `` Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats . Did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the Empire ? '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 308 ( 11 ) : 660 -- 3 . PMID 6338384 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198303173081123 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , John ( 1984 ) . The Myth of Lead Poisoning Among the Romans : An Essay Review ^ Jump up to : Hernberg , S ( 2000 ) . `` Lead poisoning in a historical perspective '' . American journal of industrial medicine . 38 ( 3 ) : 244 -- 54 . PMID 10940962 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0274 ( 200009 ) 38 : 3 3.0.CO ; 2 - F . ^ Jump up to : Eisinger , J ( 1982 ) . `` Lead and wine . Eberhard Gockel and the colica Pictonum '' . Medical History . 26 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 302 . PMC 1139187 . PMID 6750289 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300041508 . Jump up ^ Gochfeld , M ( 2005 ) . `` Chronologic history of occupational medicine '' . Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 47 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 114 . PMID 15706170 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. jom. 0000152917.03649. 0e . Jump up ^ The mystery of Caravaggio 's death solved at last -- painting killed him , Tom Kington , The Guardian , Wednesday , 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Varney , Tamara L , Murphy , A. Reginald et al. ( October 2012 ) . `` A Preliminary Investigation of Lead Poisoning in a Napoleonic Era Naval Cemetery in Antigua , W.I. '' ( PDF ) . Caribbean Connection. 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Curtin , Philip D. ( November 1989 ) . Death by Migration : Europe 's Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0521389228 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2000 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 9780385495400 . Jump up ^ The Franklin Institute ( 2010 ) . `` Benjamin Franklin 's Lead Letter , '' History 's Lead Story ^ Jump up to : Mai , FM ( 2006 ) . `` Beethoven 's terminal illness and death '' . The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 36 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 63 . PMID 17214130 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Rick Study Concludes Beethoven Died From Lead Poisoning , The Washington Post , December 6 , 2005 Jump up ^ Grant ( 2009 ) p. 757 Jump up ^ Mycyk , Hryhorczuk , Amitai ( 2005 ) p. 467 Jump up ^ Chiras , DD ( 2009 ) . Environmental Science ( 8th ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5925 - 2 . Jump up ^ Grant ( 2009 ) p. 758 Jump up ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` Lead Toxicity Cover Page '' . Environmental Health and Medicine Education . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Course : WB 1105 . Jump up ^ Denworth , Lydia . Toxic Truth : a scientist , a Doctor , and the battle over Lead . Beacon Press . p. 210 . ISBN 9780807000328 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Donald ( 1997 ) . Academic Duty . Harvard University Press . p. 237 . ISBN 9780674002227 . Jump up ^ Rosner , David ; Markowitz , Gerald ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Standing Up to the Lead Industry : An Interview with Herber Needleman '' . Public Health Reports . Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health ( ASPPH ) . 120 ( 3 ) : 8 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Poisoning Prevention Panel Influenced by Industry '' . The Center for Science and Democracy . Union of Concerned Scientists . 8 February 2004 . Retrieved 8 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Markey , Edward J. ( 8 October 2002 ) . `` Turning Lead Into Gold : How the Bush Administration is Poisoning the Lead Advisory Committee at the CDC '' ( PDF ) . US House of Representatives . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://media2.mofo.com/documents/140113-lead-paint.pdf . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall , W ( 2013 ) . `` Did the elimination of lead from petrol reduce crime in the USA in the 1990s ? '' . F1000Research. 2 : 156 . PMC 3829390 . PMID 24555074 . doi : 10.12688 / f1000research. 2 - 156. v2 . Jump up ^ Redig , PT ; Arent , LR ( 2008 ) . `` Raptor toxicology '' . The Veterinary Clinics of North America . Exotic Animal Practice. 11 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 82 , vi . PMID 18406387 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cvex. 2007.12. 004 . Jump up ^ Grant ( 2009 ) pp. 768 , 771 , 774 Jump up ^ Neathery , MW ; Miller , WJ ( 1975 ) . `` Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium , mercury , and lead in animals : a review '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 58 ( 12 ) : 1767 -- 81 . PMID 1107364 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 75 ) 84785 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ferreyra , H ; Romano , M ; Uhart , M ( 2009 ) . `` Recent and chronic exposure of wild ducks to lead in human - modified wetlands in Santa Fe Province , Argentina '' . Journal of wildlife diseases . 45 ( 3 ) : 823 -- 7 . PMID 19617495 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 45.3. 823 . Jump up ^ Federal Cartridge Company Waterfowl and Steel Shot Guide . Volume I ; 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Degernes , LA ( 2008 ) . `` Waterfowl toxicology : a review '' . The Veterinary Clinics of North America . Exotic Animal Practice. 11 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 300 , vi . PMID 18406388 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cvex. 2007.12. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Green , RE ; Hunt , WG ; Parish , CN ; Newton , I ; Pizzari , Tom ( 2008 ) . Pizzari , Tom , ed . `` Effectiveness of Action to Reduce Exposure of Free - Ranging California Condors in Arizona and Utah to Lead from Spent Ammunition '' . PLoS ONE . 3 ( 12 ) : e4022 . Bibcode : 2008PLoSO ... 3.4022 G. PMC 2603582 . PMID 19107211 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0004022 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference leadout was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ) ) References Brunton , L.L. ; Goodman , L.S. ; Blumenthal , D. ; Buxton , I. ; Parker , K.L. , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Principles of toxicology '' . Goodman and Gilman 's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144343 - 6 . Casarett , LJ ; Klaassen , CD ; Doull , J , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Toxic effects of metals '' . Casarett and Doull 's Toxicology : The Basic Science of Poisons ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147051 - 4 . Chisolm , J.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Lead poisoning '' . In Crocetti , M. ; Barone , M.A. ; Oski , F.A. Oski 's Essential Pediatrics ( 2nd ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3770 - 2 . Dart , R.C. ; Hurlbut , K.M. ; Boyer - Hassen , L.V. ( 2004 ) . `` Lead '' . In Dart , RC . Medical Toxicology ( 3rd ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2845 - 2 . Grant , L.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Lead and compounds '' . In Lippmann , M. Environmental Toxicants : Human Exposures and Their Health Effects ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 0 - 471 - 79335 - 3 . Henretig F.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Lead '' . In Goldfrank , LR . Goldfrank 's Toxicologic Emergencies ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 143763 - 0 . Hodge , A. Trevor ( 1992 ) . Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2194 - 7 . Kosnett M.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Lead '' . In Brent , J. Critical Care Toxicology : Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient . Gulf Professional Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8151 - 4387 - 7 . Kosnett , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Heavy metal intoxication and chelators '' . In Katzung , B.G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 145153 - 6 . Kosnett , M.J. `` Lead '' . In Olson , K.R. Poisoning and Drug Overdose ( 5th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 2006 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144333 - 9 . Menkes , J.H. ( 2006 ) . `` Toxic and nutritional disorders '' . In Menkes , J.H. ; Sarnat , H.B. ; Maria , B.L. Child Neurology ( 7th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 706 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5104 - 7 . Merrill , J.C. ; Morton , J.J.P. ; Soileau , S.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Metals '' . In Hayes , A.W. Principles and Methods of Toxicology ( 5th ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3778 - X . Mycyk , M. ; Hryhorczuk , D. ; Amitai , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Lead '' . In Erickson , TB ; Ahrens , WR ; Aks , S ; Ling , L. Pediatric Toxicology : Diagnosis and Management of the Poisoned Child . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 141736 - 2 . Olson , K.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Poisoning '' . In McPhee , S.J. ; Tierney , L.M. ; Papadakis , M.A. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment ( 46th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147247 - 9 . Pearson H.A. ; Schonfeld , D.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Lead '' . In Rudolph , C.D. Rudolph 's Pediatrics ( 21st ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8285 - 0 . Rambousek , A.J. , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` The symptoms and treatment of industrial poisoning '' . Industrial Poisoning from Fumes , Gases , and Poisons of Manufacturing Processes . READ BOOKS . ISBN 1 - 4086 - 7025 - 9 . Rubin , R. ; Strayer , D.S. , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Environmental and nutritional pathology '' . Rubin 's Pathology : Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine ( 5th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 9516 - 8 . Salvato , J.A. ; Nemerow , N.L. ; Agardy , F.J. , eds. ( 2003 ) . `` Noninfectious and noncommunicable diseases and conditions associated with the environment , including air , water , and food '' . Environmental Engineering ( 5th ed . ) . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 41813 - 7 . Trevor , A.J. ; Katzung , B.G. ; Masters , S.B. , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Heavy metals '' . Katzung & Trevor 's Pharmacology : Examination & Board Review ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148869 - 3 . Yu , M.H. ( 2005 ) . `` Soil and water pollution : Environmental metals and metalloids '' . Environmental Toxicology : Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants . CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 670 - X . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : T56. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 984.9 MeSH : D007855 DiseasesDB : 7307 External resources MedlinePlus : 002473 eMedicine : article / 815399 Patient UK : Lead poisoning Binns , H.J. ; Ricks , O.B. `` Helping Parents Prevent Lead Poisoning '' . ERIC Digest . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` Lead Toxicity '' . Environmental Health and Medicine Education . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Course : WB 1105 . Health and Safety Executive UK . `` Lead '' . Working safely with lead . HSE . Karalus , Daniel E ( 2010 ) . `` Review : The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster '' . Electronic Green Journal . 1 ( 29 ) . Katz , N.L. ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` City payout to Brooklyn family largest ever in lead poisoning '' . NY Daily News . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . `` Lead '' . NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topics . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Pollutant Inventory . `` Lead and compounds : Health effects '' . Fact Sheets . Canberra , Australia : Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . National Safety Council ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Poisoning '' ( PDF ) . Fact Sheets . Itasca , Illinois , U.S. : National Safety Council . Küpper , Hendrik ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 15 . Lead Toxicity in Plants '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 491 -- 500 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 015 . Poisoning Toxicity Overdosing ( T36 -- T65 , 960 -- 989 ) History of poison Inorganic Metals Toxic metals Beryllium Cadmium Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Thallium Tin Dietary minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Metalloids Arsenic Nonmetals Sulfuric acid Selenium Chlorine Fluoride Organic Phosphorus Pesticides Aluminium phosphide Organophosphates Nitrogen Cyanide Nicotine Nitrogen dioxide poisoning CHO alcohol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Carbon monoxide Oxygen Toluene Pharmaceutical Drug overdoses Nervous Anticholinesterase Aspirin Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opioids Paracetamol Tricyclic antidepressants Cardiovascular Digoxin Dipyridamole Vitamin poisoning Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Biological Fish / seafood Ciguatera Haff disease Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Scombroid Shellfish poisoning Amnesic Diarrhetic Neurotoxic Paralytic Other vertebrates amphibian venom Batrachotoxin Bombesin Bufotenin Physalaemin birds / quail Coturnism snake venom Alpha - Bungarotoxin Ancrod Batroxobin Arthropods Arthropod bites and stings bee sting / bee venom Apamin Melittin scorpion venom Charybdotoxin spider venom Latrotoxin / Latrodectism Loxoscelism tick paralysis Plants / fungi Cinchonism Ergotism Lathyrism Locoism Mushrooms Strychnine including venoms , toxins , foodborne illnesses . Pigmentation disorders / Dyschromia ( L80 -- L81 , 709.0 ) Hypo - / leucism Loss of melanocytes Vitiligo Quadrichrome vitiligo Vitiligo ponctué Syndromic Alezzandrini syndrome Vogt -- Koyanagi -- Harada syndrome Melanocyte development Piebaldism Waardenburg syndrome Tietz syndrome Loss of melanin / amelanism Albinism Oculocutaneous albinism Ocular albinism Melanosome transfer Hermansky -- Pudlak syndrome Chédiak -- Higashi syndrome Griscelli syndrome Elejalde syndrome Griscelli syndrome type 2 Griscelli syndrome type 3 Other Cross syndrome ABCD syndrome Albinism -- deafness syndrome Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Phylloid hypomelanosis Progressive macular hypomelanosis Leukoderma w / o hypomelanosis Vasospastic macule Woronoff 's ring Nevus anemicus Ungrouped Nevus depigmentosus Postinflammatory hypopigmentation Pityriasis alba Vagabond 's leukomelanoderma Yemenite deaf - blind hypopigmentation syndrome Wende -- Bauckus syndrome Hyper - Melanin / Melanosis / Melanism Reticulated Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures Naegeli -- Franceschetti -- Jadassohn syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder Galli -- Galli disease Revesz syndrome Diffuse / circumscribed Lentigo / Lentiginosis : Lentigo simplex Liver spot Centrofacial lentiginosis Generalized lentiginosis Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons Ink spot lentigo Lentigo maligna Mucosal lentigines Partial unilateral lentiginosis PUVA lentigines Melasma Erythema dyschromicum perstans Lichen planus pigmentosus Café au lait spot Poikiloderma ( Poikiloderma of Civatte Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans ) Riehl melanosis Linear Incontinentia pigmenti Scratch dermatitis Shiitake mushroom dermatitis Other / ungrouped Acanthosis nigricans Freckle Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Pallister -- Killian syndrome Periorbital hyperpigmentation Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Transient neonatal pustular melanosis Other pigments Iron Hemochromatosis Iron metallic discoloration Pigmented purpuric dermatosis Schamberg disease Majocchi 's disease Gougerot -- Blum syndrome Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura / Eczematid - like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis Lichen aureus Angioma serpiginosum Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation Other metals Argyria Chrysiasis Arsenic poisoning Lead poisoning Titanium metallic discoloration Other Carotenosis Tattoo Tar melanosis Dyschromia Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria See also Skin color Skin whitening Tanning ( Sunless ) Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1989 Chilean grape scare 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 1999 Sun Orchard salmonellosis outbreak 2005 Indonesia food scare 2006 North American E. coli O157 : H7 outbreaks 2007 Vietnam food scare 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli O104 : H4 outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 European aflatoxin contamination 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2015 United States E. coli outbreak 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States ICA meat repackaging controversy Minamata disease StarLink corn recall Toxic oil syndrome Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Berylliosis Brucellosis Byssinosis ( `` brown lung '' ) Chalicosis Chimney sweeps ' carcinoma Chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ( `` black lung '' ) Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Exposure to human nail dust Farmer 's lung Fiddler 's neck Flock worker 's lung Glassblower 's cataract Golfer 's elbow Hearing Loss Hospital - acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Mad hatter disease Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners ' cancer Noise - induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo - filler 's disease Sports injury Surfer 's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer 's cramp Occupational hygiene Occupational hazard Hierarchy of hazard controls Prevention through design Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Occupational epidemiology Professions Environmental health Industrial engineering Occupational health nursing Occupational health psychology Occupational medicine Occupational therapist Safety engineering Agencies and organizations European Agency for Safety and Health at Work UK Health and Safety Executive International Labour Organization U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration World Health Organization Standards Bangladesh Accord Occupational Safety and Health Convention , 1981 OHSAS 18001 Worker Protection Standard ( US ) Working Environment Convention , 1977 See also Environment , health and safety Environmental toxicology Ergonomics Health physics Indoor air quality International Chemical Safety Card National Day of Mourning ( Canadian observance ) Process safety management Public health Risk management Safety data sheet ( SDS ) Toxic tort Workers ' compensation Occupational diseases Commons Journals Organizations NDL : 00568008 Jump up ^ Pearson , Schonfeld ( 2003 ) p. 369 Jump up ^ Pearson , Schonfeld ( 2003 ) p. 370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_poisoning&oldid=801812522 '' Categories : Lead poisoning Environmental impact by effect Occupational diseases Mass poisoning Disturbances of human pigmentation Intellectual disability Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Extra text Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Good articles RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20poisoning	2,567
when does fast times at ridgemont high take place			Fast Times at Ridgemont High	fast times at ridgemont high	Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming - of - age comedy film directed by Amy Heckerling and written by Cameron Crowe , adapted from his 1981 book of the same name . Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences .	The film was the directorial debut of Amy Heckerling and chronicles a school year in the lives of freshman Stacy Hamilton ( Jennifer Jason Leigh ) and Mark Ratner ( Brian Backer ) , and their respective older friends Linda Barrett ( Phoebe Cates ) and Mike Damone ( Robert Romanus ) , both of whom believe themselves wiser in the ways of romance than their younger counterparts . The ensemble cast of characters form two subplots with Jeff Spicoli ( Sean Penn ) , a perpetually stoned surfer , facing off against uptight history teacher Mr. Hand ( Ray Walston ) , and Stacy 's older brother , Brad ( Judge Reinhold ) , a senior who works at a series of entry - level jobs in order to pay off his car , and who is pondering ending his two - year relationship with his girlfriend , Lisa ( Amanda Wyss ) . In addition to Penn , Reinhold , Cates and Leigh , the film marks early appearances by several actors who later became stars , including Nicolas Cage , Forest Whitaker , Eric Stoltz , and Anthony Edwards . Among these actors , Penn , Cage , and Whitaker would later win the Academy Award for Best Actor , with Penn winning twice . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Television spin - off 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Brad Hamilton is a popular senior at Ridgemont High School and is looking forward to his final year of school and almost has his 1960 Buick LeSabre paid off . He has a job at All - American Burger , where his girlfriend Lisa also works ; Brad is eventually fired for lashing out at an obnoxious customer . When trying to tell Lisa how much he needs her , she informs Brad that she wants to break up with him in order to date other guys . Brad then quits his job at Captain Hook Fish & Chips because of the humiliation of having to wear a pirate costume when delivering food . Brad 's sister Stacy is a 15 - year - old sophomore and also a virgin . She works at a pizza parlor at the Ridgemont Mall alongside her outspoken friend , the popular and sexually active Linda Barrett . One night at work , Stacy takes an order from Ron Johnson , a 26 - year - old stereo salesman who asks her out after she tells him she 's 19 years old . She later sneaks out of her house to meet him and they have sex in a dugout at a softball field . Stacy never hears from Ron again , revealing to Linda the loss of her virginity . Mike Damone , a somewhat smooth - talking know - it - all , who earns money taking bets and scalping concert tickets , fancies himself a sagacious and worldly ladies ' man . Mike 's shy but amiable friend Mark Ratner works at the movie theater across from the pizza parlor at the mall . When Mark proclaims his love for Stacy to him , Mike lets Mark in on his five secrets for picking up girls . Mike later convinces Mark to ask Stacy out on a date to a German restaurant . Afterwards , at her home , Stacy invites Mark into her bedroom , where they look at Stacy 's photo album together . They begin to kiss , but Mark abruptly leaves after Stacy attempts to seduce him . Stacy mistakenly interprets Mark 's shyness as disinterest . Eventually Stacy becomes interested in Damone and she invites him to have a swim in her pool , which leads to them having sex in the pool house . Stacy later informs Damone that she is pregnant , and tells him she 's scheduled an abortion and wants him to pay half of the bill . On the day of her appointment , embarrassed at being unable to raise the money for his half of the bill , Damone begins to ignore Stacy . Stacy asks Brad to drive her to a bowling alley to meet friends , but Brad sees Stacy enter the abortion clinic across the street . Brad waits for Stacy and he confronts her about the abortion . Stacy has Brad promise not to tell their parents . When Stacy tells Linda , Linda becomes angry at Damone , leading to an almost physical confrontation between Damone and Mark in the boys ' locker room until it is broken up by the gym teacher . Jeff Spicoli is a stoner and surfer who runs afoul of strict history teacher Mr. Hand , who is intolerant of Spicoli 's disregard of the rules of his classroom . One night , Spicoli wrecks Ridgemont star football player Charles Jefferson 's 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 during a joyride with Jefferson 's younger brother . Spicoli decides to park the car in front of the school with slurs painted on it supposedly written by Ridgemont 's rival , Lincoln High . When Ridgemont plays Lincoln , Jefferson ( furious about his car ) thrashes several of Lincoln 's players and wins the game for Ridgemont . On the evening of the graduation dance , Mr. Hand shows up at Spicoli 's house and informs him that since he has wasted eight hours of class time over the past year , Mr. Hand intends to make up for it that night . They have a one - on - one session that lasts until Mr. Hand is satisfied that Spicoli has understood the lesson . In the end , Mark and Stacy get back together . Brad takes a job at a convenience store and is promoted to manager after foiling a robbery , with help from Spicoli . The fates of some of the other characters are revealed in an epilogue : Spicoli saves Brooke Shields from drowning and then spends the reward money hiring Van Halen to play at his birthday party . Linda gets accepted to UC Riverside and moves in with her Abnormal Psychology professor . Damone gets arrested for scalping Ozzy Osbourne tickets and gets a job at 7 - Eleven , and Mr. Hand still believes everyone is `` on dope '' . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as Jeff Spicoli Judge Reinhold as Brad Hamilton Jennifer Jason Leigh as Stacy Hamilton Robert Romanus as Mike Damone Phoebe Cates as Linda Barrett Brian Backer as Mark Ratner Amanda Wyss as Lisa Ray Walston as Mr. Hand Forest Whitaker as Charles Jefferson Vincent Schiavelli as Mr. Vargas Lana Clarkson as Mrs. Vargas Eric Stoltz as Stoner Bud Anthony Edwards as Stoner Bud Nicolas Cage as Brad 's Bud Pamela Springsteen as Dina Phillips Kelli Maroney as Cindy Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film is adapted from a book Crowe wrote after a year spent at Clairemont High School in San Diego , California . He went undercover to do research for his 1981 book Fast Times at Ridgemont High : A True Story , about his observations of the high school and the students he befriended there , including then - student Andy Rathbone , on whom the character `` Rat '' was modeled . Casting ( edit ) Heckerling shepherded the young cast , which included Nicolas Cage in his first feature - film role , portraying an unnamed co-worker of Brad 's at All - American Burger . He was credited as `` Nicolas Coppola . '' It was also the film debut for Eric Stoltz and provided early roles for Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker . Crowe 's future wife Nancy Wilson of Heart has a cameo as the `` Beautiful Girl in Car '' who laughs at Brad at the red light in his Captain Hook uniform . Soundtrack ( edit ) Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released July 30 , 1982 Genre Rock , Pop Length 65 : 50 Label Elektra Records Producer various artists Singles from Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture `` Somebody 's Baby '' Released : July 1982 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The soundtrack album , Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture , peaked at # 54 on the Billboard album chart . The soundtrack features the work of many quintessential 1980s rock artists . Several of the movie 's songs were released as singles , including Jackson Browne 's `` Somebody 's Baby '' , which reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Other singles were the title track by Sammy Hagar , a cover of The Tymes ' `` So Much in Love '' by Timothy B. Schmit , `` Raised on the Radio '' by the Ravyns and `` Waffle Stomp '' by Joe Walsh . In addition to Schmit and Walsh , the album features solo tracks by two other members of the Eagles , Don Henley and Don Felder . The soundtrack also included `` I Do n't Know ( Spicoli 's Theme ) '' by Jimmy Buffett and `` Goodbye Goodbye '' by Oingo Boingo ( led by Danny Elfman ) . Five tracks in the film , but not included on the soundtrack , are : `` Moving in Stereo '' by the Cars , `` American Girl '' by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , `` We Got the Beat '' by the Go Go 's , which is the movie 's opening theme ; Led Zeppelin 's `` Kashmir '' , and `` Jingle Bell Rock '' by Bobby Helms . In addition , the live band at the prom dance during the end of the film played two songs also not on the soundtrack : The Eagles ' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' and Sam the Sham 's `` Wooly Bully '' . The Donna Summer track , `` Highway Runner '' , was initially recorded in 1981 for her double album entitled I 'm a Rainbow ; however , the album was shelved by Summer 's then - label , Geffen Records , but ultimately released in 1996 by Mercury Records . Todd Rundgren also recorded the song , `` Attitude '' , for the film at Crowe 's request . It was not included in the film , but was later released on Rundgren 's Demos and Lost Albums in 2001 . In some countries , the album was ( also ) released as a single LP with ten tracks . Heckerling , in the DVD audio commentary , states that the 1970s `` classic rock '' artists , like the Eagles , were introduced by one of the film 's producers . Coincidentally , Irving Azoff , one of the film 's producers , was the personal manager for the Eagles and Stevie Nicks . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` Somebody 's Baby '' Browne , Danny Kortchmar Jackson Browne 4 : 05 2 . `` Waffle Stomp '' Walsh Joe Walsh 3 : 40 3 . `` Love Rules '' Henley , Kortchmar Don Henley 4 : 05 4 . `` Uptown Boys '' Goffin , Janna Allen Louise Goffin 2 : 45 5 . `` So Much in Love '' George Williams , Bill Jackson , Roy Straigis Timothy B. Schmit 2 : 25 6 . `` Raised on the Radio '' Rob Fahey The Ravyns 3 : 43 7 . `` The Look In Your Eyes '' McMahon Gerard McMahon 4 : 00 8 . `` Speeding '' Jane Wiedlin , Charlotte Caffey The Go - Go 's 2 : 11 9 . `` Do n't Be Lonely '' Marv Ross Quarterflash 3 : 18 10 . `` Never Surrender '' Felder , Kenny Loggins Don Felder 4 : 15 11 . `` Fast Times ( The Best Years of Our Lives ) '' Squier Billy Squier 3 : 41 12 . `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' Hagar Sammy Hagar 3 : 36 13 . `` I Do n't Know ( Spicoli 's Theme ) '' Buffett , Michael Utley Jimmy Buffett 3 : 00 14 . `` Love Is the Reason '' Nash Graham Nash 3 : 31 15 . `` I 'll Leave It Up To You '' Rusty Young Poco 2 : 55 16 . `` Highway Runner '' Giorgio Moroder , Summer Donna Summer 3 : 18 17 . `` Sleeping Angel '' Nicks Stevie Nicks 4 : 43 18 . `` She 's My Baby ( And She 's Outta Control ) '' Dave Palmer , Phil Jost Palmer / Jost 2 : 53 19 . `` Goodbye , Goodbye '' Danny Elfman Oingo Boingo 4 : 34 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Universal gave the film a limited theatrical release on August 13 , 1982 , opening in 498 theaters . It earned $2.5 million in its opening weekend . The release was later widened to 713 theaters , earning $3.25 million . The film ranked 29th among US releases in 1982 , ultimately earning more than $27 million , six times its $4.5 million budget , and later gaining popularity through television and home video releases . Over the years the film has obtained an iconic status . In an interview , Penn stated : `` None of us had any idea it would take on a life of its own . '' Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 48 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While Fast Times at Ridgemont High features Sean Penn 's legendary performance , the film endures because it accurately captured the small details of school , work , and teenage life . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert called it a `` scuz - pit of a movie '' , though he praised the performances by Leigh , Penn , Cates , and Reinhold . Janet Maslin wrote that it was `` a jumbled but appealing teen - age comedy with something of a fresh perspective on the subject . '' Accolades ( edit ) Crowe 's screenplay was nominated for a WGA Award for best comedy adapted from another medium . The film ranks # 15 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , and # 2 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . The film is also recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 87 Television spin - off ( edit ) The film inspired a short - lived 1986 television series for CBS called Fast Times . Ray Walston and Vincent Schiavelli reprised their roles , respectively as Hand and Vargas , the biology teacher . Other cast members were Courtney Thorne - Smith as Stacy , Wallace Langham ( credited as Wally Ward ) as Mark , Claudia Wells as Linda , Patrick Dempsey as Mike Damone , Dean Cameron as Jeff Spicoli , and James Nardini as Brad . Kit McDonough played teacher Leslie Melon , a character that was exclusive to the series . Moon Zappa was a `` technical consultant '' for the television series . She was hired in order to research slang terms and mannerisms of teenagers , as she had just graduated from high school at the time and had a much better grasp of then - current high school behavior than the writers , and Danny Elfman ( Oingo Boingo ) wrote and performed the television series theme . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Comedy portal Fast Times at Barrington High , an album by the band The Academy Is ... is a play on the title of the film . `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , a Family Guy episode from Season 4 Fast Times at Fairmont High , a novella by Vernor Vinge , is named in reference to the film . `` Stacy 's Mom '' , a song by Fountains of Wayne which pays homage to the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAST TIMES ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 9 , 1982 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Fast Times At Ridgemont High '' . IFC.com . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell , Lisa ( March 13 , 1995 ) . `` Geek God : Once the Butt of Fast Times at Ridgemont High , Best - Selling Author Andy Rathbone Becomes a Computer Guru '' . People . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Schutte ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Nicolas Cage on Turning Down ' Dumb & Dumber , ' Winning Another Oscar and the Movie that Made Him Change His Name '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( Original Soundtrack ) , Allmusic Jump up ^ Mike Duquette ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Friday Feature : `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' `` . The Second Disc . WordPress.com . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Charts and Awards , Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack versions at discogs.com '' . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Azoff - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Various -- Fast Times At Ridgemont High Music From The Motion Picture '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo ( retrieved on December 6 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1982 ) . `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . September 3 , 1982 . `` Ridgemont High '' , New York Times ( retrieved via registered - user account on December 6 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 100 Funniest Movies List is Laughable '' Archived December 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Manroomonline.com , June 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Filmsite.org . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IMDb ( 1990 -- 2012 ) . `` Filmography by year for Moon Unit Zappa '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fast Times at Ridgemont High Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Fast Times at Ridgemont High at AllMovie Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Metacritic Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Amy Heckerling Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) Look Who 's Talking Too ( 1990 ) Clueless ( 1995 ) Loser ( 2000 ) I Could Never Be Your Woman ( 2007 ) Vamps ( 2012 ) Cameron Crowe filmography Director Say Anything ... ( 1989 ) Singles ( 1992 ) Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) Pearl Jam Twenty ( 2011 ) The Union ( 2011 ) We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) Aloha ( 2015 ) Writer only Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) The Wild Life ( 1984 ) Television Roadies ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High&oldid=825306543 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s high school films 1980s sex comedy films 1980s teen comedy films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about abortion Films about suburbia Films about virginity Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Amy Heckerling Films set in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in San Diego Proms in films Screenplays by Cameron Crowe Teenage pregnancy in film United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Times%20at%20Ridgemont%20High	2,568
what type of series is america to me			Black Mirror	black mirror		Black Mirror Genre Science fiction Dystopian Satire Psychological thriller Anthology Created by Charlie Brooker Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Brooker Annabel Jones Producer ( s ) Barney Reisz Running time 41 -- 89 minutes Production company ( s ) Zeppotron ( 2011 -- 13 ) House of Tomorrow ( 2014 -- present ) Distributor Endemol UK Release Original network Channel 4 ( 2011 -- 14 ) Netflix ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format HDTV 1080i ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 4K UHD 2160p ( 2016 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 2.0 Original release 4 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Black Mirror is a British science fiction anthology television series created by Charlie Brooker , with Brooker and Annabel Jones serving as the programme showrunners . It examines modern society , particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies . Episodes are standalone , usually set in an alternative present or the near future , often with a dark and satirical tone , though some are more experimental and lighter . The show premiered for two series on the British television channel Channel 4 on December 2011 and February 2013 , respectively . After its addition to the catalogue in December 2014 , Netflix purchased the programme in September 2015 . It commissioned a series of 12 episodes later divided into the third and fourth series , each six episodes ; the former was released on 21 October 2016 and the latter on 29 December 2017 . A fifth series was announced on 5 March 2018 . Black Mirror was inspired by older anthology shows like The Twilight Zone , which were able to deal with controversial , contemporary topics without fear of censorship . Brooker developed Black Mirror to highlight topics related to humanity 's dependency on technology , creating stories that feature `` the way we live now -- and the way we might be living in 10 minutes ' time if we 're clumsy . '' The series has received positive reviews and seen an increase in interest internationally , particularly in the United States after its addition to Netflix . In 2017 , the well - received episode `` San Junipero '' , from series three , earned Black Mirror its first Primetime Emmy Awards , for Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Dramatic Special for Brooker . The fourth series earned eight nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Dramatic Special , and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for Jesse Plemons in the episode `` USS Callister '' , and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for Letitia Wright in the episode `` Black Museum '' . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Conception and style 2.2 Series one and two 2.3 Series three 2.4 Series four 2.5 Series five 2.6 Future ideas 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades 4 Literature 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Mirror episodes The show was originally commissioned by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom , and premiered in December 2011 . A second series ran during February 2013 . In September 2015 , Netflix purchased the programme , commissioning a series of 12 episodes later divided into two series of six episodes . The first of these series was released on Netflix worldwide as the overall third series on 21 October 2016 . The fourth series was released on 29 December 2017 . Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 4 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 18 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 18 ) Channel 4 11 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 25 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) Special 16 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 6 21 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Netflix 6 29 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Production ( edit ) Conception and style ( edit ) Charlie Brooker had completed production of Dead Set , a zombie - based drama series , and while working on Newswipe and other programmes , had decided that he wanted to make another drama series , in an anthology style like The Twilight Zone , Tales of the Unexpected , and Hammer House of Horror . Brooker recognised that Rod Serling had written episodes of The Twilight Zone using contemporary issues , often controversial such as racism , but placing them in fictional settings so as to get around television censors at the time . For Brooker , he realised he could do similar commentary on modern issues , and specifically focusing on mankind 's dependency on technology , something he encountered while producing the series How TV Ruined Your Life . Brooker pulled the series ' title from this approach : `` If technology is a drug -- and it does feel like a drug -- then what , precisely , are the side effects ? This area -- between delight and discomfort -- is where Black Mirror , my new drama series , is set . The ' black mirror ' of the title is the one you 'll find on every wall , on every desk , in the palm of every hand : the cold , shiny screen of a TV , a monitor , a smartphone . '' Brooker wanted to keep the anthology approach , using new stories , settings , characters and actors for each episode , as he felt this approach was a key element of enjoying shows like The Twilight Zone ; he said `` There was a signature tone to the stories , the same dark chocolate coating -- but the filling was always a surprise . '' This approach would allow Black Mirror to contrast with current dramas and serials that had a standard recurring cast . According to Brooker , the production team considered giving the series a linking theme or presenter , but ultimately it was decided not to do so : `` There were discussions . Do we set them all in the same street ? Do we have some characters who appear in each episode , a bit Three Colours : Blue / White / Red style ? We did think about having a character who introduces them , Tales from the Crypt style , or like Rod Serling or Alfred Hitchcock or Roald Dahl , because most anthology shows did have that ... but the more we thought about it , we thought it was a bit weird . '' While the production does not use linking elements , the show has included allusions and Easter eggs from previous episodes into later ones . For example , `` Hated in the Nation '' in the third series calls back to the events of both the first series episode `` The National Anthem '' and the second series episode `` White Bear '' . while the final episode of the fourth series `` Black Museum '' includes references to each prior episode of the series . Some of these are for the ease of reusing a name developed in a prior episode ; for example , they created the fictional `` UKN '' broadcast network for handling news reports that drive stories , while the pizza delivery company used in `` USS Callister '' was used again for a company running automated pizza trucks in `` Crocodile '' . Other Easter eggs were added as they knew viewers would be intensely dissecting the episodes and provided these as gags . However , over time the use of Easter eggs became more purposeful , as to establish a canon of the `` dream universe '' that the episodes take place in . Brooker noted that when they opted to reuse a cover of Irma Thomas ' `` Anyone Who Knows What Love Is '' , first introduced in `` Fifteen Million Merits '' , for `` White Christmas '' , as `` it does sort of nest the whole thing together in some kind of artistic universe '' . Giles Harvey comments in a profile of Brooker for The New Yorker that each episode `` establishes the background of normality against which a decisive tweak will stand out all the more starkly '' . Harvey notes that the show 's diverse range of genres show that it is `` manifestly the work of someone who has clocked up many hours of screen time '' . He further comments that Brooker is `` scrupulous '' , as `` the believability of each episode depends on maintaining the complex internal logic of its dystopic world '' . Brooker is involved during the filming and editing processes , pointing out any inconsistencies that arise , and is `` determined to make the devices and screens and interfaces used in ' Black Mirror ' seem authentic '' . As examples of Brooker 's `` meticulous attention to detail '' , Harvey reports that Brooker carefully considered whether a falling wine bottle would shatter in the nested virtual realities of `` Playtest '' , and whether it would rain in the eponymous location in `` San Junipero '' . An instance of realistic technology is the email system in `` Be Right Back '' , which contrasts with `` histrionic computers '' found in Hollywood ; an email is sent to the main character with the heading `` Martha , people in your position bought the following '' , containing various books on the topic of grief - counselling . Knowing that fans of the show have dissected some of these details by watching the episodes frame - by - frame , Brooker and his team have included humorous jabs at these fans through printed messages on various props , such as a paragraph in a news article held up by a character directed to fans of the show on Reddit in `` Crocodile '' . Series one and two ( edit ) The first two series of the programme were produced by Brooker 's production company Zeppotron , for Endemol . An Endemol press release described the series as `` a hybrid of The Twilight Zone and Tales of the Unexpected which taps into our contemporary unease about our modern world '' , with the stories having a `` techno - paranoia '' feel . Channel 4 described the first episode , `` The National Anthem '' , as `` a twisted parable for the Twitter age '' . Black Mirror series 1 had a limited DVD release for PAL / Region 2 on 27 February 2012 . A trailer for the second series was made by Moving Picture Company , and featured three interspersed storylines : `` a dream sequence , the repetitive factory setting and the huge dust cloud that sweeps through the street at the ad 's climatic end . '' Aired from 22 January 2013 , the advertisement was shown on Channel 4 and in cinemas . The second series had a DVD release , which like the first series DVD was PAL for region 2 only . In 2013 , Robert Downey Jr. optioned the episode `` The Entire History of You '' ( written by Jesse Armstrong ) to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company , Team Downey . The show was available in the U.S. on Netflix from late 2014 onwards . Series three ( edit ) In September 2015 , Netflix commissioned 12 episodes of Black Mirror . In March 2016 , it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series , with a bid of US $40 million . Endemol released a statement saying that Channel 4 `` had the opportunity to recommission ( Black Mirror ) since 2013 and passed on this and subsequent co-production offers put to them . ( ... ) Further efforts were made to try to reach a settlement regarding a U.K. window for Channel 4 , but these were also sadly to no avail '' . In a press release , Channel 4 say that they `` offered to recommission Black Mirror '' . This marked the first time that an online streaming service had gained the rights to a show where the original network had wished to renew it . The titles of the six episodes that make up series 3 were announced in July 2016 , along with the release date . In developing the third series ' stories , Brooker had looked back to the first two series and the Christmas special , and recognised that all the stories were about characters becoming trapped in a situation that they could not escape from . Coupled with the anthology format that asked for viewers to get immersed within the stories to understand the nature of each , this created a sense of darkness and horror , which could make it difficult to watch successive episodes without becoming uncomfortable . With the third series , Brooker wanted to explore different formats , still having a few `` trap '' episodes but adding more conventional stories like a romance and police procedural , making the new series more digestible for the viewer . A trailer for the third series was released in October 2016 . The third series cast includes Bryce Dallas Howard , Alice Eve , James Norton , Cherry Jones , Wyatt Russell , Alex Lawther , Jerome Flynn , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Mackenzie Davis , Michael Kelly , Malachi Kirby , Kelly Macdonald , and Faye Marsay . The directors for the third series include Joe Wright , Jakob Verbruggen , James Hawes , and Dan Trachtenberg . The third series was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016 . Series four ( edit ) According to Brooker , the fourth series has even more variety in the episodes than in previous series . Brooker says that there is `` some more hope '' in the series , crediting this to the fact that writing began in July 2016 and continued throughout the 2016 U.S. election , and `` I genuinely thought , I do n't know what state the world 's going to be in by the time these ( episodes ) appear , and I do n't know how much appetite there will be for nothing but bleak nihilism . '' The series features an episode story conceived by Penn Jillette . Jodie Foster directed the episode `` Arkangel '' , starring Rosemarie DeWitt ; one episode was filmed in Iceland ( `` Crocodile '' ) and another is overtly comedic in tone ( `` USS Callister '' ) . Jesse Plemons , Cristin Milioti , Jimmi Simpson , Michaela Coel , Andrea Riseborough , Andrew Gower , Georgina Campbell , Joe Cole , George Blagden , Maxine Peake , Douglas Hodge , and Letitia Wright appear in the fourth series . In addition to Foster , the episodes were directed by Toby Haynes , John Hillcoat , Tim Van Patten , David Slade , and Colm McCarthy . In May 2017 , a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror . Filming for the fourth series concluded in June 2017 . The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017 , and contained the six episode titles . In September 2017 , two photos from the fourth season were released . Beginning on 24 November 2017 , Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for each episode in the fourth series of the show , referred to as the `` 13 Days of Black Mirror '' , concluding on 6 December 2017 with the announcement of the release date . All six episodes were released to Netflix on 29 December 2017 . Series five ( edit ) In December 2017 , when Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones were asked about possibly creating a fifth series of Black Mirror , they said , `` We would love to do it '' . Netflix announced the fifth series via social media on 5 March 2018 , though did not announce its release date or episode count . On 20 March 2018 , at the 2018 Royal Television Society Awards , Brooker confirmed that the fifth series has begun filming . Future ideas ( edit ) In October 2016 , Brooker said that he had ideas of where sequels to both `` White Bear '' and `` Be Right Back '' would go , but it was unlikely that either would be made . Furthermore , Brooker also stated that there were some characters in the series three episode `` Hated in the Nation '' who could potentially recur . Actors have appeared in multiple Black Mirror episodes , but for unrelated roles , such as Hannah John - Kamen ( `` Fifteen Million Merits '' and `` Playtest '' ) , Michaela Coel ( `` Nosedive '' and `` USS Callister '' ) , and Daniel Lapaine ( `` The Entire History of You '' and `` Black Museum '' ) . When asked in interviews , Brooker has repeatedly stated that there are no plans for a sequel episode to `` San Junipero '' . He told Los Angeles Times that they `` want to keep ( Kelly and Yorkie ) happy there '' . However , Brooker has said that the show `` may be referring to San Junipero again '' in Easter eggs , which the show has used before . Brooker has also raised the idea of doing a sequel to the episode in `` a completely different form '' , such as a graphic novel or `` an experience '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first series has been praised as being creative and shocking with twists - in - the - tale reminiscent of The Twilight Zone . Michael Hogan of The Daily Telegraph described the first episode , `` The National Anthem '' , as `` a shocking but ballsy , blackly comic study of the modern media '' . He went on to say that `` This was a dementedly brilliant idea . The satire was so audacious , it left me open - mouthed and squealing . Rather like that poor pig . '' The series was taken up across much of the world , including Australia , Israel , Sweden , Spain , Poland , Hungary and China . The series has become popular and been well received in China , becoming one of the most discussed series in early 2012 . User ratings on Douban reached 9.3 , higher than most popular American dramas . Many viewers and critics praised the depth of the series . A reporter from The Beijing News thought the programme was `` an apocalypse of modern world '' , `` desperate but profound '' . Another article from the same newspaper thought each story criticised television from different aspects . Xu Wen at The Epoch Times thought the stories reveal modernity 's moral turpitude . In its second series , Black Mirror continued to receive praise . In his review of the episode `` Be Right Back '' , Sameer Rahim of The Telegraph wrote , `` The show touched on important ideas -- the false way we sometimes present ourselves online , and our growing addiction to virtual lives -- but it was also a touching exploration of grief . To my mind it 's the best thing Brooker has done . '' Jane Simon of The Daily Mirror newspaper website , said that the second episode of the second series , `` White Bear '' , lacked the `` instant emotional tug '' of the series opener , `` Be Right Back '' . She went on to say that , a third of the way through the second episode , she had lost hope of it concluding well , `` the acting was unbelievable , the script was riddled with horror - film cliches , the violence was a bit over the top '' , but that by the end , `` I turned out to be absolutely dead wrong on every single count . '' She ended the piece with : `` It 's another work of dark and twisted genius from Mr Brooker . '' The second series is popular in China . Wen Bai at Information Times thought the second series was still `` cannily made '' , and `` near perfection '' . In December 2014 , Stephen King noted his admiration of the series . The show 's Christmas special that year , `` White Christmas '' received critical acclaim . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian praised the comic satire of the episode and noted that `` sentimentality is offset with wicked wit , and Brooker 's brio and imagination paper over any gaps in logic . '' The Daily Telegraph reviewer Mark Monahan gave the episode 4 / 5 stars , noting that the drama was `` thrilling stuff : escapist entertainment with a very real - world sting in its tail '' . Monahan equated the episode with the stronger of the previous Black Mirror episodes , stating that `` it exaggerated present - day technology and obsessions to subtle but infernal effect , a nightmare - before - Christmas reminder that to revere our digital gizmos is to become their pathetic slave . '' The third and fourth series received positive reviews from critics , earning ratings of 82 and 74 out of 100 on Metacritic , respectively . Journalists have reported that some of the concepts in Black Mirror have come true , in fashion , within the real world , and have called the show a Magic 8 - Ball for the future . The first episode , `` The National Anthem '' , revolves around the British Prime Minister being blackmailed into having sex with a pig ; in September 2015 , four years after the episode aired , allegations were published that David Cameron , who at the time was British Prime Minister had placed a `` private part '' into the mouth of a dead pig as part of a university initiation rite . Brooker has called the event a `` coincidence , albeit a quite bizarre one '' , and was quite perturbed when he first heard the allegations : `` I did genuinely for a moment wonder if reality was a simulation , whether it exists only to trick me '' , he said in an interview . Several news reports compared Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign to `` The Waldo Moment '' , a 2013 episode in the second series ; later , in September 2016 , Brooker also compared the Trump campaign to the episode and predicted Trump would win the 2016 election . The third series episode `` Nosedive '' presented a social rating - based system that several found mirrored by China 's proposed Social Credit System . Brooker has been surprised to see how some of these events had come to pass . `` It was quite trippy , though . I 'm kind of getting used to it , because it seems like it 's quite often that there are things that are in the stories that come true . '' Ten days after the release of series four episode `` Crocodile '' - which included a self - driving pizza delivery truck as a major plot device - Toyota and Pizza Hut announced the e-Palette , a driverless delivery vehicle , at the 2018 Consumer Electronic Show . The conceptual vehicle drew numerous comparisons with its fictional counterpart , and the official Twitter account for Black Mirror commented on the announcement saying , `` We know how this goes . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Black Mirror In November 2012 , Black Mirror won Best TV Movie / Miniseries at the International Emmy Awards . Bryce Dallas Howard received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her performance in the episode `` Nosedive '' . At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , Black Mirror received three nominations with two wins , including Outstanding Television Movie for `` San Junipero '' . `` USS Callister '' received two Primetime Emmy nominations and five Primetime Creative Arts Emmy nominations in 2018 . Literature ( edit ) In June 2018 , Brooker announced that he , along with Annabel Jones and Jason Arnopp , have written an oral history companion to the series titled Inside Black Mirror . The book will be released in the US on 6 November 2018 from Penguin Random House . In June 2017 , Brooker announced a series of novels based on Black Mirror that will offer `` new , original , darkly satirical stories that tap into our collective unease about the modern world '' . Brooker will edit three volumes of novellas that will feature anthology short stories by different authors . The first instalment will include stories written by Cory Doctorow , Claire North and Sylvain Neuvel . It is scheduled for release on 20 September 2018 ; the second instalment later that year ; and the third in 2019 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix will bring viewers twelve new episodes of the critically - acclaimed Black Mirror '' . Netflix. 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Netflix Announces ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 Release Date ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Charlie Brooker interview : Black Mirror , videogames , Gameswipe and A Touch Of Cloth '' . 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It 's like THE TWILIGHT ZONE , only rated R '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror : Charlie Brooker , Jon Hamm on the dark side of Yuletide '' . Digital Spy. 14 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror interview : Charlie Brooker , Jon Hamm , Rafe Spall '' . Den of Geek . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Black Mirror : White Christmas review -- sentimentality offset with wicked wit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Monahan , Mark ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Black Mirror : White Christmas , review : ' Be careful what you wish for ... ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , G. Clay ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' Is TV 's Magic 8 - Ball '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Brock ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` The 7 ' Black Mirror ' Prophecies That Have Come True '' . Inverse . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Catriona ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Seven creepy Black Mirror predictions that actually came true '' . BBC Three . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Morley , Nicole ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Black Mirror creator Charlie Brooker denies he knew about # Hameron '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Benedictus , Leo ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Charlie Brooker on Cameron and # piggate : ' I 'd have been screaming it into traffic if I 'd known ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump 's troll game of Jeb Bush : A + '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Meghan ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Why You Must Watch ' Black Mirror ' : `` The Waldo Moment '' This Weekend `` . Decider . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' Creator Predicts Trump Will Be President : ' I Find It F * cking Terrifying ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Black Mirror 's Charlie Brooker Predicts Trump Will Win The Election '' . BirthMoviesDeath.com . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Denyer , Simon ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` China 's plan to organize its society relies on ' big data ' to rate everyone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` At least one Black Mirror episode is already coming true in China '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror is coming true in China , where your ' rating ' affects your home , transport and social circle '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' Creator Charlie Brooker on China 's ' Social Credit ' System and the Rise of Trump '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitz - Gerald , Sean ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) . `` The ' Black Mirror ' Killer Pizza Truck Is Real Now , Thanks to Pizza Hut '' . Thrillist . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Hut Goes ' Black Mirror ' With Self - Driving Pizza Truck '' . Highsnobiety. 2018 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror and Pratchett film win International Emmys '' . BBC News . 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Charlie Brooker teases Black Mirror season 4 will be the most ' out there ' yet '' . Metro . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Amatulli , Jenna ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror 's ' San Junipero ' Nominated For Two Emmys And We 're Crying '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USS Callister ( Black Mirror ) '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USS Callister ( Black Mirror ) '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Museum ( Black Mirror ) '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Black Mirror by Charlie Brooker , Annabel Jones , Jason Arnopp PenguinRandomHouse.com '' . PenguinRandomhouse.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Mirror ' to Be Adapted Into a Book Series '' . TheWrap. 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror Volume 1 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnett , David ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror to spin off into books -- but who should write them ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Nussbaum , Emily ( January 2015 ) . `` Button - Pusher : The seductive dystopia of ' Black Mirror ' '' . The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Black Mirror Black Mirror microsite at Channel 4 Black Mirror press release from Channel 4 Black Mirror at Netflix Black Mirror on IMDb Black Mirror Episodes Series 1 `` The National Anthem '' `` Fifteen Million Merits '' `` The Entire History of You '' Series 2 `` Be Right Back '' `` White Bear '' `` The Waldo Moment '' Special `` White Christmas '' Series 3 `` Nosedive '' `` Playtest '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` San Junipero '' `` Men Against Fire '' `` Hated in the Nation '' Series 4 `` USS Callister '' `` Arkangel '' `` Crocodile '' `` Hang the DJ '' `` Metalhead '' `` Black Museum '' Related Accolades Charlie Brooker Television series Screenwipe ( episodes ) Newswipe Gameswipe Rush Hour How TV Ruined Your Life Weekly Wipe The 11 O'Clock Show Brass Eye Special Nathan Barley Spoons You Have Been Watching ( episodes ) 10 O'Clock Live How Videogames Changed the World TVGoHome Dead Set A Touch of Cloth Unnovations Black Mirror ( episodes ) Websites Zeppotron TVGoHome International Emmy Award for Outstanding TV Movie or Miniseries Die Manns -- Ein Jahrhundertroman ( 2002 ) Mein Vater ( 2003 ) Henry VIII ( 2004 ) Young Andersen ( 2005 ) Nuit noire 17 octobre 1961 ( 2006 ) Death of a President ( 2007 ) Televisión por la identidad ( 2008 ) Die Wölfe ( 2009 ) Small Island ( 2010 ) Millennium ( 2011 ) Black Mirror ( 2012 ) A Day for a Miracle ( 2013 ) Generation War ( 2014 ) Soldat blanc ( 2015 ) Capital ( 2016 ) Ne m'abandonne pas ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie 1980 -- present The Miracle Worker ( 1980 ) Playing for Time ( 1981 ) A Woman Called Golda ( 1982 ) Special Bulletin ( 1983 ) Something About Amelia ( 1984 ) Do You Remember Love ( 1985 ) Love Is Never Silent ( 1986 ) Promise ( 1987 ) Inherit the Wind ( 1988 ) Day One / Roe vs. Wade ( 1989 ) Caroline ? / The Incident ( 1990 ) Miss Rose White ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate & Stalin ( 1993 ) And the Band Played On ( 1994 ) Indictment : The McMartin Trial ( 1995 ) Truman ( 1996 ) Miss Evers ' Boys ( 1997 ) Don King : Only in America ( 1998 ) A Lesson Before Dying ( 1999 ) Tuesdays with Morrie ( 2000 ) Wit ( 2001 ) The Gathering Storm ( 2002 ) Door to Door ( 2003 ) Something the Lord Made ( 2004 ) Warm Springs ( 2005 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2006 ) Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee ( 2007 ) Recount ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) Temple Grandin ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2014 ) Bessie ( 2015 ) Sherlock : `` The Abominable Bride '' ( 2016 ) Black Mirror : `` San Junipero '' ( 2017 ) Miniseries or Movie Downton Abbey ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Long - Form Television World War II : When Lions Roared ( 1994 ) Truman ( 1995 ) Prime Suspect : The Lost Child ( 1996 ) Miss Evers ' Boys ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Tuesdays with Morrie ( 1999 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2000 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) My House in Umbria ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2005 ) Elizabeth I ( 2006 ) Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) The Pacific ( 2010 ) Downton Abbey , series 1 ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Fargo , season 1 ( 2014 ) Fargo , season 2 ( 2015 ) The People v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Mirror	1,935
who plays zoe barnes on house of cards	Kate Rooney Mara ( / ˈmɛərə / MAIR - ə ; born February 27 , 1983 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as reporter Zoe Barnes in the Netflix political drama House of Cards ( 2013 -- 2014 ; 2016 ) , computer analyst Shari Rothenberg in the Fox thriller series 24 ( 2006 ) and Ben Harmon 's vengeful mistress Hayden McClaine in the FX horror miniseries American Horror Story : Murder House ( 2011 ) .	Kate Rooney Mara	Kate Mara	kate mara	Kate Rooney Mara ( / ˈmɛərə / MAIR - ə ; born February 27 , 1983 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as reporter Zoe Barnes in the Netflix political drama House of Cards ( 2013 -- 2014 ; 2016 ) , computer analyst Shari Rothenberg in the Fox thriller series 24 ( 2006 ) and Ben Harmon 's vengeful mistress Hayden McClaine in the FX horror miniseries American Horror Story : Murder House ( 2011 ) .	She made her film debut in 1999 with Random Hearts . She has since appeared in Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , We Are Marshall ( 2006 ) , Shooter ( 2007 ) , Transsiberian ( 2008 ) , Stone of Destiny ( 2008 ) , The Open Road ( 2009 ) , Transcendence ( 2014 ) , The Martian ( 2015 ) , Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) , Morgan ( 2016 ) , Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) and Chappaquiddick ( 2018 ) , portraying Mary Jo Kopechne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television and stage 2.2 Film 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kate Rooney Mara was born and raised in Bedford , New York . Her parents are Timothy Christopher Mara , an NFL scout and vice president of the New York Giants for player evaluation , and Kathleen McNulty Mara ( née Rooney ) . She is the second of four siblings , with one older brother , Daniel ; one younger sister , Patricia ( also an actress ) ; and one younger brother , Conor . Mara 's father has Irish , German , and French Canadian ancestry , and her mother is of Irish and Italian descent . She is a great - granddaughter of both New York Giants founder Tim Mara and Pittsburgh Steelers founder Art Rooney , Sr. Her mother 's side of the family has held ownership in the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers football team since its formation in 1933 , and her father 's side of the family has held ownership in the NFL 's New York Giants since its formation in 1925 . Her paternal grandparents were Wellington Mara and Ann Mara . Wellington co-owned the Giants football team from 1959 until his death in 2005 , and was succeeded by his son ( Kate Mara 's uncle ) , John Mara , who is currently President , CEO , and co-owner of the team . Kate Mara 's maternal grandfather , Timothy James `` Tim '' Rooney , has run Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers , New York since 1972 . Her granduncle , Dan Rooney , chairman of the Steelers , was a former United States Ambassador to Ireland and the co-founder of the charitable organization The Ireland Funds . Her first cousin , once removed , Art Rooney II , is the current President and co-owner of the Steelers . Mara began acting at the age of nine in a school musical . She attended several youth theater - arts schools and appeared in community theater and in school plays . Mara has described herself to Esquire magazine as having been `` painfully shy '' while growing up , adding that she only had one friend . Her first audition was for the NBC police drama Homicide : Life on the Street . She did not get the role but knew from then on that she just wanted to act . Mara graduated from Fox Lane High School a year early and was accepted into the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University to study musical theater , but she eventually deferred her slot to work as an actress . Career ( edit ) Mara at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival in January 2008 Television and stage ( edit ) Mara 's first television role was in the NBC legal drama Law & Order in 1997 . She went on to guest star on numerous television series , including Madigan Men , Ed and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Mara landed two recurring roles in 2003 , as Kate on Everwood , an 18 - year - old who is impregnated by her piano teacher and then gets an abortion , and as Vanessa on Nip / Tuck , a bisexual cheerleader involved in a love triangle with her boyfriend Matt McNamara ( John Hensley ) and another cheerleader ( Sophia Bush ) . Mara also appeared on Cold Case , Boston Public , CSI : Miami and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation that same year . Mara was cast as the lead in the 2004 The WB pilot Prodigy , about a teenage child prodigy . She had a recurring role on the WB 's Jack & Bobby in 2005 and a five - episode arc on the Fox TV series 24 in 2006 , playing computer analyst Shari Rothenberg . Mara joined the cast of the HBO comedy - drama Entourage for the series ' sixth season in 2009 . She played Brittany , Eric `` E '' Murphy ( Kevin Connolly ) 's assistant at his talent - management company and a potential love interest . Mara filmed four episodes for the series in 2009 . In 2011 , she guest starred on the FX horror series American Horror Story , as Hayden McClaine , a student who becomes Dr. Ben Harmon ( Dylan McDermott ) 's dead mistress , a spirit trapped in the Harmon house . Mara was offered the role by Ryan Murphy , her former producer on Nip / Tuck . In 2012 , Mara joined the cast of House of Cards , playing the part of Zoe Barnes , an intrepid reporter from Washington , D.C. who becomes a major ally to Frank Underwood by leaking stories that undermine his rivals . She filmed a second season of the series , which was released on February 14 , 2014 . On July 10 , 2014 , she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . She made her stage debut in 2003 at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in John Guare 's Landscape of the Body with Lili Taylor . Mara starred in The Alice Complex , a play by Peter Barr Nickowitz , at Dixon Place in New York City in 2005 and at the Blank Theatre in Los Angeles in 2006 . The production co-starred Tony Award - winner Harriet Harris . She later told WFAN radio in 2006 that doing more theater work is a `` dream '' because it was `` all I really wanted to do as a kid . I did n't care about movies or TV , I just wanted to do Broadway '' . Film ( edit ) Mara made her film debut in Random Hearts , with Harrison Ford in 1999 , directed by Sydney Pollack . She played Jessica Chandler , the daughter of a congresswoman ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) . She next appeared in the Sundance Film Festival award - winning films Joe the King ( 1999 ) and Tadpole ( 2002 ) , alongside Sigourney Weaver . Mara co-starred in Peoples ( 2004 ) , a drama and coming of age story filmed in Louisville , Kentucky . She starred in the direct - to - video horror film Urban Legends : Bloody Mary and appeared with Noah Wyle and Illeana Douglas in the 2005 film The Californians . Her supporting role as the daughter of Heath Ledger 's character in the Academy Award - winning film Brokeback Mountain that year brought her more widespread critical notice . Mara signed with the William Morris Agency , and was included on the New York Daily News list of `` 10 young actors who have a shot at making it big '' at the start of 2006 . She appeared in Zoom that year as Summer Jones ( aka Wonder ) , a 16 - year - old girl with telekinetic and empathic abilities . She next appeared in We Are Marshall , starring Matthew McConaughey , which recalled the aftermath of the 1970 Marshall University plane crash that took the lives of most of the football team . Mara played cheerleader Annie Cantrell . In 2007 , she appeared in the comedy Full of It with Ryan Pinkston for New Line Cinema . The film later aired on television as Big Liar on Campus . Mara was also featured in an advertising campaign for clothing retailer Gap called , `` khakis with attitude . '' She appeared in Shooter , a thriller about a master sniper portrayed by Mark Wahlberg , lured out of retirement to prevent an assassination . Mara played a Kentucky widow , Sarah Fenn , adopting a southern accent for the role . Also in 2007 , she finished her work in the film Transsiberian by Brad Anderson , which takes place on the Trans - Siberian Railway that runs from China to Moscow . She spent three months shooting the thriller in Vilnius , Lithuania , starting in December 2006 . The film also shot on location in Beijing and Russia . Mara played Abby , a 20 - year - old runaway from Seattle . Transsiberian premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival in January 2008 . Mara starred in the 2008 film Stone of Destiny , written and directed by Charles Martin Smith , about the theft of the Stone of Scone on Christmas Day , 1950 . Mara played Kay Matheson , one of four students that removed the stone in a Scottish nationalist plot . The period adventure - comedy co-starred Billy Boyd , Robert Carlyle and Charlie Cox . Filming began in June 2007 in locations around Glasgow . Mara felt lucky and proud to play a role that was important to people 's heritage . She stayed near the Botanic Gardens in the city 's West End while filming , attending the film premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 21 , 2008 . The film closed the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 , 2008 . Mara at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008 In December 2008 , Mara appeared in T Takes : Brooklyn 09 , a series of 6 improvised short films directed by Brody Baker . She starred in The Open Road as Lucy . Filming began in Hammond , Louisiana in February 2008 , and continued in Memphis , Tennessee and elsewhere in the South . In 2009 , Mara filmed the independent comedy Peep World , starring Michael C. Hall , Sarah Silverman and Rainn Wilson , and joined the cast of Marvel 's Iron Man 2 , making a cameo appearance as a U.S. Marshal who serves Tony Stark a subpoena . Mara shot the ensemble romantic comedy happythankyoumoreplease in New York City in July 2009 . She plays a waitress and aspiring singer named Mississippi , in a story about six single New Yorkers in their 20s . The film was written and directed by actor Josh Radnor ( How I Met Your Mother ) . The film won the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . In 2010 , Mara played hiker Kristi Moore in the survival drama 127 Hours , a true story directed by Danny Boyle about Aron Ralston , a climber trapped while mountaineering in Utah . Mara appeared in Ironclad ( 2011 ) , which tells the story of the siege of Rochester Castle by King John in the year 1215 . It is her first film where she speaks in an English accent . Mara appeared in the short film Ten Year , produced by Channing Tatum to attract financing for a feature film . The full - length feature went into production in Albuquerque in January 2010 , with Mara starring in a large ensemble cast film about a 10 - year high school reunion . In 2012 , Mara starred in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's thriller Deadfall with Eric Bana and Olivia Wilde . In 2013 , Mara starred in Broken Bells video for the song Holding On For Life . Mara appeared in Transcendence ( 2014 ) , starring Johnny Depp and directed by Wally Pfister . In 2015 , she played the Invisible Woman in a new film version of the Fantastic Four . In that year , she also had a supporting role as astronaut Beth Johanssen in director Ridley Scott 's film The Martian . She also starred as Ashley Smith in the 2015 movie Captive . In 2017 , Mara starred in Megan Leavey , playing Megan Leavey , a real life U.S. marine who bonded with her military working dog . The film was directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite , and released on June 9 , 2017 . She also starred alongside Ellen Page in My Days of Mercy , which she co-produced . Personal Life ( edit ) In late 2015 , Mara began dating her Fantastic Four co-star Jamie Bell and in January 2017 , the couple got engaged . On July 17 , 2017 , the couple announced that they had married . Mara is stepmother to Bell 's son from his marriage to Evan Rachel Wood . Mara currently lives in Los Angeles and Manhattan . She credits her vegan diet and regular workouts for keeping herself fit . `` I 'm a massive animal lover , too , '' she explained . `` Being vegan has been so good for me . I 've never felt better . '' Mara has stated she comes from a `` huge '' family ; her father is one of 11 children , and she has 22 aunts and uncles and 40 cousins . As a descendant of the owners of the New York Giants and Pittsburgh Steelers , Mara is a fan of both teams ; she joked , `` If I 'm mad at my mom I root for the Giants , and if I 'm pissed at my dad I root for the Steelers . '' This relationship contributed to her being cast in We Are Marshall . Mara has sung at both teams ' games , and after missing the Steelers ' victory at Super Bowl XL due to work , her contracts now state that she can attend if either team goes to the Super Bowl . She was in attendance for the Giants ' victory in Super Bowl XLII , the Steelers ' victory the next year in Super Bowl XLIII , and the Giants ' victory in Super Bowl XLVI . Mara is one of the faces of the Humane Society of the United States . In 2015 , she was featured in one of their campaign videos to promote Meatless Monday . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Joe the King Allyson 1999 Random Hearts Jessica Chandler 2002 Tadpole Miranda Spear Time Well Spent Girl Short film Peoples Jessica Prodigy 2005 Urban Legends : Bloody Mary Samantha `` Sam '' Owens Direct to video 2005 Brokeback Mountain Alma Del Mar Jr. ( age 19 ) 2005 The Californians Zoe Tripp 2006 Zoom Summer Jones / Wonder 2006 Fireflies Taylor 2006 We Are Marshall Annie Cantrell 2007 Full of It Annie Dray 2007 Shooter Sarah Fenn 2008 Transsiberian Abby 2008 Stone of Destiny Kay Matheson 2009 Big Guy Kate Short film 2009 Open Road , The The Open Road Lucy Happythankyoumoreplease Mississippi Iron Man 2 U.S. Marshal 127 Hours Kristi Moore Peep World Meg 2011 Ironclad Isabel 2011 Queen of Hearts Queen of Hearts Short film 2011 10 Years Elise 2012 Deadfall Hanna 2013 Broken Bells After the Disco Girl Short film 2014 Transcendence Bree 2014 Tiny Detectives Detective Kate Short film 2015 The Heyday of the Insensitive Bastards Lisa 2015 Fantastic Four Sue Storm / Invisible Woman 2015 Man Down Natalie Drummer 2015 The Martian Beth Johanssen 2015 Captive Ashley Smith 2016 Morgan Lee Weathers 2017 Megan Leavey Megan Leavey 2017 My Days of Mercy Mercy Also producer 2017 Chappaquiddick Mary Jo Kopechne Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Jenna Erlich Episode : `` Shadow '' 2000 Madigan Men Julie Episode : `` White Knight '' 2000 Ed Kelly Kovacs Episode : `` Pretty Girls and Waffles '' Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Lori Episode : `` Pixies '' 2003 Everwood Kate Morris 2 episodes 2003 Nip / Tuck Vanessa Bartholomew 4 episodes 2003 Cold Case Jill Shelby Episode : `` Look Again '' 2003 Boston Public Helena Gelbke Episode : `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' CSI : Miami Stephanie Brooks Episode : `` Murder in a Flash '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Janelle Macklin Episode : `` Formalities '' 2005 Jack & Bobby Katie 6 episodes 2006 24 Shari Rothenberg 5 episodes 2009 Entourage Brittany 4 episodes 2009 T Takes Kate 2 episodes 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Hayden McClaine 8 episodes 2012 Tron : Uprising Perl ( voice ) 2 episodes 2013 -- 2014 , 2016 House of Cards Zoe Barnes 14 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( 2014 ) 2014 Robot Chicken Various voices 2 episodes 2015 Moonbeam City Chrysalis Tate ( voice ) 10 episodes 2018 Pose Patty Upcoming series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kate Mara '' . Happy Sad Confused ( Podcast ) . SoundCloud . Event occurs at 1 : 53 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mara '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ONE Media ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` CHAPPAQUIDDICK Official Trailer ( 2018 ) Kate Mara , Kennedy Biography Movie HD '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ ONE Media ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` CHAPPAQUIDDICK Official Trailer # 2 ( 2018 ) Kate Mara , Kennedy Biography Movie HD '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Bird , David ( December 24 , 1980 ) . `` Notes on People ; It 's Goodbye for a Long - Time Greeter Mara and Rooney Clans to Gather at Wedding Rudolf Bing Speaks His Mind About the Met Former Student Musician Has a New Role Santa Gets a Helper '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ( fee required ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview with Kate Mara co-star of Channing Tatum in `` 10 Years '' - VIDEO `` . September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 celebrities you did n't know had Irish roots '' . December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers , Giants memorabilia auctioned to help Kenyan orphans '' . December 11 , 2008 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Staple , Arthur ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Rooney Mara links NFL 's two royal families '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eileen Hawthorn Engaged to Wed T.J. Rooney Jr . '' The New York Times . November 5 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Lorrie ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Who 's News '' . USA Weekend . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nip / Tuck media guide . 2003 . FX Networks . Jump up ^ Cabot , Tyler ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Kate Mara Is Ready for the Super Bowl '' . Esquire . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Warn , Sarah ( September 2003 ) . `` Nip / Tuck Increases Lesbian Visibility by Leaps / Bounds Archived September 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . AfterEllen.com . Retrieved on September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call '' . March 4 , 2004 . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Entourage News : 24 Alumna Clocks In as E 's Assistant '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rumble '' . July 12 , 2009 . New York Post . Retrieved on July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Kate Mara on the Rooney Mara rivalry , ' American Horror Story ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Finnigan Joins David E. Kelley TNT Pilot , Kate Mara in Netflix ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( July 19 , 2003 ) . `` The Allure Of an Empty Paradise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Alice Complex ' to Star Elbrick and Banes '' . Broadwayworld.com . July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Francesa , Mike ; Russo , Chris ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Fan -- Kate Mara interview '' . Mike and the Mad Dog . Jump up ^ Dodd , Stacy ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Kate Mara '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mills , Nancy ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` LET ' EM SHINE . Here 's our annual roundup of 10 young actors who have a shot at making it big '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Krista ( September 2006 ) . `` The Vanities Girls : Kara Mara '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Loughlin , Sandra ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Gap Campaign Features Khakis and Attitude '' . Brandweek . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( April 11 , 2006 ) . `` ' Shooter ' Targets Mara '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Longsdorf , Amy ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Mara 's game plan : keep acting Archived October 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 ... ( dead link as of at least August 16 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Hopewell , John & Fleming , Michael ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Cast aboard for Anderson '' . Variety . Retrieved on February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mara Interview , Shooter '' . MoviesOnline . Retrieved on March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pendreigh , Brian ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Romancing the Stone : Scots heist destined for Hollywood '' . Scotland on Sunday . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stone of Destiny film under way '' . BBC News . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Her role carried weight of history '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mara interview '' . The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson . August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny calls stars to premiere of Scone stone film '' . Edinburgh Evening News . June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stone Of Destiny closes Toronto '' . Bristol Evening Post . September 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` T Takes '' . T. Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Frater , Patrick ( February 7 , 2008 ) . Trio will hit ' Open Road ' . Variety . Retrieved on February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Mark ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Shakes Up Southern Town '' . People . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Showbiz people briefs '' . April 23 , 2009 . Reuters . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` '' War Machine Creator Says ' Iron Man 3 ' Could Use ' Demon In A Bottle ' Story , Debunks ' Iron Man 2 ' Rumor `` . MTV . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay A. ; & Kit , Borys ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Kate Mara in talks for Boyle 's ' 127 Hours ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodrow , Emily ( October 24 , 2009 ) . `` Medieval battle scenes in the Valleywood mud Archived October 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . South Wales Echo . Retrieved on October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Medina , Marcy ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Cast of Indie Hopeful ' HappyThankYouMorePlease '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved on April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Channing Tatum Has ' Ten Year ' Feature Itch '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Ten Year ' shooting begins in Albuquerque . KWES . Associated Press . January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bob ( April 16 , 2011 ) . `` Eric Bana can be whatever you need him to be '' . National Post . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Eric Bana , Olivia Wilde , Kate Mara , Sissy Spacek and Kris Kristofferson take part in the intense dinner table scene for director Stefan Ruzowitzky 's thriller '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kate Mara Boards Johnny Depp Project ' Transcendence ' , Variety . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fantastic Four ' Cast Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor Tom Felton Joins Kate Mara in Indie War Hero Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Mara Iraq War Hero Biopic ' Megan Leavey ' Gets Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tali Shalom Ezer Directing Ellen Page and Kate Mara in Romantic Drama ' Mercy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna . `` Jamie Bell Says He 's Not Engaged to Girlfriend Kate Mara Despite Her Ring on That Finger '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Woo , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fantastic Four ' Co-Stars Kate Mara and Jamie Bell Get Engaged '' . moviefone . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Mara and Jamie Bell Tie the Knot in Surprise Ceremony '' . People . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After an eye - catching turn on the Netflix hit House of Cards , Kate Mara has a few more tricks up her sleeve '' . Modernluxury.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROONEY MARA FAMILY TREE '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mara verified Twitter Account '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Chan , `` What 's Trending with Kate Mara : Orlane Skin Care , Bar Method Workouts and More , '' EOnline , December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards ' Kate Mara : ' It is complicated being compared to my sister Rooney ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Paul . `` Emotion Was Right Potion -- Fueled by Mara , Giants Blank Redskins '' , New York Post , October 31 , 2005 Jump up ^ Tucker , Reed ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Kate and Rooney Mara Are Pigskin Princesses '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Morgan , Kate Mara , Birds of Tokyo '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live . April 9 , 2014 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Shelly ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Rooney connection brings Kate Mara to Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alt , Eric ( May 2006 ) . `` Kate Mara '' . Nylon Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mara , Nikki Reed , Ian Somerhalder and Moby Celebrate New Farm Animal Protection Laws '' . The Humane Society of the United States . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wayne Pacelle ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Is Industrialized Agriculture a House of Cards ? '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Kernan , Kevin ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Hollywood Giant '' . New York Post . Vranish , Jane ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` '' The Insiders : 2 / 26 / 06 `` '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutKate Maraat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Kate Mara on Twitter Kate Mara on IMDb BNF : cb16536338f ( data ) GND : 141507063 ISNI : 0000 0001 1439 036X LCCN : n2007081355 SUDOC : 155554352 VIAF : 19138249 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Mara&oldid=842996585 '' Categories : 1983 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York ( state ) Actresses of Italian descent American child actresses American film actresses American people of French - Canadian descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Living people Mara family People from Bedford , New York Rooney family Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Twitter username different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मैथिली Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 04 : 05 . 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brick & lace - love is wicked riddim			Diwali riddim	diwali riddim	Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali , also known as the Diwali Riddim , is an album and popular dancehall riddim that came to prominence in 2002 . The riddim is credited to Jamaican producer Steven `` Lenky '' Marsden . This has appeared on several international hit songs by Sean Paul , Bounty Killer , Elephant Man , Lumidee , Brick & Lace ( although its single `` Love is Wicked '' was not released until 2007 ) , and Wayne Wonder .	It is recognized as arguably the most prominent and popular riddim of 2002 based on the number of top - ten hit songs that charted in Jamaica or internationally that used the instrumental , such as `` Get Busy , '' `` No Letting Go , '' `` Pon de Replay , '' `` Never Leave You ( Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ) , '' `` Overcome , '' `` Elephant Message , '' `` Sufferer , '' `` Party Time , '' and `` Love Is Wicked . '' To this day , the riddim and the songs sampling it are still played on Jamaican radio stations every so often and is considered a classic . The beat is characterized by syncopated clapping , and it was given the name Diwali for its Indian dance - music influence . The riddim has been featured in American television commercials via Sean Paul 's song `` Get Busy . '' List of songs using Diwali riddim ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Artist Song Album Anthony B Girls Buss Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Assassin Ruffest & Tuffest Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Beenie Man That 's Right Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Beenie Man War is over Bounty Killer feat . Wayne Marshall Sufferer Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Bling Dawg All Right for You Brick & Lace Love Is Wicked Love Is Wicked Buju Banton Shala La Captain Jack Capitano Greatest Hits Cecile Respect yuh Wife Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Crissy D Make it Real Good Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Danny English & Egg Nog Party Time Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Diwali XM24 Version Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali DJ Snake Let Me Love You Ft . Justin Bieber Encore Elephant Man Elephant Message Higher Level / Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali General Degree Inna Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Hawkeye Bubble & Wine Lumidee Never Leave You ( slightly altered from the original riddim ) , produced by DJ Tedsmooth & Trendsetta Almost Famous / Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali ( Gold Edition ) Madd Anju Dem ago Hard Mega Banton It 's OK Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Mr Reggaenarator Art de rue police ( police freak ) Rihanna Pon de Replay Music of the Sun Sean Paul Get Busy Dutty Rock , Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali ( Gold Edition ) Spragga Benz Da One Shakti Ay Yo ! Sheikh Terra & the Soul Salah Crew Dirty Kuffar Tanya Stephens Ca n't Touch Me No More Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali T.O.K. Galang Gal Unknown Language / Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Wayne Marshall Overcome Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Wayne Wonder No Letting Go No Holding Back Zumjay Zumjay is my Name Greensleeves Rhythm Album # 27 : Diwali Spragga Benz Gonna Fight Tiwa Savage Without My Heart Ft . Don Jazzy Once Upon a Time Wizkid London Girl Empire Mates State of Mind M.O.G. ( Men Of God ) Let Him Go Omarion W4W Word For Word Odunsi ( The Engine ) In The Morning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ CKE Restaurants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali_Riddim&oldid=841858692 '' Categories : Riddims 2002 compilation albums Reggae compilation albums Greensleeves Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 14 : 53 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali%20Riddim	2,570
where did zeus spend most of his time	Zeus ( / ˈzjuːs / ; Greek : Ζεύς Zeús ( zdeǔ̯s ) ) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion , who ruled as king of the gods of Mount Olympus . His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter . His mythologies and powers are similar , though not identical , to those of Indo - European deities such as Indra , Jupiter , Perun , Thor , and Odin .	Mount Olympus	Zeus	zeus	Zeus ( / ˈzjuːs / ; Greek : Ζεύς Zeús ( zdeǔ̯s ) ) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion , who ruled as king of the gods of Mount Olympus . His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter . His mythologies and powers are similar , though not identical , to those of Indo - European deities such as Indra , Jupiter , Perun , Thor , and Odin .	Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea , the youngest of his siblings to be born , though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus 's stomach . In most traditions , he is married to Hera , by whom he is usually said to have fathered Ares , Hebe , and Hephaestus . At the oracle of Dodona , his consort was said to be Dione , by whom the Iliad states that he fathered Aphrodite . Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades . These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring , including Athena , Apollo , Artemis , Hermes , Persephone , Dionysus , Perseus , Heracles , Helen of Troy , Minos , and the Muses . He was respected as an allfather who was chief of the gods and assigned the others to their roles : `` Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father , and all the gods rise in his presence . '' He was equated with many foreign weather gods , permitting Pausanias to observe `` That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men '' . Zeus ' symbols are the thunderbolt , eagle , bull , and oak . In addition to his Indo - European inheritance , the classical `` cloud - gatherer '' ( Greek : Νεφεληγερέτα , Nephelēgereta ) also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the ancient Near East , such as the scepter . Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses : standing , striding forward with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand , or seated in majesty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Mythology 2.1 Birth 2.2 Infancy 2.3 King of the gods 2.4 Zeus and Hera 2.5 Consorts and children 2.5. 1 Divine offspring 2.5. 2 Semi-divine / mortal offspring 3 Roles and epithets 4 Cults of Zeus 4.1 Panhellenic cults 4.1. 1 Zeus Velchanos 4.1. 2 Zeus Lykaios 4.1. 3 Additional cults of Zeus 4.2 Non-panhellenic cults 4.3 Oracles of Zeus 4.3. 1 The Oracle at Dodona 4.3. 2 The Oracle at Siwa 5 Zeus and foreign gods 6 Zeus and the sun 7 Zeus in philosophy 8 Zeus in the Bible 9 Zeus in the Iliad 10 Zeus 's notable conflicts 11 In modern culture 12 Genealogy of the Olympians 13 Argive genealogy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Name The Chariot of Zeus , from an 1879 Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church . The god 's name in the nominative is Ζεύς Zeús . It is inflected as follows : vocative : Ζεῦ Zeû ; accusative : Δία Día ; genitive : Διός Diós ; dative : Διί Dií . Diogenes Laertius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spelling the name , Ζάς . Zeus is the Greek continuation of * Di̯ēus , the name of the Proto - Indo - European god of the daytime sky , also called * Dyeus ph tēr ( `` Sky Father '' ) . The god is known under this name in the Rigveda ( Vedic Sanskrit Dyaus / Dyaus Pita ) , Latin ( compare Jupiter , from Iuppiter , deriving from the Proto - Indo - European vocative * dyeu - ph tēr ) , deriving from the root * dyeu - ( `` to shine '' , and in its many derivatives , `` sky , heaven , god '' ) . Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo - European etymology . The earliest attested forms of the name are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀇𐀸 , di - we and 𐀇𐀺 , di - wo , written in the Linear B syllabic script . Plato , in his Cratylus , gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning `` cause of life always to all things , '' because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus ( Zen and Dia ) with the Greek words for life and `` because of . '' This etymology , along with Plato 's entire method of deriving etymologies , is not supported by modern scholarship . Mythology Zeus , at the Getty Villa , A.D. 1 -- 100 by unknown . Birth `` Cave of Zeus '' , Mount Ida ( Crete ) . Cronus sired several children by Rhea : Hestia , Demeter , Hera , Hades , and Poseidon , but swallowed them all as soon as they were born , since he had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overthrown by his son as he had previously overthrown Uranus , his own father , an oracle that Rhea heard and wished to avert . When Zeus was about to be born , Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save him , so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus and his own children . Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete , handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes , which he promptly swallowed . Infancy Rhea hid Zeus in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete . According to varying versions of the story : He was then raised by Gaia . He was raised by a goat named Amalthea , while a company of Kouretes -- soldiers , or smaller gods -- danced , shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby 's cry ( see cornucopia ) . According to some versions of this story he was reared by Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Andron ( Psychro Cave ) in Lasithi plateau . He was raised by a nymph named Adamanthea . Since Cronus ruled over the Earth , the heavens and the sea , she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth , sea and sky and thus , invisible to his father . He was raised by a nymph named Cynosura . In gratitude , Zeus placed her among the stars . He was raised by Melissa , who nursed him with goat 's milk and honey . He was raised by a shepherd family under the promise that their sheep would be saved from wolves . King of the gods Colossal seated Marnas from Gaza portrayed in the style of Zeus . Roman period Marnas was the chief divinity of Gaza ( Istanbul Archaeology Museum ) . After reaching manhood , Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge first the stone ( which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men , the Omphalos ) then his siblings in reverse order of swallowing . In some versions , Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies , or Zeus cut Cronus 's stomach open . Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus , the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes , from their dungeon in Tartarus , killing their guard , Campe . As a token of their appreciation , the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt , or lightning , which had previously been hidden by Gaia . Together , Zeus , his brothers and sisters , Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans , in the combat called the Titanomachy . The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus . Atlas , one of the titans who fought against Zeus , was punished by having to hold up the sky . After the battle with the Titans , Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers , Poseidon and Hades , by drawing lots : Zeus got the sky and air , Poseidon the waters , and Hades the world of the dead ( the underworld ) . The ancient Earth , Gaia , could not be claimed ; she was left to all three , each according to their capabilities , which explains why Poseidon was the `` earth - shaker '' ( the god of earthquakes ) and Hades claimed the humans who died ( see also Penthus ) . Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans , because they were her children . Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods , Zeus had to fight some of Gaia 's other children , the monsters Typhon and Echidna . He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna , but left Echidna and her children alive . Zeus and Hera Main article : Hera Zeus was brother and consort of Hera . By Hera , Zeus sired Ares , Hebe and Hephaestus , though some accounts say that Hera produced these offspring alone . Some also include Eileithyia , Eris , Enyo and Angelos as their daughters . In the section of the Iliad known to scholars as the Deception of Zeus , the two of them are described as having begun their sexual relationship without their parents knowing about it . The conquests of Zeus among nymphs and the mythic mortal progenitors of Hellenic dynasties are famous . Olympian mythography even credits him with unions with Leto , Demeter , Metis , Themis , Eurynome and Mnemosyne . Other relationships with immortals included Dione and Maia . Among mortals were Semele , Io , Europa and Leda ( for more details , see below ) and with the young Ganymede ( although he was mortal Zeus granted him eternal youth and immortality ) . Many myths render Hera as jealous of his amorous conquests and a consistent enemy of Zeus 's mistresses and their children by him . For a time , a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by talking incessantly , and when Hera discovered the deception , she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others . Consorts and children Divine offspring Mother Children Aega Aegipan Ananke or Themis Moirai / Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Aphrodite Tyche ( possibly ) Demeter Persephone Dione or Thalassa Aphrodite Eris Limos Eurynome / Eurydome / Eurymedusa / Euanthe Charites / Graces Aglaea Euphrosyne Thalia Gaia Manes Hera Angelos Ares Eileithyia Enyo Eris Hebe Hephaestus Leto Apollo Artemis Maia Hermes Metis Athena Mnemosyne Muses ( Original three ) Aoide Melete Mneme Muses ( Later nine ) Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Nemesis Helen of Troy ( possibly ) Persephone Zagreus Melinoe Selene Ersa Nemean Lion Pandia Thalia Palici Themis Astraea Nymphs of Eridanos Nemesis Horae First Generation Auxo Carpo Thallo Second Generation Dike Eirene Eunomia Third generation Pherusa Euporie Orthosie Adikia Eos Carae Unknown mother Aletheia Unknown mother Ate Unknown mother Caerus Unknown mother Litae Semi-divine / mortal offspring Mother Children Aegina Aeacus Damocrateia Alcmene Heracles Antiope Amphion Zethus Anaxithea Olenus Asterope , Oceanid Acragas Callisto Arcas Calyce Aethlius ( possibly ) Callirhoe ( daughter of Achelous ) no known offspring Carme Britomartis Cassiopeia Atymnius Chaldene Solymus Milye Danaë Perseus Dia Pirithous Elara Tityos Electra Dardanus Iasion Harmonia Europa Minos Rhadamanthus Sarpedon Alagonia Carnus Dodon Eurymedousa Myrmidon Euryodeia Arcesius Himalia Kronios Spartaios Kytos Idaea , nymph Cres Iodame Thebe Io Epaphus Keroessa Isonoe Orchomenus Lamia Achilleus Lamia ( daughter of Poseidon ) Libyan Sibyl Laodamia Sarpedon Leda Pollux Helen of Troy Maera Locrus Niobe Argus Pelasgus Othreis Meliteus Pandora Graecus Phthia ( daughter of Phoroneus ) Achaeus ( possibly ) Plouto Tantalus Podarge Balius Xanthus Protogeneia Aethlius ( possibly ) Opus Pyrrha Hellen Semele Dionysus Taygete Lacedaemon Thyia Magnes Makednos Torrhebia Carius Nymph African Iarbas Nymph Samothracian Saon ( possibly ) Nymph Sithnid Megarus Unknown mother Calabrus Geraestus Taenarus Unknown mother Corinthus Unknown mother Crinacus The Greeks variously claimed that the Moires / Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis or of primordial beings like Chaos , Nyx , or Ananke . The Charites / Graces were usually considered the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome but they were also said to be daughters of Dionysus and Aphrodite or of Helios and the naiad Aegle . Some accounts say that Ares , Hebe , and Hephaestus were born parthenogenetically . According to one version , Athena is said to be born parthenogenetically . Helen was either the daughter of Leda or Nemesis . Tyche is usually considered a daughter of Aphrodite and Hermes . Roles and epithets See also : Category : Epithets of Zeus Roman marble colossal head of Zeus , 2nd century AD ( British Museum ) Zeus played a dominant role , presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon . He fathered many of the heroes and was featured in many of their local cults . Though the Homeric `` cloud collector '' was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near - Eastern counterparts , he was also the supreme cultural artifact ; in some senses , he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity . Aside from local epithets that simply designated the deity as doing something random at some particular place , the epithets or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide - ranging authority : Zeus Aegiduchos or Aegiochos : Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis , the divine shield with the head of Medusa across it , although others derive it from `` goat '' ( αἴξ ) and okhē ( οχή ) in reference to Zeus 's nurse , the divine goat Amalthea . Zeus Agoraeus : Zeus as patron of the marketplace ( agora ) and punisher of dishonest traders . Zeus Horkios : Zeus as keeper of oaths . Exposed liars were made to dedicate a votive statue to Zeus , often at the sanctuary at Olympia Zeus Olympios : Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic Games at Olympia Zeus Panhellenios ( `` Zeus of All the Greeks '' ) : worshipped at Aeacus 's temple on Aegina Zeus Xenios , Philoxenon , or Hospites : Zeus as the patron of hospitality ( xenia ) and guests , avenger of wrongs done to strangers Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also : Abrettenus ( Ἀβρεττηνός ) : surname of Zeus in Mysia Apemius : Zeus as the averter of ills Apomyius Zeus as one who dispels flies Astrapios ( `` Lightninger '' ) : Zeus as a weather god Bottiaeus : Worshipped at Antioch Brontios ( `` Thunderer '' ) : Zeus as a weather god Diktaios : Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range , worshipped from Mycenaean times on Crete Ithomatas : Worshipped at Mount Ithome in Messenia Zeus Adados : A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad , particularly his solar cult at Heliopolis Zeus Bouleus : Worshipped at Dodona , the earliest oracle , along with Zeus Naos Zeus Georgos ( Ζεὺς Γεωργός , `` Zeus the Farmer '' ) : Zeus as god of crops and the harvest , worshipped in Athens Zeus Helioupolites ( `` Heliopolite '' or `` Heliopolitan Zeus '' ) : A Hellenization of the Canaanite Baʿal ( probably Hadad ) worshipped as a sun god at Heliopolis ( modern Baalbek ) Zeus Kasios ( `` Zeus of Mount Kasios '' the modern Jebel Aqra ) : Worshipped at a site on the Syrian -- Turkish border , a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain and weather god Baal Zephon Zeus Labrandos ( `` Zeus of Labraunda '' ) : Worshiped at Caria , depicted with a double - edged axe ( labrys ) , a Hellenization of the Hurrian weather god Teshub Zeus Meilichios ( `` Zeus the Easily - Entreated '' ) : Worshipped at Athens , a form of the archaic chthonic daimon Meilichios Zeus Naos : Worshipped at Dodona , the earliest oracle , along with Zeus Bouleus Zeus Tallaios ( `` Solar Zeus '' ) : Worshipped on Crete Cults of Zeus Marble eagle from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos , Archaeological Museum of Dion . Panhellenic cults The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was Olympia . Their quadrennial festival featured the famous Games . There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone , but of ash , from the accumulated remains of many centuries ' worth of animals sacrificed there . Outside of the major inter-polis sanctuaries , there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world . Most of the titles listed below , for instance , could be found at any number of Greek temples from Asia Minor to Sicily . Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well : sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar , for instance . Zeus Velchanos With one exception , Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete . Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion : `` by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new '' , Will Durant observed , and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features . The local child of the Great Mother , `` a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort '' , whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos , was in time assumed as an epithet by Zeus , as transpired at many other sites , and he came to be venerated in Crete as Zeus Velchanos ( `` boy - Zeus '' ) , often simply the Kouros . In Crete , Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at Knossos , Ida and Palaikastro . In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the Hagia Triada site of a long - ruined Minoan palace . Broadly contemporary coins from Phaistos show the form under which he was worshiped : a youth sits among the branches of a tree , with a cockerel on his knees . On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic marriage . Inscriptions at Gortyn and Lyttos record a Velchania festival , showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete . The stories of Minos and Epimenides suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests . The dramatic setting of Plato 's Laws is along the pilgrimage - route to one such site , emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge . On Crete , Zeus was represented in art as a long - haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as ho megas kouros , `` the great youth '' . Ivory statuettes of the `` Divine Boy '' were unearthed near the Labyrinth at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans . With the Kouretes , a band of ecstatic armed dancers , he presided over the rigorous military - athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan paideia . The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus , localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source , Callimachus , together with the assertion of Antoninus Liberalis that a fire shone forth annually from the birth - cave the infant shared with a mythic swarm of bees , suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit . The Hellenistic writer Euhemerus apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of Crete and that posthumously , his glory had slowly turned him into a deity . The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived , but Christian patristic writers took up the suggestion . Zeus Lykaios For more details on this topic , see Lykaia . Laurel - wreathed head of Zeus on a gold stater , Lampsacus , c 360 -- 340 BC ( Cabinet des Médailles ) . The epithet Zeus Lykaios ( `` wolf - Zeus '' ) is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the Lykaia on the slopes of Mount Lykaion ( `` Wolf Mountain '' ) , the tallest peak in rustic Arcadia ; Zeus had only a formal connection with the rituals and myths of this primitive rite of passage with an ancient threat of cannibalism and the possibility of a werewolf transformation for the ephebes who were the participants . Near the ancient ash - heap where the sacrifices took place was a forbidden precinct in which , allegedly , no shadows were ever cast . According to Plato , a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios , and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal 's . Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf , and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine - year cycle had ended . There were games associated with the Lykaia , removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia , Megalopolis ; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios . There is , however , the crucial detail that Lykaios or Lykeios ( epithets of Zeus and Apollo ) may derive from Proto - Greek * λύκη , `` light '' , a noun still attested in compounds such as ἀμφιλύκη , `` twilight '' , λυκάβας , `` year '' ( lit . `` light 's course '' ) etc . This , Cook argues , brings indeed much new ' light ' to the matter as Achaeus , the contemporary tragedian of Sophocles , spoke of Zeus Lykaios as `` starry - eyed '' , and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus , son of Aether , described by Cicero . Again under this new signification may be seen Pausanias ' descriptions of Lykosoura being ' the first city that ever the sun beheld ' , and of the altar of Zeus , at the summit of Mount Lykaion , before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and ' facing the sun - rise ' . Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus ' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as ' god of light ' ( Lykaios ) . Additional cults of Zeus This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god , many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived underground . Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus Meilichios ( `` kindly '' or `` honeyed '' ) while other cities had Zeus Chthonios ( `` earthy '' ) , Zeus Katachthonios ( `` under - the - earth '' ) and Zeus Plousios ( `` wealth - bringing '' ) . These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art , or , for emphasis as both together in one image . They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits , as did chthonic deities like Persephone and Demeter , and also the heroes at their tombs . Olympian gods , by contrast , usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars . In some cases , cities were not entirely sure whether the daimon to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus . Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in Boeotia might belong to the hero Trophonius or to Zeus Trephonius ( `` the nurturing '' ) , depending on whether you believe Pausanias , or Strabo . The hero Amphiaraus was honored as Zeus Amphiaraus at Oropus outside of Thebes , and the Spartans even had a shrine to Zeus Agamemnon . Non-panhellenic cults In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above , local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men . With the epithet Zeus Aetnaeus he was worshiped on Mount Aetna , where there was a statue of him , and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor . Other examples are listed below . As Zeus Aeneius or Zeus Aenesius , he was worshiped in the island of Cephalonia , where he had a temple on Mount Aenos . Oracles of Zeus Roman cast terracotta of ram - horned Jupiter Ammon , 1st century AD ( Museo Barracco , Rome ) . Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo , the heroes , or various goddesses like Themis , a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus . In addition , some foreign oracles , such as Baʿal 's at Heliopolis , were associated with Zeus in Greek or Jupiter in Latin . The oracle at Dodona The cult of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus , where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC onward , centered on a sacred oak . When the Odyssey was composed ( circa 750 BC ) , divination was done there by barefoot priests called Selloi , who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches . By the time Herodotus wrote about Dodona , female priestesses called peleiades ( `` doves '' ) had replaced the male priests . Zeus 's consort at Dodona was not Hera , but the goddess Dione -- whose name is a feminine form of `` Zeus '' . Her status as a titaness suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity , and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle . The oracle at Siwa The oracle of Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before Alexander 's day , but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era : Herodotus mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the Persian War . Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta , where a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War . After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa , the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of a Libyan Sibyl . Zeus and foreign gods Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ( `` Zeus holding Nike '' ) on Indo - Greek coinage : from the Classical motif of Nike handing the wreath of victory to Zeus himself ( left , coin of Heliocles I 145 - 130 BC ) , then to a baby elephant ( middle , coin of Antialcidas 115 - 95 BC ) , and then to the Wheel of the Law , symbol of Buddhism ( right , coin of Menander II 90 -- 85 BC ) . Zeus as Vajrapāni , the protector of the Buddha . 2nd century , Greco - Buddhist art . Zeus was identified with the Roman god Jupiter and associated in the syncretic classical imagination ( see interpretatio graeca ) with various other deities , such as the Egyptian Ammon and the Etruscan Tinia . He , along with Dionysus , absorbed the role of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius . The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem . Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as Baal Shamen ( in English , Lord of Heaven ) . Zeus and the sun Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic sun god , Helios , who is sometimes either directly referred to as Zeus ' eye , or clearly implied as such . Hesiod , for instance , describes Zeus 's eye as effectively the sun . This perception is possibly derived from earlier Proto - Indo - European religion , in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the eye of * Dyḗus Pḥ tḗr ( see Hvare - khshaeta ) . The Cretan Zeus Tallaios had solar elements to his cult . `` Talos '' was the local equivalent of Helios . Zeus in philosophy In Neoplatonism , Zeus 's relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as the Demiurge or Divine Mind . Specifically within Plotinus 's work the Enneads and the Platonic Theology of Proclus . Zeus in the Bible Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice , first in Acts 14 : 8 -- 13 : When the people living in Lystra saw the Apostle Paul heal a lame man , they considered Paul and his partner Barnabas to be gods , identifying Paul with Hermes and Barnabas with Zeus , even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd . Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city . One of the inscriptions refers to the `` priests of Zeus '' , and the other mentions `` Hermes Most Great '' '' and `` Zeus the sun - god '' . The second occurrence is in Acts 28 : 11 : the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the figurehead `` Sons of Zeus '' aka Castor and Pollux . The deuterocanonical book of 2 Maccabees 6 : 1 , 2 talks of King Antiochus IV ( Epiphanes ) , who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion , directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus ( Jupiter Olympius ) . Zeus in the Iliad Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida by James Barry , 1773 ( City Art Galleries , Sheffield . ) The Iliad is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy . As God of the sky , lightning , thunder , law , order , justice , Zeus controlled ancient Greece and all of the mortals and immortals living there . The Iliad covers the Trojan War , in which Zeus plays a major part . Notable Scenes that include Zeus Book 2 : Zeus sends Agamemnon a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the effects of the dream Book 4 : Zeus promises Hera to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the war Book 7 : Zeus and Poseidon ruin the Achaeans fortress Book 8 : Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to Mount Ida where he can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war Book 14 : Zeus is seduced by Hera and becomes distracted while she helps out the Greeks Book 15 : Zeus wakes up and realizes that Poseidon his own brother has been helping out the Greeks , while also sending Hector and Apollo to help fight the Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall Book 16 : Zeus is upset that he could n't help save Sarpedon 's life because it would then contradict his previous decisions Book 17 : Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of Hector Book 20 : Zeus lets the other Gods help out their respective sides in the war Book 24 : Zeus demands that Achilles ( his son ) release the corpse of Hector to be buried honourably A statue of Zeus in a drawing . A bust of Zeus . Zeus 's notable conflicts The most notable conflict in Zeus 's history was his struggle for power . Zeus 's parents Cronus and Rhea ruled the Ancient World after taking control from Uranus , Cronus 's father . When Cronus realized that he wanted power for the rest of time he started to eat his children , Hestia , Demeter , Hera , Hades , and Poseidon . When Rhea realized what was going on , she quickly saved their youngest child , Zeus . Having escaped , Zeus was spared because of the swiftness of Rhea tricking Cronus into thinking she consumed Zeus . She wrapped a stone in a blanket , and Cronus swallowed it thinking he was swallowing his last child . As a result of this , Zeus was shipped off to live on the island of Crete . When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he grew upset with mankind and the sacrifices they were performing on one another . Furiously , he decided it would be smart to wipe out mankind with a gigantic flood using the help of his brother Poseidon , King of the Seas . Killing every human except Deucalion and Pyrrha , Zeus flooded the entire planet but then realized he then had to restore society with new people . After clearing all the water , he had Deucalion and Pyrrah create humans to repopulate the earth using stones that became humans . These stones represented the `` hardness '' of mankind and the man life . This story has been told different ways and in different time periods between Ancient Greek Mythology and The Bible , although the base of the story remains true . Throughout history Zeus has used violence to get his way , or even terrorize humans . As God of the sky he has the power to hurl lightning bolts as his weapon of choice . Since lightning is quite powerful and sometimes deadly , it is a bold sign when lightning strikes because it is known that Zeus most likely threw the bolt . In modern culture Depictions of Zeus as a bull , the form he took when abducting Europa , are found on the Greek 2 - euro coin and on the United Kingdom identity card for visa holders . Mary Beard , professor of Classics at Cambridge University , has criticised this for its apparent celebration of rape . Genealogy of the Olympians ( hide ) Olympians ' family tree Uranus Gaia Uranus ' genitals Cronus Rhea ZEUS Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia a b Ares Hephaestus Metis Athena Leto Apollo Artemis Maia Hermes Semele Dionysus Dione a b Aphrodite Argive genealogy Argive genealogy in Greek mythology Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus Colour key : Male Female Deity See also Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Achaean League Agetor Deception of Zeus Hetairideia -- Thessalian Festival to Zeus Temple of Zeus , Olympia Zanes of Olympia - Statues of Zeus Notes Jump up ^ The sculpture was presented to Louis XIV as Aesculapius but restored as Zeus , ca . 1686 , by Pierre Granier , who added the upraised right arm brandishing the thunderbolt . Marble , middle 2nd century CE . Formerly in the ' Allée Royale ' , ( Tapis Vert ) in the Gardens of Versailles , now conserved in the Louvre Museum ( Official on - line catalog ) Jump up ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia , The Book People , Haydock , 1995 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed . `` Zeus , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1921 . Jump up ^ In classical Attic Greek . Jump up ^ Thomas Berry ( 1996 ) . Religions of India : Hinduism , Yoga , Buddhism . Columbia University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10781 - 5 . Jump up ^ T.N. Madan ( 2003 ) . The Hinduism Omnibus . Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566411 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sukumari Bhattacharji ( 2015 ) . The Indian Theogony . Cambridge University Press . pp. 280 -- 281 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Edith ( 1942 ) . Mythology ( 1998 ed . ) . New York : Back Bay Books . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 34114 - 1 . Jump up ^ Homer , Il. , Book V . Jump up ^ Plato , Symp. , 180e . Jump up ^ There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite 's origins : Hesiod 's Theogony claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after Cronos castrated Uranus , making her Uranus 's daughter but Homer 's Iliad has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and Dione . A speaker in Plato 's Symposium offers that they were separate figures : Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos . Jump up ^ Homeric Hymns . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony . Jump up ^ Burkert , Greek Religion . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Homer , Il. , I. 503 & 533 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.24. 2 . Jump up ^ Νεφεληγερέτα . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Laertius , Diogenes ( 1972 ) ( 1925 ) . `` 1.11 '' . In Hicks , R.D. Lives of Eminent Philosophers . `` 1.11 '' . Diogenes Laertius , Lives of Eminent Philosophers ( in Greek ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Zeus '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 499 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Jupiter '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36280 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Linear B word di - we '' . `` The Linear B word di - wo '' . Palaeolexicon . Word study tool of Ancient languages . Jump up ^ `` Plato 's Cratylus , '' by Plato , ed. by David Sedley , Cambridge University Press , 6 Nov 2003 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` The Makers of Hellas '' . Jump up ^ `` Limiting the Arbitrary '' . Jump up ^ `` Greek and Roman Mythology . '' . Mythology : Myths , Legends , & Fantasy . Sweet Water Press . 2003 . p. 21 . ISBN 9781468265903 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Gaza '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ; Johannes Hahn : Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt ; The Holy Land and the Bible Jump up ^ Iliad , Book 14 , line 294 Jump up ^ Theogony 886 -- 900 . Jump up ^ Theogony 901 -- 911 . Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 155 Jump up ^ Scholia on Pindar , Olympian Ode 9 , 107 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Dōdōne , with a reference to Acestodorus Jump up ^ Photios ( 1824 ) . `` 190.489 R '' . In Bekker , August Immanuel . Myriobiblon ( in Greek ) . Tomus alter . Berlin : Ge . Reimer . p. 152a . At the Internet Archive . `` 190.152 a '' ( PDF ) . Myriobiblon ( in Greek ) . Interreg Δρόμοι της πίστης -- Ψηφιακή Πατρολογία. 2006 . p. 163 . At khazarzar.skeptik.net . Jump up ^ The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century . The head , which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a niche , was found at Hadrian 's Villa , Tivoli and donated to the British Museum by John Thomas Barber Beaumont in 1836 . BM 1516 . ( British Museum , A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1904 ) . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad i . 202 , ii. 157 , 375 , &c . Jump up ^ Pindar , Isthmian Odes iv. 99 Jump up ^ Hyginus , Poetical Astronomy ii. 13 Jump up ^ Spanh . ad Callim . hymn. in Jov , 49 Jump up ^ Schmitz , Leonhard ( 1867 ) . `` Aegiduchos '' . In Smith , William . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Vol . I. Boston . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Strab . xii . p. 574 Jump up ^ Libanius ( 2000 ) . Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius . Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 595 - 3 . Jump up ^ Δικταῖος in Liddell and Scott . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Arthur Bernard ( 1914 ) , Zeus : A Study in Ancient Religion , I : Zeus God of the Bright Sky , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 549 ff ... Jump up ^ Durant , The Life of Greece ( The Story of Civilization Part II , New York : Simon & Schuster ) 1939 : 23 . Jump up ^ Rodney Castleden , Minoans : Life in Bronze - Age Crete , `` The Minoan belief - system '' ( Routledge ) 1990 : 125 Jump up ^ Pointed out by Bernard Clive Dietrich , The Origins of Greek Religion ( de Gruyter ) 1973 : 15 . Jump up ^ A.B. Cook , Zeus Cambridge University Press , 1914 , I , figs 397 , 398 . Jump up ^ Dietrich 1973 , noting Martin P. Nilsson , Minoan - Mycenaean Religion , and Its Survival in Greek Religion 1950 : 551 and notes . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stylianos Alexiou reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period -- Linos , Ploutos and Dionysos -- so not all the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily Velchanos '' ( Castleden 1990 : 125 Jump up ^ Richard Wyatt Hutchinson , Prehistoric Crete , ( Harmondsworth : Penguin ) 1968 : 204 , mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus ( noted by Dietrich 1973 : 16 note 78 ) . Jump up ^ `` This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the vegetation cycle : holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from the earth '' ( Dietrich 1973 : 15 ) . Jump up ^ In the founding myth of Lycaon 's banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a human sacrifice , perhaps one of his sons , Nyctimus or Arcas . Zeus overturned the table and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt ; his patronage at the Lykaia can have been little more than a formula . Jump up ^ A morphological connection to lyke `` brightness '' may be merely fortuitous . Jump up ^ Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus , Walter Burkert , `` Lykaia and Lykaion '' , Homo Necans , tr. by Peter Bing ( University of California ) 1983 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 8.38 . Jump up ^ Republic 565d - e Jump up ^ A.B. Cook ( 1914 ) , Zeus : A Study in Ancient Religion , Vol . I , p. 63 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Schol . ad Pind . Ol . vi. 162 Jump up ^ Hesiod , according to a scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes . Argonautika , ii. 297 Jump up ^ Odyssey 14.326 - 7 Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.18 . Jump up ^ `` In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha as Vajrapani . '' in Freedom , Progress , and Society , K. Satchidananda Murty , R. Balasubramanian , Sibajiban Bhattacharyya , Motilal Banarsidass Publishe , 1986 , p. 97 Jump up ^ 2 Maccabees 6 : 2 Jump up ^ David Syme Russel . Daniel . ( Louisville , Kentucky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1981 ) 191 . Jump up ^ Sick , David H. ( 2004 ) , `` Mit ( h ) ra ( s ) and the Myths of the Sun '' , Numen , 51 ( 4 ) : 432 -- 467 , JSTOR 3270454 Jump up ^ Ljuba Merlina Bortolani , Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt : A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity , Cambridge University Press , 13 / 10 / 2016 Jump up ^ West , Martin Litchfield ( 2007 ) . Indo - European Poetry and Myth ( PDF ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 194 -- 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928075 - 9 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks 1951 : 110 . Jump up ^ In Fourth Tractate ' Problems of the Soul ' The Demiurge is identified as Zeus. 10 . `` When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave out all notions of stage and progress , and recognize one unchanging and timeless life . '' Jump up ^ The translation of Hermes Jump up ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia , edited by J. Orr , 1960 , Vol . III , p. 1944 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Book of the Maccabees '' . Jump up ^ `` Zeus Facts and Information on Greek God of the Sky Zeus '' . Greek Gods & Goddesses . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Gods in the Iliad '' . department.monm.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Homer ( 1990 ) . The Iliad . South Africa : Penguin Classics . Jump up ^ `` Zeus '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Gods '' . AllAboutHistory.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Zeus Facts and Information on Greek God of the Sky Zeus '' . Greek Gods & Goddesses . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ A Point of View : The euro 's strange stories , BBC , retrieved 20 / 11 / 2011 Jump up ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod 's Theogony , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Iliad 1.570 -- 579 , 14.338 , Odyssey 8.312 , Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 927 -- 929 , Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone , with no father , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 886 -- 890 , of Zeus ' children by his seven wives , Athena was the first to be conceived , but the last to be born ; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her , later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena `` from his head '' , see Gantz , pp. 51 -- 52 , 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . References Burkert , Walter , ( 1977 ) 1985 . Greek Religion , especially section III. ii. 1 ( Harvard University Press ) Cook , Arthur Bernard , Zeus : A Study in Ancient Religion , ( 3 volume set ) , ( 1914 -- 1925 ) . New York , Bibilo & Tannen : 1964 . Volume 1 : Zeus , God of the Bright Sky , Biblo - Moser , June 1 , 1964 , ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0148 - 9 ( reprint ) Volume 2 : Zeus , God of the Dark Sky ( Thunder and Lightning ) , Biblo - Moser , June 1 , 1964 , ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0156 - X Volume 3 : Zeus , God of the Dark Sky ( earthquakes , clouds , wind , dew , rain , meteorites ) Druon , Maurice , The Memoirs of Zeus , 1964 , Charles Scribner 's and Sons . ( tr . Humphrey Hare ) Farnell , Lewis Richard , Cults of the Greek States 5 vols . Oxford ; Clarendon 1896 -- 1909 . Still the standard reference . Farnell , Lewis Richard , Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality , 1921 . Gantz , Timothy , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Graves , Robert ; The Greek Myths , Penguin Books Ltd. ( 1960 edition ) Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer ; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Mitford , William , The History of Greece , 1784 . Cf . v. 1 , Chapter II , Religion of the Early Greeks Moore , Clifford H. , The Religious Thought of the Greeks , 1916 . Nilsson , Martin P. , Greek Popular Religion , 1940 . Nilsson , Martin P. , History of Greek Religion , 1949 . Rohde , Erwin , Psyche : The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks , 1925 . Smith , William , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , 1870 , Ancientlibrary.com , William Smith , Dictionary : `` Zeus '' Ancientlibrary.com External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zeus . 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when do you have a high pressure zone	A high - pressure area , high or anticyclone is a region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment .	where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment	High - pressure area	high - pressure area	A high - pressure area , high or anticyclone is a region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment .	Winds within high - pressure areas flow outward from the higher pressure areas near their centers towards the lower pressure areas further from their centers . Gravity adds to the forces causing this general movement , because the higher pressure compresses the column of air near the center of the area into greater density -- and so greater weight compared to lower pressure , lower density , and lower weight of the air outside the center . However , because the planet is rotating underneath the atmosphere , and frictional forces arise as the planetary surface drags some atmosphere with it , the air flow from center to periphery is not direct , but is twisted due to the Coriolis effect , or the merely apparent force that arise when the observer is in a rotating frame of reference . Viewed from above this twist in wind direction is in the same direction as the rotation of the planet . The strongest high - pressure areas are associated with cold air masses which push away out of polar regions during the winter when there is less sun to warm neighboring regions . These Highs change character and weaken once they move further over relatively warmer water bodies . Somewhat weaker but more common are high - pressure areas caused by atmospheric subsidence , that is , areas where large masses of cooler drier air descend from an elevation of 8 to 15 km after the lower temperatures have precipitated out the water vapor . Many of the features of Highs may be understood in context of middle - or meso - scale and relatively enduring dynamics of a planet 's atmospheric circulation . For example , massive atmospheric subsidences occur as part of the descending branches of Ferrel cells and Hadley cells . Hadley cells help form the subtropical ridge , steer tropical waves and tropical cyclones across the ocean and is strongest during the summer . The subtropical ridge also helps form most of the world 's deserts . On English - language weather maps , high - pressure centers are identified by the letter H. Weather maps in other languages may use different letters or symbols . Contents 1 Wind circulation in the northern and southern hemispheres 2 Formation 3 Typical conditions 4 In climatology 5 Connection to wind 6 See also 7 References Wind circulation in the northern and southern hemispheres ( edit ) The direction of wind flow around an atmospheric high - pressure area and a low - pressure area , as seen from above , depends on the hemisphere . High - pressure systems rotate clockwise in the northern Hemisphere ; low - pressure systems rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere . The scientific terms in English used to describe the weather systems generated by highs and lows were introduced in the mid-1800s , mostly by the British . The scientific theories which explain the general phenomena originated about two centuries earlier . The term Cyclone was coined by Henry Piddington of the British East India Company to describe the devastating storm of December 1789 in Coringa , India . A cyclone forms around a low - pressure area . Anticyclone , the term for the kind of weather around a high - pressure area , was coined in 1877 by Francis Galton to indicate an area whose winds revolved in the opposite direction of a cyclone . In British English , the opposite direction of clockwise is referred to as anticlockwise , making the label anticyclones a logical extension . A simple rule is that for high - pressure areas , where generally air flows from the center outward , the coriolis force given by the earth 's rotation to the air circulation is in the opposite direction of earth 's apparent rotation if viewed from above the hemisphere 's pole . So , both the earth and winds around a low - pressure area rotate counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere , and clockwise in the southern . The opposite to these two cases occurs in the case of a high . These results derive from the Coriolis effect ; that article explains in detail the physics , and provides an animation of a model to aid understanding . Formation ( edit ) Main article : Anticyclogenesis A surface weather analysis for the United States on October 21 , 2006 . High - pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere , the atmospheric layer where weather occurs . Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs . On weather maps , these areas show converging winds ( isotachs ) , also known as convergence , near or above the level of non-divergence , which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere , and about half the atmospheric pressure at the surface . High - pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones . On English - language weather maps , high - pressure centers are identified by the letter H in English , within the isobar with the highest pressure value . On constant pressure upper level charts , it is located within the highest height line contour . Typical conditions ( edit ) The subtropical ridge shows up as a large area of black ( dryness ) on this water vapor satellite image from September 2000 Highs are frequently associated with light winds at the surface and subsidence through the lower portion of the troposphere . In general , subsidence will dry out an air mass by adiabatic , or compressional , heating . Thus , high pressure typically brings clear skies . During the day , since no clouds are present to reflect sunlight , there is more incoming shortwave solar radiation and temperatures rise . At night , the absence of clouds means that outgoing longwave radiation ( i.e. heat energy from the surface ) is not absorbed , giving cooler diurnal low temperatures in all seasons . When surface winds become light , the subsidence produced directly under a high - pressure system can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge , leading to widespread haze . If the low level relative humidity rises towards 100 percent overnight , fog can form . The letter H is used to represent a high - pressure area . Strong , vertically shallow high - pressure systems moving from higher latitudes to lower latitudes in the northern hemisphere are associated with continental arctic air masses . Once arctic air moves over an unfrozen ocean , the air mass modifies greatly over the warmer water and takes on the character of a maritime air mass , which reduces the strength of the high - pressure system . When extremely cold air moves over relatively warm oceans , polar lows can develop . However , warm and moist ( or maritime tropical ) air masses that move poleward from tropical sources are slower to modify than arctic air masses . In climatology ( edit ) See also : Siberian high and Subtropical ridge The Hadley cell carries heat and moisture from the tropics towards the northern and southern mid-latitudes . In terms of climatology , high pressure forms at the horse latitudes , or torrid zone , between the latitudes of 20 and 40 degrees from the equator , as a result of air that has been uplifted at the equator . As the hot air rises it cools , losing moisture ; it is then transported poleward where it descends , creating the high - pressure area . This is part of the Hadley cell circulation and is known as the subtropical ridge or subtropical high , and is strongest in the summer . The subtropical ridge is a warm core high - pressure system , meaning it strengthens with height . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high - pressure systems . Some climatological high - pressure areas acquire regionally based names . The land - based Siberian High often remains quasi-stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year , making it unique in that regard . It is also a bit larger and more persistent than its counterpart in North America . Surface winds accelerating down valleys down the western Pacific ocean coastline , causing the winter monsoon . Arctic high - pressure systems such as the Siberian High are cold core , meaning that they weaken with height . The influence of the Azores High , also known as the Bermuda High , brings fair weather over much of the North Atlantic Ocean and mid to late summer heat waves in western Europe . Along its southerly periphery , the clockwise circulation often impels easterly waves , and tropical cyclones that develop from them , across the ocean towards landmasses in the western portion of ocean basins during the hurricane season . The highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth was 1,085.7 hectopascals ( 32.06 inHg ) measured in Tonsontsengel , Mongolia on 19 December 2001 . Connection to wind ( edit ) Main article : Geostrophic wind Wind flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure . This is due to density differences between the two air masses . Since stronger high - pressure systems contain cooler or drier air , the air mass is more dense and flows towards areas that are warm or moist , which are in the vicinity of low pressure areas in advance of their associated cold fronts . The stronger the pressure difference , or pressure gradient , between a high - pressure system and a low - pressure system , the stronger the wind . The coriolis force caused by the Earth 's rotation is what gives winds within high - pressure systems their clockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere ( as the wind moves outward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure ) and counterclockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere ( as the wind moves outward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure ) . Friction with land slows down the wind flowing out of high - pressure systems and causes wind to flow more outward than would be the case in the absence of friction . This is known as a geostrophic wind . See also ( edit ) Weather front References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Australian `` Anti-storm '' `` . NASA . 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclone '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Word Origin & History '' ( 1 ) accessed 2013 - 01 - 24 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Level of nondivergence . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Konstantin Matchev ( 2009 ) . Middle - Latitude Cyclones - II . Archived 2009 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . University of Florida . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Keith C. Heidorn ( 2005 ) . Weather 's Highs and Lows : Part 1 The High . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . High . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology ( 2006 ) . Appendix G : Glossary . Archived 2009 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . NOAA . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jack Williams ( 2007 ) . What 's happening inside highs and lows . USA Today . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Myanmar government ( 2007 ) . Haze . Archived 2007 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Tardif ( 2002 ) . Fog characteristics . Archived 2011 - 05 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . NCAR National Research Laboratory . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ CBC News ( 2009 ) . Blame Yukon : Arctic air mass chills rest of North America . Canadian Broadcasting Centre . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration ( 1999 ) . North Atlantic International General Aviation Operations Manual Chapter 2 . Environment . FAA . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , E.A. and Turner , J. ( 2003 ) . Polar Lows : Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , pp 612 . Jump up ^ Dr. Ali Tokay ( 2000 ) . CHAPTER 11 : Air Masses , Fronts , Cyclones , and Anticyclones . University of Maryland , Baltimore County . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anders Persson ( 2006 ) . Hadley 's Principle : Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds . International Commission on History of Meteorology : History of Meteorology 3 . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Becca Hatheway ( 2008 ) . Hadley Cell. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Subtropical High . Archived 2007 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Climate Change Research Center ( 2002 ) . STEC 521 : Lesson 4 SURFACE PRESSURE SYSTEMS AND AIRMASSES . Archived 2009 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ ThinkQuest team 26634 ( 1999 ) . The Formation of Deserts . Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ W.T. Sturges ( 1991 ) . Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere . Springer , pp. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85166 - 619 - 5 . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Siberian High . Archived 2012 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Weather Online Limited ( 2009 ) . Azores High . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ( 2009 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions : What determines the movement of tropical cyclones ? '' . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Christopher C. Burt ( 2004 ) . Extreme Weather ( 1 ed . ) . Twin Age Ltd. p. 234 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32658 - 6 . Jump up ^ BWEA ( 2007 ) . Education and Careers : What is wind ? Archived 2011 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . British Wind Energy Association . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . Origin of Wind . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Cyclones and anticyclones of the world ( Centers of action ) Types Extratropical Mesocyclone / Anticyclonic storm Polar Subtropical cyclone / Subtropical ridge Thermal Tropical Anticyclones Polar High Siberian High Azores High ( Bermuda / North Atlantic ) North American High ( Canadian / Greenland ) South Atlantic High ( St. Helena ) North Pacific High ( Hawaii High ) South Pacific High Kalahari High Cyclones Aleutian Low ( Alaska / Far East Russia ) Atlantic hurricane Australian Low ( east coast ) European windstorm Genoa Low Icelandic Low Kona storm ( Hawaii ) Mediterranean tropical - like cyclone Nor'easter Pacific hurricane Polar vortex Typhoon Wake Low Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-pressure_area&oldid=842591100 '' Categories : Meteorological phenomena Anticyclones Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Euskara فارسی हिन्दी Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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where did the battle of hong kong take place			Battle of Hong Kong	battle of hong kong	United Kingdom	British Hong Kong British Raj Canada China and allied triads Free French Japan Collaborators and allied triads Commanders and leaders Mark Aitchison Young ( POW ) Christopher Maltby ( POW ) John K. Lawson † Chan Chak Takashi Sakai Mineichi Koga Tadamichi Kuribayashi Strength 14,564 troops 1 destroyer 1 gunboat 29,700 troops 47 planes 1 cruiser 3 destroyers 4 torpedo boats 3 gunboats Casualties and losses 2,113 killed or missing 2,300 wounded 10,000 captured 1 destroyer captured 1 gunboat sunk 675 killed 2,079 wounded Civilian casualties : 4,000 killed 3,000 severely wounded Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War Spanish Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion The Battle of Hong Kong ( 8 -- 25 December 1941 ) , also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong , was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II . On the same morning as the attack on Pearl Harbor , forces of the Empire of Japan attacked the British Crown colony of Hong Kong . The attack was in violation of international law as Japan had not declared war against the British Empire . The Hong Kong garrison consisted of British , Indian and Canadian units besides Chinese soldiers and conscripts from both within and outside Hong Kong . Locations which played an important role in setting the pace of military operations during December 1941 include TaiPo Road , the Shing Mun Redoubt trench and tunnel complex in the Gin Drinkers ' Line , Devil 's Peak , Ma Lau Tong , Lyemun ( also spelt as Lye Moon or Lei Yue Mun ) , North Point , Aldrich Bay ( Quarry Bay ) , Shaukiwan , Saiwan Hill , Wong Nei Chong Gap ( Wong Nai Chung Gap ) , Tytam ( Tai Tam Gap & Reservoirs ) , Shouson Hill and Stanley Fort . Coastal defence batteries including those at Stonecutters Island , Pak Sha Wan , Lyemun fort , Saiwan , Mount Collinson , Mount Parker , Belchers , Mount Davis , Jubilee Hill , Bokara , and Stanley provided artillery support for ground operations till they were put out of action or surrendered . Within a week the defenders abandoned the mainland and less than two weeks later , with their position on the island untenable , the colony had raised the white flag of surrender . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Indian Army 1.2 Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery 1.3 C Force 1.4 Royal Marines 2 Battle 2.1 8 December 1941 2.1. 1 Kowloon and New Territories 2.1. 2 Hong Kong Island 2.2 Massacres 2.2. 1 Sai Wan Hill 2.2. 2 Salesian Mission 2.2. 3 Causeway Bay 2.2. 4 Wong Nai Chung Gap 2.2. 5 Jardine 's Lookout 2.2. 6 Black Hole of Hong Kong 2.2. 7 Blue Pool Road 2.2. 8 The Ridge , Overbays and Eucliffe 2.2. 9 Deepwater Bay Ride 2.2. 10 St Stephen 's College 2.2. 11 Maryknoll Mission 2.2. 12 Brick Hill 3 Aftermath 3.1 Casualties 3.2 Subsequent operations 3.3 Awards 4 Commemoration 5 Orders of battle 6 Notes 7 Footnotes 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Britain first thought of Japan as a threat with the ending of the Anglo - Japanese Alliance in the early 1920s , a threat that increased with the escalation of the Second Sino - Japanese War . On 21 October 1938 the Japanese occupied Canton ( Guangzhou ) and Hong Kong was surrounded . British defence studies concluded that Hong Kong would be extremely hard to defend in the event of a Japanese attack , but in the mid-1930s work began on improvements to defences including along the Gin Drinkers ' Line . By 1940 , the British determined to reduce the Hong Kong Garrison to only a symbolic size . Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke - Popham , the Commander - in - Chief of the British Far East Command argued that limited reinforcements could allow the garrison to delay a Japanese attack , gaining time elsewhere . Winston Churchill and the general staff named Hong Kong as an outpost and decided against sending more troops . In September 1941 , they reversed their decision and argued that additional reinforcements would provide a military deterrent against the Japanese and reassure Chinese leader Chiang Kai - shek that Britain was serious about defending the colony . Strengths of all personnel mobilised at Hong Kong Garrison on 8 December 1941 14564 British 3652 Local Colonial 2428 Indian 2254 Auxiliary Defence Units 2112 Hong Kong Voluntary Defence Corps 2000 Canadian 1982 Nursing Detachment 136 Source : London Gazette No. 38183 ( Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke - Popham despatch ) Contemporary research and literature about the Battle of Hong Kong is overbearingly focused on the British and Canadian military , leaving the Chinese and Indian war narratives almost entirely untold . According to the history manual of the United States Military Academy : `` Japanese control of Canton , Hainan Island , French Indo - China , and Formosa virtually sealed the fate of Hong Kong well before the firing of the first shot '' . British military in Hong Kong grossly underestimated the capabilities of the Japanese forces and downplayed the Japanese threat as ' unpatriotic ' and ' insubordinate ' . US Consul Robert Ward , the highest ranking US official posted to Hong Kong in the period preceding the outbreak of hostilities , offered a first - hand explanation for the rapid collapse of defenses in Hong Kong by saying that the local British community had insufficiently prepared itself or the Chinese populace for war besides highlighting the prejudiced attitudes held by those governing the Crown Colony of Hong Kong : `` several of them ( the British rulers ) said frankly that they would rather turn the island over to the Japanese rather than to turn it over to the Chinese , by which they meant rather than employ Chinese to defend the colony they would surrender it to the Japanese '' . According to US Consul Robert Ward , `` when the real fighting came it was the British soldiery that broke and ran . The Eurasians fought well and so did the Indians but the Kowloon line broke when the Royal Scots gave way . The same thing happened on the mainland . '' Colonel Reynolds Condon , a US Army assistant military attaché who witnessed the battle and was taken prisoner by the Japanese wrote up his observations on military prepardness before the commencement of hostilities and also the execution of operations thereafter . Indian Army ( edit ) Indian gunners manning a 9.2 inch naval artillery gun at Mount Davis Battery on Hong Kong Island During World War II , soldiers of the Indian Army were involved in the Battle of Hong Kong . The 5 / 7 Rajput Regiment took up garrison at Hong Kong in June 1937 followed by the 2 / 14 Punjab in November 1940 . Indian troops were also incorporated within several overseas regiments as for example the Hong Kong Singapore Royal Artillery Regiment which had Indian ( Sikh ) gunners . Hong Kong Mule Corps was almost entirely staffed by Dogras and Punjabi Mussulmans . Medical personnel from the Indian Medical Service tended to those injured in combat . Ex-servicemen from India serving as security guards in Hong Kong also suffered `` appallingly huge '' casualties . Two of the three battalions stationed at the Gin Drinkers Line were from the Indian Army : the 2 / 14th Battalion , Punjab Regiment in the centre section and the 5 / 7th Battalion , Rajput Regiment in the eastern sector . The 2nd Battalion , Royal Scots were assigned to the western sector . When Mainland Infantry Brigade was ordered to retreat to Hong Kong Island , the Rajputs were tasked with defending the North East sector and Punjab to the North West sector including Victoria City ( Hong Kong city ) . Royal Scots were reassigned to the Wanchai Filter Beds . Details regarding the involvement of military personnel from the Indian subcontinent in the Battle of Hong Kong has been published in `` Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War , 1939 - 45 . Campaigns in South - East Asia , 1941 - 42 . Hong Kong , Malaya and Sarawak & Borneo . '' which draws significantly from the UK War Office reports which appeared in London Gazette No. 38183 `` Operations in the Far East , from 17th October 1940 to 27th December 1941 '' ( Despatch by Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke - Popham , Commander - in - Chief , Far East ) and London Gazette No. 38190 `` Operations in Hong Kong from 8th to 25th December 1941 '' ( Despatch by Major - General C.M. Maltby , General Officer Commanding British Troops in China ) . Battalions from both Indian Army regiments from the British Raj earned Battle Honours for the defence of Hong Kong : 5th Battalion of 7th Rajput Regiment and the 2nd Battalion of 14th Punjab Regiment saw combat during the Japanese assault on Kowloon peninsula ( TaiPo Road , Shing Mun Redoubt , Ma Lau Tong and Devil 's Peak ) and Hong Kong Island ( Lyemun , North Point , Quarry Bay , Sai Wan , Leighton Hill , Shouson Hill , Brick Hill , Wan Chai , Happy Valley , Wong Nei Chong Gap , Mount Parish ) . First significant exchanges of fire with troops of the Imperial Japanese Army was through 2 / 14 Punjab at 1500 hours after the invadors had crossed into Laffan 's Plain . On 8 December 1941 , Forward Troops of 2 / 14 Punjab drew first blood by eliminating a detachment at 1830 hours and virtually wiped out a Japanese platoon on Taipo Road at 1930 hours . During the Battle of Hong Kong , the 5 / 7 Rajputs faced the onslaught of Imperial Japanese Army troops very early - on and were the last soldiers to depart from the mainland when Kowloon was evacuated on 13 December 1941 . At the beginning of the Pacific War , 5 / 7 Rajput was tasked with front - line defence of the Eastern section of the Gin Drinkers Line on mainland Kowloon Peninsula . Despite being subjected to dive bombing and heavy mortar fire , the Rajputs succeeded in holding Devil 's Peak on the mainland until ordered to retreat across Lyemun Strait to Hong Kong island . On Hong Kong Island they were assigned to defences located all along the North Shoreline . On 18 December 1941 , the Imperial Japanese Army launched the invasion of Hong Kong Island by landing first at North Point . The first troops to engage them were the Rajputs who continued to offer resistance until the regiment virtually ceased to exist . In his despatch , Major - General C.M. Maltby , wrote about the conduct of troops under his command in Hong Kong and mentions the 5 / 7 Rajput Regiment : `` This battalion fought well on the mainland and their repulse of the enemy attack on Devil 's Peak was entirely successful . The full force of the enemy 's initial attack on the island fell on this battalion and they fought gallantly until they had suffered heavy casualties ( 100 % of British Officers and most senior Indian Officers being lost ) and were run over '' . The numerical composition and outcome of the two Indian Army regiments ( 5 / 7 Rajput & 2 / 14 Punjab ) involved in the defence of Hong Kong are published in Major - General C.M. Maltby 's war despatch ( London Gazette No. 38190 ) which also notes that `` many of the wounded of 5 / 7 Rajput Regt . fell into Japanese hands and have not been recorded '' . Total battle casualties of `` Indian Other Ranks '' is given to be 1164 out of a total of 3893 military personnel from India who were garrisoned in Hong Kong . Unit or Formation Total Strength Killed or Died of Wounds Missing Wounded 5 / 7 Rajput Regt . ( Officers ) 17 6 7 5 / 7 Rajput Regt . ( Indian Other Ranks ) 875 150 109 186 2 / 14 Punjab Regt . ( Officers ) 15 NA 5 2 / 14 Punjab Regt . ( Indian Other Ranks ) 932 52 69 156 The 5 / 7 Rajput bore the heaviest casualty losses recorded amongst the 6 combat regiments during the battle of Hong Kong : 156 killed in action or died from wounds , 113 missing , and 193 wounded . The 2 / 14 Punjab of the Indian Army also bore heavy losses : 55 killed in action or died from wounds , 69 missing , and 161 wounded . Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery ( edit ) Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery , which was raised with troops recruited from Undivided India , also suffered heavy casualties during the Battle of Hong Kong and are commemorated with names inscribed on panels at the entrance to Sai Wan War Cemetery : 144 killed , 45 missing and 103 wounded . C Force ( edit ) Main article : C Force Six weeks before the battle , a Canadian contingent arrives to reinforce the garrison . In late 1941 , the British government accepted an offer by the Canadian Government to send a battalion of the Royal Rifles of Canada ( from Quebec ) and one of the Winnipeg Grenadiers ( from Manitoba ) and a brigade headquarters ( 1,975 personnel ) to reinforce the Hong Kong garrison. `` C Force '' , as it was known , arrived on 16 November on board the troopship Awatea and the armed merchant cruiser HMCS Prince David . A total of 96 officers , two Auxiliary Services supervisors and 1,877 other ranks disembarked . Included were two medical officers and two nurses ( supernumerary to the regimental medical officers ) , two Canadian Dental Corps officers with assistants , three chaplains and a detachment of the Canadian Postal Corps . A soldier of the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps ( RCAMC ) , had stowed away and was sent back to Canada . C Force never received its vehicles as the US merchant ship San Jose carrying them was , at the outbreak of the Pacific War , diverted to Manila , in the Philippine Islands , at the request of the US Government . The Royal Rifles had served only in the Dominion of Newfoundland and Saint John , New Brunswick , prior to posting to Hong Kong and the Winnipeg Grenadiers had been deployed to Jamaica . Few Canadian soldiers had field experience , but were near fully equipped , except for having only two anti-tank rifles and no ammunition for 2 - inch and 3 - inch mortars or for signal pistols , deficiencies which the British undertook to remedy in Hong Kong , although not at once . Royal Marines ( edit ) During the battle of Hong Kong , there are 40 Royal Marines attached in HMS Tamar . When the battle began , the Royal Marines was fought against japanese force in Magazine Gap , alongside with HKCDC and Royal Engineers . Second in commanding officer , Major Giles RM instructing his men to defend the island `` ... to the last man and last round '' . Battle ( edit ) 8 December 1941 ( edit ) Japanese artillery firing at Hong Kong Canadian infantry in Hong Kong with a Bren gun The Japanese attack began shortly after 08 : 00 on 8 December 1941 ( Hong Kong Time ) , four hours after the Attack on Pearl Harbor ( difference in time and date is due to the day shift that occurs because of the International date line ) . Commanded by Major - General Christopher Maltby , British , Canadian , Indian , as well as the local Hong Kong Chinese Regiment , and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps , resisted the Japanese attack by the Japanese 21st , 23rd and the 38th Regiments ( Lieutenant General Takashi Sakai ) but were outnumbered nearly four to one ( Japanese , 52,000 ; Allied , 14,000 ) and lacked their opponents ' recent combat experience . The colony had no significant air defence . The RAF station at Hong Kong 's Kai Tak Airport ( RAF Kai Tak ) had only five aeroplanes : two Supermarine Walrus amphibious aircraft and three Vickers Vildebeest torpedo - reconnaissance bombers , flown and serviced by seven officers and 108 airmen . An earlier request for a fighter squadron had been rejected and the nearest fully operational RAF base was in Kota Bharu , Malaya , nearly 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) away . Hong Kong also lacked adequate naval defences . Three destroyers were to withdraw to Singapore Naval Base . Kowloon and New Territories ( edit ) The Japanese bombed Kai Tak Airport on 8 December . Two of the three Wildebeest and the two Walruses were destroyed by 12 Japanese bombers . The attack also destroyed several civil aircraft including all but two of the aircraft used by the air unit of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corp . The RAF and air unit personnel from then fought on as ground troops . Two of the Royal Navy 's three remaining destroyers were ordered to leave Hong Kong for Singapore . Only one destroyer , HMS Thracian , several gunboats and a flotilla of motor torpedo boats remained . On 8 , 9 , and 10 December , eight American pilots of the China National Aviation Corporation ( CNAC ) and their crews flew 16 sorties between Kai Tak Airport and landing fields in Namyung and Chongqing ( Chungking ) , the wartime capital of the Republic of China . The crews evacuated 275 persons including Mme Sun Yat - Sen , the widow of Sun Yat - sen and the Chinese Finance Minister Kung Hsiang - hsi . The Commonwealth forces decided against holding the Sham Chun River and instead established three battalions on the Gin Drinkers ' Line across the hills . The Japanese 38th Infantry Division under the command of Major General Takaishi Sakai quickly forded the Sham Chun River over temporary bridges . Early on 10 December , the 228th Infantry Regiment ( Colonel Teihichi ) of the 38th Division attacked the Commonwealth defences at the Shing Mun Redoubt defended by the A Company of 2nd Battalion Royal Scots ( Lieutenant Colonel S. White ) . The line was breached in five hours and later that day the Royal Scots also withdrew from Golden Hill until D company of the Royal Scots counter-attacked and re-captured the hill . By 10 : 00 the hill was again taken by the Japanese . This made the situation on the New Territories and Kowloon untenable and the evacuation to Hong Kong Island started on 11 December , under aerial bombardment and artillery fire . As much as possible , military and harbour facilities were demolished before the withdrawal . By 13 December , the 5 / 7 Rajputs of the Indian Army ( Lieutenant Colonel R. Cadogan - Rawlinson ) , the last Commonwealth troops on the mainland , had retreated to Hong Kong Island . Hong Kong island ( edit ) Japanese troops in Tsim Sha Tsui Maltby organised the defence of the island , splitting it between an East Brigade and a West Brigade . On 15 December , the Japanese began systematic bombardment of the island 's North Shore . Two demands for surrender were made on 13 and 17 December . When these were rejected , Japanese forces crossed the harbour on the evening of 18 December and landed on the island 's north - east . They suffered only light casualties , although no effective command could be maintained until the dawn came . That night , approximately 20 Commonwealth gunners were executed at the Sai Wan Battery despite having surrendered . There was a further massacre of prisoners , this time of medical staff , in the Salesian Mission on Chai Wan Road . In both cases , a few men survived . On the morning of 19 December fierce fighting continued on Hong Kong Island but the Japanese annihilated the headquarters of West Brigade , causing the death of Brigadier John Lawson , the commander of the West Brigade . A British counter-attack could not force them from the Wong Nai Chung Gap that secured the passage between the north coast at Causeway Bay and the secluded southern parts of the island . From 20 December , the island became split in two with the British Commonwealth forces still holding out around the Stanley peninsula and in the west of the island . At the same time , water supplies started to run short as the Japanese captured the island 's reservoirs . On the morning of 25 December , Japanese soldiers entered the British field hospital at St. Stephen 's College and in the St. Stephen 's college incident tortured and killed a large number of injured soldiers , along with the medical staff . By the afternoon of 25 December 1941 , it was clear that further resistance would be futile and British colonial officials headed by the Governor of Hong Kong , Sir Mark Aitchison Young , surrendered in person at the Japanese headquarters on the third floor of the Peninsula Hong Kong Hotel . This was the first occasion on which a British Crown Colony had surrendered to an invading force . ( British Somaliland fell to the Italians in August 1940 but this was a protectorate . ) The garrison had held out for 17 days . This day is known in Hong Kong as `` Black Christmas '' . Massacres ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sai Wan Hill ( edit ) Perhaps as many as 28 people were massacred after the fight for Sai Wan Hill . These men were members of the 5th Anti-Aircraft Battery of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps ( HKVDC ) . Salesian Mission ( edit ) At Shau Kei Wan there was a Salesian mission being used as an Advanced Dressing Station . On the night of 18 December it was surrounded by troops of the 229th Infantry Regiment . At 07 : 00 on 19 December , Captain Martin Banfill of the Canadian Medical Corps surrendered the station . Two injured officers of the 7th Rajput Regiment were murdered upon arrival in an ambulance . The Japanese separated the male medical staff from the female ( two nurses , whose lives were spared ) . All but three of the men were killed , most of the victims were of the Royal Army Medical Corps but also at least two men of the Royal Rifles of Canada and two civilians . Causeway Bay ( edit ) Three captured persons were executed at Causeway Bay , including a female air raid warden with the local Air Raid Precautions ( ARP ) . Wong Nai Chung Gap ( edit ) At Wong Nai Chung Gap , ten men of the St. John Ambulance were killed , as well as a policeman and a medic . Jardine 's Lookout ( edit ) British pillbox near Jardine 's Lookout Four men each of the 3rd Company HKVDC and the Winnipeg Grenadiers were massacred after battle at Jardine 's Lookout . One grenadier , a Private Kilfoyle , was killed on the forced march to North Point , according to witnesses . Black Hole of Hong Kong ( edit ) Four men were killed in the so - called `` Black Hole of Hong Kong '' , including two Canadian officers . Blue Pool Road ( edit ) Around thirty civilians of different ethnicities were massacred at Blue Pool Road . The Ridge , Overbays and Eucliffe ( edit ) In the worst massacre of POWs of the battle , the Japanese killed at least 47 after taking The Ridge . Among the dead was Major Charles Sydney Clarke of China Command HQ , two men of the 12th and 20th Coastal Regiments of the Royal Artillery ( RA ) , six men of the Royal Army Service Corps ( RASC ) and two of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps ( RCASC ) , nineteen men of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps ( RAOC ) and three of the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps ( RCOC ) and fourteen men of the RASC Company of the HKVDC . The Japanese also executed at least fourteen captives at Overbays , men of the same units as at The Ridge but also including three Royal Rifles of Canada and an officer of the 1st Battalion , Middlesex Regiment . A further seven were killed at Eucliffe and another 36 known victims can not be placed precisely at one of the three locations ( Ridge , Overbays , Eucliffe ) . Ride , who was present at the surrender , stated later that he saw fifty bodies lying by the road , including six Middlesex men among them . These men may have been some of those attached to the Hong Kong Chinese Regiment . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission report also states that five men of the Royal Air Force went missing near The Ridge on 20 December , perhaps captured and killed . Deepwater Bay Ride ( edit ) Six men of the Middlesex were killed defending PB 14 at Deepwater Bay Ride ( Lyon Light ) . It is uncertain whether they were killed in action , or murdered after capture . St Stephen 's College ( edit ) Main article : St. Stephen 's College massacre The massacre perpetrated at St Stephen 's College is the least well known . Only thirteen victims can be confirmed at the location but reports and estimates put the real number as high as 99 . The names of all the reported victims may never be known . Between 75 and 150 bodies were cremated by the victors in the aftermath of the battle but this total includes the victims of the fighting around Stanley Fort , such as the men of 965 Defence Battery . Although it is the `` most infamous massacre '' , it `` has been the hardest to match with records '' . Three British and four Chinese nurses were said to have been raped and murdered and one Canadian , Captain Overton Stark Hickey of the RCASC , murdered trying to stop the rapes . Besides the raped nurses , the medical staff suffered two deaths , a doctor shot in the head whilst attempting escape and 25 orderlies of the Indian Hospital Corps ( IHC ) and St John Ambulance personnel . The 55 St John victims of the battle of Hong Kong are memorialised at the present headquarters in Hong Kong but since no dates are given on the memorial it is impossible to identify those killed at St Stephen 's . Four Chinese servants and one civilian , Tam Cheung Huen , were killed . Tam is the only Chinese victim of this massacre known by name . Among the soldiers receiving treatment at the college , two riflemen were mutilated and murdered and a further 56 men were reportedly bayoneted in their beds . Some of these men may have been Royal Rifles whose deaths are incorrectly reported as occurring elsewhere on 26 December . Maryknoll Mission ( edit ) At least eight men -- six of the Middlesex and two Royal Engineers -- were killed after capture at Maryknoll Mission . Four members of the 8th Coastal Regiment RA may have been killed here as well ; estimates of the number of men murdered vary from 11 to 16 . Brick Hill ( edit ) Twenty - six prisoners are believed to have been killed after the fighting for Brick Hill but some of these may have died in the fight , including some of the seventeen men of the Heavy Anti-Aircraft , Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery ( HKSRA ) known to have died there . Most of the soldiers here murdered were Muslims , including one religious teacher . Aftermath ( edit ) Casualties ( edit ) The Japanese lost at least 1,895 men killed of an estimated 6,000 casualties . Allied casualties were 1,111 men killed , 1,167 missing and 1,362 wounded . Allied dead , including British , Canadian and Indian soldiers , were eventually interred at Sai Wan Military Cemetery and the Stanley Military Cemetery . C Force casualties in the battle were 23 officers and 267 other ranks killed or died of wounds , including five officers and 16 other ranks of the brigade headquarters , seven officers and 123 men of the Royal Rifles and 11 officers and 128 men of the Winnipeg Grenadiers. C Force also had 28 officers and 465 men wounded . Some of the dead were murdered by Japanese soldiers during or after surrender . Japanese soldiers committed a number of atrocities on 19 December , when the aid post at the Salesian Mission near Sau Ki Wan was overrun . A total of 1,528 soldiers , mainly Commonwealth ( predominantly Indians and Canadians ) , are either buried or commemorated there . There are also graves of other Allied combatants who died in the region during the war , including some Dutch sailors who were re-interred in Hong Kong after the war . The nearby Sai Wan Battery , with buildings constructed as far back as 1890 , housed the Depot and Record Office of the Hong Kong Military Service Corps for nearly four decades after the war . The barracks were handed over to the government in 1985 and were subsequently converted into Lei Yue Mun Park and Holiday Village . At the end of February 1942 , The Japanese government stated that numbers of prisoners of war in Hong Kong were : British 5,072 , Canadian 1,689 , Indian 3,829 , others 357 , a total of 10,947 . They were sent to : Sham Shui Po POW Camp Argyle Street Camp for officers North Point Camp primarily for Canadians and Royal Navy Ma Tau Chung Camp for Indian soldiers Yokohama Camp in Japan Fukuoka Camp in Japan Osaka Camp in Japan Of the Canadians captured during the battle , 267 subsequently perished in Japanese prisoner of war camps , mainly due to neglect and abuse . In December 2011 , Toshiyuki Kato , Japan 's parliamentary vice-minister for foreign affairs , apologised for the mistreatment to a group of Canadian veterans of the Battle of Hong Kong . Enemy civilians ( meaning Allied nationals ) were interned at the Stanley Internment Camp . Initially , there were 2,400 internees although this number was reduced , by repatriations during the war . Interned persons who died and prisoners executed by the Japanese are buried in Stanley Military Cemetery . Subsequent operations ( edit ) Main article : Japanese occupation of Hong Kong See also : British Army Aid Group and Hong Kong Volunteer Company Dongjiang guerillas fighting in trenches Isogai Rensuke became the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong . This ushered in the three years and eight months of Imperial Japanese administration . During the three and half years of occupation by the Japanese , an estimated 10,000 Hong Kong civilians were executed , while many others were tortured , raped , or mutilated . The local population in the rural New Territories , a mix of Hakka , Cantonese and other Han Chinese groups , waged a guerrilla war with limited success . The resistance groups were known as the Gangjiu and Dongjiang forces . The Japanese razed several villages in reprisal ; the guerillas fought until the end of the Japanese occupation . General Takashi Sakai , who led the invasion of Hong Kong and served as governor for some time , was tried as a war criminal and executed by a firing squad in 1946 . Awards ( edit ) Statue of an anonymous World War I soldier from statuary collection of Eu Tong Sen. Also visible is the Battle of Hong Kong memorial plaque dedicated to all the defenders of Hong Kong in December 1941 through John Robert Osborn Memorial plaque dedicated to all the defenders of Hong Kong in December 1941 through John Robert Osborn and to commemorate the British Garrison at Hong Kong . John Robert Osborn ( 2 January 1899 -- 19 December 1941 ) was awarded the Victoria Cross . After seeing a Japanese grenade roll in through the doorway of the building Osborn and his fellow Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers had been garrisoning , he took off his helmet and threw himself on the grenade , saving the lives of over 10 other Canadian soldiers . He was born in Norfolk , England . Gander was a Newfoundland dog posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal , the `` animals ' Victoria Cross '' , in 2000 for his deeds in World War II , the first such award in over 50 years . He picked up a thrown Japanese hand grenade and rushed with it toward the enemy , dying in the ensuing explosion but saving the lives of several wounded Canadian soldiers . Colonel Lance Newnham , Captain Douglas Ford and Flight Lieutenant Hector Bertram Gray were awarded the George Cross for the gallantry they showed in resisting Japanese torture in the immediate aftermath of the battle . The men had been captured and were in the process of planning a mass escape by British forces . Their plan was discovered but they refused to disclose information under torture and were shot by firing squad . Commemoration ( edit ) The Cenotaph in Hong Kong The Cenotaph in Central commemorates the defence as well as war - dead from the First World War . The shield in the colonial Emblem of Hong Kong granted in 1959 , featured the battlement design to commemorate the defence of Hong Kong during the Second World War . This Coat of Arms was in place until 1997 , when it was replaced by the regional emblem . After the war , Lei Yue Mun Fort became a training ground for the British Forces until 1987 , when it was vacated . In view of its historical significance and unique architectural features , the former Urban Council decided in 1993 to conserve and develop the fort into the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence . Commemorative plaque at the entrance to Memorial Gardens at Hong Kong City Hall The memorial garden at Hong Kong City Hall commemorates those who died in Hong Kong during World War II . The memorial garden at Hong Kong City Hall Shrine to the war dead in the memorial garden at Hong Kong City Hall Orders of battle ( edit ) Imperial Japanese Army Twenty - Third Army ( Japan ) ( Lieutenant - General T. Sakai ) 38th Division ( Lieutenant - General T. Ito ) : 228th , 229th and 230th Infantry Regiments Araki Detachment ( 66th infantry regiment ) : rearguard 2nd Independent Antitank Gun Battalion 5th Independent Antitank Gun Battalion 10th Independent Mountain Artillery Regiment 20th Independent Mountain Artillery Battalion 21st Mortar Battalion 20th Independent Engineer Regiment One radio signal platoon One third of medical unit , 51st Division 1st&2nd River Crossing Material Company , 9th Division Three companies of 3rd Independent Transportation Regiment 19th Independent Transport Company 20th Independent Transport Company 21st Independent Transport Company 17th Field Water Purification and Supply Unit Twenty - Third Army Air Unit 45th Air Regiment Element of 44th Independent Air Unit Two formations of 10th Independent Air Squad 47th Air Field Battalion Elements of 67th Air Field Battalion 67th Air Field Company Imperial Japanese Navy 2nd China Expeditionary Fleet British Army See also : British Forces Overseas Hong Kong Infantry 2nd Battalion , The Royal Scots ( The Royal Regiment ) Queen 's Own Royal West Kent Regiment 1st Battalion , The Middlesex Regiment ( Machine gun battalion ) 5th Battalion , 7th Rajput Regiment 2nd Battalion , 14th Punjab Regiment 1st Battalion , The Winnipeg Grenadiers The Royal Rifles of Canada ( Rifle battalion ) Hong Kong Chinese Regiment ( Infantry battalion ) Infantry Companies , Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps ( HKVDC ) Artillery 8th Coast Regiment , Royal Artillery 12th Coast Regiment , Royal Artillery 5th Anti-Air Regiment , Royal Artillery 956th Defence Battery , Royal Artillery 1st Hong Kong Regiment , Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery / Artillery Batteries , Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps ( HKVDC ) Supporting Units Royal Engineers , RE Royal Army Service Corps , RASC Royal Army Medical Corps , RAMC Royal Signals , RS Royal Army Ordnance Corps , RAOC Royal Army Dental Corps , RADC Royal Army Pay Corps , RAPC Military Provost Staff Corps Indian Hospital Corps , IHC Indian Medical Service , IMS Royal Indian Army Service Corps , RIASC Hong Kong Mule Corps Corps of Military Staff Clerks Canadian Provost Corps Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps , RCAMC Canadian Army Dental Corps Canadian Service Royal Canadian Corps of Signals , RCCS Royal Canadian Army Service Corps , RCASC Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps , RCAPC Canadian Postal Corps Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps , RCOC Canadian Chaplains Service Canadian Auxiliary Services Supporting Units , Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps ( HKVDC ) Royal Navy See also : British Forces Overseas Hong Kong Hong Kong Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , HKRNVR Royal Marines , RM ( HMS Tamar ) Fleet Air Arm , FAA Queen Alexandra RN Nursing Service Royal Naval Dockyard Police , RNDP Hongkong Dockyard Defence Corps , HKDDC HMS Tamar HMS Thracian HMS Thanet HMS Scout HMS Tern HMS Robin HMS Redstart HMS Cicala HMS Moth Royal Air Force Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Figures taken from Christopher Maltby , the Commander British Forces in Hong Kong Jump up ^ Figures taken from Selwyn Selwyn - Clarke , the Director of Medical Services in Hong Kong . Jump up ^ Articles in the New York Times and the Chicago Daily of 15 December 1941 , the pilots were Charles L. Sharp , Hugh L. Woods , Harold A. Sweet , William McDonald , Frank L. Higgs , Robert S. Angle , P.W. Kessler and S.E. Scott . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lai & Rava 2014 , pp. 12 , 48 , 79 . Jump up ^ Lai & Rava 2014 , pp. 29 , 48 , 79 . Jump up ^ Lai & Rava 2014 , pp. 12 , 79 . Jump up ^ Banham 2005 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Ishiwari 1956 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Banham 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , K.W. Maurice - Jones ; with a foreword by Cameron ( 1957 ) . The history of coast artillery in the British Army . Uckfield : Naval and Military Press in association with Firepower , the Royal Artillery Museum . pp. 258 , 259 , 261 . ISBN 978 - 1845740313 . Jump up ^ G.D. Johnson ( 1984 ) . `` The Battle of Hong Kong '' . After the Battle . Battle of Briton Prints ( 46 ) : 2 , 3 , 19 , 20 . ISSN 0306 - 154X . Jump up ^ Fung 2005 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Operations in the Far East , From 17th December 1940 to 27th December 1941 '' ( PDF ) . London Gazette. 38183 ( 20 January 1948 ) : 535 . 22 January 1948 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The War With Japan , Parts 1 , 2 , And 3 ( December 1941 To August 1945 ) . United States Military Academy . 1951 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Stobie , James R. ( 13 September 2012 ) . More to the Story : A Reappraisal of U.S. Intelligence Prior to the Pacific War . BiblioScholar . ISBN 978 - 1249373070 . Jump up ^ Terry , Copp ( 2001 ) . `` The Defence of Hong Kong : December 1941 '' . Canadian Military History . 10 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 5 , 7 . ISSN 1195 - 8472 . Jump up ^ `` Defeat still cries aloud for explanation : Explaining C Force dispatch to Hong Kong '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military Journal . 11 number 4 ( Autumn 2011 ) : 46 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Horne , Gerald ( 2004 ) . Race war : white supremacy and the Japanese attack on the British Empire . New York : New York University Press . pp. 75 , 76 . ISBN 978 - 0814736418 . Jump up ^ Horne , Gerald ( 2004 ) . Race war : white supremacy and the Japanese attack on the British Empire . New York : New York University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0814736418 . Jump up ^ David , Macri ( 2011 ) . `` The Fall of Hong Kong : The Condon Report '' . Canadian Military History . 20 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 80 . ISSN 1195 - 8472 . Jump up ^ Kwong Chi Man , Tsoi Yiu Lun . Eastern Fortress : A Military History of Hong Kong , 1840 -- 1970 . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 165 -- 219 . ISBN 978 - 988 - 8208 - 71 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scudieri , James D . `` The Indian Army in Africa and Asia , 1940 - 42 : Implications for the Planning and Execution of Two Nearly - Simultaneous Campaigns '' . Department of Defence . School of Advanced Military Studies , US Army Command and General Staff College , FORT LEAVENWORTH . Archived from the original on 5 May 1995 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Roland , Charles G. ( 2001 ) . Long Night 's Journey into Day : Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan , 1941 -- 1945 ( online ed . ) . Waterloo , Ont. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 362 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kwong Chi Man , Tsoi Yiu Lun . Eastern Fortress : A Military History of Hong Kong , 1840 -- 1970 . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 144 , 145 . ISBN 978 - 988 - 8208 - 71 - 5 . Jump up ^ David , Macri ( 2011 ) . `` The Fall of Hong Kong : The Condon Report '' . Canadian Military History . 20 ( 2 ) : 67 . ISSN 1195 - 8472 . Jump up ^ White , Barbara - Sue ( 1994 ) . Turbans and Traders : Hong Kong 's Indian Communities . ( S.l. ) : Oxf . U.P. ( E. Asia ) . p. 32 . ISBN 9780195852875 . Jump up ^ White , Barbara - Sue ( 1994 ) . Turbans and Traders : Hong Kong 's Indian Communities . ( S.l. ) : Oxf . U.P. ( E. Asia ) . p. 41 . ISBN 9780195852875 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Oliver ; Harris , John R. ( 2005 ) . The battle for Hong Kong 1941 -- 1945 : Hostage to Fortune . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . pp. 65 , 75 , 80 , 81 , 137 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 779 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Contribution of the Indian Armed Forces to the Second World War '' ( PDF ) . IDSA Special Feature ( January 2013 ) . Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses ( IDSA ) : 1 -- 22 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Bisheshwar ( 1962 ) . `` Hong Kong , Malaya and Sarawak & Borneo '' . Campaigns In South East Asia 1941 - 42 ( Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War 1939 - 45 . ed . ) . New Delhi : Orient Longmans . pp. 1 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : India - Pakistan in World War II '' . www.ibiblio.org . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Douds , G.J. ( August 2004 ) . `` The men who never were : Indian POWs in the Second World War1 '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . 27 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 216 . doi : 10.1080 / 1479027042000236634 . Jump up ^ `` Operations in the Far East , From 17th December 1940 to 27th December 1941 '' ( PDF ) . London Gazette. 38183 ( 20 January 1948 ) : 535 . 22 January 1948 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Operations in Hong Kong '' ( PDF ) . London Gazette. 38190 ( 27 January 1948 ) : 699 . 29 January 1948 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rajput Regiment '' . Indian Army NIC . Official Indian Army Web Portal . Jump up ^ `` 14th PUNJAB REGIMENT '' . www.defencejournal.com . Jump up ^ Cheung , Oswald ( 1998 ) . Matthews , Clifford , ed . Dispersal and Renewal : Hong Kong University during the War Years . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . pp. 195 , 231 , 314 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 472 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Hong Kong : Eyewitness Accounts '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lai & Rava 2014 , pp. 22 , 42 . Jump up ^ Stanford , David ( 2006 ) . Roses in December ( 1st ed . ) . UK : Lulu.com . pp. 127 , 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84753 - 966 - 3 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Srinath ( 2016 ) . India 's War : World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia . New York : Basic Books . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03022 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall of Hong Kong '' . Hong Kong Society of Wargamers . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Luff , John ( 1967 ) . The Hidden Years . Hong Kong : South China Morning Post . pp. 7 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 36 , 83 . OCLC 205901 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Ted ( 1980 ) . Desperate Siege : The Battle of Hong Kong . Scarborough , Ont : Doubleday Canada . pp. 99 , 151 , 152 , 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 601524 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Oliver ; Harris , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Battle for Hong Kong 1941 -- 1945 : Hostage to Fortune . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . pp. 88 , 100 , 105 , 114 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 779 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong War Diary '' . hongkongwardiary.com . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recollections of the Battle of Hong Kong '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 48 : 41 . 2008 . ISSN 1991 - 7295 . Jump up ^ Horne , Gerald ( 2004 ) . Race War : White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire . New York : New York University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3641 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Scarce Far East `` Prisoner - of - War '' B.E.M. Group of Five Awarded to Company Havildar - Major Amir A . '' the-saleroom.com . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Banham , Tony ( 2005 ) . Not the Slightest Chance : The Defence of Hong Kong , 1941 ( pbk . ed . ) . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 780 - 3 . Jump up ^ Banham , Tony ( 2005 ) . Not the Slightest Chance : The Defence of Hong Kong , 1941 ( pbk . ed . ) . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 780 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1956 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1956 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1956 , pp. 448 -- 449 . Jump up ^ `` The Capture of Hong Kong in 1941 -- The Naval Battle '' . Naval Historical Society of Australia . December 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ L. , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Chronology of the Dutch East Indies , 1 December 1941 -- 6 December 1941 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . ^ Jump up to : L. , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Chronology of the Dutch East Indies , 7 December 1941 -- 11 December 1941 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnac.org Jump up ^ Charles L. Sharp Jump up ^ Hugh L. Woods Jump up ^ Harold A. Sweet Jump up ^ William McDonald Jump up ^ Frank L. Higgs Jump up ^ Robert S. Angle Jump up ^ P.W. Kessler Jump up ^ S.E. Scott ^ Jump up to : L. , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Chronology of the Dutch East Indies , 12 December 1941 -- 18 December 1941 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . ^ Jump up to : L. , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Chronology of the Dutch East Indies , 19 December 1941 -- 24 December 1941 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2010 , p. xv . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Hong Kong 8 Dec 1941 -- 25 Dec 1941 '' . World war II Database . Jump up ^ Roland 2016 , pp. 43 - 61 . Jump up ^ L. , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Chronology of the Dutch East Indies , 25 December 1941 -- 31 December 1941 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's `` Black Christmas '' `` . China Daily . 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Linton 2017 . Jump up ^ Banham 2005 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie 1951 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1956 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Official Report of the Debates of The House of Commons of The Dominion Of Canada ( Volume 2 ) 1942 ( page 1168 ) Jump up ^ AP 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Turner 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Woodburn Kirby 2004 , p. 498 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Banham , Tony ( 2005 ) . Not the Slightest Chance : The Defence of Hong Kong , 1941 . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 9622097804 . Carroll , J.M. A Concise History of Hong Kong . Critical Issues in History . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 74253 - 421 - 9 . Fung , Chi Ming ( 2005 ) . Reluctant Heroes : Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton , 1874 -- 1954 ( illus . ed . ) . Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 734 - 6 . Harris , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Battle for Hong Kong 1941 -- 1945 . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 779 - 7 . Ishiwari , Heizō ( 31 May 1956 ) . Army Operations in China , December 1941 -- December 1943 ( PDF ) . Japanese Monograph. IV 17807.71 - 2 . Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 938077822 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Lai , Benjamin ; Rava , Giuseppe ( 2014 ) . Hong Kong 1941 -- 45 : First Strike in the Pacific War . Campaign . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78200 - 268 - 0 . Mackenzie , Compton ( 1951 ) . Eastern Epic : September 1939 -- March 1943 , Defence . I. London : Chatto & Windus . OCLC 59637091 . Nicholson , Brian ( 2010 ) . Traitor . Bloomington , IN : Trafford . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 4604 - 2 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1956 ) ( 1955 ) . Six Year of War : The Army in Canada , Britain and the Pacific ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . I ( 2nd rev . online ed . ) . Ottawa : By Authority of the Minister of National Defence . OCLC 917731527 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Turner , John Frayn ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . Awards of the George Cross 1940 -- 2009 ( online , Pen & Sword , Barnsley ed . ) . Havertown , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78340 - 981 - 5 . Woodburn Kirby , S. ; et al. ( 2004 ) ( 1957 ) . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The War Against Japan : The Loss of Singapore . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . I ( Naval & Military Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 1 - 84574 - 060 - 2 . Journals Roland , Charles G. ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Massacre and Rape in Hong Kong : Two Case Studies Involving Medical Personnel and Patients '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 32 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 61 . ISSN 0022 - 0094 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Newspapers `` ( Associated Press ) Japan Apologizes to Canadian POWs from H.K. Battle '' . Japan Times . 10 December 2011 . p. 2 . ISSN 0289 - 1956 . Websites Linton , Suzannah . `` Hong Kong 's War Crimes Trials Collection : Libraries '' . The University of Hong Kong . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Banham , Tony ( 2009 ) . We Shall Suffer There : Hong Kong 's Defenders Imprisoned , 1942 -- 1945 . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 960 - 9 . Burton , John ( 2006 ) . Fortnight of Infamy : The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor . Annapolis , MD : US Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 096 - X . Roland , Charles G. ( 2001 ) . Long Night 's Journey into Day : Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan , 1941 -- 1945 . Waterloo , OT : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 362 - 8 . Snow , Philip ( 2003 ) . The Fall of Hong Kong : Britain , China and the Japanese Occupation . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10373 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Hong Kong . Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association , Canada Hong Kong Category WW2 People 's War BBC Official report by Major - General C.M Maltby , G.O.C. Hong Kong Canadians at Hong Kong The Defence of Hong Kong : December 1941 by Terry Copp at the Internet Archive PDF ( archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 28 ) Report No. 163 Canadian Participation in the Defence of Hong Kong , December , 1941 at the Internet Archive PDF ( 299 KB ) ( Archived version as of 24 August 2006 ) Hong Kong War Diary -- Current research into the Battle Battle of Hong Kong Background and Battlefield Tour Points of Interest by Tony Banham `` The detailed story of the actual battle and a tribute to Major Maurice A. Parker , CO `` D '' Coy , Royal Rifles of Canada . '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived 28 October 2009 ) Philip Doddridge , Memories Uninvited -- `` A fascinating story of a young man who finds himself caught up in the horrific battle for Hong Kong and the years of captivity he lived through after the battle was over on December 25th , 1941 . '' Coordinates : 22 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 17 '' E / 22.267 ° N 114.188 ° E / 22.267 ; 114.188 World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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what is the end of the bone called	The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide . They are one of five types of bones : long , short , flat , irregular and sesamoid . Long bones , especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility . They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ( `` articular cartilage '' ) . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone ( GH ) , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland .	epiphysis	Long bone	long bone	The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide . They are one of five types of bones : long , short , flat , irregular and sesamoid . Long bones , especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility . They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ( `` articular cartilage '' ) . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone ( GH ) , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland .	The long bones include the femora , tibiae , and fibulae of the legs ; the humeri , radii , and ulnae of the arms ; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet , the phalanges of the fingers and toes , and the clavicles or collar bones . The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height . The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull . The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum . Additionally , the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone , then a deeper layer of cancellous bone ( spongy bone ) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone . This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum . Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone . Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of ( ( bone marrow ) it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells ) made up of yellow marrow in the adult and red marrow in the child ... Clinical significance ( edit ) There are two congenital disorders of the long bones . In a disorder known as rachitis fetalis anularis the ends of the long bones ( epiphyses ) are enlarged . Another disorder is known as rachitis fetalis micromelica in which there is a deficiency in the growth ( as a shortness ) of the bones . There is a surgical procedure called distraction osteogenesis which is used to lengthen long bones . Additional images ( edit ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Parts of a long bone ( Femur ) Classification of bones by shape Distribution of forces on a long bone ( Femur ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : al . ) , consultants Daniel Albert ... ( et ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1570 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary , 27th Edition Anatomy of long bone Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long bones . hide Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_bone&oldid=844327376 '' Categories : Long bones Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 05 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20bone	2,574
where did the name montgomery biscuits come from	The Biscuits became Montgomery 's first Major League Baseball - affiliated team since 1980 , when the Montgomery Rebels , a Detroit Tigers affiliate , played their final season in the Southern League at Montgomery 's Paterson Field . The Biscuits ' owners , Sherrie Myers and Tom Dickson , were selected from six different ownership groups during an extensive search for a public - private partner by the City of Montgomery . Myers and Dickson selected the team 's nickname from over 4,000 entries in a `` name the team '' contest , due in part to tying into indigenous affiliation and potential marketing and pun possibilities ( for example , `` Hey , Butter , Butter , Butter '' or the team 's souvenir store , the `` Biscuit Basket '' ) . Several successful minor league teams have campy , quirky names to relate to families and kids . During games , biscuits are shot from an air cannon , into the stands . The official team colors are Butter and Blue .	from over 4,000 entries in a `` name the team '' contest , due in part to tying into indigenous affiliation and potential marketing and pun possibilities ( for example , `` Hey , Butter , Butter , Butter '' or the team 's souvenir store , the `` Biscuit Basket '' )	Montgomery Biscuits	montgomery biscuits	The Montgomery Biscuits are a Minor League Baseball team based in Montgomery , Alabama . The team is the Double - A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays and plays in the Southern League . The team was founded in Orlando , Florida , in 1973 as the Orlando Twins , an affiliate of the Minnesota Twins . After remaining in the Minnesota minor league organization for 20 seasons , the team became an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs for four seasons and then the Seattle Mariners for one . In 1999 , the team became an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays , and they have remained in the organization ever since .	Over the years , the club changed names several times . They were the Orlando Twins for 17 seasons , then were known as the SunRays , Cubs , and Rays . The club became known as the Biscuits when it moved from the Orlando area to Montgomery in 2004 . The club played at Tinker Field near downtown Orlando from 1973 until 2000 , when they moved to Champion Stadium in nearby Lake Buena Vista , Florida . Since moving to Montgomery in 2004 , the Biscuits have played at Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium , a 7,000 - seat facility which was built for the club in the downtown area . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Orlando 1.2 Montgomery 2 Mascot 3 Notable alumni 4 Roster 5 Television and radio 6 References 7 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Orlando ( edit ) Orlando Rays logo from 2003 The franchise joined the Southern League in 1973 as the Orlando Twins , a minor - league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins , which held spring training in Orlando , Florida at the time . The Orlando Twins played at Tinker Field in downtown Orlando , near the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium . In 1990 , the team was renamed the Orlando Sun Rays . In 1993 , the Chicago Cubs became the team 's new major - league affiliate , and the team was renamed the Orlando Cubs . While still a Chicago Cubs affiliate , the team renamed itself again in 1997 and became the Orlando Rays . The following year , for one season only , the Seattle Mariners were the Rays ' major - league affiliate . The Tampa Bay Devil Rays , an American League expansion team in 1998 , assumed the Orlando Rays ' major - league affiliation the following year . The Orlando Rays ' last season at Tinker Field was 1999 . From 2000 to 2003 , the Orlando Rays played in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , in Champion Stadium at Walt Disney World Resort . Despite the fact that the team played in a state - of - the - art stadium that was built in 1997 and used during spring training by the Atlanta Braves , attendance did not meet expectations ; after trailing the Southern League in attendance in multiple years , the Rays ' owners announced the team would move to Montgomery in 2004 ( terminating their 10 - year lease with Disney after four seasons ) . While in Orlando , the franchise won three Southern League championships : in 1981 ( as the Twins ) , 1991 ( as the Sun Rays ) , and 1999 ( as the Rays ) . Montgomery ( edit ) The Biscuits became Montgomery 's first Major League Baseball - affiliated team since 1980 , when the Montgomery Rebels , a Detroit Tigers affiliate , played their final season in the Southern League at Montgomery 's Paterson Field . The Biscuits ' owners , Sherrie Myers and Tom Dickson , were selected from six different ownership groups during an extensive search for a public - private partner by the City of Montgomery . Myers and Dickson selected the team 's nickname from over 4,000 entries in a `` name the team '' contest , due in part to tying into indigenous affiliation and potential marketing and pun possibilities ( for example , `` Hey , Butter , Butter , Butter '' or the team 's souvenir store , the `` Biscuit Basket '' ) . Several successful minor league teams have campy , quirky names to relate to families and kids . During games , biscuits are shot from an air cannon , into the stands . The official team colors are Butter and Blue . On September 15 , 2006 , in just their third year of existence , the Biscuits defeated the Huntsville Stars to win the team 's first Southern League championship in Montgomery . One year later , in 2007 , the Biscuits again defeated the Huntsville Stars to win their second consecutive Southern League championship . They became the first team since the 1975 to 1977 Montgomery Rebels to win back - to - back championships . The Biscuits were sold to a group of investors led by Richmond Flying Squirrels owner Lou DiBella in a transaction that closed on April 27 , 2017 . Mascot ( edit ) Their mascots are `` Big Mo '' , an orange beast that loves biscuits , and `` Monty '' , an anthropomorphized buttermilk biscuit . Monty appears in the logo and on the hat . The mascot for the Orlando Rays was `` Spike '' , a bear . The origin of Spike is unknown but presumed to predate the Devil Rays , as the club has been controlled by the Cubs and by the Twins ( who have a bear mascot , T.C. Bear ) . In 2014 , a new live mascot was introduced and also named with a contest in which 4,800 entires submitted ideas for a micro-mini pot belly pig which became Miss Gravy , Duchess of Pork . Notable alumni ( edit ) Major League Baseball players who played for the Biscuits ( or earlier incarnations ) include : Dewon Brazelton Jorge Cantu Carl Crawford Matt Diaz Joey Gathright Chad Gaudin Jonny Gomes Toby Hall Jason Hammel Scott Kazmir Kevin Kiermaier Evan Longoria Seth McClung David Price Shawn Riggans Juan Salas James Shields Andy Sonnanstine B.J. Upton Delmon Young Stephen Vogt Mikie Mahtook Taylor Motter Roster ( edit ) The Biscuits ( in navy ) on the road at Five County Stadium during a 2011 game against the Carolina Mudcats Montgomery Biscuits roster Players Coaches / Other Pitchers 24 Ruben Alaniz 15 Kyle Bird 27 Genesis Cabrera -- Edwin Fierro 34 Mike Franco -- Greg Harris 26 Jordan Harrison 36 Reece Karalus -- Chris Kirsch 31 Matt Krook 17 Zach Lee 32 Eduar Lopez 30 J.D. Martin 29 Dalton Moats 11 Benton Moss 28 Travis Ott -- Colin Poche ∞ 33 Austin Wright Catchers 8 Mac James 7 Brett Sullivan Infielders 3 Jake Cronenworth -- Grant Kay 9 Dalton Kelly 35 Nathaniel Lowe 4 Jermaine Palacios 5 Michael Russell 14 Nick Solak Outfielders 23 Ryan Boldt 2 Nathan Lukes 21 Thomas Milone Designated hitters 16 Michael Brosseau Manager 22 Brady Williams Coaches 18 R.C. Lichtenstein ( pitching ) 44 Jamie Nelson ( coach ) 20 Gary Redus ( coach ) 7 - day disabled list * On Tampa Bay Rays 40 - man roster # Rehab assignment ∞ Reserve list ‡ Restricted list § Suspended list † Temporary inactive list Roster updated July 7 , 2018 Transactions → More rosters : MiLB Southern League → Tampa Bay Rays minor league players Television and radio ( edit ) All Montgomery Biscuits games are televised live on MiLB.TV and select games are also televised live on WSFA . WMSP 740 AM provides radio broadcasts of games . Since 2016 , the Biscuits play - by - play commentator is Chris Adams - Wall . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reichard , Kevin ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Lou DiBella / Montgomery Biscuits Era Begins '' . Ballpark Digest . August Publications . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Front Office '' . Montgomery Biscuits . Minor League Baseball . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Meet Big Mo ! Jump up ^ Orlando Rays External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Biscuits . Official site Video history of the team Tampa Bay Rays Established in 1998 Formerly the Tampa Bay Devil Rays Based in St. Petersburg , Florida , ( Tampa Bay ) Franchise Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Radio Network Awards Records Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks History Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area Seasons Expansion Expansion draft All articles Ballparks Tropicana Field Rays Ballpark ( proposed ) Ybor Stadium ( proposed ) Spring training Al Lang Stadium Charlotte Sports Park Culture Raymond The Rookie Dick Crippen The Happy Heckler Defenders of the Game Cowbell Lore 9 = 8 Game 162 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker game Rivalries Miami Marlins Key personnel Owner : Stuart Sternberg President : Brian Auld President of Baseball Operations : Matthew Silverman General Manager : Erik Neander Manager : Kevin Cash American League pennants ( 1 ) 2008 Division titles ( 2 ) 2008 Wild - Card berths ( 2 ) 2011 2013 Retired numbers 12 42 66 Minor league affiliates Durham Bulls ( AAA ) Montgomery Biscuits ( AA ) Charlotte Stone Crabs ( A Adv . ) Bowling Green Hot Rods ( A ) Hudson Valley Renegades ( Short A ) Princeton Rays ( Rookie Adv . ) GCL Rays ( Rookie ) DSL Rays 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Rays 2 ( Rookie ) Seasons ( 21 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Southern League North Division Birmingham Barons Chattanooga Lookouts Jackson Generals Montgomery Biscuits Tennessee Smokies South Division Biloxi Shuckers Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp Mississippi Braves Mobile BayBears Pensacola Blue Wahoos Champions Hall of Fame Manager of the Year Award Most Outstanding Pitcher Award MVP Award Rosters Stadiums Sports teams based in Alabama Baseball SL Birmingham Barons Mobile BayBears Montgomery Biscuits Basketball ABA Magic City Blitz Mobile Bay Tornados NABL Birmingham Vulcans Huntsville Force Tuscaloosa Titans ( beginning 2018 ) Hockey SPHL Birmingham Bulls Huntsville Havoc Roller derby WFTDA Dixie Derby Girls Tragic City Rollers Soccer USL Birmingham Legion FC PDL Birmingham Hammers GCPL AFC Mobile College athletics NCAA Division I Alabama Alabama A&M Alabama State Auburn Jacksonville State Samford South Alabama Troy UAB NCAA Division II Alabama -- Huntsville Miles Montevallo North Alabama ( Division I from 2018 -- 19 ) Stillman Tuskegee West Alabama NCAA Division III Birmingham -- Southern Huntingdon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_Biscuits&oldid=841284660 '' Categories : Tampa Bay Rays minor league affiliates Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates Minnesota Twins minor league affiliates Baseball teams established in 1973 Southern League ( baseball ) teams Professional baseball teams in Alabama Sports in Montgomery , Alabama Seattle Mariners minor league affiliates Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery%20Biscuits	2,575
what is the original story of the little mermaid			The Little Mermaid	the little mermaid	`` The Little Mermaid '' ( Danish : Den lille havfrue ) is a fairy tale written by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen about a young mermaid who is willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as a mermaid to gain a human soul .	The tale was first published in 1837 and has been adapted to various media , including musical theatre , anime and a Disney animated film . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication 3 Debate over ending 4 Potential homosexual subtext 5 Adaptations 5.1 Print 5.2 Film 5.3 Television 5.4 Theatre 5.5 Audio 6 The Little Mermaid statue 7 References 8 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) The Little Mermaid lives in an underwater kingdom with her widowed father ( the sea king or Mer - King ) her dowager grandmother , and her five older sisters , each of whom had been born one year apart . When a mermaid turns fifteen , she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to glimpse the world above , and when the sisters become old enough , each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year . As each returns , the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings . When the Little Mermaid 's turn comes , she rises up to the surface , watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince , and falls in love with him from a safe distance . A violent storm hits , sinking the ship , and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning . She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple . Here , she waits until a young woman from the temple and her ladies in waiting find him . To her dismay , the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life . The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever . The grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than a mermaid 's 300 years , but that when mermaids die , they turn to sea foam and cease to exist , while humans have an eternal soul that lives on in heaven . The Little Mermaid , longing for the prince and an eternal soul , visits the Sea Witch in a dangerous part of the ocean . The witch willingly helps her by selling her a potion that gives her legs in exchange for her tongue and beautiful voice , as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the world . The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human , she will never be able to return to the sea . Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body , yet when she recovers , she will have two human legs and will be able to dance like no human has ever danced before . However , she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives , and her feet will bleed terribly . In addition , she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him , for then a part of his soul will flow into her . Otherwise , at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else , the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves . After she agrees to the arrangement , the Little Mermaid swims to the surface near the prince 's palace and drinks the potion . She is found by the prince , who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace , even though she is mute . Most of all , he likes to see her dance , and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step . Soon , the Little Mermaid becomes the prince 's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings . When the prince 's parents encourage their son to marry the neighboring princess in an arranged marriage , the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess . He goes on to say he can only love the young woman from the temple , who he believes rescued him . It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom is the temple girl , as she was sent to the temple for her education . The prince declares his love for her , and the royal wedding is announced at once . The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage on a wedding ship , and the Little Mermaid 's heart breaks . She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince . She despairs , thinking of the death that awaits her , but before dawn , her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a knife that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long , beautiful hair . If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet , she will become a mermaid once more , all of her suffering will end , and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family . However , the Little Mermaid can not bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new bride , and she throws the knife and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks . Her body dissolves into foam , but instead of ceasing to exist , she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound spirit , a daughter of the air . As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere , she is greeted by other daughters who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul . Because of her selflessness , she is given the chance to earn her own soul by doing good deeds to mankind for 300 years and will one day rise up into the Kingdom of God . Publication ( edit ) `` The Little Mermaid '' was written in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen on 7 April 1837 in Fairy Tales Told for Children . First Collection . Third Booklet. 1837 ( Eventyr , fortalte for Børn . Første Samling . Tredie Hefte. 1837 ) . The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. 1850 ( Eventyr. 1850 ) and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories . First Volume . 1862 ( Eventyr og Historier . Første Bind. 1862 ) . Debate over ending ( edit ) Original manuscript , last page Some scholars consider the last sequence with its happy ending to be an unnatural addition . Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard point out that : One of the crucial aspects which any interpretation must confront is the final sequence of the tale , in which the little mermaid , against all odds , is redeemed from immediate damnation and accepted into the spiritual sphere , where the `` daughters of the air '' reside . In this , she is apparently promised the `` immortal soul '' , which it has been her main motivation to obtain -- along with the prince , of course . This ending has baffled critics because the narrative that precedes it points rather to a tragic conclusion than to a happy one . -- Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard , Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid , Andersen og Verden ( Andersen and the World ) ( 1993 ) The working title of the story was `` Daughters of the Air '' , spirits who as Andersen conceived them can earn souls by doing three hundred years ' worth of good deeds . One of Andersen 's `` daughters of the air '' explains to the mermaid that `` A mermaid has not an immortal soul , nor can she obtain one unless she wins the love of a human being . On the power of another hangs her eternal destiny . But the daughters of the air , although they do not possess an immortal soul , can , by their good deeds , procure one for themselves . We fly to warm countries , and cool the sultry air that destroys mankind with the pestilence . We carry the perfume of the flowers to spread health and restoration . After we have striven for three hundred years to all the good in our power , we receive an immortal soul and take part in the happiness of mankind . You , poor little mermaid , have tried with your whole heart to do as we are doing ; you have suffered and endured and raised yourself to the spirit - world by your good deeds ; and now , by striving for three hundred years in the same way , you may obtain an immortal soul . '' This conclusion came under criticism from some scholars and reviewers . P.L. Travers , author of Mary Poppins and noted folklore commentator , wrote , `` This final message is more frightening than any other presented in the tale . The story descends into the Victorian moral tales written for children to scare them into good behavior ... a year taken off when a child behaves and a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty ? Andersen , this is blackmail . And the children know it and say nothing . There 's magnanimity for you . '' Andersen , however , felt that his revised conclusion in which the mermaid is empowered to attain an immortal soul through her own agency was a decided improvement over the original ending , which climaxed in the mermaid 's dissolution . In 1837 , Andersen wrote to a friend that `` I have not , like de la Motte Fouqué in Undine , allowed the mermaid 's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature , upon the love of a human being . I 'm sure that 's wrong ! It would depend rather much on chance , would n't it ? I wo n't accept that sort of thing in this world . I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural , more divine path . '' Potential homosexual subtext ( edit ) LGBT historian and writer Rictor Norton and others have described The Little Mermaid as an allegory for Andersen 's life , based on his love letters to another man . Andersen also sent the original story to his love . Adaptations ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Classics Illustrated Junior ( 1950s ) , an American comic book series , published a print version in issue # 525 . Angel 's Hill ( Angel no Oka , 1960 ) , a manga by Osamu Tezuka . My Love , My Love : Or The Peasant Girl ( 1985 ) , a novel by Rosa Guy , is based on the Hans Christian Andersen tale and inspired the musical Once on This Island , set in the French Antilles . Princess Mermaid ( 2002 ) , a print adaptation by Japanese artist Junko Mizuno as the third and final part of her `` fractured fairy tales '' . The Mermaid 's Madness ( 2010 ) , a book adaptation by Jim C. Hines , in which the mermaid , Lirea , is on a quest of revenge on the human prince who denied her advances , having been driven insane due to a side effect of her transformation . The Little Android ( 2014 ) , a short story adaptation by Marissa Meyer as part of The Lunar Chronicles series , Mech6. 0 portraying the main character . The Little mermaid ( April 11 , 2017 ) , a graphic novel adaptation by Metaphrog . Film ( edit ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) features a ballet segment adaptation within the film . Fantasia 3 ( 1966 ) , a Spanish anthology film , opens with the adaptation segment `` Coralina : La Doncella del Mar '' starring Dyanik Zurakowska . The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) , a Rankin / Bass film that combines live - action and stop - motion , features a stop - motion segment adaptation in the film . The Little Mermaid ( Russian : Русалочка ) ( 1968 ) , a 29 - minute Soviet Union animated film by film studio Soyuzmultfilm and directed by Ivan Aksenchuk . Anderusen Dowa Ningyo Hime ( Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ) ( 1975 ) , an anime feature film directed by Tomoharu Katsumata . Rusalochka ( Русалочка ) ( 1976 ) , a live - action film that was a joint production by the USSR and Bulgaria ; directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starring Vyctoriya Novikova as the mermaid . Malá mořská víla ( 1976 ) , a live - action Czech film directed by Karel Kachyňa and starring Miroslava Šafránková as the Mermaid , Radovan Lukavský as the King of the Ocean , Petr Svojtka as the prince , Milena Dvorská as the Sea Witch and Miroslava 's sister , Libuše Šafránková , as the princess . It featured a score by Zdenek Liska , eschewed the traditional visual of mermaids having fish tails and presented them more as water spirits . The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , an animated film by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film launched a franchise that was continued with a TV series of the same name ( 1992 - 1994 ) , a sequel : The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) , and a prequel : The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) . The Little Mermaid ( 1992 ) , an animated film by Golden Films that was distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment . The Little Mermaid ( 1998 ) , a 50 - minute animated adaptation by Burbank Films Australia . Rusalka ( 2007 ) , a Russian film by Anna Melikyan , set in modern - day Russia . Ponyo ( 2008 ) , an animated Hayao Miyazaki film based loosely on the story . Little From the Fish Shop ( 2014 ) , a modern - day stop - motion film adaptation by Czech artist Jan Balej . The Silver Moonlight ( 2015 ) , an experimental film by Russian - born filmmaker Evgueni Mlodik , retelling the story of The Little Mermaid in the style of a 1930s German melodrama made under the Nazis . The Lure ( 2015 ) , a Polish film based on the Hans Christian Andersen story . Little Mermaid ( 2017 ) , an indie film set in the modern day with Rosie Mac as the titular character . The Little Mermaid ( 2018 ) , an indie film based on the original Andersen fairytale set in Mississippi with Poppy Drayton as the titular character . It was announced in 2014 that Sofia Coppola planned to direct a live - action version for Universal Pictures and Working Title Films . This later developed into Coppola releasing herself from this project due to `` artistic differences '' , and later announced that the script was to be handed over to Richard Curtis and the title role to be given to the 19 - year - old actress Chloë Grace Moretz . Moretz dropped out of the project in September 2016 and as of 2017 no one else has been cast . Television ( edit ) Shirley Temple 's Storybook ( 1961 ) , a television anthology that broadcast a one - hour adaptation as an episode . Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) , an anime television series based on the story , ran for 48 episodes . Reader 's Digest ( 1974 ) , 30 - minute animated version narrated by Richard Chamberlain . My Favorite Fairy Tales ( Sekai Dōwa Anime Zenshū ) ( 1986 ) , an anime television anthology , has a 30 - minute adaptation . Faerie Tale Theatre ( 1987 ) , a television anthology produced by Shelley Duvall , has a one - hour live - action adaptation starring Pam Dawber as the mermaid , Treat Williams as the prince , Karen Black as the sea witch and Helen Mirren as the other princess . Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) , an NHK anime television series adaptation that ran for 26 episodes . Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child ( 1997 ) , an animated television anthology series , has an East Asian - influenced retelling featuring the voices of Tia Carrere and Robert Guillaume . Pokémon : Indigo League ( 1998 ) , an anime television series , broadcast episode 61 , `` The Misty Mermaid '' , that was inspired by the story . The Fairytaler ( alternately titled as Tales from H.C. Andersen , 1998 ) , a Danish animated television anthology , has a one - hour adaptation . Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch ( 2002 ) , an anime television series , was inspired by the story . Fairy Tale Police Department ( 2002 ) , an Australian animated television series , has one episode that is based on the story . SimsalaGrimm ( 2010 ) , an animated German television anthology , broadcast a half - hour adaptation . Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) , an anime series , has hints of `` The Little Mermaid '' in Sayaka Miki 's story arc , which involves losing her unrequited crush to another girl and `` losing her soul '' in a sense , becoming a creature with a mermaid - like design . Once Upon a Time ( 2013 ) , an ABC television series , uses characters and elements of the 1989 animated Disney film . Die kleine Meerjungfrau ( 2013 ) , a live - action made - for - TV German adaptation directed by Irina Popow and starring Zoe Moore . The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) , a South Korean television serial modern retelling that ran for 10 episodes . Betoolot ( 2014 ) , an Israeli TV series that follows the story of a modern family in which all the females have the characteristics of being a mermaid . The series has 28 episodes in 3 seasons . Theatre ( edit ) Rusalka ( 1901 ) , an opera with music composed by Dvořák , was first performed in Prague . It incorporates plot elements from the Anderson story and from de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine The Garden of Paradise ( 1914 ) , a play written by Edward Sheldon . La Petite Sirène ( 1957 ) , a three - act opera version by French composer Germaine Tailleferre , with a libretto adapted by Philippe Soupault . Once on This Island ( 1990 ) a musical based around the Anderson story . De Kleine Zeemeermin ( 2004 ) , a stage musical adaptation by Studio 100 directed by Gert Verhulst , with music by Johan Vanden Eede . The show premiered in Belgium in 2004 starring Free Souffriau as the mermaid , and then transferred to the Netherlands where Kim - Lian and Kathleen Aerts portrayed the mermaid . The Little Mermaid ( 2005 ) , a modern - rendition ballet by the Royal Danish Ballet , composed by Russian - American composer Lera Auerbach and choreographed by John Neumeier , premiered on 15 April 2005 . The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) , a Broadway stage musical based on the 1989 Disney film , with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater . The show premiered on 10 January 2008 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre . John Neumeier 's The Little Mermaid ( 2010 ) , a production of the San Francisco Ballet , premiered on 20 March 2010 . Below ( 2013 ) , a stage adaptation by Adapt Theatre Productions , a small fringe - theatre production company in Chicago , Illinois . The story is written in blank verse by actor / playwright Lane Flores and is from the perspective of the little mermaid 's sisters , who have kidnapped the story 's prince to judge his compassion for their deceased sister . The Little Mermaid ( 2013 ) , a theatrical adaptation by Blind Tiger , a London - based Actor Musician theatre company , focuses on Hans Christian Andersen 's influences when creating the fairytale . The show opened in December 2013 at Riverside Studios . The Little Mermaid ( 2017 ) a ballet with choreography by David Nixon and a score by Sally Beamish was staged by Northern Ballet in Leeds , Sheffield and other venues in the north of England in the winter of 2017 and 2018 . Audio ( edit ) Die Seejungfrau ( The Mermaid , 1905 ) , a 40 - minute - long symphonic poem by Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky . `` Little Mermaid '' ( 1982 ) , a song by Japanese jazz - fusion band The Square ( now known as T - Square ) , released on the album Magic . The Little Mermaid ( Die kleine Meerjungfrau , 2007 ) , an orchestral piece by Lior Navok for an actress , two pianos and a chamber ensemble / orchestra , premiered on 28 July 2007 . `` 人魚姫 / Ningyo Hime '' ( `` The Little Mermaid '' ) and `` リトマメ / Rito Mame '' ( `` Little Mermaid '' , 2009 ) , a pair of songs produced using the Vocaloid software , based on the story . `` Ningyo No Namida '' ( `` Tears of the Mermaid '' , 2009 ) , a song by Japanese visual kei band LM. C , is loosely based on the story . The Little Mermaid statue ( edit ) The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen , Denmark Main article : The Little Mermaid ( statue ) A statue of The Little Mermaid sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in Langelinie . This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major tourist attraction . The statue was commissioned in 1909 by Carl Jacobsen , son of the founder of Carlsberg , after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale . The sculptor Edward Eriksen created the statue , which was unveiled on 23 August 1913 . His wife , Eline Eriksen , was the model . It has been severely vandalized several times . In May 2010 , it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever , for transport to Expo 2010 in Shanghai , where it remained until 20 November 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hans Christian Andersen : The Little Mermaid '' . The Hans Christian Andersen Centre . University of Southern Denmark Department for the Study of Culture . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard : `` H.C. Andersens ' Den lille Havfrue ' - om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder '' ( `` Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen 's ' The Little Mermaid ' '' ) . '' The Hans Christian Andersen Centre . University of Southern Denmark , Institute of Literature , Media and Cultural Studies . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annotations for Little Mermaid '' . SurLaLune Fairy Tales . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . SurLaLune Fairy Tales. 2005 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Altmann , Anna E. ; DeVos , Gail ( 2001 ) . Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults . Libraries Unlimited . p. 179 . ISBN 1 - 56308 - 831 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frank , Jefferey ( 2005 ) . The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen : A New Translation from the Danish . Raleigh , NC : Duke University Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0822336938 . Jump up ^ http://rictornorton.co.uk/andersen.htm Jump up ^ https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/01/05/20/reviews/010520.20allent.html Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zm8g7a/beauty-and-the-beast-and-the-little-mermaid-were-actually-queer-as-hell Jump up ^ https://bookriot.com/2017/03/28/queerness-little-mermaid/ Jump up ^ Altmann , Anna E. ; DeVos , Gail ( 2001 ) . Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults . Libraries Unlimited . p. 187 . ISBN 1 - 56308 - 831 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( 12 August 2009 ) . `` Legendary animator Miyazaki reveals Ponyo 's inspirations '' . Sci Fi Wire . Jump up ^ Tizard , Will ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Czech Animation ' Little From the Fish Shop ' Dives Into Int'l Waters '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Smolen , Philip . `` The Silver Moonlight ( 2014 ) '' . Rogue Cinema . Jump up ^ Campbell , Tina ; Alexander , Sophie ( 2 August 2015 ) . `` Game Of Thrones babe Rosie Mac swaps dragons for fishtail as she lands Little Mermaid role '' . Daily Star . Jump up ^ Caulfield , AJ ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` The Little Mermaid live - action film trailer unveiled '' . Looper . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Sofia Coppola To Direct ' Little Mermaid ' Live - Action Movie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chloe Moretz set to star in Richard Curtis - scripted Little Mermaid '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Chloë Grace Moretz Drops Out of Live - Action ' Little Mermaid ' '' . Slash Film . Jump up ^ De Bock , Harry ( 17 March 2004 ) . `` De Kleine Zeemeermin van de Zevende musical Studio 100 '' ( in Dutch ) . kkunst.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Coveney , Michael . `` Performing Arts : Year in Review 2005 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' BELOW '' - Adapt Theatre Productions `` . Off Broadway in Chicago . 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid - Blind Tiger Theatre Company @ Riverside Studios '' . The Gizzle Review . 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' , Northern Ballet . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( Die kleine Meerjungfrau ) '' . Lior Navok . Jump up ^ `` Denmark may move Little Mermaid '' . BBC News . 30 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jingzhong ; Lu , Ming'ou ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid '' . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Little Mermaid Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Little Mermaid . The Little Mermaid Gallery See photos of The Little Mermaid `` The Little Mermaid '' , Jean Hersholt 's English translation Den lille Havfrue , original Danish text from the Danish Royal Library Den lille havfrue , original manuscript ( Odense City Museum ) Surlalune : Annotated `` The Little Mermaid '' , Paull 's translation , with annotations , scans from six illustrated editions , and bibliography The Little Mermaid public domain audiobook at LibriVox Hans Christian Andersen Bibliography Collections Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1835 -- 1837 ) Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1838 ) New Fairy Tales ( 1843 / 1844 ) Stories `` The Angel '' `` Blockhead Hans '' `` The Elf Mound '' `` The Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` The Fir - Tree '' `` The Flying Trunk '' `` The Galoshes of Fortune '' `` The Garden of Paradise '' `` The Goblin and the Grocer '' `` Golden Treasure '' `` The Ice - Maiden '' `` The Little Match Girl '' `` The Little Mermaid '' `` The Most Incredible Thing '' `` The Nightingale '' `` Ole Lukøje '' `` The Princess and the Pea '' `` The Red Shoes '' `` The Shadow '' `` The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` The Snowman '' `` The Steadfast Tin Soldier '' `` The Story of a Mother '' `` The Sweethearts ; or , The Top and the Ball '' `` The Swineherd '' `` The Tallow Candle '' `` The Teapot '' `` Thumbelina '' `` The Tinderbox '' `` The Ugly Duckling '' `` The Wild Swans '' Novels The Improvisatore ( 1835 ) The Two Baronesses ( 1848 ) Films Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) Hans Christian Andersen : My Life as a Fairytale ( 2001 miniseries ) Young Andersen ( 2005 serial ) Related Hans Christian Andersen Museum Pleated Christmas hearts International Children 's Book Day Hans Christian Andersen Award Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Mermaid '' Films The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1968 ) Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ( 1975 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Czech film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Russian film ) Mermaid ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2018 ) Television Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) Other The Little Mermaid ( statue ) Mermaids The Lure Disney franchise Films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Series The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 ) episodes Characters Ariel Ursula Sebastian Music Albums The Little Mermaid Sebastian from The Little Mermaid Sebastian : Party Gras ! Songs from the Sea Splash Hits Songs `` Fathoms Below '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' `` Les Poissons '' `` Kiss the Girl '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Adaptations Musical Once Upon a Time `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' Attractions Ariel 's Grotto Ariel 's Undersea Adventure King Triton 's Carousel of the Sea Mermaid Lagoon Scuttle 's Scooters Voyage of the Little Mermaid Video games The Little Mermaid Ariel the Little Mermaid Ariel 's Story Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Print Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Activity Center The Little Mermaid II : Pinball Frenzy BNF : cb15785907t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Mermaid&oldid=856180683 '' Categories : 1837 short stories Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen Mermaids in fiction Female characters in fairy tales Shapeshifting in fiction Danish Culture Canon Fictional princesses Witchcraft in fairy tales Works based on folklore Fictional characters introduced in 1837 Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Danish - language text Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with LibriVox links Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kurdî ລາວ Latina Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 12 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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where does the arkansas river start and end	Arkansas River River The lower part of the Arkansas River near Little Rock , Arkansas Country United States States Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas Region Great Plains Part of Mississippi River watershed Tributaries - left Fountain Creek , Pawnee River , Little Arkansas River , Walnut River , Verdigris River , Neosho River - right Cimarron River , Salt Fork Arkansas River , Canadian River , Poteau River Cities Pueblo , CO , Wichita , KS , Tulsa , OK , Muskogee , OK , Fort Smith , AR , Little Rock , AR , Pine Bluff , AR Source Confluence of East Fork Arkansas River and Tennessee Creek - location Near Leadville , Rocky Mountains , Colorado - elevation 9,728 ft ( 2,965 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W / 39.25833 ° N 106.34389 ° W / 39.25833 ; - 106.34389 Mouth Mississippi River - location Franklin Township , Desha County , near Napoleon , Arkansas - elevation 108 ft ( 33 m ) - coordinates 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W / 33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W / 33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ) , West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle , Arkansas , river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , and its watershed also drains parts of Texas , New Mexico and Missouri .		Arkansas River	arkansas river	The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River . It generally flows to the east and southeast as it traverses the U.S. states of Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas . The river 's source basin lies in the western United States in Colorado , specifically the Arkansas River Valley , where the headwaters derive from the snowpack in the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges . It then flows east into the Midwest via Kansas , and finally into the South through Oklahoma and Arkansas .	At 1,469 miles ( 2,364 km ) , it is the sixth - longest river in the United States , the second - longest tributary in the Mississippi -- Missouri system , and the 45th longest river in the world . Its origin is in the Rocky Mountains in Lake County , Colorado , near Leadville . In 1859 , placer gold discovered in the Leadville area brought thousands seeking to strike it rich , but the easily recovered placer gold was quickly exhausted . The Arkansas River 's mouth is at Napoleon , Arkansas , and its drainage basin covers nearly 170,000 sq mi ( 440,300 km2 ) . In terms of volume , the river is much smaller than the Missouri and Ohio Rivers , with a mean discharge of roughly 41,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,200 m / s ) . The Arkansas from its headwaters to the 100th meridian west formed part of the U.S. - Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciations 2 Hydrography 3 Allocation problems 4 Riverway commerce 5 The river in history 6 Angling 7 Image gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Pronunciations ( edit ) Name pronunciation varies by region . Many people in western states , including Kansas and Colorado , pronounce it / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / ar - KAN - zəs , People in Oklahoma and Arkansas typically pronounce it / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / AR - kən - saw , which is how the state is always pronounced according to a state law passed in 1881 . Hydrography ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas near Leadville , Colorado The Arkansas has three distinct sections in its long path through central North America . At its headwaters , the Arkansas runs as a steep fast - flowing mountain river through the Rockies in its narrow valley , dropping 4,600 feet ( 1.4 km ) in 120 miles ( 193 km ) . This section supports extensive whitewater rafting , including The Numbers ( near Granite , Colorado ) , Brown 's Canyon , and the Royal Gorge . At Cañon City , Colorado , the Arkansas River valley widens and flattens markedly . Just west of Pueblo , Colorado , the river enters the Great Plains . Through the rest of Colorado , Kansas , and much of Oklahoma , it is a typical Great Plains riverway , with wide , shallow banks subject to seasonal flooding and periods of dwindling flow . Tributaries include the Cimarron River and the Salt Fork Arkansas River . In eastern Oklahoma the river begins to widen further into a more contained consistent channel . To maintain more reliable flow rates , a series of large reservoir lakes have been built on the Arkansas and its intersecting tributaries including the Canadian , Verdigris , Neosho ( Grand ) , Illinois , and Poteau rivers . These locks and dams allow the river to be navigable by barges and large river craft downriver of Muskogee , Oklahoma , where the McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System joins in with the Verdigris River . Into western Arkansas , the river path works between the encroaching Boston and Ouachita Mountains , including many isolated , flat - topped mesas , buttes , or monadnocks such as Mount Nebo , Petit Jean Mountain , and Mount Magazine , the highest point in the state . The river valley then expands as it encounters much flatter land beginning just west of Little Rock , Arkansas . It continues eastward across the plains and forests of eastern Arkansas until it flows into the Mississippi River . Water flow in the Arkansas River ( as measured in central Kansas ) has dropped from approximately 248 cubic feet per second ( 7 m3 / s ) average from 1944 - 1963 to 53 cubic feet per second ( 1.5 m3 / s ) average from 1984 -- 2003 , largely because of the pumping of groundwater for irrigation in eastern Colorado and western Kansas . Important cities along the Arkansas River include Pueblo , Colorado , Garden City , Kansas , Dodge City , Kansas , Wichita , Kansas , Tulsa , Oklahoma , Fort Smith , Arkansas , and Little Rock , Arkansas . The I - 40 bridge disaster of May 2002 took place on I - 40 's crossing of Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River near Webbers Falls , Oklahoma . Allocation problems ( edit ) Since 1902 , Kansas has claimed Colorado takes too much of the river 's water , resulting in a number of lawsuits before the U.S. Supreme Court that continue to this day , generally under the name of Kansas v. Colorado . The problems over the possession and use of Arkansas River water by Colorado and Kansas led to the creation of an interstate compact or agreement between the two states . While Congress approved the Arkansas River Compact in 1949 , the compact did not stop further disputes by the two states over water rights to the river . The Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Basin Compact was created in 1965 to promote mutual consideration and equity over water use in the basin shared by those states . It led to the Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Commission , which was charged with administering the compact and reducing pollution . The compact was approved and implemented by both states in 1970 , and has been in force since then . Riverway commerce ( edit ) Inland waterway system with McClellan - Kerr Navigational Channel shown in red The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System begins at the Tulsa Port of Catoosa on the Verdigris River , enters the Arkansas River near Muskogee , and runs via an extensive lock and dam system to the Mississippi River . Through Oklahoma and Arkansas , dams which artificially deepen and widen the river to sustain commercial barge traffic and recreational use , give the river the appearance of a series of reservoirs . The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System diverts from the Arkansas River 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) upstream of the Wilbur D. Mills Dam to avoid the long winding route followed by the lower Arkansas River . This circuitous portion of the Arkansas River between the Wilbur D. Mills Dam and the Mississippi River was historically bypassed by river vessels ; early steamboats instead following a network of rivers -- known as the Arkansas Post Canal -- which flowed north of the lower Arkansas River and followed a shorter and more direct route to the Mississippi River . When the McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System was constructed between 1963 and 1970 , the Arkansas Post Canal was significantly improved , while the lower Arkansas River continued to be bypassed by commercial vessels . The River in History ( edit ) Devil 's Punch Bowl falls , Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River in Colorado , from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views Many nations of Native Americans lived near , or along , the 1,450 - mile ( 2334 - km ) stretch of the Arkansas River for thousands of years . The first Europeans to see the river were members of the Spanish Coronado expedition on June 29 , 1541 . Also in the 1540s , Hernando de Soto discovered the junction of the Arkansas with the Mississippi . The Spanish originally called the river Napeste . `` The name `` Arkansas '' was first applied by Father Jacques Marquette , who called the river Akansa in his journal of 1673 . The Joliet - Marquette expedition travelled the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin towards the Gulf of Mexico , but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River . By that time , they had encountered Native Americans carrying European trinkets , and feared confrontation with Spanish conquistadors . Jean - Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe , a French trader , explorer and nobleman had led an expedition into what is now Oklahoma in 1718 - 19 . His original objective was to establish a trading post near the present city of Texarkana , Arkansas , but he then extended his trip as far north as the Arkansas River ( which he designated as the Alcansas ) . the explorer wrote he and 9 other men , including three Caddo guides and 22 horses loaded with trade goods had come to a native settlement overlooking the river , where there were about 6,000 natives , who gave the strangers a warm welcome . La Harpe 's party were honored with the calumet ceremony and spent ten days at this location . In 1988 , evidence of a native village was discovered along the Arkansas River 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of present - day Tulsa , Oklahoma . By then , the site was known as the Lasley Vore Site . A team led by Dr. George H. Odell , an anthropology professor from the University of Tulsa , uncovered artifacts that showed the natives were members of the Wichita people , and that the European artifacts also found there were of the same time period . Dr. Odell concluded this was most likely place that la Harpe met the natives he described . In 1819 , the Adams - Onís Treaty set the Arkansas as part of the frontier between the United States and Spanish Mexico . This continued until the United States annexed Texas after the Mexican - American War , in 1846 . The treaty was made shortly after `` Old Settler '' Cherokees moved to near what became known as Webbers Falls on the Arkansas River . That area , then part of Arkansas Territory would become Indian Territory and later Oklahoma , was traditional territory of the Osage , leading to conflict and a treaty in 1828 but still unresolved by the time thousands of additional Cherokee refugees moved to the area during the Trail of Tears . On March 31 , 1820 , the Comet became the first steamboat to successfully navigate part of the Arkansas River , reaching a place called Arkansas Point , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) above the confluence of the Arkansas and the Mississippi Rivers . Later , the Santa Fe Trail followed the Arkansas through much of Kansas , picking it up near Great Bend and continuing through to La Junta , Colorado , unless users elected to take the challenging Cimarron Cutoff in Cimarron , Kansas . In the 1880s , Charles `` Buffalo '' Jones , one of the cofounders of Garden City , Kansas , organized four irrigation companies to take water one hundred miles from the Arkansas River to cultivate 75,000 acres ( 300 km ) of land . By 1890 , water from the Arkansas was being used to irrigate more than 20 × 10 acres ( 8.1 × 10 ha ) of farmland in Kansas . By 1910 , irrigation projects in Colorado had caused the river to stop flowing in July and August . Flooding in 1927 severely damaged or destroyed nearly every levee downstream of Fort Smith , and led to the development of the Arkansas River Flood Control Association . It also led to the Federal Government assigning responsibility of flood control and navigation on the Arkansas to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACOE ) . Fly fishermen on the Arkansas River near Salida , Colorado Angling ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas River in central Colorado have been known for exceptional trout fishing , particularly fly fishing , since the 19th century , when greenback cutthroat trout dominated the river . Today , brown trout dominate the river , which also contains rainbow trout . Trout Unlimited considers the Arkansas one of the top 100 trout streams in America , a reputation the river has had since the 1950s . From Leadville to Pueblo , the Arkansas River is serviced by numerous fly shops and guides operating in Buena Vista , Salida , Cañon City and Pueblo . The Colorado Division of Wildlife provides regular online fishing reports for the river . A fish kill occurred on December 29 , 2010 , in which an estimated 100,000 freshwater drum lined the Arkansas River bank . An investigation , conducted by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission , found the dead fish `` cover 17 miles of river from the Ozark Lock and Dam downstream to River Mile 240 , directly south of Hartman , Arkansas . '' Tests later indicated the likely cause of the kill was gas bubble trauma caused by opening the spillways on the Ozark Dam . Image gallery ( edit ) The Arkansas River passing through Little Rock , Arkansas , as viewed from the north bank in North Little Rock The Yancopin Bridge is the last crossing of the Arkansas River before it flows into the Mississippi River Arkansas River in downtown Pueblo , Colorado Downtown Wichita , Kansas , skyline at night from The Keeper of the Plains at the Arkansas River Arkansas River , looking across to North Little Rock John Martin Dam and Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Bent County , Colorado The Arkansas River in Tulsa , Oklahoma Royal Gorge Arkansas River in Salida , Colorado The Arkansas River in Natural Steps , Arkansas Arkansas River between Van Buren and Fort Smith , Arkansas See also ( edit ) Ackerman Island Kansas v. Colorado List of crossings of the Arkansas River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Listing of rivers for each state : Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1980 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System ( MKARNS ) '' . History & Culture . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : See watershed maps : 1 Archived October 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 07258000 on the Arkansas River near Dardanelle , AR ( monthly flow data ) '' . Water Resources of the United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ J.C. Kammerer ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chaffee County Colorado Gold Production '' . Westernmininghistory.com. 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) . Names on the Land . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 335 -- 340 . ^ Jump up to : O'Dell , Larry . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . `` Arkansas River . Archived 2013 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kansas v. Colorado 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ) , 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Verdigris River Navigation '' ( PDF ) . American Canal Society . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Odell , George H. `` Lasley Vore Site . '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Accessed January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Western Cherokee , 1828 '' . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A New Treaty '' ( PDF ) . Cherokee Phoenix . University of North Dakota . 1 ( 20 ) . 1828 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Little Rock District / Mission / Navigation . Accessed June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Charles Jesse `` Buffalo '' Jones exhibit , Finney County Historical Museum , Garden City , Kansas ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Arkansas River ( 1540 to 2000 ) '' . South Central Service Cooperative. 2017 . Accessed June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , William C. ( September 1892 ) . `` The Trouts of Colorado and Utah '' . The American Angler . XXI ( 12 ) : 515 -- 528 . Jump up ^ Ross , John ( 2005 ) . Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . pp. 241 -- 243 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 585 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( 1960 ) . 88 Top Trout Streams of the West . Newport Beach , CA : Western Outdoors . pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Marty ( 1998 ) . Fly Fisher 's Guide to Colorado . Belgrade , MT : Wilderness Adventures Press . pp. 38 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885106 - 56 - 8 . Jump up ^ Colorado Division of Wildlife Fishing Reports Archived March 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Experts Close In On What Killed Fish - NW Arkansas News Story - KHBS NW Arkansas '' . KHBS . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River Fish Kill Investigation Continues '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . 3 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Bubble Trauma likely cause of fish kills '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arkansas River . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Arkansas River . Colorado - Kansas Arkansas River Compact Friends of the Arkansas River Aquifer saturation map for Equus Beds Aquifer Recharge Project Arkansas River Coalition Full Scale Map Santa Fe Trail Research Wichita Water Center Tours Animated Map of navigation system Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Arkansas River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory `` Arkansas , a river of the United States of America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Arkansas River '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Arkansas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . 1878 . Arkansas River is discussed at the end of this article . `` Arkansas , a S.W. river of the United States '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . VIAF : 248152975 GND : 4223368 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River&oldid=800166025 '' Categories : Arkansas River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Kansas Rivers of Oklahoma Tributaries of the Mississippi River Regions of Arkansas Fish kill Bodies of water of Edwards County , Kansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Fremont County , Colorado Rivers of Sedgwick County , Kansas Geography of Tulsa , Oklahoma Bodies of water of Ford County , Kansas Bodies of water of Hamilton County , Kansas Rivers of Reno County , Kansas Rivers of Rice County , Kansas Rivers of Bent County , Colorado Rivers of Pueblo County , Colorado Mississippi River watershed Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 21 : 32 . 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when does nick tell hank he is a grimm	No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Bad Teeth '' Norberto Barba Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 201 5.64 Nick learns that his mother has come back , to save him ; Juliette is still in her coma from the spell that Adalind put her under , while Monroe and Rosalee work against the clock to try to wake her up . Nick is on the case of a man found murdered in the harbor , and his mother believes that she can help . When the beast that killed that man attacks the FBI agents working the case , he lures Nick there so that he can kill him . When Nick arrives , the beast comes up behind him . Opening quote : `` The blood - dimmed tide is loosed , and everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned . '' 24 `` The Kiss '' Terrence O'Hara Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 202 4.90 Nick 's mother kills the beast and Nick goes to the hospital to give the potion that will stop Juliette 's memory loss . He then gets called to investigate the homicide he was just at and has to cover for his mother . Meanwhile , Catherine gets ingredients from Rosalee and makes a potion before calling Capt . Renard to come over . She gives him the potion and says that it will purify him , as only someone pure of heart can wake Juliette . After taking the potion , Capt . Renard kisses Juliette and wakes her up . Nick goes to the hospital to visit her , but the memory loss is already too advanced , and she does not recognize him . Opening quote : `` If a man of pure heart were to fall in love with her , that would bring her back to life . '' 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' David Solomon Richard Hatem August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 203 4.67 An old friend of Hank 's asks for help when his daughter turns up missing . The friend 's in - laws have kidnapped the daughter for a mating ceremony . Juliette 's memory loss seems only to affect solely her memories of Nick . Hank learns the truth of his best friend , and Nick 's secret as a Grimm when cornered in a barn , but is alright in accepting this reality . Juliette is released from the hospital , but Nick remains saddened that she has no feelings for him and no memory of their relationship . Opening quote : `` Then she began to weep bitterly , and said , ' What can a poor girl like me do now ? '' 26 `` Quill '' David Straiton David Simkins September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 204 4.62 During the middle of an investigation of an accident site , Nick discovers a Wesen disease that is quickly spreading . After killing a Reinigen , Nick suspects there is something else going on because of the looks of the creature . After doing some research in the books in his trailer , Nick finds out the disease is the `` yellow plague '' , it only effects Wesen and not regular humans . Monroe and Rosalee go on a date and comes to a turn when they come across an infected creature . Meanwhile , Captain Renard gets a tip about a dangerous fugitive that has arrived to Portland -- he is looking for Nick . Opening quote : `` Death stood behind him , and said : ' Follow me , the hour of your departure from this world has come . ' '' 27 5 `` The Good Shepherd '' Steven DePaul Dan E. Fesman September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) 205 5.32 When a Wesen church gets money stolen from an online bank account , Nick and Monroe investigate the members of the church for suspicious and unusual activity . Later , once again , another dangerous opponent targets Nick in search for the key . Opening quote : `` Dressed in the skin , the wolf strolled into the pasture with the Sheep . Soon a little Lamb was following him about and was quickly led away to slaughter . '' 28 6 `` Over My Dead Body '' Rob Bailey Spiro Skentzos October 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 05 ) 206 5.29 Angelina ( Jaime Ray Newman ) comes back to Portland with some bad news , she has been hired to kill Monroe . Angelina however does not want to kill him , but if she chooses to kill him she gets $25,000 . If she does not kill him the people who hired her will kill her and she will not get the money . Nick asks Hank for help for Monroe 's care . Meanwhile , Captain Renard gets an unexpected visitor ( Alice Evans ) . Rosalee asks Monroe to run the shop while she is gone helping her aunt , Monroe says yes . Opening quote : `` Whilst he thus gazed before him , he saw a snake creep out of a corner of the vault and approach the dead body . '' 29 7 `` The Bottle Imp '' Darnell Martin Alan DiFiore October 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) 207 5.01 Hank and Nick 's current investigation is on a seemingly - unstable man who is on the run with his daughter ; Monroe realizes that filling in for Rosalee at her shop will be harder than he thought . Meanwhile with a conversation between Captain Renard and Adalind , Adalind is wondering who killed her mother . Captain Renard asks where she was , she responds that it was some place he would not find her , and Renard suggests she should come back to Portland to discuss the issues that have been occurring . Opening quote : `` Let me out , let me out , ' the spirit cried . And the boy , thinking no evil , drew the cork out of the bottle . '' 30 8 `` The Other Side '' Eric Laneuville William Bigelow October 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) 208 5.03 Hank and Nick investigate a competition at a local high school that soon turns deadly after a murder of a boy . Meanwhile , Captain Renard faces a very unexpected and unwanted infatuation with Juliette ; he goes to Rosalee 's shop to try to find a cure so he will stop thinking about Juliette , and Monroe tells him ( since Rosalee is gone helping her aunt ) that his obsessive behavior will get worse as the days go on if he does not do something about it . Adalind Schade 's current location is revealed . Opening quote : `` I thought of making myself a beautiful wooden marionette . It must be wonderful , one that can dance , fence and turn somersaults . '' 31 9 `` La Llorona '' Holly Dale Akela Cooper October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 209 6.11 A series of horrifying child attack and abductions at Halloween pairs Nick and Hank with Valentina Espinosa , a mysterious detective , and Juliette , who joins as the Spanish translator . The more Nick digs into the case , the more he realizes the pattern of the kidnapping matches those in the famed Hispanic horror story `` La Llorona '' , a story Nick 's ancestors investigated to no avail . Meanwhile , Monroe celebrates the holiday in fine style as he teaches the neighborhood bullies a lesson . Opening quote : `` On many a dark night people would see her walking along the riverbank and crying for her children . '' 32 10 `` The Hour of Death '' Peter Werner Sean Calder November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) 210 5.64 When a brutal vigilante homicide is made public , it sends Portland 's Wesen community into a frenzy . As Nick investigates further , he discovers a pattern similar to that of a particularly brutal line of past Grimms . Is there another Grimm in town , or is Nick dealing with a sadistic copycat ? Meanwhile , Captain Renard takes it upon himself to offer Juliette comfort in handling her ongoing dilemma with Nick . Opening quote : `` And branded upon the beast , the mark of his kin . For none shall live whom they have seen . '' ( Source : The fictional in - universe work Albträume für Wesen Kinder , meaning Nightmares for Wesen Children in English . ) 33 11 `` To Protect and Serve Man '' Omar Madha Dan E. Fesman November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) 211 5.21 Hank starts reflecting on an arrest he made earlier in his career regarding a man who committed murder claiming `` self - defense against monsters '' . With the man 's death sentence rapidly approaching and the knowledge he 's recently gathered from Nick , Hank begins to wonder if there was more truth to the man 's seemingly absurd story then he once thought . Back at the spice shop , Monroe finds himself involved in a situation he never saw coming . Opening quote : `` The beast was simply the Call of the Wild personified ... which some natures hear to their own destruction . '' 34 12 `` Season of the Hexenbiest '' Karen Gaviola Story by : Jim Kouf Teleplay by : Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 212 5.03 Adalind returns to wreak havoc in everyone 's lives and avenge her mother 's brutal death . She has her eyes set on Nick and those closest to him -- especially Hank and Juliette . Elsewhere , Captain Renard 's obsession continues to escalate . Meanwhile , a surprise visit at the spice shop gives Monroe more than he ever bargained for . Opening quote : `` Oh ! There is a terrible witch in that house who spewed her poison over me and scratched me with her long fingernails . '' 35 13 `` Face Off '' Terrence O'Hara Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) 213 4.90 After Nick learns about Juliette and Captain Renard , he must deal with the consequences . Things get even more complicated when Nick is called to investigate his own crime . Meanwhile , the search for the key intensifies as Captain Renard tries to stop what 's going on with him and Juliette before it goes too far . Elsewhere , Wu responds to a bizarre shooting at Nick and Juliette 's house . Opening quote : `` The will to conquer is the first condition of victory . '' 36 14 `` Natural Born Wesen '' Michael Watkins Thomas Ian Griffith & Mary Page Keller March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) 214 4.91 The Wesen code of honor comes into question when Nick , Hank and Monroe discover a series of bank robberies with Wesen using true natures as their disguises . Meanwhile , Juliette finds herself tormented by faint , slowly returning memories that cause her to question her mental state . Opening quote : `` So the animals debated how they might drive the robbers out , and at last settled on an idea . '' 37 15 `` Mr. Sandman '' Norberto Barba Alan DiFiore March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 215 5.00 As Nick and Hank investigate a case of sudden blindness leading to a woman 's death , they come across a Wesen that feeds off its victim 's tears . Rosalee continues to work with Juliette in order to fix her memory . Opening quote : `` Now we 've got eyes -- eyes -- a beautiful pair of children 's eyes , '' he whispered . 38 16 `` Nameless '' Charles Haid Akela Cooper March 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) 216 4.86 After helping fix the code for a new video game to get it in for a deadline , a gamer and I.T. genius seeks revenge from those who refused to give him credit for the game . He kills the coders ' characters and then splits them in half . Meanwhile , Juliette asks Monroe and Rosalee to spend time with her so that she can tell them her visions when they come to her . Monroe accidentally reveals that one of the visions is of Nick in Aunt Marie 's trailer , and Juliette demands they take her there , as she believes it will recover her memory . Opening quote : `` Then he seized his left foot with both hands in such a fury that he split in two . '' 39 17 `` One Angry Fuchsbau '' Terrence O'Hara Richard Hatem April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) 217 5.13 During jury duty , Rosalee seeks Nick , Hank and Monroe 's help to stop a defense attorney with peculiar powers of persuasion on cases that should be quickly resolved . Meanwhile , Monroe , with Nick 's permission , takes Juliette to the trailer which causes a cavalcade of memories to rush back to her . Opening quote : `` He sang a sweet song in tones so full and soft that no human ear could resist them nor fathom their origin ... '' ( Source : The quotation is inspired by , but not actually from `` The Garden of Paradise '' . ) 40 18 `` Volcanalis '' David Grossman Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) 218 4.85 When a geologist on Mount Hood is killed , Nick , Monroe , and Renard must team up with a new ally to stop a living volcano from destroying Portland . Meanwhile , Juliette finally regains control over her memories . Opening quote : `` The demon came home , and he declared that the air was not clear . ' I smell the flesh of man . '' 41 19 `` Endangered '' David Straiton Spiro Skentzos April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 219 5.77 Mysterious cow mutilations and reports of glowing creatures put Nick on a case that forces him to question the existence of aliens within the Wesen world . He also meets a strange UFO expert who seems to know more than he 's letting on . Meanwhile , Nick digs further into the key , and Juliette 's romantic memories of Nick start coming back in a big way . Opening quote : `` They 'll kill you , and I 'll be here in the woods all alone and abandoned . '' 42 20 `` Kiss of the Muse '' Tawnia McKiernan Sean Calder May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 220 5.67 Nick discovers a muse - like Wesen with the ability to influence those she gets close to -- some with positive results , others with terrifying ones . Nick must find a way to get close without losing himself in the process . Juliette arranges a dinner date with Nick wanting to apologize to him for her bad behavior , but it goes awry as the case intensifies . Meanwhile , Rosalee takes her first visit to Aunt Marie 's trailer . Opening quote : `` Tell me O'Muse , from whatsoever source you may know them . '' 43 21 `` The Waking Dead '' Steven DePaul Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 221 5.36 Nick and Hank discover a new kind of strange when they investigate suspects being found dead -- for the second time . In Europe , Adalind finds herself in the middle of a feud between Frau Pech and Stefania while working over the details of her pending transaction . Meanwhile , determined to remember every last detail to get things started once more , Juliette insists Monroe share with her Nick 's darkest secret -- the world of Grimms and Wesen . Opening quote : `` Papa Ghede is a handsom fellow in his hat and coat of black . Papa Ghede is going to the palace ! He 'll eat and drink when he gets back ! '' 44 22 `` Goodnight , Sweet Grimm '' Norberto Barba Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 222 4.99 Nick investigates a series of rage - fueled assaults ; Nick learns Captain Sean Renard 's half brother named Eric Renard is in town . Stefania and Frau Pech battle each other using their alliances with Adalind . During a confrontation with the Baron , Nick falls into a trap resulting in his own zombie - like coma . Opening quote : `` And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest . ''	Bad Moon Rising	Grimm ( season 2 )	grimm ( season 2 )	The second season of the NBC American supernatural drama series Grimm premiered on August 13 , 2012 and consisted of 22 episodes . The series , created by David Greenwalt , Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter , follows a descendant of the Grimm line , Nick Burkhardt , as he deals with being a cop , and trying not to expose his secret as a Grimm .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Grimm characters Main cast ( edit ) David Giuntoli as Nick Burkhardt Russell Hornsby as Hank Griffin Bitsie Tulloch as Juliette Silverton Silas Weir Mitchell as Monroe Sasha Roiz as Captain Sean Renard Reggie Lee as Sergeant Drew Wu Bree Turner as Rosalee Calvert Claire Coffee as Adalind Schade Recurring cast ( edit ) Robert Blanche as Franco Christian Lagadec as Sebastien Danny Bruno as Bud Wurstner James Frain as Eric Renard Mary McDonald - Lewis as Frau Pech Sharon Sachs as Dr. Harper Shohreh Aghdashloo as Stefania Vaduva Popescu Michael Grant Terry as Ryan Smulson Bertila Damas as Pilar Reg E. Cathey as Baron Samedi Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Kelly Burkhardt Jessica Tuck as Catherine Schade Lisa Vidal as Lauren Castro Mike Dopud as Marnassier Jim Crino as Leroy Estes Robert Alan Barnett as Matthew Production ( edit ) On March 16 , 2012 , NBC announced that the series had been renewed for a second season with a 22 - episode order . Bree Turner , who plays Rosalee Calvert , joined the main cast from the beginning of season two . Production began on May 30 for an August 13 premiere . Claire Coffee , who plays Adalind Schade , was also upgraded to a series regular for season two , which began from episode 12 . The first four episodes debuted on Monday nights at 10 pm before moving back to Friday nights at 9 pm starting September 28 . The fall finale aired on November 16 . New episodes returned on March 8 , 2013 . The show was moved to Tuesday nights beginning with episode 19 . Russell Hornsby injured his Achilles tendon near the end of production of the second season . His character was written out as `` on vacation '' for two episodes ( Volcanalis and Endangered ) to give Hornsby time to undergo surgery . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Grimm episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Bad Teeth '' Norberto Barba Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 201 5.64 Nick learns that his mother has come back , to save him ; Juliette is still in her coma from the spell that Adalind put her under , while Monroe and Rosalee work against the clock to try to wake her up . Nick is on the case of a man found murdered in the harbor , and his mother believes that she can help . When the beast that killed that man attacks the FBI agents working the case , he lures Nick there so that he can kill him . When Nick arrives , the beast comes up behind him . Opening quote : `` The blood - dimmed tide is loosed , and everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned . '' 24 `` The Kiss '' Terrence O'Hara Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 202 4.90 Nick 's mother kills the beast and Nick goes to the hospital to give the potion that will stop Juliette 's memory loss . He then gets called to investigate the homicide he was just at and has to cover for his mother . Meanwhile , Catherine gets ingredients from Rosalee and makes a potion before calling Capt . Renard to come over . She gives him the potion and says that it will purify him , as only someone pure of heart can wake Juliette . After taking the potion , Capt . Renard kisses Juliette and wakes her up . Nick goes to the hospital to visit her , but the memory loss is already too advanced , and she does not recognize him . Opening quote : `` If a man of pure heart were to fall in love with her , that would bring her back to life . '' 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' David Solomon Richard Hatem August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 203 4.67 An old friend of Hank 's asks for help when his daughter turns up missing . The friend 's in - laws have kidnapped the daughter for a mating ceremony . Juliette 's memory loss seems only to affect solely her memories of Nick . Hank learns the truth of his best friend , and Nick 's secret as a Grimm when cornered in a barn , but is alright in accepting this reality . Juliette is released from the hospital , but Nick remains saddened that she has no feelings for him and no memory of their relationship . Opening quote : `` Then she began to weep bitterly , and said , ' What can a poor girl like me do now ? '' 26 `` Quill '' David Straiton David Simkins September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 204 4.62 During the middle of an investigation of an accident site , Nick discovers a Wesen disease that is quickly spreading . After killing a Reinigen , Nick suspects there is something else going on because of the looks of the creature . After doing some research in the books in his trailer , Nick finds out the disease is the `` yellow plague '' , it only effects Wesen and not regular humans . Monroe and Rosalee go on a date and comes to a turn when they come across an infected creature . Meanwhile , Captain Renard gets a tip about a dangerous fugitive that has arrived to Portland -- he is looking for Nick . Opening quote : `` Death stood behind him , and said : ' Follow me , the hour of your departure from this world has come . ' '' 27 5 `` The Good Shepherd '' Steven DePaul Dan E. Fesman September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) 205 5.32 When a Wesen church gets money stolen from an online bank account , Nick and Monroe investigate the members of the church for suspicious and unusual activity . Later , once again , another dangerous opponent targets Nick in search for the key . Opening quote : `` Dressed in the skin , the wolf strolled into the pasture with the Sheep . Soon a little Lamb was following him about and was quickly led away to slaughter . '' 28 6 `` Over My Dead Body '' Rob Bailey Spiro Skentzos October 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 05 ) 206 5.29 Angelina ( Jaime Ray Newman ) comes back to Portland with some bad news , she has been hired to kill Monroe . Angelina however does not want to kill him , but if she chooses to kill him she gets $25,000 . If she does not kill him the people who hired her will kill her and she will not get the money . Nick asks Hank for help for Monroe 's care . Meanwhile , Captain Renard gets an unexpected visitor ( Alice Evans ) . Rosalee asks Monroe to run the shop while she is gone helping her aunt , Monroe says yes . Opening quote : `` Whilst he thus gazed before him , he saw a snake creep out of a corner of the vault and approach the dead body . '' 29 7 `` The Bottle Imp '' Darnell Martin Alan DiFiore October 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) 207 5.01 Hank and Nick 's current investigation is on a seemingly - unstable man who is on the run with his daughter ; Monroe realizes that filling in for Rosalee at her shop will be harder than he thought . Meanwhile with a conversation between Captain Renard and Adalind , Adalind is wondering who killed her mother . Captain Renard asks where she was , she responds that it was some place he would not find her , and Renard suggests she should come back to Portland to discuss the issues that have been occurring . Opening quote : `` Let me out , let me out , ' the spirit cried . And the boy , thinking no evil , drew the cork out of the bottle . '' 30 8 `` The Other Side '' Eric Laneuville William Bigelow October 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) 208 5.03 Hank and Nick investigate a competition at a local high school that soon turns deadly after a murder of a boy . Meanwhile , Captain Renard faces a very unexpected and unwanted infatuation with Juliette ; he goes to Rosalee 's shop to try to find a cure so he will stop thinking about Juliette , and Monroe tells him ( since Rosalee is gone helping her aunt ) that his obsessive behavior will get worse as the days go on if he does not do something about it . Adalind Schade 's current location is revealed . Opening quote : `` I thought of making myself a beautiful wooden marionette . It must be wonderful , one that can dance , fence and turn somersaults . '' 31 9 `` La Llorona '' Holly Dale Akela Cooper October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 209 6.11 A series of horrifying child attack and abductions at Halloween pairs Nick and Hank with Valentina Espinosa , a mysterious detective , and Juliette , who joins as the Spanish translator . The more Nick digs into the case , the more he realizes the pattern of the kidnapping matches those in the famed Hispanic horror story `` La Llorona '' , a story Nick 's ancestors investigated to no avail . Meanwhile , Monroe celebrates the holiday in fine style as he teaches the neighborhood bullies a lesson . Opening quote : `` On many a dark night people would see her walking along the riverbank and crying for her children . '' 32 10 `` The Hour of Death '' Peter Werner Sean Calder November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) 210 5.64 When a brutal vigilante homicide is made public , it sends Portland 's Wesen community into a frenzy . As Nick investigates further , he discovers a pattern similar to that of a particularly brutal line of past Grimms . Is there another Grimm in town , or is Nick dealing with a sadistic copycat ? Meanwhile , Captain Renard takes it upon himself to offer Juliette comfort in handling her ongoing dilemma with Nick . Opening quote : `` And branded upon the beast , the mark of his kin . For none shall live whom they have seen . '' ( Source : The fictional in - universe work Albträume für Wesen Kinder , meaning Nightmares for Wesen Children in English . ) 33 11 `` To Protect and Serve Man '' Omar Madha Dan E. Fesman November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) 211 5.21 Hank starts reflecting on an arrest he made earlier in his career regarding a man who committed murder claiming `` self - defense against monsters '' . With the man 's death sentence rapidly approaching and the knowledge he 's recently gathered from Nick , Hank begins to wonder if there was more truth to the man 's seemingly absurd story then he once thought . Back at the spice shop , Monroe finds himself involved in a situation he never saw coming . Opening quote : `` The beast was simply the Call of the Wild personified ... which some natures hear to their own destruction . '' 34 12 `` Season of the Hexenbiest '' Karen Gaviola Story by : Jim Kouf Teleplay by : Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 212 5.03 Adalind returns to wreak havoc in everyone 's lives and avenge her mother 's brutal death . She has her eyes set on Nick and those closest to him -- especially Hank and Juliette . Elsewhere , Captain Renard 's obsession continues to escalate . Meanwhile , a surprise visit at the spice shop gives Monroe more than he ever bargained for . Opening quote : `` Oh ! There is a terrible witch in that house who spewed her poison over me and scratched me with her long fingernails . '' 35 13 `` Face Off '' Terrence O'Hara Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) 213 4.90 After Nick learns about Juliette and Captain Renard , he must deal with the consequences . Things get even more complicated when Nick is called to investigate his own crime . Meanwhile , the search for the key intensifies as Captain Renard tries to stop what 's going on with him and Juliette before it goes too far . Elsewhere , Wu responds to a bizarre shooting at Nick and Juliette 's house . Opening quote : `` The will to conquer is the first condition of victory . '' 36 14 `` Natural Born Wesen '' Michael Watkins Thomas Ian Griffith & Mary Page Keller March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) 214 4.91 The Wesen code of honor comes into question when Nick , Hank and Monroe discover a series of bank robberies with Wesen using true natures as their disguises . Meanwhile , Juliette finds herself tormented by faint , slowly returning memories that cause her to question her mental state . Opening quote : `` So the animals debated how they might drive the robbers out , and at last settled on an idea . '' 37 15 `` Mr. Sandman '' Norberto Barba Alan DiFiore March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 215 5.00 As Nick and Hank investigate a case of sudden blindness leading to a woman 's death , they come across a Wesen that feeds off its victim 's tears . Rosalee continues to work with Juliette in order to fix her memory . Opening quote : `` Now we 've got eyes -- eyes -- a beautiful pair of children 's eyes , '' he whispered . 38 16 `` Nameless '' Charles Haid Akela Cooper March 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) 216 4.86 After helping fix the code for a new video game to get it in for a deadline , a gamer and I.T. genius seeks revenge from those who refused to give him credit for the game . He kills the coders ' characters and then splits them in half . Meanwhile , Juliette asks Monroe and Rosalee to spend time with her so that she can tell them her visions when they come to her . Monroe accidentally reveals that one of the visions is of Nick in Aunt Marie 's trailer , and Juliette demands they take her there , as she believes it will recover her memory . Opening quote : `` Then he seized his left foot with both hands in such a fury that he split in two . '' 39 17 `` One Angry Fuchsbau '' Terrence O'Hara Richard Hatem April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) 217 5.13 During jury duty , Rosalee seeks Nick , Hank and Monroe 's help to stop a defense attorney with peculiar powers of persuasion on cases that should be quickly resolved . Meanwhile , Monroe , with Nick 's permission , takes Juliette to the trailer which causes a cavalcade of memories to rush back to her . Opening quote : `` He sang a sweet song in tones so full and soft that no human ear could resist them nor fathom their origin ... '' ( Source : The quotation is inspired by , but not actually from `` The Garden of Paradise '' . ) 40 18 `` Volcanalis '' David Grossman Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) 218 4.85 When a geologist on Mount Hood is killed , Nick , Monroe , and Renard must team up with a new ally to stop a living volcano from destroying Portland . Meanwhile , Juliette finally regains control over her memories . Opening quote : `` The demon came home , and he declared that the air was not clear . ' I smell the flesh of man . '' 41 19 `` Endangered '' David Straiton Spiro Skentzos April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 219 5.77 Mysterious cow mutilations and reports of glowing creatures put Nick on a case that forces him to question the existence of aliens within the Wesen world . He also meets a strange UFO expert who seems to know more than he 's letting on . Meanwhile , Nick digs further into the key , and Juliette 's romantic memories of Nick start coming back in a big way . Opening quote : `` They 'll kill you , and I 'll be here in the woods all alone and abandoned . '' 42 20 `` Kiss of the Muse '' Tawnia McKiernan Sean Calder May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 220 5.67 Nick discovers a muse - like Wesen with the ability to influence those she gets close to -- some with positive results , others with terrifying ones . Nick must find a way to get close without losing himself in the process . Juliette arranges a dinner date with Nick wanting to apologize to him for her bad behavior , but it goes awry as the case intensifies . Meanwhile , Rosalee takes her first visit to Aunt Marie 's trailer . Opening quote : `` Tell me O'Muse , from whatsoever source you may know them . '' 43 21 `` The Waking Dead '' Steven DePaul Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 221 5.36 Nick and Hank discover a new kind of strange when they investigate suspects being found dead -- for the second time . In Europe , Adalind finds herself in the middle of a feud between Frau Pech and Stefania while working over the details of her pending transaction . Meanwhile , determined to remember every last detail to get things started once more , Juliette insists Monroe share with her Nick 's darkest secret -- the world of Grimms and Wesen . Opening quote : `` Papa Ghede is a handsom fellow in his hat and coat of black . Papa Ghede is going to the palace ! He 'll eat and drink when he gets back ! '' 44 22 `` Goodnight , Sweet Grimm '' Norberto Barba Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 222 4.99 Nick investigates a series of rage - fueled assaults ; Nick learns Captain Sean Renard 's half brother named Eric Renard is in town . Stefania and Frau Pech battle each other using their alliances with Adalind . During a confrontation with the Baron , Nick falls into a trap resulting in his own zombie - like coma . Opening quote : `` And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Air Date Timeslot ( ET ) Rating / Share 18 -- 49 Viewers ( million ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total Viewers ( millions ) 23 Bad Teeth August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) Monday 10 : 00 P.M. 2.0 / 5 5.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 24 The Kiss August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 1.7 / 5 4.90 N / A N / A N / A N / A 25 Bad Moon Rising August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 1.6 / 4 4.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 26 Quill September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 1.5 / 4 4.62 N / A N / A N / A N / A 27 5 The Good Shepherd September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) Friday 9 : 00 P.M. 1.6 / 4 5.32 1.3 2.92 2.9 8.24 28 6 Over My Dead Body October 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 05 ) 1.6 / 5 5.29 1.2 2.55 2.8 7.84 29 7 The Bottle Imp October 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) 1.6 / 5 5.01 1.2 2.67 2.8 7.69 30 8 The Other Side October 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) 1.5 / 5 5.03 1.3 2.75 2.8 7.79 31 9 La Llorona October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 2.0 / 6 6.11 1.2 2.84 3.2 8.93 32 10 The Hour of Death November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 5 5.64 1.1 2.48 2.9 8.17 33 11 To Protect and Serve Man November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) 1.7 / 5 5.21 1.2 2.87 2.9 8.08 34 12 Season of the Hexenbiest November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 1.6 / 5 5.03 1.2 2.97 2.8 8.00 35 13 Face Off March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 / 5 4.90 1.2 2.80 2.7 7.71 36 14 Natural Born Wesen March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) 1.4 / 5 4.91 1.1 2.53 2.5 7.44 37 15 Mr. Sandman March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 / 4 5.00 1.0 2.39 2.4 7.39 38 16 Nameless March 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 / 4 4.86 1.1 2.71 2.5 7.53 39 17 One Angry Fuchsbau April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) 1.5 / 5 5.13 1.2 2.78 2.7 7.91 40 18 Volcanalis April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 / 4 4.85 0.9 2.15 6.98 41 19 Endangered April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 P.M. 1.9 / 5 5.77 1.2 2.90 3.1 8.67 42 20 Kiss of the Muse May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 1.8 / 5 5.68 1.1 2.74 2.9 8.42 43 21 The Waking Dead May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 1.7 / 5 5.36 1.3 3.11 3.0 8.47 44 22 Goodnight , Sweet Grimm May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 1.7 / 5 4.99 1.0 2.79 2.7 7.79 DVD release ( edit ) Grimm -- The Complete Second Season Set Details Special Features 22 Episodes 5 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Grimm : Myths , Monsters & Legends -- Learn about the ever - expanding mythology of Grimm as producers and cast discuss the richness of the show 's storylines , covering this season 's terrifying Wesen , the Seven Royal Families , and the mysteries of Aunt Marie 's trailer Grimm : Creatures and Chaos -- Watch as the creatures of Grimm morph and wreak havoc on anyone -- or anything -- in their path `` Bad Hair Day '' Webisodes : A fellow Wesen visits Rosalee 's spice shop looking for a hair - loss cure in this 4 - part series Monroe 's Best Moments : Revisit the quips and quibbles that makes Monroe our favorite Wesen ( Blu - ray Only ) Grimm Guide : An interactive book that provides insight into the various creatures featured in the show ( Blu - ray Only ) Extended Episode -- Featuring never - before - seen footage of the episode `` Over My Dead Body '' Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 September 17 , 2013 October 28 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : NBC Renews Grimm For Season 2 '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` NBC 's ' Grimm ' Renewed For Second Season '' . deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly . `` Grimm Promotes Bree Turner to Series Regular -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Production For Season Two of ' Grimm ' Commences on May 30 '' . NBC Universal Media Village . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grimm Scoop : Claire Coffee Promoted to Regular Jump up ^ The Woman in Black ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Clarification on When NBC Will Air Grimm Episode 2.18 -- Ring of Fire '' . dreadcentral.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristi Turnquist ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` David Giuntoli on ' Grimm ' Season 2 : One of the cast ' may not live through the finale ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GRIMM 's David Giuntoli Answers Questions from SciFi Mafia and Twitter Plus Clips and More '' . SciFiMafia.com . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Hotel Hell ' , ' Bachelor Pad ' or ' Grimm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' , ' Stars Earn Stripes ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bachelor Pad ' , ' The Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hotel Hell ' & ' Stars Earn Stripes ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' Grimm ' , ' Fringe ' or ' Made in Jersey ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Grimm ' & ' Primetime : What Would You Do ? ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Grimm ' & Baseball Adjusted Up ; ' Primetime : What Would You Do ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for Nikita '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Grimm , ' CSI : NY ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up , ' Dateline ' & ' All Access Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Undercover Boss ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Undercover Boss ' & ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Special Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Kitchen Nightmares ' & ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nikita ' , ' Cult ' , ' Fashion Star ' , ' Blue Bloods ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Grimm ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cult ' & ' Fashion Star ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Angry Fuchsbau '' . NBC . 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . This was actually a made - up quote by the writer Richard Hatem , although he did draw a little from a piece of elegant personification within the Hans Christian Andersen tale ' The Garden of Paradise . ' ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Undercover Boss ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' , ' Nikita ' or ' Vegas ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Happy Endings ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' Undercover Boss ' Adjusted Up ; ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Revolution ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Gains in Premiere Week ( Week 1 ) Archived October 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Revolution ' Again Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Gains in Week 2 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Grimm ' , ' Private Practice ' , ' Gossip Girl ' & ' 90210 ' Tie For Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 3 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Grimm ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 4 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Nikita ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 5 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' 666 Park Ave ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 6 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings , ' Revolution ' Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Gossip Girl ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 7 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Private Practice ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 8 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 24 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Following ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Castle ' Wins Total Viewership Gains & ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 26 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains , ' Cult ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 27 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 28 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 31 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 32 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 33 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34 Jump up ^ Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 35 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Grimm -- Date , ( Correct ) Cost , Extras , Packaging for ' Season 2 ' on DVD , Blu '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grimm -- Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ( hide ) Grimm Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Bears Will Be Bears '' `` Beeware '' `` Lonelyhearts '' `` Danse Macabre '' `` The Three Bad Wolves '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Game Ogre '' `` Of Mouse and Man '' `` Organ Grinder '' `` Tarantella '' `` Last Grimm Standing '' `` Three Coins in a Fuchsbau '' `` Plumed Serpent '' `` Island of Dreams '' `` The Thing with Feathers '' `` Love Sick '' `` Cat and Mouse '' `` Leave It to Beavers '' `` Happily Ever Aftermath '' `` Big Feet '' `` Woman in Black '' Season 2 `` Bad Teeth '' `` The Kiss '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Quill '' `` The Good Shepherd '' `` Over My Dead Body '' `` The Bottle Imp '' `` The Other Side '' `` La Llorona '' `` The Hour of Death '' `` To Protect and Serve Man '' `` Season of the Hexenbiest '' `` Face Off '' `` Natural Born Wesen '' `` Mr. Sandman '' `` Nameless '' `` One Angry Fuchsbau '' `` Volcanalis '' `` Endangered '' `` Kiss of the Muse '' `` The Waking Dead '' `` Goodnight , Sweet Grimm '' Season 3 `` The Ungrateful Dead '' `` PTZD '' `` A Dish Best Served Cold '' `` One Night Stand '' `` El Cucuy '' `` Stories We Tell Our Young '' `` Cold Blooded '' `` Twelve Days of Krampus '' `` Red Menace '' `` Eyes of the Beholder '' `` The Good Soldier '' `` The Wild Hunt '' `` Revelation '' `` Mommy Dearest '' `` Once We Were Gods '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Synchronicity '' `` The Law of Sacrifice '' `` Nobody Knows the Trubel I 've Seen '' `` My Fair Wesen '' `` The Inheritance '' `` Blond Ambition '' Season 4 `` Thanks for the Memories '' `` Octopus Head '' `` The Last Fight '' `` Dyin ' on a Prayer '' `` Cry Luison '' `` Highway of Tears '' `` The Grimm Who Stole Christmas '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Wesenrein '' `` Tribunal '' `` Death Do Us Part '' `` Maréchaussée '' `` Trial by Fire '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Double Date '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Hibernaculum '' `` Mishipeshu '' `` Iron Hans '' `` You Do n't Know Jack '' `` Headache '' `` Cry Havoc '' Season 5 `` The Grimm Identity '' `` Clear and Wesen Danger '' `` Lost Boys '' `` Maiden Quest '' `` The Rat King '' `` Wesen Nacht '' `` Eve of Destruction '' `` A Reptile Dysfunction '' `` Star - Crossed '' `` Map of the Seven Knights '' `` Key Move '' `` Into the Schwarzwald '' `` Silence of the Slams '' `` Lycanthropia '' `` The Beginning of the End '' Season 6 `` Fugitive '' `` Trust Me Knot '' `` Oh Captain , My Captain '' `` El Cuegle '' `` The Seven Year Itch '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Blind Love '' `` The Son Also Rises '' `` Tree People '' `` Blood Magic '' `` Where the Wild Things Were '' `` Zerstörer Shrugged '' `` The End '' Related Characters Brothers Grimm Grimms ' Fairy Tales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimm_(season_2)&oldid=798182247 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Grimm ( TV series ) Grimm ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano ქართული Português Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%20%28season%202%29	2,578
who sings the female part in a little piece of heaven	She sang the female sections in Avenged Sevenfold 's song `` A Little Piece of Heaven '' of their 2007 self - titled album . She has also sung on Taylor Hawkins 's ( of the Foo Fighters ) side project Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders album , releases by Puscifer , as well as on many Ry Cooder records including : Mambo Sinuendo , Chavez Ravine , I , Flathead , My Name Is Buddy , and Ibrahim Ferrer 's Buenos Hermanos . Along with her husband Joachim Cooder she produced Carly Ritter 's self - titled debut album on Vanguard Records in 2013 .		Juliette Commagere	juliette commagere	Juliette Commagere is a Los Angeles - based singer - songwriter who was formerly the lead singer and keytar player of the band Hello Stranger . In 2008 she began a solo career with the release of Queens Die Proudly .	Commagere has also performed with Maynard James Keenan of Tool 's project Puscifer , The Bird and the Bee , Nick Lowe , Ry Cooder , Linda Perry and Liz Phair . She has opened for Air , Foo Fighters , The Bird and the Bee , Pete Yorn , Ry Cooder and Nick Lowe , and played the Latitude Festival with Bat for Lashes as well as co-headlined the 2nd annual Manimal Festival in Joshua Tree , CA with Warpaint , Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros and Hecuba . Her solo work has been featured in numerous television shows and films including Private Practice , Emily Owens , M.D. , Drop Dead Diva , Femme Fatales , The Power of Two , Good Dick and All the Boys Love Mandy Lane . In 2014 she did a cover of Night Ranger 's power ballad `` Sister Christian '' , which appeared in Grey 's Anatomy . She sang the female sections in Avenged Sevenfold 's song `` A Little Piece of Heaven '' of their 2007 self - titled album . She has also sung on Taylor Hawkins 's ( of the Foo Fighters ) side project Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders album , releases by Puscifer , as well as on many Ry Cooder records including : Mambo Sinuendo , Chavez Ravine , I , Flathead , My Name Is Buddy , and Ibrahim Ferrer 's Buenos Hermanos . Along with her husband Joachim Cooder she produced Carly Ritter 's self - titled debut album on Vanguard Records in 2013 . Juliette 's younger brother is singer / songwriter Robert Francis . Her debut album , Queens Die Proudly , was released in October 2008 on the Aeronaut Records imprint . In early 2010 , Juliette signed with Manimal Vinyl to release her second album titled The Procession . Her third album , Human , was released on September 17 , 2013 , on Aeronaut Records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discography 2 Singles 3 Collaborations 4 External links Discography ( edit ) Hello Stranger ( Aeronaut Records , July 25 , 2006 ) Queens Die Proudly ( Aeronaut Records , October 28 , 2008 ) The Procession ( Manimal Vinyl , September 24 , 2010 ) Human ( Aeronaut Records , September 17 , 2013 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Eats from the Inside '' ( The Procession ; June 14 , 2010 ) `` Impact '' ( The Procession ; December 2 , 2010 ) `` Vampire ( Puscifer Remix ) '' ( Single only ; January 14 , 2014 ) `` Collide '' ( Human ; March 11 , 2014 ) `` Sister Christian '' ( Single only ; April 8 , 2014 ) Collaborations ( edit ) `` Cold Moonlight '' by Totally Radd ( The Treble Alliance , November 14 , 2006 ) `` A Little Piece of Heaven '' by Avenged Sevenfold ( Warner Bros. Records ( U.S. ) / WEA International ( Worldwide ) , October 26 , 2007 ) `` Fly and Fly '' by The Sweet Hurt ( The Sweet Hurt , June 13 , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Official Facebook Official Myspace New York Times article Wikinews has related news : Bat for Lashes plays the Bowery Ballroom : an Interview with Natasha Khan Manimal Vinyl Official Site Manimal Vinyl at MySpace Bat for Lashes at Discogs Sarcastic Laist interview with an intern posing as Paul Beahan Reviews of Manimal Festival 2008 Pitchforkmedia Review of Madonna Tribute Pitchfork News Article on Upcoming tribute to The Cure Spin Magazine Review of Madonna Tribute Record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliette_Commagere&oldid=809241349 '' Categories : American singer - songwriters Living people American musicians of Mexican descent Musicians from Los Angeles Women in electronic music Singers from California Songwriters from California Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette%20Commagere	2,579
who wrote the secret history of the mongols			The Secret History of the Mongols	the secret history of the mongols	The Secret History of the Mongols ( Traditional Mongolian : Mongγol - un niγuča tobčiyan , Khalkha Mongolian : Монголын нууц товчоо , Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo ) is the oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language . It was written for the Mongol royal family some time after Genghis Khan 's death , in 1227 , by an anonymous author and probably originally in the Mongolian script , but the surviving texts all derive from transcriptions or translations into Chinese characters that date from the end of the 14th century and were compiled by the Ming dynasty under the title The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty ( Chinese : 元朝秘史 ; pinyin : Yuáncháo mìshǐ ) . Also known as Tobchiyan ( Chinese : 脫必赤顏 or 脫卜赤顏 ; pinyin : Tūobìchìyán , Tūobochìyán ) in the History of Yuan .	The Secret History is regarded as the single most significant native Mongolian account of Genghis Khan . Linguistically , it provides the richest source of pre-classical Mongolian and Middle Mongolian . The Secret History is regarded as a piece of classic literature in both Mongolia and the rest of the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Rediscovery and translations 3 See also 4 Bibliography 5 References 5.1 Notations 5.2 Footnotes 6 External links Content ( edit ) The work begins with a semi-mythical genealogy of Temüjin 's family . The description of Temüjin 's life begins with the kidnapping of his mother , Hoelun , by his father Yesügei . It then covers Temüjin 's early life ; the difficult times after the murder of his father ; and the many conflicts against him , wars , and plots before he gains the title of Genghis Khan ( Universal Ruler ) in 1206 . The latter parts of the work deal with the campaigns of conquest of Genghis and his third son Ögedei throughout Eurasia ; the text ends with Ögedei 's reflections on what he did well and what he did wrong . It relates how the Mongol Empire was created . It contains 12 chapters : Temüjin 's origin and childhood . Temüjin 's teenage years . Temujin destroys the Merkit and takes the title Genghis Khan . Genghis Khan struggles against Jamukha and Tayichiud . Genghis Khan destroys the Tatars and tangles with Ong Khan Destruction of the Khereid The fate of Ong Khan Escape of Kuchlug and defeat of Jamukha . Establishment of the empire and imperial guard . Conquest of the Uyghur and forest peoples . Conquest of China , the Tanghut , the Sartuul , Baghdad and Russia Temüjin 's death and Ögedei 's reign . Several passages of the Secret History appear in slightly different versions in the 17th century Mongolian chronicle Altan Tobchi ( `` Golden Summary '' ) . Rediscovery and translations ( edit ) B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` The Dictionary of the Mongolian Secret History : Mongolian - Chinese , Chinese - Mongolian dictionary , '' A - B `` , 290 p. , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 99962 - 842 - 1 - 2 The Secret History of the Mongols in the Government building , Prof. B. Sumiyabaatar The only surviving copies of the work are transcriptions of the original Mongolian text with Chinese characters , accompanied by a ( somewhat shorter ) in - line glossary and a translation of each section into Chinese . In China , the work had been well known as a text for teaching Chinese to read and write Mongolian during the Ming dynasty and the Chinese translation was used in several historical works , but by the 1800s , copies had become very rare . Baavuday Tsend Gun ( 1875 -- 1932 ) was the first Mongolian scholar to transcribe The Secret History of the Mongols into modern Mongolian , in 1915 -- 17 . The first to discover the Secret History for the west and offer a translation from the Chinese glossary was the Russian sinologist Palladiy Kafarov . The first translations from the reconstructed Mongolian text were done by the German sinologist Erich Haenisch ( edition of the reconstructed original text : 1937 ; of the translation : 1941 , second edition 1948 ) and Paul Pelliot ( ed. 1949 ) . Tsendiin Damdinsüren translated the chronicle into Khalkha Mongolian in 1947 . B.I. Pankratov published a translation into Russian in 1962 . Arthur Waley published a partial translation of the Secret History , but the first full translation into English was by Francis Woodman Cleaves , The Secret History of the Mongols : For the First Time Done into English out of the Original Tongue and Provided with an Exegetical Commentary . The archaic language adopted by Cleaves was not satisfying to all and , between 1972 and 1985 , Igor de Rachewiltz published a fresh translation in eleven volumes of the series Papers on Far Eastern History accompanied by extensive footnotes commenting not only on the translation but also various aspects of Mongolian culture . ( Brill Publishers released de Rachewiltz ' edition as a two - volume set in 2003 . ) In 2015 , de Rachewiltz published an open access version of his previous translation , The Secret History of the Mongols : A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century , that is a full translation but omits the extensive footnotes of his previous translations . The Secret History of the Mongols has been published in translation in over 30 languages by researchers . In 2004 the Government of Mongolia decreed that the copy of The Secret History of the Mongols covered with golden plates was to be located to the rear part of the Government building . See also ( edit ) The Secret History of the Mongol Queens : How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire , a 2010 book by Jack Weatherford Bibliography ( edit ) B. Sumiyabaatar , `` Монголын Нууц Товчооны хэлбэрсудлал '' , `` The Morphology of the Mongolian Secret History `` , 3.144 pp. , 1997 B. Sumiyabaatar , `` The Mongolian Secret History . Morphology I '' , 499 p. , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 99962 - 842 - 6 - 7 B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` Монголын Нууц Товчоо . Үсгийн галиг '' , `` The Transliteration of the Mongolian Secret History '' ( MSH = SHM ) , 965 pp. , 1990 B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` Монголын Нууц Товчооны хэлбэрсудлал '' , `` The Morphology of the Mongolian Secret History `` , 3144 pp. , 1997 B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` Чингисийн алтан ургийн Угийн бичиг ба Гэрийн уеийн бичмэл '' , `` The Genealogy of the Genghis 's Mongols '' , 720 pp. , 2002 , ISBN 99929 - 5 - 552 - X B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , Choi Gi Ho , `` Монголын Нууц Товчоон . Монгол үсгийн анхны галиг '' , `` The first Mongolian transliteration of the Mongolian Secret History '' , 382 pp. , 2005 , ISBN 89 - 5726 - 275 - X B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` А . Позднеев . Транскрипция палеографического текста `` Юань - чао - ми - ши '' `` , '' A. Posdneew . Transkription of the paleografical text `` Yuan - chao - mi - shi '' , 17 - 112 pp. , 2005 . B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` Монголын Нууц Товчооны толь : Монгол Нангиад , Нангиад Монгол толь . Үсэг : А , Б '' , `` The Dictionary of the Mongolian Secret History : Mongolian - Chinese , Chinese - Mongolian dictionary , '' A - B `` , 290 p. , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 99962 - 842 - 1 - 2 B. Sumiyabaatar ( mong . ) , `` Монголын Нууц Товчоон , Хэлбэрсудлал I '' , `` The Mongolian Secret History . Morphology I '' , 499 p. , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 99962 - 842 - 6 - 7 References ( edit ) Notations ( edit ) unknown ; translated by Urgunge Onon ; revised by Sue Bradbury ( 1993 ) ( 1228 ) . Chinggis Khan : The Golden History of the Mongols ( hardback ) . London : The Folio Society . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Igor de Rachewiltz ( 18 July 2013 ) . The Secret History of the Mongols , VOLUME 3 ( Supplement ) : A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 25858 - 7 . Paul Kahn ; Francis Woodman Cleaves ( 1998 ) . The Secret History of the Mongols : The Origin of Chinghis Khan ( expanded Edition ) : an Adaptation of the Yüan Chʼao Pi Shih , Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves . Cheng & Tsui . pp. 191 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88727 - 299 - 8 . Igor de Rachewiltz ( 11 December 2015 ) . The Secret History of the Mongols : A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ re-transcribed from Chinese : 忙豁侖紐察脫 ( 卜 ) 察安 ; pinyin : mánghuōlúnniǔchá tuō ( bo ) chá'ān . The 卜 is not included in the Chinese - transcribed titles of the copies known today , but that may be the result of a corruption . William Hung , ' The Transmission of the Book Known as `` The Secret History of the Mongols '' ' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , Vol. 14 , No. 3 / 4 ( Dec 1951 ) , p. 440 Jump up ^ Igor de Rachewiltz , The Secret History of the Mongols : A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century ( Brill : Leiden , The Netherlands ) at xxvi . Jump up ^ `` IOM RAS : Sinologica -- Sinology at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences '' . Sinologica.orientalstudies.ru. 2009 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Harvard - Yenching Institute , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ de Rachewiltz , Igor ( 2015 ) . The Secret History of the Mongols : A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century . http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/ . Jump up ^ `` '' Монголын нууц товчоо `` - г мөнхөд эрхэмлэн дээдлэх тухай Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж '' . President.mn. 2004 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) The Secret History of the Mongols : full text , history , translations into Russian , English , French , Bulgarian , Spanish and Czech , original transliteration ( Mirror ) transcription with flexional morpheme boundaries and other additional annotation by John Street The Secret History of the Mongols : partial text Timothy May : Extensive review of the publication of Rachewiltz 's translation and notes September 2004 Lingua Mongolia : first 21 paragraphs of the Secret History in Chinese transcription , Pinyin , and Traditional Mongolian script Modern Mongolian Version ( and audio files ) - ELibrary.MN The Secret History of the Mongols , a comic strip by Otgonbayar Ershuu . Text to historical sources . Translation from Mongolian to German : Renate Bauwe Mongolian comic book , Mongolian painting , miniature `` BBC Genghis Khan '' . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols&oldid=817124281 '' Categories : 13th - century books 13th - century history books History books about Mongolia Mongolian literature Biographies ( books ) Epics Works of unknown authorship History of Mongolia Genghis Khan Hidden categories : Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Pages using template Zh with sup tags Articles containing Mongolian script text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 08 : 40 . 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who captured hanuman when he was destroying ashokavan			Ashok Vatika	ashok vatika	Ashok Vatika was a garden in Lanka , that was located in the Kingdom of the Asura king , Ravana , as mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and Hindu epic , Ramayana of Valmiki , and all subsequent versions , including the Ramacharitamanas written by Tulsidas , where it finds mention in the Sundar Kand . The Vatika has garden houses around it , built by Vishwakarma himself	It was the location , where Sita , the wife of Rama was held captive by Ravana , after her abduction , also because she refused to stay in Ravana 's palace , and preferred to stay under the Ashoka tree , hence the name . It was here that Ravana 's wife Mandodari came to meet her and also where Hanuman met her for the first time , and identified himself with the finger ring of Rama . Ashoka tree ( Saraca asoca ) often known as Sita - Ashok owing to its connection with the Ramayana Sita stayed at Ashokat Vatika , till the end of the epic battle between Rama and Ravana , which resulted in the destruction of Ravana himself and most of this clan . Much of the Ashoka Vatika was destroyed by Hanuman , when he first visited Lanka , searching for Sita . Also destroyed was the Pramda Van at the centre of the Ashok Vatika . Present location ( edit ) Hindu Temple called `` Seetha Kovil '' ( Hanuman Kovil ) at Seeta Eliya village , close to Hakgala Botanical Garden Its present location is believed to be the Hakgala Botanical Garden , the area is known as Seetha Eliya , close to the resort city of Nuwara Eliya . The Garden is situated at the base of the Hakgala Rock forms , has Sita Pokuna , a barren area atop the Hakgala Rock Jungle , where Sita was supposedly held captive , the Sita Amman Temple is located here . Other connected site is a spot where Sita bathed in a stream at Sita Eliya , called Sita Jharna . The site has attracted media interest owing to its connection with Hindu theology , in the recent years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sundar Kand - Arrival of Ravana at Ashoka Vatika ( English Translation ) Archived October 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Historic Rama of Valmiki : Shastragrahi Rama , by Visvanath Limaye . Published by Gyan Ganga Prakashan , 1985 . Page 142 , 189 . Jump up ^ Ashok Vatika Sri Ram Charit Manas , Published by Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd ... ISBN 8171820719 . Page 66 , Page 86 . Jump up ^ Ramayana sites in Sri Lanka tourslanka.com . Jump up ^ Tracing evidence of Lord Ram and his times Archived 2009 - 03 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Zee News . Jump up ^ Sita 's Ashok Van awaits restoration in Lanka Sify.com . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ramacharitamana Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha ( genealogy ) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Tara Rumā Angada Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Maricha Mayasura Narantaka - Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Surpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters and concepts Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Maya Sita Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Seven Books ( Kandas ) Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara Versions , adaptations & inspired works Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayan Phra Lak Phra Ram Darangen Ramlila Ramayan ( TV series ) Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramcharitmanas Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Vatika&oldid=806355654 '' Categories : Places in the Ramayana Nuwara Eliya Locations in Hindu mythology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 13 : 45 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok%20Vatika	2,581
the chemicals produced in plants which stimulate growth are called	Plant hormones ( also known as phytohormones ) are chemicals that regulate plant growth . In the United Kingdom , these are termed ' plant growth substances ' .	Plant hormones	Plant hormone	plant hormone	Plant hormones ( also known as phytohormones ) are chemicals that regulate plant growth . In the United Kingdom , these are termed ' plant growth substances ' .	Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant , and occur in extremely low concentrations . Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally and , moved to other locations , in other functional parts of the plant . Hormones also determine the formation of flowers , stems , leaves , the shedding of leaves , and the development and ripening of fruit . Plants , unlike animals , lack glands that produce and secrete hormones . Instead , each cell is capable of producing hormones . Plant hormones shape the plant , affecting seed growth , time of flowering , the sex of flowers , senescence of leaves , and fruits . They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward , leaf formation and stem growth , fruit development and ripening , plant longevity , and even plant death . Hormones are vital to plant growth , and , lacking them , plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells . So they are also known as growth factors or growth hormones . The term ' Phytohormone ' was coined by Thimann in 1948 . Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants but in algae , showing similar functions , and in microorganisms , such as unicellular fungi and bacteria , but in these cases they play no hormonal or other immediate physiological role in the producing organism and can , thus , be regarded as secondary metabolites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Classes 2.1 Abscisic acid 2.2 Auxins 2.3 Cytokinins 2.4 Ethylene 2.5 Gibberellins 2.6 Other known hormones 3 Potential medical applications 4 Hormones and plant propagation 4.1 Seed dormancy 5 References 6 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Phyllody on a purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea ) , a plant development abnormality where leaf - like structures replace flower organs . It can be caused by hormonal imbalance , among other reasons . The word hormone is derived from Greek , meaning set in motion . Plant hormones affect gene expression and transcription levels , cellular division , and growth . They are naturally produced within plants , though very similar chemicals are produced by fungi and bacteria that can also affect plant growth . A large number of related chemical compounds are synthesized by humans . They are used to regulate the growth of cultivated plants , weeds , and in vitro - grown plants and plant cells ; these manmade compounds are called plant growth regulators or PGRs for short . Early in the study of plant hormones , `` phytohormone '' was the commonly used term , but its use is less widely applied now . Plant hormones are not nutrients , but chemicals that in small amounts promote and influence the growth , development , and differentiation of cells and tissues . The biosynthesis of plant hormones within plant tissues is often diffuse and not always localized . Plants lack glands to produce and store hormones , because , unlike animals -- which have two circulatory systems ( lymphatic and cardiovascular ) powered by a heart that moves fluids around the body -- plants use more passive means to move chemicals around their bodies . Plants utilize simple chemicals as hormones , which move more easily through their tissues . They are often produced and used on a local basis within the plant body . Plant cells produce hormones that affect even different regions of the cell producing the hormone . Hormones are transported within the plant by utilizing four types of movements . For localized movement , cytoplasmic streaming within cells and slow diffusion of ions and molecules between cells are utilized . Vascular tissues are used to move hormones from one part of the plant to another ; these include sieve tubes or phloem that move sugars from the leaves to the roots and flowers , and xylem that moves water and mineral solutes from the roots to the foliage . Not all plant cells respond to hormones , but those cells that do are programmed to respond at specific points in their growth cycle . The greatest effects occur at specific stages during the cell 's life , with diminished effects occurring before or after this period . Plants need hormones at very specific times during plant growth and at specific locations . They also need to disengage the effects that hormones have when they are no longer needed . The production of hormones occurs very often at sites of active growth within the meristems , before cells have fully differentiated . After production , they are sometimes moved to other parts of the plant , where they cause an immediate effect ; or they can be stored in cells to be released later . Plants use different pathways to regulate internal hormone quantities and moderate their effects ; they can regulate the amount of chemicals used to biosynthesize hormones . They can store them in cells , inactivate them , or cannibalise already - formed hormones by conjugating them with carbohydrates , amino acids , or peptides . Plants can also break down hormones chemically , effectively destroying them . Plant hormones frequently regulate the concentrations of other plant hormones . Plants also move hormones around the plant diluting their concentrations . The concentration of hormones required for plant responses are very low ( 10 to 10 mol / L ) . Because of these low concentrations , it has been very difficult to study plant hormones , and only since the late 1970s have scientists been able to start piecing together their effects and relationships to plant physiology . Much of the early work on plant hormones involved studying plants that were genetically deficient in one or involved the use of tissue - cultured plants grown in vitro that were subjected to differing ratios of hormones , and the resultant growth compared . The earliest scientific observation and study dates to the 1880s ; the determination and observation of plant hormones and their identification was spread - out over the next 70 years . Classes ( edit ) In general , it is accepted that there are five major classes of plant hormones , some of which are made up of many different chemicals that can vary in structure from one plant to the next . The chemicals are each grouped together into one of these classes based on their structural similarities and on their effects on plant physiology . Other plant hormones and growth regulators are not easily grouped into these classes ; they exist naturally or are synthesized by humans or other organisms , including chemicals that inhibit plant growth or interrupt the physiological processes within plants . Each class has positive as well as inhibitory functions , and most often work in tandem with each other , with varying ratios of one or more interplaying to affect growth regulation . The five major classes are : Abscisic acid ( edit ) Abscisic acid ( also called ABA ) is one of the most important plant growth regulators . It was discovered and researched under two different names before its chemical properties were fully known , it was called dormin and abscicin II . Once it was determined that the two compounds are the same , it was named abscisic acid . The name `` abscisic acid '' was given because it was found in high concentrations in newly abscissed or freshly fallen leaves . This class of PGR is composed of one chemical compound normally produced in the leaves of plants , originating from chloroplasts , especially when plants are under stress . In general , it acts as an inhibitory chemical compound that affects bud growth , and seed and bud dormancy . It mediates changes within the apical meristem , causing bud dormancy and the alteration of the last set of leaves into protective bud covers . Since it was found in freshly abscissed leaves , it was thought to play a role in the processes of natural leaf drop , but further research has disproven this . In plant species from temperate parts of the world , it plays a role in leaf and seed dormancy by inhibiting growth , but , as it is dissipated from seeds or buds , growth begins . In other plants , as ABA levels decrease , growth then commences as gibberellin levels increase . Without ABA , buds and seeds would start to grow during warm periods in winter and be killed when it froze again . Since ABA dissipates slowly from the tissues and its effects take time to be offset by other plant hormones , there is a delay in physiological pathways that provide some protection from premature growth . It accumulates within seeds during fruit maturation , preventing seed germination within the fruit , or seed germination before winter . Abscisic acid 's effects are degraded within plant tissues during cold temperatures or by its removal by water washing in out of the tissues , releasing the seeds and buds from dormancy . In plants under water stress , ABA plays a role in closing the stomata . Soon after plants are water - stressed and the roots are deficient in water , a signal moves up to the leaves , causing the formation of ABA precursors there , which then move to the roots . The roots then release ABA , which is translocated to the foliage through the vascular system and modulates the potassium and sodium uptake within the guard cells , which then lose turgidity , closing the stomata . ABA exists in all parts of the plant and its concentration within any tissue seems to mediate its effects and function as a hormone ; its degradation , or more properly catabolism , within the plant affects metabolic reactions and cellular growth and production of other hormones . Plants start life as a seed with high ABA levels . Just before the seed germinates , ABA levels decrease ; during germination and early growth of the seedling , ABA levels decrease even more . As plants begin to produce shoots with fully functional leaves , ABA levels begin to increase , slowing down cellular growth in more `` mature '' areas of the plant . Stress from water or predation affects ABA production and catabolism rates , mediating another cascade of effects that trigger specific responses from targeted cells . Scientists are still piecing together the complex interactions and effects of this and other phytohormones . Auxins ( edit ) Main article : Auxin The auxin indole - 3 - acetic acid Auxins are compounds that positively influence cell enlargement , bud formation and root initiation . They also promote the production of other hormones and in conjunction with cytokinins , they control the growth of stems , roots , and fruits , and convert stems into flowers . Auxins were the first class of growth regulators discovered . They affect cell elongation by altering cell wall plasticity . They stimulate cambium , a subtype of meristem cells , to divide and in stems cause secondary xylem to differentiate . Auxins act to inhibit the growth of buds lower down the stems ( apical dominance ) , and also to promote lateral and adventitious root development and growth . Leaf abscission is initiated by the growing point of a plant ceasing to produce auxins . Auxins in seeds regulate specific protein synthesis , as they develop within the flower after pollination , causing the flower to develop a fruit to contain the developing seeds . Auxins are toxic to plants in large concentrations ; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to monocots . Because of this property , synthetic auxin herbicides including 2 , 4 - D ( 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic ) and 2 , 4 , 5 - T have been developed and used for weed control . Auxins , especially 1 - Naphthaleneacetic acid ( NAA ) and Indole - 3 - butyric acid ( IBA ) , are also commonly applied to stimulate root growth when taking cuttings of plants . The most common auxin found in plants is indole - 3 - acetic acid or IAA . The correlation of auxins and cytokinins in the plants is a constant ( A / C = const . ) . Cytokinins ( edit ) The cytokinin zeatin , the name is derived from Zea maize , in which it was first discovered in immature kernels . Cytokinins or CKs are a group of chemicals that influence cell division and shoot formation . They were called kinins in the past when the first cytokinins were isolated from yeast cells . They also help delay senescence of tissues , are responsible for mediating auxin transport throughout the plant , and affect internodal length and leaf growth . Cytokinins and auxins often work together , and the ratios of these two groups of plant hormones affect most major growth periods during a plant 's lifetime . Cytokinins counter the apical dominance induced by auxins ; they in conjunction with ethylene promote abscission of leaves , flower parts , and fruits . The correlation of auxins and cytokinins in the plants is a constant ( A / C = const . ) . Ethylene ( edit ) Ethylene Ethylene is a gas that forms through the breakdown of methionine , which is in all cells . Ethylene has very limited solubility in water and does not accumulate within the cell but diffuses out of the cell and escapes out of the plant . Its effectiveness as a plant hormone is dependent on its rate of production versus its rate of escaping into the atmosphere . Ethylene is produced at a faster rate in rapidly growing and dividing cells , especially in darkness . New growth and newly germinated seedlings produce more ethylene than can escape the plant , which leads to elevated amounts of ethylene , inhibiting leaf expansion ( see Hyponastic response ) . As the new shoot is exposed to light , reactions by phytochrome in the plant 's cells produce a signal for ethylene production to decrease , allowing leaf expansion . Ethylene affects cell growth and cell shape ; when a growing shoot hits an obstacle while underground , ethylene production greatly increases , preventing cell elongation and causing the stem to swell . The resulting thicker stem can exert more pressure against the object impeding its path to the surface . If the shoot does not reach the surface and the ethylene stimulus becomes prolonged , it affects the stem 's natural geotropic response , which is to grow upright , allowing it to grow around an object . Studies seem to indicate that ethylene affects stem diameter and height : When stems of trees are subjected to wind , causing lateral stress , greater ethylene production occurs , resulting in thicker , more sturdy tree trunks and branches . Ethylene affects fruit - ripening : Normally , when the seeds are mature , ethylene production increases and builds - up within the fruit , resulting in a climacteric event just before seed dispersal . The nuclear protein Ethylene Insensitive2 ( EIN2 ) is regulated by ethylene production , and , in turn , regulates other hormones including ABA and stress hormones . Gibberellins ( edit ) Main article : Gibberellins Gibberellin A1 Main function : initiate mobilization of storage materials in seeds during germination , cause elongation of stems , stimulate bolting in biennials , stimulate pollen tube growth . Gibberellins , or GAs , include a large range of chemicals that are produced naturally within plants and by fungi . They were first discovered when Japanese researchers , including Eiichi Kurosawa , noticed a chemical produced by a fungus called Gibberella fujikuroi that produced abnormal growth in rice plants . Gibberellins are important in seed germination , affecting enzyme production that mobilizes food production used for growth of new cells . This is done by modulating chromosomal transcription . In grain ( rice , wheat , corn , etc . ) seeds , a layer of cells called the aleurone layer wraps around the endosperm tissue . Absorption of water by the seed causes production of GA . The GA is transported to the aleurone layer , which responds by producing enzymes that break down stored food reserves within the endosperm , which are utilized by the growing seedling . GAs produce bolting of rosette - forming plants , increasing internodal length . They promote flowering , cellular division , and in seeds growth after germination . Gibberellins also reverse the inhibition of shoot growth and dormancy induced by ABA . Other known hormones ( edit ) Other identified plant growth regulators include : Brassinosteroids -- are a class of polyhydroxysteroids , a group of plant growth regulators . Brassinosteroids have been recognized as a sixth class of plant hormones , which stimulate cell elongation and division , gravitropism , resistance to stress , and xylem differentiation . They inhibit root growth and leaf abscission . Brassinolide was the first identified brassinosteroid and was isolated from extracts of rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) pollen in 1979 . Salicylic acid -- activates genes in some plants that produce chemicals that aid in the defense against pathogenic invaders . Jasmonates -- are produced from fatty acids and seem to promote the production of defense proteins that are used to fend off invading organisms . They are believed to also have a role in seed germination , and affect the storage of protein in seeds , and seem to affect root growth . Plant peptide hormones -- encompasses all small secreted peptides that are involved in cell - to - cell signaling . These small peptide hormones play crucial roles in plant growth and development , including defense mechanisms , the control of cell division and expansion , and pollen self - incompatibility . Polyamines -- are strongly basic molecules with low molecular weight that have been found in all organisms studied thus far . They are essential for plant growth and development and affect the process of mitosis and meiosis . Nitric oxide ( NO ) -- serves as signal in hormonal and defense responses ( e.g. stomatal closure , root development , germination , nitrogen fixation , cell death , stress response ) . NO can be produced by a yet undefined NO synthase , a special type of nitrite reductase , nitrate reductase , mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase or non enzymatic processes and regulate plant cell organelle functions ( e.g. ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria ) . Strigolactones -- implicated in the inhibition of shoot branching . Karrikins -- not plant hormones because they are not made by plants , but are a group of plant growth regulators found in the smoke of burning plant material that have the ability to stimulate the germination of seeds Triacontanol -- a fatty alcohol that acts as a growth stimulant , especially initiating new basal breaks in the rose family . It is found in alfalfa ( lucerne ) , bee 's wax , and some waxy leaf cuticles . Potential medical applications ( edit ) Plant stress hormones activate cellular responses , including cell death , to diverse stress situations in plants . Researchers have found that some plant stress hormones share the ability to adversely affect human cancer cells . For example , sodium salicylate has been found to suppress proliferation of lymphoblastic leukemia , prostate , breast , and melanoma human cancer cells . Jasmonic acid , a plant stress hormone that belongs to the jasmonate family , induced death in lymphoblastic leukemia cells . Methyl jasmonate has been found to induce cell death in a number of cancer cell lines . Hormones and plant propagation ( edit ) Synthetic plant hormones or PGRs are commonly used in a number of different techniques involving plant propagation from cuttings , grafting , micropropagation , and tissue culture . The propagation of plants by cuttings of fully developed leaves , stems , or roots is performed by gardeners utilizing auxin as a rooting compound applied to the cut surface ; the auxins are taken into the plant and promote root initiation . In grafting , auxin promotes callus tissue formation , which joins the surfaces of the graft together . In micropropagation , different PGRs are used to promote multiplication and then rooting of new plantlets . In the tissue - culturing of plant cells , PGRs are used to produce callus growth , multiplication , and rooting . Seed dormancy ( edit ) Main article : Seed dormancy Plant hormones affect seed germination and dormancy by acting on different parts of the seed . Embryo dormancy is characterized by a high ABA : GA ratio , whereas the seed has a high ABA sensitivity and low GA sensitivity . In order to release the seed from this type of dormancy and initiate seed germination , an alteration in hormone biosynthesis and degradation toward a low ABA / GA ratio , along with a decrease in ABA sensitivity and an increase in GA sensitivity , must occur . ABA controls embryo dormancy , and GA embryo germination . Seed coat dormancy involves the mechanical restriction of the seed coat . This , along with a low embryo growth potential , effectively produces seed dormancy . GA releases this dormancy by increasing the embryo growth potential , and / or weakening the seed coat so the radical of the seedling can break through the seed coat . Different types of seed coats can be made up of living or dead cells , and both types can be influenced by hormones ; those composed of living cells are acted upon after seed formation , whereas the seed coats composed of dead cells can be influenced by hormones during the formation of the seed coat . ABA affects testa or seed coat growth characteristics , including thickness , and effects the GA - mediated embryo growth potential . These conditions and effects occur during the formation of the seed , often in response to environmental conditions . Hormones also mediate endosperm dormancy : Endosperm in most seeds is composed of living tissue that can actively respond to hormones generated by the embryo . The endosperm often acts as a barrier to seed germination , playing a part in seed coat dormancy or in the germination process . Living cells respond to and also affect the ABA : GA ratio , and mediate cellular sensitivity ; GA thus increases the embryo growth potential and can promote endosperm weakening . GA also affects both ABA - independent and ABA - inhibiting processes within the endosperm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tarakhovskaya , E.R. ; Maslov , Yu ; Shishova , M.F. ( 2007 ) . `` Phytohormones in algae '' . Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.1134 / s1021443707020021 . Jump up ^ `` Gibberellin formation in microorganisms '' . Plant Growth Regulation. 15 : 303 -- 314 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00029903 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , L.M. ( 2002 ) . Plant growth and development : hormones and environment . Academic Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 660570 - X . Jump up ^ Öpik , Helgi ; Rolfe , Stephen A. ; Willis , Arthur John ; Street , Herbert Edward ( 2005 ) . The physiology of flowering plants ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66251 - 2 . Jump up ^ Swarup R , Perry P , Hagenbeek D , et al. ( July 2007 ) . `` Ethylene upregulates auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings to enhance inhibition of root cell elongation '' . Plant Cell. 19 ( 7 ) : 2186 -- 96 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 107.052100 . PMC 1955695 . PMID 17630275 . Jump up ^ Srivastava 2002 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Weier , Thomas Elliot ; Rost , Thomas L. ; Weier , T. Elliot ( 1979 ) . Botany : a brief introduction to plant biology . New York : Wiley . pp. 155 -- 170 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02114 - 8 . Jump up ^ Feurtado JA , Ambrose SJ , Cutler AJ , Ross AR , Abrams SR , Kermode AR ( February 2004 ) . `` Dormancy termination of western white pine ( Pinus monticola Dougl . Ex D. Don ) seeds is associated with changes in abscisic acid metabolism '' . Planta. 218 ( 4 ) : 630 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s00425 - 003 - 1139 - 8 . PMID 14663585 . Jump up ^ Ren H , Gao Z , Chen L , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Dynamic analysis of ABA accumulation in relation to the rate of ABA catabolism in maize tissues under water deficit '' . J. Exp . Bot. 58 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erl117 . PMID 16982652 . Jump up ^ Else M.A. ; Coupland D. ; Dutton L. ; Jackson M.B. ( January 2001 ) . `` Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential , initiates stomatal closure , and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil ( Ricinus communis ) despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap '' . Physiologia Plantarum. 111 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 54 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1399 - 3054.2001. 1110107. x . Jump up ^ Yan J , Tsuichihara N , Etoh T , Iwai S ( October 2007 ) . `` Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are involved in ABA inhibition of stomatal opening '' . Plant Cell Environ. 30 ( 10 ) : 1320 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3040.2007. 01711. x . PMID 17727421 . Jump up ^ Kermode AR ( December 2005 ) . `` Role of Abscisic Acid in Seed Dormancy '' . J Plant Growth Regul. 24 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 344 . doi : 10.1007 / s00344 - 005 - 0110 - 2 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Daphné J. ; McManus , Michael T. ( 2005 ) . Hormones , signals and target cells in plant development . Cambridge University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 33076 - 3 . Jump up ^ Classification of auxin related compounds based on similarity of their interaction fields : Extension to a new set of compounds Tomic , S. 1 , 2 , Gabdoulline , R.R. 1 , Kojic - Prodic , B. 2 and Wade , R.C. 11 European Molecular Biology Laboratory , 69012 Heidelberg , Germany 2Institute Rudjer Boskovic , HR - 10000 Zagreb , Croatia Jump up ^ Walz A , Park S , Slovin JP , Ludwig - Müller J , Momonoki YS , Cohen JD ( February 2002 ) . `` A gene encoding a protein modified by the phytohormone indoleacetic acid '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 3 ) : 1718 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 99.1718 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032450399 . PMC 122257 . PMID 11830675 . Jump up ^ Sipes DL , Einset JW ( August 1983 ) . `` Cytokinin stimulation of abscission in lemon pistil explants '' . J Plant Growth Regul. 2 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02042235 . Jump up ^ Wang Y , Liu C , Li K , et al. ( August 2007 ) . `` Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway '' . Plant Mol. Biol. 64 ( 6 ) : 633 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / s11103 - 007 - 9182 - 7 . PMID 17533512 . Jump up ^ Grennan , Aleel K ( 2006 ) . `` Gibberellin Metabolism Enzymes in Rice '' . Plant Physiology. 141 ( 2 ) : 524 -- 6 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 104.900192 . PMC 1475483 . PMID 16760495 . Jump up ^ Tsai F-Y. ; Lin C.C. ; Kao C.H. ( January 1997 ) . `` A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on seedling growth of rice '' . Plant Growth Regulation. 21 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 42 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005761804191 . Jump up ^ Grove , M.D. ; Spencer , G.F. ; Rohwedder , W.K. ; Mandava , N. ; Worley , J.F. ; Warthen , J.D. ; Steffens , G.L. ; Flippen - Anderson , J.L. ; Cook , J.C. ( 1979 ) . `` Brassinolide , a plant growth - promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen '' . Nature . 281 ( 5728 ) : 216 -- 217 . Bibcode : 1979Natur. 281 ... 216G . doi : 10.1038 / 281216a0 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Keith ; Casson , Stuart ; Chilley , Paul . ( 2002 ) . `` Peptides : new signalling molecules in plants '' . Trends in Plant Science . 7 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 01 ) 00435 - 3 . PMID 11832279 . Jump up ^ Shapiro AD ( 2005 ) Nitric oxide signaling in plants . Vitam Horm. 2005 ; 72 : 339 - 98 . Jump up ^ Roszer T ( 2012 ) Nitric Oxide Synthesis in the Chloroplast. in : Roszer T . The Biology of Subcellular Nitric Oxide . Springer New York , London , Heidelberg . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 2818 - 9 Jump up ^ Gomez - Roldan V , Fermas S , Brewer PB , et al. ( September 2008 ) . `` Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching '' . Nature . 455 ( 7210 ) : 189 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 455 ... 189G . doi : 10.1038 / nature07271 . PMID 18690209 . Jump up ^ Chiwocha , Sheila D.S. ; Dixon , Kingsley W. ; Flematti , Gavin R. ; Ghisalberti , Emilio L. ; Merritt , David J. ; Nelson , David C. ; Riseborough , Julie - Anne M. ; Smith , Steven M. ; Stevens , Jason C. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Karrikins : A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke '' . Plant Science . 177 ( 4 ) : 252 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2009.06. 007 . Jump up ^ Fingrut O , Flescher E ( April 2002 ) . `` Plant stress hormones suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells '' . Leukemia. 16 ( 4 ) : 608 -- 16 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. leu. 2402419 . PMID 11960340 . Jump up ^ The Seed Biology Place -- Seed Dormancy External links ( edit ) Simple plant hormone table with location of synthesis and effects of application -- this is the format used in the descriptions at the ends of the Wikipedia articles on individual plant hormones . Hormonal Regulation of Gene Expression and Development -- Detailed intro including genetic information . Plant hormones Abscisic acid Auxins Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Brassinosteroids Florigen Jasmonates Karrikins Plant peptide hormones Polyamine Salicylic acid Strigolactones Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject NDL : 00572143 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_hormone&oldid=825515412 '' Categories : Plant hormones Biologically - based therapies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 21 : 06 . 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what is the total amount of student loan debt	There are two types of loans student borrow in the US : Federal loans or Private loans . Federal loans have a fixed interest rate , usually lower than private loans ' interest , set annually by the congress . The direct subsidized loan with the maximum amount of $5,500 has an interest rate of 4.45 % , while the direct plus loan with the maximum amount of $20,500 has an interest rate of 7 % . As for private loans , there are more options like fixed interest rate , variable interest rate , and income based monthly plans whose interest rates vary depending on the lender , credit history and cosigners . The average interest rate for a private loan in 2017 was 9.66 % . The Economist reported in June 2014 that U.S. student loan debt exceeded $1.2 trillion with over 7 million debtors in default . In 2014 , there was approximately $1.3 trillion of outstanding student loan debt in the U.S. that affected 44 million borrowers who had an average outstanding loan balance of $37,172 .		Student debt	student debt	Student debt is a form of debt that is owed by an attending , withdrawn , or graduated student to a lending institution . The lending is often of a student loan , but debts may be owed to the school if the student has dropped classes and withdrawn from the school . Withdrawing from a school , especially if a low - or no - income student has withdrawn with a failing grade , could deprive the student of the ability of further attendance by disqualifying the student of necessary financial aid . Student loans also differ in many countries in the strict laws regulating renegotiating and bankruptcy . Due payments may be a retroactive penalty for services rendered by the school to the individual , including room and board .	As with most other types of debt , student debt may be considered defaulted after a given period of non-response to requests by the school or the lender for information , payment or negotiation . At that point , the debt is turned over to a Student Loan Guarantor or a collection agency . In the United States of America , the `` Congress created a rule called the ' Cohort Default rate ' . Annually the Department of Education evaluates the proportions of students who have received student loans and have withdrawn from a college , and have a defaulted on their federal government backed loans . '' If that nonpayment ( default ) rate is too high , the college will be refused the privilege of having government financial aid available to their students . According to Adam Looney , and Constantine Yannelis with the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , in 2011 , `` borrowers at for - profit and 2 - year institutions represented almost half of student - loan borrowers leaving school and starting to repay loans , and accounted for 70 percent of student loan defaults . '' This rule was an instantaneous achievement , ' there were more than fifteen hundred for profit colleges were pushed out of the system ' . Colleges have to change their funding habits to get in line with the government guidelines . Many colleges are continuously forced to lower their nonpayment rates , down . '' The number of defaulters has not changed , it is just the way the government tracks them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 United States 2.2 Canada 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 Germany 2.5 France 2.6 Pakistan 3 Social and political reactions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Many factors are accountable for student debt . The growing problem of student debt has become more prominent in the future decade , inspiring numerous documentaries that examine the causes and effects . One huge factor is amount of interest on the loans . Another factor is due to the new guidelines developed by the federal government . There are now new rules deciding who can borrow , as well as how much debt they can take on . Colleges and universities have been increasing the costs for students to attend their schools subsequently increasing the amount of debt these students take on as student loans . Reports have shown that borrowers who finished college in the early 1990s were able to maintain managing their student loans without an enormous burden . The average debt has increased 58 % since over the past seven years . The debt for students in the United States has risen from $17,233 in 2005 to $27,253 in 2012 . Some blame the economy for the debt increases , but in the same 7 - year period credit card debt and auto debt have decreased . According to the Student Debt Crisis , within the past three decades the cost of attaining a college degree has drastically increased by more than 1,000 percent . If student debt had stayed constant with inflation since 1992 , graduates would not be facing such burdens by student loans . Statistics ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Student loan debt rose from $480.1 billion ( 3.5 % GDP ) in aQ1 2006 to $1,397.3 billion ( 7.5 % GDP ) in Q3 2016 . Distribution of student loan debt in the U.S. See also : Student loans in the United States There are two types of loans student borrow in the US : Federal loans or Private loans . Federal loans have a fixed interest rate , usually lower than private loans ' interest , set annually by the congress . The direct subsidized loan with the maximum amount of $5,500 has an interest rate of 4.45 % , while the direct plus loan with the maximum amount of $20,500 has an interest rate of 7 % . As for private loans , there are more options like fixed interest rate , variable interest rate , and income based monthly plans whose interest rates vary depending on the lender , credit history and cosigners . The average interest rate for a private loan in 2017 was 9.66 % . The Economist reported in June 2014 that U.S. student loan debt exceeded $1.2 trillion with over 7 million debtors in default . In 2014 , there was approximately $1.3 trillion of outstanding student loan debt in the U.S. that affected 44 million borrowers who had an average outstanding loan balance of $37,172 . The interest rates are a major factor in the alarming debt numbers , however , the booming of prices of college is another major factor for US tremendous student debt . The Public universities increased their fees by a total of 27 % over the five years ending in 2012 , or 20 % adjusted for inflation . Public university students paid an average of almost $8,400 annually for in - state tuition , with out - of - state students paying more than $19,000 . For two decades ending in 2012 , college costs rose 1.6 % more than inflation each year . Government funding per student fell 27 % between 2007 and 2012 . Student enrollments rose from 15.2 million in 1999 to 20.4 million in 2011 , but fell 2 % in 2012 . Bloomberg reported in July 2014 that : `` The biggest growth in the program came in the past decade , as student debt rose an average of 14 percent a year , to $966 billion in 2012 from $364 billion in 2004 , according to New York Fed data . '' There were around 37 million student loan borrowers with outstanding student loans in 2013 . According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , outstanding student loan debt in the United States lies between $902 Billion and $1 Trillion with around $864 Billion in Federal student loan debt . As of Quarter 1 in 2012 , the average student loan balance for all age groups is $24,301 . About one - quarter of borrowers owe more than $28,000 ; 10 % of borrowers owe more than $54,000 ; 3 % owe more than $100,000 ; and less than 1 % , or 167,000 people , owe more than $200,000 . Of the 37 million borrowers who have outstanding student loan balances , 14 % , or about 5.4 million borrowers , have at least one past due student loan account . For every student loan borrower who defaults , at least two more borrowers become delinquent without default . In 2010 for the first time ever , student loan debt exceeded credit card debt and in 2011 student debt surpassed auto loans ( both of which were decreasing ) . According to Mark Kantrowitz , publisher of FinAid.org , student loan debt is growing by $3,000 per second . According to a report by The Institute for College Access and Success the average debt from those who graduated in 2013 topped $30,000 in six states and was only below $20,000 in one state . Data released by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York showed that in the fourth quarter of 2014 delinquency rates for students dipped to the point where approximately one in nine student loans is past due . As of 2015 over half of outstanding student loans are in deferral , delinquency or default . Rising student loan debt is exacerbating wealth inequality . Student loan borrowers that attended a for profit , and two year community colleges , in comparison , earn low annual salaries ; an average of $22,000 for people withdrawing from schools as of 2010 . This means that these people have troubles paying back their loans . The new evidence is reliable with the previous data . For example , the statistics presenting that default rates are essentially lower within the demographic of borrowers with large loans than within borrowers with small loans . However , the new evidence which goes back twenty years , shows how much the scenery of borrowing has changed . Currently , most borrowers are older and attended a for profit or two year community college . About ten years ago , the standard borrower was an established student at a four - year university . In recent years , tuition has been rising due to the cuts of government funding in education . As an example , more specifically , the University of Pittsburgh has had an increase in tuition of 3.9 percent for the academic school year of 2014 - 15 . In recent weeks , the U.S. Department of Education ranked Pitt as the most expensive public university for tuition and fees , just ahead of Penn State University , which this past year totaled $16,240 in the arts and science school . In 2005 , the difference in median annual income between those with a bachelor 's degree vs. those with a high school diploma was $16,638 , though this varies considerably by field of study . Canada ( edit ) Canada ranks second in the world behind Korea for the percentage of people in the age group of 25 - 34 with a bachelor 's degree . But Canadians are not prone to the rapid accumulation of student loans . As of September 2012 , the average debt for a Canadian leaving University was 28,000 Canadian dollars , and that accumulated debt takes an average of 14 years to fully repay based on an average starting salary of $39,523 . To temporarily help their low income struggling citizens with student debt , Canada has a program called interest relief . It grants 6 months free of mandatory payments , for a maximum of 30 months . The Canadian government pays for the interest on those loans during the grace period , so the loan amount is the same at the end of the grace period . Also , students are relieved of their debt after 15 years . As a nation , Canadians have accumulated more than $15 billion of student loan debt as they continue to fight tuition rates from further skyrocketing . United Kingdom ( edit ) There is concern about the level of student debt in the United Kingdom . There is also concern about possible changes in government policy forcing graduates to pay back more . Andrew Adonis claims most student loans will never be repaid , Adonis also maintains university leaders have failed to improve teaching standards but rewarded themselves handsomely with high salaries . The Institute for Fiscal Studies maintains three quarters of graduates will never repay all their debts . Andrew McGettigan , loans system expert said , `` Until the government removes their right to retrospectively change terms , then you as a borrower appear to be on the hook to future policy changes . Sebastian Burnside NatWest economist , said student debt was rising faster than all other types of debt , he said , `` These latest figures show student debt is becoming of greater priority with every passing year . Student debt is the fastest growing type of borrowing and is rapidly becoming economically significant . '' Germany ( edit ) With student debt being one of the most prominent issues in the world , it seems Germany has found a solution to avoid tremendous student debt that many first world countries face . Germany has both private and public universities with the majority being public universities . For undergraduate studies , public universities are free but have an enrollment fee of no more than € 250 per year which is roughly 305 USD . Their private universities cost an average of € 10,000 a semester which is about 12,000 USD . Private universities account for 7.1 % enrollment with the rest attending the public universities . The private universities have a smaller teacher to student ratio and tend to offer more specialized programs which is why Germany is experiencing a boom in private universities enrollment in recent years for majors like law and medicine . However , most students still prefer public universities due to the drastic difference in tuition cost . The only expense students take out loans for in public universities is the living cost which ranges from € 3600 to € 8,200 a year depending on the university location . However , the repayment of this loan is interest free and no borrower pays more than € 10,000 regardless of the borrowed amount . The average debt at graduation is € 5,600 which is 6,680 USD . The chance to gain a bachelor 's through well respected universities at a reasonable price without interest packed loans attracts many foreign students as seen through increased enrollment of students from all around the world . France ( edit ) France is another country known for its reasonable price for college . The average tuition for a bachelor 's degree is around 190 euros a year , around 620 euros a year for engineering degrees , around 260 euros a year for a master 's degree and around 400 euros a year for a PhD . These prices are similar to its neighboring country , Germany . And , the only expense that 's difficult to pay for is the cost of living which is an average of 500 to 1250 euros a month depending on the city . Students can borrow money to pay for these expenses . Only less than 2 % students take out loans as there is financial assistance to pay for the full tuition or half of the tuition for low income families depending on their needs . Pakistan ( edit ) Student loans are an unknown concept in Pakistan , like most third world countries . Students attend college through the help of their parents who spend majority of their income on their children 's education and some students work to help out with the tuition . The top universities in Pakistan are mostly located in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab . There are 177 universities in the country . To better understand this number , let 's consider the US which is twelve times the size of Pakistan and has 5900 colleges . That means the US has about 477 universities in an area as big as Pakistan . Pakistan has universities ranking in the top 250 and top 700 in the world . The average tuition cost for these universities is around 402,000 Pakistani Rupees ( $3500 ) . But this is not the only expense citizens have to pay for ; most people pay for books , food , bus or van to get to their university and a tuition center for help with the tough curriculum which adds up to about 130,000 Rupees ( $1147 ) . Even though this seems like a small total to someone from the first world , this is very expensive for Pakistanis as the average salary is about $7,800 a year . The majority of parents can not afford college education for their children which is why only 12 % of all 18 - 24 years olds are attending college . Even though students in Pakistan do not carry the burden of student loans , Pakistan has their own problem of making college education more accessible and affordable for their citizens . Social and political reactions ( edit ) The growing problem of student debt has caused many reactions from young people throughout the United States . As a result , the Occupy Colleges and Occupy Student Debt movements merged in 2012 in an effort to gain support from students around the country . There have been significant efforts made via social media for the Occupy Student Debt campaign . In particular , students all over the United States have posted their personal student debt testimonies . While some success stories of students eliminating debt have been reported on , they are met with heavy skepticism . Since last October , Occupy Student Debt has provided a platform for over 800 students to share their horror stories . Because of this , other organizations such as , Rebuild the Dream , Education Trust , and the Young Invincibles , have joined in the effort and started similar platforms . The Occupy College movement itself has staged over 10 direct actions . They have also gathered over 31,000 signatures on the White House 's petition site , `` We the People '' . As a result , President Obama announced the Pay as you Earn initiative . Another petition , titled ' Support the Student Loan Forgiveness Act of 2012 ' on MoveOn.org , which seeks similar relief for student borrowers , has gotten over one million signatures . HR 4170 : `` The Student Loan Forgiveness Act of 2012 '' would give relief to borrowers with both federal and private student loans . HR 4170 also includes the `` 10 - 10 '' programs , which allows borrowers to pay 10 % of their discretionary income for ten years with the remaining balance forgiven afterwards . In April 2012 , student loan debt reached US $1 trillion . Severity of the student debt burden represents such a threat to the middle class that some have demanded a general bailout . Anthropologist David Graeber , author of Debt : The First 5000 Years , argues that student debt is `` destroying the imagination of youth '' : If there 's a way of a society committing mass suicide , what better way than to take all the youngest , most energetic , creative , joyous people in your society and saddle them with , like $50,000 of debt so they have to be slaves ? There goes your music . There goes your culture . There goes everything new that would pop out . And in a way , this is what 's happened to our society . We 're a society that has lost any ability to incorporate the interesting , creative and eccentric people . In 2014 , a Chilean activist , artist Francisco Tapia , known as `` Papas Fritas '' ( French Fries ) `` burned $500 million worth of debt papers '' from Viña del Mar University , and displayed the ashes in a van as an art project . `` The University was being shut down due to financial irregularities . ' It is a concrete fact that the papers were burned . They are gone , burned completely , and there 's no debt , ' said Papas Fritas in his first U.S. broadcast interview . ' Since these papers do n't exist anymore , there 's no way to charge the students . ' On November 12 , 2015 , students organized rallies at more than 100 college campuses across the United States to protest crippling student loan debt and to advocate for tuition - free higher education at public colleges and universities . The demonstrations took place just days after fast food workers went on strike for a minimum wage of $15 an hour and union rights . In 2015 , Central Saint Martins student Brooke Purvis announced that he would burn his student loan as a form of protest art , raising awareness about student debt . It is argued the art work addresses the subject matter of the materialism of money and brings to light the political issues of the U.K student loan system . Leon Botstein , president of Bard College in Annandale - on - Hudson , N.Y. , contends that the next president elected in 2016 should push for all outstanding student loan debt to be forgiven . A February 2018 research paper from the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College argues that government cancellation student debt in the United States would result in rising consumer demand , along with economic growth and increased employment . Over the following decade , the GDP would increase by between $86 billion and $108 billion annually , which would result in an increase of between 1.2 and 1.5 million jobs and a decreased unemployment rate of 0.22 to 0.36 percent . See also ( edit ) College admissions in the United States College tuition in the United States EdFund Free education Higher education bubble in the United States Higher Education Price Index Post-secondary education Private university Student benefit Student loan Student loans in the United States Tuition Tuition agency Tuition center Tuition fees Tuition freeze References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A crisis in student loans ? How changes in the characteristics of borrowers and in the institutions they attended contributed to rising loan defaults '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carey , Kevin ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Student Debt Is Worse Than You Think '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/07/06/debt ^ Jump up to : Touryalai , Halah. `` Student Loan Increase '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/higher-education/report/2012/10/25/42905/the-student-debt-crisis/ Jump up ^ `` Federal Student Aid at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Student loan interest rates edge higher and higher '' . Jump up ^ The Economist - Creative destruction - June 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ The Economist - The digital degree - June 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Student Debt - July 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Student Loan Debt Statistics '' . American Student Assistance . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Student Loans : Debt for Life '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ The Institute for College Access and Success http://ticas.org/content/pub/average-debt-2013-grads-tops-30k-6-states-only-1-below-20k-0 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of New York http://www.newyorkfed.org/newsevents/news/research/2015/rp150217.html Jump up ^ Chuck Collins ( March 13 , 2015 ) . The Student Debt Time Bomb . Moyers & Company . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Thompson ( March 27 , 2014 ) . $1 trillion student loan debt widens US wealth gap . Associated Press . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dynarski , Susan ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) . `` New Data Gives Clearer Picture of Student Debt '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/news/education/2014/07/18/University-of-Pittsburgh-spproves-3-9-percent-tuition-increase/stories/201407180160 Jump up ^ Source : US Census Bureau . See charts at Income in the United States . Jump up ^ `` Education attainment - Population with tertiary education - OECD Data '' . theOECD . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Student debt : Average payback takes 14 years '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interest Relief for Canada Student Loans '' . 2007 - 06 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Canada , Employment and Social Development . `` Repayment Assistance Plan - Canada.ca '' . www.canada.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Federation of Students '' . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Could tuition fees really cost £ 54,000 ? BBC Jump up ^ Tuition fees should be scrapped , says ' architect ' of fees Andrew Adonis The Guardian Jump up ^ UK student loan debt soars to more than £ 100bn The Guardian ^ Jump up to : Playdon , Jane ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How Much Does it Cost to Study in Germany '' . Top Universities . ^ Jump up to : Trines , Stefan . `` Education in Germany '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Around 850 a Month for Living Expenses '' . Jump up ^ Usher , Alex . Global Debt Patterns . Jump up ^ `` Low university tuition fees in France '' . www.campusfrance.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Costs of Attending College in France - Study in France '' . Study in France . 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Les bourses de l'enseignement supérieur '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : The rising cost of higher education in Pakistan - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Study in Pakistan '' . Top Universities. 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Annual Household Income per Capita Economic Indicators '' . www.ceicdata.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Safety in numbers : higher education in Pakistan '' . Times Higher Education ( THE ) . 2016 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalia . `` Occupy Colleges and Occupy Student Debt Join Forces '' . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Occupy Student Debt '' . Jump up ^ Martin , Emmie ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` How one 31 - year - old paid off $220,000 in student loans in 3 years '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Occupy Student Debt : Students Urged to Refuse to Pay Off Loans as Schools Hike Tuition '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Gregory ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Hansen Clarke 's Student Loan Forgiveness Act Finds Big Support Online '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Katy. `` 1 Million People Show Support for Student Loan Forgiveness Act '' . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Park , Minjae . `` Fix the Economy , Forgive Student Debt '' . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Applebaum , Robert . `` HR 4170 : The Student Loan Forgiveness Act of 2012 '' . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ( 2012 - 04 - 25 ) . `` 1T Day : As U.S. Student Debt Hits $1 Trillion , Occupy Protests Planned for Campuses Nationwide '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hickman , John . `` Writing off a Generation '' . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Failure to Stop Doubling of Student Loan Rates Sparks Call to Tackle `` Systemic '' Debt Crisis `` . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Graeber : ' There Has Been a War on the Human Imagination ' . Truthdig . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive : Chilean Robin Hood ? Artist Known as `` Papas Fritas '' on Burning $500 M Worth of Student Debt `` . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Students across US march over debt , free public college . Al Jazeera America . November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Student Brooke Purvis , Who 's Burning His Student Loan In Protest Against Capitalism '' . Jump up ^ Aftab Ali ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Central Saint Martins artist , Brooke Purvis , to set fire to his student loan in protest against capitalism '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` This British art student is burning his student loan to make a valuable point about money '' . Jump up ^ `` Artist Brooke Purvis is burning his student loan in a protest against money - Metro News '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Kirstie McCrum ( 3 November 2015 ) . `` Man to burn his entire student loan as a protest in the name of art '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Cait Munro ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Art Student Burns Student Loan - artnet News '' . artnet News . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the Man Who Plans to Set His Entire Student Loan On Fire '' . VICE . Jump up ^ `` The guy burning his entire student loan does n't deserve your attention '' . Jump up ^ Why the Next President Should Forgive All Student Loans . Time . Aug. 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levitz , Eric ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` We Must Cancel Everyone 's Student Debt , for the Economy 's Sake '' . New York . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Federal Student Aid ( US ) Canada Student Loans Student finance ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_debt&oldid=846963270 '' Categories : Debt Education finance Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2018 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 00 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who wears wedding rings on their right hand	The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries , some Protestant Western European , as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries . In Eastern Europe , these include : Bulgaria , Georgia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Serbia . In Central or Western Europe , these include : Austria , Denmark , Greece , Germany , Hungary , Poland , Netherlands ( if not Catholic ) , Norway , and ( Catholic ) Spain . In Central or South America , these include : Colombia , Cuba , Peru , Venezuela .		Ring finger	ring finger	The ring finger is the finger on which it is the custom in a particular culture for a wedding ring to be placed during a wedding ceremony and on which the wedding ring is subsequently worn to indicate the status of the wearer as a married person . It is commonly the finger between the middle finger and the little finger , and is so named because in some cultures it is the finger on which one usually wears a wedding ring after marriage . In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the left hand , while in others it is on the right hand . Traditionally , a wedding ring was worn by the bride / wife on the ring finger , but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring on the ring finger . It is also the custom in some cultures not to wear a ring on the ring finger unless one is married , though an engagement ring is usually also worn on the ring finger .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Contemporary customs 3.1 Western customs 3.2 Non-Western customs 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the selection of the third finger as the ring finger is not definitively known . According to László A. Magyar , the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger . It is named after magic or rings , or called nameless ( for example , in Chinese : 无名指 , unnamed finger ) . In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian , the ring finger is called respectively - `` Anamika '' , `` Nimetön '' and `` Безымянный '' ( `` nameless '' ) . In Arabic and Hebrew , the ring finger is called respectively - bansur ( meaning `` victory '' ) - and kmitsa ( meaning `` taking a handful '' ) . In anatomy , the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis , the fourth finger , digitus annularis , digitus quartus , or digitus IV . It may also be referred to as the third finger , excluding the thumb . In Latin , the word anulus means `` ring '' , digitus means `` finger '' , and quartus means `` fourth '' . History ( edit ) Main article : Wedding ring Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned , people believed that a vein ran directly from the third finger on the left hand to the heart . Because of the hand -- heart connection , they chose the descriptive name vena amoris , Latin for the vein of love , for this particular vein . Based upon this name , their contemporaries , purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette , wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger . By wearing the ring on the third finger of the left hand , a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other . Contemporary customs ( edit ) Western customs ( edit ) In Western cultures , a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the ring finger . This developed from the Roman `` anulus pronubis '' when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony . Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride 's finger dates from the 11th century . In medieval Europe , during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb , index , middle , and ring fingers of the left hand . The ring was then left on the ring finger . In a few European countries , the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage , then transferred to the right during the ceremony . For example , a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony , then moves it to the right hand after the wedding . In England , the 1549 Prayer Book declared `` the ring shall be placed on the left hand '' . By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony -- even on the thumb . The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire , certain parts of Western Europe , certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe ( and some not so ) , and Mexico . These include : Australia , Botswana , Canada , Egypt , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , the UK , and the US ; France , Italy , Portugal , Sweden , and Finland ; Czech Republic , Slovakia , Switzerland , Romania , Croatia , and Slovenia . The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries , some Protestant Western European , as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries . In Eastern Europe , these include : Bulgaria , Georgia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , and Serbia . In Central or Western Europe , these include : Austria , Denmark , Greece , Germany , Hungary , Poland , Netherlands ( if not Catholic ) , Norway , and ( Catholic ) Spain . In Central or South America , these include : Colombia , Cuba , Peru , Venezuela . The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day , when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey , Lebanon , and Syria as well as in Brazil . In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony , the wedding ring is placed on the bride 's left hand index finger , but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb , most commonly in recent times . Today , the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony . Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring . Non-western customs ( edit ) In Sinhala and Tamil culture , the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger . This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society . A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries , However , if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country , it may be worn on either the left ( such is the custom in Iran ) or the right ring finger ( as in Jordan ) . As opposed to the wedding ring , use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries , especially those in West and South Asia . Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men , and the left finger by women . Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding . However , in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage . Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities , a ring ( not to be called wedding ring ) is still worn on the left hand . Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands . If a wedding ring is worn , the ring is worn on the left ring finger mostly for men . See also ( edit ) Digit ratio , comparative lengths of the index finger and ring finger and androgen levels in utero References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magyar , László A. `` Digitus Medicinalis -- the Etymology of the Name '' Actes du Congr . Intern . d'Hist . de Med . XXXII. , Antwerpen. 175 - 179. , 1990 , retrieved September 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Third finger '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mukherji , Subha ( 2006 ) , Law and Representation in Early Modern Drama , Cambridge University Press , pp. 35 − 36 , ISBN 0521850355 Jump up ^ Why in the Orthodox tradition do we wear the wedding ring on the left hand ? , antiochian.org Jump up ^ David Sperber , in : Daniel Sperber , Minhagei Yisrael Vol. 4 , Jerusalem 1995 , pp. 92 - 93 ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ `` A Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu Wedding '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ring fingers . Look up ring finger in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Archive of a 1998 article in a Flemish newspaper about the place of the wedding ring in the Low Countries ( hide ) Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_finger&oldid=807030731 '' Categories : Fingers Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Lumbaart मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 13 : 22 . 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where did domesticated plants in northern europe originate			List of food origins	list of food origins	Some type of foods always were common in every continent , such as many seafood and plants . Examples of these types of food are honey , ants , mussels , crabs and coconuts. For crop plants , Nikolai Vavilov initially identified 8 Centers of origin , later subdividing them into 12 in 1935 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Americas 1.1 North America 1.1. 1 Nuts 1.1. 2 Vegetables and grains 1.1. 3 Fruits 1.1. 4 Pacific Northwest 1.2 Mexico and Central America 1.3 South America 1.3. 1 Meat 1.3. 2 Grain and beans 1.3. 3 Herbs 1.3. 4 Vegetables 1.3. 5 Fruit 1.3. 6 Sea food 2 Middle East 2.1 Neolithic founder crops 2.1. 1 Cereals and pseudocereals 2.1. 2 Vegetables 2.1. 2.1 Pulses 2.1. 2.2 Other 3 Europe 3.1 Plants 3.1. 1 Fruit 3.1. 2 Vegetables 3.1. 3 Herbs 3.1. 4 Other 3.2 Meat 3.3 Salt 3.4 Mediterranean 3.5 Mediterranean and subtropical fruits 4 Asia 4.1 Fruits of Asian origin 4.2 North Asia 4.2. 1 Korean Peninsula 4.3 India 4.4 China 5 Africa 6 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.1. 1 Fruits of Australian origin 7 Current importance of food origins 8 See also 9 References Americas ( edit ) Various squashes such as Turban , Sweet Dumpling , Carnival , Gold Acorn , Delicata , Buttercup and Golden Nugget . Corn , beans and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica around 3500 BCE . Potatoes , quinoa and manioc were domesticated in South America . In what is now the eastern United States , Native Americans domesticated sunflower and sumpweed around 2500 BCE . Ancient American crops Cereals Maize ( corn ) , maygrass , and little barley Pseudocereals Amaranth , quinoa , erect knotweed , sumpweed , and sunflowers Pulses Common beans , tepary beans , scarlet runner beans , lima beans , and peanuts Fiber Mexican cotton , yucca , and agave Roots and tubers Jicama , manioc ( cassava ) , potatoes , sweet potatoes , sunchokes , oca , mashua , ulloco , arrowroot , yacon , leren , and groundnuts Fruits Tomatoes , chili peppers , avocados , cranberries , blueberries , huckleberries , cherimoyas , papayas , pawpaws , passionfruit , pineapples , soursops and strawberries Melons Squashes Meat and poultry Turkey , bison , muscovy ducks , and guinea pigs Nuts Peanut , black walnuts , shagbark hickory , pecans , hickory nuts , acorns from oak trees , pinion pine nuts , cashew nuts Other Chocolate , canna , tobacco , chicle , rubber , maple syrup , birch syrup and vanilla Timeline of American crop cultivation Date Crops Location 7000 BCE Maize Mexico 5000 BCE Cotton Mexico 4800 BCE Squash Chili peppers Avocados Amaranth Mexico 4000 BCE Maize Common bean Mexico 4000 BCE Ground nut South America 2000 BCE Sunflowers Beans North America ( edit ) Nuts ( edit ) Acorn ( Quercus alba , Quercus gambelii , Quercus kelloggii , Notholithocarpus densiflorus ; Fagaceae ) Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ; Juglandaceae ) Hickory nut ( Carya ; Juglandaceae ) Pecans ( Carya illinoinensis ; Juglandaceae ) Shagbark hickory ( Carya ovata ; Juglandaceae ) White walnut ( Juglans cinerea ; Juglandaceae ) Vegetables and grains ( edit ) American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) Araliaceae Chives ( Allium schoenoprasum ; Amaryllidaceae ) Dandelions Echinacea ( Asteroideae ; Heliantheae ; Asteraceae ) Erect knotweed Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus ; Asteraceae ) , also known as topinambour Little barley Maple sap ( Acer ; Hippocastanoideae ) Maygrass Pole beans ( Phaseolus coccineus ; Faboideae ) Sage ( Salvia apiana ; Lamiaceae ) Sumpweed Sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus ; Asteraceae ) Wild rice ( Zizania palustris ; Poaceae ) Fruits ( edit ) Canada , Mexico , and the United States are home to a surprising number of edible fruit ; however , only three are commercially grown / known on a global scale ( grapes , cranberries , and blueberries . ) Many of the fruits below are still eaten locally as they have been for centuries and others are generating renewed interest by eco-friendly gardeners ( less need for bug control ) and chefs alike . American elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis ; Adoxaceae ) American grape : North American species ( e.g. , Vitis labrusca ; Vitaceae ) and American - European hybrids are grown where grape ( Vitis vinifera ) is not hardy and are used as rootstocks American mayapple ( Podophyllum peltatum ; Berberidaceae ) American persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana ; Ebenaceae ) : traditional for desserts and as dried fruit American plum ( Prunus americana ; Rosaceae ) Beach plum ( Prunus maritima ; Rosaceae ) Black cherry ( Prunus serotina ; Rosaceae ) : popular flavoring for pies , jams , and sweets Black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis or Rubus leucodermis ; Rosaceae ) Blueberry ( Vaccinium , sect . Cyanococcus ; Ericaceae ) Buffaloberry ( Shepherdia argentea ; Elaeagnaceae ) , which grows wild in the prairies of Canada . Canada plum ( Prunus nigra ; Rosaceae ) Canadian serviceberry ( Amelanchier canadensis ; Rosaceae ) , also called sugarplum Chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana ; Rosaceae ) Cocoplum ( Chrysobalanus icaco ; Chrysobalanaceae ) Concord grape Cranberry ( Vaccinium oxycoccus ; Ericaceae ) Dewberry ( Rubus , sect . Flagellares , American dewberries ; Rosaceae ) Desert Apricot ( Prunus Fremontii ; Rosaceae ) Eastern May Hawthorn ( Crataegus aestivalis ; Rosaceae ) , better known as mayhaw False - mastic ( Mastichodendron foetidissimum ; Sapotaceae ) Florida strangler fig ( Ficus aurea ; Moraceae ) Ground plum ( Astragalus caryocarpus ; Fabaceae ) , also called ground - plum milk - vetch Huckleberry ( Vaccinium parvifolium ; Ericaceae ) Maypop ( Passiflora incarnata ; Passifloraceae ) , traditionally a summer treat Pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ; Annonaceae ) , not to be confused with papaya ( Carica papaya ; Caricaceae ) , which is called `` pawpaw '' in some English dialects Pigeon plum ( Coccoloba diversifolia ; Polygonaceae ) Prickly pear ( Opuntia spp. , ; Cactaceae ) , used as both a fruit and vegetable depending on part of plant Pumpkin ( Cucurbita ; Cucurbitaceae ) Red mulberry ( Morus rubra ; Moraceae ) Salal berry ( Gaultheria shallon ; Ericaceae ) Salmonberry ( Rubus spectabilis ; Rosaceae ) Saskatoonberry ( Amelanchier alnifolia , Rosaceae ) Saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ; Arecaceae ) Southern crabapple ( Malus angustifolia ; Rosaceae ) Squash ( Cucurbita ; Cucurbitaceae Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ; Rosaceae ) Thimbleberry ( Rubus parviflorus ; Rosaceae ) Toyon ( Heteromeles arbutifolia ; Rosaceae ) Wintergreen ( Gaultheria procumbens ; Ericaceae ) Pacific northwest ( edit ) Provisionally , this is primarily southern Coast Salish , though much is in common with Coast Salish overall . Anthropogenic grasslands were maintained . The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or on the outer coast . Salmon and other fish were staples in this area . There was kokanee , a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds . Shellfish were abundant . Butter clams , horse clams , and cockles were dried for trade . Hunting was specialized ; professions were probably sea hunters , land hunters , and fowlers . Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares . The managed grasslands not only provided game habitat , but vegetable sprouts , roots , bulbs , berries , and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild . The most important were probably bracken and camas , and wapato especially for the Duwamish . Many , many varieties of berries were foraged ; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere . Acorns were relished but were not widely available . Regional tribes went in autumn to the Nisqually Flats ( Nisqually plains ) to harvest them . Indeed , the region was so abundant that the southern Puget Sound as a whole had one of the only sedentary hunter - gatherer societies that has ever existed . Mexico and Central America ( edit ) Agave Allspice Amaranth Avocado Chapulines Chia seed Chili pepper Chocolate Corn ( Maize ) Lima beans Papaya Peanut Squash Tobacco Tomatoes Tomatillo Vanilla Rice South America ( edit ) Meat ( edit ) Alpacas Armadillo Capybara Guinea pigs Llama Rhea ( bird ) Grain and beans ( edit ) Andean lupin Brazil nut Cacao French bean Madagascar bean Peanut Quinoa Rice Herbs ( edit ) Achiote Anacahuita Boldo Cat 's Claw Coca Culantro Courbaril Guaco Guayusa Lemon - verbena Marcela Yerba mate Vegetables ( edit ) Cassava Oca Papalisa Potatoes Sweet potatoes Fruit ( edit ) Araza Avocado Butiá fruit Cape gooseberry ( uchuva ) Cashew Chile peppers Chirimoya Guaviyú fruit Guaraná berries Guava Papaya Passion fruit Pineapple Pitanga berries Saúco Squash Tomato Sea food ( edit ) Anchovie Centolla Crabs Corvina ( fish ) Jaiva Piranha Surubi Tararira Middle East ( edit ) Fertile Crescent , often seen as the birthplace of civilization See also : Ancient Egyptian cuisine Neolithic founder crops ( edit ) The Neolithic founder crops ( or primary domesticates ) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene ( Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia , and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East , North Africa , India , Persia and ( later ) Europe . They consist of flax , three cereals and four pulses , and are the first known domesticated plants in the world . Although domesticated rye ( Secale cereale ) occurs in the final Epi - Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra ( the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species ) , it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later . Cereals and pseudocereals ( edit ) Barley ( Hordeum vulgare / sativum , descended from the wild H. spontaneum ) Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum , descended from the wild T. boeoticum ) Emmer ( Triticum dicoccum , descended from the wild T. dicoccoides ) Flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) Oats Sesame Wheat Rye Vegetables ( edit ) Pulses ( edit ) Bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia ) Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) Lentil ( Lens culinaris ) Pea ( Pisum sativum ) Other ( edit ) Carrots Cucumbers Leeks Lettuce Onions Parsley Radishes Almond Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum ) Mustard Europe ( edit ) Plants ( edit ) Fruit ( edit ) Apple Blackcurrant Damsons Grapes Juniper berry Pear Raspberry Vegetables ( edit ) Angelica Cabbage Cucumber Mustard Parsnips Radish Rapeseed Turnip Kale Herbs ( edit ) Caraway Dill Hops Tarragon Thyme Oregano Wormwood Other ( edit ) Chestnuts Meat ( edit ) Duck Rabbit Salt ( edit ) Atanasovsko salt Baskunchak salt Wieliczka salt Mediterranean ( edit ) There was a great deal of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire . All the regions of the empire became interdependent with one another ; some provinces specialized in the production of grain , others in wine and others in olive oil , depending on the soil type . Columella writes in his Res Rustica , `` Soil that is heavy , chalky , and wet is not unsuited to the growing for winter wheat and spelt . Barley tolerates no place except one that is loose and dry . '' Pliny the Elder writes extensively about agriculture from books XII to XIX ; in fact , XVIII is The Natural History of Grain . Crops grown on Roman farms included wheat , barley , millet , pea , broad bean , lentil , flax , sesame , chickpea , hemp , turnip , olives , pear , apples , figs , and plums . Others in the Mediterranean include : Beets Broccoli Brussels sprouts Caper Catnip ( nepeta ) Cauliflower Centaurium Fennel Kale Kohlrabi Walnuts Mediterranean and subtropical fruits ( edit ) Fruits in this category are not hardy to extreme cold , as the preceding temperate fruits are , yet tolerate some frost and may have a modest chilling requirement . Notable among these are natives of the Mediterranean : Grapes Black mulberry ( Morus nigra ; Moraceae ) Cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas ; Cornaceae ) Date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ; Arecaceae ) Fig ( Ficus spp . Moraceae ) Grape , called raisin , sultana , or currant when it is dried ( Vitis spp. ; Vitaceae ) Jujube ( Ziziphus zizyphus ; Rhamnaceae ) Olive ( Olea europea ; Oleaceae ) Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ; Punicaceae ) Sycamore fig ( Ficus sycomorus . Moraceae ) , also called old world sycomore or just sycomore Asia ( edit ) Azuki bean Chicken Eggplant Rice Shiitake mushrooms Soya bean Tea Yams Fruits of Asian origin ( edit ) These are some fruits native to Asia or of Asian origin . Japanese barberry ( Berberis thunbergii ) ; Berberidaceae Arhat ( Siraitia grosvenorii ; Cucurbitaceae ) , also called longevity fruit Che ( Maclura tricuspidata ; Moraceae ) , also called cudrania , Chinese mulberry , cudrang , Mandarin melon berry , silkworm thorn , or zhe Citrus fruits Ziziphus jujuba , commonly called jujube , red date , Chinese date Winter Melon Benincasa hispida , Cucurbitaceae , AKA wax gourd , ash pumpkin , or Chinese Preserving Melon . Goji berries Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense , two closely related species of boxthorn goji berries , The two species are native to Asia as well as ( brinjal ) eggplant found in china . They are all from nightshade family or Solanaceae . The family also includes the potato , tomato , chili pepper from South America , Physalis peruviana , a plant species of the genus Physalis , is originally from Peru. ) , and tobacco indigenous to the Americas , Australia , south west Africa and the South Pacific . Belladonna / Deadly nightshade from Europe is poisonous . apples Malus sieversii see wiki apple The pear ( Pyrus communis L . ) Coconut ( Cocos nucifera ; Arecaceae ) Durian ( Durio spp ; Malvaceae family ) related South Asian origins okra Goumi ( Elaeagnus multiflora ovata ; Elaeagnaceae family ) Hardy kiwi ( Actinidia arguta ; Actinidiaceae family ) Jackfruit ( Atrocarpus heterophyllus ) ; Moraceae family ) Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry ( Actinidia spp. ; Actinidiaceae ) Lanzones ( Lansium domesticum ; Meliaceae family ) Lapsi ( Choerospondias axillaris Roxb . Anacardiaceae ) Longan ( Dimocarpus longan ; Sapindaceae family ) Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica ; Rosaceae ) Lychee ( Litchi chinensis ; Sapindaceae family ) Mango ( Mangifera indica ; Anacardiaceae ) Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana ; Clusiaceae family ) Mock strawberry or Indian strawberry ( Potentilla indica ; Rosaceae ) Nungu ( Borassus flabellifer ; Arecaceae ) Peach ( Prunus persica ; Rosaceae ) Persimmon ( aka Sharon fruit ) ( Diospyros kaki ; Ebenaceae ) Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum ; Sapindaceae family ) Sageretia ( Sageretia theezans ; Rhamnaceae ) , also called mock buckthorn North Asia ( edit ) Blackcurrant Cabbage Chamoe Tibetan plateau Barley Korean Peninsula ( edit ) Barley Legumes Millet India ( edit ) See also : Origins of North Indian foods Around 7000 BCE , sesame , brinjal , and humped cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley . By 3000 BCE , turmeric , cardamom , black pepper and mustard were harvested in India . China ( edit ) Peach Soybean Foxtail Millet Ginseng Sweet Orange Mandarin Orange Rice Kiwifruit Persimmon Tea Buckwheat Africa ( edit ) Helmeted guinea fowl in tall grass Coffee Kola Watermelon Yams Okra Black - eyed Peas Baobab The first instances of domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa occurred in the Sahel region circa 5000 BCE , when sorghum and African Rice ( Oryza glaberrima ) began to be cultivated . Around this time , and in the same region , Fonio and the small guineafowl were domesticated . Around 4000 BCE the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace . This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification . This , in turn , decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa . The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee . Khat , ensete , noog , teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands . Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet . The kola nut , extracts from which became an ingredient in Coca - Cola , was first domesticated in West Africa . Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice , African yams , black - eyed peas and the oil palm . Polynesia ( edit ) Alpinia galanga Casuarina Australia ( edit ) Aniseed myrtle Eucalyptus Macadamia nuts Fruits of Australian origin ( edit ) Although the fruits of Australia were eaten for thousands of years as bushfood by Aboriginal people , they have only been recently recognized for their culinary qualities by non-indigenous people . Many are regarded for their piquancy and spice - like qualities for use in cooking and preserves . Some Australian fruits also have exceptional nutritional qualities , including high vitamin C and other antioxidants . Atherton raspberry ( Rubus probus ; Rosaceae ) Black apple ( Planchonella australis ; Sapotaceae ) Blue tongue ( Melastoma affine ; Melastomataceae ) Bolwarra ( Eupomatia laurina ; Eupomatiaceae ) Broad - leaf bramble ( Rubus hillii ; Rosaceae ) Burdekin plum ( Pleiogynium timoriense ; Anacardiaceae ) Cedar Bay cherry ( Eugenia carissoides ; Myrtaceae ) Cluster fig ( Ficus racemosa ; Moraceae ) Common apple - berry ( Billardiera scandens ; Pittosporaceae ) Conkerberry ( Carissa lanceolata ; Apocynaceae ) Davidson 's plum ( Davidsonia spp. ; Cunoniaceae ) Desert fig ( Ficus platypoda ; Moraceae ) Desert lime ( Citrus glauca ; Rutaceae ) Doubah ( Marsdenia australis ; Apocynaceae ) Emu epple ( Owenia acidula ; Meliaceae ) Fibrous satinash ( Syzygium fibrosum ; Myrtaceae ) Finger lime ( Citrus australasica ; Rutaceae ) Illawarra plum ( Podocarpus elatus ; Podocarpaceae ) Kakadu lime ( Citrus gracilis ; Rutaceae ) Kakadu plum ( Terminalia ferdinandiana ; Combretaceae ) Karkalla ( Carpobrotus rossii ; Aizoaceae ) Kutjera ( Solanum centrale ; Solanaceae ) Lady apple ( Syzygium suborbiculare ; Myrtaceae ) Lemon aspen ( Acronychia acidula ; Rutaceae ) Little gooseberry tree ( Buachanania arborescens ; Anacardiaceae ) Midyim ( Austromyrtus dulcis ; Myrtaceae ) Mountain pepper ( Tasmannia spp. ; Winteraceae ) Muntries ( Kunzea pomifera ; Myrtaceae ) Native cherry ( Exocarpus cupressiformis ; Santalaceae ) Native currant ( Acrotriche depressa ; Ericaceae ) Native gooseberry ( Physalis minima ; Solanaceae ) Pigface ( Carpobrotus glaucescens ; Aizoaceae ) Pink - flowered native raspberry ( Rubus parvifolius ; Rosaceae ) Purple apple - berry ( Billardiera longiflora ; Pittosporaceae ) Quandong ( Santalum acuminatum ; Elaeocarpaceae ) Riberry ( Syzygium luehmannii ; Myrtaceae ) Rose myrtle ( Archirhodomyrtus beckleri ; Myrtaceae ) Rose - leaf Bramble ( Rubus rosifolius ; Rosaceae ) Sandpaper fig ( Ficus coronata ; Moraceae ) Small - leaf tamarind ( Diploglottis campbellii ; Sapindaceae ) Snow berry ( Gaultheria hispida ; Ericaceae ) Sweet apple - berry ( Billardiera cymosa ; Pittosporaceae ) Tanjong ( Mimusops elengi ; Sapindaceae ) White aspen ( Acronychia oblongifolia ; Rutaceae ) Wild orange ( Capparis mitchellii ; Capparaceae ) Wongi ( Manilkara kaukii ; Sapotaceae ) Yellow plum ( Ximenia americana ; Olacaceae ) Zig zag vine ( Melodurum leichhardtii ; Annonaceae ) Current importance of food origins ( edit ) In 2016 , researchers linked the origins and primary regions of diversity ( `` areas typically including the locations of the initial domestication of crops , encompassing the primary geographical zones of crop variation generated since that time , and containing relatively high species richness in crop wild relatives '' ) of food and agricultural crops with their current importance around the world in modern national food supplies and agricultural production . The results indicated that national diets and farm production around the world were generally composed of a large set of crops from many diverse origins . Foreign crops ( crops whose origins do not include the same region as the country ) comprised 68.7 % of national food supplies as a global mean , and their usage has increased in the last fifty years . See also ( edit ) Food portal History portal Ark of Taste List of culinary herbs and spices List of culinary nuts List of dried foods List of edible seeds List of snack foods List of vegetables Local food Neolithic Revolution New World crops References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corinto , Gian Luigi ( 2014 ) . `` Nikolai Vavilov 's Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants With a View to Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity '' . Human Evolution. 29 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 301 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared ( 1999 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel . New York : Norton Press . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31755 - 2 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared . Guns , Germs and Steel , W.W. Norton & Company , 1999 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Gardening History Timeline : From Ancient Times to the 20th Century ^ Jump up to : `` Cranberries : America 's Native Fruit '' . Belly Bytes . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Cranberries are as American as apple pie - in fact , even more so , for cranberries are one of only three major native North American fruits ( Concord grapes and blueberries being the others ) . Long before the Pilgrims arrived in 1620 CE , the North American Indians combined crushed cranberries with dried deer meat and melted fat to make pemmican , a food that would keep for a long time . Jump up ^ Suttle , Wayne P. ; Lane , Barbara ( 1990 - 08 - 20 ) . `` South Coast Salish '' . In Sturtevant , William C. Handbook of North American Indians . 7 . Northwest coast . Washington : Smithsonian Institution . pp. 485 -- 500 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 020390 - 2 ( v. 7 ) . Jump up ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella , On Agriculture ( Res Rustica ) , ( Loeb Classical Library ) , Book II page 145 Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc Jump up ^ Diamond 1997 , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Curry , Spice & All Things Nice : Dawn of History '' . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Patrick K. ( General Editor ) . Oxford Atlas of World History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . pp. 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Khoury , C.K. ; Achicanoy , H.A. ; Bjorkman , A.D. ; Navarro - Racines , C. ; Guarino , L. ; Flores - Palacios , X. ; Engels , J.M.M. ; Wiersema , J.H. ; Dempewolf , H. ; Sotelo , S. ; Ramírez - Villegas , J. ; Castañeda - Álvarez , N.P. ; Fowler , C. ; Jarvis , A. ; Rieseberg , L.H. ; Struik , P.C. ( 2016 ) . `` Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 283 ( 1832 ) : 20160792 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.0792 . PMC 4920324 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_food_origins&oldid=841792757 '' Categories : Lists of foods Lists of plants Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing POV - check from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20food%20origins	2,585
how many f1 teams are based in the uk	Constructor Engine Licensed in Based in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC First Grand Prix Antecedent teams Ferrari Ferrari Italy Italy 1950 -- present 969 967 79 2066 235 7679.5 219 247 747 16 15 1950 Monaco Force India Mercedes United Kingdom United Kingdom 2018 -- present 6 6 12 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 2018 Belgian Jordan ( 1991 -- 2005 ) , Midland ( 2006 ) , Spyker ( 2007 ) , Force India ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Haas Ferrari United States United States United Kingdom 2016 -- present 59 59 118 0 160 0 0 0 0 2016 Australian McLaren Renault United Kingdom United Kingdom 1966 -- present 843 839 48 1755 182 5204.5 155 155 485 8 12 1966 Monaco Mercedes Mercedes Germany Germany United Kingdom 1954 -- 1955 , 2010 -- present 186 186 11 384 85 4281 99 64 177 6 1954 French Tyrrell ( 1968 -- 1998 ) , BAR ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Honda ( 2006 -- 2008 ) , Brawn ( 2009 ) Red Bull Racing TAG Heuer Austria United Kingdom 2005 -- present 263 262 9 524 58 4225.5 59 60 158 2005 Australian Stewart ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , Jaguar ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Renault Renault France France United Kingdom 1977 -- 1985 , 2002 -- 2011 , 2016 -- present 362 359 24 706 35 1489 51 31 100 1977 British Toleman ( 1981 -- 1985 ) , / Benetton ( 1986 -- 2001 ) , Lotus ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , Sauber Ferrari Switzerland Switzerland 1993 -- present 462 459 30 896 845 5 26 0 0 1993 South African BMW Sauber ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Scuderia Toro Rosso Honda Italy Italy 2006 -- present 244 244 13 488 414 0 0 2006 Bahrain Minardi ( 1985 -- 2005 ) Williams Mercedes United Kingdom United Kingdom 1978 -- present 696 695 40 1311 114 3560 128 133 312 9 7 1978 Argentine		List of Formula One constructors	list of formula one constructors		Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( hide ) Drivers ( GP winners Podium finishers Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Liberty Media Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association The following is a list of Formula One constructors . In Formula One motor racing , constructors are people or corporate entities which design key parts of Formula One cars that have competed or are intended to compete in the FIA World Championship . Since 1981 , it has been a requirement that each competitor must have the exclusive rights to the use of certain key parts of their car - in 2018 , these parts were the survival cell , the front impact structure , the roll structures and bodywork . However , one key part that is not covered under this requirement is the power unit . Contents 1 Terminology : constructors vs. teams 1.1 Constructors 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Team 's nationality 2 2018 constructors ' statistics 3 Former constructors ' statistics 3.1 Indianapolis 500 only 4 Privateer teams 4.1 Privateer teams by number of wins 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Terminology : constructors vs. teams ( edit ) In Formula One racing the terms `` constructor '' and `` entrant '' have specific and differing meanings . An entrant is the person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a race , and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend . As a result of this preparation role and active involvement in the running of the race , the term `` team '' has become commonly applied to an entrant organisation . Constructors ( edit ) The constructors ' trophy Under Article 6.3 of the FIA Sporting Regulations , `` A constructor is the person ( including any corporate or unincorporated body ) which designs the Listed Parts set out in Appendix 6 '' . These `` listed parts '' include the survival cell , the front impact structure , the roll structures and bodywork . Under article 6.2 of the FIA sporting regulations , `` The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor will be awarded to the competitor which has scored the highest number of points '' . Up until the 1979 season , most seasons saw only the highest - scoring driver in each race for each constructor contributing points towards the World Constructors ' Championship , but the current rules state that points from both cars entered by each constructor will count towards their championship total . Constructors may choose to build their own engines , but this is not a requirement and many choose to run an engine made by a fellow constructor , or by a company that is n't currently a constructor in Formula 1 - for more information on power units and engines , see Formula One engines . Teams ( edit ) Since the 1981 season the FIA have required that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter , and so the terms `` entrant '' and `` constructor '' , and hence also `` team '' , have become synonymous . Before this time , constructors were free to sell their chassis to as many other teams as they liked . Brabham and Lotus chassis were used extensively by other teams during the 1960s and 1970s and several quite competitive teams never built their own chassis . Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example , being responsible for the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus . The concept of a `` works '' or `` factory '' team ( i.e. the official team of the company producing the cars , as opposed to a customer team which buys them off the shelf ) therefore applied to chassis in the same way as it does in rallying and sports car racing . There have been some recent exceptions where a specialist company , not itself entered in the championship , has been commissioned to design and build a chassis for a team ; Lola built cars for Larrousse and Scuderia Italia in the late 1980s and early 1990s , for example . Larousse had their points from the 1990 season erased after the FIA decided that they had falsely nominated themselves and not Lola as the chassis constructor . In 1978 , the new Arrows team which had been established by former Shadow personnel was sued by Shadow on the grounds that the Arrows FA / 1 car was a copy of Shadow 's DN9 -- a view upheld by the UK High Court , which placed a ban on Arrows racing the FA / 1 . There have been more recent cases with Ligier ( 1995 ) , Sauber ( 2004 ) , Scuderia Toro Rosso ( 2006 & 2007 ) and Super Aguri ( 2007 & 2008 ) where teams have been accused of using a chassis produced by another constructor ( respectively Benetton , Ferrari , Red Bull Racing and Honda ) . No action was taken against any of these teams , the sporting authorities being satisfied in each case that the team owned the intellectual property to the chassis they raced . From the middle of the 1973 season until the end of the 2013 season , each team had permanent racing numbers from race to race throughout the season . ( Since 2014 , racing numbers have been assigned to drivers instead of teams ) . Since the 1985 season the FIA have required that teams enter no more than two cars for a race . Team 's nationality ( edit ) Unlike drivers who are required to compete in the FIA Formula One World Championship under the nationality of their passport , the FIA 's International Sporting Code states that teams competing in the FIA Formula One World Championship shall compete under the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their FIA racing licence . On the basis of this regulation , despite the fact that most current teams are based in the UK , this country is officially represented in Formula One only by teams holding a racing licence issued by the British National Sporting Authority . Teams take the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their licence for the period of validity of that licence and the change of the nationality is allowed . Several teams changed their nationality during their competition in Formula One ( e.g. Shadow in 1976 from American to British , Benetton in 1996 from British to Italian , Red Bull in 2007 from British to Austrian , Renault in 2011 from French to British ) . Benetton is the only team to have achieved victories while racing under two different nationalities . Between 1950 and 1968 team 's nationality determined the colour of a car entered by the team , e.g. Italian teams entered cars painted in red colour , British teams ( with several exceptions , such as Rob Walker , Brabham and McLaren ) cars painted in green colour and French teams cars painted in blue colour . Relating to the team 's nationality because of teams ' bases in Britain several mistakes occurred on official entry lists issued by or podium ceremonies organized by the FIA or race organisers , e.g. Wolf holding the Canadian nationality and Shadow ( in 1973 ) and Penske holding the American nationality all identified as the British by official entry lists , or the British national anthem played on the podium in honour of the winning Jordan and Red Bull ( in 2009 ) holding the Irish and Austrian nationality respectively . 2018 constructors ' statistics ( edit ) Correct as of the 2018 United States Grand Prix Key : Races Entered = Number of individual races entered ; Races Started = Number of individual races started ; Drivers = Number of drivers ; Total Entries = Total number of race entries ; Wins = Number of races won ; Points = Number of World Constructors ' Championship points scored ; Poles = Number of pole positions ; FL = Number of fastest laps ; Podiums = Number of podium finishes ; WCC = World Constructors ' Championships won ; WDC = World Drivers ' Championships won . Constructor Engine Licensed in Based in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC First Grand Prix Antecedent teams Ferrari Ferrari Italy Italy 1950 -- present 969 967 79 2066 235 7679.5 219 247 747 16 15 1950 Monaco Force India Mercedes United Kingdom United Kingdom 2018 -- present 6 6 12 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 2018 Belgian Jordan ( 1991 -- 2005 ) , Midland ( 2006 ) , Spyker ( 2007 ) , Force India ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Haas Ferrari United States United States United Kingdom 2016 -- present 59 59 118 0 160 0 0 0 0 2016 Australian McLaren Renault United Kingdom United Kingdom 1966 -- present 843 839 48 1755 182 5204.5 155 155 485 8 12 1966 Monaco Mercedes Mercedes Germany Germany United Kingdom 1954 -- 1955 , 2010 -- present 186 186 11 384 85 4281 99 64 177 6 1954 French Tyrrell ( 1968 -- 1998 ) , BAR ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Honda ( 2006 -- 2008 ) , Brawn ( 2009 ) Red Bull Racing TAG Heuer Austria United Kingdom 2005 -- present 263 262 9 524 58 4225.5 59 60 158 2005 Australian Stewart ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , Jaguar ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Renault Renault France France United Kingdom 1977 -- 1985 , 2002 -- 2011 , 2016 -- present 362 359 24 706 35 1489 51 31 100 1977 British Toleman ( 1981 -- 1985 ) , / Benetton ( 1986 -- 2001 ) , Lotus ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , Sauber Ferrari Switzerland Switzerland 1993 -- present 462 459 30 896 845 5 26 0 0 1993 South African BMW Sauber ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Scuderia Toro Rosso Honda Italy Italy 2006 -- present 244 244 13 488 414 0 0 2006 Bahrain Minardi ( 1985 -- 2005 ) Williams Mercedes United Kingdom United Kingdom 1978 -- present 696 695 40 1311 114 3560 128 133 312 9 7 1978 Argentine Former constructors ' statistics ( edit ) Key : Races Entered = Number of individual races entered ; Races Started = Number of individual races started ; Drivers = Number of drivers ; Total Entries = Total number of race entries ; Wins = Number of races won ; Points = Number of Constructors ' Championship points scored ; Poles = Number of pole positions ; FL = Number of fastest laps ; Podiums . = Number of podium finishes ; WCC = Constructors ' Championships won ; WDC = Drivers ' Championships won . Constructor Licensed in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC First Grand Prix Last Grand Prix Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau Germany 1952 -- 1953 6 9 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1952 Swiss 1953 Italian Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives France 1986 -- 1991 80 32 10 124 0 0 0 0 0 0 1986 Italian 1991 Monaco Alfa Romeo Italy 1950 -- 1951 1979 -- 1985 110 110 18 237 10 50 12 14 26 0 1950 British 1985 Australian Alta United Kingdom 1950 -- 1952 5 5 6 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1950 British 1952 British Amon New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 Spanish 1974 Italian Andrea Moda Italy 1992 12 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1992 S. African 1992 Italian Apollon Switzerland 1977 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 Italian 1977 Italian Arrows United Kingdom 1978 -- 2002 394 383 36 783 0 167 0 8 0 0 1978 Brazilian 2002 German Arzani - Volpini Italy 1955 0 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1955 Italian 1955 Italian Aston Butterworth United Kingdom 1952 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1952 Belgian 1952 Italian Aston Martin United Kingdom 1959 -- 1960 6 5 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 Dutch 1960 British Automobili Turismo e Sport Italy 1963 5 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 Belgian 1963 Mexican ATS ( Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör ) Germany 1977 -- 1984 107 89 15 146 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1978 Argentine 1984 Portuguese British American Racing United Kingdom 1999 -- 2005 118 116 7 236 0 227 0 15 0 0 1999 Australian 2005 Chinese Behra - Porsche Germany 1959 - 1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 Argentine 1960 Monaco Bellasi Switzerland 1970 -- 1971 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 Dutch 1971 Italian Benetton United Kingdom / Italy 1986 -- 2001 260 260 17 520 27 851.5 15 36 102 1986 Brazilian 2001 Japanese Boro Netherlands 1976 -- 1977 8 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 Spanish 1977 Italian Brabham United Kingdom 1962 -- 1987 , 1989 -- 1992 403 394 39 995 35 843 39 42 124 1962 German 1992 Hungarian Brawn GP United Kingdom 2009 17 17 34 8 172 5 15 2009 Australian 2009 Abu Dhabi British Racing Motors United Kingdom 1951 , 1956 -- 1977 208 197 71 559 17 385 11 15 61 1951 British 1977 Italian British Racing Partnership United Kingdom 1963 -- 1964 13 13 19 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 1963 Belgian 1964 Mexican Bugatti France 1956 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1956 French 1956 French Caterham Malaysia 2012 -- 2014 56 56 8 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 Australian 2014 Abu Dhabi Cisitalia Italy 1952 0 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1952 Italian 1952 Italian Coloni Italy 1987 -- 1991 65 13 8 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1987 Italian 1991 Australian Connaught United Kingdom 1952 -- 1959 18 17 29 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 1952 British 1959 United States Connew United Kingdom 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 British 1972 Austrian Cooper Car Company United Kingdom 1950 , 1952 -- 1969 129 129 111 528 16 301 11 14 58 1950 Monaco 1969 Monaco Dallara Italy 1988 -- 1992 80 78 6 144 0 15 0 0 0 0 1988 Brazilian 1992 Australian Derrington - Francis United Kingdom 1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 Italian 1964 Italian Peter de Klerk South Africa 1963 , 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 South African 1965 South African De Tomaso Italy 1961 -- 1963 , 1970 15 10 8 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 French 1970 United States Eagle ( Anglo American Racers ) United States 1966 -- 1969 26 26 7 35 17 0 0 0 1966 Belgian 1969 Canadian Eifelland Germany 1972 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 South African 1972 Austrian Emeryson United Kingdom 1956 , 1961 -- 1962 6 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1956 British 1962 Italian Eisenacher Motorenwerk East Germany 1953 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1953 German 1953 German Ecurie Nationale Belge Belgium 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 German 1962 German Ensign United Kingdom 1973 -- 1982 134 98 25 154 0 19 0 0 0 0 1973 French 1982 Caesars Palace English Racing Automobiles United Kingdom 1950 -- 1952 7 7 7 12 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1950 British 1952 Dutch EuroBrun Italy / Switzerland 1988 -- 1990 46 15 5 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1988 Brazilian 1990 Spanish Ferguson Research Ltd . United Kingdom 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 British 1961 British FIRST Italy 1989 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- Fittipaldi Automotive ( Copersucar ) Brazil 1975 -- 1982 120 103 8 156 0 44 0 0 0 0 1975 Argentine 1982 Caesars Palace Fondmetal Italy 1991 -- 1992 29 19 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 United States 1992 Italian Force India ( Sahara ) India 2008 -- 2018 203 203 7 406 0 987 5 6 0 0 2008 Australian 2018 Hungarian Forti Italy 1995 -- 1996 28 23 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995 Brazilian 1996 British Frank Williams Racing Cars United Kingdom 1972 -- 1976 61 56 25 112 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1972 British 1976 Japanese Frazer - Nash United Kingdom 1952 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1952 Swiss 1952 Dutch Fry United Kingdom 1959 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 British 1959 British Gilby Engineering United Kingdom 1961 -- 1963 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 British 1963 Italian Gordini France 1952 -- 1956 33 33 23 101 0 n / a 0 n / a 0 1952 Swiss 1956 Italian Greifzu East Germany 1953 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1953 German 1953 German Hesketh United Kingdom 1974 -- 1978 60 52 15 97 48 0 7 0 0 1974 South African 1978 Belgian Hill United Kingdom 11 10 6 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1975 South African 1975 United States HRT ( Hispania Racing Team ) Spain 2010 -- 2012 58 56 8 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 Bahrain 2012 Brazilian Honda Japan 1964 -- 1968 2006 -- 2008 88 88 8 154 154 9 0 0 1964 German 2008 Brazilian HWM ( Hersham and Walton Motors ) United Kingdom 1951 -- 1955 16 14 15 48 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1951 Swiss 1955 Monaco Jaguar United Kingdom 2000 -- 2004 85 85 8 170 0 49 0 0 0 0 2000 Australian 2004 Brazilian JBW United Kingdom 1959 -- 1961 6 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 British 1961 Italian Jordan Republic of Ireland 1991 -- 2005 250 250 30 500 291 19 0 0 1991 United States 2005 Chinese Kauhsen Germany 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 Spanish 1979 Belgian Klenk Germany 1954 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1954 German 1954 German Kojima Japan 1976 -- 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 Japanese 1977 Japanese Kurtis United States 1959 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 United States 1959 United States Lambo ( Modena Team ) Italy 1991 16 6 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 United States 1991 Australian Lancia Italy 1954 -- 1955 10 0 n / a n / a 0 1954 Spanish 1955 Belgian Larrousse France 1993 -- 1994 32 32 7 64 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1993 South African 1994 Australian LDS South Africa 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1968 5 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 South African 1968 South African LEC United Kingdom 1977 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 Spanish 1977 British Leyton House United Kingdom 1990 -- 1991 32 30 64 0 8 0 0 0 0 1990 United States 1991 Australian Life Italy 1990 14 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1990 United States 1990 Spanish Ligier France 1976 -- 1996 332 326 28 612 9 388 9 10 50 0 0 1976 Brazilian 1996 Japanese Lola United Kingdom 1962 -- 1963 , 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 -- 1975 , 1985 -- 1991 , 1993 , 1997 152 146 27 280 0 45 0 0 0 1962 Dutch 1997 Australian Lotus ( 1958 -- 1994 ) United Kingdom 1958 -- 1994 491 489 122 1332 79 1332 107 70 172 7 6 1958 Monaco 1994 Australian Lotus ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Malaysia 2010 -- 2011 38 38 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 Bahrain 2011 Brazilian Lotus ( 2012 -- 2015 ) United Kingdom 2012 -- 2015 77 77 5 154 706 0 5 25 0 0 2012 Australian 2015 Abu Dhabi Lyncar United Kingdom 1974 -- 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 British 1975 British Maki Japan 1974 -- 1976 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 British 1976 Japanese Manor United Kingdom 2016 21 21 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 2016 Australian 2016 Abu Dhabi March United Kingdom 1970 -- 1977 , 1981 -- 1982 , 1987 -- 1989 , 1992 208 197 54 579 172.5 5 7 21 0 0 1970 South African 1992 Australian Martini France 1978 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 South African 1978 Dutch Marussia Russia / United Kingdom 2012 -- 2015 74 73 7 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 Australian 2015 Abu Dhabi Maserati Italy 1950 -- 1960 71 68 93 407 9 9 10 17 37 0 1950 British 1960 United States Matra France 1967 -- 1972 61 61 5 117 9 163 12 21 1967 Monaco 1972 United States MBM Switzerland 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 German 1961 German McGuire Australia 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 British 1977 British Merzario Italy 1978 -- 1979 31 10 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 Argentine 1979 United States Midland Russia 2006 18 18 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006 Bahrain 2006 Brazilian Milano Italy 1950 0 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1950 Italian 1950 Italian Minardi Italy 1985 -- 2005 346 340 42 676 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 1985 Brazilian 2005 Chinese Onyx United Kingdom 1989 -- 1990 26 17 6 52 0 6 0 0 0 0 1989 Brazilian 1990 Hungarian O.S.C.A. Italy 1951 -- 1953 , 1958 7 5 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1951 Italian 1958 Monaco Osella Italy 1980 -- 1990 172 132 17 253 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1980 Argentine 1990 Australian Pacific United Kingdom 1994 -- 1995 33 22 5 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1994 Brazilian 1995 Australian Parnelli United States 1974 -- 1976 16 16 16 0 6 0 0 0 0 1974 Canadian 1976 US West Penske United States 1974 -- 1977 41 40 7 46 23 0 0 0 0 1974 Canadian 1977 Canadian Porsche Germany 1957 -- 1964 36 33 13 75 46 0 5 0 0 1957 German 1964 German Prost France 1997 -- 2001 83 83 9 166 0 35 0 0 0 0 1997 Australian 2001 Japanese RAM United Kingdom 1983 -- 1985 44 31 8 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 Brazilian 1985 European RE Rhodesia 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 South African 1965 South African Rebaque Mexico 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 Italian 1979 United States Rial Germany 1988 -- 1989 32 21 6 48 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1988 Brazilian 1989 Australian Scarab United States 1960 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 Monaco 1960 United States Scirocco United Kingdom 1963 -- 1964 7 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 Belgian 1964 German Shadow United States / United Kingdom 1973 -- 1980 112 103 21 240 67.5 7 0 0 1973 South African 1980 French Shannon United Kingdom 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 British 1966 British Simca - Gordini France 1950 -- 1953 15 14 11 29 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1950 Monaco 1953 Belgian Simtek United Kingdom 1994 -- 1995 21 21 7 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1994 Brazilian 1995 Monaco Spirit United Kingdom 1983 -- 1985 25 23 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 British 1985 San Marino Spyker Netherlands 2007 17 17 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 2007 Australian 2007 Brazilian Stebro Canada 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 United States 1963 United States Stewart United Kingdom 1997 -- 1999 49 49 98 47 0 5 0 0 1997 Australian 1999 Japanese Super Aguri Japan 2006 -- 2008 39 39 5 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006 Bahrain 2008 Spanish Surtees United Kingdom 1970 -- 1978 119 118 38 260 0 53 0 0 0 1970 British 1978 Canadian Talbot - Lago France 1950 -- 1951 13 13 18 81 0 n / a 0 0 n / a 0 1950 British 1951 Spanish Tec - Mec United States 1959 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 United States 1959 United States Tecno Italy 1972 -- 1973 12 10 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 Belgian 1973 Austrian Theodore Hong Kong 1978 , 1981 -- 1983 51 34 10 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 Argentine 1983 European Token United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 Belgian 1974 Austrian Toleman United Kingdom 1981 -- 1985 70 53 9 131 0 26 0 0 1981 San Marino 1985 Australian Toyota Japan 2002 -- 2009 140 139 9 276 0 278.5 13 0 0 2002 Australian 2009 Abu Dhabi Trojan United Kingdom 8 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 Spanish 1974 Italian Tyrrell United Kingdom 1970 -- 1998 433 430 47 884 23 617 14 20 77 1970 Canadian 1998 Japanese Vanwall United Kingdom 1954 -- 1960 29 28 12 66 9 48 7 6 13 0 1954 British 1960 French Venturi France 1992 16 16 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 1992 South African 1992 Australian Veritas Germany 1951 -- 1953 6 6 15 18 0 n / a 0 0 0 n / a 0 1951 Swiss 1953 German Virgin United Kingdom / Russia 2010 -- 2011 38 38 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 Bahrain 2011 Brazilian Wolf ( Walter Wolf Racing ) Canada 1977 -- 1979 48 47 54 79 13 0 0 1977 Argentine 1979 United States Zakspeed Germany 1985 -- 1989 74 54 7 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 1985 Portuguese 1989 Australian Constructor Licensed in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC First Grand Prix Last Grand Prix Note : Until 1965 every constructor was licensed in the country where it was really based . In 1965 Japanese constructor Honda moved their team from Tokyo to Amsterdam , Netherlands , followed in 1966 by American constructor Eagle which was based in Rye , East Sussex , UK . Since the early 2000s most constructors have been based in England , but licensed in another country . Indianapolis 500 only ( edit ) Constructors whose only World Championship participation was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960 . All were American - based . Adams Bromme Christensen Deidt Del Roy Dunn Elder Epperly Ewing Hall Kuzma Langley Lesovsky Marchese Meskowski Moore Nichels Olson Pankratz Pawl Phillips Rae Schroeder Sherman Snowberger Stevens Sutton Trevis Turner Watson Wetteroth Privateer teams ( edit ) The following are teams which never built their own chassis , and thus were not `` constructors '' : Bernard White Racing BMS Scuderia Italia British Formula One Racing Team BS Fabrications Camoradi International DW Racing Enterprises Ecurie Belge Ecurie Bleue Ecurie Bonnier Ecurie Ecosse Ecurie Espadon Ecurie Lutetia Ecurie Maarsbergen Ecurie Rosier Enrico Platé Escuderia Bandeirantes ( pt ) FISA FR Gerard Cars Goldie Hexagon Racing John Willment Automobiles Juan Manuel Fangio Mecom Racing Team North American Racing Team Otelle Nucci Reg Parnell Racing Rob Walker Racing Team Scuderia Achille Varzi Scuderia Ambrosiana Scuderia Centro Sud Scuderia Filipinetti Scuderia Sant'Ambroeus Scuderia Sud Americana Silvio Moser Racing Team T.A.S.O. Mathieson Team Gunston Privateer teams by number of wins ( edit ) Privateer team Number of wins First win Last win Constructor ( s ) Matra International / Tyrrell Racing 10 1968 Dutch Grand Prix 1970 Spanish Grand Prix Matra * ( 9 ) , March * * ( 1 ) Rob Walker Racing 9 1958 Argentine Grand Prix 1968 British Grand Prix Cooper * * ( 4 ) , Lotus * * ( 5 ) FISA 1961 French Grand Prix * * * 1961 French Grand Prix Ferrari * All constructor 's wins * * First win for the constructor * * * Team 's only championship race See also ( edit ) List of Formula One World Constructors ' Champions List of Formula One Grand Prix winners ( constructors ) List of automobile manufacturers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Between 1954 -- 1955 . Jump up ^ A rebadged Renault engine . Jump up ^ Red Bull had a British license in 2005 and 2006 . Jump up ^ Renault had a British license in 2011 . Jump up ^ Between 1977 -- 1985 . Jump up ^ In 1949 and 1950 , AFM participated in the German Formula 2 championship . Jump up ^ Points awarded from seasons 1979 -- 1985 . Jump up ^ The first Constructors ' World Championship was not held until 1958 . Jump up ^ From 1950 to 1957 , Alta was also an engine manufacturer for teams HWM , Cooper and Connaught . Jump up ^ Arrows were known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 . Jump up ^ In 1964 and 1967 , ATS was an engine manufacturer for teams Derrington - Francis and Cooper , racing at the 1964 Italian and 1967 British Grands Prix with Mário de Araújo Cabral and Silvio Moser . Jump up ^ BAR formerly Tyrrell ; subsequently became Honda , then Brawn , then Mercedes . Jump up ^ Benetton formerly Toleman ; subsequently became Renault , then Lotus F1 . Jump up ^ From 1986 to 1995 Benetton had a British license ; from 1996 to 2001 , an Italian one . Jump up ^ Coloni subsequently became Andrea Moda . Jump up ^ Points not awarded prior to 1958 . Jump up ^ Force India formerly Jordan , Midland and Spyker ; subsequently became Racing Point Force India . Jump up ^ Frank Williams Racing Cars includes Politoys ( 1972 ) , Iso - Marlboro ( 1973 -- 1974 ) and Wolf - Williams ( 1976 ) cars . Prior to 1972 FWRC ran customer chassis . Subsequently became Wolf . Williams Grand Prix Engineering was a new constructor established by Frank Williams and Patrick Head after Williams left Wolf - Williams . Jump up ^ Jaguar formerly Stewart Grand Prix . Subsequently became Red Bull Racing . Jump up ^ Jordan subsequently became Midland F1 Racing , then Spyker , then Force India . Jump up ^ Leyton House formerly March Engineering . Jump up ^ Ligier subsequently became Prost Grand Prix . Jump up ^ Lola includes Larrousse ( 1990 ) and Mastercard Lola ( 1997 ) entries . Jump up ^ March subsequently became Leyton House Racing , later reappearing as March for one final season . Jump up ^ Marussia formerly Virgin Racing , subsequently became Manor Racing . Jump up ^ Midland formerly Jordan Grand Prix ; subsequently became Spyker F1 , then Force India . Jump up ^ Minardi subsequently became Scuderia Toro Rosso . Jump up ^ Osella subsequently became Fondmetal . Jump up ^ Prost formerly Ligier . Jump up ^ From 1973 to 1975 Shadow had an American license ; from 1976 to 1980 , a British one . Jump up ^ Spyker formerly Jordan Grand Prix and Midland F1 Racing ; subsequently became Force India . Jump up ^ Stewart subsequently became Jaguar Racing . Jump up ^ Toleman subsequently became Benetton Formula . Jump up ^ Tyrrell subsequently became British American Racing . Jump up ^ Virgin subsequently became Marussia F1 , then Manor Racing . Jump up ^ Wolf formerly Frank Williams Racing Cars . Jump up ^ In 1952 and 1953 Scuderia Platé built their own engines for the Maserati - Platé 4CLT . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Formula One - Sporting Regulations - 2018 '' . Jump up ^ Renault became the last team to have entered three cars for a race at the 1985 German Grand Prix , but only two of their cars were eligible for championship points . Jump up ^ FIA international sporting regulations para 112 Jump up ^ `` 1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Jump up ^ `` 1979 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list '' . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Belgian Grand Prix Entry list '' . Jump up ^ `` 1975 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Belgian Grand Prix podium ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Chinese Grand Prix podium ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Benetton to race under Italian colours '' . New Straits Times . 29 November 1995 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saga of Audacity : Eagle F1 - Dan Gurney 's All American Racers '' . All American Racers . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` itv.com/f1 - The day EJ beat them all '' . ITV F1 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Racing Sports Cars . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Racing Sports Cars . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list '' . Racing Sports Cars . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` F1 Marussia Virgin Racing team to compete under Russian flag '' . RIA Novosti. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The story of Formula 1 's first winning Wolf '' . 12 Dec 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's first Formula 1 team has wealthy backer , Scheckter '' . The Montreal Gazette. 10 November 1976 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Case History '' . Corktree.tripod.com . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . All statistics and other data drawn from : `` ChicaneF1.com '' . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . `` StatsF1.com '' . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . `` All Formula One Info '' . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Formula One constructors 2018 season Ferrari Force India Haas McLaren Mercedes Red Bull Racing Renault Sauber Scuderia Toro Rosso Williams Former AFM AGS Alfa Romeo Alta Amon Andrea Moda Apollon Arrows Arzani - Volpini Aston - Butterworth Aston Martin ATS ( Italy ) ATS ( Germany ) BAR Behra - Porsche Bellasi Benetton BMW Boro Brabham Brawn BRM BRP Bugatti Caterham Cisitalia Coloni Connaught Connew Cooper Dallara De Tomaso Derrington - Francis Eagle Eifelland Emeryson EMW ENB Ensign ERA EuroBrun Ferguson FIRST Fittipaldi Fondmetal Force India ( Sahara ) Footwork Forti Frazer Nash Fry Gilby Gordini Greifzu Hesketh Hill Honda HRT HWM Jaguar JBW Jordan Kauhsen Klenk Kojima Kurtis Kraft Lancia Larrousse LDS LEC Leyton House Life Ligier Lola Lola ( Haas ) Lotus ( 1958 -- 1994 ) Lotus ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Lotus ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Lyncar Maki March Martini Marussia Maserati Matra MBM McGuire Merzario Midland Milano Minardi Modena MRT Onyx OSCA Osella Pacific Parnelli Penske Porsche Prost RAM Realpha Rebaque Reynard Rial Scarab Scirocco Shadow Shannon Simtek Spirit Spyker Stebro Stewart Super Aguri Surtees Talbot - Lago Tec - Mec Tecno Theodore Token Toleman Toyota Trojan Tyrrell Vanwall Veritas Virgin Williams ( FWRC ) Wolf Zakspeed Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations , constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity . Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_constructors&oldid=866351315 '' Categories : Formula One constructors Formula One - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Formula%20One%20constructors	2,586
whodini friends how many of us have them			Friends ( Whodini song )	friends ( whodini song )	`` Friends '' is a song by the American hip - hop group Whodini . The song reached # 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . The song was less successful on the Hot 100 , spending 3 weeks on the chart and peaking at # 87 . The Song was sampled on the Nickelodeon sitcom Taina on the song `` Thought that we were friends '' , which was sung by Christina Vidal who played the title character . The song was also sampled by Will Smith for the track `` Potnas '' on his 1999 Album Willennium .	References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chart History - Whodini '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Whodini Jailil Hutchins Ecstasy Grandmaster Dee Studio albums Whodini Escape Back in Black Open Sesame Bag - a-Trix Six Songs Five Minutes of Funk Friends Related Articles Old school hip hop History Jive Records Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_(Whodini_song)&oldid=807260107 '' Categories : 1985 singles Whodini songs Electro songs 1985 songs Jive Records singles Songs about friendship Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 22 : 08 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends%20%28Whodini%20song%29	2,587
who sang can't live without you originally	`` Without You '' is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger , and first released on their 1970 album No Dice . The song has been recorded by over 180 artists , and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson ( 1971 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) became international best - sellers . Paul McCartney once described the ballad as `` the killer song of all time '' .	Badfinger	Without You ( Badfinger song )	without you ( badfinger song )	`` Without You '' is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger , and first released on their 1970 album No Dice . The song has been recorded by over 180 artists , and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson ( 1971 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) became international best - sellers . Paul McCartney once described the ballad as `` the killer song of all time '' .	In 1972 , writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Badfinger origins 2 Harry Nilsson version 2.1 Harry Nilsson track listing 2.2 Chart performance 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.2. 3 Certifications 2.2. 4 Personnel 3 Mariah Carey version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Chart performance 3.3 Mariah Carey track listing 3.4 Charts 3.4. 1 Weekly charts 3.4. 2 Decade - end charts 3.4. 3 Year - end charts 3.4. 4 Certifications and sales 4 Other cover versions 5 In films and television 6 ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Badfinger origins ( edit ) First recorded by the rock group Badfinger , the song was composed by two of its members . Two streams , referring to real events in the songwriters ' lives flowed together to create the song . Pete Ham had written a song originally titled `` If It 's Love '' but it had lacked a strong chorus . At the time of writing the band shared residence with the Mojos at 7 Park Avenue in Golders Green . One evening , in the midst of the parties , songwriting , touring , in Golders Green , Ham and his girlfriend Beverly Tucker were about to go out for the evening . But just as they were leaving Tom Evans said he had an idea for a song -- Ham said , ' Not tonight , I 've promised Bev . ' But she thought he would be wondering if he had done the right thing later , if he went out , -- she told him -- ' Go into the studio , I 'm fine about it ... ' He said , `` Your mouth is smiling , but your eyes are sad . '' The song Ham wrote that night was called ' If its Love ' and has the verse `` Well I ca n't forget tomorrow , when I think of all my sorrow , I had you there but then I let you go , and now it 's only fair that I should let you know ... if it 's love ... '' But Pete was n't happy with the chorus . '' Events in Evans ' love life would lead to the completion of the track . While Evans was touring in Cologne he had met the woman who would become his future wife , Marianne . She moved to London . It was a sparky relationship . `` One evening he went to her friend Karen and told Karen , ' She 's left me . I need her back . I ca n't live without her . ' He flew to Bonn to find her -- he wrote a song called ' I Ca n't Live ' . Its chorus ; `` I ca n't live , if living is without you , I ca n't live , I ca n't give any more . '' And so the merging of the two songs , Ham and Evans created the hit . Ham 's verse , ' warm , sweet , sentimental ' and Evans ' chorus , -- ' intense , dramatic , heartbreaking . ' '' Both Ham and Evans said they did not consider the song to have much potential at the time Badfinger recorded it , and the track was slotted to close Side A of their 1970 No Dice album . Badfinger 's recording of the song , which is more brusque than its successors ' versions , was not released as a single in Europe or North America . `` Without You '' was released backed by `` We 're For The Dark '' in The Philippines on Apple Records , Catalogue number APPLE - 025 , `` Without You '' was also finally released as a 3 '' CD single in Japan in March 1993 along with the track `` No Matter What '' . Two writers of the song , Ham and Evans , later committed suicide due to legal and financial issues . In Evans ' case , it was a dispute over songwriting royalties for `` Without You '' that precipitated his action . Songwriting royalties had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans , and In 1983 , following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song , Evans hanged himself . Harry Nilsson version ( edit ) `` Without You '' Single by Nilsson from the album Nilsson Schmilsson B - side `` Gotta Get Up '' Released 11 October 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 11 ) Format 7 '' single Recorded 1971 , Trident Studios , London . Length 3 : 17 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Ham , Tom Evans Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Nilsson singles chronology `` Me and My Arrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Jump into the Fire '' ( 1972 ) `` Me and My Arrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Jump into the Fire '' ( 1972 ) Harry Nilsson , at the time best known for his hit `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night 's `` One '' , heard Badfinger 's recording of `` Without You '' at a party , and mistook it for a Beatles song . After realising it was not , he decided to cover the song for his album Nilsson Schmilsson in 1971 . The song was released as a single in October 1971 , and it stayed at number 1 on the U.S. pop chart for four weeks , from 13 February to 11 March 1972 . The song also spent five weeks atop the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1972 . In the UK , the song spent five weeks at number 1 on the British pop chart , beginning on 11 March , and sold almost 800,000 copies . It went to Number One in several other countries , including Australia ( for 5 weeks ) , Ireland ( 3 weeks ) and New Zealand ( 2 weeks ) . The single was produced by Richard Perry , who later explained , `` It was a different record for its time . It was a big ballad with a heavy backbeat , and although many artists have cut songs like it since , no one was doing it then . '' Gary Wright who worked with Badfinger on George Harrison 's projects , played the piano . Also featured are Klaus Voormann ( bass ) , Jim Keltner ( drums ) and Tom Plovanic ( acoustic guitar ) . The string and horn arrangements are by Paul Buckmaster . In 1973 , Nilsson won the `` Best Male Pop Vocal '' Grammy award for the song . While Nilsson rarely gave live concerts , he did perform the song with Ringo Starr and his All - Starr Band at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas in September 1992 . Harry Nilsson track listing ( edit ) Worldwide Single `` Without You '' -- 3 : 17 `` Gotta Get Up '' -- 2 : 24 EP ( Portugal ) `` Without You '' -- 3 : 17 `` The Moonbeam Song '' -- 3 : 18 `` Gotta Get Up '' -- 2 : 24 `` Jump Into The Fire '' -- 3 : 32 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 France Singles Chart 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Singles Chart New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia Canada 12 UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Country ( Provider ) Certification ( sales thresholds ) United States ( RIAA ) Gold Personnel ( edit ) According to the 1971 LP credits : Harry Nilsson -- vocals Gary Wright -- piano John Uribe -- acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann -- bass Jim Keltner -- drums Paul Buckmaster -- string and horn arrangements Mariah Carey version ( edit ) `` Without You '' Standard cover art ; most of non-UK European releases omit `` Never Forget You '' on the front cover Single by Mariah Carey from the album Music Box B - side `` Never Forget You '' Released 24 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 24 ) Format CD single , cassette single , 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi single Recorded Length 3 : 36 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Ham , Tom Evans Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Hero '' ( 1993 ) `` Without You '' / `` Never Forget You '' ( 1994 ) `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' ( 1994 ) `` Hero '' ( 1993 ) `` Without You '' / `` Never Forget You '' ( 1994 ) `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' ( 1994 ) Alternative covers Music video `` Without You '' on YouTube Mariah Carey 's version , based on Harry Nilsson 's version rather than the Badfinger original , was released as the third single of Music Box in the first quarter of 1994 , and in the United States it was released on 24 January 1994 , just over a week after Nilsson had died following a heart attack on 15 January 1994 . In the U.S. it was promoted as a double A-side with `` Never Forget You '' . Carey said that she decided to cover the song when she heard it in a restaurant ( additionally , when performing the song in Tokyo , she said she listened to it when she was a little girl ) . Her version has been considered very popular on talent shows . `` Without You '' was later included on some non-U.S. pressings of her compilation album # 1 's ( 1998 ) , and her 2001 compilation , Greatest Hits . `` Without You '' was also included on her 2009 compilation The Ballads . Critical reception ( edit ) David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called it a `` by - the - numbers remake of Nilsson 's melodramatic 1972 hit . '' Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone called this song `` likeliest contender '' for ballads like `` I Will Always Love You '' and he praised `` Carey dips into her lower register and is accompanied by backup singers ( including herself ) magnified to sound like a mighty gospel chorus . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Without You '' reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks , remaining in the top 40 for 21 weeks and on the chart for 23 . It reached number 2 on both the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and Radio & Records pop charts ( ending Carey 's streak of consecutive number ones on the latter chart ; all ten of her previous singles had gone to the top ) , and number 3 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . It was certified gold by the RIAA and sold 600,000 copies domestically . It was ranked 16 on the Hot 100 1994 year - end charts . `` Without You '' remains Carey 's biggest hit across Europe . It became her first UK number 1 single , and was her only number one there until `` Against All Odds '' in 2000 , which was also a cover . It debuted at number 1 on the chart and stayed at number 1 for four weeks . It was also her first chart - topper in Italy , but was most successful in Switzerland ( with ten non-consecutive weeks at number 1 ) and the Netherlands ( twelve weeks ) . It also topped the singles chart in Germany for four weeks and Austria for eight weeks , where Carey 's success had previously been limited . It also topped the Swedish Singles Chart for eight weeks , was number 1 in Ireland for five weeks and in New Zealand for one week . It was able to make the top three in Canada , France , Norway and Australia . It was certified platinum in Australia by ARIA and in Germany and Austria by IFPI . It was also certified gold in New Zealand by RIANZ and in France by SNEP . The song is one of only two Carey singles certified Gold in the UK with sales of 470,000 copies . Mariah Carey track listing ( edit ) Worldwide CD single `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Never Forget You '' -- 3 : 45 European maxi - CD single # 1 `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Never Forget You '' -- 3 : 45 `` Dreamlover ( live from Here Is Mariah Carey ) '' -- 4 : 09 European maxi - CD single # 2 `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Vision of Love '' -- 3 : 28 `` I 'll Be There '' ( Featuring Trey Lorenz ) -- 4 : 28 `` Love Takes Time '' -- 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 27 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 31 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 16 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 61 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 470,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) Shirley Bassey covered the song twice , once for the album And I Love You So in 1972 , and again in Spanish as `` Sin Ti '' for the 1989 album La Mujer . This Spanish version of the ballad has also been recorded by Paloma San Basilio . A different Spanish translation , `` Desde el dia que te fuiste '' ( `` From the Day You Went Away '' ) , was a # 1 hit for Pandora on Billboard 's Hot Latin Tracks in 1992 . The Italian version , entitled Per chi ( For Whom ) , whose text has been written by Daniele Pace , was one of 1972 's local biggest hits , sung by Johnny Dorelli , Nicola Di Bari and the Sicilian band I Gens . The Cambodian version sang by Poev Vannary also has her own cover of without you entitled ភ្លេច បង មិន បាន ( Ca n't forget you ) . Billy Paul covered this song on his 1976 album `` Let'Em In '' . Heart also covered this song on their 1977 album Magazine . Air Supply covered `` Without You '' in 1991 , reaching # 48 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart . The song is often covered by TV talent show contestants . In 2001 , Kelly Clarkson performed the song on `` Top 3 '' week of season 1 of American Idol . Valentina Hasan , a season two contestant of Music Idol , sang her own version in Engrish . Soon dubbed `` Ken Lee '' after her mispronunciation of `` Ca n't Live , '' the video of Hasan 's performance became a YouTube hit , parodied and remixed by many fans as featured in Sign of the Times on ABC 's Nightline in March 2009 . In films and television ( edit ) Nilsson 's version of `` Without You '' was used as the opening tune to the 1979 feature film Porridge . In the film Casino , the Nilsson version is playing during one of Ginger 's manic episodes . In the film The Rules of Attraction , a college girl commits suicide in a bathtub while this song plays on the soundtrack . In Bridget Jones ' Diary , the title character performs a tuneless rendition of this song . In Whiskey Tango Foxtrot , this song plays during a raid in which American Marines rescue a kidnapped journalist . In June 2010 the Harry Nilsson version of the song was used in television advertising for the UK brand Soda Stream . Nilsson 's version was also included in the Apple Productions Movie , `` The Son of Dracula '' . It was also used in the final scenes of the Inside No. 9 episode A Quiet Night In . In series two of Peep Show this song was featured in the episode titled Wedding . In the 2015 movie Vacation , the Harry Nilsson version plays during the Grand Canyon rafting scene . Nilsson 's version was heard in a 2016 commercial for Heinz ketchup that debuted on CBS ' coverage of Super Bowl 50 on 7 February 2016 . In the television series 30 Rock episode `` Cutbacks '' Jonathan sings chorus to Jack after being let go . In June 2017 , Nilsson 's version was used in the ending scene of the penultimate episode in the final season of Pretty Little Liars . ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition ( edit ) On 15 May 1995 , at ASCAP 's twelfth annual Pop Music Awards in Beverly Hills , California , `` Without You '' was recognised as one of the 50 most - played songs of 1994 ( due largely to Mariah Carey 's recording ) . Discrepancies in ASCAP 's books , resulting from a lawsuit against the Ham and Evans estates by their former manager , incorrectly attributed the song as being composed not only by Ham and Evans , but also by Badfinger 's other bandmembers , Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland , and their former manager , Bill Collins . This designation and a lack of correction by ASCAP prompted the Ham Estate to boycott the ceremony . The song was also nominated for `` Song Of The Year '' in London at the Ivor Novello Awards . See also ( edit ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1994 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1994 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( UK ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the ASCAP Jump up ^ Paul McCartney VH1 Behind The Music , Retrieved 10 June 2009 Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 2 - Song Stories , Without You '' . Bbc.co.uk. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Badfinger -- Without You '' . BBC Wales . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Song Stories , Radio 2 , 9 February 2011 Jump up ^ Nick Clark ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Badfinger : last act in a rock'n'roll tragedy '' . Independent . Jump up ^ David K. Frasier . Suicide in the Entertainment Industry : An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Cases . McFarland . p. 20 . ISBN 9781476608075 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton , Rock Stars Encyclopedia ( New York : DK Publishing , 1999 ) , 714 . Jump up ^ `` '' Without You '' - Nilsson `` . Superseventies.com. 19 February 1972 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , Eight Arms To Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium ( Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions , 2000 ) , 543 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nilsson -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7602 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nilsson -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Nilsson -- Without You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Without You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Jump up ^ `` Nilsson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nilsson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music # Best - selling_singles Jump up ^ `` Top Pop 100 Singles '' Billboard 30 December 1972 : TA - 3 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nilsson -- Without You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Nilsson Schmilsson ( CD booklet : reproduced 1971 LP sleeve ) . Harry Nilsson . BMG Entertainment . 2000 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah 's `` Without you '' popular on talent searches -- The Mariah Carey Archives `` . Mcarchives.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( 27 August 1993 ) . `` Music Box Review Music Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Music Box Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner. 28 October 1993 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Best - Selling Records of 1994 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 107 ( 3 ) : 57 . 21 January 1995 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Without You on ChartStats '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Flashback 1994 : Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 2 April 1994 . p. 44 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2428 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2458 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 25 . jun 1994 '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1994 : 75 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 11 June 1994 . p. 41 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - Without You '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Without You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 13 , 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zeitraum für die Auswertung : 07.01. 1990 - 26.12. 1999 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1994 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1994 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1994 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1994 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1994 '' ( in Swedish ) . GLF . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1994 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive - 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music : 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 24 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . Australia : St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Enter Mariah Carey in the field Interpret . Enter Without You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Mariah Carey ; ' Without You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Mariah Carey ; ' Without You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Enter Without You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Desde el Dia Que Te Fuista -- Pandora '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 June 1992 . Retrieved 31 October 20111 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gained In Translation Video - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Sodastream advert June 2010 ( Nilsson - Without You ) '' ( Video ) . 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ , page 395 , Matovina , Dan . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger , Google Books , 2000 . Retrieved 17 June 2009 Works cited Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of `` Badfinger '' . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Let 's Stay Together '' by Al Green Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Nilsson version ) 19 February 1972 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heart of Gold '' by Neil Young Preceded by `` Hurting Each Other '' by The Carpenters Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Nilsson version ) 19 February 1972 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' by B.J. Thomas Preceded by `` Son of my Father '' by Chicory Tip UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Nilsson version ) 11 March 1972 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Amazing Grace '' by The Pipes & Drums of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Preceded by `` Things Can Only Get Better '' by D : Ream UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Mariah Carey version ) 13 February 1994 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Doop '' by Doop Badfinger Pete Ham Tom Evans Joey Molland Mike Gibbins Bob Jackson Joe Tansin Tony Kaye Glenn Sherba Al Wodtke Richard Bryans The Iveys : Ron Griffiths Dai Jenkins Studio albums Maybe Tomorrow ( as The Iveys ) Magic Christian Music No Dice Straight Up Ass Badfinger Wish You Were Here Airwaves Say No More Head First Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh ( backing band ) Day After Day : Live BBC in Concert 1972 -- 1973 Singles `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( as The Iveys ) `` Dear Angie '' ( as The Iveys ) `` Come and Get It '' `` No Matter What '' `` Day After Day '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Apple of My Eye '' `` Love Is Easy '' `` I Miss You '' `` Lost Inside Your Love '' `` Love Is Gonna Come at Last '' `` Hold On '' `` I Got You '' `` Because I Love You '' Other songs `` Without You '' `` Name of the Game '' `` Meanwhile Back at the Ranch '' / `` Should I Smoke '' See also The Magic Christian Apple Records discography David Garrick Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Harry Nilsson Studio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point ! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ... That 's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Soundtracks Skidoo The Point ! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night Nilsson ' 62 : The Debut Sessions Hollywood Dreamer Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles `` All for the Beatles '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` One '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Me and My Arrow '' `` Without You '' `` Jump into the Fire '' `` Coconut '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Sail Away '' `` Just One Look / Baby I 'm Yours ( medley ) '' Other songs `` This Could Be the Night '' `` Ten Little Indians '' `` The Puppy Song '' `` Old Dirt Road '' `` You 're Breakin ' My Heart '' Collaborations John Lennon Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Starr Ringo Son of Dracula Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Keith Moon Two Sides of the Moon Hal Willner Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography RCA Victor The Monkees Midnight Cowboy Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Lost Weekend The Telephone `` Pussy Cats '' Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson ( And Why Is Everybody Talkin ' About Him ) ? Air Supply Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin Book Commons category T.G. Sheppard Notable singles `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Tryin ' to Beat the Morning Home '' `` Motels and Memories '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Happy Together '' `` You Feel Good All Over '' `` Last Cheater 's Waltz '' `` I 'll Be Coming Back for More '' `` Smooth Sailin ' '' `` Do You Wanna Go to Heaven '' `` I Feel Like Loving You Again '' `` I Loved ' Em Every One '' `` Party Time '' `` Only One You '' `` Finally '' `` War Is Hell ( On the Homefront Too ) '' `` Faking Love '' ( with Karen Brooks ) `` Without You '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Make My Day '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Somewhere Down the Line '' `` One Owner Heart '' `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' `` Doncha ? '' `` In Over My Heart '' `` Strong Heart '' `` Half Past Forever ( Till I 'm Blue in the Heart ) '' `` You 're My First Lady '' `` One for the Money '' `` You Still Do '' Related articles Warner Bros. Records Curb Records Columbia Records Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` Someday '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Without_You_(Badfinger_song)&oldid=818026786 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1971 singles 1994 singles Songs written by Pete Ham Songs written by Tom Evans ( musician ) Badfinger songs Harry Nilsson songs Shirley Bassey songs Air Supply songs T.G. 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concept of new classical school and new keynesian	Two main assumptions define the New Keynesian approach to macroeconomics . Like the New Classical approach , New Keynesian macroeconomic analysis usually assumes that households and firms have rational expectations . But the two schools differ in that New Keynesian analysis usually assumes a variety of market failures . In particular , New Keynesians assume that there is imperfect competition in price and wage setting to help explain why prices and wages can become `` sticky '' , which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions .		New Keynesian Economics	new keynesian economics	New Keynesian economics is a school of contemporary macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics . It developed partly as a response to criticisms of Keynesian macroeconomics by adherents of New classical macroeconomics .	Two main assumptions define the New Keynesian approach to macroeconomics . Like the New Classical approach , New Keynesian macroeconomic analysis usually assumes that households and firms have rational expectations . But the two schools differ in that New Keynesian analysis usually assumes a variety of market failures . In particular , New Keynesians assume that there is imperfect competition in price and wage setting to help explain why prices and wages can become `` sticky '' , which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions . Wage and price stickiness , and the other market failures present in New Keynesian models , imply that the economy may fail to attain full employment . Therefore , New Keynesians argue that macroeconomic stabilization by the government ( using fiscal policy ) or by the central bank ( using monetary policy ) can lead to a more efficient macroeconomic outcome than a laissez faire policy would . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 1970s 1.2 1980s 1.2. 1 Menu costs and Imperfect Competition 1.2. 2 The Calvo staggered contracts model 1.2. 3 Coordination failure 1.2. 4 Labor market failures : Efficiency wages 1.3 1990s 1.3. 1 The new neoclassical synthesis 1.3. 2 Taylor Rule 1.3. 3 The New Keynesian Phillips curve 1.3. 4 The Science of Monetary Policy 1.4 2000s 1.4. 1 The introduction of imperfectly competitive labor markets 1.4. 2 The development of complex DSGE models . 1.4. 3 Sticky information 2 Policy implications 3 Relation to other macroeconomic schools 4 Major New Keynesian economists 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Development ( edit ) 1970s ( edit ) The first wave of New Keynesian economics developed in the late 1970s . The first model of Sticky information was developed by Stanley Fischer in his 1977 article , Long - Term Contracts , Rational Expectations , and the Optimal Money Supply Rule . He adopted a `` staggered '' or `` overlapping '' contract model . Suppose that there are two unions in the economy , who take turns to choose wages . When it is a union 's turn , it chooses the wages it will set for the next two periods . This contrasts with John B. Taylor 's model where the nominal wage is constant over the contract life , as was subsequently developed in his two articles , one in 1979 `` Staggered wage setting in a macro model '. and one in 1980 `` Aggregate Dynamics and Staggered Contracts '' . Both Taylor and Fischer contracts share the feature that only the unions setting the wage in the current period are using the latest information : wages in half of the economy still reflect old information . The Taylor model had sticky nominal wages in addition to the sticky information : nominal wages had to be constant over the length of the contract ( two periods ) . These early new Keynesian theories were based on the basic idea that , given fixed nominal wages , a monetary authority ( central bank ) can control the employment rate . Since wages are fixed at a nominal rate , the monetary authority can control the real wage ( wage values adjusted for inflation ) by changing the money supply and thus affect the employment rate . 1980s ( edit ) Menu costs and imperfect competition ( edit ) In the 1980s the key concept of using menu costs in a framework of imperfect competition to explain price stickiness was developed . The concept of a lump - sum cost ( menu cost ) to changing the price was originally introduced by Sheshinski and Weiss ( 1977 ) in their paper looking at the effect of inflation on the frequency of price - changes . The idea of applying it as a general theory of Nominal Price Rigidity was simultaneously put forward by several economists in 1985 -- 6 . George Akerlof and Janet Yellen put forward the idea that due to bounded rationality firms will not want to change their price unless the benefit is more than a small amount . This bounded rationality leads to inertia in nominal prices and wages which can lead to output fluctuating at constant nominal prices and wages . Gregory Mankiw took the menu - cost idea and focused on the welfare effects of changes in output resulting from sticky prices . Michael Parkin also put forward the idea . Although the approach initially focused mainly on the rigidity of nominal prices , it was extended to wages and prices by Olivier Blanchard and Nobuhiro Kiyotaki in their influential article Monopolistic Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand . Huw Dixon and Claus Hansen showed that even if menu costs applied to a small sector of the economy , this would influence the rest of the economy and lead to prices in the rest of the economy becoming less responsive to changes in demand . While some studies suggested that menu costs are too small to have much of an aggregate impact , Laurence Ball and David Romer showed in 1990 that real rigidities could interact with nominal rigidities to create significant disequilibrium . Real rigidities occur whenever a firm is slow to adjust its real prices in response to a changing economic environment . For example , a firm can face real rigidities if it has market power or if its costs for inputs and wages are locked - in by a contract . Ball and Romer argued that real rigidities in the labor market keep a firm 's costs high , which makes firms hesitant to cut prices and lose revenue . The expense created by real rigidities combined with the menu cost of changing prices makes it less likely that firm will cut prices to a market clearing level . Even if prices are perfectly flexible , imperfect competition can affect the influence of fiscal policy in terms of the multiplier . Huw Dixon and Gregory Mankiw developed independently simple general equilibrium models showing that the fiscal multiplier could be increasing with the degree of imperfect competition in the output market . The reason for this is that imperfect competition in the output market tends to reduce the real wage , leading to the household substituting away from consumption towards leisure . When government spending is increased , the corresponding increase in lump - sum taxation causes both leisure and consumption to decrease ( assuming that they are both a normal good ) . The greater the degree of imperfect competition in the output market , the lower the real wage and hence the more the reduction falls on leisure ( i.e. households work more ) and less on consumption . Hence the fiscal multiplier is less than one , but increasing in the degree of imperfect competition in the output market . The Calvo Staggered Contracts model ( edit ) In 1983 Guillermo Calvo wrote `` Staggered Prices in a Utility - Maximizing Framework '' . The original article was written in a continuous time mathematical framework , but nowadays is mostly used in its discrete time version . The Calvo model has become the most common way to model nominal rigidity in new Keynesian models . There is a probability that the firm can reset its price in any one period h ( the hazard rate ) , or equivalently the probability ( 1 - h ) that the price will remain unchanged in that period ( the survival rate ) . The probability h is sometimes called the `` Calvo probability '' in this context . In the Calvo model the crucial feature is that the price - setter does not know how long the nominal price will remain in place , in contrast to the Taylor model where the length of contract is known ex ante . Coordination failure ( edit ) In this model of coordination failure , a representative firm e makes its output decisions based on the average output of all firms ( ē ) . When the representative firm produces as much as the average firm ( e = ē ) , the economy is at an equilibrium represented by the 45 degree line . The decision curve intersects with the equilibrium line at three equilibrium points . The firms could coordinate and produce at the optimal level of point B , but , without coordination , firms might produce at a less efficient equilibrium . Coordination failure was another important new Keynesian concept developed as another potential explanation for recessions and unemployment . In recessions a factory can go idle even though there are people willing to work in it , and people willing to buy its production if they had jobs . In such a scenario , economic downturns appear to be the result of coordination failure : The invisible hand fails to coordinate the usual , optimal , flow of production and consumption . Russell Cooper and Andrew John 's 1988 paper Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models expressed a general form of coordination as models with multiple equilibria where agents could coordinate to improve ( or at least not harm ) each of their respective situations . Cooper and John based their work on earlier models including Peter Diamond 's 1982 coconut model , which demonstrated a case of coordination failure involving search and matching theory . In Diamond 's model producers are more likely to produce if they see others producing . The increase in possible trading partners increases the likelihood of a given producer finding someone to trade with . As in other cases of coordination failure , Diamond 's model has multiple equilibria , and the welfare of one agent is dependent on the decisions of others . Diamond 's model is an example of a `` thick - market externality '' that causes markets to function better when more people and firms participate in them . Other potential sources of coordination failure include self - fulfilling prophecies . If a firm anticipates a fall in demand , they might cut back on hiring . A lack of job vacancies might worry workers who then cut back on their consumption . This fall in demand meets the firm 's expectations , but it is entirely due to the firm 's own actions . Labor market failures : efficiency wages ( edit ) New Keynesians offered explanations for the failure of the labor market to clear . In a Walrasian market , unemployed workers bid down wages until the demand for workers meets the supply . If markets are Walrasian , the ranks of the unemployed would be limited to workers transitioning between jobs and workers who choose not to work because wages are too low to attract them . They developed several theories explaining why markets might leave willing workers unemployed . The most important of these theories , new Keynesians was the efficiency wage theory used to explain long - term effects of previous unemployment , where short - term increases in unemployment become permanent and lead to higher levels of unemployment in the long - run . In the Shapiro - Stiglitz model workers are paid at a level where they do not shirk , preventing wages from dropping to full employment levels . The curve for the no - shirking condition ( labeled NSC ) goes to infinity at full employment . In efficiency wage models , workers are paid at levels that maximize productivity instead of clearing the market . For example , in developing countries , firms might pay more than a market rate to ensure their workers can afford enough nutrition to be productive . Firms might also pay higher wages to increase loyalty and morale , possibly leading to better productivity . Firms can also pay higher than market wages to forestall shirking . Shirking models were particularly influential. Carl Shapiro and Joseph Stiglitz 's 1984 paper Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device created a model where employees tend to avoid work unless firms can monitor worker effort and threaten slacking employees with unemployment . If the economy is at full employment , a fired shirker simply moves to a new job . Individual firms pay their workers a premium over the market rate to ensure their workers would rather work and keep their current job instead of shirking and risk having to move to a new job . Since each firm pays more than market clearing wages , the aggregated labor market fails to clear . This creates a pool of unemployed laborers and adds to the expense of getting fired . Workers not only risk a lower wage , they risk being stuck in the pool of unemployed . Keeping wages above market clearing levels creates a serious disincentive to shirk that makes workers more efficient even though it leaves some willing workers unemployed . 1990s ( edit ) The New neoclassical synthesis ( edit ) In the early 1990s , economists began to combine the elements of new Keynesian economics developed in the 1980s and earlier with Real Business Cycle Theory . RBC models were dynamic but assumed perfect competition ; new Keynesian models were primarily static but based on imperfect competition . The New neoclassical synthesis essentially combined the dynamic aspects of RBC with imperfect competition and nominal rigidities of new Keynesian models . Tack Yun was one of the first to do this , in a model which used the Calvo pricing model . Goodfriend and King proposed a list of four elements that are central to the new synthesis : intertemporal optimization , rational expectations , imperfect competition , and costly price adjustment ( menu costs ) . Goodfriend and King also find that the consensus models produce certain policy implications : whilst monetary policy can affect real output in the short - run , but there is no long - run trade - off : money is not neutral in the short - run but it is in the long - run . Inflation has negative welfare effects . It is important for central banks to maintain credibility through rules based policy like inflation targeting . Taylor rule ( edit ) In 1993 , John B Taylor formulated the idea of a Taylor rule , which is a reduced form approximation of the responsiveness of the nominal interest rate , as set by the central bank , to changes in inflation , output , or other economic conditions . In particular , the rule describes how , for each one - percent increase in inflation , the central bank tends raise the nominal interest rate by more than one percentage point . This aspect of the rule is often called the Taylor principle . Although such rules provide concise , descriptive proxies for central bank policy , they are not , in practice , explicitly proscriptively considered by central banks when setting nominal rates . Taylor 's original version of the rule describes how the nominal interest rate responds to divergences of actual inflation rates from target inflation rates and of actual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) from potential GDP : i t = π t + r t ∗ + a π ( π t − π t ∗ ) + a y ( y t − y t ∗ ) . ( \ displaystyle i_ ( t ) = \ pi _ ( t ) + r_ ( t ) ^ ( * ) + a_ ( \ pi ) ( \ pi _ ( t ) - \ pi _ ( t ) ^ ( * ) ) + a_ ( y ) ( y_ ( t ) - y_ ( t ) ^ ( * ) ) . ) In this equation , i t ( \ displaystyle \ , i_ ( t ) \ , ) is the target short - term nominal interest rate ( e.g. the federal funds rate in the US , the Bank of England base rate in the UK ) , π t ( \ displaystyle \ , \ pi _ ( t ) \ , ) is the rate of inflation as measured by the GDP deflator , π t ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( t ) ^ ( * ) ) is the desired rate of inflation , r t ∗ ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) ^ ( * ) ) is the assumed equilibrium real interest rate , y t ( \ displaystyle \ , y_ ( t ) \ , ) is the logarithm of real GDP , and y t ∗ ( \ displaystyle y_ ( t ) ^ ( * ) ) is the logarithm of potential output , as determined by a linear trend . The New Keynesian Phillips curve ( edit ) The New Keynesian Phillips curve was originally derived by Roberts in 1995 , and has since been used in most state - of - the - art New Keynesian DSGE models . The new Keynesian Phillips curve says that this period 's inflation depends on current output and the expectations of next period 's inflation . The curve is derived from the dynamic Calvo model of pricing and in mathematical terms is : π t = β E t ( π t + 1 ) + κ y t ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( t ) = \ beta E_ ( t ) ( \ pi _ ( t + 1 ) ) + \ kappa y_ ( t ) ) The current period t expectations of next period 's inflation are incorporated as β E t ( π t + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta E_ ( t ) ( \ pi _ ( t + 1 ) ) ) , where β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) is the discount factor . The constant κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) captures the response of inflation to output , and is largely determined by the probability of changing price in any period , which is h ( \ displaystyle h ) : κ = h ( 1 − ( 1 − h ) β ) 1 − h γ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa = ( \ frac ( h ( 1 - ( 1 - h ) \ beta ) ) ( 1 - h ) ) \ gamma ) . The less rigid nominal prices are ( the higher is h ( \ displaystyle h ) ) , the greater the effect of output on current inflation . The Science of monetary policy ( edit ) The ideas developed in the 1990s were put together to develop the new Keynesian Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium used to analyze monetary policy . This culminated in the three equation new Keynesian model found in the survey by Richard Clarida , Jordi Gali , and Mark Gertler in the Journal of Economic Literature , . It combines the two equations of the new Keynesian Phillips curve and the Taylor rule with the dynamic IS curve derived from the optimal dynamic consumption equation ( household 's Euler equation ) . y t = y t + 1 + 1 σ ( i t − E t π t + 1 ) + v t ( \ displaystyle y_ ( t ) = y_ ( t + 1 ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ) ) ( i_ ( t ) - E_ ( t ) \ pi _ ( t + 1 ) ) + v_ ( t ) ) These three equations formed a relatively simple model which could be used for the theoretical analysis of policy issues . However , the model was oversimplified in some respects ( for example , there is no capital or investment ) . Also , it does not perform well empirically . 2000s ( edit ) In the new millennium there have been several advances in new Keynesian economics . The Introduction of imperfectly competitive labor markets ( edit ) Whilst the models of the 1990s focused on sticky prices in the output market , in 2000 Christopher Erceg , Dale Henderson and Andrew Levin adopted the Blanchard and Kiyotaki model of unionized labor markets by combining it with the Calvo pricing approach and introduced it into a new Keynesian DSGE model . The development of complex DSGE models ( edit ) In order to have models that worked well with the data and could be used for policy simulations , quite complicated new Keynesian models were developed with several features . Seminal papers were published by Frank Smets and Rafael Wouters and also Lawrence J. Christiano , Martin Eichenbaum and Charles Evans The common features of these models included : habit persistence . The marginal utility of consumption depends on past consumption . Calvo pricing in both output and product markets , with indexation so that when wages and prices are not explicitly reset , they are updated for inflation . capital adjustment costs and variable capital utilization . new shocks demand shocks , which affect the marginal utility of consumption markup shocks that influence the desired markup of price over marginal cost . monetary policy is represented by a Taylor rule . Bayesian estimation methods . Sticky information ( edit ) The idea of Sticky information found in Fischer 's model was later developed by Gregory Mankiw and Ricardo Reis . This added a new feature to Fischer 's model : there is a fixed probability that you can replan your wages or prices each period . Using quarterly data , they assumed a value of 25 % : that is , each quarter 25 % of randomly chosen firms / unions can plan a trajectory of current and future prices based on current information . Thus if we consider the current period : 25 % of prices will be based on the latest information available ; the rest on information that was available when they last were able to replan their price trajectory . Mankiw and Reis found that the model of sticky information provided a good way of explaining inflation persistence . Sticky information models do not have nominal rigidity : firms or unions are free to choose different prices or wages for each period . It is the information that is sticky , not the prices . Thus when a firm gets lucky and can re-plan its current and future prices , it will choose a trajectory of what it believes will be the optimal prices now and in the future . In general , this will involve setting a different price every period covered by the plan . This is at odds with the empirical evidence on prices . There are now many studies of price rigidity in different countries : the US , the Eurozone , the UK and others . These studies all show that whilst there are some sectors where prices change frequently , there are also other sectors where prices remain fixed over time . The lack of sticky prices in the sticky information model is inconsistent with the behavior of prices in most of the economy . This has led to attempts to formulate a `` dual stickiness '' model that combines sticky information with sticky prices . Policy implications ( edit ) New Keynesian economists agree with New Classical economists that in the long run , the classical dichotomy holds : changes in the money supply are neutral . However , because prices are sticky in the New Keynesian model , an increase in the money supply ( or equivalently , a decrease in the interest rate ) does increase output and lower unemployment in the short run . Furthermore , some New Keynesian models confirm the non-neutrality of money under several conditions . Nonetheless , New Keynesian economists do not advocate using expansive monetary policy for short run gains in output and employment , as it would raise inflationary expectations and thus store up problems for the future . Instead , they advocate using monetary policy for stabilization . That is , suddenly increasing the money supply just to produce a temporary economic boom is not recommended as eliminating the increased inflationary expectations will be impossible without producing a recession . However , when the economy is hit by some unexpected external shock , it may be a good idea to offset the macroeconomic effects of the shock with monetary policy . This is especially true if the unexpected shock is one ( like a fall in consumer confidence ) which tends to lower both output and inflation ; in that case , expanding the money supply ( lowering interest rates ) helps by increasing output while stabilizing inflation and inflationary expectations . Studies of optimal monetary policy in New Keynesian DSGE models have focused on interest rate rules ( especially ' Taylor rules ' ) , specifying how the central bank should adjust the nominal interest rate in response to changes in inflation and output . ( More precisely , optimal rules usually react to changes in the output gap , rather than changes in output per se . ) In some simple New Keynesian DSGE models , it turns out that stabilizing inflation suffices , because maintaining perfectly stable inflation also stabilizes output and employment to the maximum degree desirable . Blanchard and Galí have called this property the ' divine coincidence ' . However , they also show that in models with more than one market imperfection ( for example , frictions in adjusting the employment level , as well as sticky prices ) , there is no longer a ' divine coincidence ' , and instead there is a tradeoff between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing employment . Further , while some macroeconomists believe that New Keynesian models are on the verge of being useful for quarter - to - quarter quantitative policy advice , disagreement exists . Recently , it was shown that the divine coincidence does not necessarily hold in the non-linear form of the standard New - Keynesian model . This property would only hold if the monetary authority is set to keep the inflation rate at exactly 0 % . At any other desired target for the inflation rate , there is an endogenous trade - off , even under the absence real imperfections such as sticky wages , and the divine coincidence no longer holds . Relation to other macroeconomic schools ( edit ) Over the years , a sequence of ' new ' macroeconomic theories related to or opposed to Keynesianism have been influential . After World War II , Paul Samuelson used the term neoclassical synthesis to refer to the integration of Keynesian economics with neoclassical economics . The idea was that the government and the central bank would maintain rough full employment , so that neoclassical notions -- centered on the axiom of the universality of scarcity -- would apply . John Hicks ' IS / LM model was central to the neoclassical synthesis . Later work by economists such as James Tobin and Franco Modigliani involving more emphasis on the microfoundations of consumption and investment was sometimes called neo-Keynesianism . It is often contrasted with the post-Keynesianism of Paul Davidson , which emphasizes the role of fundamental uncertainty in economic life , especially concerning issues of private fixed investment . New Keynesianism is a response to Robert Lucas and the new classical school . That school criticized the inconsistencies of Keynesianism in the light of the concept of `` rational expectations '' . The new classicals combined a unique market - clearing equilibrium ( at full employment ) with rational expectations . The New Keynesians use `` microfoundations '' to demonstrate that price stickiness hinders markets from clearing . Thus , the rational expectations - based equilibrium need not be unique . Whereas the neoclassical synthesis hoped that fiscal and monetary policy would maintain full employment , the new classicals assumed that price and wage adjustment would automatically attain this situation in the short run . The new Keynesians , on the other hand , see full employment as being automatically achieved only in the long run , since prices are `` sticky '' in the short run . Government and central - bank policies are needed because the `` long run '' may be very long . Keynes ' stress on the importance of centralized coordination of macroeconomic policies ( e.g. , monetary and fiscal stimulus ) and of international economic institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , and of the maintenance of a controlled trading system was emphasized during the 2008 global financial and economic crisis . This has been reflected in the work of IMF economists and of Donald Markwell . Major New Keynesian economists ( edit ) See also : Category : New Keynesian economists . See also ( edit ) Calvo ( staggered ) contracts 2008 -- 2009 Keynesian resurgence New neoclassical synthesis Sticky prices Welfare cost of business cycles Taylor Contracts ( economics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The role of imperfect competition in new Keynesian economics , Chapter 4 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon Jump up ^ Fischer , S. ( 1977 ) . `` Long - Term Contracts , Rational Expectations , and the Optimal Money Supply Rule '' . Journal of Political Economy. 85 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 205 . doi : 10.1086 / 260551 . JSTOR 1828335 . Jump up ^ John B Taylor ( 1979 ) , ' Staggered wage setting in a macro model ' . American Economic Review , Papers and Proceedings 69 ( 2 ) , pp. 108 -- 13 Jump up ^ John B Taylor ( 1980 ) . `` Aggregate Dynamics and Staggered Contracts , '' Journal of Political Economy , 88 ( 1 ) , pages 1 - 23 , February . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( December 1990 ) . `` A Quick Refresher Course in Macroeconomics '' . Journal of Economic Literature , volume 28 , pages 1645 -- 1660 . doi : 10.3386 / w3256. page 1658 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Huw ( 2001 ) . `` The Role of imperfect competition in new Keynesian economics '' ( PDF ) . Surfing Economics : Essays for the Inquiring Economist . New York : Palgrave . ISBN 0333760611 . Jump up ^ Sheshinski , Eytan ; Weiss , Yoram ( 1977 ) . `` Inflation and Costs of Price Adjustment '' . Review of Economic Studies . 44 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 303 . doi : 10.2307 / 2297067 . JSTOR 2297067 . Jump up ^ Akerlof , George A. ; Yellen , Janet L. ( 1985 ) . `` Can Small Deviations from Rationality Make Significant Differences to Economic Equilibria ? '' . American Economic Review . 75 ( 4 ) : 708 -- 720 . JSTOR 1821349 . Jump up ^ Akerlof , George A. ; Yellen , Janet L. ( 1985 ) . `` A Near - rational Model of the Business Cycle , with Wage and Price Intertia '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 100 ( 5 ) : 823 -- 838 . doi : 10.1093 / qje / 100. Supplement. 823 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 1985 ) . `` Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles : A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 100 ( 2 ) : 529 -- 538 . doi : 10.2307 / 1885395 . JSTOR 1885395 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Michael ( 1986 ) . `` The Output - Inflation Trade - off When Prices Are Costly to Change '' . Journal of Political Economy. 94 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 224 . doi : 10.1086 / 261369 . JSTOR 1831966 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , O. ; Kiyotaki , N. ( 1987 ) . `` Monopolistic Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand '' . American Economic Review . 77 ( 4 ) : 647 -- 666 . JSTOR 1814537 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Huw ; Hansen , Claus ( 1999 ) . `` A Mixed Industrial Structure Magnifies the Importance of Menu Costs '' . European Economic Review . 43 ( 8 ) : 1475 -- 1499 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 2921 ( 98 ) 00029 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ball L. and Romer D ( 1990 ) . Real Rigidities and the Non-neutrality of Money , Review of Economic Studies , volume 57 , pages : 183 - 203 Jump up ^ Romer , David ( 2005 ) . Advanced Macroeconomics . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 287730 - 4. , pp 380 -- 381 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Huw Dixon , a simple model of imperfect competition with Walrasian features , Oxford Economic Papers , ( 1987 ) , 39 , 134 -- 160 Jump up ^ Gregory Mankiw ( 1988 ) , Imperfect competition and the Keynesian cross , Economics Letters , volume 26 , pages 7 - 13 Jump up ^ Costa L , Dixon H. ( 2011 ) , `` Fiscal Policy Under Imperfect Competition with Flexible Prices : An Overview and Survey '' , Economics : The Open - Access , Open - Assessment E-Journal , Vol. 5 , 2011 - 3 . doi : 10.5018 / economics - ejournal. ja. 2011 - 3 . Jump up ^ Calvo , Guillermo A. ( 1983 ) . `` Staggered Prices in a Utility - Maximizing Framework '' . Journal of Monetary Economics 12 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 398 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 3932 ( 83 ) 90060 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Russel ; John , Andrew ( 1988 ) . `` Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics 103 ( 3 ) : 441 -- 463 . doi : 10.2307 / 1885539 . JSTOR 1885539 , page 446 Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . `` New Keynesian Economics '' . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics . Library of Economics and Liberty . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Howitt , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Coordination failures '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard . An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84064 - 387 - 9 , pages 140 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howitt ( 2002 ) , page142 Jump up ^ Diamond , Peter A. ( October 1982 ) . `` Aggregate Demand Management in Search Equilibrium '' . Journal of Political Economy 90 ( 5 ) : 881 -- 894 . doi : 10.2307 / 1837124 . Jump up ^ Cooper and John ( 1988 ) , pages 452 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ; Romer , David ( 1991 ) . New Keynesian economics 1 . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13266 - 4 , page 8 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2005 ) , page 438 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2005 ) pages 437 -- 439 Jump up ^ Romer 2005 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard ( 2005 ) . Modern Macroeconomics . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 208 - 0 , page 384 Jump up ^ Froyen , Richard ( 1990 ) . Macroeconomics , Theories and Policies ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 339482 - 9 . page 357 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2005 ) , page 439 Jump up ^ Froyen ( 1990 ) , page 358 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2005 ) , page 448 Jump up ^ Shapiro , C. ; Stiglitz , J.E. ( 1984 ) . `` Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device '' . The American Economic Review 74 ( 3 ) : 433 -- 444 . doi : 10.2307 / 1804018 Jump up ^ Snowden and Vane ( 2005 ) , page 390 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2005 ) , page 453 . Jump up ^ Snowden and Vane ( 2005 ) , page 390 . Jump up ^ Yun , Tack , ( 1996 ) . `` Nominal price rigidity , money supply endogeneity , and business cycles , '' Journal of Monetary Economics , Elsevier , vol. 37 ( 2 - 3 ) , pages 345 - 370 , April . Jump up ^ Goodfriend , Marvin ; King , Robert G ( 1997 ) , `` The New Neoclassical Synthesis and the Role of Monetary Policy '' , NBER Macroeconomics Annual , NBER Chapters ( National Bureau of Economic Research ) 12 : 231 -- 83 , JSTOR 3585232 . Jump up ^ Snowden and Vane 2005 , page 411 Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( 1993 ) . `` Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie - Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy . 39 : 195 -- 214 . ( The rule is introduced on page 202 . ) Jump up ^ Roberts , John M. ( 1995 ) . `` New Keynesian Economics and the Phillips Curve '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 27 ( 4 ) : 975 -- 984 . doi : 10.2307 / 2077783 . JSTOR 2077783 . Jump up ^ Romer , David ( 2012 ) . `` Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models of Fluctuation '' . Advanced Macroeconomics . New York : McGraw - Hill Irwin . pp. 312 -- 364 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 351137 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clarida , Galí , and Gertler ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Clarida , Richard ; Galí , Jordi ; Gertler , Mark ( 2000 ) . `` Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability : Evidence and Some Theory '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 115 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 180 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355300554692 . Jump up ^ Erceg C , Henderson D , and Levin A. ( 2000 ) , Optimal monetary policy with staggered wage and price contracts , Journal of Monetary Economics , 46 , pages 281 - 313 Jump up ^ Frank Smets & Raf Wouters , 2003 . `` An Estimated Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model of the Euro Area , '' Journal of the European Economic Association , MIT Press , vol. 1 ( 5 ) , pages 1123 - 1175 , doi : 10.1162 / 154247603770383415 . Jump up ^ Frank Smets & Rafael Wouters , 2007 . `` Shocks and Frictions in US Business Cycles : A Bayesian DSGE Approach , '' American Economic Review , American Economic Association , vol. 97 ( 3 ) , pages 586 - 606 , June . Jump up ^ Christiano , Lawrence ; Eichenbaum , Martin ; Evans , Charles ( 2005 ) . `` Nominal rigidities and the dynamic effects of a shock to monetary policy '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Political Economy. 113 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 45 . doi : 10.1086 / 426038 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. ; Reis , R. ( 2002 ) . `` Sticky Information Versus Sticky Prices : A Proposal To Replace The New Keynesian Phillips Curve '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 117 ( 4 ) : 1295 -- 1328 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355302320935034 . Jump up ^ Chari , V.V. ; Kehoe , Patrick J. ; McGrattan , Ellen R. ( 2008 ) . `` New Keynesian Models : Not Yet Useful for Policy Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 409 . ^ Jump up to : Knotec , Edward S. II ( 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Two Rigidities : Sticky Prices in a Sticky - Information Environment '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 42 ( 8 ) : 1543 -- 1564 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2010. 00353. x . Jump up ^ Klenow , Peter J. ; Kryvtsov , Oleksiy ( 2008 ) . `` State - Dependent or Time - Dependent Pricing : Does It Matter For Recent U.S. Inflation ? '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 123 ( 3 ) : 863 -- 904 . doi : 10.1162 / qjec. 2008.123. 3.863 . Jump up ^ Álvarez , Luis J. ; Dhyne , Emmanuel ; Hoeberichts , Marco ; Kwapil , Claudia ; Le Bihan , Hervé ; Lünnemann , Patrick ; Martins , Fernando ; Sabbatini , Roberto ; Stahl , Harald ; Vermeulen , Philip ; Vilmunen , Jouko ( 2006 ) . `` Sticky Prices in the Euro Area : A Summary of New Micro-Evidence '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 4 ( 2 - 3 ) : 575 -- 584 . doi : 10.1162 / jeea. 2006.4. 2 - 3.575 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Philip ; Ellis , Colin ( 2012 ) . `` Examining The Behaviour Of Individual UK Consumer Prices '' . The Economic Journal . 122 ( 558 ) : F35 -- F55 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0297.2011. 02490. x . Jump up ^ Dupor , Bill ; Kitamura , Tomiyuki ; Tsuruga , Takayuki ( 2010 ) . `` Integrating Sticky Prices and Sticky Information '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 92 ( 3 ) : 657 -- 669 . doi : 10.1162 / REST_a_00017 . Jump up ^ Benchimol , J. , Fourçans , A. ( 2012 ) , Money and risk in a DSGE framework : A Bayesian application to the Eurozone , Journal of Macroeconomics , vol. 34 , pp. 95 - 111 . Jump up ^ Benchimol , J. , 2015 , Money in the production function : a new Keynesian DSGE perspective , Southern Economic Journal , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , pp. 152 - 184 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Olivier ; Galí , Jordi ( 2007 ) . `` Real wage rigidities and the New Keynesian model '' . Journal of Money , Credit , and Banking . 39 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2007. 00015. x . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Olivier ; Galí , Jordi ( 2007 ) . `` A New Keynesian model with unemployment '' ( PDF ) . CFS working paper 2007 / 08 , Center for Financial Studies , Goethe University , Frankfurt . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , New Keynesian Models : Not Yet Useful for Policy Analysis , July 2008 Jump up ^ Alves , S.A.L. , 2014 , `` Lack of Divine Coincidence in New - Keynesian Models '' , Journal of Monetary Economics 67 : 33 - 46 . Jump up ^ Michael Woodford ( 1999 ) , ' Revolution and evolution in 20th century macroeconomics , mimeo , Columbia University . Jump up ^ Gali , Jordi ( 2015 ) . Monetary Policy , Inflation and the Business Cycle : An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications ( second edition ) , Princeton University Press , Princeton and Oxford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16478 - 6 . Pages 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fiscal Policy for the Crisis , prepared by the IMF Fiscal Affairs and Research Departments ( Antonio Spilimbergo , Steve Symansky , Olivier Blanchard , and Carlo Cottarelli ) December 29 , 2008 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Donald Markwell , John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Clarida , Richard ; Galí , Jordi ; Gertler , Mark ( 1999 ) . `` The Science of Monetary Policy : A New Keynesian Perspective '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 37 ( 4 ) : 1661 -- 1707 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 37.4. 1661 . JSTOR 2565488 . Robert J. Gordon Gordon , Robert ( 1990 ) , What is New - Keynesian Economics ? , Journal of Economic Literature . Dixon , Huw ( 2008 ) , New Keynesian Economics , New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics New Keynesian macroeconomics . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230226203.1184 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . `` New Keynesian Economics '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Rowe , Nick . `` The Growth Stages of the New Keynesian Model '' . Worthwhile Canadian Initiative . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . 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the following song is sung from the perspective of which character			The Song of Roland	the song of roland	The Song of Roland ( French : La Chanson de Roland ) is an epic poem ( Chanson de geste ) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778 , during the reign of Charlemagne . It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions , which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries .	The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115 : an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115 . The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry . The epic poem is the first and , along with The Poem of the Cid , one of the most outstanding examples of the chanson de geste , a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manuscripts and dating 2 Critical opinions 2.1 Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions 3 Plot 4 Form 5 Characters 5.1 Principal characters 5.2 Secondary characters 6 Durandal 7 Historical adaptations 8 Modern adaptations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Manuscripts and dating ( edit ) Set in the Carolingian era , it was written much later . There are nine extant manuscripts of the Song of Roland in Old French . The oldest of these manuscripts is held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford . This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo - Norman . Scholars estimate that the poem was written , possibly by a poet named Turold , between approximately 1040 and 1115 , and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098 . Some favor an earlier dating , because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s , and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade . Those who prefer a later dating do so on grounds of what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade . In the poem , the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France . Oltre mer , modern French Outremer , literally `` oversea , beyond sea , other side of the sea '' , is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = `` beyond '' and mare = `` sea '' . The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine . The occurrence of this term in the poem can not be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem ; on the contrary , the way it is used in the poem , in which it is simply a Muslim land , indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades , and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea . The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades ( which started in 1098 ) , but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started . After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835 , the Song of Roland became recognized as France 's national epic when an edition was published in 1837 . Critical opinions ( edit ) Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions ( edit ) Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission ; namely , although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally , the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions . Early editors of the Song of Roland , informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic , could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition . This point is clearly expressed by Andrew Taylor , who notes , `` ( T ) he Roland song was , if not invented , at the very least constructed . By supplying it with an appropriate epic title , isolating it from its original codicological context , and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located , the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic '' . Plot ( edit ) The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux , from an illuminated manuscript c. 1455 -- 1460 . Charlemagne 's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain . They have been there for seven years , and the last city standing is Saragossa , held by the Muslim King Marsile . Threatened by the might of Charlemagne 's army of Franks , Marsile seeks advice from his wise man , Blancandrin , who councils him to conciliate the Emperor , offering to surrender and giving hostages . Accordingly , Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne , promising treasure and Marsile 's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France . Charlemagne and his men , tired of fighting , accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile 's court . The protagonist Roland , Charlemagne 's nephew , nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger . Ganelon , who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this , takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne 's army , led by Roland , as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes . As Ganelon predicted , Roland leads the rear guard , with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin . The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed . Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help , but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice . If Roland continues to refuse , Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most . However , Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn olifant ( the word is an old alternative to `` elephant '' , and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk ) to call for help from the Frankish army . The emperor hears the call on their way to France . Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them . The Franks fight well , but are outnumbered , until almost all Roland 's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne 's army can no longer save them . Despite this , he blows his olifant to summon revenge , until his temples burst and he dies a martyr 's death . Angels take his soul to Paradise . When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield , they find the dead bodies of Roland 's men , who have been utterly annihilated . They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro , where the Muslims drown . Meanwhile , Baligant , the powerful emir of Babylon , has arrived in Spain to help Marsile . His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles , where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead . Both sides fight valiantly . When Charlemagne kills Baligant , the Muslim army scatters and flees , leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa . With Marsile 's wife Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix , their capital in France . The Franks discover Ganelon 's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial , where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge , not treason . While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor 's fate is initially swayed by this claim , one man , Thierry , argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him , Ganelon 's action constitutes a betrayal . Ganelon 's friend Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat . By divine intervention , Thierry kills Pinabel . By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon 's treason . Thus , he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged . Form ( edit ) Charlemagne finds Roland dead ( 14th - century miniature ) . The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses . The lines are decasyllabic ( containing ten syllables ) , and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable . The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end - syllable in that laisse . The laisse is therefore an assonal , not a rhyming stanza . On a narrative level , the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition , parallelism , and thesis - antithesis pairs . Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa ; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard . Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant . Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature , the poem focuses on action rather than introspection . The characters are presented through what they do , not through what they think or feel . The narrator gives few explanations for characters ' behavior . The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits ; for example , Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon , though brave , is traitorous and vindictive . The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks . His moral view is very black - and - white : the Franks are good , and the pagans are bad . The story moves at a fast pace , occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time . The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot . Characters ( edit ) Principal characters ( edit ) Andriodos , helpless boy ; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne . Baligant , emir of Babylon ; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne . Blancandrin , wise pagan ; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts , and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile 's baptism Bassalt , came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem ; captured the horse of the king . Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , King Marsile 's wife ; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls . Charlemagne , Holy Roman Emperor ; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain . Ganelon , treacherous lord and Roland 's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army . King Marsile , Saracen king of Spain ; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later . Naimon , Charlemagne 's trusted adviser . Oliver , Roland 's friend ; mortally wounded by Margarice . He represents wisdom . Roland , the hero of the Song ; nephew of Charlemagne ; leads the rear guard of the French forces ; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant - horn , wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy 's land . Turpin , Archbishop of Rheims , represents the force of the Church . Secondary characters ( edit ) Aude , the fiancée of Roland and Oliver 's sister Basan , French baron , murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile . Bérengier , one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile 's troops ; kills Estramarin ; killed by Grandoyne . Besgun , chief cook of Charlemagne 's army ; guards Ganelon after Ganelon 's treachery is discovered . Geboin , guards the French dead ; becomes leader of Charlemagne 's 2nd column . Godefroy , standard bearer of Charlemagne ; brother of Thierry , Charlemagne 's defender against Pinabel . Grandoyne , fighter on Marsile 's side ; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel ; kills Gerin , Gerier , Berenger , Guy St. Antoine , and Duke Astorge ; killed by Roland . Hamon , joint Commander of Charlemagne 's Eighth Division . Lorant , French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant ; killed by Baligant . Milon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Ogier , a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne 's army against Baligant 's forces . Othon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Pinabel , fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat . Thierry , fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat . Durandal ( edit ) According to the Song of Roland , this legendary sword was first given to Charlemagne by an angel . It contained one tooth of Saint Peter , blood of Saint Basil , hair of Saint Denis , and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary , and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence . In the story of the Song of Roland , the weapon is given to Roland , and he uses it to defend himself single - handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers . According to one 12th century legend from the French town of Rocamadour , Roland threw the sword into a cliffside . You can still see the sword embedded into the cliff - face . Historical adaptations ( edit ) A Latin poem , Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis , was composed around 1120 , and a Latin prose version , Historia Caroli Magni ( often known as `` The Pseudo-Turpin '' ) even earlier . Around 1170 , a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe ( formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik ) . In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones . The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century . It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th - or 15th - century poem of Ronsasvals , which incorporates the later , southern aesthetic into the story . An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga , and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco - Venetian is also known ; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy . In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso , which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland . There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named `` Runtsivalstríðið '' ( Battle of Roncevaux ) . The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing . Modern adaptations ( edit ) The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene 's The Confidential Agent . The book 's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work , until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent . Throughout the book , he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of `` Roland '' . Particularly , the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary , which is relevant to its 20th - century plot line : `` Oliver , when he saw the Saracens coming , urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne -- but Roland would n't blow . A big brave fool . In war one always chooses the wrong hero . Oliver should have been the hero of that song , instead of being given second place with the blood - thirsty Bishop Turpin. ( ... ) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end , he gives Roland his death - blow by accident , his eyes blinded by wounds . ( But ) the story had been tidied up . In truth , Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge -- because of what he has done to his men , all the wasted lives . Oliver dies hating the man he loves -- the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith . This makes the story tragedy , not just heroics '' . It is also adapted by Stephen King , in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King . The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France ( the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain ) , and related to Orlando Furioso . The names Roland and Orlando are cognates . Emanuelle Luzzati 's animated short film , I paladini di Francia , together with Giulio Gianini , in 1960 , was turned into the children 's picture - story book , with verse narrative , I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz , which translates literally as `` The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz '' ( Ugo Mursia Editore , 1962 ) . This was then republished , in English , as Ronald and the Wizard Calico ( 1969 ) . The Picture Lion paperback edition ( William Collins , London , 1973 ) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition ( 1969 ) , which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books . Luzatti 's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore -- White Flower , or Blanchefleur -- and her brave hero , Captain Rinaldo , and Ricardo and his paladins -- the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors . Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors -- North African Muslims and Arabs -- and their Sultan , in Jerusalem . With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician , Gano of Maganz , Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle , and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan . The catalyst for victory is the good magician , Urlubulu , who lives in a lake , and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird . The English translators , using the original illustrations , and the basic rhyme patterns , slightly simplify the plot , changing the Christians - versus - Muslim - Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights . The French traitor in The Song of Roland , who is actually Roland 's cowardly step - father , is Ganelon -- very likely the inspiration for Luzzati 's traitor and wicked magician , Gano . Orlando Furioso ( literally , Furious or Enraged Orlando , or Roland ) , includes Orlando 's cousin , the paladin Rinaldo , who , like Orlando , is also in love with Angelica , a pagan princess . Rinaldo is , of course , the Italian equivalent of Ronald . Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff . On July 22 , 2017 , Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel '' The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , '' inspired by the La Chanson de Roland . This work is more closely based on a screen play written by Michael Eging in 2008 , simply known as `` Song of Roland '' and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year . The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux , betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host . Primary characters in the novel include Charles ( Charlemagne ) , Ganelon , Bishop Turpin , Oliver , Aude , Marsilion , Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem . Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story , including Charles oldest son , Pepin , Marsilion 's treacherous son , Saleem , and the scheming Byzantine emissary , Honorius . The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin . The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem ; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred . Further , this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror 's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 . See also ( edit ) La Brèche de Roland Matter of France Herzog Ernst Lamprecht Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Song of Roland '' . FordhamUniversity.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Short , Ian ( 1990 ) . Introduction . France : Le Livre de Poche . pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , Simon ; Pratt , Karen ( 2016 ) . The Song of Roland , and Other Poems of Charlemagne ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY 10016 , United States of America : Oxford University Press . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965554 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Andrew , `` Was There a Song of Roland ? '' Speculum 76 ( January 2001 ) : 28 - 65 ^ Jump up to : Brault , Gerard J. , Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary , Penn State Press , 2010 ISBN 9780271039145 Jump up ^ Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Confidential Agent '' , Part 1 , Ch. 2 , quoted in `` Graham Greene : an approach to the novels '' by Robert Hoskins , p. 122 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Author 's Notes , The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , iUniverse , July 2017 ( http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brault , Gerard J. Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) . DiVanna , Isabel N. `` Politicizing national literature : the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century . '' Historical Research 84.223 ( 2011 ) : 109 - 134 . Jones , George Fenwick . The ethos of the song of Roland ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1963 ) . Vance , Eugene . Reading the Song of Roland ( 1970 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Song of Roland French Wikisource has original text related to this article : La Chanson de Roland Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Song of Roland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chanson de Roland . The Song of Roland at Project Gutenberg ( English translation of Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff ) The Song of Roland -- ( Dorothy L. Sayers ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Song of Roland public domain audiobook at LibriVox La Chanson de Roland ( Old French ) The Romance of the Middle Ages : The Song of Roland , discussion of Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 , audio clip , and discussion of the manuscript 's provenance . Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland , readable online images of the complete original , Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 ( Pt 2 ) La Chanson de Roland , in Anglo - Norman , 12th century , ? 2nd quarter `` . Old French Audio clips of a reading of The Song of Roland in Old French Timeless Myths : Song of Roland `` Roland , The Song of '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . King Charlemagne and the Matter of France Key people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins and other characters Agolant Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Barbamouche Bayard Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de geste and other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb12008442d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&oldid=801094167 '' Categories : Chansons de geste Matter of France French folklore French poems Anglo - Norman folklore Roland Works of unknown authorship Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 44 . 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when was the last time the steelers won a playoff game	Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Won Lost Ties Pct Pittsburgh Pirates 1933 1933 NFL East 5th 6 . 364 1934 1934 NFL East 5th 10 0 . 167 1935 1935 NFL East 3rd 8 0 . 333 1936 1936 NFL East 2nd 6 6 0 . 500 1937 1937 NFL East 3rd 7 0 . 364 1938 1938 NFL East 5th 9 0 . 182 1939 1939 NFL East 4th 9 . 136 Pittsburgh Steelers 1940 1940 NFL East 4th 7 . 273 1941 1941 NFL East 5th 9 . 136 1942 1942 NFL East 2nd 7 0 . 636 Steagles 1943 1943 NFL East 3rd 5 . 550 Card - Pitt 1944 1944 NFL East 5th 0 10 0 . 000 Pittsburgh Steelers 1945 1945 NFL East 5th 8 0 . 200 1946 1946 NFL East 3rd 5 5 . 500 Bill Dudley -- Joe F. Carr Trophy ( MVP ) 1947 1947 NFL East 2nd 8 0 . 667 Lost Eastern Divisional Playoff ( Eagles ) 21 -- 0 1948 1948 NFL East 3rd 8 0 . 333 1949 1949 NFL East 2nd 6 5 . 542 1950 1950 NFL American 3rd 6 6 0 . 500 1951 1951 NFL American 4th 7 . 375 1952 1952 NFL American 4th 5 7 0 . 417 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 4th 6 6 0 . 500 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 4th 5 7 0 . 417 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 6th 8 0 . 346 1956 1956 NFL Eastern 4th 5 7 0 . 500 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 3rd 6 6 0 . 500 1958 1958 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 . 625 1959 1959 NFL Eastern 4th 6 5 . 542 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 5th 5 6 . 458 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 5th 6 8 0 . 429 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 2nd 9 5 0 . 643 Lost Playoff Bowl ( Lions ) 17 -- 10 exhibition gm 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 4th 7 . 607 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 6th 5 9 0 . 357 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 7th 12 0 . 143 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 6th 5 8 . 393 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 4th 9 . 321 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 4th 11 . 179 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 4th 13 0 . 071 Joe Greene -- Defensive Rookie of the Year 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 9 0 . 357 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 2nd 6 8 0 . 429 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 0 . 786 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 13 -- 7 Lost Conference Championship ( Dolphins ) 21 -- 17 Chuck Noll -- AFC Coach of the Year Franco Harris Offensive Rookie of the Year Joe Greene -- Defensive Player of the Year Franco Harris -- AFC Offensive Rookie of the Year 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 0 . 714 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 33 -- 14 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 32 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 24 -- 13 Won Super Bowl IX ( 1 ) ( Vikings ) 16 -- 6 Jack Lambert -- Defensive Rookie of the Year Joe Greene -- Defensive Player of the Year Franco Harris -- Super Bowl MVP NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 857 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 28 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 16 -- 10 Won Super Bowl X ( 2 ) ( Cowboys ) 21 -- 17 Mel Blount -- Defensive Player of the Year Lynn Swann -- Super Bowl MVP 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 0 . 714 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 40 -- 14 Lost Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 24 -- 7 Jack Lambert -- Defensive Player of the Year Jack Lambert -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 . 643 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 34 -- 21 1978 1978 NFL AFC Central 1st 14 0 . 875 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 33 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Oilers ) 34 -- 5 Won Super Bowl XIII ( 3 ) ( Cowboys ) 35 -- 31 Terry Bradshaw -- MVP Terry Bradshaw -- Super Bowl MVP Terry Bradshaw -- Bert Bell MVP 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 34 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Oilers ) 27 -- 13 Won Super Bowl XIV ( 4 ) ( Rams ) 31 -- 19 Jack Lambert -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year Terry Bradshaw -- Super Bowl MVP 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 2nd 8 8 0 . 500 1982 1982 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 0 . 667 Lost First Round ( Chargers ) 31 -- 28 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 38 -- 10 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 7 0 . 563 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 24 -- 17 Lost Conference Championship ( Dolphins ) 45 -- 28 Louis Lipps -- Offensive Rookie of the Year John Stallworth -- Comeback Player of the Year 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 . 438 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 . 375 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 7 0 . 533 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 . 313 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 . 563 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers ) 26 -- 23 Lost Divisional playoff ( Broncos ) 24 -- 23 Chuck Noll -- Maxwell Football Club Coach of the Year 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 9 0 . 438 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 24 -- 3 Bill Cowher -- NFL Coach of the Year Barry Foster -- AFC Offensive Player of the Year 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 . 563 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Rod Woodson -- Defensive Player of the Year 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Browns ) 29 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( Chargers ) 17 -- 13 Greg Lloyd -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 40 -- 21 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 20 -- 16 Lost Super Bowl XXX ( Cowboys ) 27 -- 17 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Colts ) 42 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 28 -- 3 Jerome Bettis -- Comeback Player of the Year 1997 1997 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 7 -- 6 Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos ) 24 -- 21 1998 1998 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 . 438 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 10 0 . 375 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 1st 13 0 . 813 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 27 -- 10 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 24 -- 17 Kendrell Bell -- Defensive Rookie of the Year 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 1st 10 5 . 656 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Browns ) 36 -- 33 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 34 -- 31 Tommy Maddox -- Comeback Player of the Year 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 3rd 6 10 0 . 375 NFL AFC North 1st 15 0 . 938 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets ) 20 -- 17 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 41 -- 27 Bill Cowher -- Sporting News Coach of the Year Ben Roethlisberger -- Offensive Rookie of the Year 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 2nd 11 5 0 . 688 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bengals ) 31 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 21 -- 18 Won Conference Championship ( Broncos ) 34 -- 17 Won Super Bowl XL ( 5 ) ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 10 Hines Ward -- Super Bowl MVP 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 3rd 8 8 0 . 500 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 31 -- 29 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chargers ) 35 -- 24 Won Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 23 -- 14 Won Super Bowl XLIII ( 6 ) ( Cardinals ) 27 -- 23 James Harrison -- Defensive Player of the Year Santonio Holmes -- Super Bowl MVP Mike Tomlin -- Motorola NFL Coach of the Year 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 NFL AFC North 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 31 -- 24 Won Conference Championship ( Jets ) 24 -- 19 Lost Super Bowl XLV ( Packers ) 31 -- 25 Troy Polamalu -- Defensive Player of the Year 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 2nd 12 0 . 750 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Broncos ) 29 -- 23 ( OT ) 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 3rd 8 8 0 . 500 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 2nd 8 8 0 . 500 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Ravens ) 30 -- 17 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 2nd 10 6 0 . 625 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bengals ) 18 -- 16 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 23 -- 16 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 30 -- 12 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 18 -- 16 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 36 -- 17 Totals Regular season : 606 549 21 . 524 1933 -- 2016 , regular season only Playoff : 36 24 0 . 600 1933 -- 2016 , playoffs only Overall : 642 573 21 . 528 1933 -- 2016 , regular season and playoff games	2016	List of Pittsburgh Steelers seasons	list of pittsburgh steelers seasons	The Pittsburgh Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC ; seven franchises in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) have longer tenures in the NFL . The team struggled to be competitive in its early history , posting winning records in just 8 of its first 39 seasons . Since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , however , it has appeared in eight Super Bowls and is the only team to have won the Super Bowl six times . The six championships place the Steelers fourth in the league in terms of total championships ( including those prior to the first Super Bowl ) , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 championships ) , the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) and the New York Giants ( 8 ) . The club 's 15 AFC Championship Game appearances are a record . In addition , they have hosted more conference championship games ( 11 ) than any franchise in either conference , and are tied with the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots and Denver Broncos with eight Super Bowl appearances .	From 1974 to 1979 the franchise became the first NFL franchise to win four Super Bowl titles in six seasons , a feat which is yet to be matched . The 2005 team was the first sixth - seeded team to advance to a conference championship game since the playoff field was expanded to 12 teams in 1990 ; the same team also became the first sixth - seed to win the Super Bowl . The Steelers are 6 -- 2 in Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl IX , Super Bowl X , Super Bowl XIII , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XL , Super Bowl XLIII and losing Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XLV . Key to color - coding of list of seasons table NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth One - Game Playoff Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Won Lost Ties Pct Pittsburgh Pirates 1933 1933 NFL East 5th 6 . 364 1934 1934 NFL East 5th 10 0 . 167 1935 1935 NFL East 3rd 8 0 . 333 1936 1936 NFL East 2nd 6 6 0 . 500 1937 1937 NFL East 3rd 7 0 . 364 1938 1938 NFL East 5th 9 0 . 182 1939 1939 NFL East 4th 9 . 136 Pittsburgh Steelers 1940 1940 NFL East 4th 7 . 273 1941 1941 NFL East 5th 9 . 136 1942 1942 NFL East 2nd 7 0 . 636 Steagles 1943 1943 NFL East 3rd 5 . 550 Card - Pitt 1944 1944 NFL East 5th 0 10 0 . 000 Pittsburgh Steelers 1945 1945 NFL East 5th 8 0 . 200 1946 1946 NFL East 3rd 5 5 . 500 Bill Dudley -- Joe F. Carr Trophy ( MVP ) 1947 1947 NFL East 2nd 8 0 . 667 Lost Eastern Divisional Playoff ( Eagles ) 21 -- 0 1948 1948 NFL East 3rd 8 0 . 333 1949 1949 NFL East 2nd 6 5 . 542 1950 1950 NFL American 3rd 6 6 0 . 500 1951 1951 NFL American 4th 7 . 375 1952 1952 NFL American 4th 5 7 0 . 417 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 4th 6 6 0 . 500 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 4th 5 7 0 . 417 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 6th 8 0 . 346 1956 1956 NFL Eastern 4th 5 7 0 . 500 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 3rd 6 6 0 . 500 1958 1958 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 . 625 1959 1959 NFL Eastern 4th 6 5 . 542 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 5th 5 6 . 458 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 5th 6 8 0 . 429 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 2nd 9 5 0 . 643 Lost Playoff Bowl ( Lions ) 17 -- 10 exhibition gm 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 4th 7 . 607 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 6th 5 9 0 . 357 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 7th 12 0 . 143 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 6th 5 8 . 393 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 4th 9 . 321 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 4th 11 . 179 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 4th 13 0 . 071 Joe Greene -- Defensive Rookie of the Year 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 9 0 . 357 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 2nd 6 8 0 . 429 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 0 . 786 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 13 -- 7 Lost Conference Championship ( Dolphins ) 21 -- 17 Chuck Noll -- AFC Coach of the Year Franco Harris Offensive Rookie of the Year Joe Greene -- Defensive Player of the Year Franco Harris -- AFC Offensive Rookie of the Year 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 0 . 714 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 33 -- 14 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 32 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 24 -- 13 Won Super Bowl IX ( 1 ) ( Vikings ) 16 -- 6 Jack Lambert -- Defensive Rookie of the Year Joe Greene -- Defensive Player of the Year Franco Harris -- Super Bowl MVP NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 857 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 28 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 16 -- 10 Won Super Bowl X ( 2 ) ( Cowboys ) 21 -- 17 Mel Blount -- Defensive Player of the Year Lynn Swann -- Super Bowl MVP 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 0 . 714 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 40 -- 14 Lost Conference Championship ( Raiders ) 24 -- 7 Jack Lambert -- Defensive Player of the Year Jack Lambert -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 . 643 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 34 -- 21 1978 1978 NFL AFC Central 1st 14 0 . 875 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 33 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Oilers ) 34 -- 5 Won Super Bowl XIII ( 3 ) ( Cowboys ) 35 -- 31 Terry Bradshaw -- MVP Terry Bradshaw -- Super Bowl MVP Terry Bradshaw -- Bert Bell MVP 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 34 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Oilers ) 27 -- 13 Won Super Bowl XIV ( 4 ) ( Rams ) 31 -- 19 Jack Lambert -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year Terry Bradshaw -- Super Bowl MVP 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 2nd 8 8 0 . 500 1982 1982 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 0 . 667 Lost First Round ( Chargers ) 31 -- 28 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 38 -- 10 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 7 0 . 563 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 24 -- 17 Lost Conference Championship ( Dolphins ) 45 -- 28 Louis Lipps -- Offensive Rookie of the Year John Stallworth -- Comeback Player of the Year 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 . 438 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 . 375 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 7 0 . 533 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 . 313 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 . 563 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers ) 26 -- 23 Lost Divisional playoff ( Broncos ) 24 -- 23 Chuck Noll -- Maxwell Football Club Coach of the Year 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 9 0 . 438 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 24 -- 3 Bill Cowher -- NFL Coach of the Year Barry Foster -- AFC Offensive Player of the Year 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 . 563 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Rod Woodson -- Defensive Player of the Year 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Browns ) 29 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( Chargers ) 17 -- 13 Greg Lloyd -- AFC Defensive Player of the Year 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 40 -- 21 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 20 -- 16 Lost Super Bowl XXX ( Cowboys ) 27 -- 17 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Colts ) 42 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 28 -- 3 Jerome Bettis -- Comeback Player of the Year 1997 1997 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 7 -- 6 Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos ) 24 -- 21 1998 1998 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 . 438 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 10 0 . 375 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 1st 13 0 . 813 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 27 -- 10 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 24 -- 17 Kendrell Bell -- Defensive Rookie of the Year 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 1st 10 5 . 656 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Browns ) 36 -- 33 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 34 -- 31 Tommy Maddox -- Comeback Player of the Year 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 3rd 6 10 0 . 375 NFL AFC North 1st 15 0 . 938 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets ) 20 -- 17 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 41 -- 27 Bill Cowher -- Sporting News Coach of the Year Ben Roethlisberger -- Offensive Rookie of the Year 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 2nd 11 5 0 . 688 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bengals ) 31 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 21 -- 18 Won Conference Championship ( Broncos ) 34 -- 17 Won Super Bowl XL ( 5 ) ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 10 Hines Ward -- Super Bowl MVP 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 3rd 8 8 0 . 500 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 1st 10 6 0 . 625 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 31 -- 29 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chargers ) 35 -- 24 Won Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 23 -- 14 Won Super Bowl XLIII ( 6 ) ( Cardinals ) 27 -- 23 James Harrison -- Defensive Player of the Year Santonio Holmes -- Super Bowl MVP Mike Tomlin -- Motorola NFL Coach of the Year 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 3rd 9 7 0 . 563 NFL AFC North 1st 12 0 . 750 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 31 -- 24 Won Conference Championship ( Jets ) 24 -- 19 Lost Super Bowl XLV ( Packers ) 31 -- 25 Troy Polamalu -- Defensive Player of the Year 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 2nd 12 0 . 750 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Broncos ) 29 -- 23 ( OT ) 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 3rd 8 8 0 . 500 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 2nd 8 8 0 . 500 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Ravens ) 30 -- 17 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 2nd 10 6 0 . 625 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bengals ) 18 -- 16 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 23 -- 16 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 1st 11 5 0 . 688 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 30 -- 12 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 18 -- 16 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 36 -- 17 Totals Regular season : 606 549 21 . 524 1933 -- 2016 , regular season only Playoff : 36 24 0 . 600 1933 -- 2016 , playoffs only Overall : 642 573 21 . 528 1933 -- 2016 , regular season and playoff games Notes : The Finish , Wins , Losses , Ties and Pct columns include only regular season results . Postseason results are shown only within the `` Playoffs '' column . Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the table . Tied for this position with at least one other team For the purposes of calculating winning percentage ties count as 1⁄2 win and 1⁄2 loss The Playoff Bowl ( a.k.a. Bert Bell Benefit Bowl ) is regarded as an unofficial post-season exhibition for third place Ranked by conference rather than division ( strike shortened season ) . American football portal Pittsburgh portal References ( edit ) `` Pittsburgh Steelers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Record and Fact Book -- Team Records : Championships '' . NFL.com. 2007 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Phi / Pit Eagles / Steelers '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 Chi / Pit Cards / Steelers '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Harrison has death grip on defensive award '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ NFL ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Steelers ' Tomlin voted 2008 Motorola Coach of the Year '' . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 21 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pittsburgh_Steelers_seasons&oldid=801864287 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Pittsburgh Steelers seasons Pittsburgh Steelers lists Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 11 : 35 . 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vijayanagar state came into existence during the reign of			Vijayanagara empire	vijayanagara empire	The Vijayanagara Empire ( also called Karnata Empire , and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese ) was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India . It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty . The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century . It lasted until 1646 , although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates . The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara , whose ruins surround present day Hampi , now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka , India . The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes , Fernão Nunes , and Niccolò Da Conti , and the literature in local languages provide crucial information about its history . Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire 's power and wealth .	The empire 's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India , the best known of which is the group at Hampi . Different temple building traditions in South and Central India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style . This synthesis inspired architectural innovation in Hindu temples construction . Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation . The empire 's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada , Telugu , Tamil , and Sanskrit , while Carnatic music evolved into its current form . The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alternative name 2 History 3 Governance 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Social life 5.2 Religion 5.3 Language 5.4 Literature 5.5 Architecture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Alternative name ( edit ) Karnata Rajya ( Karnata Empire ) was another name for the Vijayanagara Empire , used in some inscriptions and literary works of the Vijayanagara times including the Sanskrit work Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya and Telugu work Vasu Charitamu . History ( edit ) Main articles : Origin of Vijayanagara Empire , Ancient City of Vijayanagara , Battle of Raichur , and Battle of Talikota Differing theories have been proposed regarding the origins of the Vijayanagara empire . Many historians propose that Harihara I and Bukka I , the founders of the empire , were Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India . Others claim that they were Telugu people , first associated with the Kakatiya Kingdom , who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline . Irrespective of their origin , historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by Vidyaranya , a saint at the Sringeri monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India . Writings by foreign travelers during the late medieval era combined with recent excavations in the Vijayanagara principality have uncovered much - needed information about the empire 's history , fortifications , scientific developments and architectural innovations . Before the early 14th - century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire , the Hindu states of the Deccan -- the Yadava Empire of Devagiri , the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal , the Pandyan Empire of Madurai had been repeatedly raided and attacked by Muslims from the north , and by 1336 these upper Deccan region ( modern day Maharashtra , Telangana ) had all been defeated by armies of Sultan Alla - ud - din Khilji and Muhammad bin Tughluq of the Delhi Sultanate . Further south in the Deccan region , a Hoysala commander , Singeya Nayaka - III ( 1280 -- 1300 AD ) declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri in 1294 CE . He created the Kampili kingdom , but this was a short lived kingdom during this period of wars . Kampili existed near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra river in northeastern parts of the present - day Karnataka state . It ended after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate . The triumphant army led by Malik Zada sent the news of its victory , over Kampili kingdom , to Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi by sending a straw - stuffed severed head of the dead Hindu king . Within Kampili , on the day of certain defeat , the populace committed a jauhar ( ritual mass suicide ) in 1327 / 28 CE . Eight years later , from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom emerged the Vijayanagara Kingdom in 1336 CE . In the first two decades after the founding of the empire , Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara ( `` master of the eastern and western seas '' ) . By 1374 Bukka Raya I , successor to Harihara I , had defeated the chiefdom of Arcot , the Reddys of Kondavidu , and the Sultan of Madurai and had gained control over Goa in the west and the Tungabhadra - Krishna River doab in the north . The original capital was in the principality of Anegondi on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today 's Karnataka . It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagara on the river 's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I , because it was easier to defend against the Muslim armies persistently attacking it from the northern lands . With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature , Harihara II , the second son of Bukka Raya I , further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella . The next ruler , Deva Raya I , emerged successful against the Gajapatis of Odisha and undertook important works of fortification and irrigation . Italian traveler Niccolo de Conti wrote of him as the most powerful ruler of India . Deva Raya II ( called Gajabetekara ) succeeded to the throne in 1424 and was possibly the most capable of the Sangama dynasty rulers . He quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south . He invaded the island of Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim . Map of South India , 1400 AD Firuz Bahmani of Bahmani Sultanate entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I of Vijayanagara in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of `` 100,000 huns , five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants '' . The Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute . Such wars for tribute payment by Vijayanagara repeated in the 15th century , such as in 1436 when Sultan Ahmad I launched a war to collect the unpaid tribute . The ensuing Sultanates - Vijayanagara wars expanded the Vijayanagara military , its power and disputes between its military commanders . In 1485 , Saluva Narasimha led a coup and ended the dynastic rule , while continuing to defend the Empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north . In 1505 , another commander Tuluva Narasa Nayaka took over the Vijayanagara rule from the Sulava descendant in a coup . The empire came under the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in 1509 , the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka . He strengthened and consolidated the reach of the empire , by hiring both Hindus and Muslims into his army . In the following decades , it covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates to its north . The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious . The empire gained territory formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan , including Kalinga , in addition to the already established presence in the south . Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya . Natural fortress at Vijayanagara Krishna Deva Raya was followed by his younger half - brother Achyuta Deva Raya in 1529 . When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542 , Sadashiva Raya , the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya was appointed king with the caretaker being Aliya Rama Raya , Krishna Deva Raya 's son - in - law and someone who had previously served Sultan Quli Qutb al - Mulk from 1512 when al - Mulk was assigned to Golkonda sultanate . Aliya Rama Raya left the Golconda Sultanate , married Deva Raya 's daughter , and thus rose to power . When Sadashiva Raya -- Deva Raya 's son -- was old enough , Aliya Rama Raya imprisoned him and allowed his uncle Achyuta Raya to publicly appear once a year . Further Aliya Rama Raya hired Muslim generals in his army from his previous Sultanate connections , and called himself `` Sultan of the World '' . Royal Insignia : boar , sun , moon and dagger The Sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Aliya Rama Raya 's army , in January 1565 , in a war known as the Battle of Talikota . The Vijayanagara side was winning the war , state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund , but suddenly two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the Sultanates . The generals captured Aliya Rama Raya and beheaded him on the spot , with Sultan Hussain on the Sultanates side joining them for the execution and stuffing of severed head with straw for display . The beheading of Aliya Rama Raya created confusion and havoc in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army , which were then completely routed . The Sultanates ' army plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains ; it was never re-occupied . After the death of Aliya Rama Raya in the Battle of Talikota , Tirumala Deva Raya started the Aravidu dynasty , moved and founded a new capital of Penukonda to replace the destroyed Hampi , and attempted to reconstitute the remains of Vijayanagara Empire . Tirumala abdicated in 1572 , dividing the remains of his kingdom to his three sons , and pursued a religious life until his death in 1578 . The Aravidu dynasty successors ruled the region but the empire collapsed in 1614 , and the final remains ended in 1646 , from continued wars with the Bijapur sultanate and others . During this period , more kingdoms in South India became independent and separate from Vijayanagara . These include the Mysore Kingdom , Keladi Nayaka , Nayaks of Madurai , Nayaks of Tanjore , Nayakas of Chitradurga and Nayak Kingdom of Gingee -- all of which declared independence and went on to have a significant impact on the history of South India in the coming centuries . Governance ( edit ) Main article : Military of Vijayanagara The rulers of the Vijayanagara empire maintained the well - functioning administrative methods developed by their predecessors , the Hoysala , Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms , to govern their territories and made changes only where necessary . The King was the ultimate authority , assisted by a cabinet of ministers ( Pradhana ) headed by the prime minister ( Mahapradhana ) . Other important titles recorded were the chief secretary ( Karyakartha or Rayaswami ) and the imperial officers ( Adhikari ) . All high - ranking ministers and officers were required to have military training . A secretariat near the king 's palace employed scribes and officers to maintain records made official by using a wax seal imprinted with the ring of the king . At the lower administrative levels , wealthy feudal landlords ( Goudas ) supervised accountants ( Karanikas or Karnam ) and guards ( Kavalu ) . The palace administration was divided into 72 departments ( Niyogas ) , each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty ( some imported or captured in victorious battles ) who were trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines . Kannada inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya , dated 1509 , at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi , describing his coronation and the construction of the large open mantapa The empire was divided into five main provinces ( Rajya ) , each under a commander ( Dandanayaka or Dandanatha ) and headed by a governor , often from the royal family , who used the native language for administrative purposes . A Rajya was divided into regions ( Vishaya Vente or Kottam ) and further divided into counties ( Sime or Nadu ) , themselves subdivided into municipalities ( Kampana or Sthala ) . Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire , while some areas , such as Keladi and Madurai , came under the direct supervision of a commander . On the battlefield , the king 's commanders led the troops . The empire 's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions ; more often it employed small scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts . The empire was among the first in India to use long range artillery commonly manned by foreign gunners ( those from present day Turkmenistan were considered the best ) . Army troops were of two types : The king 's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory . King Krishnadevaraya 's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry , 20,000 cavalrymen and over 900 elephants . This number was only a part of the army numbering over 1.1 million soldiers , a figure that varied as an army of two million has also been recorded along with the existence of a navy as evidenced by the use of the term Navigadaprabhu ( commander of the navy ) . The army recruited from all classes of society ( supported by the collection of additional feudal tributes from feudatory rulers ) , and consisted of archers and musketeers wearing quilted tunics , shieldmen with swords and poignards in their girdles , and soldiers carrying shields so large that no armour was necessary . The horses and elephants were fully armoured and the elephants had knives fastened to their tusks to do maximum damage in battle . The capital city was completely dependent on the water supply systems constructed to channel and store water , ensuring a consistent supply throughout the year . The remains of these hydraulic systems have given historians a picture of the prevailing surface water distribution methods in use at that time in the semiarid regions of South India . Contemporary records and notes of foreign travelers describe how huge tanks were constructed by labourers . Excavations have uncovered the remains of a well - connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes ( suggesting it was for the exclusive use of royalty , and for special ceremonies ) with sophisticated channels using gravity and siphons to transport water through pipelines . The only structures resembling public waterworks are the remains of large water tanks that collected the seasonal monsoon water and then dried up in summer except for the few fed by springs . In the fertile agricultural areas near the Tungabhadra River , canals were dug to guide the river water into irrigation tanks . These canals had sluices that were opened and closed to control the water flow . In other areas the administration encouraged the digging of wells monitored by administrative authorities . Large tanks in the capital city were constructed with royal patronage while smaller tanks were funded by wealthy individuals to gain social and religious merit . Economy ( edit ) Ancient market place and plantation at Hampi The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture . Sorghum ( jowar ) , cotton , and pulse legumes grew in semi-arid regions , while sugarcane , rice , and wheat thrived in rainy areas . Betel leaves , areca ( for chewing ) , and coconut were the principal cash crops , and large scale cotton production supplied the weaving centers of the empire 's vibrant textile industry . Spices such as turmeric , pepper , cardamom , and ginger grew in the remote Malnad hill region and were transported to the city for trade . The empire 's capital city was a thriving business centre that included a burgeoning market in large quantities of precious gems and gold . Prolific temple - building provided employment to thousands of masons , sculptors , and other skilled artisans . Land ownership was important . Most of the growers were tenant farmers and were given the right of part ownership of the land over time . Tax policies encouraging needed produce made distinctions between land use to determine tax levies . For example , the daily market availability of rose petals was important for perfumers , so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment . Salt production and the manufacture of salt pans were controlled by similar means . The making of ghee ( clarified butter ) , which was sold as an oil for human consumption and as a fuel for lighting lamps , was profitable . Exports to China intensified and included cotton , spices , jewels , semi-precious stones , ivory , rhino horn , ebony , amber , coral , and aromatic products such as perfumes . Large vessels from China made frequent visits , some captained by the Chinese Admiral Zheng He , and brought Chinese products to the empire 's 300 ports , large and small , on the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal . The ports of Mangalore , Honavar , Bhatkal , Barkur , Cochin , Cannanore , Machilipatnam , and Dharmadam were the most important . When merchant ships docked , the merchandise was taken into official custody and taxes levied on all items sold . The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials . Traders of many nationalities ( Arabs , Persians , Guzerates , Khorassanians ) settled in Calicut , drawn by the thriving trade business . Ship building prospered and keeled ships of 1000 -- 1200 bahares ( burden ) were built without decks by sewing the entire hull with ropes rather than fastening them with nails . Ships sailed to the Red Sea ports of Aden and Mecca with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as Venice . The empire 's principal exports were pepper , ginger , cinnamon , cardamom , myrobalan , tamarind timber , anafistula , precious and semi-precious stones , pearls , musk , ambergris , rhubarb , aloe , cotton cloth and porcelain . Cotton yarn was shipped to Burma and indigo to Persia . Chief imports from Palestine were copper , quicksilver ( mercury ) , vermilion , coral , saffron , coloured velvets , rose water , knives , coloured camlets , gold and silver . Persian horses were imported to Cannanore before a two - week land trip to the capital . Silk arrived from China and sugar from Bengal . East coast trade hummed , with goods arriving from Golkonda where rice , millet , pulses and tobacco were grown on a large scale . Dye crops of indigo and chay root were produced for the weaving industry . A mineral rich region , Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports . Diamond mining was active in the Kollur region . The cotton weaving industry produced two types of cottons , plain calico and muslin ( brown , bleached or dyed ) . Cloth printed with coloured patterns crafted by native techniques were exported to Java and the Far East . Golkonda specialised in plain cotton and Pulicat in printed . The main imports on the east coast were non-ferrous metals , camphor , porcelain , silk and luxury goods . Culture ( edit ) Social life ( edit ) Horizontal friezes in relief on the outer wall enclosure of Hazara Rama temple , depicting life in the kingdom Most information on the social life in Vijayanagara empire comes from the writings of foreign visitors and evidence that research teams in the Vijayanagara area have uncovered . The Hindu caste system was prevalent and rigidly followed , with each caste represented by a local body of elders who represented the community . These elders set the rules and regulations that were implemented with the help of royal decrees . Untouchability was part of the caste system and these communities were represented by leaders ( Kaivadadavaru ) . The Muslim communities were represented by their own group in coastal Karnataka . The caste system did not , however , prevent distinguished persons from all castes from being promoted to high - ranking cadre in the army and administration . In civil life , by virtue of the caste system , Brahmins enjoyed a high level of respect . With the exception of a few who took to military careers , most Brahmins concentrated on religious and literary matters . Their separation from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters , and their presence in every town and village was a calculated investment made by the nobility and aristocracy to maintain order . However , the popularity of low - caste scholars ( such as Molla and Kanakadasa ) and their works ( including those of Vemana and Sarvajna ) is an indication of the degree of social fluidity in the society . Nāga ( snake ) stone worship at Hampi Vijaynagar period temple plates at the Dharmeshwara Temple , Kondarahalli , Hoskote , recorded by BL Rice Sati , the practice where a widow would immolate herself with her dead husband 's body , is evidenced in Vijayanagara ruins . About fifty inscriptions have been discovered in Vijayanagara which are called Satikal ( Sati stone ) or Sati - virakal ( Sati hero stone ) . According to Ashis Nandy , the Vijayanagara practice was an example of an `` epidemic '' of sati practice just like Rajput kingdoms under attack by Mughal armies , attributing the practice to foreign intrusions from the persistent wars between Muslim sultanates and the Hindu kingdom , in contrast to others who question the evidence . According to scholars such as John Hawley , `` the evidence about the extent of the custom and about the classes that practiced it is far from clear , since most accounts come from Muslim chroniclers or European travelers '' who did not have means and objectivity to report about the practice or its circumstances accurately . The socio - religious movements of the previous centuries , such as Lingayatism , provided momentum for flexible social norms to which women were expected to abide . By this time South Indian women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in matters hitherto considered the monopoly of men , such as administration , business and trade , and involvement in the fine arts . Tirumalamba Devi who wrote Varadambika Parinayam and Gangadevi who wrote Madhuravijayam were among the notable women poets of the era . Early Telugu women poets like Tallapaka Timmakka and Atukuri Molla became popular during this period . The court of the Nayaks of Tanjore is known to have patronised several women poets . The Devadasi system existed , as well as legalised prostitution relegated to a few streets in each city . The popularity of harems amongst men of the royalty is well known from records . Painted ceiling from the Virupaksha temple depicting Hindu mythology , 14th century . Well - to - do men wore the Petha or Kulavi , a tall turban made of silk and decorated with gold . As in most Indian societies , jewellery was used by men and women and records describe the use of anklets , bracelets , finger - rings , necklaces and ear rings of various types . During celebrations , men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of rose water , civet musk , musk or sandalwood . In stark contrast to the commoners whose lives were modest , the lives of the empire 's kings and queens were full of ceremonial pomp in the court . Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who were lavishly dressed and adorned with fine jewellery , their daily duties being light . Physical exercises were popular with men and wrestling was an important male preoccupation for sport and entertainment . Even women wrestlers are mentioned in records . Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records speak of regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peace time . Royal palaces and market places had special arenas where royalty and common people alike amused themselves by watching matches such as cock fights , ram fights and wrestling between women . Excavations within the Vijayanagara city limits have revealed the existence of various types of community - based activities in the form of engravings on boulders , rock platforms and temple floors , implying these were places of casual social interaction . Some of these games are in use today and others are yet to be identified . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Haridasas of Vijayanagar Empire Virupaksha Temple , Hampi Lakshmi Narasimha ( Avatar of Vishnu ) at Hampi Ornate pillars , Virupaksha temple Hampi Wall panel relief in Hazare Rama Temple at Hampi The Vijayanagara kings were tolerant of all religions and sects , as writings by foreign visitors show . The kings used titles such as Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya ( literally , `` protector of cows and Brahmins '' ) and Hindurayasuratrana ( lit , `` upholder of Hindu faith '' ) that testified to their intention of protecting Hinduism and yet were at the same time staunchly Islamicate in their court ceremonials and dress , as Philip Wagoner points out in his 1996 article `` Sultan Among Hindu Kings '' published in the Journal of Asian Studies . The empire 's founders , Harihara I and Bukka Raya I , were devout Shaivas ( worshippers of Shiva ) , but made grants to the Vaishnava order of Sringeri with Vidyaranya as their patron saint , and designated Varaha ( the boar , an Avatar of Vishnu ) as their emblem . Over one - fourth of the archaeological dig found an `` Islamic Quarter '' not far from the `` Royal Quarter '' . Nobles from Central Asia 's Timurid kingdoms also came to Vijayanagara . The later Saluva and Tuluva kings were Vaishnava by faith , but worshipped at the feet of Lord Virupaksha ( Shiva ) at Hampi as well as Lord Venkateshwara ( Vishnu ) at Tirupati . A Sanskrit work , Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya , called Lord Virupaksha Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani ( `` protective jewel of Karnata Empire '' ) . The kings patronised the saints of the dvaita order ( philosophy of dualism ) of Madhvacharya at Udupi . The Bhakti ( devotional ) movement was active during this time , and involved well known Haridasas ( devotee saints ) of that time . Like the Virashaiva movement of the 12th century , this movement presented another strong current of devotion , pervading the lives of millions . The haridasas represented two groups , the Vyasakuta and Dasakuta , the former being required to be proficient in the Vedas , Upanishads and other Darshanas , while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs ( Devaranamas and Kirthanas ) . The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha , Jayatirtha , Sripadaraya , Vyasatirtha , Vadirajatirtha and others . Vyasatirtha , the guru ( teacher ) of Vadirajatirtha , Purandaradasa ( Father of Carnatic music ) and Kanakadasa earned the devotion of King Krishnadevaraya . The king considered the saint his Kuladevata ( family deity ) and honoured him in his writings . During this time , another great composer of early carnatic music , Annamacharya composed hundreds of Kirthanas in Telugu at Tirupati in present - day Andhra Pradesh . The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism . Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory were Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli . Islamic contact with South India began as early as the 7th century , a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and Arab lands . Jumma Masjids existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the 10th century and many mosques flourished on the Malabar coast by the early 14th century . Muslim settlers married local women ; their children were known as Mappillas ( Moplahs ) and were actively involved in horse trading and manning shipping fleets . The interactions between the Vijayanagara empire and the Bahamani Sultanates to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south . The introduction of Christianity began as early as the 8th century as shown by the finding of copper plates inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians . Christian travelers wrote of the scarcity of Christians in South India in the Middle Ages , promoting its attractiveness to missionaries . The arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century and their connections through trade with the empire , the propagation of the faith by Saint Xavier ( 1545 ) and later the presence of Dutch settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south . Language ( edit ) Kannada , Telugu and Tamil were used in their respective regions of the empire . Over 7000 inscriptions ( Shilashasana ) including 300 copper plate inscriptions ( Tamarashasana ) have been recovered , almost half of which are in Kannada , the remaining in Telugu , Tamil and Sanskrit . Bilingual inscriptions had lost favour by the 14th century . The empire minted coins at Hampi , Penugonda and Tirupati with Nagari , Kannada and Telugu legends usually carrying the name of the ruler . Gold , silver and copper were used to issue coins called Gadyana , Varaha , Pon , Pagoda , Pratapa , Pana , Kasu and Jital . The coins contained the images of various gods including Balakrishna ( infant Krishna ) , Venkateshwara ( the presiding deity of the temple at Tirupati ) , goddesses such as Bhudevi and Sridevi , divine couples , animals such as bulls and elephants and birds . The earliest coins feature Hanuman and Garuda ( divine eagle ) , the vehicle of Lord Vishnu . Kannada and Telugu inscriptions have been deciphered and recorded by historians of the Archaeological Survey of India . Literature ( edit ) Main articles : Vijayanagara Empire Literature and Vijayanagara literature in Kannada During the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire , poets , scholars and philosophers wrote primarily in Kannada , Telugu and Sanskrit , and also in other regional languages such as Tamil and covered such subjects as religion , biography , Prabandha ( fiction ) , music , grammar , poetry , medicine and mathematics . The administrative and court languages of the Empire were Kannada and Telugu -- the latter was the court language and gained even more cultural prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara kings . Telugu was a popular literary medium , reaching its peak under the patronage of Krishnadevaraya . Most Sanskrit works were commentaries either on the Vedas or on the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics , written by well known figures such as Sayana and Vidyaranya that extolled the superiority of the Advaita philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies . Other writers were famous Dvaita saints of the Udupi order such as Jayatirtha ( earning the title Tikacharya for his polemicial writings ) , Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians , and Vadirajatirtha and Sripadaraya both of whom criticised the beliefs of Adi Sankara . Apart from these saints , noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudal chiefs . Some members of the royal family were writers of merit and authored important works such as Jambavati Kalyana by King Krishnadevaraya , and Madura Vijayam by Princess Gangadevi , a daughter - in - law of King Bukka I. Also known as Veerakamparaya Charita , the book dwells on the conquest of the Madurai Sultanate by the Vijayanagara empire . Poetic inscription in Kannada by Vijayanagara poet Manjaraja ( 1398 CE ) The Kannada poets and scholars of the empire produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava Bhakti movement heralded by the Haridasas ( devotees of Vishnu ) , Brahminical and Veerashaiva ( Lingayatism ) literature . The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called Devaranama ( lyrical poems ) in the native meters of Sangatya ( quatrain ) , Suladi ( beat based ) , Ugabhoga ( melody based ) and Mundige ( cryptic ) . Their inspirations were the teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha . Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa are considered the foremost among many Dasas ( devotees ) by virtue of their immense contribution . Kumara Vyasa , the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote Gadugina Bharata , a translation of the epic Mahabharata . This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada . Chamarasa was a famous Veerashaiva scholar and poet who had many debates with Vaishnava scholars in the court of Devaraya II . His Prabhulinga Leele , later translated into Telugu and Tamil , was a eulogy of Saint Allama Prabhu ( the saint was considered an incarnation of Lord Ganapathi while Parvati took the form of a princess of Banavasi ) . At this peak of Telugu literature , the most famous writing in the Prabandha style was Manucharitamu . King Krishnadevaraya was an accomplished Telugu scholar and wrote the celebrated Amuktamalyada . Amuktamalyada ( `` One who wears and gives away garlands '' ) narrates the story of the wedding of the god Vishnu to Andal , the Tamil Alvar saint poet and the daughter of Periyalvar at Srirangam . In his court were eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars ( Ashtadiggajas ) of the literary assembly . The most famous among them were Allasani Peddana who held the honorific Andhrakavitapitamaha ( lit , `` father of Telugu poetry '' ) and Tenali Ramakrishna , the court jester who authored several notable works . The other six poets were Nandi Thimmana ( Mukku Timmana ) , Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra , Madayyagari Mallana , Bhattu Murthi ( Ramaraja Bhushana ) , Pingali Surana , and Dhurjati . This was the age of Srinatha , the greatest of all Telugu poets of the time . He wrote books such as Marutratcharitamu and Salivahana - sapta - sati . He was patronised by King Devaraya II and enjoyed the same status as important ministers in the court . Though much of the Tamil literature from this period came from Tamil speaking regions ruled by the feudatory Pandya who gave particular attention on the cultivation of Tamil literature , some poets were patronised by the Vijayanagara kings . Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses , Sivaprakasap - perundirattu , on the Advaita philosophy . His pupil the ascetic , Tattuvarayar , wrote a shorter anthology , Kurundirattu , that contained about half the number of verses . Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil Vaishnava poet Haridasa whose Irusamaya Vilakkam was an exposition of the two Hindu systems , Vaishnava and Shaiva , with a preference for the former . Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya 's Sangitsara , Praudha Raya 's Ratiratnapradipika , Sayana 's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi and Lakshmana Pandita 's Vaidyarajavallabham . The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished during this period under such well known scholars as Madhava ( c. 1340 -- 1425 ) who made important contributions to Trigonometery and Calculus , and Nilakantha Somayaji ( c. 1444 -- 1545 ) who postulated on the orbitals of planets . Architecture ( edit ) Main articles : Vijayanagara Architecture , Vijayanagara , Hampi , and List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka Yali pillars in Aghoreshwara Temple at Ikkeri in Shimoga District Vijayanagara architecture is a vibrant combination of the Chalukya , Hoysala , Pandya and Chola styles , idioms that prospered in previous centuries . Its legacy of sculpture , architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end . Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate pillared Kalyanamantapa ( marriage hall ) , Vasanthamantapa ( open pillared halls ) and the Rayagopura ( tower ) . Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the kingdom was under constant threat of invasion . While the empire 's monuments are spread over the whole of Southern India , nothing surpasses the vast open - air theatre of monuments at its capital at Vijayanagara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In the 14th century the kings continued to build vesara or Deccan - style monuments but later incorporated Dravida - style gopuras to meet their ritualistic needs . The Prasanna Virupaksha temple ( underground temple ) of Bukka and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya are examples of Deccan architecture . The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work . At Hampi , though the Vitthala temple is the best example of their pillared Kalyanamantapa style , the Hazara Ramaswamy temple is a modest but perfectly finished example . A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the Chalukya dynasty . A grand specimen of Vijayanagara art , the Vitthala temple , took several decades to complete during the reign of the Tuluva kings . Market place at Hampi and the sacred tank located near the Krishna temple . Stone temple car in the Vitthala Temple at Hampi Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large monoliths such as the Sasivekaalu ( mustard ) Ganesha and Kadalekaalu ( ground nut ) Ganesha at Hampi , the Gommateshwara ( Bahubali ) monoliths in Karkala and Venur , and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi . The Vijayanagara temples of Kolar , Kanakagiri , Sringeri and other towns of Karnataka ; the temples of Tadpatri , Lepakshi , Ahobilam , Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh ; and the temples of Vellore , Kumbakonam , Kanchi and Srirangam in Tamil Nadu are examples of this style . Vijayanagara art includes wall - paintings such as the Dashavatara and Girijakalyana ( marriage of Parvati , Shiva 's consort ) in the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi , the Shivapurana murals ( tales of Shiva ) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi , and those at the Kamaakshi and Varadaraja temples at Kanchi . This mingling of the South Indian styles resulted in a richness not seen in earlier centuries , a focus on reliefs in addition to sculpture that surpasses that previously in India . An aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city is the presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features . While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara empire and the Deccan Sultanates , the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction . There are many arches , domes and vaults that show these influences . The concentration of structures like pavilions , stables and towers suggests they were for use by royalty . The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century , coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II . These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court , some of whom may have been Muslim architects . This harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms . The `` Great Platform '' ( Mahanavami Dibba ) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants . See also ( edit ) India portal Hampi History of India History of South India Karnataka Military of Vijayanagara Political history of medieval Karnataka Andhra Pradesh List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stein 1989 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ By James Mansel Longworth page 204 Jump up ^ edited by JC morris page 261 Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra ( 2013 ) . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . pp. 103 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80607 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Master Plan for Hampi Local Planning Area '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ K.V. Ramesh . `` Telugu Inscriptions from Vijayanagar Dynasty , vol16 , Introduction '' . Archaeological Survey of India . What Is India Publishers ( P ) Ltd. , Saturday , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : New Light on Hampi , Recent research in Vijayanagara , edited by John M. Fritz and George Michell , MARG , 2001 , p14 Jump up ^ Historians such as P.B. Desai ( History of Vijayanagar Empire , 1936 ) , Henry Heras ( The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara , 1927 ) , B.A. Saletore ( Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire , 1930 ) , G.S. Gai ( Archaeological Survey of India ) , William Coelho ( The Hoysala Vamsa , 1955 ) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001 , pp157 -- 160 ) Jump up ^ Karmarkar ( 1947 ) , p30 Jump up ^ Kulke and Rothermund ( 2004 ) , p188 Jump up ^ Rice ( 1897 ) , p345 Jump up ^ Robert Sewell ( A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar : A Contribution to the History of India , 1901 ) , Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , N. Ventakaramanayya ( The Early Muslim expansion in South India , 1942 ) and B. Surya Narayana Rao ( History of Vijayanagar , 1993 ) in Kamath ( 2001 ) pp157 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Kamath 2001 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Portuguese travelers Barbosa , Barradas and Italian Varthema and Caesar Fredericci in 1567 , Persian Abdur Razzak in 1440 , Barani , Isamy , Tabataba , Nizamuddin Bakshi , Ferishta and Shirazi and vernacular works from the 14th century to the 16th century . ( Kamath 2001 , pp157 -- 158 ) Jump up ^ Fritz & Michell ( 2001 ) pp1 -- 11 Jump up ^ VA Smith . The Oxford History of India . Clarendon : Oxford University Press . pp. 275 -- 298 . ^ Jump up to : Burton Stein ( 1989 ) . The New Cambridge History of India : Vijayanagara . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26693 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : David Gilmartin ; Bruce B. Lawrence ( 2000 ) . Beyond Turk and Hindu : Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia . University Press of Florida . pp. 300 -- 306 , 321 -- 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3099 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Cynthia Talbot ( 2001 ) . Precolonial India in Practice : Society , Region , and Identity in Medieval Andhra . Oxford University Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Storm ( 2015 ) . Head and Heart : Valour and Self - Sacrifice in the Art of India . Taylor & Francis . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 32556 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kanhaiya L Srivastava ( 1980 ) . The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate , 1206 - 1526 . Munshiram Manoharlal . p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Kamath ( 2001 ) , p162 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 317 Jump up ^ VA Smith . The Oxford History of India . Clarendon : Oxford University Press . pp. 299 -- 302 . Jump up ^ The success was probably also due to the peaceful nature of Muhammad II Bahmani , according to Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 242 Jump up ^ From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz . Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles ( 24 km ) long was cut out of rock ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 243 ) . Jump up ^ Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , John Stewart Bowman p. 271 , ( 2013 ) , Columbia University Press , New York , ISBN 0 - 231 - 11004 - 9 Jump up ^ Also deciphered as Gajaventekara , a metaphor for `` great hunter of his enemies '' , or `` hunter of elephants '' ( Kamath 2001 , p163 ) . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 244 Jump up ^ From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak . Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara empire Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p164 Jump up ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak about Vijayanagara : a city like this had not been seen by the pupil of the eye nor had an ear heard of anything equal to it in the world ( Hampi , A Travel Guide 2003 , p11 ) Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 89 - 90 with footnote 28 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p159 Jump up ^ From the notes of Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes about Krishna Deva Raya : A king who was perfect in all things ( Hampi , A Travel Guide 2003 , p31 ) Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 88 - 89 . Jump up ^ The notes of Portuguese Barbosa during the time of Krishna Deva Raya confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city ( Kamath 2001 , p186 ) Jump up ^ Most monuments including the royal platform ( Mahanavami Dibba ) were actually built over a period spanning several decades ( Dallapiccola 2001 , p66 ) Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , p. 79 , Quote : `` Rama Raya first appears in recorded history in 1512 , when Sultan Quli Qutb al - Mulk enrolled this Telugu warrior as a military commander and holder of a land assignment in the newly emerged sultanate of Golkonda . '' . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 93 - 101 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 96 - 98 . Jump up ^ Hermann Kulke ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 . , Quote : `` When battle was joined in January 1565 , it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly , however , two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides . Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded . '' Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 98 , Quote : `` Husain ( ... ) ordered him beheaded on the spot , and his head stuffed with straw ( for display ) . '' . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 98 - 101 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 100 - 101 . Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p174 Jump up ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy ( 2007 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Tamils . Scarecrow Press . pp. Li -- Lii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6445 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 101 - 115 . Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p220 , p226 , p234 Jump up ^ A war administration , ( K.M. Panikkar in Kamath 2001 , p174 ) Jump up ^ From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and research by B.A. Saletore ( Kamath 2001 , p175 ) Jump up ^ From the notes of Nuniz ( Kamath 2001 , p175 ) Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 286 Jump up ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa ( Kamath 2001 , p176 ) . However , the kingdom may have had nine provinces ( T.V. Mahalingam in Kamath 2001 , p176 ) Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 287 Jump up ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzaq and Paes respectively ( Kamath 2001 , p176 ) Jump up ^ From the notes of Nuniz Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 288 ) Jump up ^ Davison - Jenkins ( 2001 ) , p89 Jump up ^ From the notes of Domingo Paes and Nuniz ( Davison - Jenkins 2001 , p98 ) Jump up ^ Davison - Jenkins ( 2001 ) , p90 Jump up ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa ( Kamath 2001 , p181 ) . Jump up ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 298 Jump up ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 299 ^ Jump up to : From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 306 ^ Jump up to : Kamath ( 2001 ) , p179 Jump up ^ According to Sir Charles Elliot , the intellectual superiority of Brahmins justified their high position in society ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 289 ) Jump up ^ Rice , Benjamin Lewis ( 1894 ) . Epigraphia Carnatica : Volume IX : Inscriptions in the Bangalore District . Mysore State , British India : Mysore Department of Archaeology . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Verghese ( 2001 ) , p 41 ^ Jump up to : John Stratton Hawley ( 1994 ) . Sati , the Blessing and the Curse : The Burning of Wives in India . Oxford University Press . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536022 - 6 . Jump up ^ B.A. Saletore in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p179 Jump up ^ Kamath , p180 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ From the writings of Portuguese Domingo Paes ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 296 ) ^ Jump up to : Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Mack ( 2001 ) , p39 Jump up ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa ( Kamath 2001 , p. 178 ) Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 177 Jump up ^ Fritz & Michell , p. 14 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker ( 1997 ) , p192 , pp194 -- 196 Jump up ^ Iyer ( 2006 ) , p93 Jump up ^ Owing to his contributions to carnatic music , Purandaradasa is known as Karnataka Sangita Pitamaha . ( Kamat , Saint Purandaradasa ) Jump up ^ Shiva Prakash ( 1997 ) , p196 Jump up ^ Shiva Prakash ( 1997 ) , p195 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p178 ^ Jump up to : Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 324 Jump up ^ Pujar , Narahari S. ; Shrisha Rao ; H.P. Raghunandan . `` Sri Vyasa Tirtha '' . Dvaita Home Page . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p185 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 112 , 132 Jump up ^ From the notes of Arab writer Al - Ishtakhri ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 396 ) Jump up ^ From the notes of Ibn Batuta ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 396 ) Jump up ^ From the notes of Jordanus in 1320 -- 21 ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 397 ) Jump up ^ G.S. Gai in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p10 , 157 . Jump up ^ Arthikaje , Mangalore . `` The Vijayanagar Empire '' . 1998 -- 2000 OurKarnataka.Com , Inc . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Subbarayalu , Y ; Rajavelu , S , eds. ( 2015 ) . Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Rulers : Volume V , Part 1 ( Tamil Inscriptions ) . New Delhi : Indian Council of Historical Research . ISBN 938060775X . Jump up ^ Thapar ( 2003 ) , pp 393 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Vijayanagara Coins '' . Government Museum Chennai . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Prabhu , Govindaraya S. `` Catalogue , Part one '' . Vijayanagara , the forgotten empire . Prabhu 's Web Page On Indian Coinage . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Harihariah Oruganti . `` Coinage '' . Catalogue . Vijayanagara Coins . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ramesh , K.V. `` Stones 1 -- 25 '' . South Indian Inscription , Volume 16 : Telugu Inscriptions from Vijayanagar Dynasty . New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sastry & Rao , Shama & Lakshminarayan . `` Miscellaneous Inscriptions , Part II '' . South Indian Inscription , Volume 9 : Kannada Inscriptions from Madras Presidency . New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Sheldon . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 23 . Quote : `` Telugu had certainly been more privileged than Kannada as a language of courtly culture during the reign of the last Vijayanagara kings , especially Krsnadevaraya ( d. 1529 ) , Nagaraj in Pollock ( 2003 ) , p378 ^ Jump up to : Quote : `` Royal patronage was also directed to the support of literature in several languages : Sanskrit ( the pan-Indian literary language ) , Kannada ( the language of the Vijayanagara home base in Karnataka ) , and Telugu ( the language of Andhra ) . Works in all three languages were produced by poets assembled at the courts of the Vijayanagara kings '' . Quote : `` The Telugu language became particularly prominent in the ruling circles by the early 16th century , because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there '' , Asher and Talbot ( 2006 ) , pp 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ `` Telugu Literature '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Telugu literature flowered in the early 16th century under the Vijayanagara empire , of which Telugu was the court language . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Devi , Ganga ( 1924 ) . Sastri , G Harihara ; Sastri , V Srinivasa , eds . Madhura Vijaya ( or Veerakamparaya Charita ) : An Historical Kavya . Trivandrum , British India : Sridhara Power Press . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker ( 1997 ) , p164 , pp 193 -- 194 , p203 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 364 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 363 Jump up ^ Rice E.P. ( 1921 ) , p. 68 Jump up ^ During the rule of Krishnadevaraya , encouragement was given to the creation of original Prabandhas ( stories ) from Puranic themes ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 372 ) Jump up ^ Rao , Pappu Venugopala ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` A masterpiece in Telugu literature '' ( Chennai ) . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Krishnadevaraya ( 2010 ) . Reddy , Srinivas , ed . Giver of the Worn Garland : Krishnadevaraya 's Amuktamalyada . Penguin UK . ISBN 8184753055 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Krishnadevaraya ( 1907 ) . Amuktamalyada . London : Telugu Collection for the British Library . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Like the nine gems of King Vikramaditya 's court , the Ashtadiggajas were famous during the 16th century. ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 372 ) Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 370 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p. 347 Jump up ^ Prasad ( 1988 ) , pp. 268 -- 270 Jump up ^ `` History of Science and Philosophy of Science : A Historical Perspective of the Evolution of Ideas in Science '' , editor : Pradip Kumar Sengupta , author : Subhash Kak , 2010 , p91 , vol XIII , part 6 , Publisher : Pearson Longman , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1930 - 5 Jump up ^ Art critic Percy Brown calls Vijayanagara architecture a blossoming of Dravidian style ( Kamath 2001 , p182 ) Jump up ^ Arthikaje , Literary Activity , Art and Architecture , History of karnataka . OurKarnataka.Com Jump up ^ `` So intimate are the rocks and the monuments they were used for make , it was sometimes impossible to say where nature ended and art began '' ( Art critic Percy Brown , quoted in Hampi , A Travel Guide , p64 ) Jump up ^ Fritz & Michell , p9 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri about the importance of pillars in the Vijayanagar style in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p183 Jump up ^ `` Drama in stone '' wrote art critic Percy Brown , much of the beauty of Vijayanagara architecture came from their pillars and piers and the styles of sculpting ( Hampi , A Travel Guide , p77 ) Jump up ^ About the sculptures in Vijayanagara style , see Kamath ( 2001 ) , p184 Jump up ^ Several monuments are categorised as Tuluva art ( Fritz & Michell 2001 , p9 ) Jump up ^ Some of these paintings may have been redone in later centuries ( Rajashekhar in Kamath 2001 , p184 ) Jump up ^ Historians and art critics K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , A.L. Basham , James Fergusson and S.K. Saraswathi have commented about Vijayanagara architecture ( Arthikaje Literary Activity ) . Jump up ^ Fritz & Michell ( 2001 ) , p10 Jump up ^ Philon ( 2001 ) , p87 Jump up ^ Dallapiccola ( 2001 ) , p69 References ( edit ) Arthikaje . `` Literary Activity , Art and Architecture '' . History of karnataka . OurKarnataka.Com . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Dallapiccola , Anna L. ( 2001 ) . `` Relief carvings on the great platform '' . In John M. Fritz and George Michell ( editors ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Davison - Jenkins , Dominic J. ( 2001 ) . `` Hydraulic works '' . In John M. Fritz and George Michell ( editors ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Durga Prasad , J. ( 1988 ) . History of the Andhras up to 1565 A.D. ( PDF ) . Guntur : P.G. Publisher . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Eaton , Richard M. ( 2006 ) . A social history of the Deccan , 1300 -- 1761 : eight Indian lives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71627 - 7 . Hampi travel guide ( 2003 ) . New Delhi : Good Earth publication & Department of Tourism , India . ISBN 81 - 87780 - 17 - 7 , LCCN 2003 - 334582 . Fritz , John M. and George Michell ( editors ) ( 2001 ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagar . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kamath , Suryanath U. ( 2001 ) ( 1980 ) . A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present . Bangalore : Jupiter books . LCCN 80905179 . OCLC 7796041 . Karmarkar , A.P. ( 1947 ) ( 1947 ) . Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval . Dharwad : Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha . OCLC 8221605 . Kulke and Rothermund , Hermann and Dietmar ( 2004 ) ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge ( 4th edition ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . Mack , Alexandra ( 2001 ) . `` The temple district of Vitthalapura '' . In John M. Fritz and George Michell ( editors ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ( 1955 ) ( reissued 2002 ) . A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar . New Delhi : Indian Branch , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . Iyer , Panchapakesa A.S. ( 2006 ) ( 2006 ) . Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra . Chennai : Zion Printers . Philon , Helen ( 2001 ) . `` Plaster decoration on Sultanate - styled courtly buildings '' . In John M. Fritz and George Michell ( editors ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Pujar , Narahari S. ; Shrisha Rao ; H.P. Raghunandan . `` Sri Vyâsa Tîrtha ( 1460 -- 1539 ) -- a short sketch '' . Dvaita Home Page . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Ramesh , K.V. `` Introduction '' . South Indian Inscription , Volume 16 : Telugu Inscriptions from Vijayanagar Dynasty . New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 31 . Shiva Prakash , H.S. ( 1997 ) . `` Kannada '' . In Ayyappapanicker . Medieval Indian Literature : An Anthology . Sahitya Akademi . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0365 - 0 . Rice , B.L. ( 2001 ) ( 1897 ) . Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government - vol 1 . New Delhi , Madras : Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0977 - 8 . Verghese , Anila ( 2001 ) . `` Memorial stones '' . In John M. Fritz and George Michell ( editors ) . New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara . Mumbai : MARG . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 53 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Thapar , Romila ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . The Penguin History of Early India . New Delhi : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 302989 - 4 . Michell , George ( editor ) ( 2008 ) . Vijayanagara : Splendour in Ruins . Ahmedabad : Mapin Publishing and The Alkazi Collection of Photography . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89995 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Nagaraj , D.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Tensions in Kannada Literary Culture '' . In Sheldon Pollock . Literary Cultures in History : Reconstructions from South Asia . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22821 - 9 . Asher & Talbot , Catherine & Cynthia ( 2006 ) . `` Creation of Pan South Indian Culture '' . India Before Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00539 - 5 . Rice , E.P. ( 1982 ) ( 1921 ) . A History of Kanarese Literature . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0063 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Bang , Peter Fibiger ; Kolodziejczyk , Dariusz , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Ideologies of state building in Vijayanagara India '' . Universal Empire : A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02267 - 6 . Stein , Burton ( 1989 ) . The New Cambridge History of India : Vijayanagara . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26693 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vijayanagara Empire . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vijayanagar . Hampi -- History and Tourism www.Hampi.in -- Photos , descriptions & maps of the Hampi Ruins . Archaeos Mapping Project at Vijayanagara -- Seasons 1 Archaeos Mapping Project at Vijayanagara -- Seasons 2 -- 3 Archaeos Mapping Project at Vijayanagara -- Seasons 1 -- 4 Summary Coins of Vijayanagar Indian Inscriptions - Archaeological Survey Of India Hazararama Temple Photographs , 2013 Mahanavami Dibba Photographs , 2013 Links to related articles Part of a series on the History of Karnataka Political history of medieval Karnataka Origin of Karnataka 's name Kadambas and Gangas Chalukya Empire Rashtrakuta Empire Western Chalukya Empire Southern Kalachuri Hoysala Empire Vijayanagara Empire Bahmani Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Kingdom of Mysore Nayakas of Keladi Nayakas of Chitradurga Haleri Kingdom Unification of Karnataka Categories Architecture Forts Economies Societies Part of a series on Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Chronology of the Telugu people , Andhra Pradesh , and Telangana history Geography Political history History and Kingdoms Assaka Satavahanas Andhra Ikshvaku Ananda Gotrika Shalankayanas Vishnukundinas Pallava dynasty Eastern Chalukyas Kota Vamsa Chagi Velanati Chodas Kakatiya dynasty Musunuri Nayaks Recherla Nayaks Ravella Nayaks Sayapaneni Nayaks Pemmasani Nayaks Suryadevara Nayaks Vijayanagara Empire Reddy dynasty Bahmani Sultanate Qutb Shahi dynasty Hyderabad State British Raj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayanagara_Empire&oldid=797798618 '' Categories : Former monarchies Former empires States and territories established in 1336 States and territories disestablished in 1646 Vijayanagara Empire Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using columns with the default column width Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 07 : 09 . 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where were the first european settlements in the new world			European colonization of the Americas	european colonization of the americas	The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers . Starting in either the 10th or 11th century , when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present - day Canada , according to Icelandic Sagas , violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements .	Political map of the Americas in 1794 European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first European settlement in the Americas . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . In 1498 , sailing from Bristol on behalf of England , John Cabot landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 10 Exhibitions and collections 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , Central America and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Spanish Empire ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , Moravians and Jews of various nationalities . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible . A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right , Charles I , King of England and Scotland , persecuted religious dissenters . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , Quakers , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoğlu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Spanish Cuba ( until 1898 ) New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 - 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 - 1865 . English and ( after 1707 ) British Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) Danish Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Vinland , known as Newfoundland ( Partly in the 11th century ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 - 1705 / 1714 - 1762 / 1763 - 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Swedish New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1785 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of American indigenous peoples Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pálsson , Hermann ( 1965 ) . The Vinland sagas : the Norse discovery f America . Penguin Classics . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044154 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Ronald Segal ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . 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most olympic gold medals by country in one olympics			All - time Olympic Games medal table	all - time olympic games medal table	The all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database .	The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing nations that have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing nations that have won Winter Olympic medals . Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Alpinism and aeronautics 3.3 Germany 3.4 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals ( edit ) The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include revoked medals ( e.g. due to doping ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Not an official country Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM ) 6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224 Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11 10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248 276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291 849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0 0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22 35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337 Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0 7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306 21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0 0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . Some early events , such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants . Retroactively awarding gold , silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies , such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position . NOCs without medals ( edit ) After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal . Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9 Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR ) 0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 ^ Tejbir Bura was the first and only Nepalese person to receive an Olympic gold medal . During the 1924 Winter Olympic closing ceremony , the IOC awarded a gold medal in alpinism for the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition , which recognized 21 mountaineers , including the first athletes to be awarded medals posthumously , seven Indian sherpas who were killed in an avalanche on the third and last attempt to summit . Variations ( edit ) The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently . Early Olympics ( edit ) For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Alpinism and aeronautics ( edit ) From 1924 through 1936 , the IOC on several occasions awarded gold medals for feats of alpinism and aeronautics that occurred in the preceding four - year Olympiad . In 1924 , 1932 and 1936 , gold medals were awarded to 25 mountaineers from six nations for expeditions in the Himalayas and the Matterhorn . In 1936 , a gold medal was awarded to Hermann Schreiber of Switzerland for crossing the Alps in a glider in 1935 , the first time that had been done . Some sources include these IOC awards of gold medals in the overall count . Germany ( edit ) Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union ( edit ) The Russian Federation , the Russian Empire and the Olympic Athletes from Russia are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) 9 150 128 156 434 7 49 44 44 137 16 199 172 200 571 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 17 136 107 111 354 36 726 592 592 1910 Notes ( edit ) Obsolete nations notes ( edit ) → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) . → , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 . Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games . After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . , , Special codes used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 1992 Summer Olympics fifty eight athletes from former Yugoslavia competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2014 Winter Olympics three athletes from India competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2018 Winter Olympics one hundred sixty eight athletes from Russia competed as Olympics Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . Name changes notes ( edit ) Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count . The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes ( edit ) Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total . Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes ( edit ) The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran . Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee as well as the IOC as being won in a 1900 Summer Olympics event , although some sources state it was unofficial . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database . Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also ( edit ) All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ( edit ) ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open ( 1932 ) '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open ( 1936 ) '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Aeronautics at the 1936 Summer Olympics '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Paris 1900 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . NOCs : 24 Athletes : 997 ( 22 women , 975 men ) Events : 95 The IOC website affirms a total of 95 medal events , which has been the recommendation of Olympic historian Bill Mallon regarding events that should be considered `` Olympic '' . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - 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related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 16 : 01 . 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what is the moral of the story the fisherman and his wife			The fisherman and his wife	the fisherman and his wife	`` The Fisherman and His Wife '' is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm , tale no . 19 . It is Aarne -- Thompson type 555 , the fisherman and his wife . Its theme was used in The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish , an 1833 poem by Aleksandr Pushkin . Virginia Woolf has her character Mrs. Ramsey in To the Lighthouse read a version of the story to her son , James . Günter Grass 's 1977 novel , The Flounder , is loosely based on the fairy tale , as are Emanuele Luzzati 's version , Punch and the Magic Fish , and Ursula LeGuin 's novel The Lathe of Heaven .	It may be classified as an anti-fairy tale . However , it may be more properly classified as a fable . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Adaptations in literature and television 3 In Popular Culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) There is a poor fisherman who lives with his wife in a hovel by the sea . One day the fisherman catches a fish , which claims to be an enchanted prince , and begs to be set free . The fisherman kindly releases it . When his wife hears the story , she says he ought to have had the fish grant him a wish , and insists that he go back and ask the flounder to grant her wish for a nice house . The fisherman returns to the shore but is uneasy when he finds that the sea seems to becoming turbid , as it was so clear before . He makes up a rhyme to summon the flounder , and it grants the wife 's wish . The fisherman is pleased with his new wealth , but the wife is not and demands more , and demands that her husband go back and wish that he be made a king . Reluctantly , he does , and gets his wish . But again and again , his wife sends him back to ask for more and more . The fisherman knows this is wrong but there is no reasoning with his wife . He says they should not annoy the flounder , and be content with what they have been given , but his wife is not content . Each time , the flounder grants the wishes with the words : `` just go home again , she has it already '' or similar , but each time the sea grows more and more fierce . Eventually , the wife wishes to command the sun , moon and heavens , and she sends her husband to the flounder with the wish `` I want to become equal to God '' . When that final wish is made , the flounder says : `` just go home again , she is already sitting in the old hovel again '' . And with that , the sea becomes calm once more . Adaptations in literature and television ( edit ) The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish by Alexander Pushkin is based on this tale . In 1977 the German writer Günter Grass published the novel , The Flounder ( German : `` Der Butt '' ) , which is loosely based on this fairy tale . That same year , an animated adaptation with Hans Conreid and June Foray was released for Oscar consideration . A short cartoon based on this story was part of the United States animated television series , Rocky and Bullwinkle Show . The Flounder was replaced by a beautiful mermaid who grants the wishes in exchange for her freedom . Additionally , the wife goes directly from queen to wishing to be a ' goddess ' . The mermaid points out to the fisherman that all his wishes have been for his wife , and asks him what he desires . The fisherman replies that he just wants his wife to be happy , and the mermaid replies , `` Go ; she is happy . '' As in the later 1997 version , the fisherman and his wife are reduced to living in their hovel , but the wife is happy that it is poor yet neat . In 1997 , the story was given a Spanish - flavored adaptation on the animated cable series , Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . Edward James Olmos and Julia Migenes provided the voices of the fisherman and his wife . In this version , the fisherman is unable to figure out what his last wish is , and says , `` I want only for my wife to be happy '' . Immediately , he and his wife are reduced to living in the hovel again . She is content and happily embraces him . The Timon and Pumbaa cartoon episode `` Be More Pacific '' is based on this story , with Pumbaa 's role paralleling the fisherman 's and Timon 's role paralleling the wife 's . Pumbaa finds and rescues a magical whale named Lester , who grants him three wishes . Pumbaa asks for nothing for himself , but he does relay Timon 's wishes to Lester . First Timon wishes for `` something big and expensive '' and is given the Statue of Liberty . Then he wishes to be a king and is transformed into a giant . Lastly he wishes to be `` a regular - sized king in a stone castle with a ferocious fire - breathing monster that he can defeat , '' but Pumbaa gets the message wrong and says `` ca n't '' instead of `` can . '' The ferocious monster turns out to be a fire - breathing chicken ( instead of the dragon that Timon actually meant ) , and after several futile attempts to defeat and escape it , the episode ends with Timon searching for another wish - granting fish while Pumbaa struggles to hold down the trapdoor separating them from the monster . In popular culture ( edit ) The Charles Mingus song The Shoes of the Fisherman 's Wife Are Some Jiveass Slippers is named in reference to the fable . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Children 's literature portal The Gold - Children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales : A-F , article `` Anti-fairy tale '' , p. 50 Jump up ^ `` Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award -- 1977 - '' . cartoonresearch.com . External links ( edit ) Works related to The Fisherman and His Wife at Wikisource Media related to The Fisherman and His Wife at Wikimedia Commons The Brothers Grimm Key articles Jacob Grimm Wilhelm Grimm Grimms ' Fairy Tales Deutsche Sagen Deutsche Mythologie Notable tales `` Bearskin '' `` The Brave Little Tailor '' `` Brother and Sister '' `` Cat and Mouse in Partnership '' `` Cinderella '' `` The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs '' `` The Dog and the Sparrow '' `` The Elves and the Shoemaker '' `` The Four Skillful Brothers '' `` The Frog Prince '' `` The Fisherman and His Wife '' `` The Golden Bird '' `` The Golden Goose '' `` The Goose Girl '' `` The Goose - Girl at the Well '' `` Hans My Hedgehog '' `` Hansel and Gretel '' `` The Hut in the Forest '' `` Jorinde and Joringel '' `` The Juniper Tree '' `` The King of the Golden Mountain '' `` King Thrushbeard '' `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` Mary 's Child '' `` Mother Holle '' `` Old Hildebrand '' `` Old Sultan '' `` The Queen Bee '' `` Rapunzel '' `` The Riddle '' Rumpelstiltskin `` The Seven Ravens '' `` The Six Servants '' `` The Six Swans '' `` Sleeping Beauty '' `` Snow White '' `` Snow - White and Rose - Red '' `` The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was '' `` The Three Little Men in the Wood '' `` The Three Spinners '' `` Thumbling '' `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' `` Trusty John '' `` The Turnip '' `` The Twelve Brothers '' `` The Twelve Dancing Princesses '' The White Snake `` The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats '' `` The Wonderful Musician '' Other Grimm 's law Göttingen Seven Grim Tales The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics The Brothers Grimm Grimm Tales The Sisters Grimm Fairy tale American McGee 's Grimm German Fairy Tale Route Grimm Once Upon a Time Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fisherman_and_His_Wife&oldid=865327547 '' Categories : Grimms ' Fairy Tales Literary duos Fictional fishers Fictional fish Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Eesti Français Frysk Հայերեն Kurdî Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 06 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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where did a river runs through it take place	A River Runs Through It is a 1992 American period coming - of - age drama film directed by Robert Redford and starring Craig Sheffer , Brad Pitt , Tom Skerritt , Brenda Blethyn , and Emily Lloyd . It is a based on the 1976 semi-autobiographical novel A River Runs Through It by Norman Maclean , adapted for the screen by Richard Friedenberg . Set in and around Missoula , Montana , the story follows two sons of a Presbyterian minister , one studious and the other rebellious , as they grow up and come of age in the Rocky Mountain region during a span of time from roughly World War I to the early days of the Great Depression , including part of the Prohibition era .	Missoula , Montana	A River Runs Through It ( film )	a river runs through it ( film )	A River Runs Through It is a 1992 American period coming - of - age drama film directed by Robert Redford and starring Craig Sheffer , Brad Pitt , Tom Skerritt , Brenda Blethyn , and Emily Lloyd . It is a based on the 1976 semi-autobiographical novel A River Runs Through It by Norman Maclean , adapted for the screen by Richard Friedenberg . Set in and around Missoula , Montana , the story follows two sons of a Presbyterian minister , one studious and the other rebellious , as they grow up and come of age in the Rocky Mountain region during a span of time from roughly World War I to the early days of the Great Depression , including part of the Prohibition era .	The film won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1993 and was nominated for two other Oscars , for Best Music , Original Score and Best Adapted Screenplay . The film grossed $43 million in US domestic returns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and honors 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the true story of the Maclean brothers , Norman and Paul , growing up in Missoula , Montana with their father , Presbyterian minister John . A common theme in the film is the men 's love of fly fishing for trout in the Blackfoot River and how it impacted their lives . The film is told from Norman 's point of view , with director Robert Redford as narrator . The film opens with a scene of Norman Maclean in his old age tying a fly onto his line . This establishes that Norman is telling this story in the past - tense as he is fishing . The story begins with the brothers learning to fish from their father , a preacher who treats fishing as a sacred act . They learn to cast by a ticking metronome . The boys become accomplished fishermen as a result . Norman and Paul are home taught and must adhere to the strict moral and educational code of their father . However , whenever they get a chance they enjoy practicing the art of fly fishing . As they grow older , it becomes clear that Norman is the more disciplined and studious brother , while Paul is the fun loving , wild one and the more talented fly fisherman . Norman attends a July 4th dance with his friends after returning home from six years away at Dartmouth , where he meets his future wife , Jessie Burns . Paul has become a reporter at a newspaper in Helena , the state capital . He has angered many of the locals by falling behind in a big poker game at Lolo , a hamlet near Missoula with a popular bar that is also a front for gambling and prostitution , and by dating a beautiful Blackfoot Indian woman , Mabel , who is deemed to be of an inferior race by the community . Paul gets arrested after fighting a man who insulted her , and Norman is awakened in the middle of the night by a phone call from the police to come bail Paul out of jail . After Norman and Jessie go on several dates , she insists that Norman make an effort to get along with her brother Neal , who is back in Montana , visiting from California . Norman and Paul do not like the self - centered Neal , who tells tall tales of socializing with film stars in Hollywood , but at Jessie 's insistence they invite him to go fishing . Neal shows up drunk with a woman ( a part - time prostitute ) he met at a bar the evening before . Norman and Paul decide to fish anyway and return to their car hours later to find Neal and his ladyfriend `` Rawhide '' have drunk all their beer and passed out naked in the sun . Norman returns a painfully sunburned Neal home , where Jessie is waiting for them . She is angry that the brothers did not fish with Neal . When Norman asks Jessie to drive him home , he tells her that he is falling for her . She drives away angry but a week later asks Norman to come to the train station to see Neal off back to California . After the train departs , Norman shows Jessie a letter from the University of Chicago that is a job offer for an English Literature teaching position . Norman asks Jessie to marry him . When Norman tells Paul about the job offer and marriage proposal , he also urges Paul to come with him and Jessie to Chicago . Paul tells Norman that he will never leave Montana . Just before leaving for Chicago , Norman , Paul and their father go fly fishing one last time as a family . Paul catches a huge fish that carries him down the river . John proudly tells his son Paul what a wonderful fisherman he has become , and how he is an artist in the craft , much to Paul 's delight . They pose for pictures with the huge fish for their mother . Soon after the fishing excursion , Norman is again contacted by the police . They tell him that Paul has been found beaten to death in an alley , and that all the bones in his right hand have also been broken . Norman goes home and tells his parents the sad news . The story then jumps ahead a few years to a sermon being given by John with Mrs. Maclean , Norman , Jessie and their two children in attendance . The narrator mentions that John dies soon after this sermon . The last scene is of Norman as an old man , back in the Montana river where he used to fish with his family many years ago . He mentions that nearly everyone from his youth is dead , and that he is haunted by waters . Cast ( edit ) Craig Sheffer as Norman Maclean Brad Pitt as Paul Maclean Tom Skerritt as Reverend John Maclean Brenda Blethyn as Clara Maclean Emily Lloyd as Jessie Burns Stephen Shellen as Neal Burns Edie McClurg as Mrs. Burns Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Young Norman Maclean Vann Gravage as Young Paul Maclean Nicole Burdette as Mabel Susan Traylor as `` Rawhide '' Michael Cudlitz as Chub Rob Cox as Conroy Buck Simmonds as Humph Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The Redeemer Lutheran Church in Livingston , Montana , used for the Presbyterian church scenes . Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River , it was filmed in late June , early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman , and on the nearby upper Yellowstone , Gallatin , and Boulder Rivers . The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming . Filming was completed in early September 1991 . An article published in the Helena Independent Record in July 2000 and based on recollections of people who knew both brothers noted a number of specifics about the Macleans -- notably various chronological and educational details about Paul Maclean 's adult life -- that differ somewhat from their portrayal in the film and novella . Music ( edit ) Mark Isham , who would go on to compose the scores to most Robert Redford - directed films , composed the musical score for the film . Originally , Elmer Bernstein was hired to score the film . However , after Redford and Bernstein disagreed over the tone of the music , Bernstein was replaced by Isham . Rushed for time , Isham completed the score within four weeks at Schnee Studio of Signet Sound Studios in Hollywood , CA . Upon release , the music was met with positive reviews earning the film both nominations for Grammy and Academy awards . The A River Runs Through It ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on October 27 , 1992 . In some home video releases of the film , Elmer Bernstein is credited as the film 's composer despite his score being rejected during post-production . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Released on October 9 , 1992 , the film grossed $43,440,294 in US domestic returns . The film holds an 83 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on polled critical reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Tasteful to a fault , this period drama combines a talented cast ( including a young Brad Pitt ) with some stately , beautifully filmed work from director Robert Redford . '' Much of the praise focused on Pitt 's portrayal of Paul , which has been cited as his career making performance . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1993 , including Best Cinematography ( Philippe Rousselot ) ; Best Music , Original Score ( Mark Isham ) ; and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Richard Friedenberg ) . Rousselot won for Best Cinematography . At the Golden Globes , Robert Redford was nominated for Best Director - Motion Picture , but did not win . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Toby ( October 11 , 1992 ) . `` A River Runs Through It '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writers , professors read `` A River Runs Through It '' `` . Bozeman Daily Chronicle . June 20 , 2003 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.movie-locations.com/filmarchive/r/riverruns.html Archived October 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Paul MacLean in Helena '' . Helenair.com . July 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : A River Runs Through It ( Mark Isham ) '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Morton . `` A River Runs Through It ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A River Runs Through It '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth . `` Reverence Runs Deep in ' River ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A River Runs Through It A River Runs Through It on IMDb A River Runs Through It at the TCM Movie Database A River Runs Through It at AllMovie A River Runs Through It at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Redford Ordinary People ( 1980 ) The Milagro Beanfield War ( 1988 ) A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) Quiz Show ( 1994 ) The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) The Legend of Bagger Vance ( 2000 ) Lions for Lambs ( 2007 ) The Conspirator ( 2010 ) The Company You Keep ( 2012 ) VIAF : 207948395 GND : 4697279 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_River_Runs_Through_It_(film)&oldid=800674514 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films American biographical films American films American coming - of - age films 1990s drama films American independent films Films about fishing Films about brothers Films set in Montana Films shot in Montana Films based on short fiction Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films directed by Robert Redford Film scores by Mark Isham Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 00 : 26 . 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when does game of thrones end season 7	The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also adapting material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss .	August 27 , 2017	Game of Thrones ( season 7 )	game of thrones ( season 7 )	The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also adapting material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss .	HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On April 25 , 2017 , it was reported by Daily Express that the actors ' new salary made them each earn £ 2 million ( $2.6 million USD ) per episode . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season. , and Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season . After some speculation , UFC President Dana White announced that Conor McGregor would appear in a cameo role in the seventh season . However , in January 2017 , McGregor confirmed it was a rumor . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 34 critics with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 . The season also received a 94 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Salaries : How Much Does Each Actor Get Paid ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly ' Headhunted ' UFC Fighter Conor McGregor for Role '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Damon ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Conor McGregor reportedly cast in villainous role on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Conor McGregor admits he 's not in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=800739141 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 03 . 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how old are the roman baths in bath england	The name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion , leading to the town 's Roman name of Aquae Sulis ( `` the waters of Sulis '' ) . The temple was constructed in 60 -- 70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years . During the Roman occupation of Britain , and possibly on the instructions of Emperor Claudius , engineers drove oak piles to provide a stable foundation into the mud and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead . In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a wooden barrel - vaulted building , and included the caldarium ( hot bath ) , tepidarium ( lukewarm bath ) , and frigidarium ( cold bath ) . After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the first decade of the 5th century , these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up , and flooding . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle suggests the original Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century .		Roman Baths ( Bath )	roman baths ( bath )		The Roman Baths Location within Somerset General information Town or city Bath Country England Coordinates 51 ° 22 ′ 51 '' N 2 ° 21 ′ 34 '' W / 51.3809 ° N 2.3595 ° W / 51.3809 ; - 2.3595 Coordinates : 51 ° 22 ′ 51 '' N 2 ° 21 ′ 34 '' W / 51.3809 ° N 2.3595 ° W / 51.3809 ; - 2.3595 Construction started Baths -- Roman Building - 1894 Completed 1897 Design and construction Architect John Brydon The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath . It is a well - preserved Roman site once used for public bathing . The Roman Baths themselves are below the modern street level . There are four main features : the Sacred Spring , the Roman Temple , the Roman Bath House and the museum , holding finds from Roman Bath . The buildings above street level date from the 19th century . The Baths are a major tourist attraction and , together with the Grand Pump Room , receive more than one million visitors a year . Visitors can see the baths and museum but can not enter the water . Contents 1 How the hot springs form 2 History 2.1 How the Romans used the building 2.2 Redevelopment 2.3 Museum 3 Conservation 4 Water safety 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links How the hot springs form ( edit ) Roman Baths , as without any new architectural elements The Roman Baths in Bath The water which bubbles up from the ground at Bath falls as rain on the nearby Mendip Hills . It percolates down through limestone aquifers to a depth of between 2,700 and 4,300 metres ( 8,900 and 14,100 ft ) where geothermal energy raises the water temperature to between 69 and 96 ° C ( 156.2 and 204.8 ° F ) . Under pressure , the heated water rises to the surface along fissures and faults in the limestone . This process is similar to an artificial one known as enhanced geothermal system which also makes use of the high pressures and temperatures below the earth 's crust . Hot water at a temperature of 46 ° C ( 114.8 ° F ) rises here at the rate of 1,170,000 litres ( 257,364 imp gal ) every day , from a geological fault ( the Pennyquick fault ) . In 1983 a new spa water bore - hole was sunk , providing a clean and safe supply of spa water for drinking in the Pump Room . History ( edit ) The statue of King Bladud overlooking the King 's Bath carries the date of 1699 , but its inclusion in earlier pictures shows that it is much older than this . Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the baths may have been a centre of worship used by Celts ; the springs were dedicated to the goddess Sulis , whom the Romans identified with Minerva . Geoffrey of Monmouth in his largely fictional Historia Regum Britanniae describes how in 836 BC the spring was discovered by the British king Bladud who built the first Moorish baths . Early in the 18th century Geoffrey 's obscure legend was given great prominence as a royal endorsement of the waters ' qualities , with the embellishment that the spring had cured Bladud and his herd of pigs of leprosy through wallowing in the warm mud . How the Romans used the building ( edit ) The name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion , leading to the town 's Roman name of Aquae Sulis ( `` the waters of Sulis '' ) . The temple was constructed in 60 -- 70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years . During the Roman occupation of Britain , and possibly on the instructions of Emperor Claudius , engineers drove oak piles to provide a stable foundation into the mud and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead . In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a wooden barrel - vaulted building , and included the caldarium ( hot bath ) , tepidarium ( lukewarm bath ) , and frigidarium ( cold bath ) . After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the first decade of the 5th century , these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up , and flooding . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle suggests the original Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century . About 130 curse tablets have been found . Many of the curses related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing . Redevelopment ( edit ) The Great Bath -- the entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later construction . The baths have been modified on several occasions , including the 12th century , when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King 's Spring reservoir , and the 16th century , when the city corporation built a new bath ( Queen 's Bath ) to the south of the spring . The spring is now housed in 18th - century buildings , designed by architects John Wood , the Elder and John Wood , the Younger , father and son . Visitors drank the waters in the Grand Pump Room , a neo-classical salon which remains in use , both for taking the waters and for social functions . Victorian expansion of the baths complex followed the neo-classical tradition established by the Woods . In 1810 the hot springs failed and William Smith opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom , where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel . Smith restored the water to its original course and the baths filled in less time than before . The visitor entrance is via an 1897 concert hall by J.M. Brydon . It is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room , with a glass - domed centre and single - storey radiused corner . The Grand Pump Room was begun in 1789 by Thomas Baldwin . He resigned in 1791 and John Palmer continued the scheme until its completion in 1799 . The elevation on to Abbey Church Yard has a centre piece of four engaged Corinthian columns with entablatures and pediment . It has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building . The north colonnade was also designed by Thomas Baldwin . The south colonnade is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century . The museum and Queen 's Bath including the `` Bridge '' spanning York Street to the City Laundry were by Charles Edward Davis in 1889 . It comprises a southward extension to the Grand Pump Room , in which some remains of the 17th - century Queen 's Bath are merged . Museum ( edit ) The museum houses artifacts from the Roman period including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring , presumably as offerings to the goddess . These include more than 12,000 Roman currency coins , which is the largest collective votive deposit known from Britain . A gilt bronze head of the goddess Sulis Minerva , which was discovered nearby in 1727 , is displayed . An audio guide is available in 12 languages . Gorgon 's Head from the Temple Pediment The Bath Roman Temple stood on a podium more than two metres above the surrounding courtyard , approached by a flight of steps . On the approach there were four large , fluted Corinthian columns supporting a frieze and decorated pediment above . The pediment , parts of which are displayed in the museum , is the triangular ornamental section , 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) wide and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) from the apex to the bottom , above the pillars on the front of the building . It featured the powerful central image of the Gorgon 's head glowering down from a height of 15 metres ( 49 ft ) on all who approached the temple . The great head itself has snakes entwined within its beard , wings above its ears , beetling brows and a heavy moustache although there is some controversy about what this really represents , as Gorgons are usually female . An alternative interpretation sees the central head as the image of a water god such as Oceanus , and yet another as a Celtic sun god . In early 2010 various stones on the pediment were conserved and rearranged . Also on display are the remains of the elaborate hypocaust heating system , which served the sweat rooms . In 2016 planning permission was received for a new learning centre aimed at schoolchildren and linked to the baths by a tunnel . Funding is being sought from the Heritage Lottery Fund and , if successful , it is hoped the centre will open in 2019 . Conservation ( edit ) Statues on the terrace The late 19th century carvings of Roman Emperors and Governors of Roman Britain on the terrace overlooking the Great Bath are particularly susceptible to the effect of acid rain and are being protected with a wash of a sacrificial shelter coat every few years . Exhibits within the temple precincts are susceptible to warm air which had the effect of drawing corrosive salts out of the Roman stonework . To help reduce this , a new ventilation system was installed in 2006 . In 2009 a grant of £ 90,000 was made to Bath and North East Somerset Council to contribute towards the cost of re-developing displays and improving access to the Roman Baths , by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport / Wolfson Fund , which was established to promote improvements in Museums and Galleries in England . Water safety ( edit ) Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal Charter of 1591 granted by Elizabeth I . This duty has now passed to Bath and North East Somerset Council , who carry out monitoring of pressure , temperature and flow rates . The thermal waters contain sodium , calcium , chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations . The Roman Baths are no longer used for bathing because it has become a very popular archaeological site to visit , and there are new state of the art spa bathing facilities just 150 metres away at Thermae Bath Spa . However , the more significant danger is now considered to be infectious diseases . In October 1978 , a young girl swimming with the Bath Dolphins , a local swimming club , in the restored Roman Bath contracted meningitis and died , leading to the closure of the bath for several years . Tests showed that Naegleria fowleri , an extremely dangerous brain eating amoeba , was in the water . The newly constructed Thermae Bath Spa nearby , designed by Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners , and the refurbished Cross Bath allow modern - day bathers to experience the waters via a series of more recently drilled boreholes . Gallery ( edit ) Bath Abbey West front , Roman Baths and Pump Room Great Bath The ' sacred pool ' Hippocamp mosaic Spring overflow Frigidarium ( cold pool ) Model of Roman Bath and Roman Temple of Sulis Minerva as they would have looked at their greatest extent in 4th century AD Model of Roman Bath Bladud Gorgon head Circular Bath ( Caldaria ) Roman Bath Caldarium . The floor has been removed to reveal the empty space which the hot air flowed through to heat the floor Roman Baths by Torchlight The Great Bath is fed with hot water from the hot spring . Victorian superstructure . Another view of the Victorian superstructure . Steam rising from the Great Bath . The Great Bath viewed from above . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Conservation in Action at the Roman Bath '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Spring '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Water '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 4 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Tindall , Laurence . `` Roman Baths King Bladud 1982 '' . Retrieved 25 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Roman Baths '' . Somerset Tourist Guide . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Monmouth , Geoffrey of ; Thorpe , Lewis ( 1966 ) . The History of the Kings of Britain . Harmondsworth , England : Penguin . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044170 - 0 . Jump up ^ Borsay , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Image of Georgian Bath , 1700 - 2000 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 49 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820265 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan '' . Bath and North East Somerset . Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Plumbing -- Roman and English Legacy '' . Plumbing World . Archived from the original on 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Roman Baths '' . TimeTravel Britain . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Roman Baths '' . BirminghamUk.com . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Havinden , Michael ( 1981 ) . The Somerset Landscape . The making of the English landscape . London : Hodder and Stoughton . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 20116 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bayley , Stephen ( September 2007 ) . `` Is Bath Britain 's most backward city ? '' . The Observer . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Tomlin ( 1988 ) , Tabellae Sulis : Roman inscribed tablets of tin and lead from the sacred spring at Bath , Oxford . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan -- Appendix 3 '' . Bath and North East Somerset Council . Archived from the original on 4 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` William Smith -- A brief survey of his work in the Bath '' . Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Concert Hall '' . Images of England . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Pump Room '' . Images of England . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room '' . Images of England . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room '' . Images of England . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Museum & Queen 's Bath including `` Bridge '' spanning York Street to City Laundry `` . Images of England . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Objects from the spring '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minerva 's Head '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Richmond , I.A. ; Toynbee , J.M.C. ( 1955 ) . `` The Temple of Sulis - Minerva at Bath '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . The Journal of Roman Studies , Vol. 45 . 45 : 97 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 298749 . JSTOR 298749 . Jump up ^ `` New addition to Gorgon 's head '' . Bath and North East Somerset Council . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Gorgon 's head '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Key objects of the collection '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bath Roman Baths repairs by Minerva '' . Minerva Stone Conservation . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Planning permission granted for Archway Project at the Roman Baths '' . The Roman Baths . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Baths learning centre planning permission granted '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conserving the monument '' . Roman Baths Museum Web Site . Archived from the original on 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Temple precinct work complete '' . Bath and North East Somerset Council . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` Bath cleansing brings Romans back to life '' . Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DCMS Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund A Public Private Partnership ( 2002 to 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Wolfson Foundation . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bath Hot Springs -- Protection and Water Monitoring '' . Bath and North East Somerset Council . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bath 's Spa '' . Bath Tourism . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Nigel B. ( 2007 ) . Sport in Ancient Times . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 98 . ISBN 9780275987398 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilvington , Simon ; Beeching , John ( June 1995 ) . `` Identification and epidemiological typing of Naegleria fowleri with DNA probes '' ( PDF ) . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61 ( 6 ) : 2071 -- 2078 . PMC 167479 . PMID 7793928 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Baths ( Bath ) . Official website Conservation work within the baths . BBC 360 degree panorama 360 degree virtual Panomorphic Tour of the museum . History of Bath 's Spa . Roman visitor sites in the UK Villas Bignor Brading Chedworth Crofton Dover Painted House Fishbourne Great Witcombe Littlecote Lullingstone Newport Piddington Rockbourne Sparsholt Wroxeter Forts & military Arbeia Binchester Birdoswald Burgh Castle Caerleon Chesters Derventio Dover Castle Eboracum Housesteads Lunt Carvoran Roman Army Museum Pevensey Castle Portchester Castle Ribchester Richborough Segedunum Venta Icenorum Vindolanda Towns Aldborough Roman Site Colchester Corbridge Silchester Venta Icenorum St Albans Wroxeter Museums Canterbury Roman Museum Carvoran Roman Army Museum Colchester Castle Museum Corinium Museum Jewry Wall Museum Ribchester Senhouse Roman Museum Trimontium Trust ( Melrose ) Verulamium Museum Other sites Bath Roman Baths Caerleon Roman Baths Jewry Wall , Leicester Welwyn Roman Baths York Roman Baths Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Baths_(Bath)&oldid=865180933 '' Categories : Ancient Roman baths in England Grade I listed buildings in Bath , Somerset Holy wells Roman town of Bath Roman religious sites in England Spas Museums in Bath , Somerset Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Bath and North East Somerset Grade I listed museum buildings Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom Temples of Minerva Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 EngvarB from January 2018 Use British English from June 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית 日本語 Português 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 08 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Baths%20%28Bath%29	2,597
what is the least populated town in the united states			Loving County , Texas	loving county, texas	Loving County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas . With a population of 134 as of a 2017 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , Loving County is the second least populous county in the United States after Kalawao County , Hawaii which has a population of 88 . Loving County has no incorporated communities ; its county seat and only community is Mentone . The county was originally created in 1887 , although after being disorganized , it was finally reorganized in 1931 .	Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Major highways 2.2 Adjacent counties 3 Demographics 4 Politics 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Communities 7.1 Census - designated place 7.2 Ghost towns 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Prehistorically , the area had many springs with potable water that supported wildlife and nomadic hunters . Antonio de Espejo visited the area in 1583 and crossed the Pecos River . Having surveyed the area in 1854 for a railroad company , John Pope returned in 1855 to start a camp in northwestern Loving County and establish artesian wells in the area , but the venture was unsuccessful and was abandoned in 1861 . From 1837 to 1874 , the area of modern Loving County was part of the Bexar land district . In 1874 it was separated from Bexar County , becoming a part of Tom Green County . Loving County is named for Oliver Loving , a cattle rancher and pioneer of the cattle drive who , along with Charles Goodnight , developed the Goodnight - Loving Trail . He was mortally wounded by members of the Comanche nation while on a cattle drive in 1867 in the vicinity of the county . Loving is the only county in Texas to be incorporated twice , first in 1893 and again in 1931 . Its initial organization was effected by a canal company founded in Denver , Colorado , and appears to have been based upon fraud and willful misrepresentations made by the founders to state officials . After a local landowner hired a New York City firm to investigate alleged improprieties in county government , the company 's organizers fled , taking with them all the county records . The state legislature subsequently disincorporated Loving in 1897 , attaching it to Reeves County . Oil was discovered in 1921 , leading to a population increase in Loving County . By 1930 , there were 195 residents , mostly living in what would become the town of Mentone , which became the county seat when Loving was reconstituted in 1931 . By 1933 , the population had peaked at 600 , only to begin a steady decline which had continued until recently . Loving County was the home of the first elected female sheriff in Texas , Edna Reed Clayton Dewees . Dewees was appointed to the job in January 1945 , then won an election to continue in the office through 1947 . She never carried a firearm , and reported only two arrests during her entire term . Later she would return as a county district clerk , a job she held from 1965 to 1986 . After retirement she lived on a ranch near Mentone until 22 January 2009 when she died in Del Rio . Water tower in the county Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 677 square miles ( 1,750 km ) , of which 669 square miles ( 1,730 km ) is land and 7.8 square miles ( 20 km ) ( 1.1 % ) is water . The Pecos River is the county 's western boundary , forming the Red Bluff Reservoir along its northwestern border with Reeves County , Texas and Eddy County , New Mexico . The terrain of Loving County is described as flat desert , with a few low hills . Desert shrubs , range grass and cacti abound , with salt cedars along the river . Elevations vary from 2,686 to 3,311 feet ( 1,009 m ) above sea level . Loving is the smallest county by area in the Permian Basin region . Major highways ( edit ) State Highway 302 Ranch to Market Road 652 Adjacent counties ( edit ) Lea County , New Mexico ( north / Mountain Time Zone ) Winkler County ( east ) Ward County ( southeast ) Reeves County ( southwest ) Eddy County , New Mexico ( northwest / Mountain Time Zone ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1940 285 -- 1950 227 − 20.4 % 1960 226 − 0.4 % 1970 164 − 27.4 % 1980 91 − 44.5 % 107 17.6 % 2000 67 − 37.4 % 82 22.4 % Est. 2017 134 63.4 % U.S. Decennial Census 1850 -- 2010 2010 -- 2014 As of the census of 2000 , there were 67 people , 31 households , and 19 families living in the county . The population density was 0.2 people per square mile ( 0.08 / km ) . There were 70 housing units at an average density of 0.1 per square mile ( 0.04 / km ) . Of the 67 residents , 60 identified as White , no person identified themselves as Black , African American , Native American , Asian , or Pacific Islander. 6 identified as `` some other race '' , and 1 person identified as belonging to two or more races . In addition , 7 people identified as being of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin of any race . It is one of only a few counties in the U.S. -- outside of the Northeast -- where the largest self - identified ancestry group is Irish American . There were 31 households out of which 5 had children under the age of 18 living with them , 17 were married couples living together , 2 had a female householder with no husband present , and 11 were non-families . Ten households were made up of individuals and 2 consisted of someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . Average household size was 2.16 , while the average family size was 2.65 . In the county , the population was spread out with 13 people under the age of 18 , one between 18 and 24 , 18 from 25 to 44 , 24 from 45 to 64 , and 11 who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46 years . For every 10 females there are 11.61 males . For every 10 females age 18 and over , there are 12.50 males . The median income for a household in the county was $40,000 , and the median income for a family was $53,750 . Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $0 for females . The per capita income for the county was $24,084 . Owing partly to its small and dispersed population , it also has the highest median per capita and household income of any county in Texas . Loving County was the only county in the United States with no people below the poverty line as of 2000 . However , as of 2010 , this is no longer true . The county had been the least populous county in the United States , with a 2010 census population of only 82 persons ( an increase of 22.4 % over the 2000 figure of 67 residents ) , but the 2015 estimate by the US Census Bureau places it as the second least populous county in the US . With an average of only 0.0646 inhabitants / km ( 0.167 / sq mi ) as of 2015 , the county is also the least densely populated county outside of Alaska . ( Lake and Peninsula Borough and North Slope Borough in Alaska are both lower , as is the Yukon - Koyukuk Census Area , which is not a county . ) Politics ( edit ) Loving County has voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential election since 1972 , except in 1992 when the county backed independent candidate Ross Perot . The county also backed a third - party candidate in 1968 , supporting George Wallace . There have been allegations of voter fraud in Loving County , going back as far as the 1940s . Presidential elections results Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 89.2 % 58 6.2 % 4 4.6 % 3 2012 84.4 % 54 14.1 % 9 1.6 % 1 2008 84.8 % 67 15.2 % 12 81.3 % 65 15.0 % 12 3.8 % 3 2000 79.5 % 124 18.6 % 29 1.9 % 3 62.3 % 48 18.2 % 14 19.5 % 15 32.3 % 31 20.8 % 20 46.9 % 45 70.1 % 54 29.9 % 23 1984 78.1 % 57 21.9 % 16 1980 69.4 % 50 30.6 % 22 1976 54.7 % 47 40.7 % 35 4.7 % 4 1972 88.7 % 55 11.3 % 7 1968 28.4 % 23 22.2 % 18 49.4 % 40 1964 40.5 % 32 58.2 % 46 1.3 % 1 1960 44.2 % 42 48.4 % 46 7.4 % 7 1956 60.4 % 55 39.6 % 36 1952 74.7 % 71 25.3 % 24 1948 30.5 % 29 65.3 % 62 4.2 % 4 1944 21.4 % 18 71.4 % 60 7.1 % 6 1940 17.7 % 21 82.4 % 98 1936 12.88 % 21 72.39 % 118 14.72 % 24 1932 12.56 % 27 86.97 % 187 0.46 % 1 1928 37.5 % 6 62.5 % 10 1924 14.286 % 2 85.714 % 12 Economy ( edit ) Loving County 's economy is based almost entirely upon oil and gas drilling , ranching , and county services . Education ( edit ) Loving County is served by the Wink - Loving Independent School District . The county 's school system was closed and consolidated into Wink 's ISD in 1972 because the enrollment had fallen to two pupils . Communities ( edit ) Census - designated place ( edit ) Mentone Ghost towns ( edit ) Arno Porterville Hay Flat ( partly in Winkler County ) In popular culture ( edit ) `` Loving County '' is the name of a song written and performed by Charlie Robison . It appears on his 1998 album Life of the Party . See also ( edit ) Texas portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Loving County , Texas Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Loving County References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas : Individual County Chronologies '' . Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries . The Newberry Library . 2008 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 191 . Jump up ^ Loving County - Handbook of Texas Jump up ^ Odessa American Includes details on Edna Dewees , first elected female sheriff in Texas Jump up ^ http://delrionewsherald.com/story.lasso?ewcd=5d7ce5b73f13a119 Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Almanac : Population History of Counties from 1850 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Texas Almanac . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loving County Profile '' . www.txcip.org . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` County Totals Dataset : Population , Population Change and Estimated Components of Population Change : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Colloff , Pamela . `` Not - So - Loving County '' . Texas Monthly ( October 1997 ) . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ERROR '' . www.galleywinter.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loving County , Texas . Loving County from the Handbook of Texas Online Contains valuable information on early history of Loving County . Loving County Texas Almanac Page Mentone from MyWestTexas.com Brief but detailed report on life in Mentone and Loving County . Includes several videos of Mentone and interviews with the local sheriff and judge . Loving County at Davickservices.com Numerous photos and stories about Loving County and Mentone . A small picture of the `` wanted '' poster for Mssrs . Pendarvis , Emory and Duncan may also be seen here Inventory of county records , Loving County Courthouse , Mentone , Texas , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Loving County Profile Detailed information about Loving County population . Places adjacent to Loving County , Texas Eddy County , New Mexico Lea County , New Mexico Reeves County Loving County , Texas Winkler County Reeves County Ward County Municipalities and communities of Loving County , Texas , United States County seat : Mentone CDP Mentone Ghost towns Porterville Counties of Texas Anderson Andrews Angelina Aransas Archer Armstrong Atascosa Austin Bailey Bandera Bastrop Baylor Bee Bell Bexar Blanco Borden Bosque Bowie Brazoria Brazos Brewster Briscoe Brooks Brown Burleson Burnet Caldwell Calhoun Callahan Cameron Camp Carson Cass Castro Chambers Cherokee Childress Clay Cochran Coke Coleman Collin Collingsworth Colorado Comal Comanche Concho Cooke Coryell Cottle Crane Crockett Crosby Culberson Dallam Dallas Dawson Deaf Smith Delta Denton DeWitt Dickens Dimmit Donley Duval Eastland Ector Edwards El Paso Ellis Erath Falls Fannin Fayette Fisher Floyd Foard Fort Bend Franklin Freestone Frio Gaines Galveston Garza Gillespie Glasscock Goliad Gonzales Gray Grayson Gregg Grimes Guadalupe Hale Hall Hamilton Hansford Hardeman Hardin Harris Harrison Hartley Haskell Hays Hemphill Henderson Hidalgo Hill Hockley Hood Hopkins Houston Howard Hudspeth Hunt Hutchinson Irion Jack Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jim Hogg Jim Wells Johnson Jones Karnes Kaufman Kendall Kenedy Kent Kerr Kimble King Kinney Kleberg Knox La Salle Lamar Lamb Lampasas Lavaca Lee Leon Liberty Limestone Lipscomb Live Oak Llano Loving Lubbock Lynn Madison Marion Martin Mason Matagorda Maverick McCulloch McLennan McMullen Medina Menard Midland Milam Mills Mitchell Montague Montgomery Moore Morris Motley Nacogdoches Navarro Newton Nolan Nueces Ochiltree Oldham Orange Palo Pinto Panola Parker Parmer Pecos Polk Potter Presidio Rains Randall Reagan Real Red River Reeves Refugio Roberts Robertson Rockwall Runnels Rusk Sabine San Augustine San Jacinto San Patricio San Saba Schleicher Scurry Shackelford Shelby Sherman Smith Somervell Starr Stephens Sterling Stonewall Sutton Swisher Tarrant Taylor Terrell Terry Throckmorton Titus Tom Green Travis Trinity Tyler Upshur Upton Uvalde Val Verde Van Zandt Victoria Walker Waller Ward Washington Webb Wharton Wheeler Wichita Wilbarger Willacy Williamson Wilson Winkler Wise Wood Yoakum Young Zapata Zavala State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Coordinates : 31 ° 50 ′ N 103 ° 34 ′ W / 31.84 ° N 103.57 ° W / 31.84 ; - 103.57 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_County,_Texas&oldid=854053264 '' Categories : Texas counties Loving County , Texas 1931 establishments in Texas Populated places established in 1931 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Latina Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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which congressional act was passed to end the abuses of the spoils system	The term was used particularly in politics of the United States , where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883 due to a civil service reform movement . Thereafter the spoils system was largely replaced by a nonpartisan merit at the federal level of the United States .	the Pendleton Act	Spoils system	spoils system	In politics and government , a spoils system ( also known as a patronage system ) is a practice in which a political party , after winning an election , gives government civil service jobs to its supporters , friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory , and as an incentive to keep working for the party -- as opposed to a merit system , where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit , independent of political activity .	The term was used particularly in politics of the United States , where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883 due to a civil service reform movement . Thereafter the spoils system was largely replaced by a nonpartisan merit at the federal level of the United States . The term was derived from the phrase `` to the victor belongs the spoils '' by New York Senator William L. Marcy , referring to the victory of Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828 , with the term spoils meaning goods or benefits taken from the loser in a competition , election or military victory . Similar spoils systems are common in other nations that traditionally have been based on tribal organization or other kinship groups and localism in general . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Reform 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Origins ( edit ) Before 1829 , moderation had prevailed in the transfer of political power from one U.S. president to another . Andrew Jackson 's first inauguration , March 4 , 1829 , signaled a sharp departure from the past . An unruly mob of office seekers made something of a shambles of the event , and though some tried to explain this as democratic enthusiasm , the real truth was Jackson supporters had been lavished with promises of positions in return for political support . These promises were honored by an astonishing number of removals after Jackson assumed power . At the beginning of Jackson 's administration , fully 919 officials were removed from government positions , amounting to nearly 10 percent of all government postings . The Jackson administration attempted to explain this unprecedented purge as reform , or constructive turnover , aimed at creating a more efficient system where the chain of command of public employees all obeyed the higher entities of government . The hardest changed organization within the federal government proved to be the post office . The post office was the largest department in the federal government , and had even more personnel than the war department . In one year 423 postmasters were deprived of their positions , most with extensive records of good service . Reform ( edit ) By the late 1860s , citizens began demanding civil service reform . Running under the Liberal Republican Party in 1872 , they were soundly defeated by Ulysses S. Grant . After the assassination of James A. Garfield by a rejected office - seeker in 1881 , the calls for civil service reform intensified . Moderation of the spoils system at the federal level came with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883 , which created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to evaluate job candidates on a nonpartisan merit basis . While few jobs were covered under the law initially , the law allowed the President to transfer jobs and their current holders into the system , thus giving the holder a permanent job . The Pendleton Act 's reach was expanded as the two main political parties alternated control of the White House every election between 1884 and 1896 . After each election the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to jobs held by his political supporters . By 1900 , most federal jobs were handled through civil service and the spoils system was limited only to very senior positions . The separation between the political activity and the civil service was made stronger with the Hatch Act of 1939 which prohibited federal employees from engaging in many political activities . The spoils system survived much longer in many states , counties and municipalities , such as the Tammany Hall ring , which survived well into the 1930s when New York City reformed its own civil service . Illinois modernized its bureaucracy in 1917 under Frank Lowden , but Chicago held on to patronage in city government until the city agreed to end the practice in the Shakman Decrees of 1972 and 1983 . Modern variations on the spoils system are often described as the political machine . See also ( edit ) Cronyism Patronage Political corruption Separation of powers Soft despotism Whig Party ( United States ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson The White House '' . The White House . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1314 . Marcy William Learned ( 1786 -- 1857 ) . Respectfully Quoted : A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989 '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` spoils '' dictionary definition ^ Jump up to : Howe , Daniel W. ( 2007 ) . What hath God Wrought , The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . Oxford University Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 . Sources ( edit ) Griffith , Ernest S . The Modern Development of the City in the United Kingdom and the United States ( 1927 ) Hoogenboom , Ari Arthur . Outlawing the Spoils : A history of the civil service reform movement , 1865 -- 1883 ( 1961 ) Ostrogorski , M. Democracy and the Party System in the United States ( 1910 ) Rubio , Philip F. A History of Affirmative Action , 1619 -- 2000 University Press of Mississippi ( 2001 ) Van Riper , Paul . History of the United States Civil Service Greenwood Press ( 1976 ; reprint of 1958 edition ) External links ( edit ) Look up spoils in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Civil Service Reform '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Civil - Service Reform '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Fish , Carl Russell ( 1905 ) . The Civil Service and the Patronage . New York . ( hide ) Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries NDL : 00575642 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoils_system&oldid=833823027 '' Categories : Political terminology Ethically disputed political practices Andrew Jackson Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 16 : 05 . 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how much wood could a woodchuck chuck tongue twister lyrics	How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English - language tongue - twister . The woodchuck from the Algonquian word `` wejack '' is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog . The complete beginning of the tongue - twister usually goes : `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? '' The tongue - twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects , with five `` w '' sounds interspersed among five `` ch '' sounds .	`` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ''	How much wood would a woodchuck chuck	how much wood would a woodchuck chuck	How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English - language tongue - twister . The woodchuck from the Algonquian word `` wejack '' is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog . The complete beginning of the tongue - twister usually goes : `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? '' The tongue - twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects , with five `` w '' sounds interspersed among five `` ch '' sounds .	Contents 1 Answers 2 Origin 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References Answers ( edit ) A traditional , if nonsensical , `` response '' to the question is : `` A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood '' . Other -- similarly unhelpful -- responses include `` So much wood would a woodchuck chuck , if a woodchuck could chuck wood ! '' and `` He would chuck , he would , as much as he could , and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood . '' A 1957 Associated Press piece refers to the question as `` a riddle which beats the Sphinx , since it 's still unanswered '' . A more concrete answer was published by the Associated Press in 1988 , which reported that a New York fish and wildlife technician named Richard Thomas had calculated the volume of dirt in a typical 25 -- 30 - foot ( 7.6 -- 9.1 m ) long woodchuck burrow and had determined that if the woodchuck had moved an equivalent volume of wood , it could move `` about 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) on a good day , with the wind at his back '' . Another study , which considered `` chuck '' to be the opposite of upchucking , determined that a woodchuck could ingest 361.9237001 cm ( 22.08593926 cu in ) of wood per day . Another proposed response comes from the parody - filled video game Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge , where the protagonist asks a carpenter the question and gets the response : `` A woodchuck would chuck no amount of wood since a woodchuck ca n't chuck wood . '' Origin ( edit ) The origin of the phrase is from a 1902 song `` The Woodchuck Song '' , written by Robert Hobart Davis for Fay Templeton in the musical The Runaways . The lyrics became better known in a 1904 version of the song written by Theodore Morse , with a chorus of `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? '' , which was recorded by Ragtime Roberts , in 1904 . The tongue - twister is documented as `` folklore '' in 1972 at Farmington , Michigan . It is used in the title of Werner Herzog 's 1976 film How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck , a documentation of the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship in New Holland , Pennsylvania . Popular culture ( edit ) Google features this tongue twister as an Easter egg in its Google search and Google Now . A slight variation was featured in the video game `` Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge '' . Wolfram Alpha features an easter egg when asked the query `` How much wood could a woodchuck chuck ? '' Ludacris incorporates this tongue twister in the Chamillionaire single `` Creepin ' ( Solo ) '' . A British YouTube personality , KSI used a version of the phrase in his song titled `` Earthquake '' which achieved over 30 million views . The line in question asks another YouTuber , Behzinga , ' how much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck looked like you ? ' See also ( edit ) Alliteration Announcer 's test Malapropism Spoonerism Theophilus Thistle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas A. Green , Folklore : An Encyclopedia of Beliefs , Customs , Tales , Music ( 1997 ) : `` Sometimes , tongue twisters utilize elaborate sound inversions in complex juxtapositions -- for example , ' How much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' '' ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Tucker Children 's Folklore : A Handbook 2008 , Page 22 . `` Popular English tongue twisters include ' Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers ' , ' She sells seashells by the seashore ' , and ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' . Jump up ^ Richard M. Hogg , Norman Francis Blake , Roger Lass , The Cambridge History of the English Language ( 1992 ) , Vol. 6 , p. 189 . `` The woodchuck , from Algonquian wejack , a marmot regionally called groundhog , has evoked in jocular folklore the unanswerable question : ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' '' . Jump up ^ Sherrill B. Flora , Early Literacy Intervention Activities , Grades PK - K ( 2011 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Florence Kingsland , In and Out Door Games : With Suggestions for Entertainments ( 1904 ) , p. 250 : `` If a woodchuck could chuck , a woodchuck ca n't would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood . '' Variations abound , as in , Edward W. Mumford , compiler , Smiles in Rime ( 1904 ) : `` Well , If a woodchuck could chuck wood , a woodchuck would chuck all the wood that a woodchuck could chuck , if a woodchuck could chuck wood ! '' ; Helen Josephine Ferris , Favorite Poems Old and New : Selected for Boys and Girls ( 1957 ) , p. 358 : `` He would chuck what wood a woodchuck would chuck , / If a woodchuck would chuck wood '' . Jump up ^ `` Tongue Twister : How much wood would a woodchuck chuck '' , Repeat After Us ; accessed 2018.06. 27 . Jump up ^ Dion Henderson , `` Groundhog Has His Annual Day Saturday ; Move Over Mr. Bacon '' , Sarasota Journal ( January 31 , 1957 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck ? '' , Spokane Chronicle ( July 11 , 1988 ) , p . A9 . Jump up ^ Press Wo n't Chuck That Woodchuck Story . Jump up ^ Giving this number without any error bars . Jump up ^ P.A. Paskevich and T.B. Shea ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` The Ability of Woodchucks to Chuck Cellulose Fibers '' . Annals of Improbable Research . 1 ( 4 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Can be found transcribed in this list of quotes or in the game.en.wikiquote.org Jump up ^ The Tammany Times , Volumes 20 -- 21 , 1902 , Page 305 . `` ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck , If a woodchuck would chuck wood ? ' That is the beginning of the refrain of a song that Mr. Robert Hobart Davis has written for Fay Templeton in The Runaways . Miss Templeton is trying the song ... '' Jump up ^ Hobbies , Volume 78 , Issues 1 -- 6 , Page 119 , Otto C. Lightner , Pearl Ann Reeder , 1973 . `` Mathias quotes Davis as saying he made $20,000 from the sale of ' The Woodchuck Song ' ( this must have been from sheet music , for royalties were not paid on record sales in those days ) after he and Morse called at Fay Templeton 's home ... '' Jump up ^ Tim Gracyk , Bob Roberts - Tenor . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Edison Amberola Monthly , Thomas A. Edison , Inc. , 1976 , Volume 1 , Page 8 . `` ' The Woodchuck 's Song ' is a Record of Fay Templeton 's song in The Runaways . made by Bob Roberts , a baritone who is thereby introduced to buyers of Edison Gold Moulded Records . This song has for its chorus the old query , ' How ... ' '' . Jump up ^ The James T. Callow Folklore Archive , Tongue Twister : How Much Wood Could a Woodchuck Chuck , Michigan ; Farmington ; 09 - 26 - 1972 . Jump up ^ Nazarian , Robert ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Google Now Easter Egg collection '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knoll , Marc ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Awesome List Of Google Now Voice Commands '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shrestha , Ashesh ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Try These Google Now Easter Eggs '' . Nepal . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + Google Now Voice Commands and Easter Eggs '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge ( 1991 Video Game ) Quotes '' . Jump up ^ `` Wolfram Alpha woodchuck easter egg '' . Jump up ^ `` Chamillionaire -- Creepin ( Solo ) Feat . Ludacris Lyrics '' . YouTube . March 13 , 2011 . p. 3 : 20 . Jump up ^ KSI ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) , KSI ft Ricegum - Earthquake ( Official Music Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_much_wood_would_a_woodchuck_chuck&oldid=857086371 '' Categories : Fictional squirrels Tongue - twisters 1902 songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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who wrote the social contract that outlined the ideal relationship			Social contract	social contract	In both moral and political philosophy , the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment . Usually , the social contract concerns the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual . Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented , either explicitly or tacitly , to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate ( or to the decision of a majority ) , in exchange for protection of their remaining rights . The question of the relation between natural and legal rights , therefore , is often an aspect of social contract theory . The term takes its name from The Social Contract ( French : Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique ) , a 1762 book by Jean - Jacques Rousseau that discussed this concept .	Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity , in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law , the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries , when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy . The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent of any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the `` state of nature '' . In this condition , individuals ' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience . From this shared starting point , social contract theorists seek to demonstrate , in different ways , why a rational individual would voluntarily consent to give up their natural freedom to obtain the benefits of political order . Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) , Thomas Hobbes ( 1651 ) , Samuel von Pufendorf ( 1673 ) , John Locke ( 1689 ) , Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1762 ) , and Immanuel Kant ( 1797 ) are among the most prominent of 17th - century and 18th - century theorists of social contract and natural rights . Each solved the problem of political authority in a different way . Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights . Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a `` state of nature '' , human life would be `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short '' . In the absence of political order and law , everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms , including the `` right to all things '' and thus the freedom to plunder , rape , and murder ; there would be an endless `` war of all against all '' ( bellum omnium contra omnes ) . To avoid this , free men contract with each other to establish political community ( civil society ) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign , one man or an assembly of men . Though the sovereign 's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical , Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature . Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchical or parliamentary ) . Pufendorf disputed Hobbes 's equation of a state of nature with war . Alternatively , John Locke and Jean - Jacques Rousseau have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others , giving up some freedoms to do so . The central assertion of social contract approaches is that law and political order are not natural , but are instead human creations . The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an end -- the benefit of the individuals involved -- and legitimate only to the extent that they fulfill their part of the agreement . According to Hobbes ( in whose view government is not a party to the original contract ) citizens are not obligated to submit to the government when it is too weak to act effectively to suppress factionalism and civil unrest . According to other social contract theorists , when the government fails to secure their natural rights ( Locke ) or satisfy the best interests of society ( called the `` general will '' in Rousseau ) , citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey , or change the leadership through elections or other means including , when necessary , violence . Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable , and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority , and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self - rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law . The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence . Social contract theories were eclipsed in the 19th century in favor of utilitarianism , Hegelianism , and Marxism , and were revived in the 20th century , notably in the form of a thought experiment by John Rawls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Classical thought 1.2 Renaissance developments 2 Philosophers 2.1 Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) 2.2 Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( 1651 ) 2.3 John Locke 's Second Treatise of Government ( 1689 ) 2.4 Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's Du contrat social ( 1762 ) 2.5 Pierre - Joseph Proudhon 's individualist social contract ( 1851 ) 2.6 John Rawls ' Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) 2.7 David Gauthier 's Morals By Agreement ( 1986 ) 2.8 Philip Pettit 's Republicanism ( 1997 ) 3 Critical theories 3.1 Consent of the governed 3.2 Natural law and constitutionalism 3.3 Tacit consent 3.4 Explicit Consent 3.5 Voluntarism 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The concept of the social contract was originally posed by Glaucon , as described by Plato in The Republic , Book II . They say that to do injustice is , by nature , good ; to suffer injustice , evil ; but that the evil is greater than the good . And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both , not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other , they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither ; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants ; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just . This they affirm to be the origin and nature of justice ; -- it is a mean or compromise , between the best of all , which is to do injustice and not be punished , and the worst of all , which is to suffer injustice without the power of retaliation ; and justice , being at a middle point between the two , is tolerated not as a good , but as the lesser evil , and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice . For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist ; he would be mad if he did . Such is the received account , Socrates , of the nature and origin of justice . The social contract theory also appears in Crito , another dialogue from Plato . Over time , the social contract theory became more widespread after Epicurus ( 341 - 270 BC ) , the first philosopher who saw justice as a social contract , and not as existing in Nature due to divine intervention ( see below and also Epicurean ethics ) , decided to bring the theory to the forefront of his society . As time went on , philosophers of traditional political and social thought , such as Locke , Hobbes , and Rousseau put forward their opinions on social contract , which then caused the topic to become much more mainstream . Classical Thought ( edit ) Social contract formulations are preserved in many of the world 's oldest records . The Buddhist text of the second century BCE , Mahāvastu , recounts the legend of Mahasammata . The story goes as follows : In the early days of the cosmic cycle mankind lived on an immaterial plane , dancing on air in a sort of fairyland , where there was no need of food or clothing , and no private property , family , government or laws . Then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work , and mankind became earthbound , and felt the need of food and shelter . As men lost their primeval glory , distinctions of class arose , and they entered into agreements with one another , accepting the institution of private property and the family . With this theft , murder , adultery , and other crime began , and so the people met together and decided to appoint one man from among them to maintain order in return for a share of the produce of their fields and herds . He was called `` the Great Chosen One '' ( Mahasammata ) , and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people . In his rock edicts , the Buddhist king Asoka was said to have argued for a broad and far - reaching social contract . The Buddhist vinaya also reflects social contracts expected of the monks ; one such instance is when the people of a certain town complained about monks felling saka trees , the Buddha tells his monks that they must stop and give way to social norms . Epicurus in the fourth century BCE seemed to have had a strong sense of social contract , with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage , as evidenced by these lines , among others , from his Principal Doctrines ( see also Epicurean ethics ) : 31 . Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit , to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another . 32 . Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice ; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm . 33 . There never was such a thing as absolute justice , but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm . Renaissance developments ( edit ) Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots , whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and , later still , by Catholics in England . Francisco Suárez ( 1548 -- 1617 ) , from the School of Salamanca , might be considered an early theorist of the social contract , theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy . All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract , and all of these arguments began with proto - `` state of nature '' arguments , to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government . These arguments , however , relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman law , according to which `` a populus '' can exist as a distinct legal entity . Thus , these arguments held that a group of people can join a government because it has the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority -- a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists . Philosophers ( edit ) Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) ( edit ) In the early 17th century , Grotius ( 1583 -- 1645 ) introduced the modern idea that individuals had natural rights that enabled self - preservation , employing this idea as a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science . He seeks to find a parsimonious basis for a moral beginning for society , a kind of natural law that everyone could accept . He goes so far as to say in his On the Law of War and Peace that even if we were to concede what we can not concede without the utmost wickedness , namely that there is no God , these laws would still hold . The idea was considered incendiary since it suggested that power can ultimately go back to the individuals if the political society that they have set up forfeits the purpose for which it was originally established , which is to preserve themselves . In other words , individual persons are sovereign . Grotius says that the people are sui juris ( under their own jurisdiction ) . People have rights as human beings , but there is a delineation of those rights because of what is possible for everyone to accept morally ; everyone has to accept that each person as an individual is entitled to try to preserve himself . Each person should , therefore , avoid doing harm to , or interfering with , another , and any breach of these rights should be punished . Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( 1651 ) ( edit ) Main article : Leviathan ( Hobbes book ) The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ) . According to Hobbes , the lives of individuals in the state of nature were `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short '' , a state in which self - interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the `` social '' , or society . Life was `` anarchic '' ( without leadership or the concept of sovereignty ) . Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial . This state of nature is followed by the social contract . The social contract was an `` occurrence '' during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs . This resulted in the establishment of the state , a sovereign entity like the individuals now under its rule used to be , which would create laws to regulate social interactions . Human life was thus no longer `` a war of all against all '' . The state system , which grew out of the social contract , was , however , also anarchic ( without leadership ) . Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self - interest and the absence of rights , so states now acted in their self - interest in competition with each other . Just like the state of nature , states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state ( more powerful ) capable of imposing some system such as social - contract laws on everyone by force . Indeed , Hobbes ' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations , advanced by E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau . Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that humans ( `` we '' ) need the `` terrour of some Power '' otherwise humans will not heed the law of reciprocity , `` ( in summe ) doing to others , as wee would be done to '' . John Locke 's second treatise of government ( 1689 ) ( edit ) John Locke 's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes ' in several fundamental ways , retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state . Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally , by the Law of Nature , not to harm each other in their lives or possessions , but without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them , people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear . Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a `` neutral judge '' , acting to protect the lives , liberty , and property of those who lived within it . While Hobbes argued for near - absolute authority , Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government . Locke argued that a government 's legitimacy comes from the citizens ' delegation to the government of their absolute right of violence ( reserving the inalienable right of self - defense or `` self - preservation '' ) , along with elements of other rights ( e.g. property will be liable to taxation ) as necessary to achieve the goal of security through granting the state a monopoly of violence , whereby the government , as an impartial judge , may use the collective force of the populace to administer and enforce the law , rather than each man acting as his own judge , jury , and executioner -- the condition in the state of nature . Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's du contrat social ( 1762 ) ( edit ) Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract , outlined a different version of social contract theory , as the foundations of political rights based on unlimited popular sovereignty . Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth , he did not approve of their representative government . Rousseau believed that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking , where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable . But he also maintained that the people often did not know their `` real will '' , and that a proper society would not occur until a great leader ( `` the Legislator '' ) arose to change the values and customs of the people , likely through the strategic use of religion . Rousseau 's political theory differs in important ways from that of Locke and Hobbes . Rousseau 's collectivism is most evident in his development of the `` luminous conception '' ( which he credited to Denis Diderot ) of the general will . Rousseau argues a citizen can not pursue his true interest by being an egoist but must instead subordinate himself to the law created by the citizenry acting as a collective . ( The social contract ) can be reduced to the following terms : Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will ; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole . Rousseau 's striking phrase that man must `` be forced to be free '' should be understood this way : since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole , then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and disobeys the law , he will be forced to listen to what was decided when the people acted as a collectivity ( as citizens ) . Thus , the law , inasmuch as it is created by the people acting as a body , is not a limitation of individual freedom , but rather its expression . Thus , enforcement of laws , including criminal law , is not a restriction on individual liberty : the individual , as a citizen , explicitly agreed to be constrained if , as a private individual , he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will . Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom , they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society . In this sense , the law is a civilizing force , and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon 's individualist social contract ( 1851 ) ( edit ) While Rousseau 's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty , there are other theories espoused by individualists , libertarians , and anarchists that do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state , if any . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 -- 1865 ) advocated a conception of social contract that did not involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others . According to him , the social contract was not between individuals and the state , but rather among individuals who refrain from coercing or governing each other , each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon him - or herself : What really is the Social Contract ? An agreement of the citizen with the government ? No , that would mean but the continuation of ( Rousseau 's ) idea . The social contract is an agreement of man with man ; an agreement from which must result what we call society . In this , the notion of commutative justice , first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange , ... is substituted for that of distributive justice ... Translating these words , contract , commutative justice , which are the language of the law , into the language of business , and you have commerce , that is to say , in its highest significance , the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers , and abdicate all pretension to govern each other . -- Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) John Rawls ' theory of justice ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Building on the work of Immanuel Kant with its presumption of limits on the state , John Rawls ( 1921 -- 2002 ) , in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) , proposed a contractarian approach whereby rational people in a hypothetical `` original position '' would set aside their individual preferences and capacities under a `` veil of ignorance '' and agree to certain general principles of justice and legal organization . This idea is also used as a game - theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness . David Gauthier 's Morals by agreement ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Contractarian ethics David Gauthier `` neo-Hobbesian '' theory argues that cooperation between two independent and self - interested parties is indeed possible , especially when it comes to understanding morality and politics . Gauthier notably points out the advantages of cooperation between two parties when it comes to the challenge of the prisoner 's dilemma . He proposes that , if two parties were to stick to the original agreed - upon arrangement and morals outlined by the contract , they would both experience an optimal result . In his model for the social contract , factors including trust , rationality , and self - interest keep each party honest and dissuade them from breaking the rules . Philip Pettit 's Republicanism ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Philip Pettit ( b . 1945 ) has argued , in Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government ( 1997 ) , that the theory of social contract , classically based on the consent of the governed , should be modified . Instead of arguing for explicit consent , which can always be manufactured , Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against it is a contract 's only legitimacy . Critical theories ( edit ) Consent of the governed ( edit ) An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau 's friend , the philosopher David Hume , who in 1742 published an essay `` Of Civil Liberty '' . The second part of this essay , entitled `` Of the Original Contract '' , stresses that the concept of a `` social contract '' is a convenient fiction : As no party , in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one ; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind , in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues ... The one party ( defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings , or Tories ) , by tracing up government to the DEITY , endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege , however tyrannical it may become , to touch or invade it in the smallest article . The other party ( the Whigs , or believers in constitutional monarchy ) , by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign , whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him . -- David Hume , `` On Civil Liberty '' ( II. XII. 1 ) Hume argued that consent of the governed was the ideal foundation on which a government should rest , but that it had not actually occurred this way in general . My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place . It is surely the best and most sacred of any . I only contend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent . And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted . -- Ibid II. XII. 20 Natural law and Constitutionalism ( edit ) Legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued that , while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent , this does not constitute consent to all rules the society might make regardless of their content . A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights , and have procedures for effective protection of those rights ( or liberties ) . This has also been discussed by O. A. Brownson , who argued that , in a sense , three `` constitutions '' are involved : first , the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called `` natural law '' ; second , the constitution of society , an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government , by which it does establish the third , a constitution of government . To consent , a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense . Tacit consent ( edit ) The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some society , which usually has a government , people give consent to join that society and be governed by its government , if any . This consent is what gives legitimacy to such a government . Other writers have argued that consent to join the society is not necessarily consent to its government . For that , the government must be set up according to a constitution of government that is consistent with the superior unwritten constitutions of nature and society . Explicit consent ( edit ) The theory of an implicit social contract also goes under the principles of explicit consent . The main difference between Tacit consent and explicit consent is that explicit consent is meant to leave no room for misinterpretation . Moreover , you should directly state what it is that you want and the person has to respond in a concise manner that either confirms or denies the proposition . Voluntarism ( edit ) According to the will theory of contract , a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties voluntarily agree to it , either tacitly or explicitly , without coercion . Lysander Spooner , a 19th - century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals , argued in his essay No Treason that a supposed social contract can not be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract . As a result , he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore can not be considered a legitimate contract at all . Modern Anglo - American law , like European civil law , is based on a will theory of contract , according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves . This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan ; at that time more importance was attached to consideration , meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract , and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties . Accordingly , it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time , and that certain features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us , such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors , would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes ' contemporaries as they do to us . See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Mandate of Heaven Classical republicanism Consent Contract Epicurean ethics Federalism Mandate ( politics ) Mayflower Compact Monarchomachs The Racial Contract Right of rebellion School of Salamanca Social capital Social cohesion Social Contract ( Britain ) - British Labour Party policy involving trade - offs between employment conditions and social welfare Social disintegration Social Justice in the Liberal State Social rights ( social contract theory ) Social solidarity Societal collapse Consent theory Crito -- dialogue by Plato References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` For the name social contract ( or original contract ) often covers two different kinds of contract , and , in tracing the evolution of the theory , it is well to distinguish them . Both were current in the 17th century and both can be discovered in Greek political thought ... ( The first ) generally involved some theory of the origin of the state . The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government , or the contract of submission ... Generally , it has nothing to do with the origins of society , but , presupposing a society already formed , it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed : the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him . They promise him obedience , while he promises his protection and good government . While he keeps his part of the bargain , they must keep theirs , but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end . '' J.W. Gough , The Social Contract ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1936 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 . Modern revivals of social contract theories have not been as concerned with the origin of the state . Jump up ^ Ross Harrison writes that `` Hobbes seems to have invented this useful term . '' See Ross Harrison , Locke , Hobbs , and Confusion 's Masterpiece ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , p. 70 . The phrase `` state of nature '' does occur , in Thomas Aquinas 's Quaestiones disputatae de veritate , Question 19 , Article 1 , Answer 13 . However , Aquinas uses it in the context of a discussion of the nature of the soul after death , not in reference to politics . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Riley , The Social Contract and Its Critics , chapter 12 in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought , Eds . Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler , Vol 4 of The Cambridge History of Political Thought ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , pp. 347 -- 75 . Jump up ^ The Republic , Book II . Quoted from http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html Jump up ^ `` https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/enlightenment--33?print=1 '' . www.timetoast.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ AL Basham , The Wonder That Was India , pp. 83 Jump up ^ Vincent Cook ( 2000 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Principal Doctrines '' . Epicurus . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Quentin Skinner , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought : Volume 2 : The Age of the Reformation ( Cambridge , 1978 ) Jump up ^ E.g. person A gives up his / her right to kill person B if person B does the same . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Thomas ( 1985 ) . Leviathan . London : Penguin . p. 223 . Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Rousseau , Oeuvres complètes , ed . B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond ( Paris , 1959 -- 95 ) , III , 361 ; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , ed. C. Kelley and R. Masters ( Hanover , 1990 -- ) , IV , 139 . Jump up ^ Oeuvres complètes , III , 364 ; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , IV , 141 . Jump up ^ Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland , 2011 , `` Liberalism '' , 1.1 , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Immanuel Kant , ( ( 1797 ) ) . The Metaphysics of Morals , Part 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Contract Theory ( Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Iep.utm.edu. 2004 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contractarianism ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Hume , David . Essays , Moral , Political , and Literary , Part II , Essay XII , Of The Original Contract . Jump up ^ Restoring the Lost Constitution : The Presumption of Liberty , Randy Barnett ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : O.A. Brownson ( 1866 ) . `` The American Republic : its Constitution , Tendencies , and Destiny '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Gaining explicit consent under the GDPR '' . IT Governance Blog. 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Joseph Kary , `` Contract Law and the Social Contract : What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory of Hobbes and Locke '' , 31 Ottawa Law Review 73 ( Jan. 2000 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ankerl , Guy . Towards a Social Contract on a Worldwide Scale : Solidarity contracts . Research series . Geneva : International Institute for Labour Studies ( Pamphlet ) , 1980 , ISBN 92 - 9014 - 165 - 4 . Carlyle , R.W. A History of mediæval political theory in the West . Edinburgh London : W. Blackwood and sons , 1916 . Falaky , Faycal ( 2014 ) . Social Contract , Masochist Contract : Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4989 - 0 Gierke , Otto Friedrich Von and Ernst Troeltsch . Natural Law and the Theory of Society 1500 to 1800 . Translated by Sir Ernest Barker , with a Lecture on `` The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity '' , by Ernst Troeltsch . Cambridge : The University Press , 1950 . Gough , J.W. . The Social Contract . Oxford : Clarendon Press . 1936 . Harrison , Ross . Hobbes , Locke , and Confusion 's Empire : an Examination of Seventeenth - Century Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Hobbes , Thomas . Leviathan. 1651 . Locke , John . Second Treatise on Government 1689 . Narveson , Jan ; Trenchard , David ( 2008 ) . `` Contractarianism / Social Contract '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 103 -- 05 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n66 . ISBN 978 - 1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Pettit , Philip . Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government . NY : Oxford U.P. , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 829083 - 7 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1997 Pufendorf , Samuel , James Tully and Michael Silverthorne . Pufendorf : On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law . Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press 1991 . Rawls , John . A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) Riley , Patrick . `` How Coherent is the Social Contract Tradition ? '' Journal of the History of Ideas 34 : 4 ( Oct . -- Dec. , 1973 ) : 543 -- 62 . Riley , Patrick . Will and Political Legitimacy : A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes , Locke , Rousseau , Kant , and Hegel . Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press , 1982 . Riley , Patrick . The Social Contract and Its Critics , chapter 12 in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought . Eds . Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler . Vol 4 of The Cambridge History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press , 2006 . pp. 347 -- 75 . Rousseau , Jean - Jacques . The Social Contract , or Principles of Political Right ( 1762 ) External links ( edit ) Library resources about Social contract Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Social Contract . `` The Social Contract '' . In Our Time ( 7 Feb 2008 ) . BBC Radio Program . Melvyn Bragg , moderator ; with Melissa Lane , Cambridge University ; Susan James , University of London ; Karen O'Brien , University of Warwick . `` Game Theory '' . In Our Time ( May 10 , 2012 ) . BBC Radio Program . Melvin Bragg , moderator , with Ian Stewart , Emeritus , University of Warwick , Andrew Colman , University of Leicester , and Richard Bradley , London School of Economics . Discussion of game theory that touches on relation of game theory to the Social Contract . Foisneau , Luc . `` Governing a Republic : Rousseau 's General Will and the Problem of Government '' . Republics of Letters : A Journal for the Study of Knowledge , Politics , and the Arts 2 , no . 1 ( December 15 , 2010 ) `` The Social Contract and Constitutional Republics '' . Constitution Society , website . Sigmund , Paul E. `` Natural Law , Consent , and Equality : William of Ockham to Richard Hooker '' . Published on website Natural Law , Natural Rights , and American Constitutionalism . A We the People project of the National Endowment for the Humanities . Cudd , Ann . `` Contractarianism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . D'Agostino , Fred . `` Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Social contract '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jan Narveson . `` The Contractarian Theory of Morals : FAQ '' . On website Against Politics : Anarchy Naturalized . A satirical example of a social contract for the United States from the Libertarian Party . Parody . Social Contract : A Basic Contradiction in Western Liberal Democracy , Eric Engle . A critique of social contract theory as counter-factual myth . 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bee gees you don't know what it's like original			To Love Somebody ( song )	to love somebody ( song )		`` To Love Somebody '' Single by Bee Gees from the album Bee Gees ' 1st B - side `` Close Another Door '' Released June 1967 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded April 1967 Genre Baroque pop Length 3 : 02 Label Polydor ( United Kingdom ) Atco ( United States ) Spin ( Australia ) Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb Producer ( s ) Robert Stigwood , Ossie Byrne Bee Gees UK singles chronology `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' ( 1967 ) `` To Love Somebody '' ( 1967 ) `` Massachusetts '' ( 1967 ) `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' ( 1967 ) `` To Love Somebody '' ( 1967 ) `` Massachusetts '' ( 1967 ) Bee Gees US singles chronology `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' ( 1967 ) New York Mining Disaster 1941 1967 `` To Love Somebody '' ( 1967 ) To Love Somebody1967 `` Holiday '' ( 1967 ) Holiday 1967 Alternative cover Japanese cover for `` To Love Somebody '' `` To Love Somebody '' is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb . Produced by Robert Stigwood , it was the second single released by the Bee Gees from their international debut album , Bee Gees 1st , in 1967 . The single reached No. 17 in the United States and No. 41 in the United Kingdom . The song 's B - side was `` Close Another Door '' . The single was reissued in 1980 on RSO Records with `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' as its flipside . The song ranked at number 94 on NME magazine 's `` 100 Best Tracks of the Sixties '' . It was a minor hit in the UK and France . It reached the top 20 in the US . It reached the top 10 in Canada . In a 2017 interview with Piers Morgan 's Life Stories , Barry was asked `` of all the songs that you 've ever written , which song would you choose ? '' Barry said that `` To Love Somebody '' was the song that he 'd choose as it has `` a clear , emotional message '' . The song has been recorded by many other artists , including Nina Simone , Janis Joplin , Roberta Flack , Jimmy Somerville , Michael Bolton , Billy Corgan , Rod Stewart , Michael Bublé and Hank Williams Jr ... Contents 1 Origins and lyrics 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 4.1 Michael Bolton version 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.2 Michael Bublé version 5 Movie appearances 6 References 7 External links Origins and lyrics ( edit ) `` To Love Somebody '' `` To Love Somebody '' is a soul ballad recorded by the Bee Gees . Problems playing this file ? See media help . At the request of Robert Stigwood , the band 's manager , Barry and Robin Gibb wrote `` To Love Somebody '' , a soulful ballad in the style of Sam & Dave or The Rascals , for Otis Redding . Redding came to see Barry at the Plaza in New York City one night . Robin claimed that `` ( Otis Redding ) said he loved our material and would Barry write him a song '' . The Bee Gees recorded `` To Love Somebody '' at IBC Studios , London in March 1967 and released it as a single in mid-July 1967 in the US . Redding died in an aeroplane crash later that year , before having a chance to record the song . The song was recorded around April 1967 with `` Gilbert Green '' and `` End of My Song '' at the IBC Studios in London , England . Robin said , `` Everyone told us what a great record they thought it was , Other groups all raved about it but for some reason people in Britain just did not seem to like it . '' Barry said , `` I think the reason it did n't do well here was because it 's a soul number , Americans loved it , but it just was n't right for this country '' . Barry Gibb explained in a June 2001 interview with Mojo magazine : It was for Robert . I say that unabashedly . He asked me to write a song for him , personally . It was written in New York and played to Otis but , personally , it was for Robert . He meant a great deal to me . I do n't think it was a homosexual affection but a tremendous admiration for this man 's abilities and gifts . Robert being the Bee Gee 's manager , Robert Stigwood . The simple title refrain of the chorus , `` You do n't know what it 's like , Baby , you do n't know what it 's like , To love somebody ... the way I love you '' has the effect of being at once heartbreaking and triumphant , a self - pitying put - down to an unrequited love . `` There 's ... a certain kind of light that never shone on me ... You ai n't got to be so blind , I 'm a man , ca n't you see what I am ? , I live and breathe for you , But what good does that do , If I ai n't got you ? '' . Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- lead vocal , guitar Robin Gibb -- harmony vocal Maurice Gibb -- bass guitar Vince Melouney -- guitar Colin Petersen -- drums Bill Shepherd -- orchestral arrangement Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 65 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 19 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 41 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Cash Box 24 US Record World 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Cover versions ( edit ) One of the most famous Gibb compositions , `` To Love Somebody '' has been covered by many artists . Some of the most notable versions include : 1968 : Gary Puckett & The Union Gap included the song on their debut album Woman , Woman ( album ) 1968 : The Sweet Inspirations recorded the song , which reached # 30 on the R&B charts . 1968 : Eric Burdon and The Animals released a cover of this song on their album Love Is ( The Animals album ) 1969 : James Carr released this song as a single and reached # 44 on the R&B Charts . 1969 : Nina Simone covered `` To Love Somebody '' released on her album To Love Somebody ( album ) , which reached # 5 in UK and became her second British hit single after `` Ai n't Got No - I Got Life '' . 1969 : Janis Joplin covered `` To Love Somebody '' released on her album titled I Got Dem Ol ' Kozmic Blues Again Mama ! She performed the song on the Dick Cavitt show and also at Woodstock . 1969 : Busty Brown : covered `` To Love Somebody '' produced by Lee Perry 1969 : Roberta Flack covered `` To Love Somebody '' released on her album titled Quiet Fire . 1974 : Kathi McDonald covered `` To Love Somebody '' on the album Insane Asylum . 1976 : Gram Parsons and The Flying Burrito Brothers covered `` To Love Somebody '' on the album Close Up the Honky Tonks . 1977 : Narvel Felts released the song , reaching # 22 on the Hot Country Singles chart . 1988 : Bonnie Tyler released her version on her album Hide Your Heart 1989 : Billy `` Crash '' Craddock from Back on Track ; peaked at number 91 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada 1990 : Jimmy Somerville released his UK top 5 version . 1992 : Michael Bolton released it as a single as well as including it on the album Timeless : The Classics and his version reached # 11 on the US Hot 100 Chart . 1996 : The English alternative rock band Gallon Drunk covered To Love Somebody on their album In the Long Still Night . 2001 : Blue Rodeo covered this song for their ninth studio album Greatest Hits . 2005 : Billy Corgan covered this song for his first solo studio album TheFutureEmbrace . 2013 : Michael Bublé covered this song for his eighth studio album To Be Loved , the album 's fifth single . 2013 : Natalia Przybysz covered the song on her album Kozmic Blues : Tribute to Janis Joplin . 2015 : Lindi Ortega covered the song on her album Faded Gloryville . 2016 : Dexys covered this song on their fifth album , Let The Record Show : Dexys Do Irish And Country Soul . 2016 : Karl Blau released his version on his album Introducing Karl Blau 2017 : Performed by Keith Urban at the Bee Gees Grammy Salute . Michael Bolton version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 24 Michael Bublé version ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 13 Movie appearances ( edit ) `` To Love Somebody '' has been used in several movies including I Love You Phillip Morris , Y Tu Mamá También , Melody , The Wrong Man , My Entire Life and 50 / 50 . Also this song has been used in a trailer for Joy ( 2015 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees , and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ Discogs.com . `` Bee Gees - To Love Somebody ( original issue ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1960s '' . NME . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Piers Morgan 's Life Stories : Barry Gibb YouTube - Interview Jump up ^ Melinda Bilyeu , Hector Cook , Andrew Môn Hughes ( 2004 ) . The Bee Gees : Tales of the Brothers Gibb Omnibus Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 057 - 8 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ David N. Meyer . `` The Bee Gees : The Biography '' . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph Brennan . `` Gibb Songs : 1967 '' . Jump up ^ Hughes , Andrew . Bee Gees : Tales Of The Brothers Gibb . ISBN 9780857120045 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Songfacts.com . `` To Love Somebody - Bee Gees '' . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` Bee Gees - To Love Somebody '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts '' ( PDF ) . brothersgibb.org . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - part 1 '' ( PDF ) . brothersgibb.org . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - To Love Somebody '' . officialcharts.de . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - To Love Somebody '' . Dutch Charts . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - Chart history '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks '' . RPM. 3 March 1990 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Category Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Category Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Love_Somebody_(song)&oldid=849493070 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles 1992 singles Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Bee Gees songs Michael Bolton songs Billy `` Crash '' Craddock songs Nina Simone songs Michael Bublé songs Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Polydor Records singles Atco Records singles Spin Records ( Australian label ) singles Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2014 Use dmy dates from February 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 11 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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where did a nuclear reactor explode in ukraine	The Chernobyl disaster , also referred to as the Chernobyl accident , was a catastrophic nuclear accident . It occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , a town in northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which was part of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) .	at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , a town in northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which was part of the Soviet Union ( USSR )	Chernobyl disaster	chernobyl disaster	The Chernobyl disaster , also referred to as the Chernobyl accident , was a catastrophic nuclear accident . It occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , a town in northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which was part of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) .	The event occurred during a late - night safety test which simulated a station blackout power - failure and in which safety systems were deliberately turned off . A combination of inherent reactor design flaws and the reactor operators arranging the core in a manner contrary to the checklist for the test , eventually resulted in uncontrolled reaction conditions . Water flashed into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open - air graphite fire . This fire produced considerable updrafts for about nine days . These lofted plumes of fission products into the atmosphere . The estimated radioactive inventory that was released during this very hot fire phase approximately equalled in magnitude the airborne fission products released in the initial destructive explosion . Practically all of this radioactive material would then go on to fall - out / precipitate onto much of the surface of the western USSR and Europe . The Chernobyl accident dominates the energy accidents sub-category of most disastrous nuclear power plant accident in history , both in terms of cost and casualties . It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents classified as a level 7 event ( the maximum classification ) on the International Nuclear Event Scale , the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011 . The struggle to safeguard against scenarios which were , at many times falsely , perceived as having the potential for greater catastrophe and the later decontamination efforts of the surroundings , ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles . During the accident , blast effects caused 2 deaths within the facility , later 134 were hospitalized with acute radiation symptoms , of which 28 firemen and employees died in the days - to - months afterward from the effects of acute radiation syndrome , in addition , approximately 14 cancer deaths amongst this group of initially hospitalized survivors was to follow within the next ten years ( 1996 ) . Whilst among the wider population , an excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths had been documented as of 2011 . It will take further time and investigative funding to definitively determine the elevated relative risk of cancer amongst both the surviving employees and the population at large . The remains of the No. 4 reactor building were enclosed in a large cover which was named the `` Object Shelter '' . It is often known as the sarcophagus , and its purpose is to reduce the spread of radioactivity from the wreckage and to protect the wreckage from the elements . It was finished in December 1986 at a time when what was left of the reactor was entering the cold shut - down phase ; the enclosure was not intended as a radiation shield , but was built quickly as occupational safety for the crews of the other undamaged reactors at the power station , with No. 3 continuing to produce electricity into 2000 . The accident motivated safety upgrades on all remaining Soviet - designed reactors in the RBMK ( Chernobyl No. 4 ) family , of which eleven continued to power electric grids as of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Cancer projections 2 Accident 2.1 Steam turbine tests 2.2 Conditions before the accident 2.3 Experiment and explosion 2.3. 1 Radiation levels 2.3. 2 Plant layout 2.3. 3 Individual involvement 2.4 Immediate crisis management 2.4. 1 Radiation levels 2.4. 2 Fire containment 2.4. 2.1 Timeline 2.4. 3 Evacuation 2.4. 4 Delayed announcement of the accident 2.4. 5 Steam explosion risk 2.4. 6 Debris removal 3 Causes 3.1 INSAG - 1 Report ( 1986 ) 3.2 INSAG - 7 Report ( 1992 ) 3.3 Analysis of views 4 Environmental effects 4.1 National and international spread of radioactive substances 4.2 Radioactive release 4.3 Residual radioactivity in the environment 4.3. 1 Rivers , lakes and reservoirs 4.3. 2 Groundwater 4.3. 3 Flora and fauna 5 Human impact 5.1 Difficulties in assessment , media hysteria and unscientific claims 5.1. 1 Abortion requests due to `` mutant '' fears 5.2 Thyroid cancer 5.3 Other health disorders 5.4 Deaths due to radiation exposure 6 Speculation 7 Economic and political consequences 8 Aftermath 8.1 Decommissioning 8.2 Radioactive waste management 8.2. 1 Containment of the reactor 8.2. 2 Radioactive materials and waste management 8.2. 3 Lava - like fuel - containing materials ( FCMs ) 8.3 The Exclusion Zone 8.4 Forest fires 9 Recovery projects 9.1 The Chernobyl Shelter Fund 9.2 The United Nations Development Programme 9.3 The International Project on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident 9.4 Chernobyl Children International 10 Commemoration 11 Cultural impact 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview Location of Chernobyl nuclear power plant The abandoned city of Pripyat with the Chernobyl facility visible in the distance The disaster began during a systems test on 26 April 1986 at reactor 4 of the Chernobyl plant near Pripyat and in proximity to the administrative border with Belarus and the Dnieper River . There was a sudden and unexpected power surge . When an emergency shutdown was attempted , a much larger spike in power output occurred . The second spike led to a reactor vessel rupture and a series of steam explosions . These events exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air , causing it to ignite . For the next week , the resulting fire sent long plumes of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere over an extensive geographical area , including Pripyat . The plumes drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union and Europe . According to official post-Soviet data , about 60 % of the fallout landed in Belarus . 36 hours after the accident Soviet officials enacted a 10 - kilometre exclusion zone which resulted in the rapid evacuation of 49,000 people primarily from Pripyat , the nearest large population centre . Although not communicated at the time , an immediate evacuation of the town following the accident was not advisable as the road leading out of the town had heavy nuclear fallout hotspots deposited on it . Up to around that point , the town itself was comparatively safe due to the more favourable wind direction . Shelter in place was to be the best safety measure to take for the town , before the winds began to change direction . As the plumes and subsequent fallout continued to be generated , the evacuation zone was increased from 10 to 30 km about one week after the accident . A further 68,000 were evacuated , including from the town of Chernobyl itself . The surveying and detection of isolated fallout hotspots outside this zone over the following year eventually resulted in 135,000 long - term evacuees in total , accepting to be moved . The near tripling in the total number of permanently resettled to some 350,000 over the decades , 1986 to 2000 , from the most severely contaminated areas , is regarded as largely political in nature , with the majority of the rest evacuated in an effort to redeem loss in trust in the government , which was most common around 1990 . Many thousands of these evacuees would have been `` better off staying home . '' Risk analysis in 2007 , supported by DNA biomarkers , has determined that the `` people still living unofficially in the abandoned lands around Chernobyl '' have a lower risk of dying as a result of the elevated doses of radiation in the rural areas than `` if they were exposed to the air pollution health risk in a large city such as nearby Kiev . '' In 2017 Philip Thomas , Professor of Risk Management at the University of Bristol found upon using the Years of potential life lost metric , that `` Relocation was unjustified for 75 % of the 335,000 people relocated after Chernobyl '' , finding that just 900 people within the 220,000 relocated during the second evacuation , would have lost 3 months ' of life expectancy by staying home and `` none should have been asked to leave '' . For comparison , Thomas found that the average Londoner , a city of ~ 8 million , lose 4.5 months of life due to air pollution . Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and monthly compensation costs of the Chernobyl accident . Although certain initiatives are legitimate , as the director of the UN Development Program Kalman Mizsei noted , `` an industry has been built on this unfortunate event , '' with a `` vast interest in creating a false picture . '' The number of nuclear power plant constructions started each year worldwide , from 1954 to 2013 . The rate of new construction builds for civilian fission - electric reactors dropped in the late 1980s , with the effects of accidents having a chilling effect . The World Association of Nuclear Operators was formed as a direct result of the accident with the aim of creating a greater exchange of information on safety and on techniques to increase the capacity of energy production . The accident raised the already heightened concerns about fission reactors worldwide , and while most concern was focused on those of the same unusual design , hundreds of disparate electric - power reactor proposals , including those under construction at Chernobyl , reactor No. 5 and 6 , were eventually cancelled . With the worldwide issue generally being due to the ballooning in costs for new nuclear reactor safety system standards and the legal costs in dealing with the increasingly hostile / anxious public opinion . There was a precipitous drop in the prior rate of new startups after 1986 . The accident also raised concerns about the cavalier safety culture in the Soviet nuclear power industry , slowing industry growth and forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive about its procedures . The government coverup of the Chernobyl disaster was a catalyst for glasnost , which `` paved the way for reforms leading to the Soviet collapse '' . Cancer projections A report by the International Atomic Energy Agency examines the environmental consequences of the accident . Another UN agency , UNSCEAR , has estimated a global collective dose of radiation exposure from the accident `` equivalent on average to 21 additional days of world exposure to natural background radiation '' ; individual doses were far higher than the global mean among those most exposed , including 530,000 primarily male recovery workers ( the Chernobyl liquidators ) who averaged an effective dose equivalent to an extra 50 years of typical natural background radiation exposure each . Estimates of the number of deaths that will eventually result from the accident vary enormously ; disparities reflect both the lack of solid scientific data and the different methodologies used to quantify mortality -- whether the discussion is confined to specific geographical areas or extends worldwide , and whether the deaths are immediate , short term , or long term . In 1994 , Thirty - one deaths were directly attributed to the accident , all among the reactor staff and emergency workers . As of the 2008 UNSCEAR report , the total number of confirmed deaths from radiation was 64 and this is expected to continue to rise . The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation ( 200,000 emergency workers , 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas ) ; this figure is a total causal death toll prediction , combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome , 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3935 deaths from radiation - induced cancer and leukaemia . In a peer - reviewed paper in the International Journal of Cancer in 2006 , the authors expanded the discussion on those exposed to all of Europe ( but following a different conclusion methodology to the Chernobyl Forum study , which arrived at the total predicted death toll of 4,000 after cancer survival rates were factored in ) they stated , without entering into a discussion on deaths , that in terms of total excess cancers attributed to the accident : The risk projections suggest that by now ( 2006 ) Chernobyl may have caused about 1000 cases of thyroid cancer and 4000 cases of other cancers in Europe , representing about 0.01 % of all incident cancers since the accident . Models predict that by 2065 about 16,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 25,000 cases of other cancers may be expected due to radiation from the accident , whereas several hundred million cancer cases are expected from other causes . Two anti-nuclear advocacy groups have publicized non-peer - reviewed estimates that include mortality estimates for those who were exposed to even smaller amounts of radiation . The Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) calculated that , among the hundreds of millions of people exposed worldwide , there will be an eventual 50,000 excess cancer cases , resulting in 25,000 excess cancer deaths , excluding thyroid cancer . However , these calculations are based on a simple linear no - threshold model multiplication and the misapplication of the collective dose , which the International Commission on Radiological Protection ( ICRP ) states `` should not be done '' as using the collective dose is `` inappropriate to use in risk projections '' . Along similar lines to the UCS approach , the 2006 TORCH report , commissioned by the European Greens political party , likewise simplistically calculates an eventual 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths in total , around the globe . The Russian founder of that region 's chapter of Greenpeace authored a book titled Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment , which suggests that among the billions of people worldwide who were exposed to radioactive contamination from the disaster , nearly a million premature cancer deaths occurred between 1986 and 2004 . Greenpeace itself advocates a figure of at least 200,000 or more . The book was not peer reviewed prior to its publication , and it has been heavily criticized ; of the five reviews published in the academic press , four considered the book severely flawed and contradictory , and one praised it while noting some shortcomings . The review by M.I. Balonov published by the New York Academy of Sciences concludes that the report is of negative value because it has very little scientific merit while being highly misleading to the lay reader . It characterized the estimate of nearly a million deaths as more in the realm of science fiction than science . Accident On 26 April 1986 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC + 3 ) , reactor four suffered a catastrophic power increase , leading to explosions in its core . This dispersed large quantities of radioactive isotopes into the atmosphere and caused an open - air fire . The fire increased the emission of radioactive particles , carried by the smoke , as the reactor had not been encased by any kind of hard containment vessel . The accident occurred during an experiment scheduled to test a potential safety emergency core cooling feature , which took place during a normal shutdown procedure . Steam turbine tests In steady state operation , a significant fraction ( over 6 % ) of the power from a nuclear reactor is derived not from fission but from the decay heat of its accumulated fission products . This heat continues for some time after the chain reaction is stopped ( e.g. , following an emergency SCRAM ) and active cooling may be required to prevent core damage . RBMK reactors like those at Chernobyl use water as a coolant . Reactor 4 at Chernobyl consisted of about 1,600 individual fuel channels ; each required a coolant flow of 28 metric tons ( 28,000 litres or 7,400 US gallons ) per hour . Since cooling pumps require electricity to cool a reactor after a SCRAM , in the event of a power grid failure , Chernobyl 's reactors had three backup diesel generators ; these could start up in 15 seconds , but took 60 -- 75 seconds to attain full speed and reach the 5.5 ‐ megawatt ( MW ) output required to run one main pump . To solve this one - minute gap -- considered an unacceptable safety risk -- it had been theorized that rotational energy from the steam turbine ( as it wound down under residual steam pressure ) could be used to generate the required electrical power . Analysis indicated that this residual momentum and steam pressure might be sufficient to run the coolant pumps for 45 seconds , bridging the gap between an external power failure and the full availability of the emergency generators . This capability still needed to be confirmed experimentally , and previous tests had ended unsuccessfully . An initial test carried out in 1982 indicated that the excitation voltage of the turbine - generator was insufficient ; it did not maintain the desired magnetic field after the turbine trip . The system was modified , and the test was repeated in 1984 but again proved unsuccessful . In 1985 , the tests were attempted a third time but also yielded negative results . The test procedure would be repeated in 1986 , and it was scheduled to take place during the maintenance shutdown of Reactor Four . The test focused on the switching sequences of the electrical supplies for the reactor . The test procedure was expected to begin with an automatic emergency shutdown . No detrimental effect on the safety of the reactor was anticipated , so the test programme was not formally coordinated with either the chief designer of the reactor ( NIKIET ) or the scientific manager . Instead , it was approved only by the director of the plant ( and even this approval was not consistent with established procedures ) . According to the test parameters , the thermal output of the reactor should have been no lower than 700 MW at the start of the experiment . If test conditions had been as planned , the procedure would almost certainly have been carried out safely ; the eventual disaster resulted from attempts to boost the reactor output once the experiment had been started , which was inconsistent with approved procedure . The Chernobyl power plant had been in operation for two years without the capability to ride through the first 60 -- 75 seconds of a total loss of electric power , and thus lacked an important safety feature . The station managers presumably wished to correct this at the first opportunity , which may explain why they continued the test even when serious problems arose , and why the requisite approval for the test had not been sought from the Soviet nuclear oversight regulator ( even though there was a representative at the complex of 4 reactors ) . The experimental procedure was intended to run as follows : The reactor was to be running at a low power level , between 700 MW and 800 MW . The steam - turbine generator was to be run up to full speed . When these conditions were achieved , the steam supply for the turbine generator was to be closed off . Turbine generator performance was to be recorded to determine whether it could provide the bridging power for coolant pumps until the emergency diesel generators were sequenced to start and provide power to the cooling pumps automatically . After the emergency generators reached normal operating speed and voltage , the turbine generator would be allowed to continue to freewheel down . Conditions before the accident The conditions to run the test were established before the day shift of 25 April 1986 . The day - shift workers had been instructed in advance and were familiar with the established procedures . A special team of electrical engineers was present to test the new voltage regulating system . As planned , a gradual reduction in the output of the power unit was begun at 01 : 06 on 25 April , and the power level had reached 50 % of its nominal 3200 MW thermal level by the beginning of the day shift . A schematic diagram of the reactor At this point , another regional power station unexpectedly went offline , and the Kiev electrical grid controller requested that the further reduction of Chernobyl 's output be postponed , as power was needed to satisfy the peak evening demand . The Chernobyl plant director agreed , and postponed the test . Despite this delay , preparations for the test not affecting the reactor 's power were carried out , including the disabling of the emergency core cooling system or ECCS , a passive / active system of core cooling intended to provide water to the core in a loss - of - coolant accident . Given the other events that unfolded , the system would have been of limited use , but its disabling as a `` routine '' step of the test is an illustration of the inherent lack of attention to safety for this test . In addition , had the reactor been shut down for the day as planned , it is possible that more preparation would have been taken in advance of the test . At 23 : 04 , the Kiev grid controller allowed the reactor shutdown to resume . This delay had some serious consequences : the day shift had long since departed , the evening shift was also preparing to leave , and the night shift would not take over until midnight , well into the job . According to plan , the test should have been finished during the day shift , and the night shift would only have had to maintain decay heat cooling systems in an otherwise shut - down plant . The night shift had very limited time to prepare for and carry out the experiment . A further rapid decrease in the power level from 50 % was executed during the shift change - over . Alexander Akimov was chief of the night shift , and Leonid Toptunov was the operator responsible for the reactor 's operational regimen , including the movement of the control rods . Toptunov was a young engineer who had worked independently as a senior engineer for approximately three months . The test plan called for a gradual decrease in power output from reactor 4 to a thermal level of 700 -- 1000 MW . An output of 700 MW was reached at 00 : 05 on 26 April . Due to the reactor 's production of a fission byproduct , xenon - 135 , which is a reaction - inhibiting neutron absorber , core power continued to decrease without further operator action -- a process known as reactor poisoning . This continuing decrease in power occurred because in steady state operation , xenon - 135 is `` burned off '' as quickly as it is created from decaying iodine - 135 by absorbing neutrons from the ongoing chain reaction to become highly stable xenon - 136 . When the reactor power was lowered , previously produced high quantities of iodine - 135 decayed into the neutron - absorbing xenon - 135 faster than the reduced neutron flux could burn it off . As the reactor power output dropped further , to approximately 500 MW , Toptunov mistakenly inserted the control rods too far -- the exact circumstances leading to this are unknown because Akimov and Toptunov both died in the hospital on 10 and 14 May respectively . This combination of factors put the reactor into an unintended near - shutdown state , with a power output of 30 MW thermal or less . The reactor was now producing 5 percent of the minimum initial power level established as safe for the test . Control - room personnel decided to restore power by disabling the automatic system governing the control rods and manually extracting the majority of the reactor control rods to their upper limits . Several minutes elapsed between their extraction and the point that the power output began to increase and subsequently stabilize at 160 -- 200 MW ( thermal ) , a much smaller value than the planned 700 MW . The rapid reduction in the power during the initial shutdown , and the subsequent operation at a level of less than 200 MW led to increased poisoning of the reactor core by the accumulation of xenon - 135 . This restricted any further rise of reactor power , and made it necessary to extract additional control rods from the reactor core in order to counteract the poisoning . The operation of the reactor at the low power level and high poisoning level was accompanied by unstable core temperature and coolant flow , and possibly by instability of neutron flux , which triggered alarms . The control room received repeated emergency signals regarding the levels in the steam / water separator drums , and large excursions or variations in the flow rate of feed water , as well as from relief valves opened to relieve excess steam into a turbine condenser , and from the neutron power controller . Between 00 : 35 and 00 : 45 , emergency alarm signals concerning thermal - hydraulic parameters were ignored , apparently to preserve the reactor power level . When the power level of 200 MW was achieved , preparation for the experiment continued . As part of the test plan , extra water pumps were activated at 01 : 05 on 26 April , increasing the water flow . The increased coolant flow rate through the reactor produced an increase in the inlet coolant temperature of the reactor core ( the coolant no longer having sufficient time to release its heat in the turbine and cooling towers ) , which now more closely approached the nucleate boiling temperature of water , reducing the safety margin . The flow exceeded the allowed limit at 01 : 19 , triggering an alarm of low steam pressure in the steam separators . At the same time , the extra water flow lowered the overall core temperature and reduced the existing steam voids in the core and the steam separators . Since water weakly absorbs neutrons ( and the higher density of liquid water makes it a better absorber than steam ) , turning on additional pumps decreased the reactor power further still . The crew responded by turning off two of the circulation pumps to reduce feedwater flow , in an effort to increase steam pressure , and also to remove more manual control rods to maintain power . All these actions led to an extremely unstable reactor configuration . Nearly all of the control rods were removed manually , including all but 18 of the `` fail - safe '' manually operated rods of the minimal 28 which were intended to remain fully inserted to control the reactor even in the event of a loss of coolant , out of a total 211 control rods . While the emergency SCRAM system that would insert all control rods to shut down the reactor could still be activated manually ( through the `` AZ - 5 '' button ) , the automated system that could do the same had been disabled to maintain the power level , and many other automated and even passive safety features of the reactor had been bypassed . Further , the reactor coolant pumping had been reduced , which had limited margin so any power excursion would produce boiling , thereby reducing neutron absorption by the water . The reactor was in an unstable configuration that was outside the safe operating envelope established by the designers . If anything pushed it into supercriticality , it was unable to recover automatically . Experiment and explosion This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Radioactive steam plumes continued to be generated days after the initial explosion , as evidenced here on 3 May 1986 due to decay heat . The roof of the turbine hall is damaged ( image centre ) . Roof of the adjacent reactor 3 ( image lower left ) shows minor fire damage . Igor Kostin would take some of the clearer pictures of the roof of the buildings when he was physically present on the roof of reactor 3 , in June of that year . At 1 : 23 : 04 a.m. , the experiment began . Four of the main circulating pumps ( MCP ) were active ; of the eight total , six are normally active during regular operation . The steam to the turbines was shut off , beginning a run - down of the turbine generator . The diesel generators started and sequentially picked up loads ; the generators were to have completely picked up the MCPs ' power needs by 01 : 23 : 43 . In the interim , the power for the MCPs was to be supplied by the turbine generator as it coasted down . As the momentum of the turbine generator decreased , so did the power it produced for the pumps . The water flow rate decreased , leading to increased formation of steam voids ( bubbles ) in the core . Because of the positive void coefficient of the RBMK reactor at low reactor power levels , it was now primed to embark on a positive feedback loop , in which the formation of steam voids reduced the ability of the liquid water coolant to absorb neutrons , which in turn increased the reactor 's power output . This caused yet more water to flash into steam , giving a further power increase . During almost the entire period of the experiment the automatic control system successfully counteracted this positive feedback , inserting control rods into the reactor core to limit the power rise . This system had control of only 12 rods , and nearly all others had been manually retracted . At 1 : 23 : 40 , as recorded by the SKALA centralized control system , a SCRAM ( emergency shutdown ) of the reactor was initiated . The SCRAM was started when the EPS - 5 button ( also known as the AZ - 5 button ) of the reactor emergency protection system was pressed : this engaged the drive mechanism on all control rods to fully insert them , including the manual control rods that had been withdrawn earlier . The reason why the EPS - 5 button was pressed is not known , whether it was done as an emergency measure in response to rising temperatures , or simply as a routine method of shutting down the reactor upon completion of the experiment . There is a view that the SCRAM may have been ordered as a response to the unexpected rapid power increase , although there is no recorded data proving this . Some have suggested that the button was not pressed , and instead the signal was automatically produced by the emergency protection system ; the SKALA registered a manual SCRAM signal . In spite of this , the question as to when or even whether the EPS - 5 button was pressed has been the subject of debate . There are assertions that the pressure was caused by the rapid power acceleration at the start , and allegations that the button was not pressed until the reactor began to self - destruct but others assert that it happened earlier and in calm conditions . After the EPS - 5 button was pressed , the insertion of control rods into the reactor core began . The control rod insertion mechanism moved the rods at 0.4 m / s , so that the rods took 18 to 20 seconds to travel the full height of the core , about 7 metres . A bigger problem was the design of the RBMK control rods , which had graphite neutron moderators attached to boost reactor output when the rod was withdrawn . Those displacers had a 1.25 m column of water above and below them when the rods were at maximum extration , and lowering the rods displaced the neutron - absorbing water in the lower portion of the reactor with moderating graphite . As a result , the SCRAM increased the reaction rate in the lower part of the core as the graphite displaced the coolant . This behaviour was known after the initial insertion of control rods in another RBMK reactor at Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in 1983 induced a power spike , but as the subsequent SCRAM of that reactor was successful , the information was disseminated but deemed of little importance . A few seconds after the start of the SCRAM , a power spike occurred , and the core overheated , causing some of the fuel rods to fracture , blocking the control rod columns and jamming the control rods at one - third insertion , with the graphite displacers still in the lower part of the core . Within three seconds the reactor output rose above 530 MW . The subsequent course of events was not registered by instruments ; it is known only as a result of mathematical simulation . Apparently , the power spike caused an increase in fuel temperature and steam buildup , leading to a rapid increase in steam pressure . This caused the fuel cladding to fail , releasing the fuel elements into the coolant , and rupturing the channels in which these elements were located . Then , according to some estimations , the reactor jumped to around 30,000 MW thermal , ten times the normal operational output . The last reading on the control panel was 33,000 MW . It was not possible to reconstruct the precise sequence of the processes that led to the destruction of the reactor and the power unit building , but a steam explosion , like the explosion of a steam boiler from excess vapour pressure , appears to have been the next event . There is a general understanding that it was explosive steam pressure from the damaged fuel channels escaping into the reactor 's exterior cooling structure that caused the explosion that destroyed the reactor casing , tearing off and blasting the upper plate , to which the entire reactor assembly is fastened , through the roof of the reactor building . This is believed to be the first explosion that many heard . This explosion ruptured further fuel channels , as well as severing most of the coolant lines feeding the reactor chamber , and as a result the remaining coolant flashed to steam and escaped the reactor core . The total water loss in combination with a high positive void coefficient further increased the reactor 's thermal power . A second , more powerful explosion occurred about two or three seconds after the first ; this explosion dispersed the damaged core and effectively terminated the nuclear chain reaction . This explosion also compromised more of the reactor containment vessel and ejected hot lumps of graphite moderator . The ejected graphite and the demolished channels still in the remains of the reactor vessel caught fire on exposure to air , greatly contributing to the spread of radioactive fallout and the contamination of outlying areas . According to observers outside Unit 4 , burning lumps of material and sparks shot into the air above the reactor . Some of them fell onto the roof of the machine hall and started a fire . About 25 percent of the red - hot graphite blocks and overheated material from the fuel channels was ejected . Parts of the graphite blocks and fuel channels were out of the reactor building . As a result of the damage to the building an airflow through the core was established by the high temperature of the core . The air ignited the hot graphite and started a graphite fire . After the larger explosion a number of employees at the power station went outside to get a clearer view of the extent of the damage , one such survivor , Alexander Yuvchenko recounts that once he stopped outside and looked up towards the reactor hall he saw a `` very beautiful '' LASER - like beam of light bluish light , caused by the ionization of air , that appeared to `` flood up into infinity '' . There were initially several hypotheses about the nature of the second explosion . One view was that the second explosion was caused by hydrogen , which had been produced either by the overheated steam - zirconium reaction or by the reaction of red - hot graphite with steam that produced hydrogen and carbon monoxide . Another hypothesis , published in 1998 was that the second explosion was a thermal explosion of the reactor as a result of the uncontrollable escape of fast neutrons caused by the complete water loss in the reactor core . A third hypothesis was that the explosion was a second steam explosion . According to this version , the first explosion was a more minor steam explosion in the circulating loop , causing a loss of coolant flow and pressure , that in turn caused the water still in the core to flash to steam . This second explosion then did the majority of the damage to the reactor and containment building . The force of the second explosion , and the ratio of xenon radioisotopes released during the event , indicated to Yuri V. Dubasov in a 2009 publication , that the second explosion could have been a nuclear power transient ; the result of the melting core material , in the absence of its cladding , water coolant and moderator , undergoing runaway prompt criticality similar to the explosion of a fizzled nuclear weapon . This nuclear power excursion / fizzle hypothesis , was in 2017 further analyzed by retired physicist Erik Lars - Erik De Geer in which he puts the fizzle event as the first explosion . The more energetic second explosion , which produced the majority of the damage has been estimated as equivalent to 40 billion joules of energy , the equivalent of about ten tons of TNT . Both the 2009 and 2017 analyses indicate that the nuclear excursion , whether it produced the second or first explosion , respectively , was nonetheless a chain reaction limited to a small portion of the reactor core . Contrary to safety regulations , bitumen , a combustible material , had been used in the construction of the roof of the reactor building and the turbine hall . Ejected material ignited at least five fires on the roof of the adjacent reactor 3 , which was still operating . It was imperative to put those fires out and protect the cooling systems of reactor 3 . Inside reactor 3 , the chief of the night shift , Yuri Bagdasarov , wanted to shut down the reactor immediately , but chief engineer Nikolai Fomin would not allow this . The operators were given respirators and potassium iodide tablets and told to continue working . At 05 : 00 , Bagdasarov made his own decision to shut down the reactor , leaving only those operators there who had to work the emergency cooling systems . Radiation levels Approximate radiation intensity levels at different locations at Chernobyl reactor site shortly after the explosion are shown in the below table . A dose of 500 roentgens ( ~ 5 Sv ) delivered over an hour is usually lethal for human beings . Location Radiation ( roentgens per hour ) Sieverts per hour ( SI Unit ) Vicinity of the reactor core 30,000 300 Fuel fragments 15,000 -- 20,000 150 -- 200 Debris heap at the place of circulation pumps 10,000 100 Debris near the electrolyzers 5,000 -- 15,000 50 -- 150 Water in the Level + 25 feedwater room 5,000 50 Level 0 of the turbine hall 500 -- 15,000 5 -- 150 Area of the affected unit 1,000 -- 1,500 10 -- 15 Water in Room 712 1,000 10 Control room 3 -- 5 0.03 -- 0.05 Hydropower Installation 30 0.3 Nearby concrete mixing unit 10 -- 15 0.10 -- 0.15 Plant layout Based on the image of the plant Level Objects Metres Levels are distances above ( or below for minus values ) ground level at the site . 49.6 Roof of the reactor building , gallery of the refuelling mechanism 39.9 Roof of the deaerator gallery 35.5 Floor of the main reactor hall 31.6 Upper side of the upper biological shield , floor of the space for pipes to steam separators 28.3 Lower side of the turbine hall roof 24.0 Deaerator floor , measurement and control instruments room 16.4 Floor of the pipe aisle in the deaerator gallery 12.0 Main floor of the turbine hall , floor of the main circulation pump motor compartments 10.0 Control room , floor under the reactor lower biological shield , main circulation pumps 6.0 Steam distribution corridor 2.2 Upper pressure suppression pool 0.0 Ground level ; house switchgear , turbine hall level − 0.5 Lower pressure suppression pool − 5.2 , − 4.2 Other turbine hall levels − 6.5 Basement floor of the turbine hall Individual involvement Main article : Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster Immediate crisis Management Extremely high levels of radioactivity in the lava under the Chernobyl number four reactor in 1986 Radiation levels The radiation levels in the worst - hit areas of the reactor building have been estimated to be 5.6 roentgens per second ( R / s ) , equivalent to more than 20,000 roentgens per hour . A lethal dose is around 500 roentgens ( ~ 5 Gy ) over 5 hours , so in some areas , unprotected workers received fatal doses in less than a minute . However , a dosimeter capable of measuring up to 1000 R / s was buried in the rubble of a collapsed part of the building , and another one failed when turned on . All remaining dosimeters had limits of 0.001 R / s and therefore read `` off scale '' . Thus , the reactor crew could ascertain only that the radiation levels were somewhere above 0.001 R / s ( 3.6 R / h ) , while the true levels were much higher in some areas . Because of the inaccurate low readings , the reactor crew chief Alexander Akimov assumed that the reactor was intact . The evidence of pieces of graphite and reactor fuel lying around the building was ignored , and the readings of another dosimeter brought in by 04 : 30 were dismissed under the assumption that the new dosimeter must have been defective . Akimov stayed with his crew in the reactor building until morning , sending members of his crew to try to pump water into the reactor . None of them wore any protective gear . Most , including Akimov , died from radiation exposure within three weeks . Fire containment Firefighter Leonid Telyatnikov , being decorated for bravery Shortly after the accident , firefighters arrived to try to extinguish the fires . First on the scene was a Chernobyl Power Station firefighter brigade under the command of Lieutenant Volodymyr Pravik , who died on 9 May 1986 of acute radiation sickness . They were not told how dangerously radioactive the smoke and the debris were , and may not even have known that the accident was anything more than a regular electrical fire : `` We did n't know it was the reactor . No one had told us . '' Grigorii Khmel , the driver of one of the fire engines , later described what happened : We arrived there at 10 or 15 minutes to two in the morning ... We saw graphite scattered about . Misha asked : `` Is that graphite ? '' I kicked it away . But one of the fighters on the other truck picked it up . `` It 's hot , '' he said . The pieces of graphite were of different sizes , some big , some small , enough to pick them up ... We did n't know much about radiation . Even those who worked there had no idea . There was no water left in the trucks . Misha filled a cistern and we aimed the water at the top . Then those boys who died went up to the roof -- Vashchik , Kolya and others , and Volodya Pravik ... They went up the ladder ... and I never saw them again . Anatoli Zakharov , a fireman stationed in Chernobyl since 1980 , offers a different description in 2008 : I remember joking to the others , `` There must be an incredible amount of radiation here . We 'll be lucky if we 're all still alive in the morning . '' He also said : Of course we knew ! If we 'd followed regulations , we would never have gone near the reactor . But it was a moral obligation -- our duty . We were like kamikaze . The immediate priority was to extinguish fires on the roof of the station and the area around the building containing Reactor No. 4 to protect No. 3 and keep its core cooling systems intact . The fires were extinguished by 5 : 00 , but many firefighters received high doses of radiation . The fire inside reactor 4 continued to burn until 10 May 1986 ; it is possible that well over half of the graphite burned out . The fire was extinguished by a combined effort of helicopters dropping over 5000 metric tons of sand , lead , clay , and neutron - absorbing boron onto the burning reactor and injection of liquid nitrogen . The Ukrainian filmmaker Vladimir Shevchenko captured film footage of an Mi - 8 helicopter as its main rotor collided with a nearby construction crane cable , causing the helicopter to fall near the damaged reactor building and killing its four - man crew . It is now known that virtually none of the neutron absorbers reached the core . From eyewitness accounts of the firefighters involved before they died ( as reported on the CBC television series Witness ) , one described his experience of the radiation as `` tasting like metal '' , and feeling a sensation similar to that of pins and needles all over his face . ( This is similar to the description given by Louis Slotin , a Manhattan Project physicist who died days after a fatal radiation overdose from a criticality accident . ) The explosion and fire threw hot particles of the nuclear fuel and also far more dangerous fission products , radioactive isotopes such as caesium - 137 , iodine - 131 , strontium - 90 and other radionuclides , into the air : the residents of the surrounding area observed the radioactive cloud on the night of the explosion . Equipment assembled included remote - controlled bulldozers and robot - carts that could detect radioactivity and carry hot debris . Valery Legasov ( first deputy director of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow ) said , in 1987 : `` But we learned that robots are not the great remedy for everything . Where there was very high radiation , the robot ceased to be a robot -- the electronics quit working . '' Timeline 1 : 26 : 03 -- fire alarm activated 1 : 28 -- arrival of local firefighters , Pravik 's guard 1 : 35 -- arrival of firefighters from Pripyat , Kibenok 's guard 1 : 40 -- arrival of Telyatnikov 2 : 10 -- turbine hall roof fire extinguished 2 : 30 -- main reactor hall roof fires suppressed 3 : 30 -- arrival of Kiev firefighters 4 : 50 -- fires mostly localized 6 : 35 -- all fires extinguished With the exception of the fire contained inside Reactor 4 , which continued to burn for many days . Evacuation The view of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant taken from the city of Pripyat Pripyat evacuation broadcast Russian language announcement Problems playing this file ? See media help . The nearby city of Pripyat was not immediately evacuated . The townspeople went about their usual business , completely oblivious to what had just happened . However , within a few hours of the explosion , dozens of people fell ill . Later , they reported severe headaches and metallic tastes in their mouths , along with uncontrollable fits of coughing and vomiting . As the plant was run by authorities in Moscow , the government of Ukraine did not receive prompt information on the accident . Valentyna Shevchenko , then Chairman of the Presidium of Verkhovna Rada Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR , recalls that Ukraine 's acting Minister of Internal Affairs Vasyl Durdynets phoned her at work at 9 am to report current affairs ; only at the end of the conversation did he add that there had been a fire at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant , but it was extinguished and everything was fine . When Shevchenko asked `` How are the people ? '' , he replied that there was nothing to be concerned about : `` Some are celebrating a wedding , others are gardening , and others are fishing in the Pripyat River '' . Shevchenko then spoke over the phone to Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , Head of the Central Committee of the CPU and de facto head of state , who said he anticipated a delegation of the state commission headed by the deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of USSR . A commission was set up the same day ( 26 April ) to investigate the accident . It was headed by Valery Legasov , First Deputy Director of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy , and included leading nuclear specialist Evgeny Velikhov , hydro - meteorologist Yuri Izrael , radiologist Leonid Ilyin and others . They flew to Boryspil International Airport and arrived at the power plant in the evening of 26 April . By that time two people had already died and 52 were hospitalized . The delegation soon had ample evidence that the reactor was destroyed and extremely high levels of radiation had caused a number of cases of radiation exposure . In the early hours of 27 April , over 24 hours after the initial blast , they ordered the evacuation of Pripyat . Initially it was decided to evacuate the population for three days ; later this was made permanent . By 11 : 00 on 27 April , buses had arrived in Pripyat to start the evacuation . The evacuation began at 14 : 00 . A translated excerpt of the evacuation announcement follows : For the attention of the residents of Pripyat ! The City Council informs you that due to the accident at Chernobyl Power Station in the city of Pripyat the radioactive conditions in the vicinity are deteriorating . The Communist Party , its officials and the armed forces are taking necessary steps to combat this . Nevertheless , with the view to keep people as safe and healthy as possible , the children being top priority , we need to temporarily evacuate the citizens in the nearest towns of Kiev region . For these reasons , starting from April 27 , 1986 2 pm each apartment block will be able to have a bus at its disposal , supervised by the police and the city officials . It is highly advisable to take your documents , some vital personal belongings and a certain amount of food , just in case , with you . The senior executives of public and industrial facilities of the city has decided on the list of employees needed to stay in Pripyat to maintain these facilities in a good working order . All the houses will be guarded by the police during the evacuation period . Comrades , leaving your residences temporarily please make sure you have turned off the lights , electrical equipment and water and shut the windows . Please keep calm and orderly in the process of this short - term evacuation . -- Evacuation announcement in Pripyat , 27 April 1986 ( 14 : 00 ) To expedite the evacuation , residents were told to bring only what was necessary , and that they would remain evacuated for approximately three days . As a result , most personal belongings were left behind , and remain there today . By 15 : 00 , 53,000 people were evacuated to various villages of the Kiev region . The next day , talks began for evacuating people from the 10 km zone . Ten days after the accident , the evacuation area was expanded to 30 km ( 19 mi ) . This `` exclusion zone '' has remained ever since , although its shape has changed and its size has been expanded . Delayed announcement of the accident Evacuation began long before the accident was publicly acknowledged by the Soviet Union . On the morning of 28 April , radiation levels set off alarms at the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant in Sweden , over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) from the Chernobyl Plant . Sweden determined that the radiation had originated elsewhere , and the Swedish government contacted the Soviet government , The Soviet government denied being the source of the radiation , until the Swedish government advised the Soviet government that a report was being made to the International Atomic Energy Authority . At 21 : 02 the evening of April 28 , a 20 - second announcement was read in the TV news programme Vremya : There has been an accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . One of the nuclear reactors was damaged . The effects of the accident are being remedied . Assistance has been provided for any affected people . An investigative commission has been set up . -- Vremya , 28 April 1986 ( 21 : 00 ) This was the entirety of the announcement of the accident . The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union ( TASS ) then discussed Three Mile Island and other American nuclear accidents , an example of the common Soviet tactic of emphasizing foreign disasters when one occurred in the Soviet Union . The mention of a commission , however , indicated to observers the seriousness of the incident , and subsequent state radio broadcasts were replaced with classical music , which was a common method of preparing the public for an announcement of a tragedy . Around the same time , ABC News released its report about the disaster . Shevchenko was the first of the Ukrainian state top officials to arrive at the disaster site early on 28 April . There she spoke with members of medical staff and people , who were calm and hopeful that they could soon return to their homes . Shevchenko returned home near midnight , stopping at a radiological checkpoint in Vilcha , one of the first that were set up soon after the accident . There was a notification from Moscow that there was no reason to postpone the 1 May International Workers ' Day celebrations in Kiev ( including the annual parade ) , but on 30 April a meeting of the Political bureau of the Central Committee of CPU took place to discuss the plan for the upcoming celebration . Scientists were reporting that the radiological background in Kiev city was normal . At the meeting , which was finished at 18 : 00 , it was decided to shorten celebrations from the regular 3.5 -- 4 to under 2 hours . Several buildings in Pripyat were officially kept open after the disaster to be used by workers still involved with the plant . These included the Jupiter Factory which closed in 1996 and the Azure Swimming Pool which closed in 1998 . Steam explosion risk Two floors of bubbler pools beneath the reactor served as a large water reservoir for the emergency cooling pumps and as a pressure suppression system capable of condensing steam in case of a small broken steam pipe ; the third floor above them , below the reactor , served as a steam tunnel . The steam released by a broken pipe was supposed to enter the steam tunnel and be led into the pools to bubble through a layer of water . After the disaster , the pools and the basement were flooded because of ruptured cooling water pipes and accumulated firefighting water , and constituted a serious steam explosion risk . Chernobyl corium lava formed by fuel - containing mass flowed into the basement of the plant The smoldering graphite , fuel and other material above , at more than 1200 ° C , started to burn through the reactor floor and mixed with molten concrete from the reactor lining , creating corium , a radioactive semi-liquid material comparable to lava . If this mixture had melted through the floor into the pool of water , it was feared it could have created a serious steam explosion that would have ejected more radioactive material from the reactor . It became necessary to drain the pool . The bubbler pool could be drained by opening its sluice gates . However , the valves controlling it were underwater , located in a flooded corridor in the basement . So volunteers in wetsuits and respirators ( for protection against radioactive aerosols ) and equipped with dosimeters , entered the knee - deep radioactive water and managed to open the valves . These were the engineers Alexei Ananenko and Valeri Bezpalov ( who knew where the valves were ) , accompanied by the shift supervisor Boris Baranov . Upon succeeding and emerging from the water , according to many English language news articles , books and the prominent BBC docudrama Surviving Disaster -- Chernobyl Nuclear , the three knew it was a suicide - mission and began suffering from radiation sickness and died soon after . Some sources also incorrectly claimed that they died there in the plant . However , research by Andrew Leatherbarrow , author of the 2016 book Chernobyl 01 : 23 : 40 , determined that the frequently recounted story is a gross exaggeration . Alexei Ananenko continues to work in the nuclear energy industry , and rebuffs the growth of the Chernobyl media sensationalism surrounding him . While Valeri Bezpalov was found to still be alive by Leatherbarrow , the elderly 65 year old Baranov had lived until 2005 and had died of heart failure . Once the bubbler pool gates were opened by the Ananenko team , fire brigade pumps were then used to drain the basement . The operation was not completed until 8 May , after 20,000 metric tons of highly radioactive water were pumped out . With the bubbler pool gone , a meltdown was less likely to produce a powerful steam explosion . To do so , the molten core would now have to reach the water table below the reactor . To reduce the likelihood of this , it was decided to freeze the earth beneath the reactor , which would also stabilize the foundations . Using oil drilling equipment , the injection of liquid nitrogen began on 4 May . It was estimated that 25 metric tons of liquid nitrogen per day would be required to keep the soil frozen at − 100 ° C . This idea was soon scrapped and the bottom room where the cooling system would have been installed was filled with concrete . It is likely that intense alpha radiation hydrolysed the water , generating a low - pH hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) solution akin to an oxidizing acid . Conversion of bubbler pool water to H O is confirmed by the presence in the Chernobyl lavas of studtite and metastudtite , the only minerals that contain peroxide . Debris removal Chernobyl power plant in 2006 with the sarcophagus containment structure The worst of the radioactive debris was collected inside what was left of the reactor . During clean - up operations , remotely controlled machinery were used to try to move the most highly radiative debris , but these failed in the harsh conditions . Consequently , the most highly radioative materials were shoveled by Chernobyl liquidators from the military wearing heavy protective gear ( dubbed `` bio-robots '' by the military ) ; these soldiers could only spend a maximum of 40 seconds working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off by the blocks of graphite and other debris . Though the soldiers were only supposed to perform the role of the `` bio-robot '' a maximum of once , some soldiers reported having done this task five or six times . The reactor itself was covered with bags of sand , lead and boric acid dropped from helicopters : some 5000 metric tons of material were dropped during the week that followed the accident . At the time there was still fear that the reactor could re-enter a self - sustaining nuclear chain - reaction and explode again , and a new containment structure was planned to prevent rain entering and triggering such an explosion , and to prevent further release of radioactive material . This was the largest civil engineering task in history , involving a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached their official lifetime limits of radiation . By December 1986 , a large concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its contents . A unique `` clean up '' medal was given to the workers . Many of the vehicles used by the liquidators remain parked in a field in the Chernobyl area . During the construction of the sarcophagus , a scientific team re-entered the reactor as part of an investigation dubbed `` Complex Expedition '' , to locate and contain nuclear fuel in a way that could not lead to another explosion . These scientists manually collected cold fuel rods , but great heat was still emanating from the core . Rates of radiation in different parts of the building were monitored by drilling holes into the reactor and inserting long metal detector tubes . The scientists were exposed to high levels of radiation and radioactive dust . After six months of investigation , in December 1986 , they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four , more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons , which they called `` the elephant 's foot '' for its wrinkled appearance . The mass was composed of sand , glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor . The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot , and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite . It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion . Liquidators worked under deplorable conditions , poorly informed and with poor protection . Many , if not most of them , exceeded radiation safety limits . Some exceeded limits by over 100 times -- leading to rapid death . The official contaminated zones became stage to a massive clean - up effort lasting seven months . The official reason for such early ( and dangerous ) decontamination efforts , rather than allowing time for natural decay , was that the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation . Indeed , within fifteen months 75 % of the land was under cultivation , even though only a third of the evacuated villages were resettled . Defence forces must have done much of the work . Yet this land was of marginal agricultural value . According to historian David Marples , the administration had a psychological purpose for the clean - up : they wished to forestall panic regarding nuclear energy , and even to restart the Chernobyl power station . Causes There were two official explanations of the accident . INSAG - 1 report ( 1986 ) The first official explanation of the accident , later acknowledged to be erroneous , was published in August 1986 . It effectively placed the blame on the power plant operators . To investigate the causes of the accident the IAEA created a group known as the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group ( INSAG ) , which in its report of 1986 , INSAG - 1 , on the whole also supported this view , based on the data provided by the Soviets and the oral statements of specialists . In this view , the catastrophic accident was caused by gross violations of operating rules and regulations . `` During preparation and testing of the turbine generator under run - down conditions using the auxiliary load , personnel disconnected a series of technical protection systems and breached the most important operational safety provisions for conducting a technical exercise . '' The operator error was probably due to their lack of knowledge of nuclear reactor physics and engineering , as well as lack of experience and training . According to these allegations , at the time of the accident the reactor was being operated with many key safety systems turned off , most notably the Emergency Core Cooling System ( ECCS ) , LAR ( Local Automatic control system ) , and AZ ( emergency power reduction system ) . Personnel had an insufficiently detailed understanding of technical procedures involved with the nuclear reactor , and knowingly ignored regulations to speed test completion . The developers of the reactor plant considered this combination of events to be impossible and therefore did not allow for the creation of emergency protection systems capable of preventing the combination of events that led to the crisis , namely the intentional disabling of emergency protection equipment plus the violation of operating procedures . Thus the primary cause of the accident was the extremely improbable combination of rule infringement plus the operational routine allowed by the power station staff . In this analysis of the causes of the accident , deficiencies in the reactor design and in the operating regulations that made the accident possible were set aside and mentioned only casually . Serious critical observations covered only general questions and did not address the specific reasons for the accident . The following general picture arose from these observations . Several procedural irregularities also helped to make the accident possible . One was insufficient communication between the safety officers and the operators in charge of the experiment being run that night . The reactor operators disabled safety systems down to the generators , which the test was really about . The main process computer , SKALA , was running in such a way that the main control computer could not shut down the reactor or even reduce power . Normally the reactor would have started to insert all of the control rods . The computer would have also started the `` Emergency Core Protection System '' that introduces 24 control rods into the active zone within 2.5 seconds , which is still slow by 1986 standards . All control was transferred from the process computer to the human operators . On the subject of the disconnection of safety systems , Valery Legasov said , in 1987 , that `` ( i ) t was like airplane pilots experimenting with the engines in flight '' . This view is reflected in numerous publications and also artistic works on the theme of the Chernobyl accident that appeared immediately after the accident , and for a long time remained dominant in the public consciousness and in popular publications . INSAG - 7 report ( 1992 ) Reactor hall No. 1 of the Chernobyl Plant A simplified diagram of the major differences between the Chernobyl RBMK and the most common nuclear reactor design , the Light water reactor . 1 . The use of a graphite moderator in a water cooled reactor . 2 . A positive steam void coefficient that made the power excursion possible , which blew the reactor vessel . 3 . The control rods were very slow , taking 18 -- 20 seconds to be deployed . With the control rods having graphite tips that moderated and therefore increased the fission rate in the beginning of the rod insertion. 4 . No reinforced containment building . Lumps of graphite moderator ejected from the core . The largest lump shows an intact control rod channel . Ukraine has declassified a number of KGB documents from the period between 1971 and 1988 related to the Chernobyl plant , mentioning for example previous reports of structural damages caused by negligence during construction of the plant ( such as splitting of concrete layers ) that were never acted upon . They document over 29 emergency situations in the plant during this period , 8 of which were caused by negligence or poor competence on the part of personnel . In 1991 a Commission of the USSR State Committee for the Supervision of Safety in Industry and Nuclear Power reassessed the causes and circumstances of the Chernobyl accident and came to new insights and conclusions . Based on it , in 1992 the IAEA Nuclear Safety Advisory Group ( INSAG ) published an additional report , INSAG - 7 , which reviewed `` that part of the INSAG - 1 report in which primary attention is given to the reasons for the accident , '' and was included the USSR State Commission report as Appendix I . In this INSAG report , most of the earlier accusations against staff for breach of regulations were acknowledged to be either erroneous , based on incorrect information obtained in August 1986 , or less relevant . This report reflected another view of the main reasons for the accident , presented in Appendix I . According to this account , the operators ' actions in turning off the Emergency Core Cooling System , interfering with the settings on the protection equipment , and blocking the level and pressure in the separator drum did not contribute to the original cause of the accident and its magnitude , although they may have been a breach of regulations . Turning off the emergency system designed to prevent the two turbine generators from stopping was not a violation of regulations . Human factors contributed to the conditions that led to the disaster . These included operating the reactor at a low power level -- less than 700 MW -- a level documented in the run - down test programme , and operating with a small operational reactivity margin ( ORM ) . The 1986 assertions of Soviet experts notwithstanding , regulations did not prohibit operating the reactor at this low power level . However , regulations did forbid operating the reactor with a small margin of reactivity . Yet `` post-accident studies have shown that the way in which the real role of the ORM is reflected in the Operating Procedures and design documentation for the RBMK - 1000 is extremely contradictory '' , and furthermore , `` ORM was not treated as an operational safety limit , violation of which could lead to an accident '' . According to the INSAG - 7 Report , the chief reasons for the accident lie in the peculiarities of physics and in the construction of the reactor . There are two such reasons : The reactor had a dangerously large positive void coefficient of reactivity . The void coefficient is a measurement of how a reactor responds to increased steam formation in the water coolant . Most other reactor designs have a negative coefficient , i.e. the nuclear reaction rate slows when steam bubbles form in the coolant , since as the vapour phase in the reactor increases , fewer neutrons are slowed down . Faster neutrons are less likely to split uranium atoms , so the reactor produces less power ( a negative feedback ) . Chernobyl 's RBMK reactor , however , used solid graphite as a neutron moderator to slow down the neutrons , and the water in it , on the contrary , acts like a harmful neutron absorber . Thus neutrons are slowed down even if steam bubbles form in the water . Furthermore , because steam absorbs neutrons much less readily than water , increasing the intensity of vaporization means that more neutrons are able to split uranium atoms , increasing the reactor 's power output . This makes the RBMK design very unstable at low power levels , and prone to suddenly increasing energy production to a dangerous level . This behaviour is counter-intuitive , and this property of the reactor was unknown to the crew . A more significant flaw was in the design of the control rods that are inserted into the reactor to slow down the reaction . In the RBMK reactor design , the lower part of each control rod was made of graphite and was 1.3 metres shorter than necessary , and in the space beneath the rods were hollow channels filled with water . The upper part of the rod , the truly functional part that absorbs the neutrons and thereby halts the reaction , was made of boron carbide . With this design , when the rods are inserted into the reactor from the uppermost position , the graphite parts initially displace some water ( which absorbs neutrons , as mentioned above ) , effectively causing fewer neutrons to be absorbed initially . Thus for the first few seconds of control rod activation , reactor power output is increased , rather than reduced as desired . This behaviour is counter-intuitive and was not known to the reactor operators . Other deficiencies besides these were noted in the RBMK - 1000 reactor design , as were its non-compliance with accepted standards and with the requirements of nuclear reactor safety . While INSAG - 1 and INSAG - 7 reports both identified operator error as an issue of concern , the INSAG - 7 identified that there numerous other issues that were contributing factors that lead to the incident . These contributing factors include : The plant was not designed to safety standards in effect and incorporated unsafe features `` Inadequate safety analysis '' was performed There was `` insufficient attention to independent safety review '' `` Operating procedures not founded satisfactorily in safety analysis '' Safety information not adequately and effectively communicated between operators , and between operators and designers The operators did not adequately understand safety aspects of the plant Operators did not sufficiently respect formal requirements of operational and test procedures The regulatory regime was insufficient to effectively counter pressures for production There was a `` general lack of safety culture in nuclear matters at the national level as well as locally '' Analysis of views Both views were heavily lobbied by different groups , including the reactor 's designers , power plant personnel , and the Soviet and Ukrainian governments . According to the IAEA 's 1986 analysis , the main cause of the accident was the operators ' actions . But according to the IAEA 's 1993 revised analysis the main cause was the reactor 's design . One reason there were such contradictory viewpoints and so much debate about the causes of the Chernobyl accident was that the primary data covering the disaster , as registered by the instruments and sensors , were not completely published in the official sources . Once again , the human factor had to be considered as a major element in causing the accident . INSAG notes that both the operating regulations and staff handled the disabling of the reactor protection easily enough : witness the length of time for which the ECCS was out of service while the reactor was operated at half power . INSAG 's view is that it was the operating crew 's deviation from the test programme that was mostly to blame . `` Most reprehensibly , unapproved changes in the test procedure were deliberately made on the spot , although the plant was known to be in a very different condition from that intended for the test . '' As in the previously released report INSAG - 1 , close attention is paid in report INSAG - 7 to the inadequate ( at the moment of the accident ) `` culture of safety '' at all levels . Deficiency in the safety culture was inherent not only at the operational stage but also , and to no lesser extent , during activities at other stages in the lifetime of nuclear power plants ( including design , engineering , construction , manufacture , and regulation ) . The poor quality of operating procedures and instructions , and their conflicting character , put a heavy burden on the operating crew , including the chief engineer . `` The accident can be said to have flowed from a deficient safety culture , not only at the Chernobyl plant , but throughout the Soviet design , operating and regulatory organizations for nuclear power that existed at that time . '' Environmental effects Main article : Chernobyl disaster effects National and International spread of radioactive substances Although no informing comparisons can be made between the accident and a strictly airburst - fuzed nuclear detonation , as the latter do not produce appreciable local fallout , it has still been approximated that about four hundred times more radioactive material was released from Chernobyl than by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . By contrast the Chernobyl accident released about one hundredth to one thousandth of the total amount of radioactivity released during the era of nuclear weapons testing at the height of the Cold War , 1950 -- 1960s , with the 1 / 100th to 1 / 1000th variance due to trying to make comparisons with different spectrums of isotopes released . Approximately 100,000 km2 of land was significantly contaminated with fallout , with the worst hit regions being in Belarus , Ukraine and Russia . Slighter levels of contamination were detected over all of Europe except for the Iberian Peninsula . The initial evidence that a major release of radioactive material was affecting other countries came not from Soviet sources , but from Sweden . On the morning of 28 April workers at the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant ( approximately 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) from the Chernobyl site ) were found to have radioactive particles on their clothes . It was Sweden 's search for the source of radioactivity , after they had determined there was no leak at the Swedish plant , that at noon on 28 April led to the first hint of a serious nuclear problem in the western Soviet Union . Hence the evacuation of Pripyat on 27 April , 36 hours after the initial explosions , was silently completed before the disaster became known outside the Soviet Union . The rise in radiation levels had at that time already been measured in Finland , but a civil service strike delayed the response and publication . Areas of Europe contaminated with Cs Country 37 -- 185 kBq / m 185 -- 555 kBq / m 555 -- 1480 kBq / m > 1480 kBq / m km % of country km % of country km % of country km % of country Belarus 29,900 14.4 10,200 4.9 4,200 2.0 2,200 1.1 Ukraine 37,200 6.2 3,200 0.53 900 0.15 600 0.1 Russia 49,800 0.29 5,700 0.03 2,100 0.01 300 0.002 Sweden 12,000 2.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- Finland 11,500 3.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- Austria 8,600 10.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Norway 5,200 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Bulgaria 4,800 4.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Switzerland 1,300 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Greece 1,200 0.91 -- -- -- -- -- -- Slovenia 300 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- Italy 300 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Moldova 60 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 162,160 km 19,100 km 7,200 km 3,100 km Contamination from the Chernobyl accident was scattered irregularly depending on weather conditions , much of it deposited on mountainous regions such as the Alps , the Welsh mountains and the Scottish Highlands , where adiabatic cooling caused radioactive rainfall . The resulting patches of contamination were often highly localized , and water - flows across the ground contributed further to large variations in radioactivity over small areas . Sweden and Norway also received heavy fallout when the contaminated air collided with a cold front , bringing rain . Rain was purposely seeded over 10,000 km of the Belorussian SSR by the Soviet air force to remove radioactive particles from clouds heading toward highly populated areas . Heavy , black - coloured rain fell on the city of Gomel . Reports from Soviet and Western scientists indicate that Belarus received about 60 % of the contamination that fell on the former Soviet Union . However , the 2006 TORCH report stated that half of the volatile particles had landed outside Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia . A large area in Russia south of Bryansk was also contaminated , as were parts of northwestern Ukraine . Studies in surrounding countries indicate that over one million people could have been affected by radiation . Recently published data from a long - term monitoring program ( The Korma Report II ) shows a decrease in internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants of a region in Belarus close to Gomel . Resettlement may even be possible in prohibited areas provided that people comply with appropriate dietary rules . In Western Europe , precautionary measures taken in response to the radiation included seemingly arbitrary regulations banning the importation of certain foods but not others . In France some officials stated that the Chernobyl accident had no adverse effects . Official figures in southern Bavaria in Germany indicated that some wild plant species contained substantial levels of caesium , which were believed to have been passed onto them during their consumption by wild boars , a significant number of which already contained radioactive particles above the allowed level . Radioactive release Like many other releases of radioactivity into the environment , the Chernobyl release was controlled by the physical and chemical properties of the radioactive elements in the core . Particularly dangerous are the highly radioactive fission products , those with high nuclear decay rates that accumulate in the food chain , such as some of the isotopes of iodine , caesium and strontium . Iodine - 131 and caesium - 137 are responsible for most of the radiation exposure received by the general population . Detailed reports on the release of radioisotopes from the site were published in 1989 and 1995 , with the latter report updated in 2002 . Contributions of the various isotopes to the external ( atmospheric ) absorbed dose in the contaminated area of Pripyat , from soon after the accident , to years after the accident . The external relative gamma dose for a person in the open near the Chernobyl disaster site . At different times after the accident , different isotopes were responsible for the majority of the external dose . The remaining quantity of any radioisotope , and therefore the activity of that isotope , after 7 decay half - lives have passed , is less than 1 % of its initial magnitude , and it continues to reduce beyond 0.78 % after 7 half - lives to 0.098 % remaining after 10 half - lives have passed and so on . ( Some radionuclides have decay products that are likewise radioactive , which is not accounted for here . ) The release of radioisotopes from the nuclear fuel was largely controlled by their boiling points , and the majority of the radioactivity present in the core was retained in the reactor . All of the noble gases , including krypton and xenon , contained within the reactor were released immediately into the atmosphere by the first steam explosion . The atmospheric release of xenon - 133 , with a half - life of 5 days , is estimated at 5200 PBq . 50 to 60 % of all core radioiodine in the reactor , about 1760 PBq ( 7018176000000000000 ♠ 1760 × 10 becquerels ) , or about 0.4 kg , was released , as a mixture of sublimed vapour , solid particles , and organic iodine compounds . Iodine - 131 has a half - life of 8 days . 20 to 40 % of all core caesium - 137 was released , 85 PBq in all . Caesium was released in aerosol form ; caesium - 137 , along with isotopes of strontium , are the two primary elements preventing the Chernobyl exclusion zone being re-inhabited. 7016850000000000000 ♠ 8.5 × 10 Bq equals 24 kilograms of caesium - 137 . Cs - 137 has a half - life of 30 years . Tellurium - 132 , half - life 78 hours , an estimated 1150 PBq was released . An early estimate for total nuclear fuel material released to the environment was 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ± 1.5 % ; this was later revised to 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 ± 0.5 % . This corresponds to the atmospheric emission of 6 t of fragmented fuel . Two sizes of particles were released : small particles of 0.3 to 1.5 micrometres ( aerodynamic diameter ) and large particles of 10 micrometres . The large particles contained about 80 % to 90 % of the released nonvolatile radioisotopes zirconium - 95 , niobium - 95 , lanthanum - 140 , cerium - 144 and the transuranic elements , including neptunium , plutonium and the minor actinides , embedded in a uranium oxide matrix . The dose that was calculated is the relative external gamma dose rate for a person standing in the open . The exact dose to a person in the real world who would spend most of their time sleeping indoors in a shelter and then venturing out to consume an internal dose from the inhalation or ingestion of a radioisotope , requires a personnel specific radiation dose reconstruction analysis . Residual radioactivity in the Environment Rivers , lakes and reservoirs Earth Observing - 1 image of the reactor and surrounding area in April 2009 The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River , which feeds into the Dnieper reservoir system , one of the largest surface water systems in Europe , which at the time supplied water to Kiev 's 2.4 million residents , and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred . The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident . In the most affected areas of Ukraine , levels of radioactivity ( particularly from radionuclides I , Cs and Sr ) in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident , though officially it was stated that all contaminants had settled to the bottom `` in an insoluble phase '' and would not dissolve for 800 -- 1000 years . Guidelines for levels of radioiodine in drinking water were temporarily raised to 3,700 Bq / L , allowing most water to be reported as safe , and a year after the accident it was announced that even the water of the Chernobyl plant 's cooling pond was within acceptable norms . Despite this , two months after the disaster the Kiev water supply was abruptly switched from the Dnieper to the Desna River . Meanwhile , massive silt traps were constructed , along with an enormous 30m - deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River . Bio-accumulation of radioactivity in fish resulted in concentrations ( both in western Europe and in the former Soviet Union ) that in many cases were significantly above guideline maximum levels for consumption . Guideline maximum levels for radiocaesium in fish vary from country to country but are approximately 1000 Bq / kg in the European Union . In the Kiev Reservoir in Ukraine , concentrations in fish were several thousand Bq / kg during the years after the accident . Map of radiation levels in 1996 around Chernobyl . In small `` closed '' lakes in Belarus and the Bryansk region of Russia , concentrations in a number of fish species varied from 100 to 60,000 Bq / kg during the period 1990 -- 92 . The contamination of fish caused short - term concern in parts of the UK and Germany and in the long term ( years rather than months ) in the affected areas of Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia as well as in parts of Scandinavia . Groundwater Groundwater was not badly affected by the Chernobyl accident since radionuclides with short half - lives decayed away long before they could affect groundwater supplies , and longer - lived radionuclides such as radiocaesium and radiostrontium were adsorbed to surface soils before they could transfer to groundwater . However , significant transfers of radionuclides to groundwater have occurred from waste disposal sites in the 30 km ( 19 mi ) exclusion zone around Chernobyl . Although there is a potential for transfer of radionuclides from these disposal sites off - site ( i.e. out of the 30 km ( 19 mi ) exclusion zone ) , the IAEA Chernobyl Report argues that this is not significant in comparison to current levels of washout of surface - deposited radioactivity . Flora and fauna After the disaster , four square kilometres of pine forest directly downwind of the reactor turned reddish - brown and died , earning the name of the `` Red Forest '' . Some animals in the worst - hit areas also died or stopped reproducing . Most domestic animals were removed from the exclusion zone , but horses left on an island in the Pripyat River 6 km ( 4 mi ) from the power plant died when their thyroid glands were destroyed by radiation doses of 150 -- 200 Sv . Some cattle on the same island died and those that survived were stunted because of thyroid damage . The next generation appeared to be normal . After the disaster , four square kilometres of pine forest directly downwind of the reactor turned reddish - brown and died , earning the name of the `` Red Forest '' , though it soon recovered . This photograph was taken years later , in March 2009 , after the forest began to grow again , with the lack of foliage at the time of the photograph , merely due to the local winter at the time . A robot sent into the reactor itself has returned with samples of black , melanin - rich radiotrophic fungi that are growing on the reactor 's walls . Of the 440,350 wild boar killed in the 2010 hunting season in Germany , over 1000 were found to be contaminated with levels of radiation above the permitted limit of 600 becquerels per kilogram , due to residual radioactivity from Chernobyl . The Norwegian Agricultural Authority reported that in 2009 a total of 18,000 livestock in Norway needed to be given uncontaminated feed for a period of time before slaughter in order to ensure that their meat was safe for human consumption . This was due to residual radioactivity from Chernobyl in the plants they graze on in the wild during the summer . 1,914 sheep needed to be given uncontaminated feed for a period of time before slaughter during 2012 , and these sheep were located in just 18 of Norway 's municipalities , a decrease of 17 from the 35 municipalities affected animals were located in during 2011 ( 117 municipalities were affected during 1986 ) . The after - effects of Chernobyl were expected to be seen for a further 100 years , although the severity of the effects would decline over that period . Scientists report this is due to radioactive caesium - 137 isotopes being taken up by fungi such as Cortinarius caperatus which is in turn eaten by sheep whilst grazing . The United Kingdom was forced to restrict the movement of sheep from upland areas when radioactive caesium - 137 fell across parts of Northern Ireland , Wales , Scotland and northern England . In the immediate aftermath of the disaster in 1986 , a total of 4,225,000 sheep had their movement restricted across a total of 9,700 farms , in order to prevent contaminated meat entering the human food chain . The number of sheep and the number of farms affected has decreased since 1986 , Northern Ireland was released from all restrictions in 2000 and by 2009 369 farms containing around 190,000 sheep remained under the restrictions in Wales , Cumbria and northern Scotland . The restrictions applying in Scotland were lifted in 2010 , whilst those applying to Wales and Cumbria were lifted during 2012 , meaning no farms in the UK remain restricted because of Chernobyl fallout . The legislation used to control sheep movement and compensate farmers ( farmers were latterly compensated per animal to cover additional costs in holding animals prior to radiation monitoring ) was revoked during October and November 2012 by the relevant authorities in the UK . Demonstration on Chernobyl day near WHO in Geneva Human impact Main article : Chernobyl disaster effects See also : Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster In the aftermath of the accident , 237 people suffered from acute radiation sickness ( ARS ) , of whom 31 died within the first three months . In 2005 the Chernobyl Forum , composed of the IAEA , other UN organizations and the governments of Belarus , Russia and Ukraine , published a report on the radiological environmental and health consequences of the Chernobyl accident . On the death toll of the accident , the report states that 28 emergency workers ( `` liquidators '' ) died from acute radiation syndrome , including beta burns , and 15 patients died from thyroid cancer in the following years , and it roughly estimated that cancer deaths caused by Chernobyl may reach a total of about 4,000 among the 5 million persons residing in the contaminated areas . The report projected cancer mortality `` increases of less than one per cent '' ( ~ 0.3 % ) on a time span of 80 years , cautioning that this estimate was `` speculative '' since at this time only a few cancer deaths are linked to the Chernobyl disaster . The report says it is impossible to reliably predict the number of fatal cancers arising from the incident as small differences in assumptions can result in large differences in the estimated health costs . The report says it represents the consensus view of the eight UN organizations . Of all 66,000 Belarusian emergency workers , by the mid-1990s only 150 ( roughly 0.2 % ) were reported by their government as having died . In contrast , 5,722 casualties were reported among Ukrainian clean - up workers up to the year 1995 , by the National Committee for Radiation Protection of the Ukrainian Population . The four most harmful radionuclides spread from Chernobyl were iodine - 131 , caesium - 134 , caesium - 137 and strontium - 90 , with half - lives of 8.02 days , 2.07 years , 30.2 years and 28.8 years respectively . The iodine was initially viewed with less alarm than the other isotopes , because of its short half - life , but it is highly volatile , and now appears to have travelled furthest and caused the most severe health problems in the short term . Strontium , on the other hand , is the least volatile of the four , and of main concern in the areas near Chernobyl itself . Iodine tends to become concentrated in thyroid and milk glands , leading , among other things , to increased incidence of thyroid cancers . Caesium tends to accumulate in vital organs such as the heart , while strontium accumulates in bones , and may thus be a risk to bone - marrow and lymphocytes . Radiation is most damaging to cells that are actively dividing . In adult mammals cell division is slow , except in hair follicles , skin , bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract , which is why vomiting and hair loss are common symptoms of acute radiation sickness . Difficulties in Assessment , media hysteria and unscientific claims This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) By the year 2000 , the number of Ukrainians claiming to be radiation ' sufferers ' ( poterpili ) and receiving state benefits had jumped to 3.5 million , or 5 % of the population . Many of these are populations resettled from contaminated zones , or former or current Chernobyl plant workers . According to IAEA - affiliated scientific bodies , these apparent increases of ill health result partly from economic strains on these countries and poor health - care and nutrition ; also , they suggest that increased medical vigilance following the accident has meant that many cases that would previously have gone unnoticed ( especially of cancer ) are now being registered . Piglet with dipygus on exhibit at the Ukrainian National Chornobyl Museum . The knowledge that extremely high doses of radiation can cause mutations during gestation has directly resulted in a major confirmation bias issue amongst the popular mindset , when without proper studies and controls , such anecdotal `` specimen '' exhibiting , could in reality be from a myriad of other causes far more prevalent in the region , such as chemical mutagenics , inbreeding and so on . The World Health Organization states , `` children conceived before or after their father 's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies '' . This statistically insignificant increase was also seen by independent researchers analyzing the children of the Chernobyl liquidators . On farms in Narodychi Raion of Ukraine it is claimed that in the first four years of the disaster nearly 350 animals were born with gross deformities such as missing or extra limbs , missing eyes , heads or ribs , or deformed skulls ; in comparison , only three abnormal births had been registered in the five years prior . The two primary individuals involved with the attempt to suggest that the mutation rate amongst animals was , and continues to be , higher in the Chernobyl zone , are the Anders Moller and Timothy Mousseau group . Apart from continuing to publish experimentally unrepeatable and discredited papers , Mousseau routinely gives talks at the Helen Caldicott organized `` Physicians for Social Responsibility '' ( PSR ) symposiums , an ultra anti-nuclear group , devoted to bring about a `` nuclear free planet '' . Moreover , in years past Moller was previously caught and reprimanded for publishing papers that crossed the scientific `` misconduct '' / `` fraud '' line . The duo have more recently attempted to publish meta - analyses in which the primary references they weigh - up , analyze and draw their conclusions from is their own prior papers along with the discredited book Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment . In 1996 , geneticist colleagues Ronald Chesser and Robert Baker published a paper on the thriving vole population within the exclusion zone , in which the central conclusion of their work was essentially that `` The mutation rate in these animals is hundreds and probably thousands of times greater than normal '' , this claim occurred after they had done a comparison of the mitochondrial DNA of the `` Chernobyl voles '' with that of a control group of voles from outside the region . These alarming conclusions led the paper to appear on the front cover of the prestigious journal Nature , however not long after publication Chesser & Baker discovered a fundamental error in their research in which they had incorrectly classified the species of vole , and therefore were comparing the genetics of two entirely different vole species to start with . Abortion requests due to `` mutant '' fears See also : Radiophobia Following the accident , journalists mistrusted many medical professionals ( such as the spokesman from the UK National Radiological Protection Board ) , and in turn encouraged the public to mistrust them . Throughout the European continent , due to this media - driven framing of the slight contamination and in nations where abortion is legal , many requests for induced abortions , of otherwise normal pregnancies , were obtained out of fears of radiation from Chernobyl , including an excess number of abortions in Denmark in the months following the accident . In Greece , following the accident many obstetricians were unable to resist requests from worried pregnant mothers over fears of radiation . Although it was determined that the effective dose to Greeks would not exceed 1 mSv ( 100 mrem ) , a dose much lower than that which could induce embryonic abnormalities or other non-stochastic effects , there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated , probably out of fear in the mother of radiation risk . A `` slightly '' above the expected number of requested induced abortions occurred in Italy . Worldwide , an estimated excess of about 150,000 elective abortions may have been performed on otherwise healthy pregnancies out of unfounded fears of radiation from Chernobyl , according to Dr Robert Baker and ultimately a 1987 article published by Linda E. Ketchum in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine which mentions but does not reference an IAEA source on the matter . The available statistical data excludes the Soviet / Ukraine / Belarus abortion rates , as they are presently unavailable . From the available data , an increase in the number of abortions in what were healthy developing human offspring in Denmark occurred in the months following the accident , at a rate of about 400 cases . In Greece , there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated . In Italy , a `` slightly '' above the expected number of induced abortions occurred , approximately 100 . As the increase in radiation in Denmark was so low ... the public debate and anxiety among the pregnant women and their husbands `` caused '' more fetal deaths in Denmark than the accident . This underlines the importance of public debate , the role of the mass media and of the way in which National Health authorities participate in this debate . No evidence of changes in the prevalence of human deformities / birth congenital anomalies which might be associated with the accident , are apparent in Belarus or the Ukraine , the two republics which had the highest exposure to fallout . In Sweden , and Finland where no increase in abortion rates occurred , it was likewise determined that `` no association between the temporal and spatial variations in radioactivity and variable incidence of congenital malformations ( was found ) . '' A similar null increase in the abortion rate and a healthy baseline situation of no increase in birth defects was determined by assessing the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry , Findings also mirrored in Austria . Larger , `` mainly western European '' data sets approaching a million births in the EUROCAT database , divided into `` exposed '' and control groups were assessed in 1999 . As no Chernobyl impacts were detected , the researchers conclude `` in retrospect the widespread fear in the population about the possible effects of exposure on the unborn fetus was not justified '' . Despite studies from Germany and Turkey , the only robust evidence of negative pregnancy outcomes that transpired after the accident were these elective abortion indirect effects , in Greece , Denmark , Italy etc. , due to the anxieties created . In very high doses , it was known at the time that radiation can cause a physiological increase in the rate of pregnancy anomalies , but unlike the dominant linear - no threshold model of radiation and cancer rate increases , it was known , by researchers familiar with both the prior human exposure data and animal testing , that the `` Malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect with a threshold dose '' below which , no rate increase is observed . This teratology ( birth defects ) issue was discussed by Frank Castronovo of the Harvard Medical School in 1999 , publishing a detailed review of dose reconstructions and the available pregnancy data following the Chernobyl accident , inclusive of data from Kiev 's two largest obstetrics hospitals . Castronovo concludes that `` the lay press with newspaper reporters playing up anecdotal stories of children with birth defects '' is , together with dubious studies that show selection bias , the two primary factors causing the persistent belief that Chernobyl increased the background rate of birth defects . When the vast amount of pregnancy data does not support this perception as no women took part in the most radioactive liquidator operations , no pregnant individuals were exposed to the threshold dose . The Chernobyl liquidators , essentially an all male civil defense emergency workforce , would go on to father normal children , without an increase in developmental anomalies or a statistically significant increase in the frequencies of germline mutations in their progeny . This normality is similarly seen in the children of the survivors of the Goiana accident . Thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer incidence in children and adolescents from Belarus after the Chernobyl accident Yellow : Adults ( 19 -- 34 ) Blue : Adolescents ( 15 -- 18 ) Red : Children ( 0 -- 14 ) Due in largest part from the ingestion of contaminated dairy products along with the inhalation of the short - lived and therefore highly radioactive isotope , Iodine - 131 , the 2005 UN collaborative Chernobyl Forum revealed thyroid cancer among children to be one of the main health impacts from the Chernobyl accident . In that publication more than 4000 cases were reported , and that there was no evidence of an increase in solid cancers or leukemia . It said that there was an increase in psychological problems among the affected population . Dr Michael Repacholi , manager of WHO 's Radiation Program reported that the 4000 cases of thyroid cancer resulted in nine deaths . According to UNSCEAR , up to the year 2005 , an excess of over 6000 cases of thyroid cancer have been reported . That is , over the estimated pre-accident baseline thyroid cancer rate , more than 6000 casual cases of thyroid cancer have been reported in children and adolescents exposed at the time of the accident , a number that is expected to increase . They concluded that there is no other evidence of major health impacts from the radiation exposure . Well - differentiated thyroid cancers are generally treatable , and when treated the five - year survival rate of thyroid cancer is 96 % , and 92 % after 30 years . UNSCEAR had reported 15 deaths from thyroid cancer in 2011 . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) also states that there has been no increase in the rate of birth defects or abnormalities , or solid cancers ( such as lung cancer ) corroborating UNSCEAR 's assessments . UNSCEAR does raise the possibility of long term genetic defects , pointing to a doubling of radiation - induced minisatellite mutations among children born in 1994 . However , the risk of thyroid cancer associated with the Chernobyl accident is still high according to published studies . The German affiliate of the ultra-anti - nuclear energy organization , the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War ( IPPNW ) attempt to suggest that 10,000 people are affected by thyroid cancer as of 2006 and that 50,000 cases are expected in the future . Other health disorders Fred Mettler , a radiation expert at the University of New Mexico , puts the number of worldwide cancer deaths outside the highly contaminated zone at `` perhaps '' 5000 , for a total of 9000 Chernobyl - associated fatal cancers , saying `` the number is small ( representing a few percent ) relative to the normal spontaneous risk of cancer , but the numbers are large in absolute terms '' . The same report outlined studies based in data found in the Russian Registry from 1991 to 1998 that suggested that `` of 61,000 Russian workers exposed to an average dose of 107 mSv about 5 % of all fatalities that occurred may have been due to radiation exposure . '' The report went into depth about the risks to mental health of exaggerated fears about the effects of radiation . According to the IAEA the `` designation of the affected population as `` victims '' rather than `` survivors '' has led them to perceive themselves as helpless , weak and lacking control over their future `` . The IAEA says that this may have led to behaviour that has caused further health effects . Fred Mettler commented that 20 years later : `` The population remains largely unsure of what the effects of radiation actually are and retain a sense of foreboding . A number of adolescents and young adults who have been exposed to modest or small amounts of radiation feel that they are somehow fatally flawed and there is no downside to using illicit drugs or having unprotected sex . To reverse such attitudes and behaviours will likely take years although some youth groups have begun programs that have promise . '' In addition , disadvantaged children around Chernobyl suffer from health problems that are attributable not only to the Chernobyl accident , but also to the poor state of post-Soviet health systems . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) , part of the Chernobyl Forum , have produced their own assessments of the radiation effects . UNSCEAR was set up as a collaboration between various United Nation bodies , including the World Health Organization , after the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , to assess the long - term effects of radiation on human health . Deaths due to radiation exposure The number of potential deaths arising from the Chernobyl disaster is heavily debated . The WHO 's prediction of 4000 future cancer deaths in surrounding countries is based on the Linear no - threshold model ( LNT ) , which assumes that the damage inflicted by radiation at low doses is directly proportional to the dose . Radiation epidemiologist Roy Shore contends that estimating health effects in a population from the LNT model `` is not wise because of the uncertainties '' . According to the Union of Concerned Scientists the number of excess cancer deaths worldwide ( including all contaminated areas ) is approximately 27,000 based on the same LNT . Another study critical of the Chernobyl Forum report was commissioned by Greenpeace , which asserted that the most recently published figures indicate that in Belarus , Russia and Ukraine the accident could have resulted in 10,000 -- 200,000 additional deaths in the period between 1990 and 2004 . The Scientific Secretary of the Chernobyl Forum criticized the report 's reliance on non-peer - reviewed locally produced studies . Although most of the study 's sources were from peer - reviewed journals , including many Western medical journals , the higher mortality estimates were from non-peer - reviewed sources , while Gregory Härtl ( spokesman for the WHO ) suggested that the conclusions were motivated by ideology . Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a result of the radioactivity released . The results were criticized by M.I. Balonov of the Institute of Radiation Hygiene in St. Petersburg , who described them as biased , drawing from sources which were difficult to independently verify and lacking a proper scientific base . Balanov expressed his opinion that `` the authors unfortunately did not appropriately analyze the content of the Russian - language publications , for example , to separate them into those that contain scientific evidence and those based on hasty impressions and ignorant conclusions '' . Speculation According to Kenneth Mossman , a Professor of Health Physics and member of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission advisory committee , the `` LNT philosophy is overly conservative , and low - level radiation may be less dangerous than commonly believed '' . Yoshihisa Matsumoto , a radiation biologist at the Tokyo Institute of Technology , cites laboratory experiments on animals to suggest there must be a threshold dose below which DNA repair mechanisms can completely repair any radiation damage . Mossman suggests that the proponents of the current model believe that being conservative is justified due to the uncertainties surrounding low level doses and it is better to have a `` prudent public health policy '' . Another significant issue is establishing consistent data on which to base the analysis of the impact of the Chernobyl accident . Since 1991 large social and political changes have occurred within the affected regions and these changes have had significant impact on the administration of health care , on socio - economic stability , and the manner in which statistical data is collected . Ronald Chesser , a radiation biologist at Texas Tech University , says that `` the subsequent Soviet collapse , scarce funding , imprecise dosimetry , and difficulties tracking people over the years have limited the number of studies and their reliability '' . Economic and political Consequences Abandoned buildings in Chernobyl Russian President Medvedev and Ukrainian President Yanukovych lay wreaths at a memorial to victims of the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 2011 . It is difficult to establish the total economic cost of the disaster . According to Mikhail Gorbachev , the Soviet Union spent 18 billion rubles ( the equivalent of US $18 billion at that time ) on containment and decontamination , virtually bankrupting itself . In Belarus the total cost over 30 years is estimated at US $235 billion ( in 2005 dollars ) . Ongoing costs are well known ; in their 2003 -- 2005 report , The Chernobyl Forum stated that between 5 % and 7 % of government spending in Ukraine is still related to Chernobyl , while in Belarus over $13 billion is thought to have been spent between 1991 and 2003 , with 22 % of national budget having been Chernobyl - related in 1991 , falling to 6 % by 2002 . Much of the current cost relates to the payment of Chernobyl - related social benefits to some 7 million people across the 3 countries . A significant economic impact at the time was the removal of 784,320 ha ( 1,938,100 acres ) of agricultural land and 694,200 ha ( 1,715,000 acres ) of forest from production . While much of this has been returned to use , agricultural production costs have risen due to the need for special cultivation techniques , fertilizers and additives . Politically , the accident gave great significance to the new Soviet policy of glasnost , and helped forge closer Soviet -- US relations at the end of the Cold War , through bioscientific cooperation . The disaster also became a key factor in the Union 's eventual 1991 dissolution , and a major influence in shaping the new Eastern Europe . Both Ukraine and Belarus , in their first months of independence , lowered legal radiation thresholds from the Soviet Union 's previous , elevated thresholds ( from 35 rems per lifetime under the USSR to 7 rems per lifetime in Ukraine and 0.1 rems per year in Belarus ) . This required an expansion of territories that were considered contaminated . In Ukraine , over 500,000 people have now been resettled , many of whom have become applicants for medical and other welfare . Ukraine also maintains the destroyed reactor , for which it employs a very large workforce in order to keep individual exposure times low . Many of these workers have since registered disabilities and enrolled for welfare . In Ukraine , the Chernobyl disaster was an icon of the nationalist movement , symbolic of all that was wrong with the Soviet Union , and welfare became a key platform for winning independence . Ukraine has since developed a massive and burdensome welfare system that has become increasingly corrupt and ineffective . It has presented its greatly increased welfare demands since 1991 as a demonstration of its own moral legitimacy , and as an argument for needing foreign aid . Belarus , on the other hand , was politically weak when it gained independence , and looked to Moscow for guidance ; in many ways it has returned to the old Soviet policy of secrecy and denial . Aftermath Following the accident , questions arose about the future of the plant and its eventual fate . All work on the unfinished reactors 5 and 6 was halted three years later . However , the trouble at the Chernobyl plant did not end with the disaster in reactor 4 . The damaged reactor was sealed off and 200 cubic meters ( 260 cu yd ) of concrete was placed between the disaster site and the operational buildings . The work was managed by Grigoriy Mihaylovich Naginskiy , the deputy chief engineer of Installation and Construction Directorate -- 90 . The Ukrainian government continued to let the three remaining reactors operate because of an energy shortage in the country . Decommissioning Main article : Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant § Decommissioning In October 1991 , a fire broke out in the turbine building of reactor 2 ; the authorities subsequently declared the reactor damaged beyond repair , and it was taken offline . Reactor 1 was decommissioned in November 1996 as part of a deal between the Ukrainian government and international organizations such as the IAEA to end operations at the plant . On 15 December 2000 , then - President Leonid Kuchma personally turned off Reactor 3 in an official ceremony , shutting down the entire site . Radioactive waste Management Containment of the reactor The Chernobyl reactor is now enclosed in a large concrete sarcophagus , which was built quickly to allow continuing operation of the other reactors at the plant . New Safe Confinement in August 2016 A New Safe Confinement was to have been built by the end of 2005 ; however , it has suffered ongoing delays and as of 2010 , when construction finally began , was expected to be completed in 2013 . This was delayed again to 2016 , the end of the 30 - year lifespan of the sarcophagus . The structure was built adjacent to the existing shelter and in November 2016 was slid into place on rails . It is a metal arch 105 metres ( 344 ft ) high and spanning 257 metres ( 843 ft ) , to cover both unit 4 and the hastily built 1986 structure . The Chernobyl Shelter Fund , set up in 1997 , has received € 810 million from international donors and projects to cover this project and previous work . It and the Nuclear Safety Account , also applied to Chernobyl decommissioning , are managed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) . As of 29 November 2016 , Reactor No. 4 has been covered by the New Safe Confinement that covers the reactor and the unstable `` sarcophagus '' . The huge steel arch was moved into place over several weeks , and the completion of this procedure was celebrated with a ceremony at the site , attended by the Ukrainian president , Petro Poroshenko , diplomats and site workers . Unlike , original sarcophagus the New Safe Confinement is designed to allow the reactor to be safely dismantled using remotely operated equipment . By 2002 , roughly 15,000 Ukrainian workers were still working within the Zone of Exclusion , maintaining the plant and performing other containment - and research - related tasks , often in dangerous conditions . A handful of Ukrainian scientists work inside the sarcophagus , but outsiders are rarely granted access . In 2006 an Australian 60 Minutes team led by reporter Richard Carleton and producer Stephen Rice were allowed to enter the sarcophagus for 15 minutes and film inside the control room . On 12 February 2013 , a 600 m ( 6,500 sq ft ) section of the roof of the turbine - building , adjacent to the sarcophagus , collapsed . At first it was assumed that the roof collapsed because of the weight of snow on it . However the amount of snow was not exceptional , and the report of a Ukrainian fact - finding panel concluded that the part collapse of the turbine - building was the result of sloppy repair work and aging of the structure . The report mentioned the possibility that the repaired part of the turbine - building added a larger strain on the total structure than expected , and the braces in the roof were damaged by corrosion and sloppy welding . Experts such as Valentin Kupny , former deputy director of the nuclear plant , did warn that the complex was on the verge of a collapse , leaving the building in an extremely dangerous condition . A proposed reinforcement in 2005 was cancelled by a superior official . After the 12 February incident , radioactivity levels were up to 19 becquerels per cubic meter of air : 12 times normal . The report assumed radioactive materials from inside the structure spread to the surroundings after the roof collapsed . All 225 workers employed by the Chernobyl complex and the French company that is building the new shelter were evacuated shortly after the collapse . According to the managers of the complex , radiation levels around the plant were at normal levels ( between 5 and 6 μSv / h ) and should not affect workers ' health . According to Kupny the situation was underestimated by the Chernobyl nuclear complex managers , and information was kept secret . Radioactive materials and waste Management As of 2006 , some fuel remained in the reactors at units 1 through 3 , most of it in each unit 's spent fuel pool , as well as some material in a small spent fuel interim storage facility pond ( ISF - 1 ) . In 1999 a contract was signed for construction of a radioactive waste management facility to store 25,000 used fuel assemblies from units 1 -- 3 and other operational wastes , as well as material from decommissioning units 1 -- 3 ( which will be the first RBMK units decommissioned anywhere ) . The contract included a processing facility able to cut the RBMK fuel assemblies and to put the material in canisters , which were to be filled with inert gas and welded shut . The canisters were to be transported to dry storage vaults , where the fuel containers would be enclosed for up to 100 years . This facility , treating 2500 fuel assemblies per year , would be the first of its kind for RBMK fuel . However , after a significant part of the storage structures had been built , technical deficiencies in the concept emerged , and the contract was terminated in 2007 . The interim spent fuel storage facility ( ISF - 2 ) will now be completed by others by mid-2013 . Another contract has been let for a liquid radioactive waste treatment plant , to handle some 35,000 cubic meters of low - and intermediate - level liquid wastes at the site . This will need to be solidified and eventually buried along with solid wastes on site . In January 2008 , the Ukrainian government announced a 4 - stage decommissioning plan that incorporates the above waste activities and progresses towards a cleared site . Lava - like fuel - containing materials ( fcms ) Main article : Corium ( nuclear reactor ) According to official estimates , about 95 % of the fuel in Reactor 4 at the time of the accident ( about 180 metric tons ) remains inside the shelter , with a total radioactivity of nearly 18 million curies ( 670 PBq ) . The radioactive material consists of core fragments , dust , and lava - like `` fuel containing materials '' ( FCM ) -- also called `` corium '' -- that flowed through the wrecked reactor building before hardening into a ceramic form . Three different lavas are present in the basement of the reactor building : black , brown , and a porous ceramic . The lava materials are silicate glasses with inclusions of other materials within them . The porous lava is brown lava that dropped into water and thus cooled rapidly . It is unclear how long the ceramic form will retard the release of radioactivity . From 1997 to 2002 a series of published papers suggested that the self - irradiation of the lava would convert all 1,200 metric tons into a submicrometre and mobile powder within a few weeks . But it has been reported that the degradation of the lava is likely to be a slow and gradual process rather than sudden and rapid . The same paper states that the loss of uranium from the wrecked reactor is only 10 kg ( 22 lb ) per year ; this low rate of uranium leaching suggests that the lava is resisting its environment . The paper also states that when the shelter is improved , the leaching rate of the lava will decrease . Some of the surfaces of the lava flows have started to show new uranium minerals such as čejkaite ( Na 4 ( UO 2 ) ( CO 3 ) 3 ) and uranyl carbonate . However , the level of radioactivity is such that during 100 years , the lava 's self irradiation ( 7016200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 α decays per gram and 2 to 7005500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 Gy of β or γ ) will fall short of the level required to greatly change the properties of glass ( 10 α decays per gram and 10 to 10 Gy of β or γ ) . Also the lava 's rate of dissolution in water is very low ( 10 g cm day ) , suggesting that the lava is unlikely to dissolve in water . The exclusion zone Main article : Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Entrance to the zone of alienation around Chernobyl An area originally extending 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) in all directions from the plant is officially called the `` zone of alienation '' . It is largely uninhabited , except for about 300 residents who have refused to leave . The area has largely reverted to forest , and has been overrun by wildlife because of a lack of competition with humans for space and resources . Even today , radiation levels are so high that the workers responsible for rebuilding the sarcophagus are only allowed to work five hours a day for one month before taking 15 days of rest . Ukrainian officials estimated the area would not be safe for human life again for another 20,000 years ( although by 2016 , 187 local Ukrainians had returned and were living permanently in the zone ) . In 2011 Ukraine opened up the sealed zone around the Chernobyl reactor to tourists who wish to learn more about the tragedy that occurred in 1986 . Forest fires If the forests that have been contaminated by radioactive material catch on fire , they will spread the radioactive material further outwards in the smoke . Recovery projects The Chernobyl shelter Fund Main articles : Chernobyl Shelter Fund and Chernobyl New Safe Confinement The Chernobyl Shelter Fund was established in 1997 at the Denver 23rd G8 summit to finance the Shelter Implementation Plan ( SIP ) . The plan calls for transforming the site into an ecologically safe condition by means of stabilization of the sarcophagus followed by construction of a New Safe Confinement ( NSC ) . While the original cost estimate for the SIP was US $768 million , the 2006 estimate was $1.2 billion . The SIP is being managed by a consortium of Bechtel , Battelle , and Électricité de France , and conceptual design for the NSC consists of a movable arch , constructed away from the shelter to avoid high radiation , to be slid over the sarcophagus . The NSC was moved into position in November 2016 and is expected to be completed in late 2017 , and is the largest movable structure ever built . Dimensions : Span : 270 m ( 886 ft ) Height : 100 m ( 330 ft ) Length : 150 m ( 492 ft ) The United Nations Development programme The United Nations Development Programme has launched in 2003 a specific project called the Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme ( CRDP ) for the recovery of the affected areas . The programme was initiated in February 2002 based on the recommendations in the report on Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident . The main goal of the CRDP 's activities is supporting the Government of Ukraine in mitigating long - term social , economic , and ecological consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe . CRDP works in the four most Chernobyl - affected areas in Ukraine : Kyivska , Zhytomyrska , Chernihivska and Rivnenska . The International project on the health effects of the Chernobyl accident The International Project on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident ( IPEHCA ) was created and received US $ 20 million , mainly from Japan , in hopes of discovering the main cause of health problems due to I radiation . These funds were divided among Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia , the three main affected countries , for further investigation of health effects . As there was significant corruption in former Soviet countries , most of the foreign aid was given to Russia , and no positive outcome from this money has been demonstrated . Chernobyl children International Chernobyl Children International ( CCI ) is a United Nations - accredited , non-profit , international development , medical , and humanitarian organization that works with children , families and communities that continue to be affected by the economic outcome of the Chernobyl accident . The organization 's founder and chief executive is Adi Roche . The CCI was founded in 1991 in response to an appeal from Ukrainian and Belarusian doctors for aid . Roche then began organizing ' rest and recuperation ' holidays for a few Chernobyl children . Recruiting Irish families who would welcome and care for them , CCI expanded into the United States in 2001 . It works closely with the Belarusian government , the United Nations , and many thousands of volunteers worldwide to deliver a broad range of economic supports to the children and the wider community . It also acts as an advocate for the rights of those affected by the Chernobyl explosion , and engages in research and outreach activities to encourage the rest of the world to remember the victims and understand the long - term impact on their lives . Commemoration Soviet badge awarded to Chernobyl liquidator 200,000 karbovanets coin issued by the National Bank of Ukraine to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster The Front Veranda ( 1986 ) , a lithograph by Susan Dorothea White in the National Gallery of Australia , exemplifies worldwide awareness of the event . Heavy Water : A Film for Chernobyl was released by Seventh Art in 2006 to commemorate the disaster through poetry and first - hand accounts . The film secured the Best Short Documentary at Cinequest Film Festival as well as the Rhode Island `` best score '' award along with a screening at Tate Modern . Chernobyl Way is an annual rally run on 26 April by the opposition in Belarus as a remembrance of the Chernobyl disaster . Cultural impact Main articles : Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster and Nuclear power debate The Chernobyl accident attracted a great deal of interest . Because of the distrust that many people ( both within and outside the USSR ) had in the Soviet authorities , a great deal of debate about the situation at the site occurred in the First World during the early days of the event . Because of defective intelligence based on photographs taken from space , it was thought that unit number three had also suffered a dire accident . Journalists mistrusted many professionals ( such as the spokesman from the UK NRPB ) , and they in turn encouraged the public to mistrust them . In Italy , the Chernobyl accident was reflected in the outcome of the 1987 referendum . As a result of that referendum , Italy began phasing out its nuclear power plants in 1988 , a decision that was effectively reversed in 2008 . A referendum in 2011 reiterated Italians ' strong objections to nuclear power , thus abrogating the government 's decision of 2008 . In Germany , the Chernobyl accident led to the creation of a federal environment ministry , after several states had already created such a post . The minister was given the authority over reactor safety as well , which the current minister still holds as of 2015 . The events are also credited with strengthening the anti-nuclear power movement , which culminated in the decision to end the use of nuclear power that was made by the 1998 -- 2005 Schröder government . See also Chernobyl New Safe Confinement Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert Comparison of Chernobyl and other radioactivity releases Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency -- An IAEA treaty created due to the accident . Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Environmental racism in Europe List of Chernobyl - related articles National Geographic Seconds From Disaster episodes Threat of the Dnieper reservoirs US public opinion on nuclear energy policy after Chernobyl Notes Jump up ^ Although most reports on the Chernobyl accident refer to a number of graphite fires , it is highly unlikely that the graphite itself burned . According to the General Atomics website : `` It is often incorrectly assumed that the combustion behavior of graphite is similar to that of charcoal and coal . Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is virtually impossible to burn high - purity , nuclear - grade graphites . '' On Chernobyl , the same source states : `` Graphite played little or no role in the progression or consequences of the accident . The red glow observed during the Chernobyl accident was the expected color of luminescence for graphite at 700 ° C and not a large - scale graphite fire , as some have incorrectly assumed . '' Similarly , nuclear physicist Yevgeny Velikhov , noted some 2 weeks after the accident that `` Until now the possibility of a catastrophe really did exist : A great quantity of fuel and graphite of the reactor was in an incandescent state '' That is , all the nuclear - decay heat that was generated inside the uranium fuel ( heat which would normally be extracted by back - up coolant pumps , in an undamaged reactor ) was instead responsible for making the fuel itself and any graphite in contact with it , to glow red - hot . This is contrary to the oft cited interpretation , which is that the graphite was red - hot chiefly because it was chemically oxidizing with the air . References Explanatory notes Jump up ^ `` No one believed the first newspaper reports , which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another . The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions . The policy of openness ( glasnost ) and ' uncompromising criticism ' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress ( of KPSS ) , but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice . The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems . More and more articles were written about drug abuse , crime , corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks . A wave of ' bad news ' swept over the readers in 1986 -- 87 , shaking the consciousness of society . Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea . It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of perestroika than before although , in fact , they had simply not been informed about them previously . '' - Kagarlitsky pp. 333 -- 334 Jump up ^ `` The mere fact that the operators were carrying out an experiment that had not been approved by higher officials indicates that something was wrong with the chain of command . The State Committee on Safety in the Atomic Power Industry is permanently represented at the Chernobyl station . Yet the engineers and experts in that office were not informed about the program . In part , the tragedy was the product of administrative anarchy or the attempt to keep everything secret . '' Medvedev , Z. , pp. 18 -- 20 Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl : Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact , 2002 update ; Chapter II -- The release , dispersion and deposition of radionuclides '' ( PDF ) . OECD - NEA. 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Fukushima : As Bad as Chernobyl ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorbachev , Mikhail ( 1996 ) , interview in Johnson , Thomas , The Battle of Chernobyl on YouTube , ( film ) , Discovery Channel , retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ 134 ( 237 were hospitalized ) 28 died within 3 months 14 died within the subsequent 10 years ( 2 died of blood disease ) Jump up ^ `` CHERNOBYL at 25th anniversary Frequently Asked Questions April 2011 '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organisation. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chernobyl : the true scale of the accident , Joint News Release WHO / IAEA / UNDP , 5 SEPTEMBER 2005 Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Ukraine remembers Chernobyl victims and heros '' . European Press Agancy. 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Chernobyl Gallery timeline ^ Jump up to : Чернобыль , Припять , Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения . `` '' Shelter '' object description `` . Chornobyl.in.ua . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/appendices/rbmk-reactors.aspx RBMK Reactors Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors . WNA. 2016 Jump up ^ rbmk nuclear power plants : generic safety issues -- IAEA 1996 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions '' . International Atomic Energy Agency -- Division of Public Information . May 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ICRIN Project ( 2011 ) . International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation : Twenty years of experience . Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ' Environment ' ( PDF ) . Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency . 2006 . p. 180 . ISBN 92 - 0 - 114705 - 8 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ( Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment : A Report to the Royal Institute ... By Philip Steadman , Simon Hodgkinson pp 55 ) ^ Jump up to : Foreman , Mark Russell St. John ( 2015 ) . `` An introduction to serious nuclear accident chemistry '' . Cogent Chemistry . 1 . doi : 10.1080 / 23312009.2015. 1049111 . Jump up ^ `` Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident ( to December 2000 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident . UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002 . p. 32 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5.3 : Evacuated and resettled people '' ( PDF ) . The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident . UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002 . p. 66 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : IEEE . Chernobyl 's Stressful After - Effects The first clear scientific findings are more surprising than is generally appreciated , and their meaning is more obscure By William Sweet Posted 1 Nov 1999 ^ Jump up to : Chernobyl in Perspective , James Peron , 2006 Jump up ^ Smith , Jim T ( 2007 ) . `` Are passive smoking , air pollution and obesity a greater mortality risk than major radiation incidents ? '' . BMC Public Health . 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 7 - 49 . Jump up ^ Homes should not be abandoned after a big nuclear accident , study suggests Jump up ^ Thomas , P.J ( November 2017 ) . `` J - value assessment of relocation measures following the nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi '' . Process Safety and Environmental Protection . doi : 10.1016 / j. psep. 2017.03. 012 . Jump up ^ `` Now , liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation . While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost - of - living adjustments , the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court , liquidators said . '' By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006 Jump up ^ Chernobyl 's Myths and Misconceptions 2006 , Mizsei Jump up ^ Juhn , Poong - Eil ; Kupitz , Juergen ( 1996 ) . `` Nuclear power beyond Chernobyl : A changing international perspective '' ( PDF ) . IAEA Bulletin . 38 ( 1 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Kagarlitsky , Boris ( 1989 ) . `` Perestroika : The Dialectic of Change '' . In Mary Kaldor ; Gerald Holden ; Richard A. Falk . The New Detente : Rethinking East - West Relations . United Nations University Press . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 962 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl cover - up a catalyst for ' glasnost ' '' . Associated Press . 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Assessing the Chernobyl Consequences '' . International Atomic Energy Agency . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly , Annex D '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hallenbeck , William H ( 1994 ) . Radiation Protection . CRC Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 87371 - 996 - 4 . Reported thus far are 237 cases of acute radiation sickness and 31 deaths . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl : the true scale of the accident '' . Chernobyl 's Legacy : Health , Environmental and Socio - Economic Impacts . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Cardis , Elisabeth ; Krewski , Daniel ; Boniol , Mathieu ; Drozdovitch , Vladimir ; Darby , Sarah C. ; Gilbert , Ethel S. ; Akiba , Suminori ; Benichou , Jacques ; Ferlay , Jacques ; Gandini , Sara ; Hill , Catherine ; Howe , Geoffrey ; Kesminiene , Ausrele ; Moser , Mirjana ; Sanchez , Marie ; Storm , Hans ; Voisin , Laurent ; Boyle , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident '' . International Journal of Cancer . 119 ( 6 ) : 1224 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 22037 . PMID 16628547 . Jump up ^ Chernobyl Cancer Death Toll Estimate More Than Six Times Higher Than the 4000 Frequently Cited , According to a New UCS Analysis Note : `` The UCS analysis is based on radiological data provided by UNSCEAR , and is consistent with the findings of the Chernobyl Forum and other researchers . '' Jump up ^ Nuclear Law In Progress . INLA congress 2014 . pg 5 ^ Jump up to : `` Torch : The Other Report On Chernobyl -- executive summary '' . European Greens and UK scientists Ian Fairlie PhD and David Sumner -- Chernobylreport.org. April 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexey V. Yablokov ; Vassily B. Nesterenko ; Alexey V. Nesterenko ( 2009 ) . Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment ( Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ) ( paperback ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57331 - 757 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chernobyl Catastrophe . Consequences on Human Health '' ( PDF ) . Greenpeace. 2006 . Jump up ^ Correspondence ( see reference 17 ) to George Monbiot from Douglas Braaten , Director and Executive Editor , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2 April 2011 : `` In no sense did Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences or the New York Academy of Sciences commission this work ; nor by its publication do we intend to independently validate the claims made in the translation or in the original publications cited in the work . The translated volume has not been peer - reviewed by the New York Academy of Sciences , or by anyone else . '' Jump up ^ New York Academy of Sciences ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Statement on Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences volume entitled Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : M.I. Balonov ( 28 April 2010 ) . `` Review of Volume 1181 '' . New York Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Full text PDF Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Medvedev , Zhores A. ( 1990 ) . The Legacy of Chernobyl ( Paperback . First American edition published in 1990 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30814 - 3 . Jump up ^ M. Ragheb ( 22 March 2011 ) . `` Decay Heat Generation in Fission Reactors '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOE Fundamentals Handbook -- Nuclear physics and reactor theory '' ( PDF ) . 1 of 2 , module 1 . United States Department of Energy . DOE -- HDBK - 1019 / 1 - 93 / Available to the public from the National Technical Information Services , U.S. Department of Commerce , 5285 Port Royal , Springfield , VA 22161 . January 1996 : 61 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants : LWR Edition ( NUREG - 0800 ) '' . United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission . May 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Karpan 2006 , pp. 312 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : `` IAEA Report INSAG - 7 Chernobyl Accident : Updating of INSAG - 1 Safety Series , No. 75 - INSAG - 7 '' ( PDF ) . Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency . 1992 . Jump up ^ Dyatlov 2003 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl : Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact , 2002 update ; Chapter I -- The site and accident sequence '' ( PDF ) . OECD - NEA. 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The official program of the test '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Dyatlov 2003 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` What Happened at Chernobyl ? '' . Nuclear Fissionary . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The accumulation of Xe - 135 in the core is burned out by neutrons . Higher power settings bring higher neutron flux and burn the xenon out more quickly . Conversely , low power settings result in the accumulation of xenon . Jump up ^ The information on accident at the Chernobyl NPP and its consequences , prepared for IAEA , Atomic Energy , v. 61 , 1986 , pp. 308 -- 320 . Jump up ^ The RBMK is a boiling water reactor , so in - core boiling is normal at higher power levels . The RBMK design has a negative void coefficient above 700 MW . Jump up ^ `` Physicians of Chernobyl Association '' ( in Russian ) . Association `` Physicians of Chernobyl '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Medvedev , Grigori ( 1989 ) . The Truth About Chernobyl ( Hardcover . First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991 ed . ) . VAAP . ISBN 2 - 226 - 04031 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guardian Newspaper -- Igor Kostin Gallery Jump up ^ E.O. Adamov ; Yu . M. Cherkashov ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Channel Nuclear Power Reactor RBMK ( in Russian ) ( Hardcover ed . ) . Moscow : GUP NIKIET . ISBN 5 - 98706 - 018 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dyatlov , Anatoly. `` 4 '' . Chernobyl . How did it happen ? ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl as it was -- 2 '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Davletbaev , RI ( 1995 ) . Last shift Chernobyl . Ten years later . Inevitability or chance ? ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Energoatomizdat . ISBN 5 - 283 - 03618 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cheating Chernobyl This interview was first published in New Scientist print edition Source : New Scientist web site '' . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl 20 years on '' . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl : what happened and why ? by CM Meyer , technical journalist '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Checherov , K.P. ( 25 -- 27 November 1998 ) . Development of ideas about reasons and processes of emergency on the 4 - th unit of Chernobyl NPP 26.04. 1986 ( in Russian ) . Slavutich , Ukraine : International conference `` Shelter - 98 '' . ^ Jump up to : Pakhomov , Sergey A. ; Dubasov , Yuri V. ( 2009 ) . `` Estimation of Explosion Energy Yield at Chernobyl NPP Accident '' . Pure and Applied Geophysics. 167 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 575 . Bibcode : 2010PApGe. 167 ... 575P . doi : 10.1007 / s00024 - 009 - 0029 - 9 . Jump up ^ De Geer , Lars - Erik ; Persson , Christer ; Rodhe , Henning ( November 2017 ) . `` A Nuclear Jet at Chernobyl Around 21 : 23 : 45 UTC on April 25 , 1986 '' . Nuclear Technology . Taylor & Francis . doi : 10.1080 / 00295450.2017. 1384269 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . The first explosion consisted of thermal neutron mediated nuclear explosions in one or rather a few fuel channels , which caused a jet of debris that reached an altitude of some 2500 to 3000 m . The second explosion would then have been the steam explosion most experts believe was the first one . Jump up ^ New Study Rewrites First Seconds of Chernobyl Accident Nov 21 , 2017 . Sci - News Jump up ^ Embury - Dennis , Tom . `` Scientists might be wrong about cause of Chernobyl disaster , new study claims Fresh evidence points to initial nuclear explosion rather than steam blast '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Geer , Lars - Erik ; Persson , Christer ; Rodhe , Henning ( November 2017 ) . `` A Nuclear Jet at Chernobyl Around 21 : 23 : 45 UTC on April 25 , 1986 '' . Nuclear Technology . Taylor & Francis . doi : 10.1080 / 00295450.2017. 1384269 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . The first explosion consisted of thermal neutron mediated nuclear explosions in one or rather a few fuel channels , which caused a jet of debris that reached an altitude of some 2500 to 3000 m . The second explosion would then have been the steam explosion most experts believe was the first one . Jump up ^ B. Medvedev ( June 1989 ) . `` JPRS Report : Soviet Union Economic Affairs Chernobyl Notebook '' ( Republished by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service ed . ) . Novy Mir . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-sectional view of the RBMK - 1000 main building '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Meltdown in Chernobyl '' . National Geographic Channel ( Video ) . National Geographic . 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shcherbak , Y ( 1987 ) . Medvedev , ed . `` Chernobyl '' . 6 . Yunost : 44 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Higginbotham ( 26 March 2006 ) . `` Adam Higginbotham : Chernobyl 20 years on World news The Observer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Mil Mi - 8 crash near Chernobyl on YouTube 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Report : 1997 : Chernobyl : Containing Chernobyl ? '' . BBC News . 21 November 1997 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Zeilig , Martin ( August -- September 1995 ) . `` Louis Slotin And ' The Invisible Killer ' '' . The Beaver . 75 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : National Geographic , VOL. 171 , NO . 5 , May 1987 ( article `` Chernobyl -- One Year After '' ) Jump up ^ `` Веб публикация статей газеты '' . Swrailway.gov.ua . Retrieved 22 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Методическая копилка ( in Russian ) . Surkino.edurm.ru . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Time : Disasters that Shook the World . New York City : Time Home Entertainment . 2012 . ISBN 1 - 60320 - 247 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview of Valentyna Shevchenko to `` Young Ukraine '' ( Ukrainian Pravda ) `` . Istpravda.com.ua. 25 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Director : Maninderpal Sahota ; Narrator : Ashton Smith ; Producer : Greg Lanning ; Edited by : Chris Joyce ( 17 August 2004 ) . `` Meltdown in Chernobyl '' . Seconds From Disaster . Season 1 . Episode 7 . 30 / 40 -- 50 minutes minutes in . National Geographic Channel . ^ Jump up to : Marples , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster . New York , NY : St Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl haunts engineer who alerted world '' . CNN Interactive World News . Cable News Network , Inc. 26 April 1996 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ 25 years after Chernobyl , how Sweden found out ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) Video footage of Chernobyl disaster on 28 April on YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . The Chernobyl Gallery . Jump up ^ Schmemann , Serge ( 1986 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Soviet Announces Nuclear Accident at Electric Plant '' . The New York Times . pp. A1 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 : американський ТБ - сюжет про Чорнобиль . Порівняйте з радянським '' . Історична правда . ^ Jump up to : Bogatov , S.A. ; Borovoi , A.A. ; Lagunenko , A.S. ; Pazukhin , E.M. ; Strizhov , V.F. ; Khvoshchinskii , V.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Formation and spread of Chernobyl lavas '' . Radiochemistry. 50 ( 6 ) : 650 -- 4 . doi : 10.1134 / S1066362208050131 . Jump up ^ Petrov , Yu . B. ; Udalov , Yu . P. ; Subrt , J. ; Bakardjieva , S. ; Sazavsky , P. ; Kiselova , M. ; Selucky , P. ; Bezdicka , P. ; Jorneau , C. ; Piluso , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Behavior of melts in the UO2 - SiO2 system in the liquid - liquid phase separation region '' . Glass Physics and Chemistry . 35 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 204 . doi : 10.1134 / S1087659609020126 . Jump up ^ Journeau , C. ; E. Boccaccio ; C. Jégou ; P. Piluso ; G. Cognet ( 2001 ) . `` Flow and Solidification of Corium in the VULCANO facility '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Medvedev Z. ( 1990 ) . The Legacy of Chernobyl . WW Norton & Co Inc . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30814 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Sarah ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` The amazing true story behind the Chernobyl ' suicide squad ' that helped save Europe '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Samodelova , Svetlana ( 25 April 2011 ) . `` Белые пятна Чернобыля '' . Московский комсомолец ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Soviets Report Heroic Acts at Chernobyl Reactor With AM Chernobyl Nuclear Bjt '' . Associated Press . 1986 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 26 . This story is based on a TASS release ( in Russian ) Чернобыль : адрес мужества . ^ Jump up to : Chernobyl : The End of the Nuclear Dream , 1986 , p. 178 , by Nigel Hawkes et al. , ISBN 0 - 330 - 29743 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Stephen McGinty : Lead coffins and a nation 's thanks for the Chernobyl suicide squad '' . scotsman.com. 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Ukrainian translation of Alexei Ananenko memories , from original http://www.souzchernobyl.org/?id=2440 Jump up ^ `` Человек широкой души : Вот уже девятнадцатая годовщина Чернобыльской катастрофы заставляет нас вернуться в своих воспоминаниях к апрельским дням 1986 года '' . Post Chernobyl. 2005 - 04 - 16 . ( autotranslation ) Jump up ^ Tom Burnett ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` When the Fukushima Meltdown Hits Groundwater '' . Hawai'i News Daily . Jump up ^ Sattonnay , G. ; Ardois , C. ; Corbel , C. ; Lucchini , J.F. ; Barthe , M. - F. ; Garrido , F. ; Gosset , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Alpha - radiolysis effects on UO2 alteration in water '' . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 288 : 11 -- 19 . Bibcode : 2001JNuM ... 288 ... 11S . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 3115 ( 00 ) 00714 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clarens , F. ; De Pablo , J. ; Díez - Pérez , I. ; Casas , I. ; Giménez , J. ; Rovira , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Formation of Studtite during the Oxidative Dissolution of UO by Hydrogen Peroxide : A SFM Study '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 38 ( 24 ) : 6656 -- 6661 . doi : 10.1021 / es0492891 . Jump up ^ Burakov , B.E. ; Strykanova , E.E. ; Anderson , E.B. ( 2012 ) . `` Secondary Uranium Minerals on the Surface of Chernobyl `` Lava '' `` . MRS Proceedings . 465 . doi : 10.1557 / PROC - 465 - 1309 . Jump up ^ Burns , P. C ; K.A. Hughes ( 2003 ) . `` Studtite , ( UO2 ) ( O2 ) ( H2O ) 2 ( H2O ) 2 : The first structure of a peroxide mineral '' . American Mineralogist. 88 ( 7 ) : 1165 -- 1168 . Jump up ^ The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster , 1988 , p. 166 , by David R. Marples ISBN 0 - 333 - 48198 - 4 Jump up ^ Collecting History ( 1986 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Medal for Service at the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster '' . Collectinghistory.net . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl 's silent graveyards '' . BBC News . 20 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl 's Hot Mess , `` the Elephant 's Foot , '' Is Still Lethal `` . Nautilus magazine . 4 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Petryna , Adriana ( 2002 ) . Life Exposed : Biological Citizens After Chernobyl . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ IAEA Report INSAG - 1 ( International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group ) . Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review on the Chernobyl Accident . Safety Series No. 75 - INSAG - 1. IAEA , Vienna , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` Expert report to the IAEA on the Chernobyl accident '' ( in Russian ) . 61 . Atomic Energy . 1986 . Jump up ^ `` INSAG - 7 The Chernobyl Accident : Updating of INSAG - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Masayuki Nakao . `` Chernobyl Accident ( Case details ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Украина рассекретила документы , касающиеся аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ INSAG - 7 The Chernobyl Accident : Updating of INSAG - 1 Jump up ^ `` NEI Source Book : Fourth Edition ( NEISB_3. 3. A1 ) '' . Insc.anl.gov . Archived from the original on 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Facts : The accident was by far the most devastating in the history of nuclear power '' . Ten years after Chernobyl : What do we really know ? . International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) . 21 September 1997 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marples , David R. ( May -- June 1996 ) . `` The Decade of Despair '' . The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 52 ( 3 ) : 20 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tchernobyl , 20 ans après '' ( in French ) . RFI. 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` L'accident et ses conséquences : Le panache radioactif '' ( The accident and its consequences : The plume ) ( in French ) . Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire ( IRSN ) . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mikael ; Lindhé , John - Christer ( Autumn 1986 ) . `` International Reports -- Sweden : Monitoring the Fallout '' ( PDF ) . IAEA Bulletin . International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mould , Richard Francis ( 2000 ) . Chernobyl Record : The Definitive History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe . CRC Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0670 - X . Jump up ^ Ikäheimonen , T.K. ( ed . ) . Ympäristön Radioaktiivisuus Suomessa -- 20 Vuotta Tshernobylista ( Environmental Radioactivity in Finland -- 20 Years from Chernobyl ) ( PDF ) . Säteilyturvakeskus Stralsäkerhetscentralen ( STUK , Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority ) . Jump up ^ 3.1. 5 . Deposition of radionuclides on soil surfaces ( PDF ) . Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and their Remediation : Twenty Years of Experience , Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ' Environment ' . Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) . 2006 . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 92 - 0 - 114705 - 8 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gould , Peter ( 1990 ) . Fire In the Rain : The Dramatic Consequences of Chernobyl . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins Press . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ( 22 April 2007 ) . `` How we made the Chernobyl rain '' . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl Accident 1986 '' . World Nuclear Association . April 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoriy , Pedro ; Dederichs , Herbert ; Pillath , Jürgen ; Heuel - Fabianek , Burkhard ; Hill , Peter ; Lennartz , Reinhard ( 2016 ) . `` Long - term monitoring of radiation exposure of the population in radioactively contaminated areas of Belarus -- Korma Study -- The Korma Report II ( 1998 -- 2015 ) '' . Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich : Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment . Forschungszentrum Jülich , Zentralbibliothek , Verlag . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ fr : Conséquences de la catastrophe de Tchernobyl en France Jump up ^ `` ' Radioactive boars ' on loose in Germany '' . Agence France Presse. 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ P. Gudiksen ; et al. ( 1989 ) . `` Chernobyl Source Term , Atmospheric Dispersion , and Dose Estimation '' . Health Physics. 57 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl , Ten Years On : Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact '' ( PDF ) . OECD - NEA. 1995 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Society for Radiological Protection -- SRP '' . Srp-uk.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Applet for kids '' . Colorado.edu. 20 September 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ken Lyle . `` Mathematical half life decay rate equations '' . Chem.purdue.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Unfall im japanischen Kernkraftwerk Fukushima '' . ZAMG. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cesium - 137 : A Deadly Hazard . Large.stanford.edu ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Marples , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster . New York , NY : St Martin 's Press . ^ Jump up to : Chernobyl : Catastrophe and Consequences , Springer , Berlin ISBN 3 - 540 - 23866 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Kryshev , I.I. ( 1995 ) . `` Radioactive contamination of aquatic ecosystems following the Chernobyl accident '' . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 27 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / 0265 - 931X ( 94 ) 00042 - U . Jump up ^ EURATOM Council Regulations No. 3958 / 87 , No. 994 / 89 , No. 2218 / 89 , No. 770 / 90 Jump up ^ Fleishman , David G. ; Nikiforov , Vladimir A. ; Saulus , Agnes A. ; Komov , Victor T. ( 1994 ) . `` 137Cs in fish of some lakes and rivers of the Bryansk region and north - west Russia in 1990 -- 1992 '' . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 24 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / 0265 - 931X ( 94 ) 90050 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation `` '' ( PDF ) . IAEA , Vienna ^ Jump up to : Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation , by Stefen Mulvey , BBC News ^ Jump up to : The International Chernobyl Project Technical Report , IAEA , Vienna , 1991 Jump up ^ Timm suess Chernobyl journal Jump up ^ The Chernobyl nuclear disaster and subsequent creation of a wildlife preserve , Letter to the Editor , Robert J. Baker , Texas Tech University and International Radioecology Laboratory Jump up ^ `` ' Radiation - Eating ' Fungi Finding Could Trigger Recalculation Of Earth 's Energy Balance And Help Feed Astronauts '' . Jump up ^ `` 25 Jahre Tschernobyl : Deutsche Wildschweine immer noch verstrahlt -- Nachrichten Wissenschaft -- WELT ONLINE '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . 18 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record low number of radioactive sheep '' . The Local . The Local Europe AB . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fortsatt nedforing etter radioaktivitet i dyr som har vært på utmarksbeite -- Statens landbruksforvaltning '' ( in Norwegian ) . SLF. 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Macalister , Terry ; Helen Carter ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` Britain 's farmers still restricted by Chernobyl nuclear fallout '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ; Rachel Hovenden ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Scottish sheep farms finally free of Chernobyl fallout '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Chernobyl disaster sheep controls lifted on last UK farms '' . BBC News . BBC . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Welsh sheep controls revoked '' . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mould 2000 , p. 29 . `` The number of deaths in the first three months were 31 ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl 's Legacy : Health , Environmental and Socio - Economic Impacts '' ( PDF ) . Chernobyl Forum assessment report . Chernobyl Forum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holos Ukrainy '' . Holos Ukrainy . June 7 , 1995 . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fairlie , Ian ; Sumner , David ( 2006 ) . The Other Report on Chernobyl ( TORCH ) . Berlin : The European Greens . Jump up ^ Kuchinskaya , Olga ( 2007 ) , We Will Die and Become Science : The production of invisibility and public knowledge about Chernobyl radiation effects in Belarus ( doctoral dissertation ) , San Diego : University of California Jump up ^ Mycio , Mary ( 2005 ) . Wormwood Forest : A Natural History of Chernobyl . Washington , D.C. : Joseph Henry Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Arguing against confirmation bias : The effect of argumentative discourse goals on the use of disconfirming evidence in written argument '' . International Journal of Educational Research . 79 : 167 -- 179 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijer. 2016.06. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Chesser , Ronald K. ; Baker , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . `` Growing Up with Chernobyl : Working in a radioactive zone , two scientists learn tough lessons about politics , bias and the challenges of doing good science '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 6 ) : 542 -- 9 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.62. 1011 . JSTOR 27858869 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Burton ; Repacholi , Michael ; Carr , Zhanat , eds. ( 2006 ) . Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes : Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum , Expert Group `` Health '' ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization ( WHO ) . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 159417 - 2 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Furitsu , Katsumi ; Ryo , Haruko ; Yeliseeva , Klaudiya G. ; Thuy , Le Thi Thanh ; Kawabata , Hiroaki ; Krupnova , Evelina V. ; Trusova , Valentina D. ; Rzheutsky , Valery A. ; Nakajima , Hiroo ; Kartel , Nikolai ; Nomura , Taisei ( 2005 ) . `` Microsatellite mutations show no increases in the children of the Chernobyl liquidators '' . Mutation Research / Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 581 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 69 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrgentox. 2004.11. 002 . PMID 15725606 . Jump up ^ Marples , David R. ( 1991 ) . Ukraine Under Perestroika : Ecology , Economics and the Workers ' Revolt . Basingstoke , Hampshire : MacMillan Press . pp. 50 -- 51 , 76 . Jump up ^ Wertelecki , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Malformations in a Chornobyl - Impacted Region '' . Pediatrics. 125 ( 4 ) : e836 -- 43 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2009 - 2219 . PMID 20308207 . Jump up ^ Dancause , Kelsey Needham ; Yevtushok , Lyubov ; Lapchenko , Serhiy ; Shumlyansky , Ihor ; Shevchenko , Genadiy ; Wertelecki , Wladimir ; Garruto , Ralph M. ( 2010 ) . `` Chronic radiation exposure in the Rivne - Polissia region of Ukraine : Implications for birth defects '' . American Journal of Human Biology . 22 ( 5 ) : 667 -- 74 . doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 21063 . PMID 20737614 . Jump up ^ Møller , Anders Pape ; Pape , Anders ( April 1998 ) . `` Developmental Instability of Plants and Radiation from Chernobyl '' . Oikos . Nordic Ecological Society . 81 ( 3 ) : 444 -- 48 . doi : 10.2307 / 3546765 . JSTOR 3546765 . Jump up ^ Saino , N. ; Mousseau , F. ; De Lope , T.A. ; Saino , A.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 17 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0136 . PMC 1994720 . PMID 17439847 . Jump up ^ Weigelt , E. ; Scherb , H. ( 2004 ) . `` Spaltgeburtenrate in Bayern vor und nach dem Reaktorunfall in Tschernobyl '' . Mund - , Kiefer - und Gesichtschirurgie. 8 ( 2 ) : 106 . doi : 10.1007 / s10006 - 004 - 0524 - 1 . Jump up ^ Do Animals in Chernobyl 's Fallout Zone Glow ? The scientific debate about Europe 's unlikeliest wildlife sanctuary . By Mary Mycio Jump up ^ `` Cancer Mortality Among People Living in Areas With Various Levels of Natural Background Radiation '' . Dose - Response. 13 : 155932581559239 . doi : 10.1177 / 1559325815592391 . Jump up ^ `` Effects of ionizing radiation on wildlife : What knowledge have we gained between the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents ? '' . Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management . 7 : 371 -- 373 . doi : 10.1002 / ieam. 238 . Jump up ^ Critical Analysis of Mousseau Fukushima Presentation March 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? '' . Nature . 445 : 244 -- 245 . doi : 10.1038 / 445244a . Jump up ^ `` Strong effects of ionizing radiation from Chernobyl on mutation rates '' . Scientific Reports . 5 . doi : 10.1038 / srep08363 . Jump up ^ Chernobyl 's Voles Live But Mutations Surge Jump up ^ Publications on Chornobyl Department of Biological Sciences , Texas Tech University ^ Jump up to : Kasperson , Roger E. ; Stallen , Pieter Jan M. ( 1991 ) . Communicating Risks to the Public : International Perspectives . Berlin : Springer Science and Media . pp. 160 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0601 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Knudsen , LB ( 1991 ) . `` Legally - induced abortions in Denmark after Chernobyl '' . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 45 ( 6 ) : 229 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / 0753 - 3322 ( 91 ) 90022 - L . ^ Jump up to : Trichopoulos , D ; Zavitsanos , X ; Koutis , C ; Drogari , P ; Proukakis , C ; Petridou , E ( 1987 ) . `` The victims of chernobyl in Greece : Induced abortions after the accident '' . BMJ. 295 ( 6606 ) : 1100 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 295.6606. 1100 . PMC 1248180 . PMID 3120899 . ^ Jump up to : Parazzini , F. ; Repetto , F. ; Formigaro , M. ; Fasoli , M. ; La Vecchia , C. ( 1988 ) . `` Points : Induced abortions after the Chernobyl accident '' . BMJ. 296 ( 6615 ) : 136 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 296.6615. 136 - a . PMC 2544742 . PMID 3122957 . ^ Jump up to : Perucchi , M ; Domenighetti , G ( 1990 ) . `` The Chernobyl accident and induced abortions : Only one - way information '' . Scandinavian Journal of Work , Environment & Health . 16 ( 6 ) : 443 -- 4 . doi : 10.5271 / sjweh. 1761 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , Linda E. ( 1987 ) . `` Lessons of Chernobyl : SNM Members Try to Decontaminate World Threatened by Fallout '' . Journal of Nuclear Medicine . 28 ( 6 ) : 933 -- 42 . PMID 3585500 . Jump up ^ Chernobyl 's Hot Zone Holds Some Surprises Jump up ^ ( RadSafe Chernobyl - related abortions Bjorn Cedervall , 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Little , J. ( 1993 ) . `` The Chernobyl accident , congenital anomalies and other reproductive outcomes '' . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 7 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3016.1993. tb00388. x . PMID 8516187 . Jump up ^ Odlind , V ; Ericson , A ( 1991 ) . `` Incidence of legal abortion in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident '' . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 45 ( 6 ) : 225 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 0753 - 3322 ( 91 ) 90021 - k . Jump up ^ Harjulehto , T ; Rahola , T ; Suomela , M ; Arvela , H ; Saxén , L ( 1991 ) . `` Pregnancy outcome in Finland after the Chernobyl accident '' . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 45 ( 6 ) : 263 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / 0753 - 3322 ( 91 ) 90027 - q . Jump up ^ Czeizel , AE ( 1991 ) . `` Incidence of legal abortions and congenital abnormalities in Hungary '' . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 45 ( 6 ) : 249 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / 0753 - 3322 ( 91 ) 90025 - o . Jump up ^ Haeusler , MC ; Berghold , A ; Schoell , W ; Hofer , P ; Schaffer , M ( 1992 ) . `` The influence of the post-Chernobyl fallout on birth defects and abortion rates in Austria '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 167 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 1025 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9378 ( 12 ) 80032 - 9 . PMID 1415387 . Jump up ^ Dolk , H. ; Nichols , R. ( 1999 ) . `` Evaluation of the impact of Chernobyl on the prevalence of congenital anomalies in 16 regions of Europe . EUROCAT Working Group '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 28 ( 5 ) : 941 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 28.5. 941 . PMID 10597995 . ^ Jump up to : Castronovo , Frank P. ( 1999 ) . `` Teratogen update : Radiation and chernobyl '' . Teratology. 60 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1096 - 9926 ( 199908 ) 60 : 2 3.3.co ; 2 - 8 . PMID 10440782 . Jump up ^ Costa , E.O.A. ; Silva , D. d . M. e. ; Melo , A.V. d. ; Godoy , F.R. ; Nunes , H.F. ; Pedrosa , E.R. ; Flores , B.C. ; Rodovalho , R.G. ; Da Silva , C.C. ; Da Cruz , A.D. ( 2011 ) . `` The effect of low - dose exposure on germline microsatellite mutation rates in humans accidentally exposed to caesium - 137 in Goiania '' . Mutagenesis. 26 ( 5 ) : 651 -- 5 . doi : 10.1093 / mutage / ger028 . PMID 21712431 . Jump up ^ `` UNSCEAR -- Chernobyl health effects '' . Unscear.org . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Elisabeth. ( 6 September 2005 ) Experts find reduced effects of Chernobyl . nytimes.com . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thyroid Cancer '' . Genzyme.ca . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CHERNOBYL at 25th anniversary Frequently Asked Questions April 2011 '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organisation. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl 's Legacy : Health , Environmental and Socia - Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus , Russian Federation and Ukraine '' ( PDF ) . International Atomic Energy Agency -- The Chernobyl Forum : 2003 -- 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from UNSCEAR 2001 REPORT ANNEX -- Hereditary effects of radiation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bogdanova , Tetyana I. ; Zurnadzhy , Ludmyla Y. ; Greenebaum , Ellen ; McConnell , Robert J. ; Robbins , Jacob ; Epstein , Ovsiy V. ; Olijnyk , Valery A. ; Hatch , Maureen ; Zablotska , Lydia B. ; Tronko , Mykola D. ( 2006 ) . `` A cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chornobyl accident '' . Cancer . 107 ( 11 ) : 2559 -- 66 . doi : 10.1002 / cncr. 22321 . PMC 2983485 . PMID 17083123 . Jump up ^ Dinets , A. ; Hulchiy , M. ; Sofiadis , A. ; Ghaderi , M. ; Hoog , A. ; Larsson , C. ; Zedenius , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Clinical , genetic , and immunohistochemical characterization of 70 Ukrainian adult cases with post-Chornobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma '' . European Journal of Endocrinology. 166 ( 6 ) : 1049 -- 60 . doi : 10.1530 / EJE - 12 - 0144 . PMC 3361791 . PMID 22457234 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Chernobyl -- The ongoing health effects '' . IPPNW. April 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Fred . `` IAEA Bulletin Volume 47 , No. 2 -- Chernobyl 's Legacy '' . Iaea.org . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the situation at Chernobyl ? '' . Iaea.org . Archived from the original on 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Fred . `` Chernobyl 's living legacy '' . Iaea.org . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNSCEAR assessment of the Chernobyl accident '' . United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historical milestones '' . United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ World Health Organisation `` World Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world 's worst - ever civil nuclear accident '' , WHO , 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Berrington De González , Amy ; Mahesh , M ; Kim , KP ; Bhargavan , M ; Lewis , R ; Mettler , F ; Land , C ( 2009 ) . `` Projected Cancer Risks from Computed Tomographic Scans Performed in the United States in 2007 '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 169 ( 22 ) : 2071 -- 77 . doi : 10.1001 / archinternmed. 2009.440 . PMID 20008689 . ^ Jump up to : Normile , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Fukushima Revives the Low - Dose Debate '' . Science . 332 ( 6032 ) : 908 -- 10 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 332.6032. 908 . PMID 21596968 . Jump up ^ `` How Many Cancers Did Chernobyl Really Cause ? '' . UCSUSA.org. 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hawley , Charles . `` Greenpeace vs. the United Nations '' . The Chernobyl Body Count Controversy . SPIEGEL . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ASU school of life scientist : Kenneth Mossman Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mossman , Kenneth L. ( 1998 ) . `` The linear no - threshold debate : Where do we go from here ? '' . Medical Physics. 25 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 84 ; discussion 300 . doi : 10.1118 / 1.598208 . PMID 9547494 . Jump up ^ Shkolnikov , V. ; McKee , M. ; Vallin , J. ; Aksel , E. ; Leon , D. ; Chenet , L ; Meslé , F ( 1999 ) . `` Cancer mortality in Russia and Ukraine : Validity , competing risks and cohort effects '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 28 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 29 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 28.1. 19 . PMID 10195659 . Jump up ^ Shlyakhter , Alexander ; Wilson , Richard ( 1992 ) . `` Chernobyl andGlasnost : The Effects of Secrecy on Health and Safety '' . Environment : Science and Policy for Sustainable Development . 34 ( 5 ) : 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 00139157.1992. 9931445 . Jump up ^ Petryna , Adriana ( 1995 ) . `` Sarcophagus : Chernobyl in Historical Light '' . Cultural Anthropology. 10 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 220 . doi : 10.1525 / can. 1995.10. 2.02 a00030 . ^ Jump up to : Petryna , Adriana ( 2002 ) . Life Exposed : Biological Citizens after Chernobyl . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Marples , David R. ( 1996 ) . Belarus : From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe . Basingstoke , Hampshire : MacMillan Press . Jump up ^ `` Information Notice No. 93 -- 71 '' . Nrc.gov . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ IAEA 's Power Reactor Information System polled in May 2008 reports shutdown for units 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 respectively at 30 November 1996 , 11 October 1991 , 15 December 2000 and 26 April 1986 . Jump up ^ Walker , Shaun ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Chernobyl disaster site enclosed by shelter to prevent radiation leaks '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nechepurenko , Ivan ; Fountain , Henry ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Giant Arch , a Feat of Engineering , Now Covers Chernobyl Site in Ukraine '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Chernobyl '' . 60 Minutes Australia , Nine Network Australia . 16 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Collapse of Chernobyl nuke plant building attributed to sloppy repair work , aging '' . The Mainichi Newspapers. 25 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine : Chernobyl nuclear roof collapse ' no danger ' '' . BBC News . 2013 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Baryakhtar , V. ; Gonchar , V. ; Zhidkov , A. ; Zhidkov , V. ( 2002 ) . `` Radiation damages and self - sputtering of high - radioactive dielectrics : spontaneous emission of submicronic dust particles '' ( PDF ) . Condensed Matter Physics. 5 ( 3 ( 31 ) ) : 449 -- 471 . doi : 10.5488 / cmp. 5.3. 449 . ^ Jump up to : Borovoi , A.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Nuclear fuel in the shelter '' . Atomic Energy . 100 ( 4 ) : 249 . doi : 10.1007 / s10512 - 006 - 0079 - 3 . Jump up ^ Čejkaite Jump up ^ Oliphant , Roland ( 24 April 2016 ) . `` 30 years after Chernobyl disaster , wildlife is flourishing in radioactive wasteland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Yahoo News . Associated Press . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tours of Chernobyl sealed zone officially begin '' . TravelSnitch . TravelSnitch. 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl 's radioactive trees and the forest fire risk '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places -- Smithsonian '' . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl 's New Safe Confinement '' . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRDP : Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme ( United Nations Development Programme ) '' . Undp.org.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Adi Roche -- the early favourite , BBC News , October 29 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : The 2015 World of Children Award Honorees Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Front Veranda ' ' ( 1986 ) '' . Susandwhite.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Processing the Dark : Heavy Water -- A Film for Chernobyl Movie Mail UK '' . Moviemail-online.co.uk . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Water : A film for Chernobyl '' . www.atomictv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Water : a film for Chernobyl '' . Atomictv.com. 26 April 1986 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Sources The source documents relating to the emergency , published in unofficial sources : Technological Regulations on operation of 3 and 4 power units of Chernobyl NPP ( in force at the moment of emergency ) Tables and graphs of some parameters variation of the unit before the emergency Further reading Abbott , Pamela ( 2006 ) . Chernobyl : Living With Risk and Uncertainty . Health , Risk & Society 8.2 . pp. 105 -- 121 . Cohen , Bernard Leonard ( 1990 ) . `` ( 7 ) The Chernobyl accident -- can it happen here ? '' . The Nuclear Energy Option : An Alternative for the 90 's . Plenum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 43567 - 6 . Dyatlov , Anatoly ( 2003 ) . Chernobyl . How did it happen ( in Russian ) . Nauchtechlitizdat , Moscow . ISBN 5 - 93728 - 006 - 7 . Hoffmann , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) . Fallout From the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Congenital Malformations in Europe . Archives of Environmental Health . Karpan , Nikolaj V. ( 2006 ) . Chernobyl . Vengeance of peaceful atom ( in Russian ) . Dnepropetrovsk : IKK `` Balance Club '' . ISBN 966 - 8135 - 21 - 0 . Medvedev , Grigori ( 1989 ) . The Truth About Chernobyl . VAAP . First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991 . ISBN 2 - 226 - 04031 - 5 . Medvedev , Zhores A. ( 1990 ) . The Legacy of Chernobyl ( Paperback . First American edition published in 1990 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30814 - 3 . Read , Piers Paul ( 1993 ) . Ablaze ! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl . Random House UK ( paperback 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7493 - 1633 - 4 . Shcherbak , Yurii ( 1991 ) . Chernobyl ( in Russian and English ) . New York : Soviet Writers / St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03097 - 5 . Yaroshinskaya , Alla A. Chernobyl : Crime Without Punishment . Piscataway , NJ : Transaction Publisher , 2015 . Gerd Ludwig and Lois Lammerhuber : Der lange Schatten von Tschernobyl -- The Long Shadow of Chernobyl -- L'ombre de Tchernobyl . Edition Lammerhuber , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 3901753664 . Illustrated book containing photos taken in 2013 within the reactor hull . Interview with the photographer ( in German ) Vjačeslav Šestopalov , et al. : Groundwater vulnerability : Chernobyl nuclear disaster . American Geophysical Union , Washington 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 96219 - 0 . Busby , Chris ( January 2017 ) . The Scientific Hero of Chernobyl : Alexey V. Yablokov , the Man Who Dared to Speak the Truth External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chernobyl disaster . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chernobyl disaster Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chernobyl . Official UN Chernobyl site International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info , UN Inter-Agency Project ICRIN Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions , by the IAEA Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme ( United Nations Development Programme ) Photographs from inside the zone of alienation and City of Prypyat ( 2010 ) Photographs from inside the Chernobyl Reactor and City of Prypyat Photographs of those affected by the Chernobyl Disaster Photographs from the City of Pripyat , and of those affected by the disaster EnglishRussia Photos of a RBMK - based power plant , showing details of the reactor hall , pumps , and the control room Post-Soviet Pollution : Effects of Chernobyl from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Coordinates : 51 ° 23 ′ 23 '' N 30 ° 05 ′ 57 '' E / 51.38972 ° N 30.09917 ° E / 51.38972 ; 30.09917 ( Chernobyl disaster ) ( hide ) Chernobyl disaster Effects Comparisons People Liquidators Samosely List of people involved Deaths due to the disaster Places Exclusion Zone Pripyat Amusement park Polissya hotel Azure Swimming Pool Avanhard Stadium Palace of Culture Energetik Jupiter Factory Yaniv Station Chernobyl Duga radar Red Forest List of populated settlements Power Plant Sarcophagus New Safe Confinement Other Slavutych Dytiatky Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum Polesie State Radioecological Reserve ( list of settlements ) Works Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster Documentation and media Organisations Chernobyl Children International Chernobyl Forum Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme Chernobyl Shelter Fund Friends of Chernobyl 's Children Bellesrad List of Chernobyl - related charities Related articles Chernobylite Chernihiv -- Ovruch railway List LCCN : sh87003900 BNF : cb12044110t ( data ) NDL : 00968593 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernobyl_disaster&oldid=816087440 '' Categories : Chernobyl disaster 1986 health disasters 1986 in the Soviet Union 1986 in the environment 1986 industrial disasters Chernobyl , Ukraine Civilian nuclear power accidents Disasters in the Soviet Union Energy in Ukraine Energy in the Soviet Union Environment of the Soviet Union Environmental disasters in Europe Explosions in 1986 Fires in Ukraine Health in Ukraine 1986 in Belarus 1986 in Ukraine History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia Industrial fires and explosions Pripyat Environmental disasters in Ukraine Man - made disasters in Belarus Radiation accidents and incidents April 1986 events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 uses Russian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl%20disaster	2,603
who is the opener for soul to soul tour	Kelsea Ballerini Brothers Osborne Cam Brandy Clark Brent Cobb Devin Dawson Seth Ennis Rhiannon Giddens Natalie Hemby High Valley Chris Janson Joseph Chris Lane LoCash Lori McKenna Midland Old Dominion Steve Moakler NEEDTOBREATHE Jon Pardi Eric Paslay Rachel Platten Margo Price Ben Rector Maggie Rose The Shadowboxers Caitlyn Smith Charlie Worsham		Soul2Soul : the World tour	soul2soul : the world tour	The Soul2Soul : The World Tour is the third and current co-headlining tour by American country music recording artists , and husband and wife , Tim McGraw and Faith Hill . It marks the first time the duo have toured together since 2007 . It began on April 7 , 2017 , in New Orleans . Performances consist of a setlist of duets between the couple and solos . The first leg of the tour played seventy shows , and as of December 11 , 2017 , every show was sold out , and grossed over 79 million dollars . Accoridng to Pollstar 's 2017 Mid-Year report , it was ranked the 24th best tour .	Contents 1 Background 2 The show and the stage 3 Opening acts 4 Setlist 5 Tour dates 6 Critical reception 7 Notable events 8 References Background ( edit ) In October 2016 , a special concert was planned at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . Under the moniker `` Sam & Audrey '' , the duo performed their hits , while announcing the forthcoming 2017 tour . The itinerary was released the following day . On January 31 , 2017 , McGraw and Hill announced the opening acts via Facebook Live . Each weekend will feature a different opening act , handpicked by the duo . They also revealed additional tour dates and plans to perform shows outside North America . When introducing the tour , Hill stated : `` We have the best fans in the world , who have been with us through our entire journey and we are so excited to celebrate with them by going back on the road and showcasing an exciting new show . It 's always great when we get to work together and it 's been awhile since we got to do that . '' On September 28 , 2017 , Bob Harris revealed on his BBC Radio 2 show that McGraw and Hill were the first announced headliners for the 2018 C2C : Country to Country festival which takes place in London , Glasgow and Dublin . In November 2017 , a second American leg of the tour was announced . The show and the stage ( edit ) The show begins with a ten - second countdown clock , after that futuristic music begins to play . Hill and McGraw begin to say a speech which ends with , `` face to face , heart to heart , and soul to soul . '' Then two black boxes rise up onto the b - stage , as the boxes descends both Hill and McGraw appear , and perform Aretha Franklin and George Michael 's `` I Knew You Were Waiting For Me '' . During `` Break First '' ( a new pop centric song from the couple ) , the video screens displays fragments of glass shattering behind them . When McGraw performs `` Angry All the Time '' , Hill plays the acoustic guitar while singing background vocals . The show lasts for two hours and fifteen minutes with a setlist of thirty songs . They go back and forth singing with each other and alone during solos . McGraw and Hill perform their past hits and songs off their upcoming album . They close with `` I Need You '' . The stage and production is made up of laser lights , risers , special effects , eighty - foot wide video board , HD and LED screens . During the show family photos are projected onto the eighty - foot wide video board . A ten piece band backs the couple . Opening acts ( edit ) Kelsea Ballerini Brothers Osborne Cam Brandy Clark Brent Cobb Devin Dawson Seth Ennis Rhiannon Giddens Natalie Hemby High Valley Chris Janson Joseph Chris Lane LoCash Lori McKenna Midland Old Dominion Steve Moakler NEEDTOBREATHE Jon Pardi Eric Paslay Rachel Platten Margo Price Ben Rector Maggie Rose The Shadowboxers Caitlyn Smith Charlie Worsham Setlist ( edit ) The following setlist was performed at the concert held on April 21 , 2017 , at the Legacy Arena in Birmingham , Alabama . It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour . McGraw and Hill `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( Aretha Franklin & George Michael cover ) McGraw `` Felt Good on My Lips '' Hill `` The Lucky One '' McGraw `` I Like It , I Love It '' Hill `` The Way You Love Me '' McGraw and Hill `` Like We Never Loved at All '' `` Break First '' `` Telluride '' `` Devil Calling Me Back '' Hill `` Free '' `` This Kiss '' `` Breathe '' `` Wild One '' `` Stronger '' `` Piece of My Heart '' McGraw and Hill `` Angry All the Time '' McGraw `` One of Those Nights '' `` Real Good Man '' `` Shotgun Rider '' `` Humble and Kind '' `` Live Like You Were Dying '' McGraw and Hill `` Speak to a Girl '' `` It 's Your Love '' Hill `` Mississippi Girl '' McGraw `` Something Like That '' McGraw and Hill `` I Need You '' Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue North America Leg 1 April 7 , 2017 New Orleans United States Smoothie King Center Brothers Osborne 14,959 / 14,959 $1,324,355 April 9 , 2017 Tupelo BancorpSouth Arena 8,323 / 8,323 $685,612 April 20 , 2017 North Charleston North Charleston Coliseum NEEDTOBREATHE 9,097 / 9,097 $798,478 April 21 , 2017 Birmingham Legacy Arena 11,259 / 11,259 $821,751 April 23 , 2017 Atlanta Philips Arena 13,033 / 13,033 $1,170,004 April 27 , 2017 St. Louis Scottrade Center Seth Ennis 12,906 / 12,906 $1,066,330 April 28 , 2017 Louisville KFC Yum ! Center 14,653 / 14,653 $1,220,499 April 29 , 2017 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse 12,726 / 12,726 $999,040 May 4 , 2017 Newark Prudential Center The Shadowboxers 11,815 / 11,815 $1,134,267 May 5 , 2017 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena 11,686 / 11,686 $1,532,244 May 6 , 2017 May 11 , 2017 Tulsa BOK Center Jon Pardi 11,391 / 11,391 $818,172 May 12 , 2017 Lincoln Pinnacle Bank Arena 13,853 / 13,853 $1,262,422 May 13 , 2017 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena 11,490 / 11,490 $859,619 May 18 , 2017 Spokane Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena Chris Lane 10,700 / 10,700 $887,903 May 19 , 2017 Bozeman Brick Breeden Fieldhouse 15,544 / 15,544 $1,181,828 May 20 , 2017 May 25 , 2017 Boise Taco Bell Arena Joseph 9,156 / 9,156 $829,945 May 26 , 2017 Portland Moda Center 13,736 / 13,736 $1,192,723 May 27 , 2017 Tacoma Tacoma Dome 16,744 / 16,744 $1,321,429 May 31 , 2017 Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena Midland 12,756 / 12,756 $1,021,510 June 2 , 2017 Calgary Scotiabank Saddledome 12,765 / 12,765 $1,170,500 June 3 , 2017 Edmonton Rogers Place 13,358 / 13,358 $1,126,310 June 4 , 2017 Saskatoon SaskTel Centre 12,709 / 12,709 $1,095,770 June 7 , 2017 Winnipeg MTS Centre Caitlyn Smith 11,581 / 11,581 $915,797 June 9 , 2017 Sioux Falls United States Denny Sanford Premier Center 11,127 / 11,127 $1,088,360 June 10 , 2017 Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena 13,236 / 13,236 $1,256,399 June 15 , 2017 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena High Valley 11,788 / 11,788 $1,079,900 June 16 , 2017 Milwaukee BMO Harris Bradley Center 12,137 / 12,137 $974,098 June 17 , 2017 Moline iWireless Center 10,670 / 10,670 $891,006 June 22 , 2017 Ottawa Canada Canadian Tire Centre Charlie Worsham 13,396 / 13,396 $1,112,650 June 23 , 2017 Toronto Air Canada Centre 26,956 / 26,956 $2,241,830 June 24 , 2017 July 7 , 2017 Boston United States TD Garden Lori McKenna 24,187 / 24,187 $2,132,287 July 8 , 2017 July 13 , 2017 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena Rachel Platten 6,611 / 6,611 $783,705 July 14 , 2017 Los Angeles Staples Center 25,571 / 25,571 $2,028,973 July 15 , 2017 July 21 , 2017 Glendale Gila River Arena Rhiannon Giddens 13,540 / 13,540 $1,264,313 July 22 , 2017 Ontario Citizens Business Bank Arena 8,903 / 8,903 $963,746 July 23 , 2017 San Diego Valley View Casino Center 10,290 / 10,290 $846,246 July 28 , 2017 Sacramento Golden 1 Center Devin Dawson 13,540 / 13,540 $1,413,260 July 29 , 2017 San Jose SAP Center 12,385 / 12,385 $1,122,601 July 31 , 2017 Denver Pepsi Center 23,073 / 23,073 $1,568,171 August 1 , 2017 August 3 , 2017 North Little Rock Verizon Arena - August 4 , 2017 Nashville Bridgestone Arena Andra Day 28,357 / 28,357 $2,231,533 August 5 , 2017 August 17 , 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena Maggie Rose 11,290 / 11,290 $834,495 August 18 , 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 14,370 / 14,370 $1,115,596 August 19 , 2017 Albany Times Union Center 9,094 / 9,094 $667,410 August 24 , 2017 Fargo Fargodome Natalie Hemby 14,146 / 14,146 $1,097,627 August 25 , 2017 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center 29,842 / 29,842 $2,815,245 August 26 , 2017 August 31 , 2017 Rosemont Allstate Arena Ben Rector 22,912 / 22,912 $1,797,553 September 1 , 2017 September 2 , 2017 Cincinnati U.S. Bank Arena 11,456 / 11,456 $780,635 September 7 , 2017 Columbus Nationwide Arena Brent Cobb 13,822 / 13,822 $1,223,715 September 8 , 2017 Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills 13,445 / 13,445 $1,212,946 September 9 , 2017 Fort Wayne Allen County War Memorial Coliseum 9,602 / 9,602 $800,062 September 14 , 2017 Knoxville Thompson -- Boling Arena Eric Paslay 8,164 / 8,164 $628,975 September 15 , 2017 Greenville Bon Secours Wellness Arena 10,470 / 10,470 $849,741 September 16 , 2017 Jacksonville Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena 10,651 / 10,651 $798,041 September 21 , 2017 Wichita Intrust Bank Arena Brandy Clark 10,982 / 10,982 $889,516 September 22 , 2017 Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha 14,277 / 14,277 $1,054,164 September 23 , 2017 Kansas City Sprint Center 13,132 / 13,132 $1,083,278 September 27 , 2017 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena Cam 12,528 / 12,528 $1,189,950 September 29 , 2017 Fresno Save Mart Center 11,703 / 11,703 $1,033,055 September 30 , 2017 Bakersfield Rabobank Arena 8,741 / 8,741 $828,635 October 5 , 2017 San Antonio AT&T Center Chris Janson 11,471 / 11,471 $934,996 October 6 , 2017 Houston Toyota Center 11,284 / 11,284 $987,317 October 7 , 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 13,255 / 13,255 $1,260,647 October 12 , 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena Steve Moakler 11,414 / 11,414 $885,368 October 13 , 2017 Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 13,537 / 13,537 $1,200,627 October 14 , 2017 Greensboro Greensboro Coliseum 12,043 / 12,043 $974,210 October 19 , 2017 Sunrise BB&T Center LoCash 9,281 / 9,281 $667,022 October 20 , 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena 12,108 / 12,108 $960,177 October 21 , 2017 Orlando Amway Center 12,071 / 12,071 $1,058,484 October 26 , 2017 Buffalo KeyBank Center Margo Price 12,042 / 12,042 $909,707 October 27 , 2017 Brooklyn Barclays Center 12,501 / 12,501 $1,023,077 Europe March 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena Kelsea Ballerini Old Dominion March 10 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro March 11 , 2018 Dublin Ireland 3Arena North America Leg 2 May 31 , 2018 Richmond United States Richmond Coliseum -- 9,489 / 9,489 $873,206 June 1 , 2018 Charleston Charleston Civic Center 8,483 / 8,483 $647,498 June 2 , 2018 Lexington Rupp Arena 9,560 / 9,560 $643,856 June 5 , 2018 Baltimore Royal Farms Arena 10,899 / 10,899 $727,114 June 7 , 2018 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena 10,936 / 10,936 $816,874 June 8 , 2018 Toledo Huntington Center 14,963 / 14,963 $1,268,897 June 9 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 Hershey Giant Center 9,257 / 9,257 $905,605 June 14 , 2018 Uniondale Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum 8,734 / 8,734 $751,624 June 15 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena 7,807 / 7,807 $781,038 June 16 , 2018 Manchester SNHU Arena 8,499 / 8,499 $772,539 June 18 , 2018 Hamilton Canada FirstOntario Centre 10,708 / 10,708 $797,048 June 19 , 2018 London Budweiser Gardens 7,887 / 7,887 $743,975 June 22 , 2018 Raleigh United States PNC Arena 12,093 / 12,093 $859,715 June 23 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 9,912 / 9,912 $674,997 June 26 , 2018 Bossier City CenturyLink Center 10,228 / 10,228 $598,411 June 29 , 2018 Springfield JQH Arena 8,024 / 8,024 $644,900 June 30 , 2018 Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena 11,436 / 11,436 $839,144 July 6 , 2018 Green Bay Resch Center 8,242 / 8,242 $875,724 July 7 , 2018 Minneapolis Target Center 11,748 / 11,748 $712,738 July 8 , 2018 Sioux Falls Denny Sanford Premier Center 8,797 / 8,797 $695,622 July 10 , 2018 Grand Forks Ralph Engelstad Arena 6,512 / 6,512 $387,300 July 13 , 2018 Seattle KeyArena 11,146 / 11,146 $842,978 July 14 , 2018 Eugene Matthew Knight Arena 9,413 / 9,413 $781,752 July 18 , 2018 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena 12,405 / 12,405 $992,034 July 20 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 12,773 / 12,773 $886,518 July 21 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center 11,812 / 11,812 $803,817 July 22 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center 12,189 / 12,189 $944,746 July 24 , 2018 Paso Robles Mid State Fair -- -- Total 933,641 / 933,641 $79,097,963 ^ A. These shows will be part of the C2C : Country to Country festival . Critical reception ( edit ) Tulsa World 's Andrea Eger says `` the electricity they generated could have powered their megawatt stage production with no help from PSO '' According to the Orange County Register 's Kelli Sky Fadroski , she was impressed with Hill 's return to the tour stage stating that `` she brought her A game '' during her solo moments . For the duo 's performance she described it as , `` a connection and tenderness between them that just ca n't be faked . '' Reviewing the show in London , Pip Ellwood - Hughes of Entertainment Focus gave the set a 4.5 / 5 rating , stating that booking country music royalty McGraw and Hill was `` a real coup for the Country to Country festival and stating that they were `` warm and funny on stage '' and their set was `` inspiring '' . Mentioning that anticipation was high for the duo 's first ever UK performance , Ellwood - Hughes noted that their `` packed '' set drew `` huge cheers from the arena crowd '' , citing Break First as an early highlight . He stated that the best parts of the set where when McGraw and Hill sang together , referring to their chemistry as `` magical '' and `` off the charts as they trade glances , interact with one another and , at times , look at each other as if there is no one else in the room '' . Regarding the solo performances , he praised Hill 's `` energy and enthusiasm '' , citing This Kiss as a `` one of the night 's special moments '' when Hill `` became visibly choked up '' as an international audience loudly sang along . Additionally , he called Hill 's rendition of Breathe `` stunning '' and her Piece of My Heart cover a `` powerhouse performance '' . Similarly , McGraw 's `` confident charisma '' was praised and the moment where the audience burst into a spontaneous singalong of Humble and Kind which left McGraw visibly `` overwhelmed '' was picked as a highlight . Ellwood - Hughes called their performance of Speak to a Girl `` beautiful and timely '' and said that It 's Your Love was a `` perfect way to end the night and absolutely stunning '' . He was critical of sound issues that resulted in complaints for a large amount of audience members who were unable to hear the artists because of loud bass reverb , causing many to leave midway through . Notable events ( edit ) During the show in Dubin on March 11 , 2018 , McGraw collapsed following his performance of `` Humble and Kind '' and was carried offstage by members of his crew . After twenty minutes , Hill returned to the stage and announced that McGraw was doing fine but was suffering from dehydration and she had made the decision not to allow him back onstage . Hill and the band performed `` What a Friend We Have in Jesus '' as a final a capella song for the crowd before ending the show early . Although disheartened , the crowd applauded and began chanting `` get well Tim '' . A statement from the couple stated that McGraw `` was attended to by local medical staff on - site and will be fine '' before adding that `` he and Faith thank everyone for their love and support and look forward to seeing their Irish fans again soon '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mid Year Worldwide 2017 Tickets Sales Top 100 Tour '' ( PDF ) . Pollstar . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watts , Cindy ; Neysa - Alund , Natalie ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Nashville show sells out in minutes '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen L. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Tim McGraw , Faith Hill to Embark on New Joint Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Konicki , Lisa ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Reveal More Dates and 26 Opening Acts For Soul2Soul Tour '' . Nash Country Daily . Cumulus Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw , Faith Hill Announce Pittsburgh Concert , Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017 '' . WDSY - FM . CBS Radio . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BHarrisCountry/status/913475984564899841 ^ Jump up to : Colurso , Mary ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` 16 224 shares Tim McGraw & Faith Hill romance a Birmingham audience in razzle - dazzle style on ' Soul2Soul ' tour '' . al.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lindsay ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 's Soul2Soul Tour : 9 Best Things We Saw '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eger , Andrea ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : Faith Hill and Tim McGraw bring pure chemistry to BOK Center '' . Tulsa World . TownNews.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vain , Madison ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill go behind the scenes of their over-the - top world tour '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw , Faith Hill Reveal 2017 Soul2Soul Tour Opening Acts '' . The Boot . Taste of Country Network . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lindsay ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 's Soul2Soul Tour : 9 Best Things We Saw '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources for tour dates : Bonaguro , Alison ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Will Tour Together in 2017 '' . CMT . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . `` Concert Scheduled -- Tim McGraw ( Page 1 of 2 ) '' . Pollstar . May 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . `` Concert Scheduled -- Tim McGraw ( Page 2 of 2 ) '' . Pollstar . May 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Nashville , Tennessee . 129 ( 10 ) . April 29 , 2017 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Nashville , Tennessee . 129 ( 12 ) . May 27 , 2017 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . 129 ( 12 ) . May 27 , 2017 . ( webcit ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . June 28 , 2017 . ( webcit ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . July 4 , 2017 . ( webcit ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Nashville , Tennessee . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Nashville , Tennessee . August 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sky Fadroski , Kelli ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill score again with revived Soul2Soul Tour in Los Angeles '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.entertainment-focus.com/music-section/ef-country/c2c-country-to-country-2018-faith-hill-and-tim-mcgraw-live-review/ Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-43371141 Faith Hill Studio albums Take Me as I Am It Matters to Me Faith Breathe Cry Fireflies Joy to the World The Rest of Our Life Compilations There You 'll Be The Hits Deep Tracks Tours Soul2Soul Tour Soul2Soul II Tour Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017 Related Discography Tim McGraw Faith Hilling Tim McGraw Discography Studio albums Tim McGraw Not a Moment Too Soon All I Want Everywhere A Place in the Sun Set This Circus Down Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors Live Like You Were Dying Let It Go Southern Voice Emotional Traffic Two Lanes of Freedom Sundown Heaven Town Damn Country Music The Rest of Our Life Compilations Greatest Hits Reflected : Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Greatest Hits : Limited Edition Greatest Hits 3 Number One Hits Tim McGraw & Friends Tours Soul2Soul Soul2Soul II Tour Brothers of the Sun Tour Sundown Heaven Town Tour Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017 Related articles Faith Hill Tug McGraw Byron Gallimore `` Tim McGraw '' ( song ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul2Soul:_The_World_Tour&oldid=852442247 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours 2018 concert tours Co-headlining concert tours Tim McGraw and Faith Hill concert tours Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 01 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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why should ketoses not react with benedict's reagent	Generally , Benedict 's test detects the presence of aldehydes and alpha - hydroxy - ketones , also by hemiacetal , including those that occur in certain ketoses . Thus , although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar , it is an alpha - hydroxy - ketone , and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent .		Benedict 's reagent	benedict's reagent	Benedict 's reagent ( often called Benedict 's qualitative solution or Benedict 's solution ) is a chemical reagent named after American chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict .	It is a complex mixture of sodium carbonate , sodium citrate and copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate . It is often used in place of Fehling 's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars . The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive reaction . Such tests that use this reagent are called the Benedict 's tests . A positive test with Benedict 's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to a brick - red precipitate . Generally , Benedict 's test detects the presence of aldehydes and alpha - hydroxy - ketones , also by hemiacetal , including those that occur in certain ketoses . Thus , although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar , it is an alpha - hydroxy - ketone , and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent . The principle of Benedict 's test is that when reducing sugars are heated in the presence of an alkali they are converted to powerful reducing species known as enediols . Enediols reduce the cupric compounds ( Cu ) present in the Benedict 's reagent to cuprous compounds ( Cu ) which are precipitated as insoluble red copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) . The color of the obtained precipitate gives an idea about the quantity of sugar present in the solution , hence the test is semi-quantitative . A greenish precipitate indicates about 0.5 g % concentration ; yellow precipitate indicates 1 g % concentration ; orange indicates 1.5 g % and red indicates 2 g % or higher concentration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benedict 's test 2 Benedict 's solution 3 Quantitative reagent 4 See also 5 References Benedict 's test ( edit ) To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food , the food sample is dissolved in water , and a small amount of Benedict 's reagent is added . During a water bath , which is usually 4 -- 10 minutes , the solution should progress in the colors of blue ( with no reducing sugar present ) , orange , yellow , green , red , and then brick red precipitate or brown ( with high reducing sugar present ) . A color change would signify the presence of a reducing sugar . The common disaccharides lactose and maltose are directly detected by Benedict 's reagent because each contains a glucose with a free reducing aldehyde moiety , after isomerization . Sucrose ( table sugar ) contains two sugars ( fructose and glucose ) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde , or the fructose to alpha - hydroxy - ketone form . Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar which does not react with Benedict 's reagent . Sucrose indirectly produces a positive result with Benedict 's reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior to the test , although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose . The acidic conditions and heat break the glycosidic bond in sucrose through hydrolysis . The products of sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose , both of which can be detected by Benedict 's reagent , as described above . Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict 's reagent , due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties , which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains . Inositol ( myoinositol ) is another carbohydrate which produces a negative test . Benedict 's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine . Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus , but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid ( during intake of vitamin supplements ) , drugs ( levodopa , contrast used in radiological procedures ) and homogentisic acid ( alkaptonuria ) . Benedict 's solution ( edit ) Benedict 's solution is a deep - blue solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group , - CHO . It is an aqueous alkaline mixture of CuSO and sodium citrate . Here sodium citrate is the complexing agent that keeps Cu in solution , which would otherwise precipitate as cupric carbonate . The substance to be tested is heated up to 95 ° C ( for example , in a water bath ) with Benedict 's solution ; formation of a brick - red precipitate indicates presence of the aldehyde group in relatively high concentrations . Since simple sugars ( e.g. , glucose ) give a positive test , the solution is used to test for the presence of glucose in urine , a sign of diabetes . One litre of Benedict 's solution contains 173 grammes sodium citrate , 100 grammes sodium carbonate , and 17.3 grammes cupric sulphate pentahydrate . It reacts chemically similarly to Fehling 's solution ; the cupric ion ( complexed with citrate ions ) is reduced to cuprous ion by the aldehyde group ( which is oxidised ) , and precipitates as cuprous oxide , Cu O . Experiment Observation Inference Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Red , green , or yellow precipitate is obtained Reducing sugar e.g. Glucose is present Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Solution remains clear or is a little blue Reducing sugar is not present Quantitative reagent ( edit ) Benedict 's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present . This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration . The titration should be repeated with 1 % glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration . See also ( edit ) Other oxidizing reagents Dextrose equivalent Tollens ' reagent Fehling 's solution Other reducing reagents ( opposite ) Jones reductor Walden reductor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benedict , S.R. 7 ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` A Reagent For the Detection of Reducing Sugars '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 5 ( 6 ) : 485 -- 487 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Simoni ; Robert L. Hill & Martha Vaughan ( 2002 ) . `` Benedict 's Solution , a Reagent for Measuring Reducing Sugars : the Clinical Chemistry of Stanley R. Benedict '' . J. Biol. Chem. 277 ( 16 ) : 10 -- 11 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110516200 . PMC 4492735 . PMID 11773074 . ^ Jump up to : Collins Edexcel International GCSEBiology , Student Book ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745000 - 8 ) p. 42 - 43 Symptoms and signs relating to endocrine system , nutrition and development ( R62 -- R64 , 783 ) Weight and appetite decrease : Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Underweight increase : Polyphagia Polydipsia Orexigenia Weight gain Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic Thyroid disease General Goitre Graves ' disease Abadie 's sign of exophthalmic goiter Boston 's sign Dalrymple 's sign Stellwag 's sign lid lag Von Graefe 's sign Griffith 's sign Möbius sign Hypothyroidism Queen Anne 's sign Nutrition Rickets Harrison 's groove Benedict solution Metabolic disorders low calcium Chvostek sign Trosseau 's sign low glucose Whipple 's triad Analytical reagents and tests Metals Aluminon Xylenol orange Sugars , fats , and proteins Sugars & Starches Benedict 's reagent ( reducing sugars etc ) Aniline acetate test ( pentoses ) Starch indicator Molisch 's test ( carbs ) Proteins & amino acids Biuret test ( proteins ) Bicinchoninic acid assay ( concentration ) Bradford protein assay ( concentration ) Lowry protein assay ( total protein ) Pierce Protein Assay ( total protein ) Tollens ' reagent ( aldehyde & ketones ) Fehling 's solution ( aldehyde & ketones ) Van Slyke determination ( amino acids ) Sakaguchi test ( arginine ) Fats Sudan stain ( lipids ) Alcohols Benedict 's reagent ( aldehyde & ketones etc ) Denigés ' reagent Lucas ' reagent ( types of alcohols ) Drugs Dille -- Koppanyi reagent ( barbiturates etc ) Ehrlich 's reagent ( indoles , etc ) Froehde reagent ( opioids ) Gallic acid reagent ( drug precursor ) Liebermann reagent ( street drugs ) Mandelin reagent ( ketamine ) Marquis reagent ( MDMA , opiates , etc ) Mecke reagent Pill testing ( general ) Simon 's reagent Zimmermann reagent ( Benzodiazepines ) Zwikker reagent ( barbiturates ) Salicylate testing other Dragendorff 's reagent ( alkaloids ) Fenton 's reagent ( creates free radicals ) Folin -- Ciocalteu reagent ( antioxidants ) Murexide test ( caffeine etc ) Melzer 's reagent ( fungi ) Marquis reagent ( various ) Nitrate test Nitrite test Luminol ( blood ) Pesticide detection kit Fecal coliform detection Prion detection kit Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict%27s_reagent&oldid=840509680 '' Categories : Copper compounds Chemical tests Coordination compounds Oxidizing agents Analytical reagents Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 10 : 43 . 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which of the following statements is not correct about a dicot woody stem			Vascular tissue	vascular tissue	Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue , formed of more than one cell type , found in vascular plants . The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem . These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally . There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue : the vascular cambium and the cork cambium . All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant .	The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender . Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water , minerals , and nutrients throughout the plant , it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes . The individual cells of phloem are connected end - to - end , just as the sections of a pipe might be . As the plant grows , new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant . The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue , maintaining its connection throughout the plant . The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long , discrete strands called vascular bundles . These bundles include both xylem and phloem , as well as supporting and protective cells . In stems and roots , the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem . In the stems of some Asterales dicots , there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well . Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium . This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem . This growth increases the girth of the plant , rather than its length . As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells , the plant will continue to grow more stout . In trees and other plants that develop wood , the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth . Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem , woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem . The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss . Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth . In leaves , the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll . The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf ( usually the upper side ) , and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf . This is why aphids are typically found on the undersides of the leaves rather than on the top , since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface . See also ( edit ) Xylem Phloem Cork cambium Vascular cambium Vascular plant Stele ( biology ) Circulatory system External links ( edit ) Intro to Plant Structure Contains diagrams of the plant tissues , listed as an outline . Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue : Epidermis Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue : Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue : Parenchyma Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Mesophyll Pith Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue : Primary Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Mixed : Cortex Exodermis Endodermis Stele Category Histology Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vascular_tissue&oldid=837518480 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Plant physiology Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 10 : 04 . 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when was the last time the lions were in the superbowl			Detroit Lions	detroit lions	National Football League ( 1930 -- present )	Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Honolulu Blue , Silver Fight song Gridiron Heroes Mascot Roary the Lion Theo `` Gridiron '' Spight Personnel Owner ( s ) Martha Firestone Ford Chairman Martha Firestone Ford President Rod Wood General manager Bob Quinn Head coach Matt Patricia Team history Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Detroit Lions ( 1934 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL Championships ( pre -- 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL National : 1952 NFL Western : 1953 , 1954 , 1957 Division championships ( 4 ) NFL West : 1935 NFC Central : 1983 , 1991 , 1993 Playoff appearances ( 18 ) NFL : 1932 , 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1957 , 1970 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Universal Stadium ( 1930 -- 1933 ) University of Detroit Stadium ( 1934 -- 1940 ) Tiger Stadium ( 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 -- 1974 ) Pontiac Silverdome ( 1975 -- 2001 ) Ford Field ( 2002 -- present ) The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Lions compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team formally joined the NFL on July 12 , 1930 and began play in the 1930 season . Despite success within the NFL , they could not survive in Portsmouth , then the NFL 's smallest city . The team was purchased and relocated to Detroit for the 1934 season . The Lions have won four NFL championships , tied for 9th overall in total championships amongst all 32 NFL franchises ; however , their last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second - longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals . They are one of four current teams and the only NFC team to have not yet played in the Super Bowl . They are also the only franchise to have been in operation for all 52 seasons of the Super Bowl era without having appeared in one . ( The Cleveland Browns were not in operation for the 1996 to 1998 seasons . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Home attendance 3 Players of note 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retired numbers 3.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 3.4 Michigan Sports Hall of Fame 4 Coaches 4.1 Current staff 5 Divisions and division rivals 5.1 NFL Western Division : 1933 -- 1949 5.2 NFL National Conference : 1950 -- 1952 5.3 NFL Western Conference : 1953 -- 1966 5.4 NFL Central Division : 1967 -- 1969 5.5 NFC Central : 1970 -- 2001 5.6 NFC North : 2002 -- present 6 Radio and television 6.1 Radio 6.2 TV 6.2. 1 Preseason 6.2. 2 Regular season 6.2. 3 Blackouts 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Detroit Lions See also : List of Detroit Lions seasons See also : History of the Portsmouth Spartans Logos and uniforms Aside from a brief change to maroon in 1948 instituted by then head coach Bo McMillin ( influenced by his years as coach at Indiana ) , the Lions uniforms have basically remained the same since the team debuted in 1930 . The design consists of silver helmets , silver pants , and either blue or white jerseys . The shade of blue used for Lions uniforms and logos is officially known as `` Honolulu blue '' , which is supposedly inspired by the color of the waves off the coast of Hawaii . The shade was chosen by Cy Huston in 1935 . Houston , the Lions ' first vice president and general manager , said of the choice : `` They had me looking at so many blues I am blue in the face '' , Houston said about the selection . `` But anyway , it 's the kind of blue , I am told , that will match with silver . '' There have been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years , such as changing the silver stripe patterns on the jersey sleeves , and changing the colors of the jersey numbers . `` TV numbers '' , which are auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage , were added to the jersey sleeves in 1956 . White trim was added to the logo in 1970 . In 1998 , the team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season . In 1999 , the `` TV numbers '' on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders . In 1994 , every NFL team wore throwback jerseys , and the Lions ' were similar to the jerseys used during their 1935 championship season . The helmets and pants were solid silver , the jerseys Honolulu blue with silver numbers and the jersey did not have `` TV numbers '' on the sleeves . The team wore solid blue socks along with black shoes . The helmets also did not have a logo , as helmets were simple leather back then . The Lions also wore ' 50s - style jerseys during their traditional Thanksgiving Day games from 2001 to 2004 as the NFL encouraged teams to wear throwback jerseys on Thanksgiving Day . In 2003 , the team added black trim to their logo and the jerseys . The face masks on the helmet changed from blue to black with the introduction of the new color . Additionally , an alternate home field jersey which makes black the dominant color ( in place of Honolulu Blue ) was introduced in 2005 . For 2008 , the team dropped the black alternate jerseys in favor of a throwback uniform to commemorate the franchise 's 75th anniversary . The throwback uniform became the team 's permanent alternate jersey in 2009 , replacing the former black alternate . The Lions officially unveiled new logo designs and uniforms on April 20 , 2009 . The lion on the helmet now has a flowing mane and fangs , and the typeface of `` Lions '' is more modern . On February 1 , 2017 , the Lions announced a new typeface , logo , and the complete removal of the color black from the team identity . The team `` made it a priority to emphasize our classic color combination of Honolulu blue and silver , which has been synonymous with the Detroit Lions since 1934 . '' The new logo is identical to the old , except with a silver border instead of a black one . The Lions then unveiled the club 's new uniforms on April 13 , 2017 . The Lions also added the initials `` WCF '' to the left sleeve as a permanent tribute to William Clay Ford , who owned the team from 1963 until his death in 2014 . The sleeve addition replaces the black `` WCF '' patch on the left breast that was added after Ford 's death . Home attendance Home Attendance at Ford Field Year Total Attendance 2006 487,116 2007 490,436 2008 435,979 2009 395,162 450,286 2011 509,940 2012 510,158 2013 510,369 2014 504,198 2015 490,782 2016 486,342 2017 513,100 Source : Players of note Main article : List of Detroit Lions players Current roster Detroit Lions roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Matt Cassel -- John O'Korn 14 Jake Rudock 9 Matthew Stafford Running backs 21 Ameer Abdullah -- Nick Bawden FB 29 LeGarrette Blount 38 Tion Green -- Kerryon Johnson 25 Theo Riddick 36 Dwayne Washington 34 Zach Zenner Wide receivers 16 Jace Billingsley 83 Dontez Ford -- Michael Ford 19 Kenny Golladay 17 Andy Jones 11 Marvin Jones 13 T.J. Jones -- Kyle Lewis 12 Bradley Marquez -- Brandon Powell -- Teo Redding 15 Golden Tate Tight ends 85 Brandon Barnes -- DeAndre Goolsby 80 Michael Roberts 87 Levine Toilolo 84 Hakeem Valles 82 Luke Willson Offensive linemen -- Tyrell Crosby T 66 Joe Dahl G 68 Taylor Decker T 60 Graham Glasgow G 73 Wesley Johnson C -- Brett Kendrick T 75 Leo Koloamatangi C 76 T.J. Lang G 72 Brian Mihalik T -- John Montelus G -- Beau Nunn G -- Frank Ragnow C 70 Corey Robinson T 74 Dan Skipper T 71 Rick Wagner T 79 Kenny Wiggins G Defensive linemen 94 Ezekiel Ansah DE 58 Alex Barrett DE -- Josh Fatu DT -- Da'Shawn Hand DT -- Michael Hill DT 61 Kerry Hyder DE 57 Cam Johnson DE 63 Toby Johnson DT 98 Jeremiah Ledbetter DT 99 Christian Ringo DT 91 A'Shawn Robinson DT 97 Akeem Spence DT 78 Jeremiah Valoaga DE 90 Cornelius Washington DE -- JoJo Wicker DE 92 Sylvester Williams DT 69 Anthony Zettel DE Linebackers 43 Nick Bellore MLB -- AL - Rasheed Benton OLB 53 Brandon Chubb OLB 40 Jarrad Davis MLB 55 Jonathan Freeny OLB 52 Christian Jones OLB 42 Devon Kennard OLB 54 Steve Longa OLB -- Chad Meredith OLB 44 Jalen Reeves - Maybin OLB Defensive backs 39 Jamal Agnew CB -- Amari Coleman CB -- Antwuan Davis CB 28 Quandre Diggs CB -- Mike Ford CB -- Chris Jones CB 35 Miles Killebrew SS 24 Nevin Lawson CB 30 Stefan McClure SS 41 Rolan Milligan SS 46 Raysean Pringle CB 27 Glover Quin FS 26 DeShawn Shead CB -- Anthony Sherrils S 23 Darius Slay CB 31 Teez Tabor CB -- Tracy Walker S 45 Charles Washington FS 32 Tavon Wilson SS Special teams 6 Sam Martin P 48 Don Muhlbach LS 5 Matt Prater K -- Ryan Santoso K / P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 30 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 90 Active , 0 Inactive , 6 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Detroit Lions retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Dutch Clark QB 1934 -- 1938 20 Barry Sanders RB 1989 -- 1998 22 Bobby Layne QB , K 1950 -- 1958 37 Doak Walker HB , K , P 1950 -- 1955 56 Joe Schmidt LB 1953 -- 1965 85 Chuck Hughes WR 1970 -- 1971 Notes : Posthumous . Hughes died of a heart attack during a game on October 24 , 1971 , and his No. 85 was withdrawn from circulation . However , WR Kevin Johnson wore No. 85 during his stint in Detroit after asking for and receiving permission from the Hughes family as he had worn that number throughout his professional career . The # 20 was retired specifically for Sanders , even though the retired number was also worn by RB Billy Sims and DB Lem Barney before him , both of whom are also among the top all - time Lions at their positions . The No. 56 was unretired with Schmidt 's blessing when the Lions acquired linebacker Pat Swilling from the Saints . No player has worn it since Swilling left . Special cases : The Lions retired # 93 for the 2009 season after Corey Smith disappeared , presumed dead , when a boat he was fishing in with friends capsized off the Florida coast . The Lions also wore 93 stickers on their helmets that season . Number 93 was assigned to Kyle Vanden Bosch in 2010 . Pro Football Hall of Famers Detroit Lions Hall of Famers Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 20 Lem Barney DB 1967 -- 1977 1992 22 Bobby Layne QB 1950 -- 1958 1967 24 Jack Christiansen DB 1951 -- 1958 1970 44 Dick LeBeau DB 1959 -- 1972 7 Dutch Clark QB Coach 1934 -- 1938 1937 -- 1938 1963 30 Ollie Matson RB 1963 1972 76 Lou Creekmur G / T 1950 -- 1959 39 Hugh McElhenny HB 1964 1970 77 Curley Culp DT 1980 -- 1981 2013 20 Barry Sanders RB 1989 -- 1998 35 Bill Dudley HB 1947 -- 1949 1966 88 Charlie Sanders TE 1968 -- 1977 2007 72 Frank Gatski 1957 1985 56 Joe Schmidt LB Coach 1953 -- 1965 1967 -- 1972 1973 35 John Henry Johnson FB 1957 -- 1959 63 Dick Stanfel OG 1952 -- 1955 2016 81 Dick `` Night Train '' Lane CB 1960 -- 1965 37 Doak Walker HB 1950 -- 1955 1986 28 Yale Lary DB , P 1952 -- 1953 1956 -- 1964 1979 50 Alex Wojciechowicz C , LB 1938 -- 1946 1968 Michigan Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Michigan Sports Hall of Fame Coaches Main article : List of Detroit Lions head coaches Current staff Detroit Lions staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Martha Firestone Ford Vice Chairman -- William Clay Ford Jr . President -- Rod Wood Special Advisor to the President -- Ernie Accorsi COO -- Allison Maki Executive Vice President / General Manager -- Bob Quinn Vice President of Football Administration -- Matt Harriss Vice President of Player Personnel - Kyle O'Brien Director of Player Personnel -- Lance Newmark Director of Pro Scouting -- Brendan Prophett Assistant Director of College Scouting - Dave Sears Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Rob Lohman Head Coaches Head Coach -- Matt Patricia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Jim Bob Cooter Quarterbacks -- George Godsey Running Backs -- David Walker Wide Receivers -- Robert Prince Tight Ends -- Chris White Offensive Line -- Jeff Davidson Assistant Offensive Line - Hank Fraley Offensive Assistant / Quality Control - Brian Picucci Offensive Assistant - Derius Swinton Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Pasqualoni Defensive Line -- Bo Davis Linebackers -- Al Golden Defensive Backs -- Brian Stewart Defensive Quality Control -- Steven Williams Defensive Assistant - Steve Gregory Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Joe Marciano Special Teams Assistant -- Devin Fitzsimmons Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Harold Nash Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Josh Schuler Coaching Administration Chief of Staff / Head Coach Administration - Kevin Anderson Director of Football Research - David Corrao Head Coach Assistant / Research & Analysis -- Evan Rothstein Director of Coaching Operations - Gina Newell → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Divisions and division rivals Main article : NFL Western Conference The Lions have been a part of multiple divisions and have had several division rivals in their existence . Their oldest rivals are the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers , whom they have been paired with in a division since 1933 . The Minnesota Vikings have been in a division with Detroit ever since their inaugural season in 1961 . Other notable longtime division opponents were the Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams ( 29 seasons from 1937 -- 1966 , except for 1943 ) , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 25 seasons from 1977 -- 2001 ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 17 seasons from 1950 -- 1966 ) , the Chicago Cardinals ( 16 seasons from 1933 -- 1949 , except for 1944 ) , and the Baltimore Colts ( 14 seasons from 1953 -- 1966 ) . The Lions also have a preseason rivalry with the Cleveland Browns , dubbed the Great Lakes Classic . The two teams have been playing for The Barge Trophy since 2002 . The Lions and Browns had a solid rivalry in the 1950s , when they met four times for the NFL championship ( Detroit won three of the matchups ) ; they have met much less frequently during the regular season since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger due to the Browns ' move to the AFC . NFL Western Division : 1933 -- 1949 Chicago Bears ( 1933 -- 1949 ) Chicago Cardinals ( 1933 -- 1949 , combined with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1944 as Card - Pitt ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1933 -- 1934 , suspended the final 3 games of 1934 for failing to pay league dues ) Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams ( 1937 -- 1949 , suspended play in 1943 , moved to Los Angeles in 1946 ) Portsmouth Spartans / Detroit Lions ( 1933 -- 1949 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1933 -- 1949 ) St. Louis Gunners ( 1934 , the final 3 games only as a replacement for the suspended Cincinnati Reds ) Card - Pitt ( 1944 , the combined Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh Steelers team ) NFL National Conference : 1950 -- 1952 Baltimore Colts ( 1950 ) Chicago Bears ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Detroit Lions ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1950 -- 1952 ) New York Yanks ( 1950 -- 1951 ) / Dallas Texans ( 1952 ) ( moved from New York to Dallas before folding , not to be confused with the American Football League team with the same name ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1950 -- 1952 ) NFL Western Conference : 1953 -- 1966 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Chicago Bears ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Detroit Lions ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1953 -- 1966 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 ) NFL Central Division : 1967 -- 1969 Chicago Bears ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Detroit Lions ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1967 -- 1969 ) NFC Central : 1970 -- 2001 Chicago Bears ( 1970 -- 2001 ) Detroit Lions ( 1970 -- 2001 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1970 -- 2001 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1970 -- 2001 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1977 -- 2001 ) NFC North : 2002 -- present Chicago Bears ( 2002 -- present ) Detroit Lions ( 2002 -- present ) Green Bay Packers ( 2002 -- present ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2002 -- present ) Radio and television Main article : List of Detroit Lions broadcasters Radio Main article : Detroit Lions Radio Network The Lions ' flagship radio station is WJR 760 AM . Dan Miller does play - by - play , Jim Brandstatter does color commentary , and Tony Ortiz provides sideline reports . The team moved to WJR for the 2016 NFL season , ending a 20 - year relationship with CBS Radio - owned WXYT - FM . The decision to part with WXYT was reportedly instigated by a demand by the team for the station to fire on - air personality Mike Valenti -- who has had a history of making comments critical of the Lions during his drive - time show -- as a condition of any future renewal . A CBS Radio spokesperson stated that their refusal was meant to maintain the station 's integrity . TV Preseason Main article : Detroit Lions Television Network In 2015 , WJBK took over from WXYZ - TV as the flagship station for Lions preseason games . The announcers are Matt Shepard with play - by - play , Rob Rubick and Nate Burleson with color commentary , and FOX2 's Jennifer Hammond with sideline reports . Wraparound shows and preseason games are produced by Fox Sports Detroit which also airs replays of the broadcasts . Regular season Regular season games are broadcast regionally on Fox , except when the Lions play an AFC team in Detroit , in which case the game airs regionally on CBS . The Thanksgiving Day game in Detroit is always televised nationally on either Fox ( odd - numbered years ) or CBS ( even - numbered years ) . The Detroit Lions were the last NFC team to play on NBC 's Sunday Night Football since the network got the rights to air NFL games back in 2006 ( the Lions at Saints game on December 4 , 2011 marked their 1st appearance ) . The Lions ' official regular season pregame show is The Ford Lions Report . Blackouts Main article : National Football League television blackout policies The Lions ' winless performance in 2008 and 2 -- 14 season in 2009 , coupled with the effects of the Great Recession in Michigan , led to several local broadcast blackouts , as local fans did not purchase enough tickets by the 72 - hour blackout deadline . In 2008 , five of the Lions ' final six home games of the season did not sell out , with the Thanksgiving game being the exception . The first blackout in the seven - year history of Ford Field was on October 26 , 2008 , against the Washington Redskins . The previous 50 regular season home games had been sellouts . The second home game of the 2009 season in which the Lions broke the losing streak ( also against the Washington Redskins ) was blacked out locally , as well as the comeback victory over the Cleveland Browns . The Lions had only one blackout in 2010 , yet another Washington Redskins game , which the Lions won 37 -- 25 . However , since 2015 , the NFL suspended its blackout policies , meaning that all Lions games will be shown on local TV , regardless of tickets sold . Games were also often blacked out at the Lions ' previous home , the 80,000 - seat Pontiac Silverdome , despite winning seasons and the success and popularity of star players such as Barry Sanders . See also History of the Detroit Lions NFL on Thanksgiving Day Metro Detroit portal Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Lions Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Lions statement regarding rebranding '' . Detroit Lions . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . The updated logo and new typeface revealed online this morning are elements of a full rebranding which includes the removal of black from our brand identity . The rebrand will culminate with the unveiling of all new uniforms on April 13 . Throughout the rebranding process , we made it a priority to emphasize our classic color combination of Honolulu blue and silver , which has been synonymous with the Detroit Lions since 1934 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Patriots DC Matt Patricia named head coach of Lions '' . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Football Facts to Fake Your Super Bowl Street Cred '' . Jump up ^ Griffith 2012 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2012 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tom Lewand : Lions ' black uniforms discarded '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lions Unveil New Comprehensive Brand ; Team modifies team logo and uniforms and introduces new brand '' . Detroit Lions. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lions unveil new uniforms '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Lions. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/09/09/detroit-lions-jersey-wcf-patch-uniform Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Football Attendance - National Football League - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Lions to retire Smith 's No. 93 in ' 09 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Baskin , Andy ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Baskin : Browns - Lions battle for ' Barge ' trophy '' . WEWS - TV . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schudel , Jeff ( November 22 , 2009 ) . `` Great Lakes Classic has lacked luster since its beginning '' . The Morning Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions - Radio Affiliates '' . Jump up ^ `` CBS Detroit : Lions censorship demands caused split '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Want to listen to the Lions in 2016 ? Tune in to WJR - AM '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Detroit Lions ' game on Sunday will be blacked out locally '' . MLive.com . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/why-the-nfl-finally-lifted-its-blackout-rules-20150326/ Bibliography Griffith , R.D. ( 2012 ) . To the NFL : You Sure Started Somethin ' : A Historical Guide of All 32 NFL Teams and the Cities They 've Played In . Dorrance Publishing Co. , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4349 - 1762 - 1 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Detroit Lions . Official website Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 89 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Michigan Baseball MLB Detroit Tigers ML Great Lakes Loons Lansing Lugnuts West Michigan Whitecaps FL Traverse City Beach Bums NwL Battle Creek Bombers Kalamazoo Growlers USPBL Basketball NBA Detroit Pistons G League Grand Rapids Drive PBL Grand Rapids Cyclones Lake Michigan Admirals NABL Grand Rapids Danger Football NFL Detroit Lions CIF West Michigan Ironmen WFA Detroit Dark Angels Flint City Riveters West Michigan Mayhem IWFL Detroit Pride Hockey NHL Detroit Red Wings AHL Grand Rapids Griffins ECHL Kalamazoo Wings FHL Port Huron Prowlers OHL Flint Firebirds Saginaw Spirit USHL Muskegon Lumberjacks US National Development Team Program NOJHL Soo Eagles USPHL Detroit Fighting Irish Ironwood Fighting Yoopers Lansing Wolves Motor City HC Metro Jets Tri-City Ice Hawks Roller derby WFTDA Ann Arbor Derby Dimes Detroit Roller Derby Grand Raggidy Roller Derby Kalamazoo Derby Darlins Lansing Derby Vixens Soccer PDL Lansing United Michigan Bucks NPSL AFC Ann Arbor Detroit City FC Grand Rapids FC Kalamazoo FC UPSL Carpathia FC Muskegon Risers SC Oakland County FC MASL Waza Flo Ultimate AUDL Detroit Mechanix NCAA Division I Central Michigan Detroit Eastern Michigan Michigan Michigan State Oakland Western Michigan NCAA Division II Davenport University Ferris State ( D-I hockey ) Grand Valley State Hillsdale Lake Superior State ( D-I hockey ) Michigan Tech ( D-I hockey ) Northern Michigan ( D-I hockey ) Northwood Saginaw Valley State Wayne State Allen Park , Michigan Education Primary and secondary schools Allen Park Public Schools Allen Park High School Melvindale -- Northern Allen Park Public Schools Southgate Community School District Cabrini High School Inter-City Baptist School Other Businesses Detroit Lions Landmarks Uniroyal Giant Tire Fairlane Green Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detroit_Lions&oldid=837590246 '' Categories : Detroit Lions American football teams in Detroit American football teams in Michigan Culture of Detroit National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1934 Sports in Pontiac , Michigan 1934 establishments in Michigan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 19 : 58 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit%20Lions	2,607
who sings 99 bottles of beer on the wall			99 bottles of beer	99 bottles of beer	`` 99 Bottles of Beer '' is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century . It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada . It is popular to sing on long trips , as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing . In particular , the song is often sung by children on long bus trips , such as class field trips , or on Scout and / or Girl Guide outings .	Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Andy Kaufman routine 3 Mathematically inspired variants 4 References in computer science 5 See also 6 References Lyrics ( edit ) The song 's lyrics are as follows : 99 bottles of beer on the wall , 99 bottles of beer . Take one down , pass it around , 98 bottles of beer on the wall ... The same verse is repeated , each time with one bottle fewer , until there are none left . Variations on the last verse following the last bottle going down include lines such as : No more bottles of beer on the wall , no more bottles of beer . Go to the store and buy some more , 99 bottles of beer on the wall ... Or : No more bottles of beer on the wall , no more bottles of beer . We 've taken them down and passed them around ; now we 're drunk and passed out ! Another alternate line reads : If that one bottle should happen to fall , what a waste of alcohol ! Andy Kaufman routine ( edit ) The boring and time - consuming nature of the `` 99 Bottles of Beer '' song means that probably only a minority of renditions are done to the final verse . The American comedian Andy Kaufman exploited this fact in the routine early in his career when he would actually sing all 100 verses . Mathematically inspired variants ( edit ) Donald Byrd has collected dozens of variants inspired by mathematical concepts and written by himself and others . ( A subset of his collection has been published . ) Byrd argues that the collection has pedagogic as well as amusement value . Among his variants are : `` Infinity bottles of beer on the wall '' . If one bottle is taken down , there are still infinite bottles of beer on the wall ( thus creating an unending sequence much like `` The Song That Never Ends '' ) . `` Aleph - null bottles of beer on the wall '' . Aleph - null is the size of the set of all natural numbers , and is the smallest infinity and the only countable one ; therefore , even if an infinite aleph - null of bottles fall , the same amount remains . `` Aleph - one / two / three / etc. bottles of beer on the wall '' . Aleph - one , two , three , etc. are uncountable infinite sets , which are larger than countable ones ; therefore , if only a countable infinity of bottles fall , an uncountable number remains . Other versions in Byrd 's collection involve concepts including geometric progressions , differentials , Euler 's identity , complex numbers , summation notation , the Cantor set , the Fibonacci sequence , and the continuum hypothesis , among others . References in computer science ( edit ) The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of O ( log ⁡ N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log N ) ) in his in - joke - article `` The Complexity of Songs '' . Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song . This is analogous to `` Hello , World ! '' programs , with the addition of a loop . As with `` Hello World ! '' , this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming , and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm . The program has been written in over 1500 different programming languages . A simple example using classical BASIC syntax : FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP - 1 PRINT STR ( Bottle ) + '' bottles of beer on the wall , `` + STR ( Bottle ) + '' bottles of beer '' PRINT `` Take one down and pass it around , `` + STR ( Bottle - 1 ) + '' bottles of beer on the wall '' NEXT Bottle See also ( edit ) Drinking song `` Ten Green Bottles '' -- a similar song which is popular in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyberg , Tim ( 2006 ) . 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall : The Complete Lyrics . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 6074 - 7 . Jump up ^ Baird , Kevin C. ( 2007 ) . Ruby by example : concepts and code . No Starch Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59327 - 148 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/122399/enc_S1223_Pa.html Andy Kaufman 's 99 Bottles . Retrieved 15 Sep 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Donald ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Infinite Bottles of Beer : Mathematical Concepts with Epsilon Pain , Or : A Cantorial Approach to Cantorian Arithmetic and Other Mathematical Melodies '' ( PDF ) . Indiana University , School of Informatics . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Donald Byrd ( 2010 ) . `` Infinite Bottles of Beer : A cantorial approach to Cantorian arithmetic and other mathematical melodies '' . Math Horizons : 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Team , 99 Bottles of Beer . `` 99 Bottles of Beer - Start '' . www.99-bottles-of-beer.net . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99_Bottles_of_Beer&oldid=852319091 '' Categories : American folk songs Traditional children 's songs Drinking songs Songs about alcohol Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99%20Bottles%20of%20Beer	2,608
why was the american bandstand an important part of television			American Bandstand	american bandstand	American Bandstand is an American music - performance show that aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989 and was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark , who also served as producer . The show featured teenagers dancing to Top 40 music introduced by Clark ; at least one popular musical act -- over the decades , running the gamut from Jerry Lee Lewis to Run -- D.M.C. -- would usually appear in person to lip - sync one of their latest singles . Freddy `` Boom Boom '' Cannon holds the record for most appearances , at 110 .	The show 's popularity helped Dick Clark become an American media mogul and inspired similar long - running music programs , such as Soul Train and Top of the Pops . Clark eventually assumed ownership of the program through his Dick Clark Productions company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Program features 2.1 Rate - a-Record 2.2 Hosts 2.3 Theme music 3 Changes to Bandstand 3.1 Early changes 3.2 Move from Philadelphia to Los Angeles 3.3 Move from ABC to syndication and the USA Network 4 Civil rights movement and social impact 5 American Bandstand Anniversary Specials 6 50th anniversary 7 Revival plans 8 Episode status 9 Legacy 10 References in popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) Dick Clark talks to Myrna Horowitz , one of the original dancers when the program began in 1952 , on the show 's 17th anniversary in 1970 . American Bandstand premiered locally in late March 1950 as Bandstand on Philadelphia television station WFIL - TV Channel 6 ( now WPVI - TV ) , as a replacement for a weekday movie that had shown predominantly British films . Hosted by Bob Horn as a television adjunct to his radio show of the same name on WFIL radio , Bandstand mainly featured short musical films produced by Snader Telescriptions and Official Films , with occasional studio guests . This incarnation was an early predecessor of sorts of the music video shows that became popular in the 1980s , featuring films that are themselves the ancestors of music videos . Horn , however , was disenchanted with the program , so he wanted to have the show changed to a dance program , with teenagers dancing along on camera as the records played , based on an idea that came from a radio show on WPEN , The 950 Club , hosted by Joe Grady and Ed Hurst . This more - familiar version of Bandstand debuted on October 7 , 1952 in `` Studio ' B ' , '' which was located in their just - completed addition to the original 1947 building in West Philadelphia ( 4548 Market Street ) , and was hosted by Horn , with Lee Stewart as co-host until 1955 . Stewart was the owner of a TV / Radio business in Philadelphia and even though he was an older gentleman , his advertising account was a large one for WFIL - TV at the time and was put on the program to appease the account . As WFIL grew financially and the account became less important , Stewart was n't needed and was eventually dropped from the program . Tony Mammarella was the original producer with Ed Yates as director . The short Snader and Official music films continued in the short term , mainly to fill gaps as they changed dancers during the show -- a necessity , as the studio could not fit more than 200 teenagers . On July 9 , 1956 , Horn was fired after a drunk - driving arrest , as WFIL and dual owner Walter Annenberg 's The Philadelphia Inquirer at the time were doing a series on drunken driving . He was also reportedly involved in a prostitution ring and brought up on morals charges . Horn was temporarily replaced by producer Tony Mammarella before the job went to Dick Clark permanently . In late spring of 1956 , the ABC television network asked their O&O 's and affiliates for programming suggestions to fill their 3 : 30 p.m. ( ET ) time slot ( WFIL had been pre-empting the ABC programming with Bandstand ) . Clark decided to pitch the show to ABC president Thomas W. Moore , and after some badgering the show was picked up nationally , becoming American Bandstand on August 5 , 1957 . One show from this first season ( December 18 , 1957 , indicated as the `` Second National Telecast '' ) is now in the archives of Chicago 's Museum of Broadcast Communications . `` Studio ' B ' '' measured 80'x42'x24 ' , but appeared smaller due to the number of props , television cameras , and risers that were used for the show . It was briefly shot in color in 1958 when WFIL - TV began experimenting with the then - new technology . Due to a combination of factors that included the size of the studio , the need to have as much space available for the teenagers to dance , and the size of the color camera compared to the black - and - white models , it was only possible to have one RCA TK - 41 where three RCA TK - 10s had been used before . WFIL went back to the TK - 10s two weeks later when ABC refused to carry the color signal and management realized that the show lost something without the extra cameras . Program features ( edit ) Rate - a-Record ( edit ) Clark would often interview the teenagers about their opinions of the songs being played , most memorably through the `` Rate - a-Record '' segment . During the segment , two audience members each ranked two records on a scale of 35 to 98 , after which the two opinions were averaged by Clark , who then asked the audience members to justify their scores . The segment gave rise , perhaps apocryphally , to the phrase `` It 's got a good beat and you can dance to it . '' In one humorous segment broadcast for years on retrospective shows , comedians Cheech and Chong appeared as the record raters . Featured artists typically performed their current hits by lip - syncing to the released version of the song . Hosts ( edit ) The only person to ever co-host the show with Dick Clark was Donna Summer , who joined him to present a special episode dedicated to the release of the Casablanca film Thank God It 's Friday on 27 May 1978 . From the late 1950s and most of the 1960s , Clark 's on - camera sidekick was announcer Charlie O'Donnell , who later went on to announce Wheel of Fortune and other programs hosted or produced by Clark , such as The $100,000 Pyramid . During this time , there were occasionally shows that were not hosted by Clark , in which case a substitute host ( among them being Rick Azar ) would be brought in to host in Clark 's stead . Theme music ( edit ) Bandstand originally used `` High Society '' by Artie Shaw as its theme song , but by the time the show went national , it had been replaced by various arrangements of Charles Albertine 's `` Bandstand Boogie , '' including Larry Elgart 's big - band recording remembered by viewers of the daily version . From 1969 to 1974 , `` Bandstand Theme , '' a synthesized rock instrumental written by Mike Curb , opened each show . From 1974 to 1977 , there was a newer , orchestral disco version of `` Bandstand Boogie , '' arranged and performed by Joe Porter , played during the opening and closing credits . From 1977 to the end of its ABC run in 1987 , the show opened and closed with Barry Manilow 's rendition of `` Bandstand Boogie , '' which he originally recorded for his 1975 album Tryin ' to Get the Feeling . This version introduced lyrics written by Manilow and Bruce Sussman , referencing elements of the series . The previous theme was retained as bumper music . The Manilow version was replaced by an updated instrumental arrangement of `` Bandstand Boogie '' when Bandstand went into syndication , arranged by David Russo . From 1974 to the end of the ABC run in 1987 , Bandstand featured another instrumental at its mid-show break : Billy Preston 's synth hit `` Space Race . '' Changes to Bandstand ( edit ) Early changes ( edit ) When ABC picked up the game show Do You Trust Your Wife ? from CBS in November 1957 , they renamed the program as Who Do You Trust ? and scheduled the program at 3 : 30PM ET -- almost in the middle of Bandstand . Instead of shortening or moving Bandstand , ABC opted to just begin Bandstand at 3PM , cut away to Who Do You Trust ? at 3 : 30PM , then rejoin Bandstand at 4PM . In Philadelphia , however , WFIL opted to tape - delay the game show for later broadcast in another time slot , and to continue on with Bandstand , though only for the local audience . Ticket for a broadcast in 1962 , when the show was still in Philadelphia . A half - hour evening version of American Bandstand aired on Monday nights from 7 : 30 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. ( ET ) , beginning on October 7 , 1957 . It preceded The Guy Mitchell Show . Both were ratings disasters . Dick Clark later stated that he knew the prime - time edition would fail because its core audience -- teenagers and housewives -- was occupied with other interests in the evenings . The Monday - night version aired its last program in December 1957 , but ABC gave Clark a Saturday - night time slot for The Dick Clark Saturday Night Beech - Nut Show , which originated from the Little Theatre in Manhattan , beginning on February 15 , 1958 . The Saturday show would run until 1960 . The program was broadcast live , weekday afternoons and , by 1959 , the show had a national audience of 20 million . In the fall of 1961 , ABC truncated American Bandstand 's airtime from 90 to 60 minutes ( 4 : 00 -- 5 : 00pm ET ) , then even further as a daily half - hour ( 4 : 00 -- 4 : 30pm ET ) program in September 1962 ; beginning in early 1963 , all five shows for the upcoming week were videotaped the preceding Saturday . The use of videotape allowed Clark to produce and host a series of concert tours around the success of American Bandstand and to pursue other broadcast interests . On September 7 , 1963 , the program was moved from its weekday slot and began airing weekly every Saturday afternoon , restored to an hour , until 1989 . Move from Philadelphia to Los Angeles ( edit ) Production of the show moved from Philadelphia to the ABC Television Center in Los Angeles ( now known as The Prospect Studios ) on February 8 , 1964 , which coincidentally was the same weekend that WFIL - TV moved from 46th and Market to their then - new facility on City Line Avenue as well as the day before the Beatles first appeared on The Ed Sullivan show . The program was permanently in color from September 9 , 1967 . The typical production schedule consisted of videotaping three shows on a Saturday and three shows on a Sunday , every six weeks . The shows were usually produced in either Stage 54 or Stage 55 at ABC Television Center . For a brief time in 1973 , Bandstand alternated its time slot with Soul Unlimited , a show featuring soul music that was hosted by Buster Jones . Soul Unlimited was not well - received among its target audience of African - Americans , ostensibly due to its being created by a white man ( Clark ) , and because of its alleged usage of deliberately racial overtones despite this fact . Don Cornelius , the creator and host of Soul Train , along with Jesse Jackson , entered into a dispute with Clark over this upstart program , and it was canceled within a few weeks . Set pieces from Soul Unlimited were utilized by Bandstand for its 1974 -- 1978 set design . During the 1978 season of Bandstand , Donna Summer became the only music artist in Bandstand 's history to co-host the program . Move from ABC to syndication and the USA network ( edit ) As Bandstand moved towards the 1980s , the ratings began to decline . Many factors were involved in this , particularly the launch of MTV and other music programs on television , and along with that , the number of ABC affiliates opting to pre-empt or delay the program . The increase in competition hurt Bandstand and the variety of options for music on TV decreased its relevance . The other reason was that American Bandstand was pre-empted on many occasions by televised college football games ( which expanded greatly in number in the wake of a court - ordered deregulation in 1984 ) which were becoming huge ratings successes , as well as occasional special presentations ( i.e. unsold game show pilots ) . Making matters worse , for the 1986 -- 87 season , ABC reduced Bandstand from a full hour to 30 minutes ; at Clark 's request , the 2,751 st and final ABC installment ( with Laura Branigan performing `` Shattered Glass '' ) aired on September 5 , 1987 . Two weeks later , Bandstand moved to first - run syndication , restored to its former hour length , and videotaped at KCET 's Studio B . The show 's new set was similar to that of Soul Train . Clark continued as host of the series , which primarily aired on NBC affiliates ( including KYW - TV , in the show 's former Philadelphia base ) , from September 19 , 1987 until June 4 , 1988 ; it was distributed by LBS Communications . After a ten - month hiatus , Bandstand moved to USA Network on April 8 , 1989 , with comedian David Hirsch taking over hosting duties . In another format shift , it was shot outdoors at Universal Studios Hollywood . Clark remained as executive producer . This version was canceled after 26 weeks , and its final show ( with The Cover Girls performing `` My Heart Skips a Beat '' and `` We Ca n't Go Wrong '' ) aired on October 7 , 1989 . Civil Rights movement and social impact ( edit ) With American Bandstand being originally located in Philadelphia , segregation easily affected the concentrated area . `` With Bandstand , WFIL resolved this tension by drawing on Philadelphia 's interracial music scene to create an entertaining and profitable television show , while refusing to allow the city 's black teenagers into the studio audience for fear of alienating viewers and advertisers . Like the white homeowners associations ' concerns about property values , WFIL 's version of defensive localism built on a belief that integration would hurt the station 's investment in Bandstand . '' WFIL defended these local associations in order to maintain support . Once the program went national in Los Angeles , new host Dick Clark decided that integration was the most responsible move . History goes back and forth with the timing and motives of the integration , but nevertheless , American Bandstand socially impacted teenagers ' opinions regarding race . American Bandstand Anniversary Specials ( edit ) American Bandstand 20th Anniversary ( 1973 ) American Bandstand 25th Anniversary ( 1977 ) American Bandstand 30th Anniversary ( 1982 ) American Bandstand 33 1 / 3 Celebration ( 1985 ) American Bandstand 40th Anniversary ( 1992 ) 50th anniversary ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2011 ) American Bandstand 's 50th anniversary reunion in 2002 . In 2002 , Dick Clark hosted a special 50th anniversary edition . Michael Jackson , a frequent Bandstand guest , performed `` Dangerous '' . The Village People performed their legendary song , `` YMCA '' for the audience in Pasadena , California . Other performers including Brandy , members of KISS , Dennis Quaid and his band The Sharks , Cher , and Stevie Wonder also performed to remember the iconic program . Revival plans ( edit ) In 2004 , Dick Clark , with the help of Ryan Seacrest , announced plans to revive the show in time for the 2005 season ; although this did not occur ( due in part to Clark suffering a severe stroke in late 2004 ) , one segment of the revived Bandstand -- a national dance contest -- eventually became the series So You Think You Can Dance . Dick Clark Productions is credited as the show 's co-producer , and longtime employee Allen Shapiro serves as co-executive producer . While the American series has aired thirteen seasons , its format was also replicated worldwide , from Norway ( Dansefeber ) to Australia ( So You Think You Can Dance Australia ) . Episode status ( edit ) 883 Episodes Exist . Legacy ( edit ) American Bandstand played a crucial role in introducing Americans to such famous artists as Prince , Jackson 5 , Sonny and Cher , Aerosmith , and John Lydon 's PiL -- all of whom made their American TV debuts on the show . American Bandstand was a daily ritual for many teenagers throughout the nation . The Top 40 hits that everyone heard were matched with fun routines performed by relatable teenagers . It became a staple in homes and heavily influenced American society culturally , musically , and socially . It also was a prototype for musical television properties including cable channel MTV and Fox 's reality - competition show American Idol . References in popular culture ( edit ) In his song Sweet Little Sixteen recorded 1957 , Chuck Berry name - checks the show with the lyric `` Cause they 'll be rocking on Bandstand in Philadelphia , PA '' . The show was featured prominently in the 2002 -- 2005 NBC - TV drama series American Dreams , which like Bandstand was executive produced by Dick Clark . In a 2005 episode , Eddie Kelly and Bunny Gibson -- one of the most famous couples to appear on American Bandstand in the Philadelphia years -- were the only two to make cameo appearances on the acclaimed TV series . Along with that , Kelly and Gibson were named a number of times in the script , and Kelly referred to in the last episode . Actor Paul D. Roberts made frequent appearances as Dick Clark , while Michael Burger played announcer Charlie O'Donnell . Clark frequently provided voice - overs as his younger self . In the film Escape from New York , the theme song is heard while in the cab and near the end when Snake Plisskin takes out the President 's address and replaces it with the tape that had the American Bandstand theme . In the animated TV series King of the Hill while Bobby is cleaning the gutters on the roof he is attacked by a bird . Hank hears him stomping around and shouts `` It 's a roof , not American Bandstand ! '' The live national program National Bandstand in the musical Grease , was an ode to the American Bandstand . Pam Tillis ' video for her 1994 cover of `` When You Walk in the Room '' depicted a mid-1960s performance on American Bandstand , and featured a voiceover by Dick Clark . In the quarterfinals of season 7 of America 's Got Talent , contestant Ulysses performed a cover of the American Bandstand theme song . In episode 4089 of Sesame Street , there was a parody of American Bandstand called `` American Fruit Stand '' where a duck named `` Duck Clark '' hosted the program . It featured Miles singing songs about fruits to the tune of famous oldies songs such as `` Johnny B. Goode '' , `` Twist and Shout '' , and `` I Feel Good '' . The lyric video for Sia 's song `` Cheap Thrills '' features a show reminiscent of American Bandstand . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal List of acts who appeared on American Bandstand Bandstand , Australian version loosely based on the American version The Buddy Deane Show Soul Train The Clay Cole Show Electric Circus Dick Clark References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` American Bandstand Timeline '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ pharis-video.com/p2853.htm Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Y9IBwihU4w#t=02m39s Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( April 19 , 2012 ) . Top of newscast salutes to Clark deserved . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oldenburg , Ann . `` TV legend Dick Clark dies at age 82 '' , USA Today , April 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` AB now in syndication : Jody Watley , Dan Hill , David Spade '' . TV.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Bandstand , Season 30 , Episode 38 : Laura Brannigan ( Final ABC show ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AB moves to USA network '' . TV.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Series Finale - American Bandstand '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final American Bandstand : The Cover Girls '' . TV.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Delmont , Matthew F. ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Bandstand 's Backyard '' . http://nicestkids.com/nehvectors/nicest-kids/bandstands-backyard . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering American Bandstand 's 50th ( Photos ) '' . wcbsfm.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bandstand and its Legacy '' . scripts.cac.psu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Matthew F. Delmont , The Nicest Kids in Town : American Bandstand , Rock'n'Roll , and the Struggle for Civil Rights in 1950s Philadelphia . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2012 . Murray Forman , One Night on TV is Worth Weeks at the Paramount : Popular Music on Early Television . Durham , NC : Duke University Press , 2012 . External links ( edit ) American Bandstand on IMDb American Bandstand at TV.com The Museum of Broadcast Communications -- American Bandstand http://nicestkids.com/nehvectors/nicest-kids/index Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1960s First - run animated series Rocky and His Friends ( 1959 -- 73 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) Hoppity Hooper ( 1964 -- 67 ) The Beatles ( 1965 -- 69 ) The Porky Pig Show Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales Milton the Monster ( 1965 -- 68 ) The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 69 ) Fantastic Four ( 1967 -- 70 ) Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1967 -- 69 ) George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Hardy Boys ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) First - run live - action series Lunch with Soupy Sales ( 1959 -- 61 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam ( 1962 -- 64 ) Discovery ( 1962 -- 71 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Shenanigans ( 1964 -- 65 ) Rebroadcasts Top Cat ( 1962 -- 63 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1962 -- 68 ) My Friend Flicka The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 64 ) Beany and Cecil ( 1962 -- 88 ) Buffalo Bill , Jr . Annie Oakley The Magilla Gorilla Show Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1970s First - run animated series The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down ( 1970 -- 72 ) The Road Runner Show ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Funky Phantom ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Jackson 5ive ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Osmonds ( 1972 -- 74 ) The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie ( 1972 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 74 ) Kid Power ( 1972 -- 74 ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 -- 75 ) Super Friends ( 1973 -- 74 ) Lassie 's Rescue Rangers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Goober and the Ghost Chasers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Mission : Magic ! ( 1973 -- 74 ) Hong Kong Phooey ( 1974 -- 76 ) The New Adventures of Gilligan ( 1974 -- 77 ) Devlin ( 1974 -- 76 ) These Are the Days ( 1974 -- 76 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 -- 77 ) The Great Grape Ape Show ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Oddball Couple ( 1975 -- 77 ) Jabberjaw ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Mumbly Cartoon Show ( 1976 -- 77 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics ( The Scooby - Doo Show Laff - A-Lympics Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ) ( 1977 -- 79 ) Fangface ( 1978 -- 79 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 -- 79 ) The All - New Pink Panther Show ( 1978 -- 79 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) First - run live - action series American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp ( 1970 -- 72 ) Here Come the Double Deckers ( 1970 -- 72 ) Lidsville ( 1971 -- 73 ) Curiosity Shop ( 1971 -- 73 ) Make a Wish ( 1971 -- 76 ) Korg : 70,000 B.C. ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 -- 76 ) Uncle Croc 's Block ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 -- 78 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy Dr. Shrinker Electra Woman and Dyna Girl Wonderbug Junior Almost Anything Goes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Rebroadcasts George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) Bewitched ( 1972 -- 73 ) Jonny Quest ( 1970 -- 72 ) H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Monkees ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1972 ) The Roman Holidays ( 1972 ) Speed Buggy ( 1976 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1978 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1980s First - run animated series The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Fangface Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ( 1977 -- 80 ) Super Friends ( 1980 - 82 ) The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang ( 1980 -- 82 ) Richie Rich ( 1980 -- 84 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( shorts ) ( 1980 -- 83 ) Thundarr the Barbarian ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Heathcliff and Dingbat Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) Laverne & Shirley in the Army ( 1981 -- 82 ) Goldie Gold and Action Jack ( 1981 -- 82 ) Pac - Man ( 1982 -- 84 ) The Little Rascals ( 1982 -- 84 ) Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Puppy 's Further Adventures ( 1982 -- 84 ) Monchhichis ( 1983 -- 84 ) Rubik , the Amazing Cube ( 1983 -- 85 ) The Littles ( 1983 -- 86 ) Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ( 1984 -- 85 ) Mighty Orbots ( 1984 -- 85 ) Turbo Teen ( 1984 -- 85 ) Dragon 's Lair ( 1984 -- 85 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 85 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 87 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 -- 86 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) The Care Bears ( 1986 -- 88 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 89 ) The Real Ghostbusters ( 1986 -- 91 ) Pound Puppies ( 1986 -- 87 ) My Pet Monster ( 1987 -- 88 ) The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ( 1988 -- 93 ) Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( 1989 -- 90 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 92 ) First - run live - action series ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Menudo on ABC ( 1983 -- 85 ) ABC Funfit ( 1985 ) ABC Fun Facts ( 1988 ) Rebroadcasts The Best of Scooby - Doo ( 1983 -- 84 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1986 ) The Wuzzles ( 1986 -- 87 ) Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related programming and topics Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. 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when will olaf's frozen adventure be on dvd	The film was made available in the digital format on December 19 , 2017 , while in the UK it was released as a Tesco - exclusive DVD on December 7 , 2017 .	December 7 , 2017	Olaf 's Frozen Adventure	olaf's frozen adventure	Olaf 's Frozen Adventure is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated featurette , produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers , who previously directed the holiday - themed Prep and Landing shorts . The film features the voices of Josh Gad , Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , and Jonathan Groff reprising their roles from the original 2013 film Frozen . It premiered in 3D in theaters for a limited time engagement in front of Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 , and made its television debut on ABC on December 14 , 2017 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception as pre-Coco short 5.2 Reception as Frozen TV special 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) It is the first Christmas season since the gates reopened and Anna and Elsa host a celebration for all of Arendelle . When the townspeople unexpectedly leave early to enjoy their individual holiday customs , the sisters realize they have no family traditions of their own . Elsa laments the fact that because she had isolated herself most of her life , she and Anna were unable to spend time with each other . Olaf decides to look for traditions with Sven 's help . Going through the town , Olaf encounters various family traditions relating to Christmas , Hanukkah and Winter solstice . After a visit to Oaken , Olaf , Sven and their sleigh full of traditions travel through the snowy tundra only for a coal ( from a portable sauna given to them by Oaken ) to set the sleigh on fire . They slide down a hill and Olaf and Sven end up separated by a chasm . With only a fruit cake , Olaf attempts to travel through the woods and is attacked by wolves . Meanwhile , Anna and Elsa discover some forgotten items in their attic where they find things from their past . Sven returns to Kristoff and informs him ( in vain ) , Anna , and Elsa of Olaf 's plight . They gather the residents of Arendelle to go look for Olaf . Elsewhere , Olaf manages to escape the wolves , but loses the fruit cake to a hawk and gives up by a tree not too far from the kingdom . Anna and Elsa find him and cheer him up by revealing that they do have a tradition : After Elsa had shut herself away for years , Anna began annually sliding cards and dolls of their snowman , Olaf , under her door . As they all celebrate the holidays , the hawk drops the fruit cake on Olaf . Upon getting the fruit cake back , Olaf declares it `` A Christmas miracle ! '' Cast ( edit ) Josh Gad as Olaf , a talking snowman who was magically created by Elsa in the first film . He serves as the titular protagonist of the short film . Kristen Bell as Anna , the younger of the two sisters , the Princess of Arendelle , and Kristoff 's girlfriend . Idina Menzel as Elsa , the elder of the two sisters and Queen of Arendelle . Eva Bella as Young Elsa Jonathan Groff as Kristoff , an ice seller and Anna 's boyfriend . Chris Williams as Oaken , the owner of Wandering Oaken 's Trading Post and Sauna . John de Lancie as Mr. Olsen Lauri Fraser as Mrs. Olsen Stevie Wermers as Candy Cane Mother Benjamin Deters as Candy Cane Kid Kate Anderson as Norwegian Cookie Lady & Cat Lady Elyssa Samsel as Kittens Production ( edit ) On February 9 , 2016 , the short film was announced as a television special , to be aired on ABC , produced by Roy Conli , and directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers . The title was revealed during the airing of The Making of Frozen : Return to Arendelle on ABC in 2016 , and it was announced that it would feature original songs by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson , the sister of Frozen songwriter Kristen Anderson - Lopez . However , in June 2017 , it was announced that the film would instead receive a limited time theatrical release in front of Disney Pixar 's Coco , as it was deemed too cinematic for television . The main original cast , Josh Gad , Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , and Jonathan Groff , returned , and the story follows Olaf as he tries to find the best holiday traditions for Anna , Elsa , and Kristoff . The music was recorded by an 80 - piece orchestra in May 2017 . The short was the filmmakers ' first musical . They noted the requirement to keep the plot `` pretty simple '' , and commented that they removed anything that diverted too much from that story . The fruitcake jokes in the short are a continuing motif from the filmmakers ' previous project Prep & Landing . As they crafted the story , the Frozen team had barely started sketching out the plot of Frozen 2 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 3 , 2017 Length 25 : 40 Label Walt Disney Records Producer Elyssa Samsel Kate Anderson Christophe Beck Jeff Morrow There are four original songs in the film , written by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson , titled `` Ring in the Season '' , `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' , `` That Time of Year '' and `` When We 're Together '' . Film 's score has been composed by Christophe Beck and Jeff Morrow . The full soundtrack was released on November 3 , 2017 by Walt Disney Records . Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ring in the Season '' Kristen Bell Idina Menzel Josh Gad 1 : 58 2 . `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' Jonathan Groff 0 : 44 3 . `` Ring in the Season '' ( Reprise ) Idina Menzel 1 : 16 4 . `` That Time of Year '' Josh Gad Idina Menzel Kristen Bell Cast 3 : 03 5 . `` That Time of Year '' ( Reprise ) Josh Gad 0 : 52 6 . `` When We 're Together '' Idina Menzel Kristen Bell Josh Gad Jonathan Groff 2 : 50 7 . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure '' ( Score Suite ) Christophe Beck Jeff Morrow 4 : 27 8 . `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' ( Traditional Version ) Groff 3 : 06 9 . `` Ring in the Season '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Elyssa Samsel Kate Anderson 1 : 58 10 . `` That Time of Year '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Samsel Anderson 3 : 02 11 . `` When We 're Together '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Samsel Anderson 2 : 49 Total length : 25 : 40 Release ( edit ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure was released by Walt Disney Pictures in 3D in theaters as a limited time offering on November 22 , 2017 , preceding screenings of Pixar 's Coco . In the UK , it was shown before re-releases of Frozen on November 25 and 26 , and December 2 and 3 , 2017 . On November 23 , Disney announced the release of Olaf 's Frozen Adventure on Disney 's cable television channels in Latin America , along with Netflix , on December 8 , and later on Mexican channels Azteca 7 and 13 . Coco co-director Adrian Molina said that the short 's placement before Coco was an `` experiment '' due to its length . It ended its limited time run in US screenings on December 8 . Due to its brevity , the film was released as a matinee in Gibraltar , after which the 2013 film Frozen was also shown . Reception as pre-Coco short ( edit ) The week after Coco 's release in Mexico , local media noted audiences ' strong dislike for the length of the short film . A few days later , all cinemas in Mexico offered apologies for it , and removed the short film from exhibition . American audiences had a similar reaction . It was reported that some theaters put warning signs up about the length of the Frozen short ahead of Coco . The Disney Movies Review felt that the choice to put a franchise - expander in the short film slot prevented a Pixar animator from sharing their unique cultural and creative voice . The Washington Post argued that the `` emotionally complex work , '' of Pixar becomes jarring when paired with the `` truly silly jokes and big , showy production numbers '' of the short film . Mashable 's review focused on the placement of the short before Coco , and deemed it a `` horrendous waste of time '' . Reception as Frozen tv special ( edit ) The short made its television debut on ABC on December 14 , 2017 , as part of 25 Days of Christmas . It was viewed by 5.64 million viewers . Reviewers began to review the film as a television special rather than a pre-Coco short and had a favorable reception to it as part of the Frozen franchise . Simon Boyle of The Sun wrote that the short film `` does n't disappoint '' , adding it `` provides a perfect bridge to the hotly anticipated full sequel '' . Indiwire deemed the short a `` bridge '' and a `` setup '' to Frozen 2 , while The Mirror felt it would `` tide fans over '' until the next feature length installment of the franchise . Meanwhile , KSDK thought it was `` an ' Adventure ' worth taking , '' and Slashfilm wrote that `` When We 're Together '' had the potential to be 2017 's version of `` Let It Go '' . Slate noted the short film 's overt commercialism , and also thought it committed the well - trodden sin of turning a comedic side - character into the star , describing it as an `` increasingly desperate one - man show '' . However , the reviewer felt ultimately won over by the music , animation , and heartwarming conclusion . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best Animated Special Production Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Production Christopher Hendryx , Dan Lund , Mike Navarro , Hiroaki Narita , Steven Chitwood Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Elyssa Samsel , Kate Anderson , Christophe Beck Nominated Home media ( edit ) The film was made available in the digital format on December 19 , 2017 , while in the UK it was released as a Tesco - exclusive DVD on December 7 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck Scoring Disney 's Olaf 's Frozen Adventure '' . Film Music Reporter . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer Returns to the World of Frozen '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Makes Broadcast Television Debut on ABC , 12 / 14 '' . broadwayworld.com . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC to Air FROZEN Holiday Special in 2017 ; Idina Menzel , Kristen Bell & Josh Gad to Return ! '' . Broadway world . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Q&A : John Lasseter Debuts New ' Frozen ' First Look '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Directors Kevin Deters & Stevie Wermers - Skelton on Crafting the Featurette '' . Collider. 2017 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( Various Artists ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Soundtrack Out Today '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.milenio.com/hey/television/cortometraje-olaf-frozen-disney_channel-netflix-milenio-noticias_0_1072092922.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Olaf 's adventures gets Frozen out of Coco screenings this Christmas '' . Metro. 2017 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pddig , Carolyn ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Pulling Frozen Short Before Coco '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King 's Bastion Cinemas , Gibraltar , Europe Jump up ^ `` Espectadores molestos por el corto de Frozen previo a Coco '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Digital , Milenio ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Esto es lo peor de ' Coco ' según usuarios de redes sociales '' . Milenio.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barco , Uriel ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : El detalle que está enfureciendo a las personas que ven la película '' . DailyTrend.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Enelshow , Redacción ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Usuarios en redes molestos por el corto de ' Frozen ' que sale antes de ' Coco ' '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tras quejas , se verá `` Coco '' sin corto de `` Frozen '' `` . El Universal ( Mexico City ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cadenas de cines te escuchan : verás ' Coco ' sin el corto de Frozen '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Short Showing Before ' Coco ' Gets Cold Reception '' . newsmax.com. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporters , Telegraph ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) . `` New 21 - minute Olaf short angers Frozen fans at US Coco screenings '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Hurting Pixar 's Creativity ? - The Disney Movie Review '' . The Disney Movie Review . 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/comicriffs . `` Perspective Here 's why that irritating Olaf short film does n't work as a lead - in to ' Coco ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beckman , Brittany Levine . `` ' Frozen ' short ahead of ' Coco ' is a horrendous waste of time '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ CS ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure to Debut on ABC December 14 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` SNOW BUSINESS Olaf 's Frozen Adventure gives fans a perfect helping of Disney magic this Christmas '' . thesun.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill . `` Disney Short ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Is a Bridge to ' Frozen 2 ' IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Methven , Nicola ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Frozen mini film spin - off to tide Olaf fans over until sequel arrives '' . mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rest easy , ' Frozen ' fans : Disney 's Olaf - centric short is an ' Adventure ' worth taking '' . KSDK . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Video : Is This The New `` Let It Go '' ? `` . Slashfilm. 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Disney 's New Frozen Short , Or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Olaf the Snowman '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Plus 6 Disney Tales , Retrieved 12 - 19 - 17 Jump up ^ Digital Review : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure -- Includes 6 Disney Tales , Retrieved 12 - 19 - 17 Jump up ^ The Sun : Joy for Frozen fans as Disney confirms spin - off DVD that goes on sale tomorrow External links ( edit ) Official website Olaf 's Frozen Adventure on IMDb Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( Original Soundtrack ) on iTunes Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' `` Monster ( Disney song ) '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Category Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney Christmas films Theatrical shorts Empty Socks ( 1927 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) Broken Toys ( 1935 ) Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) Theatrical features Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Direct - to - video Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Made for TV Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice ( special , 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf%27s_Frozen_Adventure&oldid=831847330 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2017 computer - animated films American animated short films Animated comedy films American animated fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films Animated musical films American musical fantasy films American short films Frozen ( franchise ) Disney animated short films , 2010s Films set in a fictional Northern European country Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 13 : 33 . 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who came in 2nd in the kentucky derby	Year Winner Second Third Fourth Starters 2018 Justify † Good Magic Audible Instilled Regard 20 2017 Always Dreaming Lookin At Lee Battle of Midway Classic Empire 20 2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Gun Runner Mohaymen 20 2015 American Pharoah † Firing Line Dortmund Frosted 18 2014 California Chrome Commanding Curve Danza Wicked Strong 19 2013 Orb Golden Soul Revolutionary Normandy Invasion 19 2012 I 'll Have Another Bodemeister Dullahan Went The Day Well 20 2011 Animal Kingdom Nehro Mucho Macho Man Shackleford 19 Super Saver Ice Box Paddy O'Prado Make Music for Me 20 2009 Mine That Bird Pioneerof the Nile Musket Man Papa Clem 19 2008 Big Brown Eight Belles Denis of Cork Tale of Ekati 20 2007 Street Sense Hard Spun Curlin Imawildandcrazyguy 20 2006 Barbaro Bluegrass Cat Steppenwolfer Jazil 20 2005 Giacomo Closing Argument Afleet Alex Do n't Get Mad 20 Smarty Jones Lion Heart Imperialism Limehouse 18 2003 Funny Cide Empire Maker Peace Rules Atswhatimtalkinbout 16 2002 War Emblem Proud Citizen Perfect Drift Medaglia d'Oro 18 2001 Monarchos Invisible Ink Congaree Thunder Blitz 17 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Aptitude Impeachment More Than Ready 19 1999 Charismatic Menifee Cat Thief Prime Timber 19 1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Indian Charlie Halory Hunter 15 1997 Silver Charm Captain Bodgit Free House Pulpit 13 Grindstone Cavonnier Prince of Thieves Halo Sunshine 19 1995 Thunder Gulch Tejano Run Timber Country Jumron 19 1994 Go for Gin Strodes Creek Blumin Affair Brocco 14 1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Wild Gale Personal Hope 19 1992 Lil E. Tee Casual Lies Dance Floor Conte Di Savoya 18 1991 Strike the Gold Best Pal Mane Minister Green Alligator 16 1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Pleasant Tap Video Ranger 15 1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Awe Inspiring Dansil 15 1988 Winning Colors Forty Niner Risen Star Proper Reality 17 Alysheba Bet Twice Avies Copy Cryptoclearance 17 1986 Ferdinand Bold Arrangement Broad Brush Rampage 16 1985 Spend A Buck Stephan 's Odyssey Chief 's Crown Fast Account 13 1984 * Swale Coax Me Chad At The Threshold Fali Time 20 Sunny 's Halo Desert Wine Caveat Slew o ' Gold 20 1982 Gato Del Sol Laser Light Reinvested Water Bank 19 1981 Pleasant Colony Woodchopper Partez Classic Go Go 21 1980 Genuine Risk Rumbo Jaklin Klugman Super Moment 13 1979 Spectacular Bid General Assembly Golden Act King Celebrity 10 1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Darby Creek Road 11 1977 Seattle Slew † Run Dusty Run Sanhedrin Get the Axe 15 1976 Bold Forbes Honest Pleasure Elocutionist Amano 9 Foolish Pleasure Avatar Diabolo Master Derby 15 Cannonade Hudson County Agitate J.R. 's Pet 23 1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Forego 13 1972 Riva Ridge No Le Hace Hold Your Peace Introductivo 16 1971 Canonero II Jim French Bold Reason Eastern Fleet 20 1970 Dust Commander My Dad George High Echelon Naskra 17 1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Dike Traffic Mark 8 1968 * Forward Pass Francie 's Hat T.V. Commercial Kentucky Sherry 14 1967 Proud Clarion Barbs Delight Damascus Reason to Hail 14 1966 Kauai King Advocator Blue Skyer Stupendous 15 1965 Lucky Debonair Dapper Dan Tom Rolfe Native Charger 11 1964 Northern Dancer Hill Rise The Scoundrel Roman Brother 12 1963 Chateaugay Never Bend Candy Spots On My Honor 9 1962 Decidedly Roman Line Ridan Sir Ribot 15 1961 Carry Back Crozier Bass Clef Dr. Miller 15 1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Victoria Park Tompion 13 1959 Tomy Lee Sword Dancer First Landing Royal Orbit 17 1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Noureddin Jewel 's Reward 14 1957 Iron Liege Gallant Man Round Table Bold Ruler 9 1956 Needles Fabius Come On Red Count Chic 17 1955 Swaps Nashua Summer Tan Racing Fool 10 1954 Determine Hasty Road Hasseyampa Goyamo 17 1953 Dark Star Native Dancer Invigorator Royal Bay Gem 11 1952 Hill Gail Sub Fleet Blue Man Master Fiddle 16 1951 Count Turf Royal Mustang Ruhe Phil D 20 1950 Middleground Hill Prince Mr. Trouble Sunglow 14 1949 Ponder Capot Palestinian Old Rockport 14 1948 Citation † Coaltown My Request Billings 6 1947 Jet Pilot Phalanx Faultless On Trust 13 1946 Assault † Spy Song Hampden Lord Boswell 17 1945 Hoop Jr . Pot o ' Luck Darby Dieppe Air Sailor 16 1944 Pensive Broadcloth Stir Up Shut Up 16 1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Slide Rule Amber Light 10 1942 Shut Out Alsab Valdina Orphan With Regards 15 1941 Whirlaway † Staretor Market Wise Porter 's Cap 11 1940 Gallahadion Bimelech Dit Mioland 8 1939 Johnstown Challedon Heather Broom Viscounty 8 1938 Lawrin Dauber Ca n't Wait Menow 10 1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Reaping Reward Melodist 20 1936 Bold Venture Brevity Indian Broom Coldstream 14 1935 Omaha † Roman Soldier Whiskolo Nellie Flag 18 1934 Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian Mata Hari 13 1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Charley O . Ladysman 13 1932 Burgoo King Economic Stepenfetchit Brandon Mint 20 1931 Twenty Grand Sweep All Mate Spanish Play 12 1930 Gallant Fox † Gallant Knight Ned O . Gone Away 15 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Naishapur Panchio Blue Larkspur 21 1928 Reigh Count Misstep Toro Jack Higgins 22 1927 Whiskery Osmand Jock Hydromel 15 1926 Bubbling Over Bagenbaggage Rock Man Rhinock 13 1925 Flying Ebony Captain Hal Son of John Single Foot 20 1924 Black Gold Chilhowee Beau Butler Altawood 19 1923 Zev Martingale Vigil Nassau 21 1922 Morvich Bet Mosie John Finn Deadlock 10 1921 Behave Yourself Black Servant Prudery Tryster 12 1920 Paul Jones Upset On Watch Damask 17 1919 Sir Barton † Billy Kelly Under Fire Valcanite 12 1918 Exterminator Escoba Viva America War Cloud 8 1917 Omar Khayyam Ticket Midway Rickety 15 1916 George Smith Star Hawk Franklin Dodge 9 1915 Regret Pebbles I Sharpshooter Royal II 16 1914 Old Rosebud Hodge Bronzewing John Gund 7 1913 Donerail Ten Point Gowell Foundation 8 1912 Worth Duval Flamma Free Lance 7 1911 Meridian Governor Gray Colston Mud Sill 7 1910 Donau Joe Morris Fighting Bob Boola Boola 7 1909 Wintergreen Miami Dr. Barkley Sir Catesby 10 1908 Stone Street Sir Cleges Dunvegan Synchronized 8 1907 Pink Star Zal Ovelando Red Gauntlet 6 1906 Sir Huon Lady Navarre James Reddick Hyperion II 6 1905 Agile Ram 's Horn Layson none 1904 Elwood Ed Tierney Brancas Prince Silverwings 5 1903 Judge Himes Early Bourbon Bad News 6 1902 Alan - a-Dale Inventor The Rival Abe Frank 1901 His Eminence Sannazarro Driscoll Amur 5 1900 Lieut . Gibson Florizar Thrive Highland Lad 7 1899 Manuel Corsini Mazo His Lordship 5 1898 Plaudit Lieber Karl Isabey Han d'Or 1897 Typhoon II Ornament Dr. Catlett Dr. Shepard 6 1896 Ben Brush Ben Eder Semper Ego First Mate 8 1895 Halma Basso Laureate Curator 1894 Chant Pearl Song Sigurd Al Boyer 5 1893 Lookout Plutus Boundless Buck McCann 6 1892 Azra Huron Phil Dwyer none 1891 Kingman Balgowan High Tariff Hart Wallace 1890 Riley Bill Letcher Robespierre Palisade 6 1889 Spokane Proctor Knott Once Again Hindoocraft 8 1888 Macbeth II Gallifet White Alexandria 7 1887 Montrose Jim Gore Jacobin Banburg 7 1886 Ben Ali Blue Wing Free Knight Lijero 10 1885 Joe Cotton Bersan Ten Booker Favor 10 1884 Buchanan Loftin Audrain Bob Miles 9 1883 Leonatus Drake Carter Lord Raglan Ascender 7 1882 Apollo Runnymede Bengal Harry Gilmore 14 1881 Hindoo Lelex Alfambra Sligo 6 1880 Fonso Kimball Bancroft Boulevard 5 1879 Lord Murphy Falsetto Strathmore Trinadad 9 1878 Day Star Himyar Leveler Solicitor 9 1877 Baden - Baden Leonard King William Vera Cruz 11 1876 Vagrant Creedmore Harry Hill Parole 11 1875 Aristides Volcano Verdigris Bob Wooley 15	Good Magic	Kentucky Derby top four finishers	kentucky derby top four finishers	This is a listing of first - place , second - place , third - place and fourth - place finishers , and the number of starters in the Kentucky Derby , a Grade I American Thoroughbred race run at 1 ⁄ miles on dirt for three - year - olds . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown , run at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky .	Year Winner Second Third Fourth Starters 2018 Justify † Good Magic Audible Instilled Regard 20 2017 Always Dreaming Lookin At Lee Battle of Midway Classic Empire 20 2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Gun Runner Mohaymen 20 2015 American Pharoah † Firing Line Dortmund Frosted 18 2014 California Chrome Commanding Curve Danza Wicked Strong 19 2013 Orb Golden Soul Revolutionary Normandy Invasion 19 2012 I 'll Have Another Bodemeister Dullahan Went The Day Well 20 2011 Animal Kingdom Nehro Mucho Macho Man Shackleford 19 Super Saver Ice Box Paddy O'Prado Make Music for Me 20 2009 Mine That Bird Pioneerof the Nile Musket Man Papa Clem 19 2008 Big Brown Eight Belles Denis of Cork Tale of Ekati 20 2007 Street Sense Hard Spun Curlin Imawildandcrazyguy 20 2006 Barbaro Bluegrass Cat Steppenwolfer Jazil 20 2005 Giacomo Closing Argument Afleet Alex Do n't Get Mad 20 Smarty Jones Lion Heart Imperialism Limehouse 18 2003 Funny Cide Empire Maker Peace Rules Atswhatimtalkinbout 16 2002 War Emblem Proud Citizen Perfect Drift Medaglia d'Oro 18 2001 Monarchos Invisible Ink Congaree Thunder Blitz 17 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Aptitude Impeachment More Than Ready 19 1999 Charismatic Menifee Cat Thief Prime Timber 19 1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Indian Charlie Halory Hunter 15 1997 Silver Charm Captain Bodgit Free House Pulpit 13 Grindstone Cavonnier Prince of Thieves Halo Sunshine 19 1995 Thunder Gulch Tejano Run Timber Country Jumron 19 1994 Go for Gin Strodes Creek Blumin Affair Brocco 14 1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Wild Gale Personal Hope 19 1992 Lil E. Tee Casual Lies Dance Floor Conte Di Savoya 18 1991 Strike the Gold Best Pal Mane Minister Green Alligator 16 1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Pleasant Tap Video Ranger 15 1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Awe Inspiring Dansil 15 1988 Winning Colors Forty Niner Risen Star Proper Reality 17 Alysheba Bet Twice Avies Copy Cryptoclearance 17 1986 Ferdinand Bold Arrangement Broad Brush Rampage 16 1985 Spend A Buck Stephan 's Odyssey Chief 's Crown Fast Account 13 1984 * Swale Coax Me Chad At The Threshold Fali Time 20 Sunny 's Halo Desert Wine Caveat Slew o ' Gold 20 1982 Gato Del Sol Laser Light Reinvested Water Bank 19 1981 Pleasant Colony Woodchopper Partez Classic Go Go 21 1980 Genuine Risk Rumbo Jaklin Klugman Super Moment 13 1979 Spectacular Bid General Assembly Golden Act King Celebrity 10 1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Darby Creek Road 11 1977 Seattle Slew † Run Dusty Run Sanhedrin Get the Axe 15 1976 Bold Forbes Honest Pleasure Elocutionist Amano 9 Foolish Pleasure Avatar Diabolo Master Derby 15 Cannonade Hudson County Agitate J.R. 's Pet 23 1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Forego 13 1972 Riva Ridge No Le Hace Hold Your Peace Introductivo 16 1971 Canonero II Jim French Bold Reason Eastern Fleet 20 1970 Dust Commander My Dad George High Echelon Naskra 17 1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Dike Traffic Mark 8 1968 * Forward Pass Francie 's Hat T.V. Commercial Kentucky Sherry 14 1967 Proud Clarion Barbs Delight Damascus Reason to Hail 14 1966 Kauai King Advocator Blue Skyer Stupendous 15 1965 Lucky Debonair Dapper Dan Tom Rolfe Native Charger 11 1964 Northern Dancer Hill Rise The Scoundrel Roman Brother 12 1963 Chateaugay Never Bend Candy Spots On My Honor 9 1962 Decidedly Roman Line Ridan Sir Ribot 15 1961 Carry Back Crozier Bass Clef Dr. Miller 15 1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Victoria Park Tompion 13 1959 Tomy Lee Sword Dancer First Landing Royal Orbit 17 1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Noureddin Jewel 's Reward 14 1957 Iron Liege Gallant Man Round Table Bold Ruler 9 1956 Needles Fabius Come On Red Count Chic 17 1955 Swaps Nashua Summer Tan Racing Fool 10 1954 Determine Hasty Road Hasseyampa Goyamo 17 1953 Dark Star Native Dancer Invigorator Royal Bay Gem 11 1952 Hill Gail Sub Fleet Blue Man Master Fiddle 16 1951 Count Turf Royal Mustang Ruhe Phil D 20 1950 Middleground Hill Prince Mr. Trouble Sunglow 14 1949 Ponder Capot Palestinian Old Rockport 14 1948 Citation † Coaltown My Request Billings 6 1947 Jet Pilot Phalanx Faultless On Trust 13 1946 Assault † Spy Song Hampden Lord Boswell 17 1945 Hoop Jr . Pot o ' Luck Darby Dieppe Air Sailor 16 1944 Pensive Broadcloth Stir Up Shut Up 16 1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Slide Rule Amber Light 10 1942 Shut Out Alsab Valdina Orphan With Regards 15 1941 Whirlaway † Staretor Market Wise Porter 's Cap 11 1940 Gallahadion Bimelech Dit Mioland 8 1939 Johnstown Challedon Heather Broom Viscounty 8 1938 Lawrin Dauber Ca n't Wait Menow 10 1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Reaping Reward Melodist 20 1936 Bold Venture Brevity Indian Broom Coldstream 14 1935 Omaha † Roman Soldier Whiskolo Nellie Flag 18 1934 Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian Mata Hari 13 1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Charley O . Ladysman 13 1932 Burgoo King Economic Stepenfetchit Brandon Mint 20 1931 Twenty Grand Sweep All Mate Spanish Play 12 1930 Gallant Fox † Gallant Knight Ned O . Gone Away 15 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Naishapur Panchio Blue Larkspur 21 1928 Reigh Count Misstep Toro Jack Higgins 22 1927 Whiskery Osmand Jock Hydromel 15 1926 Bubbling Over Bagenbaggage Rock Man Rhinock 13 1925 Flying Ebony Captain Hal Son of John Single Foot 20 1924 Black Gold Chilhowee Beau Butler Altawood 19 1923 Zev Martingale Vigil Nassau 21 1922 Morvich Bet Mosie John Finn Deadlock 10 1921 Behave Yourself Black Servant Prudery Tryster 12 1920 Paul Jones Upset On Watch Damask 17 1919 Sir Barton † Billy Kelly Under Fire Valcanite 12 1918 Exterminator Escoba Viva America War Cloud 8 1917 Omar Khayyam Ticket Midway Rickety 15 1916 George Smith Star Hawk Franklin Dodge 9 1915 Regret Pebbles I Sharpshooter Royal II 16 1914 Old Rosebud Hodge Bronzewing John Gund 7 1913 Donerail Ten Point Gowell Foundation 8 1912 Worth Duval Flamma Free Lance 7 1911 Meridian Governor Gray Colston Mud Sill 7 1910 Donau Joe Morris Fighting Bob Boola Boola 7 1909 Wintergreen Miami Dr. Barkley Sir Catesby 10 1908 Stone Street Sir Cleges Dunvegan Synchronized 8 1907 Pink Star Zal Ovelando Red Gauntlet 6 1906 Sir Huon Lady Navarre James Reddick Hyperion II 6 1905 Agile Ram 's Horn Layson none 1904 Elwood Ed Tierney Brancas Prince Silverwings 5 1903 Judge Himes Early Bourbon Bad News 6 1902 Alan - a-Dale Inventor The Rival Abe Frank 1901 His Eminence Sannazarro Driscoll Amur 5 1900 Lieut . Gibson Florizar Thrive Highland Lad 7 1899 Manuel Corsini Mazo His Lordship 5 1898 Plaudit Lieber Karl Isabey Han d'Or 1897 Typhoon II Ornament Dr. Catlett Dr. Shepard 6 1896 Ben Brush Ben Eder Semper Ego First Mate 8 1895 Halma Basso Laureate Curator 1894 Chant Pearl Song Sigurd Al Boyer 5 1893 Lookout Plutus Boundless Buck McCann 6 1892 Azra Huron Phil Dwyer none 1891 Kingman Balgowan High Tariff Hart Wallace 1890 Riley Bill Letcher Robespierre Palisade 6 1889 Spokane Proctor Knott Once Again Hindoocraft 8 1888 Macbeth II Gallifet White Alexandria 7 1887 Montrose Jim Gore Jacobin Banburg 7 1886 Ben Ali Blue Wing Free Knight Lijero 10 1885 Joe Cotton Bersan Ten Booker Favor 10 1884 Buchanan Loftin Audrain Bob Miles 9 1883 Leonatus Drake Carter Lord Raglan Ascender 7 1882 Apollo Runnymede Bengal Harry Gilmore 14 1881 Hindoo Lelex Alfambra Sligo 6 1880 Fonso Kimball Bancroft Boulevard 5 1879 Lord Murphy Falsetto Strathmore Trinadad 9 1878 Day Star Himyar Leveler Solicitor 9 1877 Baden - Baden Leonard King William Vera Cruz 11 1876 Vagrant Creedmore Harry Hill Parole 11 1875 Aristides Volcano Verdigris Bob Wooley 15 A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . Note : D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses . In 1968 , Dancer 's Image finished first , but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse . The drug in question - phenylbutazone - illegal at the time , is now legal for use on racehorses in many states , including Kentucky . Forward Pass is now the 1968 winner of the Kentucky Derby . In 1984 , Gate Dancer finished fourth , but was disqualified for fouling Fali Time , who was then moved up from 5th to 4th place . See also ( edit ) Kentucky Oaks top three finishers List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Kentucky Derby Media Guide , 135th Kentucky Derby , page 103 - 236 on May 2 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Kentucky Derby website Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Louisville , Kentucky ( metro area ) History Timeline George Rogers Clark -- founder Civil War Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts ( Old Louisville ) Government Mayor ( Greg Fischer ) Metro Council ( President : David James ) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subject areas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby ( Festival ) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville ( Cardinals ) National Historic Landmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs ( over 10K pop . ) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category ( city ) Category ( metro area ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Derby_top_four_finishers&oldid=849863307 '' Categories : Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Flat horse races for three - year - olds Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Churchill Downs Kentucky Derby Louisville , Kentucky - related lists List of horse races results Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 22 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Derby%20top%20four%20finishers	2,611
where does south african airways fly in the us	Country City Airport Notes Refs Angola Luanda Quatro de Fevereiro Airport -- Argentina Buenos Aires Ministro Pistarini International Airport Terminated Australia Melbourne Melbourne Airport Terminated Australia Perth Perth Airport -- Australia Sydney Sydney Airport Terminated Austria Vienna Vienna International Airport Terminated Belgium Brussels Brussels Airport Terminated Benin Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport Terminated Botswana Francistown Francistown Airport Terminated Botswana Gaborone Sir Seretse Khama International Airport Terminated Brazil Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Terminated Brazil São Paulo São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport -- Burundi Bujumbura Bujumbura International Airport Terminated Cameroon Douala Douala International Airport -- Cape Verde Sal Amílcar Cabral International Airport Terminated China Beijing Beijing Capital International Airport Terminated China Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport -- Cyprus Larnaca Larnaca International Airport Terminated Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa N'djili Airport -- Denmark Copenhagen Copenhagen Airport Terminated France Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Terminated Gabon Libreville Libreville International Airport Terminated Germany Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Terminated Germany Frankfurt Frankfurt Airport -- Germany Hamburg Hamburg Airport Terminated Germany Munich Munich Airport -- Ghana Accra Kotoka International Airport -- Greece Athens Ellinikon International Airport Terminated India Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminated Israel Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport Terminated Italy Milan Milan -- Malpensa Airport Terminated Italy Rome Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Terminated Ivory Coast Abidjan Port Bouet Airport -- Japan Osaka Kansai International Airport Terminated Kenya Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport -- Lesotho Maseru Moshoeshoe I International Airport Terminated Luxembourg Luxembourg City Luxembourg Findel Airport Terminated Malawi Blantyre Chileka International Airport -- Malawi Lilongwe Lilongwe International Airport -- Mauritius Port Louis Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport -- Mozambique Maputo Maputo International Airport -- Namibia Keetmanshoop Keetmanshoop Airport Terminated Namibia Windhoek Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport -- Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Terminated Nigeria Abuja Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Terminated Nigeria Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport -- Portugal Lisbon Lisbon Portela Airport Terminated Republic of the Congo Brazzaville Maya - Maya Airport -- Republic of the Congo Pointe Noire Pointe Noire Airport -- Rwanda Kigali Kigali International Airport Terminated Réunion Saint - Denis Roland Garros Airport Terminated Senegal Dakar Blaise Diagne International Airport -- Senegal Dakar Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport Terminated Seychelles Mahé Seychelles International Airport Terminated Singapore Singapore Singapore Changi Airport Terminated South Africa Alexander Bay Alexander Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Bloemfontein Bloemfontein Airport Terminated South Africa Cape Town Cape Town International Airport -- South Africa Durban King Shaka International Airport -- South Africa East London East London Airport -- South Africa George George Airport Terminated South Africa Hoedspruit Hoedspruit Airport Terminated South Africa Johannesburg O.R. Tambo International Airport Hub South Africa Kimberley Kimberley Airport Terminated South Africa Margate Margate Airport Terminated South Africa Mmabatho Mahikeng Airport Terminated South Africa Nelspruit Nelspruit Airport Terminated South Africa Phalaborwa Hendrik Van Eck Airport Terminated South Africa Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg Airport Terminated South Africa Pietersburg AFB Pietersburg Terminated South Africa Plettenberg Bay Plettenberg Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth Airport -- South Africa Richards Bay Richards Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Skukuza Skukuza Airport Terminated South Africa Sun City Pilanesberg International Airport Terminated South Africa Ulundi Ulundi Airport Terminated South Africa Umtata Mthatha Airport Terminated South Africa Upington Upington Airport Terminated Spain Las Palmas Gran Canaria Airport Terminated Spain Madrid Adolfo Suárez Madrid -- Barajas Airport Terminated Sri Lanka Colombo Bandaranaike International Airport Terminated Swaziland Manzini Matsapha Airport Terminated Switzerland Zürich Zürich Airport Terminated Taiwan Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Terminated Tanzania Dar es Salaam Julius Nyerere International Airport -- Thailand Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport Terminated Uganda Entebbe Entebbe International Airport -- United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi International Airport Terminated United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai International Airport Terminated United Kingdom London London Heathrow Airport -- United Kingdom Manchester Manchester Airport Terminated United States Atlanta Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Terminated United States Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport Terminated United States Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport Terminated United States Los Angeles Los Angeles International Airport Terminated United States Miami Miami International Airport Terminated United States New York City John F. Kennedy International Airport -- United States Washington , D.C. Washington Dulles International Airport -- Zambia Livingstone Livingstone Airport -- Zambia Lusaka Lusaka International Airport -- Zambia Ndola Ndola Airport -- Zimbabwe Bulawayo Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport Terminated Zimbabwe Harare Harare International Airport -- Zimbabwe Victoria Falls Victoria Falls Airport --		List of South African Airways destinations	list of south african airways destinations	This is a list of South African Airways destinations , as of November 2016 . It does not include destinations served by South African Express . As of June 2016 , South African Airways served eight destinations outside Africa . By that time , the top five international routes were Johannesburg -- New York City -- JFK , Johannesburg -- London Heathrow , Johannesburg -- Hong Kong , Johannesburg -- Frankfurt and Johannesburg -- Perth .	Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) Country City Airport Notes Refs Angola Luanda Quatro de Fevereiro Airport -- Argentina Buenos Aires Ministro Pistarini International Airport Terminated Australia Melbourne Melbourne Airport Terminated Australia Perth Perth Airport -- Australia Sydney Sydney Airport Terminated Austria Vienna Vienna International Airport Terminated Belgium Brussels Brussels Airport Terminated Benin Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport Terminated Botswana Francistown Francistown Airport Terminated Botswana Gaborone Sir Seretse Khama International Airport Terminated Brazil Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Terminated Brazil São Paulo São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport -- Burundi Bujumbura Bujumbura International Airport Terminated Cameroon Douala Douala International Airport -- Cape Verde Sal Amílcar Cabral International Airport Terminated China Beijing Beijing Capital International Airport Terminated China Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport -- Cyprus Larnaca Larnaca International Airport Terminated Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa N'djili Airport -- Denmark Copenhagen Copenhagen Airport Terminated France Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Terminated Gabon Libreville Libreville International Airport Terminated Germany Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Terminated Germany Frankfurt Frankfurt Airport -- Germany Hamburg Hamburg Airport Terminated Germany Munich Munich Airport -- Ghana Accra Kotoka International Airport -- Greece Athens Ellinikon International Airport Terminated India Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminated Israel Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport Terminated Italy Milan Milan -- Malpensa Airport Terminated Italy Rome Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Terminated Ivory Coast Abidjan Port Bouet Airport -- Japan Osaka Kansai International Airport Terminated Kenya Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport -- Lesotho Maseru Moshoeshoe I International Airport Terminated Luxembourg Luxembourg City Luxembourg Findel Airport Terminated Malawi Blantyre Chileka International Airport -- Malawi Lilongwe Lilongwe International Airport -- Mauritius Port Louis Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport -- Mozambique Maputo Maputo International Airport -- Namibia Keetmanshoop Keetmanshoop Airport Terminated Namibia Windhoek Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport -- Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Terminated Nigeria Abuja Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Terminated Nigeria Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport -- Portugal Lisbon Lisbon Portela Airport Terminated Republic of the Congo Brazzaville Maya - Maya Airport -- Republic of the Congo Pointe Noire Pointe Noire Airport -- Rwanda Kigali Kigali International Airport Terminated Réunion Saint - Denis Roland Garros Airport Terminated Senegal Dakar Blaise Diagne International Airport -- Senegal Dakar Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport Terminated Seychelles Mahé Seychelles International Airport Terminated Singapore Singapore Singapore Changi Airport Terminated South Africa Alexander Bay Alexander Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Bloemfontein Bloemfontein Airport Terminated South Africa Cape Town Cape Town International Airport -- South Africa Durban King Shaka International Airport -- South Africa East London East London Airport -- South Africa George George Airport Terminated South Africa Hoedspruit Hoedspruit Airport Terminated South Africa Johannesburg O.R. Tambo International Airport Hub South Africa Kimberley Kimberley Airport Terminated South Africa Margate Margate Airport Terminated South Africa Mmabatho Mahikeng Airport Terminated South Africa Nelspruit Nelspruit Airport Terminated South Africa Phalaborwa Hendrik Van Eck Airport Terminated South Africa Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg Airport Terminated South Africa Pietersburg AFB Pietersburg Terminated South Africa Plettenberg Bay Plettenberg Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth Airport -- South Africa Richards Bay Richards Bay Airport Terminated South Africa Skukuza Skukuza Airport Terminated South Africa Sun City Pilanesberg International Airport Terminated South Africa Ulundi Ulundi Airport Terminated South Africa Umtata Mthatha Airport Terminated South Africa Upington Upington Airport Terminated Spain Las Palmas Gran Canaria Airport Terminated Spain Madrid Adolfo Suárez Madrid -- Barajas Airport Terminated Sri Lanka Colombo Bandaranaike International Airport Terminated Swaziland Manzini Matsapha Airport Terminated Switzerland Zürich Zürich Airport Terminated Taiwan Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Terminated Tanzania Dar es Salaam Julius Nyerere International Airport -- Thailand Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport Terminated Uganda Entebbe Entebbe International Airport -- United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi International Airport Terminated United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai International Airport Terminated United Kingdom London London Heathrow Airport -- United Kingdom Manchester Manchester Airport Terminated United States Atlanta Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Terminated United States Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport Terminated United States Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport Terminated United States Los Angeles Los Angeles International Airport Terminated United States Miami Miami International Airport Terminated United States New York City John F. Kennedy International Airport -- United States Washington , D.C. Washington Dulles International Airport -- Zambia Livingstone Livingstone Airport -- Zambia Lusaka Lusaka International Airport -- Zambia Ndola Ndola Airport -- Zimbabwe Bulawayo Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport Terminated Zimbabwe Harare Harare International Airport -- Zimbabwe Victoria Falls Victoria Falls Airport -- See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Aviation portal Transport in South Africa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable ( Effective 1 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) -- 25 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Airways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Africa Outlook : Ethiopian Airlines and Air Mauritius grow , but others face strong headwinds '' . CAPA Centre for Aviation . 3 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAA to continue serving the Argentinean market through partnerships '' ( Press release ) . South African Airways . 11 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : SA routes 1976 ^ Jump up to : `` World airline directory -- South African Airways '' . Flight International . 153 ( 4619 ) : 87 . 1 -- 7 April 1998 . ISSN 0015 - 3710 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World airline directory -- South African Airways '' . Flight International . 127 ( 3953 ) : 120 . 30 March 1985 . ISSN 0015 - 3710 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Jim ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` South African Airways intra-Africa service changes from Oct 2017 '' . Routes Online . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SA Domestic / Regional routes 1976 ^ Jump up to : `` South African Airways re-aligns its African Network '' ( Press release ) . South African Airways . 13 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Airways to End Beijing Service from late - March 2015 '' . Airline Route. 2 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Airways Cancels Mumbai Service from late - March 2015 '' . Airline Route. 5 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAA celebrates 50 Years of direct flights between South Africa and Mauritius ; frequency increases driven by demand - side growth '' ( Press release ) . South AfricanAirways. 22 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Airways closes Abuja bookings in NS18 '' . Airlineroute.net. 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ DefenceWeb.co.za - South African Airways introduces non-stop flights to Beijing ; strengthens African routes ^ Jump up to : `` South African Airways advises of Dakar airport change '' . South African Airways . 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dron , Alan ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` South African Airways , Etihad boost relationship '' . Air Transport World . Archived from the original on 12 December 2014 . From March 29 , 2015 SAA will begin a daily service between Johannesburg and Abu Dhabi , complementing Etihad 's existing daily flight between the two cities . Jump up ^ `` SAA 's first flight to Abu Dhabi departs ; new route widens network substantially '' ( Press release ) . South African Airways . 29 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Airways and Etihad Airways commence second phase of landmark strategic cooperation '' ( Press release ) . South African Airways . 11 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Timetable ( Effective 1 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- 29 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Airways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . `` Timetable ( Effective 1 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) -- 29 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Airways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2016 . `` Timetable ( Effective 1 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) -- 24 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Airways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2015 . `` Timetable ( Effective 1 October 2014 -- 28 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Airways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Pirie , G.H. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Africanisation ' of South Africa 's international air links , 1994 -- 2003 '' . Journal of Transport Geography. 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtrangeo. 2004.10. 006 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_South_African_Airways_destinations&oldid=855605429 '' Categories : South African Airways Lists of airline destinations Star Alliance destinations Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español 한국어 Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 14 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20South%20African%20Airways%20destinations	2,612
where is the us embassy in mexico located	The Embassy of the United States of America in Mexico City is the diplomatic mission of United States of America to the United Mexican States . The embassy 's chancery is situated on the Paseo de la Reforma , Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Mexico City . The current United States Ambassador to Mexico is Roberta S. Jacobson .	Paseo de la Reforma , Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Mexico City	Embassy of the United States , Mexico City	embassy of the united states, mexico city	The Embassy of the United States of America in Mexico City is the diplomatic mission of United States of America to the United Mexican States . The embassy 's chancery is situated on the Paseo de la Reforma , Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Mexico City . The current United States Ambassador to Mexico is Roberta S. Jacobson .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Future 3 Embassy sections 4 Consulates 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The current chancery building began in 1960 and was completed in 1964 at a cost of $5 million USD . At the time , it was the second largest US embassy building in the world . Future ( edit ) In 2011 , the United States Department of State announced plans to build a new US embassy in the Nuevo Polanco neighborhood of Mexico City . Estimated price of the new embassy is $763 million USD . In February 13th , 2018 , started the construction of the new embassy . The estimated cost is nearly $1 billion USD ( $943 million ) , and it 's expected to be completed by 2022 . Embassy sections ( edit ) The Embassy exercises a number of functions in its representation to the Government of Mexico , including political , administrative , economic , public diplomacy , and consular affairs , that are managed under the Ambassador by counselors from the U.S. Department of State . Consular Section American Citizen Services Visa Services Economic Section Defense Attaché Public Affairs Political Section Management Section Other U.S. Government Agencies American Battle Monuments Commission Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Drug Enforcement Administration Food and Drug Administration Foreign Agricultural Service Internal Revenue Service Office of Foreign Assets Control U.S. Agency for International Development United States Commercial Service United States Department of Defense United States Department of Justice U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Marshals Service United States Peace Corps Consulates ( edit ) The United States maintains consulates general in Ciudad Juárez , Guadalajara , Hermosillo , Matamoros , Mérida , Monterrey , Nogales , Nuevo Laredo and Tijuana and consular agencies in Acapulco , Los Cabos , Cancún , Mazatlán , Oaxaca City , Piedras Negras , Playa del Carmen , Puerto Vallarta and San Miguel de Allende . See also ( edit ) American immigration to Mexico Embassy of Mexico , Washington , D.C. Mexico -- United States relations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Diplomatic Mission , Mexico City , Mexico '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : History of the US embassy building in Mexico City Jump up ^ New Embassy Mexico City Estimated to Cost $350 - $450 M Now More Pricey At $763 Million Jump up ^ US breaks ground on new embassy in Mexican capital Jump up ^ Offices of the US Embassy in Mexico City Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . U.S. Department of State , United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Mexico portal Government of the United States portal Embassy Home Page hide Diplomatic missions in Mexico Americas Canada Colombia United States Asia Taiwan Europe Sweden United Kingdom hide Diplomatic missions of the United States Embassies shown in bold . Consulates - General shown in italics . A full list can be found at List of diplomatic missions of the United States . Africa Dar es Salaam Juba Malabo Nairobi Pretoria Americas Caracas Curaçao Havana Mexico City Ottawa Asia Abu Dhabi Baghdad Bangkok Beijing Chengdu Chennai Dhaka Dubai Guangzhou Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong Hyderabad Islamabad Jakarta Jerusalem Jerusalem Kabul Karachi Kolkata Lahore Manama Manila Mumbai New Delhi Peshawar Rangoon ( Yangon ) Seoul Shanghai Shenyang Tokyo Ulaanbaatar Wuhan Yerevan ‡ Europe Athens Attard Berlin Bern Bremen Chişinău Copenhagen Dublin Florence Frankfurt Hamburg Istanbul ‡ Kyiv London Milan Moscow Munich Oslo Paris Prague Rome Sarajevo Tallinn Tbilisi ‡ The Hague Thessaloniki Tirana Vatican ( Rome ) Vienna Warsaw Oceania Canberra Wellington Organizations African Union ( Addis Ababa ) American Institute in Taiwan ( Taipei , Kaohsiung - branch office , Washington - headquarters ) European Union ( Brussels ) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) ( Vienna ) United Nations United States Mission to the United Nations ( New York Rome ) Former Benghazi ( 1950 -- 66 , 2012 ) Havana ( 1977 -- 2015 ) Houston ( 1836 -- 46 ) Liverpool ( 1790 -- 1962 ) London ( 1938 -- 60 ) Mogadishu ( 1960 -- 91 ) Saigon ( 1952 -- 75 ) Tangier ( 1821 -- 1956 ) Tehran ( 1951 -- 79 ) Tel Aviv ( 1966 -- 2018 ) ‡ Missions which are located in countries or cities that may be considered a part of more than one continent . Consulates - General which function as an embassy ( ie . consul reports to State Department , not the respective country 's ambassador ) The American Institute in Taiwan is ostensibly a public , non-profit organization to promote US - Taiwanese relations , but through State Department staffing & assistance , functions as an informal US diplomatic mission . This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City&oldid=831521113 '' Categories : Diplomatic missions in Mexico City Diplomatic missions of the United States Buildings and structures in Mexico City Cuauhtémoc , Mexico City Paseo de la Reforma Mexico -- United States relations United States government stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what season is it when derek gets shot			Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 )	grey's anatomy ( season 6 )	The sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 24 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2010 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , and Justin Chambers reprised their roles as surgical residents Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , and Alex Karev , respectively . Heigl was released from her contract in the middle of the season , while T.R. Knight did not appear as George O'Malley , because Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five . Main cast members Patrick Dempsey , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Sara Ramirez , Eric Dane , Chyler Leigh , and Kevin McKidd also returned , while previous recurring star Jessica Capshaw was promoted to a series regular , and Kim Raver was given star billing after the commencement of the season .	The season follows the story of surgical interns , residents and their competent mentors , as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . A major storyline of the season is the characters adapting to change , as their beloved co-worker Stevens departed following the breakdown of her marriage , O'Malley died in the season premiere -- following his being dragged by a bus , and new cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman is given employment at the hospital . Further storylines include Shepherd being promoted to chief of surgery , Seattle Grace Hospital merging with the neighboring Mercy West -- introducing several new doctors , and several physicians lives being placed into danger -- when a grieving deceased patient 's husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , seeking revenge for his wife 's death . The series ended its sixth season with 13.26 million viewers , ranking # 17 in terms of ratings , the lowest the series had ever ranked up to then . The season received mixed critical feedback , with the season 's premiere and finale given heavier critical acclaim , in contrast to the middle . The season was one of the least acclaimed in terms of awards and nominations , being the show 's only season not to warrant a Primetime Emmy nomination . Despite the negative aspects of ratings and awards , the season managed to receive a spot on Movieline 's top ten list . Buena Vista released the season onto a DVD box - set , being made available to regions 1 and 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 6 DVD Release 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy characters and List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members The sixth season had thirteen roles receiving star billing , with twelve of them returning from the previous season , one of whom previously in a recurring guest capacity . The regulars portray the surgeons from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital as new rivalries and romantic relationships begin to develop after the hospital 's merger with Mercy West . Meredith Grey , a surgical resident and the protagonist of the series , is portrayed by Ellen Pompeo . Fellow residents Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens and Alex Karev are portrayed by Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers , respectively . Attending general surgeon Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson whose main storylines throughout the season focus on her divorce and the development of new romantic relationships . Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery and general surgeon Richard Webber was portrayed by James Pickens , Jr. , who returns to alcoholism after being sober for twenty years . Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres , Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , Kevin McKidd continued his portrayal of trauma surgeon Owen Hunt , while Patrick Dempsey acted as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd . Meredith 's half - sister and second - year surgical resident Lexie Grey was portrayed by Chyler Leigh . After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show 's fifth season , Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season 's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins , love interest to Callie Torres . The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman , portrayed by Kim Raver , whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season 's main stories . Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season , Raver began receiving star billing . The sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season . Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson , Charles Percy , April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner , Robert Baker , Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams , respectively . Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey 's love interest , anesthesiologist Ben Warren . Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) and Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) have been part of the season 's main story arcs , while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances : Demi Lovato as Hayley , Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen , Marion Ross as Betty , Mandy Moore as Mary Portman , Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman , Nick Purcell as Doug , Michael O'Neill as Gary Clark , Danielle Panabaker as Kelsey , Adrienne Barbeau as Jodie Crawley , Héctor Elizondo as Mr. Torres , Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt , and Missi Pyle as Jasmine . Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the series as a special guest star , portraying neonatal surgeon and obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepard Production ( edit ) Katherine Heigl departed in the middle of the season , citing a desire to spend more time with her family . The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios , The Mark Gordon Company , Shondaland and was distributed by Buena Vista International , Inc ... The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , Joan Rater and James D. Parriott . The regular directors were Shonda Rhimes , Krista Vernoff , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Debora Cahn , Allan Heinberg and Peter Nowalk . At the conclusion of season five , T.R. Knight was released from his contract , following a disagreement with Rhimes . When asked to make a ' flashback ' appearance in season six , Knight declined . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Stevens depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . The season 's two - hour opener showed the doctors of Seattle Grace Hospital , grieving the loss of their deceased friend , O'Malley . The special 's writer , Vernoff , commented : `` It 's heartbreaking . I fell in love with George , like many of you did , in season one . '' The ninth episode of the season , `` New History '' , saw the arrival of Altman , which ended up forming a love triangle between her , Hunt , and Yang . Raver commented on this : `` She was in Iraq with Owen . She 's a cardiac surgeon . She 's really good at what she does . There 'll be some interesting stuff between Teddy , Cristina , and Owen . '' The episode 's writer , Heinberg , offered his insight : `` Teddy 's arrival at Seattle Grace unleashes all manner of complications for Owen , Cristina , and herself . Cristina 's immediately suspicious that Owen and Teddy were more than friends during their time together in Iraq . Teddy confesses to Owen that she apparently misread their mutual history , and walks away from him , mortified . And Owen 's left haunted by Teddy 's confession , now forced to re-examine his own history -- and his feelings for both Teddy and Cristina . -- Allan Heinberg , Grey Matter `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' saw the departure of Stevens , following the breakdown of her marriage with Karev . Series ' writer Joan Rater commented on this : `` Izzie getting the clean scan back gives Alex the freedom to leave . Because he never would have left her when she was sick , he 's a good guy . And I 'm not saying that Alex ever consciously thought , I ca n't leave her while she 's sick , but now that she 's not , now that she seems like she 's going to get better , it just comes to him . He deserves more . He 's a good guy and he deserves more . But loving Izzie showed him that he can be good , is good . So it was a little gift . And when he tells Izzie he 's done , he 's not bitter or angry , he 's just done . '' The writing of the two - part season six finale , caused struggle to Rhimes . She elaborated on this : `` It hurt to write this finale . It literally hurt me . Because in order to write these episodes , I had to walk in the shoes of ( the shooter ) . I had to think like a shooter . A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles . A person who would shoot Derek . By the time I finished writing part one , I was sick . And depressed . Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying . Mer is screaming and he is dying . And , before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket , yes , I DO I know it 's only a TV show , I 'm not insane , but dude ... it felt too real . It felt WAY too real . '' Reception ( edit ) Justin Chambers ' performance was well received . Grey 's Anatomy 's sixth season opened up to 17.04 million viewers with a 6.7 / 17 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Although the rating was a 1 % decrease from season five 's opener , it managed to rank first for its time - slot and the entire night , in terms of both ratings and viewership , and served as the season 's most viewed episode . `` Sympathy for the Parents '' was the season 's least viewed episode , and up to that point , the series ' as well , garnering only 9.87 million viewers . The season 's finale garnered 16.13 million viewers , and received a 6.2 / 18 rating , ranking first for its time - slot and the entire night , in terms of both ratings and viewership . Although the finale was a success for the night , it was a 1 % decrease from season five 's finale , but served as the season 's second most viewed episode . Overall , the season ranked at # 17 for the year , and had an average of 13.26 million viewers , a 5 % decrease from the previous season 's ranking . The season received mixed reviews among television critics . Speaking of the premiere , Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV noted that the special foreshadowed a `` very dark '' season , adding : `` The talk between George 's mom and one of the surgeons ( Torres ) proved to be one of the more heart - breaking scenes in an episode that in itself is heartbreaking enough . '' In contrast , Kelly West of TV Blend was critical of the premiere , writing : `` I do n't think based on the first episode that we can say that Grey 's is headed in a new direction , nor do I think the writers are making much of an effort to bring the series back to the greatness that was its earlier seasons . That said , this is Grey 's Anatomy and with that comes the usual drama , sex , love and whacky medical mysteries thrown in the mix to keep things moving . If that 's what you 're looking for , I think you 'll enjoy the season premiere just fine . '' Capshaw 's performance this season was praised , with The TV Addict calling her `` immensely likeable '' . Although `` Sympathy for the Parents '' was the least viewed episode , TV Fanatic called the episode `` touching '' , praising Chambers ' performance . TV Fanatic 's reaction to the season was fairly mixed , with Steve Marsi saying that Grey 's Anatomy was facing an identity crisis after viewing `` Give Peace a Chance '' . He said that : `` Still popular but lacking its past magic , it 's trying to decide what to become . All we can say is that if it becomes what we saw 12 hours ago , we are all for it . Last week saw the doctors plunging into ER - style chaos with 12 different doctors giving 12 different accounts of one case . Last night , we saw something else equally unusual . '' He praised Patrick Dempsey 's performance , saying : `` Again , it was a single case that took up the entire hour , but instead of 12 doctors ' version of events , the focus was largely on just one , and the best one : Dr. Derek Shepherd . Patrick Dempsey 's McDreamy character may be eye candy , but he 's got substance . Last night 's episode proved that in spades , and was one of the series ' best in some time . '' The season 's finale Death And All His Friends was highly praised . Marsi gave the episode five stars , and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series , adding : `` The writing and acting were absolutely stellar , and may lead to many Emmy nominations , but even more impressively , despite a killing spree , it remained distinctly Grey 's . Some of the back - and - forths between the characters were truly memorable , and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we do n't even know where to begin now . Seriously , the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything , a feeling we have n't had from Grey 's in years and rarely achieved by any program . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode , adding : `` ( It was ) two of the best hours of television all year . It was certainly the best Grey 's Anatomy has ever been , which is saying a lot since I 'd written the show off for the past few years . No show does a big traumatic event like Grey 's Anatomy , and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours . It was emotional , expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale . '' Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` At any rate , now you can at least see where it all began . And while you 're still pondering how Grey 's can still be so damn good sometimes , '' The season was one of the least acclaimed of the series , in terms of awards and nominations . Despite not being nominated for a Primetime Emmy , the show received two Creative Arts Emmy Awards : Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special for `` How Insensitive '' and Outstanding Makeup For A Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) for `` Suicide is Painless '' . The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series at the GLAAD Media Awards . Wilson was awarded the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series for her directing in `` Give Peace a Chance '' . The season also ranked at # 10 on Movieline 's top ten list . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . The sixth season 's episodes are altogether 1032 minutes in length . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 103 `` Good Mourning '' Edward Ornelas Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 Following the cliffhanger of season 5 , Izzie is shown to have survived , but gets a bad wake up call : George 's death . While the staff mourns the death of George , Meredith and the other residents are unsure how to continue with their lives as George 's death poses a major impact to them all , leaving them each to deal with it in their own way . 104 `` Goodbye '' Bill D'Elia Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 Cristina and Owen are finding it difficult to abstain from sex as instructed by Dr. Wyatt . Meredith and Derek consummate their wedding everywhere they go . Izzie mourns her best friend , George , after his death . Richard announces Seattle Grace will be merging with Mercy West . 105 `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' Michael Pressman Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 15.69 Bailey and Alex 's abilities are challenged when their case is complicated with the addition of the patient 's schizophrenic son . All the residents and interns of Seattle Grace fear for their jobs with the coming budget cuts and begin to compete in order to survive , with unfortunate consequences . 106 `` Tainted Obligation '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 14.13 Meredith and Lexie are crossed with one another when Thatcher arrives , in dire need of a liver transplant , and Meredith is the only one who is viable to do so . Mark is tired of Cristina 's competitive zeal so he puts her on a case involving a man desiring a penis enlargement , and Izzie sympathizes with a man dying from cancer . 107 5 `` Invasion '' Tony Phelan Mark Wilding October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 13.79 Arizona stands by an enraged Callie when her father visits with a priest to attempt to convince her to renounce her homosexuality ; and an accident derails a patient 's upcoming kidney donation , with Dr. Bailey promising to set things right , segueing into a crossover with Private Practice . Following a kidney patient mishap , Izzie is fired from the hospital staff . After finding out it was because of the kidney patient , Izzie blames Alex , and leaves him a Dear John letter and evidently disappears . 108 6 `` I Saw What I Saw '' Allison Liddi - Brown William Harper October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 14.67 Following the death of a patient , all the doctors concerned with the case are interviewed in a who - dunnit style . Owen , Cristina , Bailey , Alex , Callie , Lexie , Charles , Jackson and Reed all give their opinions and as the story unfolds to show that April Kepner was the one whose mistake it was . She is fired , even though Derek is against it 109 7 `` Give Peace a Chance '' Chandra Wilson Peter Nowalk October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 13.74 Derek is asked by a hospital lab - tech , Isaac ( Faran Tahir ) , to cure him when it turns out that he has an inoperable tumor surrounding his spine . Struggling with the impossible surgery , Derek attempts to do the impossible while he questions Richard 's authority by doing the surgery even though he was told not to by Richard . 110 8 `` Invest in Love '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 13.95 Arizona is stunned when her longtime patient 's parents offer the hospital a donation of twenty - five million dollars , but when her patient 's condition worsens , all eyes are on her to save him . Cristina tests her relationship when she blatantly disregards Owen 's orders and performs an unauthorised cardiac procedure , then later kisses Mercy Wester Jackson Avery at a surprise party for Arizona . Alex cares for a struggling newborn while Izzie remains missing . In the wake of great grief , Arizona and Callie take their relationship to the next level . 111 9 `` New History '' Rob Corn Allan Heinberg November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 14.87 Izzie 's back with an old teacher of hers that 's ill . Derek operates on him . Alex confronts Izzie and she blames him for being fired . Alex is equally angry because he says that `` he was her husband and she did n't give him the benefit of the doubt . '' Richard accidentally clips his emergency patient 's bile duct , causing the patient to turn yellow . Learning of this , Richard plans on leaving surgery for a while , and you see a recap on how he starts drinking again . Cristina gets a surprise gift from Owen , a cardio - goddess , Teddy Altman . 112 10 `` Holidaze '' Robert Berlinger Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 14.07 The holidays are n't so merry for the doctors at Seattle Grace - Mercy West hospital when Cristina suspects that something is or has been going on between her boyfriend , Owen , and his old friend , Teddy . Bailey is stunned when her father makes rash judgements about her life and the choices she has made , finally culminating in a showdown at Meredith 's Christmas dinner . Meanwhile , Alex is lonely since Izzie is still gone , while the Chief develops a steady addiction to alcohol . 113 11 `` Blink '' Randy Zisk Debora Cahn January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 12.73 Mark flies Addison to Seattle to help with a difficult procedure on his pregnant daughter , Sloan . Owen questions Teddy 's motives when she assigns Cristina the lead on a complicated surgery , and Derek 's suspicions are raised when the Chief recruits Meredith to assist with a high profile operation on . And Lexi Sleeps with Alex This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on `` Another Second Chance '' . 114 12 `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' Donna Deitch Tony Phelan & Joan Rater January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 12.65 Izzie returns , after getting a message from Meredith suggesting Alex is moving on . She spends the day at the hospital attempting to win Alex back and looking for a job in the neighborhood . Torres gets the chicken pox and becomes incensed when Arizona locks her in isolation . Alex breaks up with Izzie because he thinks he deserves someone who wo n't leave him . Izzie leaves , never to return . Derek tells the board that Richard is drinking and they fire him . 115 13 `` State of Love and Trust '' Jeannot Szwarc Stacy McKee February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 12.55 As Derek begins his role as interim chief , he faces a potential lawsuit when Bailey and Meredith 's patient awakens from anesthesia mid-surgery . Meanwhile , Teddy refuses to place Cristina on her service , while Alex begins to invest himself in Pediatrics , leaving plastics behind . As Mark refuses to speak to a heartbroken Lexie , Derek tries to convince Richard to seek treatment for his drinking . Derek later hires April Kepner and Megan Mostow back . 116 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' Stephen Cragg William Harper February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 12.74 It 's Valentine 's Day and the doctors must treat dozens of injured people after the roof collapses at a popular romantic restaurant ; Derek tries to manage his busy schedule as Chief of Surgery ; Meredith wrestles with her new duties as the Chief 's wife ; and Mark and Callie team up to convince Sloane to do the right thing for her baby , who is determined to give the baby up for adoption . 117 15 `` The Time Warp '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 10.21 Previous medical cases involving Webber , Bailey and Callie are told as part of a decision from Derek as the new chief . The cases shed light on the beginnings of the affair between the Chief ( played by J. August Richards ) and Ellis ( Sarah Paulson ) in 1982 , the makings of Bailey in the 2004 sequences , where viewers see Bailey in her pre - `` Nazi '' days and Callie shortly before she was introduced on the show . 118 16 `` Perfect Little Accident '' Bill D'Elia Peter Nowalk March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 11.83 Jackson Avery 's relationship to the legendary Harper Avery is revealed after he is admitted to the hospital , and it creates a stir around the hospital . Cristina , along with other residents , attempt to gain his attention , while Webber and Derek are nervous about operating on Harper Avery . Arizona tries to help Teddy move on to greener pastures when she sees how obsessed she is with Owen , and Mark attempts to get on after giving up Sloan 's baby through sex . 119 17 `` Push '' Chandra Wilson Debora Cahn March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 10.96 Dr. Hunt and Dr. Webber fight and compete over a patient with a large tumor , aided by Meredith and Cristina respectively . Dr. Bailey struggles to let her guard down and open up to her blooming relationship . Mark tries to get back into a relationship and asks Teddy to go out on a date . Callie realizes that Arizona does not want a baby as she does , leading her to question the relationship . Lexie realizes that Mark is moving on and breaks down . 120 18 `` Suicide is Painless '' Jeannot Szwarc Tony Phelan & Joan Rater March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 11.57 Dr. Hunt has trouble sleeping and is still showing signs of PTSD . Teddy and Hunt have been asked to help a patient die with physician assisted suicide , which leads to a flashback of Teddy and Hunt in the Army where Hunt was asked by a friend to help him die . Mark is enjoying dating Teddy and they are not having sex and he is happy . Callie confides in Mark about Arizona not wanting children . Meredith shows signs of hating Derek as Chief , as she becomes angry at Derek when she feels he stole one of her surgeries. April Kepner begins to act like Derek 's assistant instead of being a surgeon because she thinks she ca n't do it . 121 19 `` Sympathy for the Parents '' Debbie Allen Allan Heinberg April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 9.87 Meredith and Derek begin to discuss having a child , while Teddy and Mark have sex for the first time . Alex 's brother , Aaron , comes to visit , which reveals many of Alex 's secrets , much to the delight of Bailey and to the annoyance of Alex . Lexie begins to notice that April is developing a crush on Derek . Dr Webber , Lexie and Derek are faced with a patient that will come to change their lives forever . 122 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinner '' Tony Phelan Meg Marinis April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 10.47 Teddy is getting more involved with Mark , to get over Owen , but Mark 's daughter arrives at his house unexpectedly and in labor . Mark wants to keep the baby , and asks Torres for guidance while getting some unwanted advice from Arizona . Meredith begins to notice Dr. Kepner 's crush on Derek . 123 21 `` How Insensitive '' Tom Verica William Harper May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 11.03 Bailey preps the team with mandatory sensitivity training prior to admitting a 700 - pound patient with compounded medical issues , and the case proves to be challenging in every sense of the word . Meanwhile Derek has to come face to face with a former patient 's husband in a wrongful death deposition , and spending time with a heart patient 's daughter opens up some old wounds for Cristina . 124 22 `` Shiny Happy People '' Edward Ornelas Zoanne Clack & Peter Nowalk May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 11.05 An elderly patient admitted into the E.R. for a heart condition sees a familiar face , a long lost love who happens to be in the E.R. as well for a fractured arm , and the staff find themselves caught up in their love story . Meanwhile , Karev treats a troubled teenage patient called Hayley May ( Demi Lovato ) whose parents brought her in for schizophrenia , and Meredith ca n't help but tell Cristina about her suspicions of Owen , making Cristina confront Owen about his feelings for Teddy , and Mark makes a confession to Lexie . 125 23 `` Sanctuary '' Stephen Cragg Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 13.93 The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis : a shooter is in the hospital , and making the hospital go into a lockdown . Meredith discovers that she is pregnant , while Cristina breaks up with Owen after he ca n't decide between her and Teddy . The shooter , Gary Clark , shoots Reed Adamson and Alex , which leads to Lexie and Mark trying to save him . Bailey must try to save Charles with the help of her patient Mary ( Mandy Moore ) after he is shot , while Derek is confronted by Gary Clark , who shoots him after being interrupted by April . 126 24 `` Death and All His Friends '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 16.13 With the crisis unfolding , each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations . Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek , who has been shot . Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she does n't want to have a baby if it means she ca n't be with Arizona . Arizona agrees to have a baby because she said that she did n't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother . Bailey tries to save Charles Percy , who has been shot by the shooter , with limited resources . The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek and Jackson pretends to stop saving Derek so that the shooter goes away . Meredith thinks that Derek is going to die , and has a miscarriage . Owen realizes that he loves Cristina , and chooses her over Teddy . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 103 `` Good Mourning '' September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 p.m. 6.7 / 17 17.03 104 `` Goodbye '' September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 6.7 / 17 17.03 105 `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 6.1 / 16 15.69 106 `` Tainted Obligation '' October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 5.4 / 14 14.17 107 5 `` Invasion '' October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 5.0 / 13 13.79 108 6 `` I Saw What I Saw '' October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 5.3 / 14 14.67 109 7 `` Give Peace a Chance '' October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 5.2 / 13 13.74 110 8 `` Invest in Love '' November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 5.1 / 13 13.95 111 9 `` New History '' November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 5.6 / 14 14.87 112 10 `` Holidaze '' November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 5.1 / 13 14.07 113 11 `` Blink '' January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 4.8 / 12 12.73 114 12 `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 4.7 / 12 12.65 115 13 `` State of Love and Trust '' February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 4.5 / 12 12.55 116 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 4.4 / 11 12.74 117 15 `` The Time Warp '' February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 3.7 / 9 10.21 118 16 `` Perfect Little Accident '' March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 4.0 / 11 11.83 119 17 `` Push '' March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 3.9 / 11 10.96 120 18 `` Suicide is Painless '' March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 3.7 / 10 11.57 121 19 `` Sympathy for the Parents '' April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 3.5 / 11 9.69 122 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinner '' April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 3.8 / 11 10.47 123 21 `` How Insensitive '' May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 3.8 / 11 11.03 124 22 `` Shiny Happy People '' May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 3.9 / 11 11.05 125 23 `` Sanctuary '' May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 4.9 / 14 13.93 126 24 `` Death and All His Friends '' May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 5.9 / 17 16.13 DVD Release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season - More is Better Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy - Unaired Scenes In Stitches : Season Six Outtakes Chandra wilson : Anatomy of A Talent Seattle Grace : On Call - 6 Webisodes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 14 , 2010 December 5 , 2011 November 3 , 2010 References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ All crew for season six can be seen on the opening and closing credits of each episode . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was the `` Best Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Katherine Heigl on being ' disappointed ' in herself and the truth behind Emmygate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` This week 's cover ( exclusive ! ) : Katherine Heigl confirms ' Grey 's Anatomy ' departure '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Krista Vernoff on `` Good Mourning '' and `` Goodbye '' ... `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . September 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Raver Bringing A Love Triangle To ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rater , Joan ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Joan Rater on `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' ... `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' ... `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for FlashForward '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : `` FlashForward , '' `` Marriage Ref '' Inch Up ; `` The Mentalist '' Inches Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Rules Finale Thursday ; ' Bones ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' CSI ' , ' Parks ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Ref ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 22 / 08 - 5 / 17 / 09 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Glenn ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 6 Premiere : Whoa '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Season Six Premiere '' . TV Blend . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : GREY 's ANATOMY Sixth Season Premiere '' . theTVaddict . September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : `` Sympathy for the Parents '' `` . TV Fanatic. April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 6 Reviews ( Page 7 ) '' . Tvfanatic.com . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 6 Reviews ( Page 6 ) '' . Tvfanatic.com . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` . Tvfanatic.com . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : The Best Episode Yet ? '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Why the Season 6 Finale Was the Best ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Ever '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2010/05/21/greys-anatomy-finale-video Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special 2010 '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Makeup For A Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards '' . Media Awards . GLAAD . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 41st NAACP Image Award '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for ' FlashForward ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Greys ' , ' Practice ' , ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' all a tick up in broadcast finals , ' Leno Show ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' The Office ' , ' Bones ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' Supernatural ' up ; ' Community ' , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Bones ' , ' The Office ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' up , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Community ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' Leno ' Down ; ' Survivor ' , ' Grey 's ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' 30 Rock ' tick up , ' Parks & Recreation ' , ' The Jay Leno Show ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Bones ' up in finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Office ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Mentalist ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' 30 Rock ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Private Practice ' Crossover Boost ; ' Bones High ' ; ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Leno ' Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Deep End ' Underwater ; ' Bones ' High ; ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' , ' Grey 's ' Series Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Final Ratings ; ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Community ' Tick Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , bill ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' Tick Up , ' Private Practice ' , ' 30 Rock ' Tick Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Against Olympics ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Hits Lows ; ' Survivor ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals Plus ' Marriage Ref ' 15 Minute Ratings Breakdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' American Idol ' Leads Fox Win ; ' Marriage Ref ' Loses Yardage '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Community , Parks & Rec , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' FlashForward ' , ' Marriage Ref ' Inch Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Inches Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals ' FlashForward ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Survivor ' , ' Bones ' , Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast '' . TV Guide . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episodes - Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide . `` Grey 's Anatomy on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode Guide '' . ABC . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_6)&oldid=798181995 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy episodes Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 12 : 49 . 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how long is the edolas arc in fairy tail	The third season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild , Fairy Tail . The season contains two story arcs . The first 24 episodes adapt the rest of the manga 's 20th volume through the beginning of the 24th volume to form the `` Edolas '' ( エドラス編 , Edorasu - hen ) arc , wherein the guild becomes trapped in the parallel universe Edolas to be used by the world 's ruler Faust to restore magic to his kingdom , and set out to return to their world with the aid of Faust 's son Mystogan and Happy 's race of winged cats called the Exceed . The remaining 4 episodes adapt the rest of the 24th volume through the beginning of the 25th volume as part of the `` Sirius Island '' ( 天狼島編 , `` Tenrōjima - hen '' ) arc , which focuses on Natsu and the guild 's other strongest members as they take their S - Class examination on Sirius Island .	24 episodes	List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 3 )	list of fairy tail episodes ( season 3 )	The third season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild , Fairy Tail . The season contains two story arcs . The first 24 episodes adapt the rest of the manga 's 20th volume through the beginning of the 24th volume to form the `` Edolas '' ( エドラス編 , Edorasu - hen ) arc , wherein the guild becomes trapped in the parallel universe Edolas to be used by the world 's ruler Faust to restore magic to his kingdom , and set out to return to their world with the aid of Faust 's son Mystogan and Happy 's race of winged cats called the Exceed . The remaining 4 episodes adapt the rest of the 24th volume through the beginning of the 25th volume as part of the `` Sirius Island '' ( 天狼島編 , `` Tenrōjima - hen '' ) arc , which focuses on Natsu and the guild 's other strongest members as they take their S - Class examination on Sirius Island .	The season initially ran in 2011 from April 4 to October 8 on TV Tokyo in Japan . Seven DVD compilations were released , each containing four episodes , by Pony Canyon between August 3 , 2011 and February 1 , 2012 . The season was licensed for a dubbed broadcast in English by Animax Asia , which released it as part of `` Season 2 '' . Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English - dubbed version across three Blu - ray / DVD box sets , released on December 10 , 2013 , and February 4 and March 25 in 2014 along with the first four episodes of season 4 . The first two sets were released as together as `` Collection 4 '' on June 2 , 2015 . The season makes use of 6 pieces of theme music : three opening themes and three ending themes . `` Evidence '' performed by Daisy x Daisy is used until episode 84 , `` The Rock City Boy '' performed by Jamil until 98 , and `` Towa no Kizuna '' ( 永久のキズナ , `` Everlasting Bond '' ) performed by Daisy x Daisy for the rest of the season . The ending themes , used with the opening themes , are `` Hitori Samishiku '' ( ひとりさみしく , `` Lonely Person '' ) by ShaNa , `` Do n't Think . Feel ! ! ! '' performed by Idoling ! ! ! , and `` Kono Te Nobashite '' ( この手伸ばして , `` Reach Out This Hand '' ) performed by Hi - Fi Camp . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 73 `` Rainbow Cherry Blossoms '' `` Niji no Sakura '' ( 虹の桜 ) April 4 , 2011 May 13 , 2014 When Lucy catches a cold after a mission in the mountains with Natsu and their friends , she is unable to go to Fairy Tail 's annual flower watching . Because Natsu ca n't have fun knowing Lucy has been left out , he and Happy uproot a cherry tree so that Lucy can see it . 74 `` Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? '' `` Wendi , Hajimete no Ōshigoto ! ? '' ( ウェンディ、初めての大仕事 ! ? ) April 11 , 2011 May 20 , 2014 For Wendy 's first job , she finds work at the theatre troupe that once hired Natsu , Lucy , Happy , Gray , and Erza . However , a fight with Carla means that she is going to Onibus alone . When her friends learn the train to Onibus is n't working , everyone rushes to help Wendy . When they all arrive in Onibus , they learn that their services were not needed and collapse in exhaustion ; Wendy 's first big job becomes moving her friends out of the way . 75 `` 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race '' `` Nijūyo Jikan Taikyū Rōdo Rēsu '' ( 24 時間耐久ロードレース ) April 16 , 2011 May 27 , 2014 A 24 hour race begins as all the Fairy Tail members race to get Wyvern Scales from the top of Mt . Ivor and return to the starting line . No one is allowed to drop out and flying magic is not permitted , though that does n't dampen Happy 's determination to win . 76 `` Gildarts '' `` Girudātsu '' ( ギルダーツ ) April 23 , 2011 June 3 , 2014 Gildarts has finally come back to Fairy Tail after three years on a hundred - year quest and has news for Natsu concerning Igneel . 77 `` Earth Land '' `` Āsu Rando '' ( アースランド ) April 30 , 2011 June 10 , 2014 Wendy finally meets Mystogan , whom she had known as Jellal in her childhood . In spite of his best efforts , he reveals he is unable to stop Anima , a powerful magic that will destroy all of Magnolia . As Wendy warn Fairy Tail of its impending demise , light shines down from the sky and the city disappears , leaving only Wendy , Natsu , Happy , and Carla behind . 78 `` Edolas '' `` Edorasu '' ( エドラス ) May 7 , 2011 June 17 , 2014 After the disappearance of Magnolia and Fairy Tail , Carla reveals that everything has been taken to an alternate world - Edolas , where she and Happy originally came from . Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers , they were immune to the Anima were regarded as a threat to Edolas ; thus , Carla and Happy were sent to destroy them . Determined to rescue their friends , Natsu , Wendy , and Happy follow Carla 's lead to reach Edolas , where they discover the Edolas version of Fairy Tail . 79 `` Fairy Hunter '' `` Yōsei Gari '' ( 妖精狩り ) May 14 , 2011 June 24 , 2014 Natsu , Wendy , Carla and Happy are stunned to discover a very different version of Fairy Tail in Edolas , but it is clear that they are not the same Fairy Tail they know and love . However , before any questions can be answered , the Edolas Fairy Tail is attacked by Fairy Hunter , Erza Knightwalker . 80 `` Key of Hope '' `` Kibō no Kagi '' ( 希望の鍵 ) May 21 , 2011 July 1 , 2014 After a narrow escape from Erza Knightwalker , Natsu 's group decides to head to the capital of Edolas on their own to save their friends , despite warnings from the Edolas Fairy Tail . However , they soon find themselves guided by Lucy Ashley , Lucy 's Edolas counterpart , and Natsu and Wendy are shocked to discover that their magic does not work in Edolas . 81 `` Fireball '' `` Faiabōru '' ( ファイアボール ) May 28 , 2011 July 8 , 2014 In the capital , Natsu and Wendy are surprised to find their Lucy alive and fully capable of using her magic . After Edolas Lucy and Earthland Lucy become acquainted with one another , Natsu 's group escapes from the Royal Army and takes refuge in a hotel . When their plan to sneak aboard a Royal Army airship fails , they are saved by the timely arrival of the driver of a 4 - wheeled vehicle - the Edolas version of Natsu . 82 `` Welcome Home '' `` Okaerinasaimase '' ( おかえりなさいませ ) June 4 , 2011 July 15 , 2014 Natsu and his friends reach the Royal City , where an enormous Lacrima made of the magical energy of Magnolia is on display . To save their friends , Carla reveals that she has had information about Edolas flowing into her head since they arrived , and the group devises a plan based on getting close to the King of Edolas and having Lucy use Gemini to learn how to transform the Lacrima back . Their plan is foiled when they are ambushed by Erza Knightwalker , whose forces exalt Happy and Carla as beings known as `` Exceeds . '' 83 `` Extalia '' `` Ekusutaria '' ( エクスタリア ) June 11 , 2011 July 22 , 2014 Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers , they are detained and wind up discovering a secret about the Exceed . Happy and Carla are brought to Extalia , the home of the Exceed , and learn the reason why they were actually sent to Earthland . Meanwhile , Edolas Gajeel plans a distraction so Earthland Gajeel can attempt to destroy the lacrima that holds his friends . 84 `` Fly , to Our Friends ! '' `` Tobe ! Tomo no Moto ni ! '' ( 飛べ ! 友のもとに ! ) June 18 , 2011 July 29 , 2014 After hearing about their mission , Happy and Carla flee from Extalia and end up with two mysterious cats , Lucky and Marl , whose egg has previously been taken by the queen to be used in the Dragonslayer Extermination Project . Though they are shaken by what they think they have done , they resolve to save their friends . 85 `` Code ETD '' `` Kōdo Ītīdī '' ( コード ETD ) June 25 , 2011 August 5 , 2014 When Lucy tries to appeal to Knightwalker to save her friends , she attempts to kill her by dropping Lucy out of a tower , though Lucy is saved by Happy and Carla 's timely arrival . When Faust - the magic - crazed king of Edolas - activates Code ETD ( Exceed Total Destruction ) on the Exceeds that were pursuing Carla and Happy , they are turned into Lacrima . Erza ambushes Lucy , Happy , and Carla , but the Earthland Erza and Gray suddenly appear to save their comrades . 86 `` Erza vs. Erza '' `` Eruza vs. Eruza '' ( エルザ vs. エルザ ) July 2 , 2011 August 12 , 2014 While Erza Scarlet holds off Erza Knightwalker , Lucy and the others go to rescue Natsu and Wendy , while Happy is sent to find Gajeel , as Dragonslayers are inherently able to reverse the magic that transformed everyone else into lacrima . However , Gajeel 's attempt to free everyone is hindered by the Exceed Pantherlily , a captain of the Edolas Army . Faust begins his plan to use the Dragon Chain Cannon to fuse the Magnolia lacrima into Extalia and destroy them together so that magic can rain upon Edolas forever . 87 `` We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! '' `` Inochi Darō ga ! ! ! ! '' ( 命だろーが ! ! ! ! ) July 9 , 2011 August 19 , 2014 Natsu , Gray , and Lucy 's attempt to reach the King of Edolas is held up by the Royal Army Captains Hughes and Sugarboy . When the servant Coco steals the key to the Dragon Chain Cannon to save Pantherlily and Extalia , she is pursued by the Royal Army 's Chief of Staff Byro and runs into Lucy , fleeing from monsters . As Coco considers giving the key to Lucy , Lucy and Byro engage in battle . 88 `` For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars '' `` Hoshi no Taiga wa Hokori no Tame ni '' ( 星の大河は誇りの為に ) July 16 , 2011 August 26 , 2014 After Lucy calls multiple spirits in a row to fight Byro her magic is quickly drained , though Virgo gives Lucy a Spirit World whip that can extend and contract to help in the fight . When Byro is defeated by the timely arrival of Natsu , Coco gives the key to Lucy , but it is stolen by Sugarboy , forcing Gray to pursue him . Gray defeats Sugarboy and destroys the key after learning its purpose , as he can create another key from ice . 89 `` The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon '' `` Shūen no Ryūsahō '' ( 終焉の竜鎖砲 ) July 23 , 2011 September 2 , 2014 Erza Knightwalker captures both Gray and Natsu and brings them before Faust , whom she quickly takes hostage , revealing herself as Erza Scarlet . Erza 's plan to force the guards to redirect the cannon goes awry when the real Erza Knightwalker appears . 90 `` The Boy Back Then '' `` Ano Toki no Shōnen '' ( あの時の少年 ) July 30 , 2011 September 9 , 2014 Chagot - the queen of the Exceeds - reveals that her divine image was a lie perpetuated by the Elders to protect the Exceeds from humans , but her inner strength convinces the Exceeds to try to save Extalia with their own strength . When the lacrima suddenly disappears , Mystogan arrives to explain that he has restored Magnolia and thanks Panther Lily for saving his life while Lily reveals Mystogan is Prince Jellal of Edolas . 91 `` Dragon Sense '' August 6 , 2011 September 16 , 2014 The Earthland wizards succeed in preventing Extalia 's demise , but the battle is not over . Erza Knightwalker leads an ambushed by the Edolas Royal Army , while Faust unleashes a super-powerful mechanical dragon , Droma Anim . The Dragon Slayers confront the king , Erza Scarlet faces off against Knightwalker , the others battle the army while Mystogan and Panther Lily attend to other matters . 92 `` O Living Ones '' `` Ikiru Monotachi yo '' ( 生きる者たちよ ) August 13 , 2011 September 23 , 2014 The battles against the Edolas Royal Kingdom rages on . The army , Knightwalker and the king himself are fighting against the Earthland wizards who wish to recover their friends . Meanwhile , Edolas Fairy Tail tries to come to a decision on which side they will choose . 93 `` I 'm Standing Right Here '' `` Ore wa Koko ni Tatteiru '' ( オレはここに立っている ) August 20 , 2011 September 30 , 2014 In the midst of the exhausting battle between the Edolas army and the members of Fairy Tail in both worlds , the Edolas combatants panic upon realizing their magic is disappearing thanks to Mystogan reversing Anima . However , to ensure the stability of Edolas , Mystogan declares himself a villain to Edolas and orders Panther Lily to kill him and emerge as a hero amongst the people . 94 `` Bye - Bye Edolas '' `` Baibai Edorasu '' ( バイバイエドラス ) August 27 , 2011 October 7 , 2014 Out of devotion , Panther Lily refuses to accept Mystogan 's plan , but they soon find that Natsu , Wendy , and Gajeel have captured Faust and begun a riot . When Mystogan confronts Natsu and defeats him , Mystogan is revealed to be the Prince of Edolas to the people . As the reversed Anima teleports the Earthland wizards and the Exceed to Earthland , everyone says their goodbyes and disappears , while Mystogan remains behind , heralded as the new leader of Edolas . 95 `` Lisanna '' `` Risāna '' ( リサーナ ) September 3 , 2011 October 14 , 2014 The wizards and the Exceeds are teleported back to Earthland . In a flashback , Chagot sends 100 Exceed eggs to Earth to save them after foreseeing that Extalia would fall ; Carla , possessing the same powers , mistakes these visions as a mission . Back in the present , when the Exceed leave to find the remaining eggs , Panther Lily remains behind to be Gajeel 's partner and to honour Mystogan 's dedication to Fairy Tail . However , Panther Lily has brought them an unusual captive : Lisanna , who explains she is actually Earthland 's Lisanna Strauss . 96 `` He Who Extinguishes Life '' `` Inochi o Kesumono '' ( 生命 ( いのち ) を消す者 ) September 10 , 2011 October 21 , 2014 The aftermath of Natsu and his friends ' adventures in Edolas is revealed : Edolas Fairy Tail moves closer to the kingdom to help rebuild the destroyed city , while Mystogan exiles the repentant Faust and sentences the remaining members of the Royal Army to assist with repairing the city . In Earthland , Lisanna returns to Earthland 's Fairy Tail while Natsu and his friends tell the other guild members about their adventures in Edolas . Meanwhile , a mysterious black - haired man living in a forest where he causes all living things around him to die against his will , says he wants to see Natsu . 97 `` Best Partners '' `` Besuto Pātonā '' ( ベストパートナー ) September 17 , 2011 October 28 , 2014 Natsu , Gray , Juvia , Elfman , Cana , Fried , Levy , and Mystogan 's disciple Mest are selected to participate in Fairy Tail 's annual S - Class promotion exam , and are instructed to choose a partner to accompany them during the exam . Natsu partners with Happy , Gray with Loke , Juvia with Lisanna , Elfman with Evergreen , Freed with Bickslow , Levy with Gajeel , and Mest with Wendy . During this time , Cana tells Lucy that she intends to leave the guild if she fails the upcoming exam . After learning of Cana 's reasons for doing so , Lucy offers to become Cana 's partner . Meanwhile , Carla has brief glimpses of disastrous events in the future , one of which includes the black - haired youth from the forest . 98 `` Who 's the Lucky One ? '' `` Ungaii no wa Dare ? '' ( 運がいいのは誰 ? ) September 24 , 2011 November 4 , 2014 The exam participants arrive at Sirius Island , Fairy Tail 's sacred ground , where they each take one of eight routes that will lead to the next stage of the exam . Most of these routes either pit the participants against each other or one of Fairy Tail 's S - Class wizards , who they must defeat in order to advance . Lucy and Cana are pitted against Freed and Bickslow , who they fear they stand no chance against . However , Freed throws the battle by pretending to be distracted by their swimsuits , allowing Cana to defeat him using illusions of scantily dressed women . Meanwhile , Natsu takes the route he believes will pit him against Erza , but is ecstatic to find Gildarts waiting for him instead . 99 `` Natsu vs. Gildarts '' `` Natsu vs. Girudātsu '' ( ナツ vs. ギルダーツ ) October 1 , 2011 November 11 , 2014 Juvia and Lisanna are pitted against Erza , while Elfman and Evergreen are pitted against Mirajane . Meanwhile , Natsu enthusiastically fights Gildarts , with a series of flashbacks detailing how Natsu had never once been able to defeat him since childhood . Just when Natsu believes he has gained the upper hand , Gildarts unleashes an immense aura of magical power , prompting Natsu to surrender in fear . Gildarts teaches Natsu the benefits that fear has in order for him to grow stronger , and allows him to pass . 100 `` Mest '' `` Mesuto '' ( メスト ) October 8 , 2011 November 18 , 2014 After being defeated by Gray and Loke , Mest convinces Wendy to help him look for a secret he claims to be hidden on the island . Worried about Wendy , Carla arrives on Sirius Island together with Panther Lily , who doubts Mest 's claims of being Mystogan 's disciple and suspects that Mest is not a member of Fairy Tail . Meanwhile , Levy and Gajeel pass through the only route devoid of opponents , Elfman and Evergreen defeat Mirajane , and Juvia and Lisanna lose against Erza . For the second part of the exam , the remaining participants are instructed by Makarov to search the island for the grave of Fairy Tail 's founding master Mavis . During their search , Elfman and Evergreen encounter the black - haired youth , who unleashes a wave of lethal magic against them , though Natsu arrives in time to save his friends . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 73 - 85 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Episodes 86 - 98 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Episodes 99 - 111 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 25 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニオン - FAIRY TAIL ( 37 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 虹の桜 '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 73 ( in Japanese ) . April 4 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : `` コード ETD '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 85 ( in Japanese ) . June 25 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 20 of 2014 ( Mon 12 May 2014 - Sun 18 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 73 ) ( P ) - Episode 73 - Rainbow Cherry Blossoms Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 21 of 2014 ( Mon 19 May 2014 - Sun 25 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 74 ) ( P ) - Episode 74 - Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 22 of 2014 ( Mon 26 May 2014 - Sun 1 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 75 ) ( P ) - Episode 75 - 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 23 of 2014 ( Mon 2 Jun 2014 - Sun 8 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 76 ) ( P ) - Episode 76 - Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 24 of 2014 ( Mon 9 Jun 2014 - Sun 15 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 77 ) ( P ) - Episode 77 - Earth Land Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 25 of 2014 ( Mon 16 Jun 2014 - Sun 22 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 78 ) ( P ) - Episode 78 - Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 26 of 2014 ( Mon 23 Jun 2014 - Sun 29 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 79 ) ( P ) - Episode 79 - Fairy Hunter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 27 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Jun 2014 - Sun 6 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 80 ) ( P ) - Episode 80 - Key of Hope Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 28 of 2014 ( Mon 7 Jul 2014 - Sun 13 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 81 ) ( P ) - Episode 81 - Fireball Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 29 of 2014 ( Mon 14 Jul 2014 - Sun 20 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 82 ) ( P ) - Episode 82 - Welcome Home Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 30 of 2014 ( Mon 21 Jul 2014 - Sun 27 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 83 ) ( P ) - Episode 83 - Extalia Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 31 of 2014 ( Mon 28 Jul 2014 - Sun 3 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 84 ) ( P ) - Episode 84 - Fly , to Our Friends ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 32 of 2014 ( Mon 4 Aug 2014 - Sun 10 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 85 ) ( P ) - Episode 85 - Code ETD ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 33 of 2014 ( Mon 11 Aug 2014 - Sun 17 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 86 ) ( P ) - Episode 86 - Erza vs. Erza Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 34 of 2014 ( Mon 18 Aug 2014 - Sun 24 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 87 ) ( P ) - Episode 87 - We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 35 of 2014 ( Mon 25 Aug 2014 - Sun 31 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 88 ) ( P ) - Episode 88 - For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2014 ( Mon 1 Sep 2014 - Sun 7 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 89 ) ( P ) - Episode 89 - The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2014 ( Mon 8 Sep 2014 - Sun 14 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 90 ) ( P ) - Episode 90 - The Boy Back Then Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2014 ( Mon 15 Sep 2014 - Sun 21 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 91 ) ( P ) - Episode 91 - Dragon Sense Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2014 ( Mon 22 Sep 2014 - Sun 28 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 92 ) ( P ) - Episode 92 - O Living Ones Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2014 ( Mon 29 Sep 2014 - Sun 5 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 93 ) ( P ) - Episode 93 - I 'm Standing Right Here Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Oct 2014 - Sun 12 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 94 ) ( P ) - Episode 94 - Bye - Bye Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Oct 2014 - Sun 19 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 95 ) ( P ) - Episode 95 - Lisanna Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Oct 2014 - Sun 26 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 96 ) ( P ) - Episode 96 - He Who Extinguishes Life Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Oct 2014 - Sun 2 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 97 ) ( P ) - Episode 97 - Best Partners Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Nov 2014 - Sun 9 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 98 ) ( P ) - Episode 98 - Who 's The One With The Good Luck ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Nov 2014 - Sun 16 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 99 ) ( P ) - Episode 99 - Natsu vs. Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2014 ( Mon 17 Nov 2014 - Sun 23 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 100 ) ( P ) - Episode 100 - Mest ( hide ) Works by Hiro Mashima Fairy Tail Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Spin - offs Fairy Tail Zero Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Characters Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Rave Master Chapters Episodes Characters Other series Monster Soul Monster Hunter Orage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_3)&oldid=795970621 '' Categories : Fairy Tail episode lists 2011 Japanese television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fairy%20Tail%20episodes%20%28season%203%29	2,615
what highway in germany has no speed limit	General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government . All limits are multiples of 5 km / h . There are two default speed limits : 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) inside built - up areas and 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) outside built - up areas . While parts of the autobahns and many other freeway - style highways have posted limits up to 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) based on accident experience , congestion and other factors , many rural sections have no general speed limit . The German Highway Code ( Straßenverkehrsordnung ) section on speed begins with the requirement which may be rendered in English :		Speed limits in Germany	speed limits in germany	General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government . All limits are multiples of 5 km / h . There are two default speed limits : 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) inside built - up areas and 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) outside built - up areas . While parts of the autobahns and many other freeway - style highways have posted limits up to 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) based on accident experience , congestion and other factors , many rural sections have no general speed limit . The German Highway Code ( Straßenverkehrsordnung ) section on speed begins with the requirement which may be rendered in English :	Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control . Speeds must be adapted to the road , traffic , visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load . This requirement applies to all roads , and is similar to the `` reasonable speed '' legal obligation levied in other nations . Speed limits are enforced with a small tolerance . Driving merely 3 km / h ( 2 mph ) or faster above the posted or implied speed limit is considered a punishable infraction in Germany . The speeding fines are set by federal law ( Bußgeldkatalog , schedule of fines ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Autobahns 2.1 History 2.2 Minimum speed 2.3 Accident statistics 3 Other Roads 3.1 City limits 4 Truck speed limits 5 References History ( edit ) The Nazi - era Road Traffic Act of 28 May 1934 imposed the first nationwide speed limit : 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) maximum in urban areas , but no limit on rural highways or autobahns . In October 1939 , the Nazis further throttled speeds in order to conserve fuel : 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) in urban areas , 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) elsewhere . After the war , the four Allied occupation zones established their own speed limits until the divided East German and West German republics were constituted in 1949 ; initially , the Nazi speed limits were restored in both East and West Germany . In December 1952 the West German legislature voted to abolish all speed limits , reverting to State - level decisions . However , rising traffic fatalities led to a partial reversal : an urban speed limit of 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) became effective September 1 , 1957 , despite resistance by the German Auto Club . By 1970 , fatalities had climbed to over 19,000 ; in 1972 a general rural speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) went into effect -- except on motorways . At 14 November 1983 the Hamburg suburb of Buxtehude had the first implementation of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) limits in residential areas , a concept that became popular . East Germany 's safety efforts primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation ; for examples , zero alcohol tolerance , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns and 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) outside cities . Within two years after German reunification in 1990 , the availability of high - powered vehicles and a 54 % increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths , despite interim continuation of prior speed restrictions . An extensive program of the four Es ( enforcement , education , engineering , and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after ten years while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards ( e.g. , 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) Autobahn advisory limit , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on other rural roads , and 0.5 milligrams BAC . Autobahns ( edit ) traffic sign indicating end of all restrictions ( including speed limits ) German autobahns are famous for having no universal motorway speed limit , although slightly more than 50 % of them have posted speed limits and about 10 % are equipped with motorway control systems that can show variable speed limits . There is no national speed limit , either , for cars and motorcycles on any highway outside of towns if it has a central reservation or a minimum of two marked lanes per direction . Due to this it is common to be overtaken by cars or motorcycles travelling over 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) . On such roads , as well as motorways , a recommended speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) applies . While driving at higher speeds is not punishable , the increased risk induced by higher speeds ( erhöhte Betriebsgefahr ) may result in partial liability for damages . Moreover , the law forbids travel at speeds that would extend the vehicle 's minimum halting distance beyond the driver 's line of sight . On all German roads , there are speed limits for trucks , buses , cars towing trailers , and small motorised vehicles ( Mopeds , etc . ) . The introduction of a national speed limit for motorways and similar roads has been on the agenda of various political and environmentalist groups for decades , but at present , there are still no definite plans on behalf of the federal government regarding the matter . History ( edit ) In 1973 , in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis , a federal speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on Autobahns was imposed to help conserve fuel for fear of impending future shortages ( not for environmental or safety reasons ) . The measure only lasted from December 1973 to March 1974 ; while the administration and the Bundestag were in favor of keeping the speed limit , the Bundesrat pushed to repeal the law . As a compromise , a recommended speed was introduced on Autobahns and `` highways outside of built - up areas with a center divide or without a center divide and a continuous lane for overtaking in both directions '' . This law is basically still in effect today . Unrestricted non-Autobahn highways , however , have since become virtually non-existent or replaced by Schnellstraßen , Autobahn - like expressways typically limited to 120 or 130 km / h and normally only covering a few kilometers . The Umweltbundesamt ( Federal Environmental Agency ) repeated its recommendation of such regulation in early 2007 , but the Merkel administration saw no need for it . Even after a 2007 party congress held by the SPD , then one of Germany 's governing parties , where a proposal to impose a blanket speed limit was approved , there was outspoken opposition within the administration . At present , it is generally thought that a blanket speed limit would not be significantly beneficial , regarding both environmental and climate concerns and road safety . Current estimates conclude that a speed limit would reduce Germany 's overall CO2 emission by a mere fraction of a percent , and in terms of highway safety , German Autobahns are among the world 's safest . Legally , however , state and even local authorities have the power to enact speed limits . The district of Köln / ( Cologne ) has posted a speed limit on the heavily frequented Kölner Autobahnring / ( Cologne Beltway ) . Effective April 9 , 2008 , the City - State of Bremen began enforcing a general 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) speed limit , citing environmental concerns . However , Bremen 's new limit only impacted an additional 11 kilometers of Bremen 's 60 kilometers of Autobahn ; most Bremen motorways already had some speed restriction due to congestion and noise . In 2006 , half of German motorways had no maximum speed limit at any time of day or under any traffic conditions . Roughly one third of regulated roads have computer - controlled traffic guiding systems with variable electronic signs along carriageways showing the set speed limit , or , current road conditions and traffic density allowing , indicating that no speed limit is set at the moment . Minimum speed ( edit ) Posted minimum speeds usually only apply to specific lanes like the common configuration on 6 - lane roads with a minimum speed of 110 km / h ( 68 mph ) on the left and 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) on the center lane . Vehicles which can not sustain speeds of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) on the flat are not allowed on the Autobahn , however . Because of this , many European self - propelled cranes and other extra-heavy trucks which would be unsafe at much higher speeds , but similarly unsafe or impractical ( and certainly obstructive ) to drive for long distances on surface streets between job sites and depots , are engineered with maximum design speeds a little over 60 km / h - typically 62 km / h ( 39 mph ) at governed engine speed in top gear . Accident Statistics ( edit ) In 2013 , autobahns carried 31 % of motorized road traffic while accounting for 13 % of Germany 's traffic deaths . The autobahn fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per billion - travel - kilometers compared favorably with the 4.7 rate on urban streets and 6.6 rate on rural roads . Between 1970 and 2010 , overall German road fatalities decreased by almost 80 % from 19,193 to 3,648 ; over the same time period , autobahn deaths halved from 945 to 430 deaths . Statistics for 2013 show total German traffic deaths declined to the lowest count ever recorded : 3340 ; a representative of the Federal Statistical Office attributed the general decline to harsh winter weather that delayed the start of the motorcycle - riding season . However , autobahn deaths increased over 2012 counts ( from 387 to 428 ) . Road Class Injury Crashes Fatalities Injury Rate * Fatality Rate * Fatalities per 1000 Injury Crashes Autobahn 18,452 428 0.082 1.9 23.2 Urban 199,650 977 0.958 4.7 4.9 Rural 73,003 1,934 0.249 6.6 26.5 Total 291,105 3,399 0.401 4.6 11.6 per 1,000,000,000 travel - kilometres Other roads ( edit ) Rural roads , except for motorways or other designated fast roads , have a speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , which is routinely reduced to 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) or 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) where the road approaches a junction with a significant side - road . Tree - lined scenic routes , such as the German Avenue Road , often have 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) limits . Lorries , some buses , and cars towing trailers have lower speed limits as well . In 2015 , the German Safety Council recommended that the general limit be set at 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) for rural roads less than six meters wide . The proposed speed would reduce the differential with trucks 3.5 metric tonne trucks , which generally travel at 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . In 2013 , rural roads spanned approximately 200,000 kilometers in length , and killed at least 1,934 people . Town sign ( of Wilster ) indicating the city limit of 50 km / h 30 km / h zone limit , often found in residential areas City limits ( edit ) There is a general speed limit within built up areas , which are marked by distinctive rectangular yellow signs showing the name of the village , town or city , of 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) but residential areas usually have a lower posted speed limit of 30 km / h ( 18 mph ) . On arterial roads , the speed limit may be raised to 60 or 70 km / h ( 37 to 43 mph ) ; this higher speed limit will be posted in the usual way . Motorways crossing cities count as normal Autobahns and can be used for travel within larger cities in many cases . Minimum speeds are very rarely marked in Germany . Truck speed limits ( edit ) There is a general speed limit of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) for trucks with a GVWR over 3,500 kg ( 7,716 lbs ) and for vehicles with trailers . For vehicles with a GVWR of over 7,500 kg ( 16,534 lbs ) the limit is set to 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) except on autobahns ( also 80 km / h ) . For coaches and cars with trailers the limit is increased to 100 km / h on autobahns ( under certain requirements ) . Posted speed signs for trucks are not common , they can be seen on some dangerous curves or descents . Trucks over 3,500 kg are required to have a built - in speed limiter for a maximum speed of 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) , and buses for a maximum speed of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . There are a few exceptions for army , police , fire brigade or scientific purposes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html Jump up ^ Bußgeldkatalog Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( `` South German Times '' ) . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die Straßenverkehrsordnung vom 28 . Mai 1934 sah zum ersten Mal ein allgemeines Tempolimit vor : Innerorts waren maximal 60 km / h erlaubt . Doch außerorts ( auch auf den neuen Autobahnen ) gab es keine Begrenzung . Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt . ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( `` South German Times '' ) . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Im Oktober 1939 drosselten die Nazis das Tempo . In der Stadt durfte man 40 , überall sonst 80 km / h fahren . Offizielle Begründung war die Verkehrssicherheit . In Wirklichkeit sollten die Deutschen mit ihrer gezügelten Fahrweise Benzin sparen , für die Wehrmacht . Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( `` South German Times '' ) . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . 1945 führten die Besatzungsmächte in den einzelnen Zonen unterschiedliche Regelungen ein . Von 1949 an galten dann die Tempolimits der Nazis wieder in ganz Deutschland , sowohl die BRD als auch die DDR übernahmen sie . Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt . Was kaum einer weiß : Bis zum 1 . September 1957 gab es in der BRD überhaupt kein Limit . Selbst innerorts durfte gerast werden. ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle : Germany is world - famous for unlimited speeds on motorways . But few know that until 1 September 1957 there were no limits at all ; race speeds were legal even in towns ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( `` South German Times '' ) . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die nächste Episode in der Geschichte des Tempolimits klingt aus heutiger Sicht unglaublich : Im Westen schaffte der Bundestag im Dezember 1952 sämtliche Höchstgeschwindigkeiten ab . Nicht die Nazi - Handschrift war das Problem am Gesetz , sondern Technikbegeisterung , verbunden mit dem allgemeinen Taumel der Wirtschaftswunderzeit . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-43064362.html Jump up ^ http://www.guvu.de/cms/wp-content/uploads/holz-rau-guvu.pdf Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( `` South German Times '' ) . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . In der Folge stieg die Zahl der Verkehrstoten stark an . Obwohl damals zehn mal weniger Autos angemeldet waren , starben mehr als doppelt so viele Menschen auf den Straßen wie 2006 ( 5094 Tote ) . Eine hitzige Diskussion um ein allgemeines Tempolimit entbrannte . Vor allem der CDU - Abgeordnete Oskar Rümmele , damals Vorsitzender des Verkehrsausschusses , setzte sich für eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit ein . Gegen den Widerstand des ADAC und vieler Experten führten Bundestag und Bundesrat zum 1 . September 1957 das Tempolimit wieder ein - innerorts galten fortan 50 km / h . Jump up ^ http://www.zeit.de/1984/11/schonzeit-fuer-fussgaenger/komplettansicht Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13516880.html Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . interim arrangements involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km / h on highways and of 80 km / h outside cities and a blood alcohol limit of 0.0 ‰ in the New Laender . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . The astonishing reduction of traffic accident rates after the German Reunification could only be realised through the coordinated effort of different organisations . Therefore , it is impossible to quantify the impact of a single organisation or programme ... The multiplicity of actors can be grouped under four `` E '' s , which comprehensively cover the field of traffic safety approaches . Jump up ^ Reference Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Verkehr , Bau - und Wohnungswesen . `` Kollektive Verkehrsbeeinflussungsanlagen auf Bundesfernstraßen '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ German Straßenverkehrs - Ordnung ( StVO ; Highway code ) , paragraph 3 : Geschwindigkeit ( speed ) , section ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits Come to the Autobahn '' . Business Week . 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` German State Becomes First to Set General Autobahn Speed Limit '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 2008 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bast.de/nn_42642/DE/Publikationen/Download-Berichte/downloads/V1-BAB-Tempolimit-2008,templateId%3Draw,property%3DpublicationFile.pdf/V1-BAB-Tempolimit-2008.pdf&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsite:bast.de%2B%2522Tempolimits%2Bauf%2BAutobahnen%2522%26es_sm%3D93 ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic and Accident Data : Summary Statistics -- Germany '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . September 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/zahl-der-verkehrstoten-sinkt-mehr-unfalltote-auf-autobahnen-a-955494.html Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dangerous-lanes-german-state-aims-to-curb-tree-deaths-a-791840.html Jump up ^ Kamann , Matthias ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Gilt bald auf Landstraßen Tempo 80 für alle ? '' . DIE WELT . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs - Ordnung § 3 Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs - Ordnung § 18 Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs - Zulassungs - Ordnung ( road traffic admission regulation ) § 57c ( hide ) Speed limits in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_limits_in_Germany&oldid=807182749 '' Categories : Speed limits by country Road transport in Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 12 : 36 . 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who do you think you are australia imdb			Who Do You Think You Are ? ( Australian tv series )	who do you think you are? ( australian tv series )	Who Do You Think You Are ? is an Australian television documentary reality series , part of the international franchise and adaptation of the original British series on BBC of the same name , airing on SBS One . SBS first aired six episodes of the BBC series in late 2007 , followed by six Australian episodes beginning 13 January 2008 , and then six more from the original BBC version . Each episode profiles a celebrity tracing their family tree , and is narrated by Richard Mellick .	The success of the series led to SBS One and the National Archives of Australia jointly organising a Shake Your Family Tree day on 27 February 2008 to promote genealogy . SBS One renewed the series for a sixth series on 29 August 2012 . The seventh season aired on the SBS from 4 August 2015 , with Geoffrey Rush featured on Episode 1 . The eighth season aired on Tuesday , 13 September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series Summary 2 Episodes 2.1 Season One ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season Two ( 2009 ) 2.3 Season Three ( 2010 - 11 ) 2.4 Season Four ( 2012 ) 2.5 Season Five ( 2013 ) 2.6 Season Six ( 2014 ) 2.7 Season Seven ( 2015 ) 2.8 Season Eight ( 2016 ) 3 DVD releases 4 References 5 External links Series Summary ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally Aired Season Premiere Season Final 6 13 January 2008 17 February 2008 27 September 2009 1 November 2009 28 November 2010 2 January 2011 27 March 2012 1 May 2012 5 8 2 April 2013 21 May 2013 6 9 July 2014 26 August 2014 7 4 August 2015 22 September 2015 8 13 September 2016 1 November 2016 Episodes ( edit ) Season One ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate `` Jack Thompson '' 13 January 2008 `` Kate Ceberano '' 20 January 2008 `` Geoffrey Robertson '' 27 January 2008 `` Cathy Freeman '' 3 February 2008 5 5 `` Dennis Cometti '' 10 February 2008 6 6 `` Ita Buttrose '' 17 February 2008 Season Two ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 7 `` Ron Barassi '' 27 September 2009 8 `` Sigrid Thornton '' 4 October 2009 9 `` Ben Mendelsohn '' 11 October 2009 10 `` Christine Anu '' 18 October 2009 11 5 `` Maggie Beer '' 25 October 2009 12 6 `` John Butler '' 1 November 2009 Season Three ( 2010 - 11 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 13 `` Magda Szubanski '' 28 November 2010 14 `` Rod Marsh '' 5 December 2010 15 `` Tina Arena '' 12 December 2010 16 `` Shane Bourne '' 19 December 2010 17 5 `` Paul Mercurio '' 26 December 2010 18 6 `` Georgie Parker '' 2 January 2011 Season Four ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 19 `` Shaun Micallef '' 27 March 2012 20 `` Kerry O'Brien '' 3 April 2012 21 `` Melissa George '' 10 April 2012 22 `` Vince Colosimo '' 17 April 2012 23 5 `` John Wood '' 24 April 2012 24 6 `` Michael O'Loughlin '' 1 May 2012 Season Five ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 25 `` Adam Hills '' 2 April 2013 26 `` Asher Keddie '' 9 April 2013 27 `` Don Hany '' 16 April 2013 28 `` Michael Caton '' 23 April 2013 29 5 `` Lex Marinos '' 30 April 2013 30 6 `` Susie Porter '' 7 May 2013 31 7 `` Rove McManus '' 14 May 2013 32 8 `` John Howard '' 21 May 2013 Season Six ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 33 `` Andrew Denton '' 9 July 2014 34 `` Rebecca Gibney '' 16 July 2014 35 `` Jacki Weaver '' 23 July 2014 36 `` Richard Roxburgh '' 29 July 2014 37 5 `` Amanda Keller '' 5 August 2014 38 6 `` Adam Goodes '' 12 August 2014 39 7 `` Lisa McCune '' 18 August 2014 40 8 `` Paul McDermott '' 26 August 2014 Season Seven ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 41 `` Geoffrey Rush '' 4 August 2015 42 `` Toni Collette '' 11 August 2015 43 `` Luke Nguyen '' 18 August 2015 44 `` David Wenham '' 25 August 2015 45 5 `` Dawn Fraser '' 1 September 2015 46 6 `` Peter Rowsthorn '' 8 September 2015 47 7 `` Greig Pickhaver '' 15 September 2015 48 8 `` Ray Martin '' 22 September 2015 Season Eight ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . In series No . In season Celebrity Airdate 49 `` Julia Morris '' 13 September 2016 50 `` Peter Garrett '' 20 September 2016 51 `` Delta Goodrem '' 27 September 2016 52 `` Mal Meninga '' 4 October 2016 53 5 `` Rachel Griffiths '' 11 October 2016 54 6 `` Shane Jacobson '' 18 October 2016 55 7 `` Jane Turner '' 25 October 2016 56 8 `` John Newcombe '' 1 November 2016 DVD releases ( edit ) Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA TBA 20 February 2008 None The Complete Second Series TBA TBA 21 October 2009 25 minutes of additional scenes , Bonus track by John Butler The Complete Third Series TBA TBA 12 January 2011 Magda Szubanski & Paul Mercurio - 34 minutes of additional scenes ! The Complete Fourth Series TBA TBA 9 May 2012 Celebrity Interviews , Additional Scenes : Melissa George & Shaun Micallef , Subtitles include English for the hard of hearing ( Episodes Only ) The Complete Fifth Series TBA TBA 3 July 2013 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Aussie celebs to trace family tree '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shake your family tree '' . National Archives of Australia . 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Renewed : Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? : Aug 4 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 August 2016 ) . `` Delta , Rachel , Julia & Newc to appear in Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - star cast in 2014 for Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . Australia : Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . 2008 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? episode guide '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Australian Series 1 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Australian Series 2 ( DVD / iTunes Digital Download ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Australian Series 3 ( DVD / iTunes Digital Download ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Australian Series 4 ( DVD / iTunes Digital Download ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Australian Series 5 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are ? United Kingdom ( original ) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=809601294 '' Categories : Australian documentary television series 2008 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series Television series about family history Special Broadcasting Service shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use Australian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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smell of soil after rain is due to	The term was coined in 1964 by two Australian CSIRO researchers , Isabel Joy Bear and Richard G. Thomas , for an article in the journal Nature . In the article , the authors describe how the smell derives from an oil exuded by certain plants during dry periods , whereupon it is absorbed by clay - based soils and rocks . During rain , the oil is released into the air along with another compound , geosmin , a metabolic by - product of certain actinobacteria , which is emitted by wet soil , producing the distinctive scent ; ozone may also be present if there is lightning . In a follow - up paper , Bear and Thomas ( 1965 ) showed that the oil retards seed germination and early plant growth .		Petrichor	petrichor	Petrichor ( / ˈpɛtrɪkɔːr / ) is the earthy scent produced when rain falls on dry soil . The word is constructed from Greek πέτρα petra , meaning `` stone '' , and ἰχώρ īchōr , the fluid that flows in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology .	The term was coined in 1964 by two Australian CSIRO researchers , Isabel Joy Bear and Richard G. Thomas , for an article in the journal Nature . In the article , the authors describe how the smell derives from an oil exuded by certain plants during dry periods , whereupon it is absorbed by clay - based soils and rocks . During rain , the oil is released into the air along with another compound , geosmin , a metabolic by - product of certain actinobacteria , which is emitted by wet soil , producing the distinctive scent ; ozone may also be present if there is lightning . In a follow - up paper , Bear and Thomas ( 1965 ) showed that the oil retards seed germination and early plant growth . In 2015 , MIT scientists used high - speed cameras to record how the scent moves into the air . The tests involved approximately 600 experiments on 28 different surfaces , including engineered materials and soil samples . When a raindrop lands on a porous surface , air from the pores forms small bubbles , which float to the surface and release aerosols . Such aerosols carry the scent , as well as bacteria and viruses from the soil . Raindrops that move at a slower rate tend to produce more aerosols ; this serves as an explanation for why the petrichor is more common after light rains . Some scientists believe that humans appreciate the rain scent because ancestors may have relied on rainy weather for survival . See also ( edit ) Geosmin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( March 1964 ) . `` Nature of argillaceous odour '' . Nature . 201 ( 4923 ) : 993 -- 995 . Bibcode : 1964Natur. 201 ... 993B . doi : 10.1038 / 201993a0 . Jump up ^ Garg , Anu ( 2007 ) . The Dord , the Diglot , and an Avocado Or Two : The Hidden Lives and Strange Origins of Words . Penguin . p. 399 . ISBN 9780452288614 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Daisy ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Storm Scents : It 's True , You Can Smell Oncoming Summer Rain : Researchers have teased out the aromas associated with a rainstorm and deciphered the olfactory messages they convey '' . Scientific American . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( September 1965 ) . `` Petrichor and plant growth '' . Nature . 207 ( 5005 ) : 1415 -- 1416 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 207.1415 B . doi : 10.1038 / 2071415a0 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper - White , Macrina ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why Rain Has That Distinctive Smell '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Chu , Jennifer ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` Rainfall can release aerosols , study finds '' . MIT News . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Palermo , Elizabeth ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Why Does Rain Smell Good ? '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up petrichor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Petrichor -- at `` A Word a Day '' From the Oxford English Dictionary Hansen , Joe , Where does the smell of rain come from ? , It 's Okay To Be Smart , PBS Digital Studios The Straight Dope : What 's that smell right before it rains ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrichor&oldid=804012193 '' Categories : Olfaction Precipitation Soil Rain Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français گیلکی 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrichor	2,618
what is the difference between scouts and girl guides	A Girl Guide or Girl Scout is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 10 and 14 . Age limits are different in each organisation . The term Girl Scout is used in the United States and several East Asian countries . The two terms are used synonymously within this article .		Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting	girl guiding and girl scouting		Singing Girl Guides A Girl Guide or Girl Scout is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 10 and 14 . Age limits are different in each organisation . The term Girl Scout is used in the United States and several East Asian countries . The two terms are used synonymously within this article . Girl Guides are organised into units / troops averaging 15 - 30 girls under guidance of a team of leaders . Units subdivide into patrols of about six Guides and engage in outdoor and special interest activities . Units may affiliate with national and international organisations . Some units , especially in Europe , have been co-educational since the 1970s , allowing boys and girls to work together as Scouts . There are other programme sections for older and younger girls . Contents 1 Foundation 2 Activities 3 Unit affiliation 3.1 Troop 4 References Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Girl Guides Following the origin of the Boy Scouts in 1907 many girls took up Scouting . A group of Girl Scouts were prominent at the Crystal Palace Rally in 1909 . After Robert Baden - Powell formed The Boy Scouts Association in 1910 he formed the Girl Guides and asked his sister Agnes to look after the Girl Guides organisation . A few years later Baden - Powell 's new wife Olave St. Claire Baden - Powell ( commonly referred to as `` Lady Baden - Powell '' ) became involved and , in 1918 , was appointed Chief Guide . Activities ( edit ) Main article : Scout method Most activities are similar to those of the ( Boy ) Scouts , but two central themes have been present from the earliest days of the movement : domestic skills and `` a kind of practical feminism which embodies physical fitness , survival skills , camping , citizenship training , and career preparation '' . Polish Girl Guides by the monument to Small Partisan in Warsaw Unit affiliation ( edit ) Troop ( edit ) Main article : Scout troop Local groups , called variously units , companies or troops are the fundamental unit of the Girl Guides . These are run by an adult , normally a woman who is between 18 and 65 years of age . She has responsibility for the girls in her group and plans out activities for the girls as well as leading the meetings . These leaders are supported by assistants . Meetings are held anywhere from weekly to monthly depending on the commitments of the participants and the activities in progress . References ( edit ) Scouting portal ^ Jump up to : Baden - Powell , Olave ( 25 April 2004 ) . Mary Drewery , ed . `` Window on My Heart . Chapter X . The War Years '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Aickin Rothschild , Mary ( Autumn 1981 ) . `` To Scout or to Guide ? The Girl Scout - Boy Scout Controversy , 1912 - 1941 '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . University of Nebraska Press . 6 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 3346224 . ISSN 0160 - 9009 . JSTOR 3346224 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Girlguiding UK . Archived from the original on 7 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . Scouting and Guiding topics Movement Scouting Scouting for Boys Scouting Round the World Scout method Scout Law Scout Promise Scout Motto Wood Badge Girl Guides Ranger Guides Jamboree Scout Leader Non-aligned organisations Scouting controversy and conflict Scouting in popular culture List of Scouts List of highest awards in Scouting Sections Age groups in Scouting and Guiding Beavers Cub Scout Scout Venture Scout Rover Scout Rainbow Guides Brownie Guides Girl Guides Ranger Guides Air Scouts Extension Scouting Lone Scouts Lone Guides Sea Scout Pioneers Robert Baden - Powell Olave Baden - Powell Agnes Baden - Powell Daniel Carter Beard Frederick Russell Burnham Lawrie Dring Bear Grylls William Hillcourt László Nagy Ernest Thompson Seton Jacques Sevin Francis Vane J.S. Wilson Places Baden - Powell House Brownsea Island Edith Macy Conference Center Foxlease Gilwell Park Kandersteg Our Cabaña Our Chalet Pax Hill Pax Lodge Philmont Sangam International organisations Confederation of European Scouts International Catholic Conference of Scouting International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe International Scout and Guide Fellowship Order of World Scouts Scouts - in - Exile World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts World Federation of Independent Scouts World Organization of Independent Scouts World Organization of the Scout Movement Other Ging Gang Goolie International Scouting Collectors Association Oldest Scout groups Outdoor education Religion in Scouting Scout handshake Scout Spirit The Hackney Scout Song Book World Scout Emblem World Scout Moot Scouting portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girl_Guiding_and_Girl_Scouting&oldid=858462042 '' Categories : Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 10 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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where does the tie fighter sound come from			TIE fighter	tie fighter	TIE fighters are fictional starfighters in the Star Wars universe . Propelled by twin ion engines ( hence the TIE acronym ) , TIE fighters are fast , agile , yet fragile starfighters produced by Sienar Fleet Systems for the Galactic Empire . TIE fighters and other TIE craft appear in Star Wars films , television shows , and throughout the Star Wars expanded universe . Several TIE fighter replicas and toys , as well as a TIE flight simulator , have been produced and sold by merchandise companies .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and design 2 Depiction 2.1 Other TIE craft 3 Cultural impact 4 References 5 External links Origin and design ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) Colin Cantwell created the concept model that established the TIE fighter 's ball - cockpit and hexagonal panels design for Star Wars ( 1977 ) . Star Wars creator George Lucas liked the basic design consisting of two panels connected by a stick with a ball - shaped cockpit , but Cantwell 's concept had few details . Joe Johnston created additional details , such as the cockpit window and the attachment points between the solar panels and the hull . Initially given a blue color scheme , the TIE fighter models for the first film were grey to better film against a bluescreen ; TIE fighters in The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) shifted back to being a muted blue . Sound designer Ben Burtt created the distinctive TIE fighter sound effect by combining an elephant call with a car driving on wet pavement . Combat scenes between TIE fighters and the Millennium Falcon and Rebel Alliance X-wing fighters in Star Wars were meant to be reminiscent of World War II dogfight footage ; editors used World War II air combat clips as placeholders while Industrial Light & Magic completed the movie 's special effects . Darth Vader 's distinct TIE advanced X1 in Star Wars was designed to make it instantly recognizable , and the TIE interceptors developed for Jedi were designed to look fast , deadly , and frightening . The Jedi starfighter , created for Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , was designed to bridge the appearance of the Jedi starfighter in Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and the TIE fighter design from the original trilogy . The V - wing starfighter , seen at the end of Revenge of the Sith , also makes the distinctive TIE fighter sound when flying by a Star Destroyer . Dark Horse Comics ' Sean Cooke designed the TIE predator for Star Wars : Legacy ( 2006 ) , set 130 years after the events of Star Wars , to appear both reminiscent of and more advanced than the original TIE fighter . Designers for The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) had numerous discussions about how much to `` update '' the TIE fighter for the first sequel film set 30 years after Return of the Jedi . They retained the starfighter 's design but altered its aesthetic to suggest improvements to the vessel 's manufacturing process and materials . Depiction ( edit ) Star Wars literature states that Sienar Fleet Systems manufactures TIE fighters and most TIE variants . TIE fighters ' solar panels power a twin ion engine ( TIE ) system that accelerates gases at a high speed along almost any vector , affording the ships tremendous speed and maneuverability . Described as lacking a hyperdrive or shield generators , the fragile TIE fighters are deployed in large numbers from bases or larger ships ; a Star Destroyer carries a wing of 72 various TIE craft . Expanded Universe material holds that TIE fighter pilots , who undergo intense physical and psychological testing , are trained to be intensely loyal to Emperor Palpatine and the Empire , willing to sacrifice themselves and their wingmates to accomplish their mission . TIE pilots were seen as expendable assets , as it was far cheaper to manufacture a great deal of standardized spacecraft in overwhelming numbers than it was to fully equip the craft . A TIE fighter consists of the absolute minimum necessary to function as a spacecraft , being essentially nothing more than a cockpit with an engine and weapons . Although Expanded Universe material often describes TIE fighters as lacking an ejection seat , the player can eject from TIE craft in LucasArts ' TIE Fighter flight simulator . During the events of The Force Awakens , the First Order sees the value in its TIE pilots and equips its TIE fighters with shields to protect their occupants . The First Order also upgraded the TIE fighter to have missiles and a co-pilot / gunner A TIE fighter stolen by Poe Dameron and Finn in The Force Awakens has an ejection seat , allowing both characters to survive a crash . Other TIE craft ( edit ) A TIE bomber In addition to the TIE fighter , a variety of other TIE craft appear throughout the films . Darth Vader flies a TIE Advanced in Star Wars . The Empire Strikes Back introduces a TIE shuttle and TIE bombers , which ferry Captain Needa ( Michael Culver ) to Darth Vader 's Super Star Destroyer and bomb asteroids in the hunt for the Millennium Falcon , respectively . Both TIE craft have a design that stems from an unused `` TIE boarding craft '' concept developed for A New Hope . The TIE bomber 's double - hull design led ILM 's modelmakers to dub the ship a `` double chili dog '' fighter . TIE interceptors -- faster TIE fighters with dagger - shaped wings and four laser cannons -- appear at various points in Return of the Jedi . Two scales of TIE interceptor models were used during filming . The Force Awakens features TIE / FO starfighters that have deflector shields and special operations TIE / SF fighters with heavier weapons , a hyperdrive , and shields . `` Flatter , fang - like '' TIE Striker interceptors appear in Rogue One ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : The Last Jedi features the TIE Silencer , the personal starfighter of Kylo Ren . A TIE interceptor Additionally , LucasArts Star Wars video games introduce several TIE variants , such as the TIE Hunter starfighter in Rogue Squadron III and the TIE Mauler surface vehicle in Empire at War . The TIE Advanced ( nicknamed `` Avenger '' in - game ) and TIE Defender -- heavily upgraded derivatives of previous craft seen in the Star Wars universe -- first appear in TIE Fighter as player - pilotable craft . The plot of Rebel Assault II revolves around destroying the Empire 's ability to manufacture the cloaking TIE Phantom starfighter , and a campaign in X-Wing Alliance centers on destroying experimental remote - controlled TIE fighters . Star Wars Rebels introduces an experimental TIE Advanced model used by Imperial Inquisitors and reintroduces the TIE defender ( TIE / D ) , a craft first seen in the TIE Fighter flight simulator , now as a prototype made by Grand Admiral Thrawn . Star Wars literature also introduces TIE varieties . TIE raptors attack Rogue Squadron in Solo Command . TYE wings -- TIE fighter and Y - wing hybrids -- appear both in I , Jedi and Rogue Squadron : Masquerade . Dark Horse 's Dark Empire introduces both the droid - piloted TIE / D and the TIE crawler `` century tank '' . West End Games ' roleplaying sourcebooks introduce varieties that include the TIE / fc fire - control support ship , the TIE / gt ground - attack fighter , the TIE / rc reconnaissance vessel , and the TIE scout . Cultural impact ( edit ) A TIE fighter model used in filming the climax of Star Wars sold at auction for $350,000 , and another TIE fighter from the film sold at auction for $402,500 . Fans built a 16 - foot - by - 20 - foot , 1,000 - pound TIE fighter float to commemorate Star Wars ' thirtieth anniversary as part of the 2007 Gala Parade in Crystal Lake , Illinois . A Wired editor 's creation of a TIE fighter model out of Starbucks cups and stirrers prompted the magazine to create a contest for its readers to submit their own art out of similar Starbucks material . io9 mocked the variety of TIE fighters in the franchise , listing four TIE models on its list of the eleven `` silliest '' Star Wars ships . Kenner released TIE fighter and TIE interceptor toys during the original Star Wars trilogy 's theatrical release , and Kenner 's die - cast TIE bomber is a rare collector 's item . Hasbro also released TIE fighter , TIE bomber , and TIE interceptor toys . Both Kenner and Hasbro also manufactured TIE fighter pilot action figures . Lego manufactured TIE fighter , TIE bomber , TIE interceptor , TIE defender , and TIE advanced models . Decipher and Wizards of the Coast published various TIE starfighter and TIE - related cards for the Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game , respectively . In 2012 , Fantasy Flight Games released Star Wars : X-Wing Miniatures Game , a miniatures game with pre-painted and to scale miniature X-wings and TIE fighters . In 1994 , LucasArts released the TIE Fighter flight simulator , which casts the player as an Imperial pilot flying a variety of TIE starfighters . TIE starfighters and their variants are also playable in third - or first - person perspectives in several Star Wars titles . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . Ballantine Books . pp. 99 , 311 . ISBN 0345409817 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Power of Myth . DK Publishing . 2000 - 03 - 01 . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 5591 - 8 . Jump up ^ Burns , Kevin and Edith Becker ( 2004 ) . Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( Documentary ) . Jump up ^ `` TIE Advanced X1 Starfighter ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi starfighter ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Interview in Star Wars Insider # 89 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Designer Explains Starkiller Base and Updating TIE Fighters '' . Nerdist . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIE fighter ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIE fighter ( The Movies ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TIE fighter pilots ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars TIE Fighter '' . Atthamovies.com . Atthamovies.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` First Order TIE Fighter Pilots '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Order TIE Fighter '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TIE shuttle ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIE bomber ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TIE interceptor '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TIE interceptor ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` First Order Special Forces TIE Fighter '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : New details on the new Star Wars stand - alone film ' Rogue One ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LucasArts : Star Wars : Empire at War '' . LucasArts . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Gallery - > The Armies - > TIE Mauler Jump up ^ `` TIE defender ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stackpole , Michael A. ( 1998 - 05 - 04 ) . I , Jedi . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10820 - 4 . Jump up ^ Allston , Aaron ( 1999 - 02 - 01 ) . Solo Command . X-wing . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57900 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horne , Michael Allen ( June 1993 ) . Dark Empire Sourcebook . West End Games . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 194 - 2 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Roleplaying Game ( Second Edition , Expanded & Revised ed . ) . West End Games . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 435 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gorden , Greg ( 1993 ) . Star Wars Imperial Sourcebook ( 2nd ed . ) . West End Games . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 210 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars model sold for $350,000 '' . BBC . 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chun , Rene ( March 2017 ) . `` Scene Stealers '' . Wired . Condé Nast . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Foster , Regan ( 2007 - 06 - 28 ) . `` No dark side for builders of ' Star Wars ' model '' . Northwest Herald . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Contest : Make Art From Starbuck 's Junk '' . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 11 Silliest Ships in the Star Wars Galaxy '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Front '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Galler . SirStevesGuide.com. 2005 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TIE Interceptor : Box Front '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Galler . SirStevesGuide.com. 2005 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larger Scale TIE Fighter Loose and Boxed High - Res '' . SirStevesGuide.com. 2006 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro TIE Bomber and Snowspeeder Exclusives '' . Star Wars Collecting . Lucasfilm. 2001 - 05 - 24 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro 2001 Plans Intercepted '' . Star Wars Collecting . Lucasfilm. 2001 - 06 - 08 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tie Fighter Pilot : Carded Front '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Galler . SirStevesGuide.com. 2005 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Goes Full Throttle at StarWarsShop.com '' . Star Wars Collecting . Lucasfilm. 2005 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ' 03 : Vehicles and Jabba 's '' . Star Wars Collecting . Lucasfilm. 2002 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TIE Interceptor '' . LEGO Store . Lego . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vader 's TIE Advanced '' . LEGO Store . Lego . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Customizable Card Game Complete Card List '' ( PDF ) . Decipher , Inc. 2001 - 08 - 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A New Hope ( Trading Card Game ) '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 24 . External links ( edit ) TIE Fighter in the StarWars.com Databank TIE Bomber in the StarWars.com Databank TIE Interceptor in the StarWars.com Databank First Order TIE Fighter in the StarWars.com Databank First Order Special Forces TIE Fighter in the StarWars.com Databank Darth Vader 's TIE Fighter in the StarWars.com Databank Inquisitor 's TIE Advanced Prototype in the StarWars.com Databank TIE Series on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki TIE line on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki TIE pilot on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Technical Commentaries - TIE Fighters - theforce.net ( hide ) Star Wars terrestrial and aerospace vehicles Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Snowspeeder Speeder bike Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter Models and variants X-wing Y - wing Aerospace crafts Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TIE_fighter&oldid=808230286 '' Categories : Star Wars starfighters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIE%20fighter	2,620
take my hand precious lord by thomas a. dorsey			Take My Hand , Precious Lord	take my hand, precious lord	`` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' ( a.k.a. `` Precious Lord , Take My Hand '' ) is a gospel song . The lyrics were written by the Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey , who also adapted the melody .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Performances 3 Recordings 4 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The melody is credited to Dorsey , drawn extensively from the 1844 hymn tune , `` Maitland '' . `` Maitland '' is often attributed to American composer George N. Allen ( 1812 -- 1877 ) , but the earliest known source ( Plymouth Collection , 1855 ) shows that Allen was the author / adapter of the text `` Must Jesus bear the cross alone , '' not the composer of the tune , and the tune itself was printed without attribution for many years . `` Maitland '' is also sometimes attributed to The Oberlin Social and Sabbath School Hymn Book , which Allen edited , but this collection does not contain music . This tune originally appeared in hymnals and tune books as `` Cross and Crown '' ; the name `` Maitland '' appears as early as 1868 . Dorsey said that he used it as inspiration . Dorsey wrote `` Precious Lord '' in response to his inconsolable bereavement at the death of his wife , Nettie Harper , in childbirth , and his infant son in August 1932 . ( Mr. Dorsey can be seen telling this story in the 1981 gospel music documentary Say Amen , Somebody . ) The earliest known recording was made on February 16 , 1937 , by the Heavenly Gospel Singers ( Bluebird B6846 ) . `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' is published in more than 40 languages . Performances ( edit ) It was Martin Luther King Jr. 's favorite song , and he often invited gospel singer Mahalia Jackson to sing it at civil rights rallies to inspire crowds ; at his request she sang it at his funeral in April 1968 . King 's last words before his assassination was a request to play it at a mass he was due to attend that night . Opera singer Leontyne Price sang it at the state funeral of President Lyndon B. Johnson in January 1973 , and Aretha Franklin sang it at Mahalia Jackson 's funeral in 1972 . Franklin also recorded a live version of the song for her album Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) as a medley with `` You 've Got a Friend '' . It was sung by Nina Simone at the Westbury Music Fair on April 7 , 1968 , three days after King 's assassination . That evening was dedicated to him and recorded on the album ' Nuff Said ! . It was also performed by Ledisi in the movie and soundtrack for Selma in which Ledisi portrays Mahalia Jackson . It was also performed by Beyoncé at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2015 . Recordings ( edit ) Many notable musicians have recorded `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' . It was recorded by Mahalia Jackson on Tuesday March 27 , 1956 , on the album Bless This House ( Columbia Records CL 899 ) with The Fall - Jones Ensemble : Mildred Falls ( piano ) , Ralph Jones ( organ ) . Jim Reeves ' version of the song may be one of the best known of all . It was released as the ' B ' side of his hit single `` This World is Not My Home '' in 1965 . 1938 : Selah Jubilee Singers ( Decca 7598 ) 1939 : The Soul Stirrers ( Down Beat 103 ) 1941 : Sister Rosetta Tharpe ( Decca 8610 ) 1954 : The Blind Boys Of Alabama on Oh Lord , Stand By Me ( Speciality ) 1954 : Little Jimmy Dickens on Old Country Church ( Columbia ) 1956 : Mahalia Jackson on Bless This House ( Columbia ) 1956 : Aretha Franklin on Songs of Faith 1957 : Elvis Presley on Elvis ' Christmas Album ( RCA Victor ) 1957 : Jimmy Dean on Hour of Prayer ( Columbia ) 1957 : Clara Ward on Somebody Greater Than You & I ( DOT ) 1958 : Roy Acuff on Favorite Hymns ( MGM ) 1959 : The Oak Ridge Quartet ( self - titled album ) 1960 : Tennessee Ernie Ford on What a Friend We Have ( Capitol ) 1960 : B.B. King on Sings Spirituals 1962 : Chet Atkins on Plays Back Home Hymns ( RCA Victor ) 1962 : Jim Reeves on We Thank Thee ( RCA Victor ) 1964 : Little Richard on Coming Home ( recorded in 1959 ) 1967 : Jimmy Durante on Songs for Sunday 1968 : Nina Simone on ' Nuff Said ! ( RCA ) 1969 : Mocedades on Pange Lingua ( Zafiro ) 1969 : Andrae Crouch & The Disciples on Take the Message Everywhere ( Light ) 1974 : Ike and Tina Turner on The Gospel According to Ike and Tina 1978 : Lawrence Welk on Hallelujah 1982 : Al Green on Precious Lord ( Grammy winner ) 1982 : B.J. Thomas on Peace in the Valley ( Word ) 1986 : Crystal Lewis on Beyond the Charade ( Frontline ) 1993 : Lonnie Donegan on More Than `` Pye in the Sky '' ( recorded 1954 -- 57 ) 1994 : Vickie Winans ( self - titled album ) 1996 : Mavis Staples on Spirituals & Gospel ( Verve ) 1997 : Recoil on Unsound Methods ( Mute , Reprise , Warner Bros . ) 1998 : Gladys Knight on Many Different Roads ( MCA ) 1998 : Pat Boone on Pat Boone Sings Golden Hymns 2001 : Merle Haggard on Cabin in the Hills 2003 : Engelbert Humperdinck on Always Hear the Harmony : The Gospel Sessions 2005 : Randy Travis on Glory Train 2005 : Faith Hill on Hurricane Relief : Come Together Now 2013 : Lulu Roman on At Last 2014 : Ledisi on Selma 2016 : John Long on the album Stand Your Ground Accolades ( edit ) `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame in 2007 . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century , by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . In 2012 , Mahalia Jackson 's recording of `` Precious Lord , Take My Hand '' was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maitland - MP3 file '' . Cyberhymnal.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Must Jesus Bear the Cross Alone ? '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Maitland , Allen '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Horace Clarence . The Golden Age of Gospel ( 2000 ) , University of Illinois Press , page 61 - ISBN 0 - 252 - 06877 - 7 Jump up ^ Shaw , Arnold . Honkers and Shouters : The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues ( 1978 ) , Macmillan Publishing Company , pp. 8 - 11 - ISBN 0 - 02 - 610000 - 2 Jump up ^ Dixon , Robert M.W. Blues and Gospel Records : 1890 - 1943 , Oxford University Press ( 1997 ) , page 370 - ISBN 0 - 19 - 816239 - 1 Jump up ^ McNeil , W.K. Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music ( 2005 ) , Routledge , page 107 - ISBN 0 - 415 - 94179 - 2 Jump up ^ Woods , Randall . LBJ : Architect of American Ambition ( 2006 ) , Simon and Schuster , page 884 - ISBN 0 - 684 - 83458 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Decca / Apollo recordings '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Rex ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) . `` John Long -- Stand Your Ground Album Review '' . Bluesblastmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmuseum.com '' . Hallmuseum.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Mahalia Jackson 1961 television performance Aretha Franklin 1984 performance Say Amen , Somebody documentary featuring Thomas Dorsey Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Mahalia Jackson Studio albums The World 's Greatest Gospel Singer ( 1955 ) EPs `` Peace in the Valley '' `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' `` Move On Up a Little Higher '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` How I Got Over '' Related Black , Brown and Beige Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_My_Hand,_Precious_Lord&oldid=826120289 '' Categories : Songs written by Thomas A. Dorsey Nina Simone songs Aretha Franklin songs Gospel songs Mahalia Jackson songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 09 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20My%20Hand%2C%20Precious%20Lord	2,621
who is the winner of america's got talent 2016	Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , an NFL long snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third .	Grace VanderWaal	America 's Got Talent ( season 11 )	america's got talent ( season 11 )		America 's Got Talent Season 11 Broadcast from May 31 -- September 14 , 2016 Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Grace Vanderwaal Origin United States Genre ( s ) Singer Runner - up The Clairvoyants Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ Season eleven of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on September 1 , 2015 . The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 31 , 2016 . Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host . Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge , while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season . Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge . The live shows began on July 26 , at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years . Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC , the show took a hiatus from August 9 -- 17 . Dunkin ' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season , and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon . Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge 's cuts : George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . Each judge was given a golden buzzer . Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , an NFL long snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third . Contents 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 International broadcasts 11 References 12 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 11 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Nick Cannon On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . This season will be the first time in the American version where the host , Nick Cannon , will also have the opportunity to use the golden buzzer . This is similar to the UK version of the series , Britain 's Got Talent , where together the co-hosts are also allowed to press the golden buzzer for an act . The position the judges sit at the judging table was flipped . From left to right ( as seen from the live audience 's perspective ) , the order is : Simon Cowell , Heidi Klum , Mel B and Howie Mandel . This is likely because of the fact that Simon , who joined this season , has always been on the farthest left ( from the live audience 's perspective ) whenever he 's on the judging panel . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The premiere aired on May 31 , 2016 . The season had preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York City , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants could also submit online auditions . Golden buzzer ( edit ) This season again featured the golden buzzer , which allowed each judge ( and host Nick Cannon ) to send an act straight to the live shows . Mel B was the first judge to press it , using it for 13 - year - old opera singer Laura Bretan , who performed `` Nessun dorma '' . Howie Mandel was second to use it , for 12 - year - old singer / songwriter / ukelele player Grace VanderWaal , after she performed an original song titled `` I Do n't Know My Name '' in the third episode of auditions , Heidi Klum used her golden buzzer for 20 - year - old singer / crooner Sal Valentinetti , who performed `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Simon Cowell used his golden buzzer for 16 - year - old Calysta Bevier , who performed `` Fight Song '' by Rachel Platten . All of the golden buzzers had been used for a singer until week 6 of auditions , when Cannon used his golden buzzer for Dorothy Williams , a 90 - year - old burlesque dancer . This was the first season in which Cannon was given a golden buzzer . This was the first time that an act who got a golden buzzer in the auditions round won a season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday , July 12 , 2016 and ended on Wednesday , July 20 , 2016 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the one that received the guest judge 's golden buzzer . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . This season , there were two Judge Cuts shows per week , on Tuesdays and Wednesdays . Consequently , the Judge Cuts ended in two weeks rather than the four weeks they have taken in earlier seasons . This change was made to avoid competition with NBC 's upcoming Olympic Games broadcast . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were selected to compete in the live shows : FLIP , Steven Brundage and Sila Sveta ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Quarterfinal Wildcard Week 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Ne - Yo Date : July 12 , 2016 This was the first Judge Cuts not to feature any acts getting four red buzzers . Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Ne - Yo Mel B Mandel Hara Illusionist Advanced Philippe and Marie - Lee Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Edgar Band Advanced Miniotics Dance Group Eliminated Jumpers in Command 5 Acrobatic Jump Rope Team Eliminated Christopher 6 Dancing Puppeteer Eliminated Brennley Brown 7 Singer Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 8 Comedian Advanced John Ferraro 9 Danger Act Eliminated Jon Call 10 Strongman Eliminated Duo Guerrero 11 Tightrope Duo Eliminated Jon Dorenbos 12 Magician Advanced Immediately The Passing Zone 13 Juggling Duo Advanced Julian Davis and the Hayburners 14 Bluegrass Band Eliminated Raii and Whitney Smith 15 Singing Duo Eliminated Ronee Martin 16 Singer Advanced Cory Kahaney 17 Comedian Eliminated Axel Perez 18 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Rory Freeman 19 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Linkin ' Bridge 20 A Cappella Group Advanced ^ 1 Although Hara is a multimedia illusionist , his act he performed did not include any multimedia . Week 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : Reba McEntire Date : July 13 , 2016 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McEntire Mel B Mandel Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Advanced Vello Vaher Contortionist Advanced House of Lewis Hip Hop Band Eliminated Zach Sherwin Comedic Rapper Eliminated Skylar Katz 5 Rapper Eliminated Erik Cavanaugh 6 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced Immediately Moya Angela 8 Singer Advanced Parker Garrison 9 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Youngster 10 Dance Group Eliminated Cody Carter 11 Baton Twirler Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 12 Illusionists Advanced Adam Grabowski 13 Comedian Eliminated Julia Scotti 14 Comedian Advanced OneVoice 15 Singing Group Eliminated RL Bell 16 Singer Eliminated Cecile and Mighty 17 Singing Illusionists Eliminated Steven Brundage 18 Rubik 's Cube Magician Quarterfinal Wildcard Gary Sladek and Jim 19 Trampolinists Eliminated Deadly Games 20 Extreme Knife Throwers Advanced Week 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : George Lopez Date : July 19 , 2016 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Lopez Mel B Mandel José and Carrie Dancing Dog Act Eliminated Daniel Joyner Singer Advanced Ilan & Josh Beatboxers Eliminated The Finest Family Dance Group Eliminated Blake Vogt 5 Magician Advanced Alla and Daniel 6 Ballroom Dancing Duo Advanced Charles & Rose 7 Singing Duo Eliminated Mason Bumba 8 Martial Artist Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Good Girl 10 R&B Vocal Group Eliminated Dominique Dy 11 Singer And Pianist Eliminated Madison Watkins 12 Singer Eliminated Charlie Plaças 13 Aerialist Eliminated Malevo 14 Malambo Group Advanced Immediately Ian Stewart 15 Crossbow Act Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 16 Sideshow Act Advanced Al Ducharme 17 Comedian Eliminated Ryan Beard 18 Comedic Singer Eliminated Sam Morril 19 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 20 Singer Advanced Week 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Louis Tomlinson Date : July 20 , 2016 This was the only episode of Judge Cuts this season in which acts received four red buzzers . Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Tomlinson Mel B Mandel ThroWings Extreme Acrobats Advanced Campbell Walker Fields Singer And Pianist Eliminated FLIP Dance Group Quarterfinal Wildcard Shane and Shannon Jessen Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Outlawz 5 Dance Group Advanced Ary Hill 6 Singer Eliminated Avonlea Martin 7 Singer Eliminated Jayna Brown 8 Singer Advanced Immediately John Hetlinger 9 Rock Singer Eliminated Nathan Bockstahler 10 Comedian Eliminated Viktor Kee 11 Juggler Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Advanced Jon Bernhardt 13 Musician Eliminated Immediately Jonathan Nosan 14 Contortionist Eliminated The Amazing Armando 15 Magician Eliminated Immediately Musicality 16 A Cappella Group Advanced Oksana Grishina 17 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated The Baron of the Universe 18 Strongman Eliminated D.J. Demers 19 Comedian Eliminated The Clairvoyants 20 Mentalists Advanced Note ^ 1 Because Mel B was on stage during Armando 's act , Tomlinson pressed her buzzer . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The live quarterfinals were held at the Dolby Theatre , starting on July 26 , 2016 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 acts passed through during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week . Seven acts made it through to the semi-finals , while five were eliminated . Outlawz , ThroWings , Vello Vaher , and Alla and Daniel received an `` X '' in the live shows . Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Paul Zerdin Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Jayna Brown Singer Advanced Hara Multimedia Illusionist Lost Judges ' Choice Outlawz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Musicality A Capella Group Advanced Lori Mae Hernandez 5 Comedian Dunkin ' Save Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers Won Judges ' Choice Jon Dorenbos 7 Magician Advanced Daniel Joyner 8 Singer Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Dorothy Williams 10 Burlesque Dancer Eliminated Sila Sveta 11 Videomapping Dance Duo Eliminated Laura Bretan 12 Opera Singer Advanced ^ 1 After Mandel 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Deadly Games was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Hara , and advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 In the middle of the Dunkin ' Save vote during the results show , Deadly Games 's picture was portrayed as Daniel Joyner , bringing Deadly Games 's voting percentage to 0 % . It was later fixed . Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Fitz and The Tantrums featuring Team iLuminate Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel FLIP Dance Group Eliminated Moya Angela Singer Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler Advanced Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Won Judges ' Choice Ryan Stock and AmberLynn 5 Sideshow Act Eliminated Calysta Bevier 6 Singer Advanced Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced The Clairvoyants 8 Mentalists Advanced Sal Valentinetti 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save ThroWings 10 Extreme Acrobats Lost Judges ' Choice Steven Brundage 11 Rubik 's Cube Magician Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Eliminated ^ 1 After Cowell 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Kadie Lynn Roberson was announced to have received more of America 's vote than ThroWings , and advanced to the semifinals . ^ 2 AmberLynn accidentally shot Ryan in the chest , but he was declared okay . ^ 3 Cowell pressed his buzzer after his comments on ThroWings . He later stated that he pressed the buzzer after the performance due to safety reasons . However , he did apologize for his actions publicly during the results . Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) ( edit ) Guests : Recycled Percussion , Michael Phelps Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Vello Vaher Contortionist Eliminated Ronee Martin Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists Advanced Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group Won Judges ' Choice Alla and Daniel 5 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Blake Vogt 6 Magician Advanced Edgar 7 Family Band Advanced Julia Scotti 8 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 9 Singer Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group Dunkin ' Save The Passing Zone 11 Juggling Duo Judges ' Wild Card Grace VanderWaal 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player Advanced Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on August 30 , 2016 . They feature the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts will perform . Five will go through , while six will be eliminated . No acts got buzzed . Key Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Illusionists Act Order Performance Description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` That 's Life '' by Frank Sinatra . Advanced Blake Vogt Magician , performed a trick in which he tore off a piece of a card that Simon chose , and made it reappear in the empty card box . Vogt then got on a scissor lift and covered himself with a large cloth , only to disappear upon dropping the cloth and reappearing on one of the theater 's balconies . Eliminated Edgar Family Band , performed `` Bless the Broken Road '' by Rascal Flatts . Lost Judges ' Choice Lori Mae Hernandez Comedian , performed a routine in which she joked about the U.S Olympic team , her barbie doll collection , and Nick and the judges . Eliminated Musicality 5 Capella Group , performed `` Born This Way '' by Lady Gaga . Eliminated Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers , performed a routine consisting of Alfredo using a whip to cut a rose off of a stem in Anna 's mouth , throwing knives at Anna while she was obscured by a long white canvas , and shooting a crossbow at her whilst holding balloons with her mouth / hands . Eliminated Tape Face 7 Mime , performed a routine in which he brought an audience member to the stage to `` duel '' with him using staple guns and balloons under both men 's armpits and between their legs . Dunkin ' Save Jon Dorenbos 8 Magician , performed a trick in which he made the judges throw a football at a U.S. map , then proceeded to reveal 4 quarters in a locked chest that represented the states the judges threw their footballs at . Dorenbos also revealed a hidden map to the judges that predicted the locations of the judges ' throws . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , performed her original song , `` Light the Sky '' . Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group , performed an Argentine folk dance routine with elements such as water and percussion incorporated . Eliminated Laura Bretan 11 Opera Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Won Judges ' Choice Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Guests : Andra Day , Blue Journey Act Order Performance Description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Jayna Brown Singer , performed `` Rise '' by Katy Perry . Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists , performed a trick in which they made all of their classmates appear out of a cardboard schoolhouse . Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer , performed `` I Hope You Dance '' by Lee Ann Womack . Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler , performed a routine consisting of emerging out of a treasure chest , levitating a ball , and then juggling four balls in a variety of ways . Won Judges ' Choice Linkin ' Bridge 5 A Cappella Group , performed `` 7 Years '' by Lukas Graham . Advanced The Passing Zone 6 Juggling Duo , performed a routine in which they juggled flaming torches around Cowell . Eliminated Calysta Bevier 7 Singer , performed `` Human '' by Christina Perri . Eliminated Steven Brundage 8 Rubik 's Cube Magician , performed a routine in which he asked Cannon to choose a card with a celebrity 's name on it while the judges were mixing Rubik 's cubes , followed by asking Cannon to place the mixed cubes on a board , followed by revealing the chosen celebrity on the board . Lost Judges ' Choice Sofie Dossi 9 Contortionist , performed a routine in which she balanced and rotated on a platform using her hands while contorting her body , followed by a performance on a suspended hoop . Dunkin ' Save The Clairvoyants 10 Mentalists , performed a routine in which they asked for Mandel to ask Cowell a question , asked Mel B for an influence , asked Klum to name a kiss location , named the time on a clock correctly , and correctly named what the judges wrote . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 11 Singer , performed `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears . Advanced ^ 1 After Mandel 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Viktor Kee was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Steven Brundage , and advanced to the finals . Finals ( edit ) The performances took place on September 13 , 2016 , where 10 acts performed . Every performance received a standing ovation from every judge . No acts were buzzed . The season finale took place on September 14 , 2016 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27 - 30 , 2016 . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Guests : Pitbull , LunchMoney Lewis , Paula Abdul , Stevie Nicks , Il Volo Act Order Performance Description Result Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin . Advanced Sofie Dossi Contortionist , performed a compilation act , including a fast back - flip sequence and an aerial ring routine . Top 10 Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group , performed `` See You Again '' by Charlie Puth . Top 10 Laura Bretan Opera Singer , performed `` O mio babbino caro '' , by Giacomo Puccini . Top 10 The Clairvoyants 5 Mentalists , performed an act where they compiled their previous performances together , naming a man 's birthday from the crowd , naming the expiration date and the last four numbers of Simon 's credit card while Amelie was submerged underwater , and naming the Howie - flavored jelly bean that Mel B described inside of a pendant . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 6 Singer , Performed `` Man in the Mirror '' by Michael Jackson . Advanced Tape Face 7 Mime , performed an act with horse puppets to the tune of `` William Tell Overture '' , featuring Mel B with a toilet seat around her neck as he fired a plunger at the toilet seat in a parody of the William Tell legend . Top 10 Viktor Kee 8 Juggler , performed with several different juggling methods , including one with a flaming ball . Top 10 Jon Dorenbos 9 Magician , told an inspirational story while manipulating cards the judges signed . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 10 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , sang an original song called `` Clay '' with an anti-bullying message . Advanced Finale ( edit ) The following chart describes the performances each act did that was televised for the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Valentinetti Singer ; Guest Performers : Jersey Boys . Sang `` Oh What a Night '' together . Dossi , Bretan & Kee Contortionist , Opera Singer and Juggler ; Guest Performers : Il Volo . Bretan and II Volo sang a duet of `` Nessun dorma '' , while Dossi swung from a hoop in the air and Kee juggled balls . Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group ; Guest Performers : Silhouettes . Sang `` 7 Years '' with Silhouettes shadow dancing in the background . The Clairvoyants & Dorenbos Mentalists ; Guest Performer : Paula Abdul . Thommy handed Heidi a book of celebrities . She called `` stop '' on a photo of Abdul , who joined them on stage carrying a box . A lottery followed ; each judge picked a random number between 1 and 50 . They opened a box that contained a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They handed Abdul an envelope , and Dorenbos asked Abdul to pick a card from a giant deck of cards . He had her tear the card into four pieces , three of which he put into a paper bag . He made them disappear , and they reappeared in the envelope reassembled . The remaining corner was a perfect match . Crum Singer . Instead of a Guest performer , Crum sang `` Creep '' by Radiohead . Tape Face Mime ; Guest Performers : Jon Dorenbos , Brian Justin Crum , Viktor Kee & Shon China Lacy . Tape Face got them all to sway to `` Lean on Me '' by Bill Withers . Then he sat them in four chairs , with their backs all facing the same direction . He laid them down so that they were leaning on each other and pulled out the chairs , one by one , so that they were , themselves , the chairs . He sat down , read some papers and snapped a selfie , and they were stuck that way until he slid the chairs back so they could de-tangle . VanderWaal Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player . Instead of a guest performer , VanderWaal again sang `` I Do n't Know my Name '' . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Grace VanderWaal Winner The Clairvoyants Runner - Up Jon Dorenbos 3rd place Brian Justin Crum 4th place Sal Valentinetti 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Grace VanderWaal 12 Singing Singer / Ukuleleist Suffern , New York Winner The Clairvoyants 28 & 29 Magic Mentalist Duo Vienna , Austria Runner - up Jon Dorenbos 35 Magic Magician Philadelphia 3rd Place Brian Justin Crum 28 Singing Singer San Diego , California 4th Place Sal Valentinetti 21 Singing Jazz Singer Bethpage , New York 5th Place Laura Bretan 14 Singing Opera Singer Chicago Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Tape Face 37 Comedy Mime Canterbury , New Zealand Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Sofie Dossi 15 Gymnastics Contortionist / Aerialist Cypress , California Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Linkin ' Bridge 36 -- 41 Singing Vocal Group Louisville , Kentucky Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Viktor Kee 45 Juggling Juggler Priluki , Ukraine Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Steven Brundage 25 Magic Rubik 's Cube Magician Saratoga Springs , New York Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Edgar 15 -- 36 Singing Family Band Toluca Lake , California Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Blake Vogt 27 Magic Magician Lebanon , Indiana Eliminated Calysta Bevier 16 Singing Singer Grand Rapids , Ohio Eliminated Deadly Games 32 & 34 Danger Extreme Knife Throwers Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Jayna Brown 14 Singing Singer Baltimore , Maryland Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 10 Magic Illusionists Hollywood , California Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson 12 Singing Singer And Guitarist Kemp , Texas Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 13 Comedy Comedian Lancaster , California Eliminated Malevo 17 -- 42 Dance Malambo Group Buenos Aires , Argentina Eliminated Musicality 15 -- 18 Singing Vocal Group Chicago Eliminated The Passing Zone 49 Juggling Juggling Duo Hermosa Beach , California Eliminated Hara 25 Magic Magician Japan N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) ThroWings 25 & 29 Acrobatics Acrobat Duo Boston , Massachusetts N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Ronee Martin 62 Singing Singer Columbia , Virginia N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Alla & Daniel 8 & 32 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Upland , California N / A Eliminated Daniel Joyner 17 Singing Singer Alamo , Tennessee N / A Eliminated Dorothy Williams 90 Dance Burlesque Dancer Hilo , Hawaii N / A Eliminated FLIP 14 -- 17 Dance Dance Group Lévis , Canada N / A Eliminated Julia Scotti 63 Comedy Comedienne Whiting , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Moya Angela 32 Singing Singer Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Outlawz 17 -- 20 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Gilbert , Arizona N / A Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 34 Danger Sideshow Duo Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Sila Sveta 20 -- 35 Dance Videomapping Dance Duo Los Angeles N / A Eliminated Sos & Victoria 37 & 44 Magic Quick Change Duo Mannheim , Germany N / A Eliminated Vello Vaher 52 Gymnastics Acrobat / Contortionist Tallinn , Estonia N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank Auditions Week 1 ( Premiere ) May 31 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 11.67 Auditions Week 2 June 7 , 2016 2.3 8 10.79 Auditions Week 3 June 14 , 2016 2.6 10 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 21 , 2016 2.3 9 11.73 5 Auditions Week 5 June 28 , 2016 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.21 6 Auditions Week 6 July 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 10 12.81 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 12 , 2016 2.4 9 11.54 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.85 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 19 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.10 10 Judge Cuts 4 July 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.78 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) July 26 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.47 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) July 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 8 9.52 3 ( tie ) 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 2 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.57 4 ( tie ) 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 9.39 1 ( tie ) 8 ( tie ) 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 23 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.26 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 24 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 10.67 1 ( tie ) 2 ( tie ) 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 30 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.28 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 31 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 8 10.50 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 6 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.96 6 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 7 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 10.61 9 21 Finals ( Performances ) September 13 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 13.97 4 ( tie ) 22 Finale September 14 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 14.41 4 ( tie ) Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank S1 Best of Season 11 Auditions July 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 8.48 5 S2 Quarterfinals Week 3 Recap August 24 , 2016 1.4 6 7.26 13 ( tie ) S3 Semifinals Week 1 Recap August 31 , 2016 7 6.46 16 S4 Holiday Spectacular December 19 , 2016 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 6 9.54 5 ( tie ) Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) The Passing Zone competed in season 1 and finished in the final . Dan Meyer competed in season 3 , but was cut in Vegas . Russian Bar Trio competed in season 3 , but had to withdraw due to injury . Donald Braswell took their place . Diane Barnard competed in season 9 , and was eliminated during auditions in both seasons . Sal Valentinetti appeared on season 14 of American Idol and was cut during Hollywood Week . Cory Kahaney competed in season 1 of Last Comic Standing and finished in the final . She also appeared in season 4 of Food Network Star and was eliminated first . Steven Brundage and Blake Vogt participated on the second season of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , where Brundage successfully fooled Penn & Teller . Pato & Ginger participated on the first season of México Tiene Talento , where they finished runners - up . José and Carrie participated on the ninth season of La France a un incroyable talent and finished as a semifinalist . Laura Bretan won the sixth season of Românii au talent . Will Jay , a contestant who was eliminated in auditions , competed in the fourth season of The Voice of China and was eliminated in the Knockouts . Brennley Brown appeared on Season 12 of The Voice and finished in the Top 6 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season of the show has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In Serbia it premiered April 17 , 2018 on Vavoom under the title `` Amerika ima talenat / Америка има таленат '' , one episode per day in various time . It 's the first season of America 's Got Talent to be broadcast in Serbia . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals down but still dominant in week of June 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Maya & Marty ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals rule the week of June 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads the week of June 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . 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Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' wins the week of July 11 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Hotel Hell ' adjust up , final RNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' finishes 1 - 2 for July 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' AGT ' and ' Bachelorette ' adjust up , ' Zoo , ' ' Coupled ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' remains No. 1 for July 25 -- 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Whose Line ' and ' MADtv ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Combined broadcast / cable weekly rankings , Aug. 1 - 7 : Olympics mean smaller cable presence '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Better Late Than Never , ' everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : College football , ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of Aug. 29 - September 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL rules the week of Sept. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Presidential forum , ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Football , finales and Emmys , oh my '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/great-christmas-light-fight-finale-adjusts-down-monday-final-ratings/ `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 28 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/week-14-broadcast-top-25-and-network-rankings-dec-19-25-2016/ `` NFL and NBC dominate the week 14 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 10 ( 2015 ) America 's Got Talent Season 11 ( 2016 ) Succeeded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! 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what was the vote of texas vs johnson case	The opinion of the Court came down as a controversial 5 -- 4 decision , with the majority opinion delivered by William J. Brennan , Jr. and Justices Thurgood Marshall , Harry Blackmun , Antonin Scalia , and Anthony Kennedy joining Brennan , with Kennedy also writing a concurrence .	5 -- 4	Texas v. Johnson	texas v. johnson	Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states . Justice William Brennan wrote for a five - justice majority in holding that the defendant Gregory Lee Johnson 's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Johnson was represented by attorneys David D. Cole and William Kunstler .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background of the case 2 The Supreme Court 's decision 2.1 Kennedy 's concurrence 2.2 Rehnquist 's dissent 2.3 Stevens ' dissent 3 Subsequent developments 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background of the case ( edit ) Johnson ( to right ) with attorney Kunstler , c. 1989 Gregory Lee `` Joey '' Johnson , then a member of the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade , participated in a political demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , of the Reagan Administration and of certain companies based in Dallas . They marched through the streets , shouted chants , destroyed property , broke windows and threw trash , beer cans , soiled diapers and various other items , and held signs outside the offices of several companies . At one point , another demonstrator handed Johnson an American flag stolen from a flagpole outside one of the targeted buildings . When the demonstrators reached Dallas City Hall , Johnson poured kerosene on the flag and set it on fire . During the burning of the flag , demonstrators shouted such phrases as , `` America , the red , white , and blue , we spit on you , you stand for plunder , you will go under , '' and , `` Reagan , Mondale , which will it be ? Either one means World War III . '' No one was hurt , but some witnesses to the flag burning said they were extremely offended . One witness , Daniel E. Walker , received international attention when he collected the burned remains of the flag and buried them according to military protocol in his backyard . Johnson was charged with violating the Texas law that prohibits vandalizing respected objects ( desecration of a venerated object ) . He was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . He appealed his conviction to the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas , but he lost this appeal . On appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals the court overturned his conviction , saying that the State could not punish Johnson for burning the flag because the First Amendment protects such activity as symbolic speech . The court said , `` Recognizing that the right to differ is the centerpiece of our First Amendment freedoms , a government can not mandate by fiat a feeling of unity in its citizens . Therefore that very same government can not carve out a symbol of unity and prescribe a set of approved messages to be associated with that symbol . '' The court also concluded that the flag burning in this case did not cause or threaten to cause a breach of the peace . Texas asked the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the case . In 1989 , the Court handed down its decision . The Supreme Court 's decision ( edit ) Justice Brennan wrote the majority opinion The opinion of the Court came down as a controversial 5 -- 4 decision , with the majority opinion delivered by William J. Brennan , Jr. and Justices Thurgood Marshall , Harry Blackmun , Antonin Scalia , and Anthony Kennedy joining Brennan , with Kennedy also writing a concurrence . The Court first considered the question of whether the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protected non-speech acts , since Johnson was convicted of flag desecration rather than verbal communication , and , if so , whether Johnson 's burning of the flag constituted expressive conduct , which would permit him to invoke the First Amendment in challenging his conviction . The First Amendment specifically disallows the abridgment of `` speech , '' but the court reiterated its long recognition that its protection does not end at the spoken or written word . This was concluded based on the 1931 case Stromberg v. California ( 283 U.S. 359 ) which ruled the display of a red flag as speech , and the 1969 case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 393 U.S. 503 ) , which ruled the wearing of a black armband as speech . The Court rejected `` the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can be labeled ' speech ' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express an idea , '' but acknowledged that conduct may be `` sufficiently imbued with elements of communication to fall within the scope of the First and Fourteenth Amendments . '' In deciding whether particular conduct possesses sufficient communicative elements to bring the First Amendment into play , the court asked whether `` an intent to convey a particularized message was present , and ( whether ) the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by those who viewed it . '' The Court found that , `` Under the circumstances , Johnson 's burning of the flag constituted expressive conduct , permitting him to invoke the First Amendment ... Occurring as it did at the end of a demonstration coinciding with the Republican National Convention , the expressive , overtly political nature of the conduct was both intentional and overwhelmingly apparent . '' The court concluded that , while `` the government generally has a freer hand in restricting expressive conduct than it has in restricting the written or spoken word , '' it may not `` proscribe particular conduct because it has expressive elements . '' Texas had conceded , however , that Johnson 's conduct was expressive in nature . Thus , the key question considered by the Court was `` whether Texas has asserted an interest in support of Johnson 's conviction that is unrelated to the suppression of expression . '' At oral argument , the state defended its statute on two grounds : first , that states had a compelling interest in preserving a venerated national symbol ; and second , that the state had a compelling interest in preventing breaches of the peace . As to the `` breach of the peace '' justification , however , the Court found that `` no disturbance of the peace actually occurred or threatened to occur because of Johnson 's burning of the flag , '' and Texas conceded as much . The Court rejected Texas 's claim that flag burning is punishable on the basis that it `` tends to incite '' breaches of the peace , citing the test from the 1969 case Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 395 U.S. 444 ) that the state may only punish speech that would incite `` imminent lawless action , '' finding that flag burning does not always pose an imminent threat of lawless action . The Court noted that Texas already punished `` breaches of the peace '' directly . Kennedy 's concurrence ( edit ) Justice Kennedy wrote a concurrence with Brennan 's opinion . Kennedy wrote : For we are presented with a clear and simple statute to be judged against a pure command of the Constitution . The outcome can be laid at no door but ours . The hard fact is that sometimes we must make decisions we do not like . We make them because they are right , right in the sense that the law and the Constitution , as we see them , compel the result . And so great is our commitment to the process that , except in the rare case , we do not pause to express distaste for the result , perhaps for fear of undermining a valued principle that dictates the decision . This is one of those rare cases . Though symbols often are what we ourselves make of them , the flag is constant in expressing beliefs Americans share , beliefs in law and peace and that freedom which sustains the human spirit . The case here today forces recognition of the costs to which those beliefs commit us . It is poignant but fundamental that the flag protects those who hold it in contempt . Rehnquist 's dissent ( edit ) Brennan 's opinion for the court generated two dissents . Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist , joined by Justices Byron White and Sandra Day O'Connor , argued that the `` unique status '' of the flag `` justifies a governmental prohibition against flag burning in the way respondent Johnson did here . '' Rehnquist wrote : The American flag , then , throughout more than 200 years of our history , has come to be the visible symbol embodying our Nation . It does not represent the views of any particular political party , and it does not represent any particular political philosophy . The flag is not simply another `` idea '' or `` point of view '' competing for recognition in the marketplace of ideas . Millions and millions of Americans regard it with an almost mystical reverence regardless of what sort of social , political , or philosophical beliefs they may have . I can not agree that the First Amendment invalidates the Act of Congress , and the laws of 48 of the 50 States , which make criminal the public burning of the flag . However , the Johnson majority found the lack of evidence for flag protection in the Constitution that necessitated the claim of `` uniqueness '' to counter indicate protection of the flag from free speech . They answered the `` uniqueness '' claim directly : `` We have not recognized an exception to ( bedrock First Amendment principles ) even where our flag has been involved ... There is , moreover , no indication -- either in the text of the Constitution or in our cases interpreting it -- that a separate juridical category exists for the American flag alone ... We decline , therefore , to create for the flag an exception to the joust of principles protected by the First Amendment . '' Rehnquist also argued that flag burning is `` no essential part of any exposition of ideas '' but rather `` the equivalent of an inarticulate grunt or roar that , it seems fair to say , is most likely to be indulged in not to express any particular idea , but to antagonize others . '' He goes on to say that he felt the statute in question was a reasonable restriction only on the manner in which Johnson 's idea was expressed , leaving Johnson with , `` a full panoply of other symbols and every conceivable form of verbal expression to express his deep disapproval of national policy . '' He quoted the 1984 Supreme Court decision in City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent ( 466 U.S. 789 ) , where the majority stated that `` the First Amendment does not guarantee the right to employ every conceivable method of communication at all times and in all places . '' Stevens ' dissent ( edit ) Justice John Paul Stevens also wrote a dissenting opinion . Stevens argued that the flag `` is more than a proud symbol of the courage , the determination , and the gifts of nature that transformed 13 fledgling Colonies into a world power . It is a symbol of freedom , of equal opportunity , of religious tolerance , and of good will for other peoples who share our aspirations ... The value of the flag as a symbol can not be measured . '' Stevens concluded , therefore , that `` The case has nothing to do with ' disagreeable ideas . ' It involves disagreeable conduct that , in my opinion , diminishes the value of an important national asset , '' and that Johnson was punished only for the means by which he expressed his opinion , not the opinion itself . Subsequent developments ( edit ) The Court 's decision invalidated laws in force in 48 of the 50 states . More than two decades later , the issue remained controversial , with polls suggesting that a majority of Americans still supported a ban on flag - burning . Congress did , however , pass a statute , the 1989 Flag Protection Act , making it a federal crime to desecrate the flag . In the 1990 Supreme Court case United States v. Eichman ( 496 U.S. 310 ) , that law was struck down by the same five person majority of justices as in Texas v. Johnson ( in an opinion also written by Justice William Brennan ) . Since then , Congress has considered the Flag Desecration Amendment several times . The amendment usually passes the House of Representatives , but has always been defeated in the Senate . The most recent attempt occurred when S.J. Res. 12 failed by one vote on June 27 , 2006 . See also ( edit ) Gregory Lee Johnson Flag desecration Street v. New York Flag Protection Act United States v. Eichman Flag Desecration Amendment Stromberg v. California List of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 491 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ `` Jan Jarvis , `` Humble man gained national attention for burying flag that had been set on fire at protest '' `` . Fort Worth Star - Telegram , September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Background Summary and Questions , Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) , Landmark Supreme Court Cases '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eisler , 277 Jump up ^ 491 U.S. at 420 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Senate opens flag - burning debate '' . CNN . Jun 26 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 12 Further reading ( edit ) Goldstein , Robert Justin ( 2000 ) . Flag Burning and Free Speech : The Case of Texas v. Johnson . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1053 - 7 . Vergobbi , David J. ( 2003 ) . `` Texas v. Johnson '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 281 -- 297 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Texas v. Johnson Text of Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar Audio recording of oral arguments Texas v. Johnson archive of First Amendment Library entry Thoughts on Flag Burning and other statements by Edward Hasbrouck and Joey Johnson ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. 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Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Johnson&oldid=824172688 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court United States Free Speech Clause case law 1989 in United States case law Flag controversies in the United States American Civil Liberties Union litigation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 19 : 17 . 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o with a slash through it alt code	On Microsoft Windows , using the `` United States - International '' keyboard setting , it can be typed by holding down the Alt - Gr key and pressing `` L '' . It can also be typed under any keyboard setting by holding down the Alt key while typing 0 2 1 6 ( for uppercase ) or 0 2 4 8 ( for lowercase ) on the numeric keypad , provided the system uses code page 1252 as system default . ( Code page 1252 is a superset of ISO 8859 - 1 , and 216 and 248 are the decimal equivalents of hexadecimal D8 and F8 . )		Ø	ø	Ø ( or minuscule : ø ) is a vowel and a letter used in the Danish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Southern Sami languages . It is mostly used as a representation of mid front rounded vowels , such as ( ø ) and ( œ ) , except for Southern Sami where it is used as an ( oe ) diphthong .	The name of this letter is the same as the sound it represents ( see usage ) . Though not its native name , among English - speaking typographers the symbol may be called a `` slashed o '' or `` o with stroke '' . Although these names suggest it is a ligature or a diacritical variant of the letter o , it is considered a separate letter in Norwegian and Danish , and it is alphabetized after `` z '' -- thus z , æ , ø , and å . In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet , or in limited character sets such as ASCII , ø is frequently replaced with the digraph `` oe '' . ø ( lower case ) is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a close - mid front rounded vowel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Language usage 2 Similar letters 3 Similar symbols 4 History 5 Computers 6 Encoding 7 Usage in brands and popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Language usage ( edit ) Title page of the Christian III Bible , employing the spelling `` Københaffn '' . In modern Danish , Faroese , and Norwegian , the letter is a monophthongal close - mid front rounded vowel , the IPA symbol for which is also ( ø ) ( Unicode U + 00F8 ) . As with so many vowels , it has slight variations of `` light '' quality ( in Danish , søster ( `` sister '' ) is pronounced as ( ø ) , like the `` eu '' in the French word bleu ) and `` dark '' quality ( in Danish , bønne ( `` bean '' ) is pronounced as ( œ ) , like the `` œu '' in the French word bœuf ) . Listen to a Danish speaker reciting the Danish alphabet . In the Suðuroy - dialect of Faroese , the short ø is pronounced ( ʏ ) , e.g. børn ( bʏdn ) ( `` children '' ) . The letter was used in both Antiqua and Fraktur from at least as early as the Christian III Bible . Under German influence , the letter ö appeared in older texts ( particularly those using Fraktur ) and was preferred for use on maps ( e.g. , for Helsingör or Læsö ) until 1957 . The Southern Sami language uses the letter ø in Norway . It is used in the diphthongs yø ( yo ) and øø ( oe ) . In Sweden , the letter ö is preferred . Ø is used in the orthographies of several languages of Africa , such as Lendu , spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Koonzime , spoken in Cameroon . In Danish , ø is also a word , meaning `` island '' . The corresponding word is spelled ö in Swedish and øy in Norwegian . Ǿ ( Ø with an acute accent , Unicode U + 01FE ) may ( very seldom ) be used in Danish to distinguish its usage from a similar word with Ø . Example : hunden gǿr , `` the dog barks '' against hunden gør ( det ) , `` the dog does ( it ) '' . This distinction is not mandatory and the first example can be written gǿr or gør , the first variant ( with ǿ ) would only be used to avoid confusion . The second example can not be spelled gǿr . In Danish , hunden gør , `` the dog barks '' , may sometimes be replaced by the non-authorised spelling hunden gøer . This is , however , usually based on a misunderstanding of the grammatic rules of conjugation of verbs ending in the letters ø and å . These idiosyncratic spellings are not officially sanctioned . On Danish keyboards and typewriters , the acute accent may be typed above any vowel , by pressing the acute key before pressing the letter , but Ǿ is not implemented in the Microsoft Windows keyboard layout for Danish . Ø is used in Old Icelandic texts , when written with the standardized orthography , denoting , among other things the umlauts o > ø and ǫ > ø . Similar letters ( edit ) The Turkish , Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Tatar , Swedish , Icelandic , Rotuman , German , Finnish , Estonian , and Hungarian alphabets use the letter Ö instead of Ø . Hungarian uses Ő for the same sound lengthened . Ø / ø is not related to , and should not be confused with , the similar - looking Greek Φ / φ or the Cyrillic Ф / ф . The Cyrillic script has Ө as the equivalent letter , which is used in the Cyrillic alphabets for Kazakh , Mongolian , Azerbaijani , etc . The letter Ø - with - umlaut ( Ø̈ , ø̈ ) was used by the Øresund bridge company , as part of their logotype , to symbolize its union between Sweden and Denmark . Since Ø - with - umlaut did not exist in computer fonts , it was not used in text . The logotype now uses the spelling Øresundsbron , with Øresunds - being Danish and - bron being Swedish . The letter Ø - with - umlaut sometimes appears on packaging meant for the Scandinavian market so as to prevent printing the same word twice . For example , liquorice brand Snøre / Snöre 's logo on the packaging is Snø̈re . The letter is rarely used on maps ( e.g. : Grø̈nland ) . Similar symbols ( edit ) The letter `` Ø '' is sometimes used in mathematics as a replacement for the symbol `` ∅ '' ( Unicode character U + 2205 ) , referring to the empty set as established by Bourbaki , and sometimes in linguistics as a replacement for same symbol used to represent a zero . The `` ∅ '' symbol is always drawn as a slashed circle , whereas in most typefaces the letter `` Ø '' is a slashed ellipse . The diameter symbol ( ⌀ ) ( Unicode character U + 2300 ) is similar to the lowercase letter ø , and in some typefaces it even uses the same glyph , although in many others the glyphs are subtly distinguishable ( normally , the diameter symbol uses an exact circle and the letter o is somewhat stylized ) . The diameter symbol is used extensively in engineering drawings , and it is also seen anywhere that abbreviating `` diameter '' is useful , such as on camera lenses . For example , a lens with a diameter of 82 mm would be labeled ⌀ 82 mm . Ø or ⌀ is sometimes also used as a symbol for average value , particularly in German - speaking countries . ( `` Average '' in German is Durchschnitt , directly translated as cut - through . ) Slashed zero is an alternate glyph for the zero character . Its slash does not extend outside the ellipse ( except in handwriting ) . It is often used to distinguish `` zero '' ( `` 0 '' ) from the Latin script letter `` O '' anywhere that people wish to preempt confounding of the two , particularly in encoding systems , scientific and engineering applications , computer programming ( such as software development ) , and telecommunications . It is also used in Amateur Radio call signs , such as XXØXX , XØXXX , and so on in the United States and in other countries . See , also , for information on international amateur radio call signs . The letter `` Ø '' is often used in trapped key interlock sequence drawings to denote a key trapped in a lock . A lock without a key is shown as an `` O '' . The letter `` Ø '' is also used in written music , especially jazz , to type an ad ‐ hoc chord symbol for a half ‐ diminished chord , as in `` Cø '' . The typographically correct chord symbol is spelled with the root name , followed by a slashed degree symbol , as in `` C 𝆩 '' . The slashed degree symbol is found in the musical symbols block of Unicode but is unsupported by some fonts . 𝆩 can always be included with handwriting , however . History ( edit ) The letter arose to represent an / ø / sound resulting primarily from i - mutation of / o / . There are at least two theories about the origin of the letter ø : It possibly arose as a version of the ligature , Œ , of the digraph `` oe '' , with the horizontal line of the `` e '' written across the `` o '' . It possibly arose in Anglo - Saxon England as an O and an I written in the same place : compare Bede 's Northumbrian Anglo - Saxon period spelling Coinualch for standard Cēnwealh ( a man 's name ) ( in a text in Latin ) . Later the letter ø disappeared from Anglo - Saxon as the Anglo - Saxon sound / ø / changed to / e / , but by then use of the letter ø had spread from England to Scandinavia . Computers ( edit ) Danish keyboard with keys for Æ , Ø , and Å . On Norwegian keyboards the Æ and Ø switch places . Character Ø ø Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE Encodings decimal hex decimal hex Unicode 216 U + 00D8 248 U + 00F8 UTF - 8 195 152 C3 98 195 184 C3 B8 Numeric character reference & # 216 ; & # xD8 ; & # 248 ; & # xF8 ; Named character reference &Oslash ; &oslash ; EBCDIC family 128 80 112 70 ISO 8859 - 1 / 4 / 9 / 10 / 13 / 16 216 D8 248 F8 TeX \ O \ o In Unicode , Ǿ and ǿ have the code points U + 01FE and U + 01FF . On Microsoft Windows , using the `` United States - International '' keyboard setting , it can be typed by holding down the Alt - Gr key and pressing `` L '' . It can also be typed under any keyboard setting by holding down the Alt key while typing 0 2 1 6 ( for uppercase ) or 0 2 4 8 ( for lowercase ) on the numeric keypad , provided the system uses code page 1252 as system default . ( Code page 1252 is a superset of ISO 8859 - 1 , and 216 and 248 are the decimal equivalents of hexadecimal D8 and F8 . ) In macOS , it can be typed by holding O , or o , and then typing 6 . In MacOS and earlier systems , using a US English - language keyboard , the letter can be typed by holding the ( Option ) key while typing O , or o , to yield Ø , or ø . In the X Window System environment , one can produce these characters by pressing Alt - Gr and o or O , or by pressing the Multi key followed with a slash and then o or O . In some systems , such as older versions of MS - DOS , the letter Ø is not part of the widely used code page 437 . In Scandinavian codepages , Ø replaces the yen sign ( ¥ ) at 165 , and ø replaces the ¢ sign at 162 . On an Amiga operating system using any keyboard map , the letter can be typed by holding the ( Alt ) key while typing O , or o , to yield Ø , or ø . Using Microsoft Word , ø and Ø may be typed by pressing Ctrl - / followed by either minuscule or majuscule O . Encoding ( edit ) In Unicode : U + 00D8 Ø LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE ( HTML & # 216 ; &Oslash ; ) U + 00F8 ø LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE ( HTML & # 248 ; &oslash ; ) Not to be confused with the mathematical signs : U + 2205 ∅ EMPTY SET ( HTML & # 8709 ; &empty ; ) U + 2300 ⌀ Diameter sign ( HTML & # 8960 ; ) Usage in brands and popular culture ( edit ) The symbol Ø is used stylistically in place of the letter O in many contexts . Some brands , like Monster Energy , use some altered version of a `` slashed O '' as part of their graphic , although they typically do not change the actual spelling or pronunciation . In music , it is used by artists such as Leathermouth in their logos and on tour posters . Underoath based their album art for both Ø ( Disambiguation ) and the Rebirth Tour Double Vinyl on the symbol and customarily stylises their band name by featuring the character in place of the `` o '' . Nick Jonas also uses a reverse of the symbol in his logo . The letter is also used in the logo for Twenty Øne Piløts . Pauly Creep - Ø uses it as well on his 2017 album `` Exsanguination '' . This letter is also used in a stylised manner by the Australian microphone brand RØDE , and was also used in a similar manner by the , now defunct , 10 American software company Brøderbund . Søle Artisan Ales of Easton , Pennsylvania makes use of the letter ø in the logo and especially their tap handles . See also ( edit ) Æ Ä Œ Ö Slashed zero Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K. , & William A. Ladusaw. 1996 . Phonetic Symbol Guide , 2nd ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Faqs.org . Jump up ^ Den Store Danske . `` Ø , ø '' . Jump up ^ Die Erde : Haack Kleiner Atlas ; VEB Hermann Haack geographisch - kartographische Anstalt , Gotha , 1982 ; p. 78 Jump up ^ Beeton , Barbara ; Freytag , Asmus ; Iancu , Laurențiu ; Sargent III , Murray ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Consortium . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` ITU Table of Allocation of International Call Sign Series '' . ARRL , the national association for Amateur Radio . Jump up ^ `` LeATHERMØUTH - news '' . leathermouth.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Underoath Rebirth Tour 2017 '' . UNDERØATH . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas '' . nickjonas.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . References ( edit ) Robert Bringhurst ( 2002 ) . The Elements of Typographic Style , pp. 270 , 284 . For typographic reference to `` slashed o '' . ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter O with diacritics Óó Òò Ŏŏ Ôô Ốố Ồồ Ỗỗ Ổổ Ǒǒ Öö Ȫȫ Őő Õõ Ṍṍ Ṏṏ Ȭȭ Ȯȯ O͘o͘ Ȱȱ Øø Ǿǿ Ǫǫ Ǭǭ Ōō Ṓṓ Ṑṑ Ỏỏ Ȍȍ Ȏȏ Ơơ Ớớ Ờờ Ỡỡ Ởở Ợợ Ọọ Ộộ O̩o̩ Ò̩ò̩ Ó̩ó̩ Ɵɵ Ꝋꝋ Ꝍꝍ ⱺ Letters using bar or stroke sign ( ◌ ̵ , ◌ ̶ , ◌ ̷ , ◌ ̸ ) Ⱥⱥ Ƀƀ Ꞓꞓ Ȼȼ Đđ Ɖɖ Ɇɇ ꬳ Ꞙꞙ Ꞡꞡ Ǥǥ Ħħ Ɨ ɨ Ɉɉ Ꝃꝃ Ꞣꞣ Ꝁꝁ Ꝅꝅ Ƚƚ Ⱡⱡ Ꝉꝉ Łłᴌ Ꞥꞥ Ɵɵ Ꝋꝋ Øø Ᵽᵽ Ꝑꝑ Ꝙꝙ Ꝗꝗ Ꞧꞧ Ɍɍ Ꞩꞩ Ⱦⱦ Ŧŧ Ʉʉ Ꝟꝟ Ɏɏ Ƶƶ Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Norwegian language Alphabet Orthography Æ Ø Å Scandinavian Braille Phonology Norwegian language conflict Varieties Written Official Bokmål Nynorsk Samnorsk ( discontinued ) Unofficial Høgnorsk Riksmål Spoken West and south Arendalsk Bergensk Sandnesmål Sognamål Stavangersk etc . East ( no ) Bohusmål ( no ) Gudbrandsdalsmål Hallingmål - Valdris Särna - Idremål ( sv ) Urban East Norwegian Vikværsk etc . Trøndersk Herjedalsk ( sv ) Jemtlansk Medalsk Trondheimsk etc . North ( no ) Brønnøymål etc . Non-dialectical Kebabnorsk Modern Norwegian Svorsk Extinct Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Dano - Norwegian Russenorsk Other topics Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish Exonyms Literature Profanity Sign language `` Kjell '' Institutions Language Council of Norway Noregs Mållag Norwegian Academy Riksmål Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ø&oldid = 833210929 '' Categories : Danish language Faroese language Norwegian language Phonetic transcription symbols Uncommon Latin letters Vowel letters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Faroese - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Коми Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 08 : 05 . 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who plays jake in girlfriends guide to divorce	Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( season 1 - 2 ; recurring season 3 )	Paul Adelstein	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce	girlfriends'guide to divorce	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 .	Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( season 1 - 2 ; recurring season 3 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . ( episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( episode 8 -- present ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( season 3 -- present ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Joey Munroe appeared as Studly Chef . Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV Series , Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( TV Series ) Rule # 118 : Let Her Eat Cake ( 2016 ) Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . IMDb . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/07/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce-season4-treailer-premiere-date-bravo-video-1202127711/ Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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who invented elf on the shelf net worth			The Elf on the Shelf	the elf on the shelf	The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children 's picture book , written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell , and illustrated by Coë Steinwart . The book tells a Christmas - themed story , written in rhyme , that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and nice . It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve , after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season . The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 2.1 Mensch on a Bench 3 Criticism 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This story describes how Santa 's `` scout elves '' hide in people 's homes to watch over events . Once everyone goes to bed , the scout elf flies back to the North Pole to report to Santa the activities , good and bad , that have taken place throughout the day . Before the family wakes up each morning , the scout elf flies back from the North Pole and hides . By hiding in a new spot each morning around the house , the scout elf plays an ongoing game of hide and seek with the family . The Elf on the Shelf explains that scout elves get their magic by being named and being loved by a child . In the back of each book , families have an opportunity to write their elf 's name and the date that they adopted it . Once the elf is named , the scout elf receives its special Christmas magic , which allows it to fly to and from the North Pole . The book tells how the magic might disappear if the scout elf is touched , so the rule for The Elf on the Shelf states , `` There 's only one rule that you have to follow , so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me . My magic might go , and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know . '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf , they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately . The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season . History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea . Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time . Aebersold 's other daughter , Christa Pitts , was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing . Together , the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows . The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express , won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008 . In 2012 , The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside fellow parade newcomers Hello Kitty and Papa Smurf . In 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf hit the # 1 spot on the USA Today Bestsellers List . On 26 November 2011 , the book aired on CBS as a 30 - minute animated TV show , An Elf 's Story : The Elf on the Shelf , directed by Chad Eikhoff . The Washington Post criticized the quality of the animation and dismissed it as `` just a half - hour advertisement for a book and a toy '' , which it felt would not join `` the canon of prime - time animated Christmas specials that actually move the spirit '' . Common Sense Media disagreed , calling the special `` a great addition to families ' holiday TV traditions '' ; however , they also warn parents about the consumer - driven nature of the story , and make note of its lack of educational value . In October 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf : A Birthday Tradition was released . Written and illustrated by the same team that created the first book , it offers instructions for inviting a scout elf to visit for a child 's birthday party and describes how the elf decorates a chair for the child . In April 2014 , two supplemental birthday products were released : The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Countdown Game and The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Chair Decoration Kit . The Elf on the Shelf was parodied as `` The Gnome in the Home '' in `` The Nightmare After Krustmas , '' a 2016 episode of The Simpsons . Mensch on a Bench ( edit ) A Jewish counterpart to Elf On The Shelf was created : `` Mensch on a Bench , '' a stuffed toy that looks a bit like a rabbi or a Hasidic Jew . Jewish father Neal Hoffman , a former Hasbro Toys toy marketing executive , raised more than $20,000 , using the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund creation of the toy in the Spring of 2011 . `` Mensch '' , in Yiddish , means a person of integrity or honor . Cody Decker , the starting left fielder for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic , brought the team 's mascot , a five - foot version of `` Mensch on a Bench , '' with him to Asia from the United States for the World Baseball Classic . Decker said he `` tried getting him a first - class ticket . But that did n't fly , so he was put in a duffel bag and checked . '' The mascot proved to be a big hit . He has his own locker , sits on Team Israel 's bench in the dugout during every game , and sat alongside Decker at a press conference in South Korea . Decker said : `` He 's a mascot , he 's a friend , he 's a teammate , he 's a borderline deity to our team ... He brings a lot to the table ... Every team needs their Jobu . He was ours . He had his own locker , and we even gave him offerings : Manischewitz , gelt , and gefilte fish ... He is everywhere and nowhere all at once . His actual location is irrelevant because he exists in higher metaphysical planes . But he 's always near . '' Team Israel Manager Jerry Weinstein said : `` He 's on the team . Everybody brings something to the team , and certainly The Mensch is a unifying factor for the ball club . '' Pitcher Gabe Cramer said : `` The Mensch on a Bench is ... a symbol we can rally around as a team . We are proud to be Jewish , but we know how to make and take a joke , something Jews have a long history of doing . The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we 're here and who we 're representing . '' Criticism ( edit ) The Elf has received some criticism from cultural reviewers . The Atlantic columnist Kate Tuttle calls it `` a marketing juggernaut dressed up as a tradition '' whose purpose is `` to spy on kids '' and that one should n't `` bully your child into thinking that good behavior equals gifts . '' Washington Post reviewer Hank Stuever characterized the concept as `` just another nannycam in a nanny state obsessed with penal codes '' . Writing for Psychology Today , Dr. David Kyle Johnston calls it a `` dangerous parental crutch '' , with much the same reasoning as what he terms the `` Santa lie '' . Professor Laura Pinto suggests that it conditions kids to accept the surveillance state and that it communicates to children that `` it 's okay for other people to spy on you , and you 're not entitled to privacy . '' She argues that `` if you grow up thinking it 's cool for the elves to watch me and report back to Santa , well , then it 's cool for the NSA to watch me and report back to the government ... The rule of play is that kids get to interact with a doll or video game or what have you , but not so with the Elf on the Shelf : The rule is that you do n't touch the elf . Think about the message that sends . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Elf 's Story '' . The Elf on the Shelf . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hank Stuever ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` CBS 's ' Elf on the Shelf ' : Unwarranted Christmas surveillance techniques '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Elf on the Shelf : An Elf 's Story '' . commonsensemedia.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic , '' Newsday . ^ Jump up to : Meet Mensch On A Bench , Jewish Counterpart To Eldhdhshf On The Shelf : NPR Jump up ^ The Mensch On The Bench New York Post Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2867382/The-Elf-Shelf-competition-Introducing-Mensch-Bench-Hanukkahs-hilarious-answer-popular-Christmas-character.html Jump up ^ The Mensch on a Bench claims space on elf toy 's holiday turf - NY Daily News Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/12/11/the-mensch-on-a-bench-from-basement-to-big-box-and-now-shark-tank/#2d31052210da ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's World Baseball Classic mascot : Mensch on a Bench , '' Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` With Mensch on Bench , Israel ready for Classic , '' mlb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Players Take Leave From Spring Training For World Baseball Classic , '' NPR . Jump up ^ `` Mensch on a Bench , mascot of Israel baseball team , a hoot ahead of WBC , '' , The Times of Israel . ^ Jump up to : `` The best thing about Team Israel 's World Baseball Classic run is their delightful mascot , '' USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's suddenly the undefeated darling of the baseball world , '' The New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Team Israel scores another surprise baseball win -- with a Marin pitcher , '' J . Jump up ^ You 're a Creepy One , Elf on the Shelf in The Atlantic , December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kyle Johnston , Let 's Bench the Elf on the Shelf . Psychology Today , December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson , Does the Elf contribute to the surveillance state ? . HLNtv.com , December 1 , 2014 . Archived December 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kyle Olsen , Prof : ' Elf on the Shelf ' conditions kids to accept surveillance state . Education Action Group Foundation , Inc. , December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Elf on the Shelf . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&oldid=835350032 '' Categories : Elves in popular culture American children 's books 2005 children 's books Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Elf%20on%20the%20Shelf	2,626
who is the oldest living dog in the world			List of oldest dogs	list of oldest dogs	This is a list of the oldest verified dogs in the world , listed by age , all of whom have attained the minimum age of 20 . Aging in dogs depends on breed , size and diet .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Oldest verified dogs by age 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Oldest verified dogs by age ( edit ) The following dogs ' ages were authenticated via Guinness World Records . A document is required by Guinness , such as a birth certificate , to prove his or her age . Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Breed Country of death Bluey 1910 - 06 - 07 7 June 1910 1939 - 11 - 14 14 November 1939 7004107520000000000 ♠ 29 years , 160 days Australian Cattle Dog Australia Butch 1975 - 00 - 00 1975 2003 - 00 - 00 2003 ≥ 7004102270000000000 ♠ 28 years , 0 days Beagle United States Taffy 1975 - 09 - 01 -- 2003 - 03 - 31 -- 27 years , 317 days Welsh Collie United Kingdom Bramble 1975 - 09 - 01 1 September 1975 2003 - 03 - 31 31 March 2003 7004100730000000000 ♠ 27 years , 211 days Border Collie United Kingdom Adjutant 1936 - 08 - 14 14 August 1936 1963 - 11 - 20 20 November 1963 7003995900000000000 ♠ 27 years , 98 days Labrador Retriever cross United Kingdom 6 Buksi 1990 - 01 - 01 1990 2017 - 08 - 26 26 August 2017 27 years Mutt Hungary 7 Pusuke 1985 - 04 - 01 1 April 1985 2011 - 12 - 05 5 December 2011 7003974400000000000 ♠ 26 years , 248 days Shiba Inu mix Japan 8 Sugar 1952 - 08 - 18 18 August 1952 1977 - 08 - 13 13 August 1977 7003912600000000000 ♠ 24 years , 360 days N / A United States 9 Piccolo 1987 - 10 - 01 1 October 1987 2010 - 12 - 26 26 December 2010 7003848700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 86 days Mutt Italy 10 Kathy T. Dog 1991 - 01 - 08 8 January 1991 2013 - 02 - 06 6 February 2013 7003806500000000000 ♠ 22 years , 29 days Mutt United States 11 Mister 1991 - 11 - 28 28 November 1991 2013 - 10 - 26 26 October 2013 7003800300000000000 ♠ 21 years , 332 days Shepherd mix United States 12 Chanel 1988 - 05 - 06 6 May 1988 2009 - 08 - 28 28 August 2009 7003778400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 114 days Dachshund United States 13 Otto 1989 - 02 - 14 14 February 1989 2010 - 01 - 14 14 January 2010 7003763900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 334 days Dachshund - Terrier cross United Kingdom 14 Seamus 1993 - 07 - 24 24 July 1993 2013 - 05 - 15 18 May 2014 7003760300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 298 days Toy Poodle United States 15 Sotirakis 1993 - 04 - 11 11 April 1993 2014 - 01 - 16 16 January 2014 7003758500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 280 days Stray Greece 16 Megabyte 1993 - 04 - 11 11 April 1993 2014 - 01 - 01 1 January 2014 7003757000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 265 days Chihuahua United States 17 Winston Rha 1992 - 12 - 12 12 December 1992 2013 - 05 - 15 15 May 2013 7003745900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 154 days Schnoodle United States 18 Willie 1994 - 05 - 21 21 May 1994 2014 - 09 - 04 4 September 2014 7003741100000000000 ♠ 20 years , 106 days Jack Russell Terrier United Kingdom 19 Scolly 1992 - 06 - 15 15 June 1993 2013 - 05 - 15 18 July 2013 7003733800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 33 days Dachshund Mexico 20 Buster 1996 - 05 - 12 12 May 1996 2016 - 05 - 17 17 May 2016 7003731000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 5 days Jack Russell terrier United States Jake , a Rat Terrier owned by Ronald W. Johnson , Jr. of Davenport , Iowa , received the Guinness World Record for `` oldest dog living '' on July 21 , 2015 . Jake was born July 21 , 1994 and became the `` oldest dog living '' by Guinness standards on his 21st birthday . Jake died on July 27 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of oldest cats Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One of the oldest verified dogs ( and several unverified ) was an Australian Cattle Dog . This has prompted a study of the longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog to examine if the breed might have exceptional longevity . The 100 - dog survey yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years . The study concluded that while Australian Cattle Dogs are a healthy breed and do live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class , record ages such as Bluey 's ( `` Verified '' ) or Chilla 's ( `` Unverified '' ) should be regarded as uncharacteristic exceptions rather than as indicators of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( ed . ) . `` world 's oldest dog '' . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of Records . Guinness Publishing Ltd. 1998 . p. 240 . Edition included both Bluey and Taffy . Jump up ^ Lee , P. ( 2011 ) . Longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog : Results of a 100 - Dog Survey . ACD Spotlight , Vol. 4 , Issue 1 , Spring 2011 , 96 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Chilla , world 's oldest dog , dies at 32 '' . The Fort Scott Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : The source is purported to be GWR however no edition or page number is provided . Editors are encouraged to find and update entries for each dog if they have access to past editions : Guinness World Records . London : Jim Pattison Group . Jump up ^ origo.hu ( ed . ) . `` A demens kutyák titka : magyarok kutatják az ebek öregedését '' . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ index.hu ( ed . ) . `` Elpusztult Buksi , Magyarország legöregebb kutyája '' . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's oldest dog Otto dies age 146 '' . Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Corduroy , 26 , Named Oldest Living Cat '' . CNN . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ( hide ) Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_dogs&oldid=801185041 '' Categories : Lists of individual animals Lists of dogs Longevity claims Lists of superlatives Oldest animals Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . 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someday my prince will come lyrics miles davis			Someday My Prince Will Come ( Miles Davis album )	someday my prince will come ( miles davis album )	Someday My Prince Will Come is the seventh studio album by Miles Davis for Columbia Records , catalogue CL 1656 and CS 8456 in stereo , released in 1961 . Recorded at Columbia 's 30th Street Studio in Manhattan , it marked the only Miles Davis Quintet studio recording session to feature saxophonist Hank Mobley .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 5.1 Musicians 5.2 Production 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) Keeping to his standard procedure at Columbia to date of alternating small group records and big band studio projects with Gil Evans , Davis followed up Sketches of Spain with an album by his working quintet . In 1960 , however , the jazz world had been in flux . Although Davis had garnered acclaim for Kind of Blue , the entrance of Ornette Coleman and free jazz via his fall 1959 residency at the Five Spot Café and his albums for Atlantic Records had created controversy , and turned attention away from Davis . Similarly , Davis ' touring band had been in flux . In 1959 , Cannonball Adderley left to form his own group with his brother , reducing the sextet to a quintet . Drummer Jimmy Cobb and pianist Wynton Kelly had been hired in 1958 , but most difficult for Davis was the departure of John Coltrane , who stayed on for a spring tour of Europe but left to form his own quartet in the summer of 1960 . In 1960 , Davis went through saxophonists Jimmy Heath and Sonny Stitt before settling on Hank Mobley in December , the band re-stabilizing for the next two years . Composition ( edit ) Unlike Kind of Blue , which featured nothing but group originals , this album paired equal numbers of Miles Davis tunes and pop standards , including the title song resurrected from the 1937 Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The titles to all three Davis originals refer to specific individuals : `` Pfrancing '' to his wife Frances , featured on the album cover ; `` Teo '' to his producer Teo Macero ; and `` Drad Dog '' ( Goddard reversed ) to Columbia Records president Goddard Lieberson . While the cover credits the Miles Davis Sextet , only the title track featured six players , Coltrane making two cameo appearances on the album , taking solos on the title track and `` Teo '' , playing instead of Mobley on the latter . On March 21 , ex-Davis drummer Philly Joe Jones made his final contribution to a Davis session , replacing Cobb for the original `` Blues No. 2 '' , which was not used on the album . On June 8 , 1999 , Legacy Records reissued the album for compact disc with two bonus tracks including the unused `` Blues No. 2 '' and an alternative take of `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Down Beat ( Original Lp release ) Down Beat ( 1990 ) Encyclopedia of Popular Music MusicHound Jazz 4 / 5 The Penguin Guide to Jazz The Rolling Stone Album Guide In a contemporary review for Down Beat , Ira Gitler praised Coltrane 's solo on the title track while finding Kelly equally exceptional as both a soloist and comping musician . `` His single - lines are simultaneously hard and soft . Cobb and Chambers groove perfectly together and with Kelly '' , Gitler wrote . `` The rhythm section , individually and as a whole , is very well - recorded . '' The magazine 's Howard Mandel later viewed Someday My Prince Will Come as `` a commercial realization rather than an artistic exploration '' but nonetheless `` lovely '' , highlighted by each musicians ' careful attention to notes and dynamics , and among Davis ' most `` romantic , bluesy and intentionally seductive programs '' . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' Frank Churchill , Larry Morey 9 : 02 2 . `` Old Folks '' Willard Robison , Dedette Lee Hill 5 : 14 3 . `` Pfrancing '' ( also known as `` No Blues '' ) Miles Davis 8 : 30 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Drad - Dog '' Miles Davis 4 : 49 2 . `` Teo '' Miles Davis 9 : 33 3 . `` I Thought About You '' Jimmy Van Heusen , Johnny Mercer 4 : 52 1999 reissue bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 7 . `` Blues No. 2 '' Miles Davis 7 : 05 8 . `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' ( alternate take ) Frank Churchill , Larry Morey 5 : 34 Personnel ( edit ) Musicians ( edit ) Miles Davis -- trumpet Hank Mobley -- tenor saxophone on all tracks except `` Teo '' John Coltrane -- tenor saxophone on `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' ( master ) and `` Teo '' Wynton Kelly -- piano Paul Chambers -- bass Jimmy Cobb -- drums all tracks except `` Blues No. 2 '' Philly Joe Jones -- drums on `` Blues No. 2 '' Production ( edit ) Teo Macero -- producer Fred Plaut , Frank Laico -- engineers Bob Cato -- album cover design Frances Davis -- cover model Michael Cuscuna , Bob Belden -- reissue producers Mark Wilder -- digital remastering engineer Seth Rothstein -- reissue project coordinator Howard Fritzson -- reissue art direction Eddie Henderson -- reissue liner notes See also ( edit ) Love Songs ( Miles Davis album ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miles Davis.com Jump up ^ Richard Cook . It 's About That Time : Miles Davis On and Off Record . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532266 - 8 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Lewis Porter . John Coltrane : His Life and Music . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10161 - 7 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Cook , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Cook , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Someday My Prince Will Come . Columbia / Legacy CK 65919 , 1999 , liner notes p. 4 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom ( 2011 ) . `` Someday My Prince Will Come ( Bonus Tracks ) - Miles Davis Sextet AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Down Beat : April 26 , 1962 , vol. 29 , no . 9 ^ Jump up to : Alkyer , Frank ; Enright , Ed ; Koransky , Jason , eds. ( 2007 ) . The Miles Davis Reader . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 221 -- 22 , 305 . ISBN 142343076X . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Miles Davis '' . Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0857125958 . Jump up ^ Holtje , Steve ; Lee , Nancy Ann , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Miles Davis '' . MusicHound Jazz : The Essential Album Guide . Music Sales Corporation . ISBN 0825672538 . Jump up ^ Cook , Richard ; Morton , Brian ( 2006 ) . The Penguin Guide to Jazz ( 8th ed . ) . Penguin Books . p. 735 . ISBN 0141023279 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( 1992 ) . `` Miles Davis '' . In DeCurtis , Anthony ; Henke , James ; George - Warren , Holly . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 3rd ed . ) . Random House . p. 179 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73729 - 4 . Miles Davis Discography Studio albums Prestige era The New Sounds Young Man with a Horn Blue Period The Compositions Of Al Cohn Miles Davis Volume 2 Miles Davis , Volume 3 Miles Davis Quartet Miles Davis All - Star Sextet Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins Miles Davis All Stars , Volume 1 Miles Davis All Stars , Volume 2 The Musings of Miles Blue Moods Dig Miles : The New Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis and Horns Quintet / Sextet Collectors ' Items Blue Haze Walkin ' Bags ' Groove Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants Cookin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Relaxin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Workin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Steamin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Columbia era ' Round About Midnight Miles Ahead Milestones Jazz Track Porgy and Bess Kind of Blue Sketches of Spain Someday My Prince Will Come Seven Steps to Heaven Quiet Nights E.S.P. Miles Smiles Sorcerer Nefertiti Miles in the Sky Filles de Kilimanjaro In a Silent Way Bitches Brew Jack Johnson Live - Evil On the Corner Big Fun Get Up with It The Man with the Horn Star People Decoy You 're Under Arrest Warner Bros. era Tutu Amandla Aura Doo - Bop Live recordings Birdland 1951 Miles Davis at Newport 1955 - 1975 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 Miles & Coltrane Miles Davis Quintet at Peacock Alley Amsterdam Concert At Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol . I In Person : At the Blackhawk , San Francisco Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall Miles & Monk at Newport Miles Davis in Europe Live at the 1963 Monterey Jazz Festival My Funny Valentine Four & More Miles in Tokyo Miles in Berlin The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965 Live in Europe 1967 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 1 1969 Miles -- Festiva De Juan Pins Live in Europe 1969 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 2 Live at the Fillmore East , March 7 , 1970 : It 's About that Time Bitches Brew Live Black Beauty : Miles Davis at Fillmore West Miles Davis at Fillmore Miles at the Fillmore - Miles Davis 1970 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 3 The Cellar Door Sessions Live - Evil In Concert Dark Magus Agharta Pangaea Miles ! Miles ! Miles ! We Want Miles Live Around the World Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux Compilations Birth of the Cool Miles Davis Volume 1 Miles Davis Volume 2 Miles Davis ' Greatest Hits Basic Miles : The Classic Performances of Miles Davis 1958 Miles Water Babies Circle in the Round Directions The Columbia Years 1955 -- 1985 Super Hits The Essential Miles Davis Box sets The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane Miles Davis & Gil Evans : The Complete Columbia Studio Recordings Seven Steps : The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis 1963 -- 1964 The Complete Studio Recordings of The Miles Davis Quintet 1965 -- 1968 The Complete In a Silent Way Sessions The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions The Complete Jack Johnson Sessions The Complete On the Corner Sessions The Original Mono Recordings In Person Friday and Saturday Nights at the Blackhawk , Complete The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965 The Complete Miles Davis at Montreux The Cellar Door Sessions Miles Davis : The Complete Columbia Album Collection The Legendary Prestige Quintet Sessions Remix albums Panthalassa : The Music of Miles Davis 1969 -- 1974 Panthalassa : The Remixes Evolution of the Groove Compositions `` All Blues '' `` Blue in Green '' `` Boplicity '' `` Dig '' `` Donna Lee '' `` Four '' `` Flamenco Sketches '' `` Freddie Freeloader '' `` Milestones '' `` Nardis '' `` Seven Steps to Heaven '' `` So What '' Related Miles ! The Definitive Miles Davis at Montreux DVD Collection That 's What Happened : Live in Germany 1987 Miles from India A Different Kind of Blue ( 2004 documentary ) Book Portal John Coltrane Discography Prestige albums Bahia The Believer Black Pearls The Cats Cattin ' with Coltrane and Quinichette Coltrane Dakar Interplay John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane The Last Trane Lush Life Settin ' the Pace Soultrane Standard Coltrane Stardust Tenor Conclave Two Tenors Wheelin ' and Dealin ' Blue Note albums Blue Train Coltrane Time Atlantic albums The Avant - Garde Bags & Trane Coltrane Jazz Coltrane Plays the Blues Coltrane 's Sound Giant Steps My Favorite Things Olé Coltrane Impulse ! albums Africa / Brass Ascension Ballads Coltrane Cosmic Music Crescent Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Expression First Meditations Impressions Infinity Interstellar Space John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman The John Coltrane Quartet Plays Kulu Sé Mama A Love Supreme Meditations Om Selflessness : Featuring My Favorite Things Stellar Regions Sun Ship Transition Infinity With Miles Davis Miles : The New Miles Davis Quintet Basic Miles ' Round About Midnight Workin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Steamin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Relaxin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Cookin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis Quintet at Peacock Alley Milestones 1958 Miles Miles & Monk at Newport Kind of Blue Someday My Prince Will Come Jazz at the Plaza Vol . I With Ray Draper The Ray Draper Quintet featuring John Coltrane A Tuba Jazz With Wilbur Harden Mainstream 1958 Jazz Way Out Tanganyika Strut With Thelonious Monk The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings Thelonious Himself Monk 's Music Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane Live albums Afro Blue Impressions Bye Bye Blackbird The European Tour Live at Birdland Live at the Half Note : One Down , One Up Live ! at the Village Vanguard Live at the Village Vanguard Again ! The Complete 1961 Village Vanguard Recordings Live in Japan Live in Paris Live in Seattle Newport ' 63 New Thing at Newport The Olatunji Concert : The Last Live Recording The Paris Concert Offering : Live at Temple University Compilations Alternate Takes The Best of John Coltrane The Classic Quartet : The Complete Impulse ! Recordings Coltrane for Lovers The Coltrane Legacy The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane The Prestige Recordings Countdown : The Savoy Sessions Dial Africa : The Savoy Sessions Feelin ' Good Gleanings Gold Coast The Heavyweight Champion : The Complete Atlantic Recordings High Step The Major Works of John Coltrane Jupiter Variation Ken Burns Jazz : John Coltrane The Last Giant : Anthology Living Space To the Beat of a Different Drum Trane 's Blues Trane 's Modes Compositions `` 26 - 2 '' `` Alabama '' `` Equinox '' `` Giant Steps '' `` Impressions '' `` Lazy Bird '' `` Moment 's Notice '' `` Mr. P.C. '' `` Naima '' `` Ogunde '' Documentaries The Church of Saint Coltrane The World According to John Coltrane Trane Tracks : The Legacy of John Coltrane Related Coltrane changes Sheets of sound Ravi Coltrane Alice Coltrane Flying Lotus Dix Hills home Philadelphia house 5893 Coltrane asteroid John W. Coltrane Cultural Society Blues for Coltrane : A Tribute to John Coltrane Before John Was a Jazz Giant : A Song of John Coltrane Hank Mobley Years given are for the recording ( s ) , not first release , except for the compilation section As leader or co-leader Newark 1953 ( 1953 ( 2012 ) ) Hank Mobley Quartet ( 1955 ) The Jazz Message of Hank Mobley ( 1956 ) Mobley 's Message ( Prestige , 1956 ) Mobley 's 2nd Message ( Prestige , 1956 ) Jazz Message No. 2 ( Savoy , 1956 ) Hank Mobley Sextet ( 1956 ) Hank Mobley and His All Stars ( 1957 ) Hank Mobley Quintet ( 1957 ) Hank ( 1957 ) Hank Mobley ( 1957 ) Curtain Call ( 1957 ) Poppin ' ( 1957 ) Peckin ' Time ( 1958 ) Soul Station ( 1960 ) Roll Call ( 1960 ) Workout ( 1961 ) Another Workout ( 1961 ) No Room for Squares ( 1963 ) The Turnaround ! ( 1964 ) Dippin ' ( 1965 ) A Caddy for Daddy ( 1965 ) A Slice of the Top ( 1966 ) Far Away Lands ( 1967 ) Third Season ( 1967 ) Hi Voltage ( 1967 ) Reach Out ! ( 1968 ) The Flip ( 1969 ) Thinking of Home ( 1970 ) Breakthrough ! ( 1972 ) As sideman At the Cafe Bohemia , Vol. 1 ( Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers , 1955 ) At the Cafe Bohemia , Vol. 2 ( Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers , 1955 ) The Jazz Messengers ( Art Blakey , 1956 ) Originally ( Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers , 1956 ( 1982 ) ) At the Jazz Corner of the World ( Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers , 1959 ) All Night Long ( Kenny Burrell , 1956 ) K.B. Blues ( 1957 ( 1979 ) ) Byrd 's Eye View ( Donald Byrd , 1955 ) Byrd in Flight ( Donald Byrd , 1960 ) A New Perspective ( 1963 ) Mustang ! ( Donald Byrd , 1966 ) Blackjack ( Donald Byrd , 1967 ) Dial `` S '' for Sonny ( Sonny Clark , 1957 ) My Conception ( Sonny Clark , 1957 ) Someday My Prince Will Come ( Miles Davis , 1961 ) In Person Friday and Saturday Nights at the Blackhawk , Complete ( Miles Davis , 1961 ) Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall ( 1961 ) Afro - Cuban ( Kenny Dorham , 1955 ) Whistle Stop ( Kenny Dorham , 1961 ) This Is New ( Kenny Drew , 1957 ) Undercurrent ( Kenny Drew , 1960 ) Farmer 's Market ( Art Farmer , 1956 ) The Opener ( Curtis Fuller , 1957 ) Sliding Easy ( Curtis Fuller , 1959 ) Afro ( Dizzy Gillespie , 1954 ) Dizzy and Strings ( Dizzy Gillespie , 1954 ) Jazz Recital ( Dizzy Gillespie , 1954 -- 55 ) I Want to Hold Your Hand ( Grant Green , 1965 ) A Blowin ' Session ( Johnny Griffin , 1957 ) My Point of View ( Herbie Hancock , 1963 ) Informal Jazz ( Elmo Hope , 1956 ) Goin ' Up ( Freddie Hubbard , 1960 ) Blue Spirits ( Freddie Hubbard , 1965 ) The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 2 ( 1955 ) Together ! ( Elvin Jones and Philly Joe Jones , 1961 ) Midnight Walk ( Elvin Jones , 1966 ) I Wanna Talk About You ( Tete Montoliu , 1980 ) Introducing Lee Morgan ( 1956 ) Lee Morgan Sextet ( 1956 ) Cornbread ( Lee Morgan , 1965 ) Charisma ( 1966 ) The Rajah ( 1966 ) Tenor Conclave ( Prestige All Stars , 1957 ) Star Bright ( Dizzy Reece , 1959 ) The Cool Voice of Rita Reys ( 1956 ) Good Move ! ( Freddie Roach 1963 ) The Max Roach Quartet featuring Hank Mobley ( 1953 ) Max Roach + 4 ( 1956 ) The Max Roach 4 Plays Charlie Parker ( 1957 ) MAX ( Max Roach , 1958 ) Yasmina , a Black Woman ( Archie Shepp , 1969 ) Poem for Malcolm ( Archie Shepp , 1969 ) Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers ( 1954 -- 55 ) Silver 's Blue ( Horace Silver , 1956 ) 6 Pieces of Silver ( Horace Silver , 1956 -- 58 ) The Stylings of Silver ( Horace Silver , 1957 ) A Date with Jimmy Smith Volume One ( 1957 ) A Date with Jimmy Smith Volume Two ( 1957 ) Compilations Straight No Filter ( 1985 ) The Complete Blue Note Hank Mobley Fifties Sessions ( 1998 ) The Feelin 's Good ( 2013 ) Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Someday_My_Prince_Will_Come_(Miles_Davis_album)&oldid=835223795 '' Categories : 1961 albums Miles Davis albums Albums produced by Teo Macero Columbia Records albums Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio Instrumental albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 10 : 19 . 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what is the significance of the jerusalem cross			Jerusalem cross	jerusalem cross	The Jerusalem cross ( also known as `` Five-fold Cross '' , or `` cross-and - crosslets '' ) is a heraldic cross and Christian cross variant consisting of a large cross potent surrounded by four smaller Greek crosses , one in each quadrant . It was used as the emblem and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the 1280s .	There are variants to the design , also known as `` Jerusalem cross '' , with either the four crosslets also in the form of Crosses potent , or conversely with the central cross also in the form of a plain Greek cross . It is not to be confused with the Lorraine cross , which has also been called the `` Jerusalem cross '' . Contents 1 Origins 2 Classical heraldry 3 Modern use 4 References 5 See also Origins ( edit ) Depiction of the Jerusalem cross on a red ( rather than silver ) shield as the arms of Godfrey of Bouillon in a 14th - century miniature . Godfrey of Bouillon as depicted in a late medieval fresco ( Castello della Manta , Piedmont , Italy , c. 1420 . ) While the symbol of the five-fold cross appears to originate in the 11th century , its association with the Kingdom of Jerusalem dates to the second half of the 13th century . The symbolism of the five-fold cross is variously given as the Five Wounds of Christ , Christ and the four evangelists , or Christ and the four quarters of the world . The symbolism of five crosses representing the Five Wounds is first recorded in the context of the consecration of the St Brelade 's Church under the patronage of Robert of Normandy ( before 1035 ) ; the crosses are incised in the church 's altar stone . The `` cross-and - crosslets '' or `` Tealby '' pennies minted under Henry II of England during 1158 -- 1180 have the `` Jerusalem cross '' on the obverse , with the four crosslets depicted as decussate ( diagonal ) . Similar cross designs on the obverse of coins go back to at least the Anglo - Saxon period . As the arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , the design is traditionally attributed to Godfrey of Bouillon himself . It was not used , however , by the Christian rulers of Jerusalem during the 12th century . A simple blazon of or , a cross argent is documented by Matthew Paris as the arms of John de Brienne , who had been king of Jerusalem during 1210 -- 1212 , upon John 's death in 1237 . The emblem used on the seals of the rulers of Jerusalem during the 12th century was a simplified depiction of the city itself , showing the tower of David between the Dome of the Rock and the Holy Sepulchre , surrounded by the city walls . The coins minted in Jerusalem during the 12th century show patriarchal crosses with various modifications . Coins minted under Henry I ( r . 1192 -- 1197 ) show a cross with four dots in the four quarters , but the Jerusalem cross proper appears only on a coin minted under John II ( r . 1284 / 5 ) . At about the same time , the cross of Jerusalem in gold on a silver field appears as the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early armorials such as the Camden Roll . The arms of the King of Jerusalem featured gold on silver ( in the case of John de Brienne , silver on gold ) , a metal on a metal , and thus broke the heraldic Rule of Tincture ; this was justified by the fact that Jerusalem was so holy , it was above ordinary rules . The gold and silver were also connected to Psalms 68 : 14 , which mentions a `` dove covered in silver , and her feathers with yellow gold '' . The Gelre Armorial ( 14th century ) attributes to the `` emperors of Constantinople '' ( the Latin Empire ) a variant of the Jerusalem cross with the four crosslets inscribed in circles . Philip of Courtenay , who held the title of Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1273 -- 1283 ( even though Constantinople had been reinstated to the Byzantine Empire in 1261 ) used an extended form of the Jerusalem cross , where each of the four crosslets was itself surrounded by four smaller crosslets ( a `` Jerusalem cross of Jerusalem crosses '' ) . Classical heraldry ( edit ) The Jerusalem cross on a 1556 Testoon of Mary , Queen of Scots . In late medieval heraldry the Crusader 's cross was used for various Crusader states . The 14th - century Book of All Kingdoms uses it as the flag of Sebasteia . At about the same time , the Pizzigano chart uses it as the flag of Tbilisi ( based on the latter example , the Crusader 's cross was adopted as the flag of Georgia in 2004 ) . Carlo Maggi , a Venetian nobleman who visited Jerusalem and was made a knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in the early 1570s , included the Jerusalem cross in his coat of arms . There is a historiographical tradition that Peter the Great flew a flag with a variant of the Jerusalem cross in his campaign in the White Sea in 1693 . Modern Use ( edit ) Jerusalem cross in relief , dated `` AD 1875 '' , on the wall of the Dominus Flevit Church in Jerusalem . Jerusalem - Erinnerungskreuz ( 1898 ) Jerusalem Pilgrim 's Cross , courtesy of the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land . Coat of arms of Puerto Rico . A banner with a variation of the Jerusalem cross was used at the proclamation of the Revolution on Mount Pelion Anthimos Gazis in May 1821 in the Greek War of Independence . The papal Order of the Holy Sepulchre uses the Jerusalem cross as its emblem . It is also used by the Custodian of the Holy Land , head of the Franciscan friars who serve at the holy Christian sites in Jerusalem . When Albert , Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VII ) visited Jerusalem in 1862 , he had a Jerusalem cross tattooed on his arm . German Emperor Wilhelm II visited Jerusalem in 1898 and awarded the Jerusalem - Erinnerungskreuz ( Jerusalem Memorial Cross ) order in the shape of a Jerusalem cross to those who accompanied him at the inauguration of the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer , Jerusalem . In the early 20th century , the Jerusalem cross also came to be used as a symbol of world evangelisation in Protestantism . A derived design known as the `` Episcopal Church Service Cross '' was first used during World War I by the Anglican Episcopal Church in the United States . The Jerusalem cross was chosen as the emblem of the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag ( German Evangelical Church Congress ) in the 1950s , since the 1960s shown in a simplified form where the central Cross potent is replaced by a simple Greek cross . The modern flag of Georgia was introduced in 2004 on the basis of the flag of Tbilisi shown in the Pizzigano chart . The Unicode character set has a character ☩ , U + 2629 CROSS OF JERUSALEM in the Miscellaneous Symbols table . However , the glyph associated with that character according to the official Unicode character sheet is shown as a simple cross potent , and not a Jerusalem cross . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : William Wood Seymour , The Cross in Tradition , History and Art , 1898 , p. 364 Jump up ^ The design with the crosslets as crosses potent is medieval , e.g. found in 13th - century stonework in the Nor Varagavank monastery , Armenia ( image ) ; another example is found in the Norman church at Bozeat , Northamptonshire , England ( image ) . Jump up ^ William Woo Seymour , The Cross in Tradition , History and Art , 1898 , p. 356 Jump up ^ BNF Français 22495 , fol. 78 ; the same ms. also has the Jerusalem cross in a silver field ( fol. 36 ) and in a blue field ( fol. 115 ) . Jump up ^ T.C.R. Crafter , A re-examination of the classification and chronology of the cross-and - crosslets type of Henry II , British Numismatic Journal 68.6 ( 1998 ) , pp. 42 -- 63 and plate 6 ; see also : Richard Kelleher , Kings and Coins in Medieval England VI - Henry II 's Cross-and Crosslets coinage ( 1158 - 80 ) , www.treasurehunting.co.uk ( February 2014 ) , Figs. 10 , 11 , 14 , 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Edward Hawkins , The silver coins of England ( 1841 ) , plate 1 ( facing p. 8 ) , no . 12 : pre-Roman British coin : a cross with the four letters C , R , A , B placed in the four quadrants ; plate 3 ( facing p. 16 ) , no . 36 : early Saxon sceat : diagonal cross with four dots in the four quadrants , no . 47 : cross crosslet superimposed on a diagonal cross ; plate 4 ( facing p. 18 ) ; plate 5 ( facing p. 22 ) no . 66 : penny of Offa of Mercia : cross with four dots in the four quadrants ( etc . ) Jump up ^ Hubert de Vries , Jerusalem ( hubert-herald.nl ) . The design is also found on coins minted under his successor , the last king of Jerusalem , Henry II ( forumancientcoins.com ) Jump up ^ no. 1484 . Die Keyser v. Constantinopel gules , a cross or , in each canton a crosslet in an annulet of the same . Jump up ^ Hubert de Vries , Byzantium : Arms and Emblems ( hubert-herald.nl ) ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ this is apparently reported in an 1829 vexillological publication ( Собрание штандартов , флагов и вымпелов , употребляемых в Российской империи ( `` Collection of banners , flags and pennants , used in the Russian Empire '' , St. Petersburg , 1829 , reprinted 1833 ( facsimile ) ; the historicity of this is doubtful , c.f. Russian Navy : early flags ( crwflags.com ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hunt Janin , Four Paths to Jerusalem : Jewish , Christian , Muslim , and Secular Pilgrimages , 1000 BCE to 2001 CE , McFarland , 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ A Prayer Book for the Armed Services : For Chaplains and Those in Service , Church Publishing , Inc. , 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ the standard version is depicted in this 1961 stamp , the simplified version in a 1963 stamp . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerusalem Cross . Cross crosslet Jerusalem Cube Christian cross variants In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Archiepiscopal cross Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Branch cross Bulgarian cross Byzantine cross Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double cross Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Greek Orthodox cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin / Roman cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Nordic Cross Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Cross quadrate Ringed cross Russian cross Russian ( Orthodox ) cross Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Serbian Orthodox cross St. Thomas Cross Syriac cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross Historical Avellane cross Avis cross Brigid 's cross Carolingian cross Consecration crosses Coptic cross Cross and Crown Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Early Coptic cross Engrailed cross Cross erminée Gammadion Crux gemmata Saint Julian 's cross Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Cross of Neith Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry Nordic Pisan High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross Christograms , Chrismons Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram / Monogrammatic cross / Tau Rho See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Balkenkreuz Ichthys Irminsul Kolovrat Mjölnir Rose Cross Solomon 's knot Sauwastika Scientology cross Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun cross Swastika Triskelion / Triskele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalem_cross&oldid=865580333 '' Categories : Christian crosses Crosses in heraldry Kingdom of Jerusalem Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 20 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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who won the grey cup this year 2017	The 105th Grey Cup was played on November 26 , 2017 between the Calgary Stampeders and the Toronto Argonauts at TD Place Stadium in Ottawa , Ontario . The teams last met ( in the finals ) at the 100th Grey Cup , won by the Argonauts . The Argos won the game 27 -- 24 and captured their 17th Grey Cup championship .	the Toronto Argonauts	105th Grey Cup	105th grey cup	The 105th Grey Cup was played on November 26 , 2017 between the Calgary Stampeders and the Toronto Argonauts at TD Place Stadium in Ottawa , Ontario . The teams last met ( in the finals ) at the 100th Grey Cup , won by the Argonauts . The Argos won the game 27 -- 24 and captured their 17th Grey Cup championship .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host city 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Calgary Stampeders 1.2. 2 Toronto Argonauts 1.2. 3 Head - to - Head 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 3 Entertainment 4 Aftermath 5 Television 6 References Background ( edit ) Host city ( edit ) It was reported in September 2015 that Ottawa would host the Grey Cup game , and that it would be determined at a board of governor 's meeting later that fall . It was stated by the Ottawa Redblacks ownership group , Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group , that one of the clauses in their expansion agreement was that the club would host a Grey Cup game within their first four years of existence . Since the Redblacks entered the league in 2014 , 2017 would be the fourth such year . Ottawa had previously been awarded the 102nd Grey Cup but backed out due to construction delays ; that game would be held in Vancouver instead . During an Ottawa Redblacks game on July 31 , 2016 , it was announced in a video featuring Prime Minister Justin Trudeau that the city of Ottawa had been selected to host the 105th Grey Cup , in part to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Canada . This will be the seventh time that the Grey Cup game will be played in Ottawa , with each of those games being played at Lansdowne Park . The most recent game hosted by Ottawa was when the Ottawa Renegades hosted the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004 , when the Toronto Argonauts defeated the BC Lions . Redblacks president Jeff Hunt stated that approximately 10,000 temporary seats would be added to TD Place Stadium , bringing seating capacity to about 35,000 . In early May , more than six months before the game , the Redblacks announced that fewer than 6,000 of the original 35,000 tickets were yet to be sold . Due to ticket demand , the Redblacks added additional temporary bleachers in September to bring capacity to approximately 36,000 and the game officially sold out on October 26 . Teams ( edit ) Calgary Stampeders ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Calgary Stampeders season The Stampeders finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 4 -- 1 , once again placing as the top team in the West Division . They became the first team in the league to clinch a playoff spot in Week 14 of the regular season with a 15 - 9 victory over the Saskatchewan Roughriders . The Stampeders entered the playoffs on a losing streak , losing three in a row for the first time since 2007 . As the first place team in the West , the Stampeders received a bye in the first round of the playoffs and hosted the Western Final on November 19 against the third place Edmonton Eskimos . The Stampeders won the game 32 - 28 in a closely contested game that featured a controversial play by the Eskimos , who late in the fourth quarter opted to kick a field goal in the hopes that they could recover the ball , instead of tying the game with a touchdown . Calgary maintained possession until the end of the game to clinch victory . Toronto Argonauts ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Toronto Argonauts season The Argonauts placed first in the East Division with a 9 -- 9 record and returned to the playoffs after having missed them the previous season . The Argos entered the season with a new head coach in Marc Trestman , the former head coach of the Montreal Alouettes and the NFL 's Chicago Bears . The team 's resurgence was led by quarterback Ricky Ray , who completed the 2017 regular season having thrown for 5,546 yards and 28 touchdowns . Despite the team 's success on the field , the team averaged only 13,914 fans per home game at BMO Field , which was down from the previous year . As the first place team in the East , the Argos hosted the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Eastern Final after the Riders , as a crossover team , defeated the Ottawa Redblacks in the Semi-Final . The Argos won the close game 25 - 21 after scoring a touchdown with 23 seconds left in the game . It was the first time the Argos had won the Eastern Final since 2012 , the last time they won the Grey Cup . Head - to - head ( edit ) Calgary and Toronto met twice during the 2017 regular season , with Calgary winning both times . Their first meeting took place during Week 7 in Toronto and saw the Stampeders win 41 -- 24 . Three weeks later , the teams met again in Calgary , with the Stampeders winning 23 -- 7 . The 2017 Grey Cup was the fourth championship match - up between the two teams , with Calgary winning in 1971 and Toronto victorious in 1991 and 2012 . The Argos ' 2017 Grey Cup victory was their first defeat of the Calgary Stampeders since a 33 - 27 win in September 2013 . During the week leading up to the game , the mayors of Toronto and Calgary , John Tory ( who was the CFL commissioner from 1996 - 2000 ) and Naheed Nenshi , placed a friendly bet on the outcome , with the losing city 's mayor having to donate to charity , wear the winning team 's jersey at the next city council meeting , and send the other a selection of local craft beer . Game summary ( edit ) Toronto won the coin toss and opted to defer to the second half . Calgary chose to receive the ball . The game was played in inclement conditions , with snow falling prior to kickoff and persisting throughout . Neither team could sustain drives throughout much of the first quarter until eleven minutes in , when Stamps quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell connected with Kamar Jorden for the contest 's first touchdown . Calgary missed the subsequent two - point convert attempt , but found themselves up 6 -- 0 . Scrimmaging from their own 10 - yard line , the Argos opened the second quarter with a bang . DeVier Posey caught a pass from Toronto quarterback Ricky Ray at the Argo 44 and scampered to the end zone to tie the game 6 -- 6 . At 100 yards , this now stands as the longest touchdown pass in Grey Cup history , breaking the previous mark of 99 yards set by Montreal 's Anthony Calvillo and Pat Woodcock in 2002 . Calgary would respond five minutes later with a touchdown by running back Jerome Messam and a successful two - point convert to go up 14 - 6 . While the Argos were shut out offensively in the second quarter , they scored two points thanks to a safety conceded by Calgary punter Rob Maver who , after mishandling a high snap , kicked the ball out of the back of the end zone . Rene Paredes booted a field goal with five seconds left in the quarter to put the Stampeders up 17 -- 8 at the half . Toronto opened the scoring in the second half four minutes into the third quarter with a two - yard touchdown run by running back James Wilder Jr ... A successful two - point conversion made the score 17 -- 16 . Jerome Messam would find the end zone again for the Stampeders roughly five minutes later , putting Calgary up 24 -- 16 after a successful convert by Parades . The Stamps would protect this lead into the fourth quarter and appeared well on their way to victory when , with the ball on the Argo 8 - yard - line , Toronto DB Cassius Vaughn pounced on a Kamar Jorden fumble and returned the ball 109 yards for a touchdown -- another Grey Cup record . A two - point convert reception by Declan Cross tied the game at 24 -- 24 with under five minutes to play . With 53 seconds left , Argo kicker Lirim Hajrullahu kicked the team 's lone field goal , giving Toronto its first lead at 27 -- 24 . On their final possession Calgary drove the ball deep into Argonaut territory , but instead of attempting a game - tying field goal decided to go for the jugular . On 2nd - and - 5 from the Argonaut 25 , Mitchell 's would - be touchdown pass fell into the hands of Argo defender Matt Black , sealing the victory for the Double Blue . Scoring summary ( edit ) First Quarter CGY -- TD Jorden 33 yard pass ( missed two - point convert ) ( 4 : 00 ) 6 -- 0 CGY Second Quarter TOR -- TD Posey 100 yard pass ( missed convert ) ( 15 : 00 ) 6 -- 6 Tie CGY -- TD Messam 6 yard rush ( Daniels two - point convert ) ( 10 : 21 ) 14 -- 6 CGY TOR -- Safety Maver ( 5 : 46 ) 14 -- 8 CGY CGY -- FG Paredes 39 yards ( 0 : 05 ) 17 - 8 CGY Third Quarter TOR -- TD Wilder Jr 2 yard rush ( Cross two - point convert ) ( 10 : 51 ) 17 -- 16 CGY CGY -- TD Messam 6 yard pass ( Parades convert ) ( 6 : 19 ) 24 -- 16 CGY Fourth Quarter TOR -- TD Vaughn 109 yard fumble return ( Cross two - point convert ) ( 5 : 16 ) 24 -- 24 Tie TOR -- FG Hajrullahu 32 yards ( 0 : 53 ) 27 -- 24 TOR Entertainment ( edit ) On August 10 , 2017 , the CFL announced that Shania Twain would perform during the Freedom Mobile Halftime Show . The performance marked Twain 's second Grey Cup halftime show ; she performed as halftime entertainment during the 90th Grey Cup in 2002 . Vancouver - based rapper SonReal performed immediately prior to the game as part of the SiriusXM Kickoff Show . Toronto band Choir ! Choir ! Choir ! sang the national anthem . Aftermath ( edit ) Immediately following the game , Argonauts receiver DeVier Posey was named the game 's Most Valuable Player , having put up 175 yards and one touchdown on seven receptions . Running back Jerome Messam of the Stampeders received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game 's Most Valuable Canadian after scoring two touchdowns . With the victory , Argonauts quarterback Ricky Ray became the first quarterback in CFL history to win the Grey Cup four times as a starting quarterback . Television ( edit ) The game was watched by an average of 4.3 million viewers , with viewership peaking at nearly six million during the Argos ' comeback in the fourth quarter . Nearly a third of the population of Canada watched part of the game . The game saw a ten percent increase in viewership over the previous year and a fifty - eight percent increase in viewership in the Toronto / Hamilton market . Overall , the 105th Grey Cup was the most watched Grey Cup since 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Foxcroft leads crew of Officials named for the 105GC '' . cfl.ca . November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey Cup draws 10 % increase in viewership on TSN , RDS '' . cfl.ca . November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ottawa to host 105th Grey Cup in 2017 '' . July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on the 105th Grey Cup '' . pm.gc.ca ( Press release ) . Office of the Prime Minister . November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016 , Ottawa in 2017 '' . Sportsnet . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CFL commish still wo n't confirm Ottawa Grey Cup '' . Ottawa Citizen . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Garrioch , Bruce ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) . `` No Grey Cup for Ottawa in 2014 '' . Ottawa Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016 , Ottawa in 2017 '' . Sportsnet . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ottawa to host 2017 Grey Cup , coincides with Canada 's 150th anniversary Jump up ^ `` 105th Grey Cup nearing sellout , Redblacks announce - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2017 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 105th Grey Cup presented by Shaw officially sold out '' . CFL. 2017 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Stampeders set CFL record with win over Roughriders '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stampeders shrug off losing skid ahead of West final '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 48 hours later , Eskimos coach stands by his ' unpopular ' decision '' . CBC . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Cup Party Cheat Sheet : Snack - sized facts , figures , predictions '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argos update fans on ticket sales before CFL playoff game vs. Riders '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vintage Ricky Ray ' leads Argos past Riders in thrilling Eastern Final '' . TSN . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argos send Glenn and Riders packing to advance to the Grey Cup '' . Toronto star . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Schedule '' . CFL . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 105th Grey Cup Mayor Bet has been set '' . CFL . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argos stun Stamps in Grey Cup with late field goal '' . TSN. 2017 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Argos stun Stamps in Grey Cup with late field goal '' . TSN. 2017 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play - by - Play , 105th Grey Cup '' . CFL. 2017 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy winner Shania Twain to perform at Freedom Mobile Grey Cup Halftime Show '' . CFL.ca . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shania Twain to perform Grey Cup Halftime '' . TSN . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TSN exclusively delivers live coverage of the 105th Grey Cup presented by Shaw '' . TSN . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argos shovel out of early hole to defeat Stampeders in 105th Grey Cup '' . CBC . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argos stun Stamps in Grey Cup with late field goal '' . TSN . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Grey Cup Editions 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Venues Autostade BC Place BMO Field Commonwealth Stadium Civic Stadium / Ivor Wynne Stadium Empire Stadium Exhibition Stadium Hamilton AAA Grounds Investors Group Field McMahon Stadium Molson Stadium Olympic Stadium Richardson Memorial Stadium Skydome / Rogers Centre Rosedale Field Taylor Field TD Place Stadium / Frank Clair Stadium / Lansdowne Park Varsity Stadium Winnipeg Stadium / Canad Inns Stadium Statistics Champions Most Valuable Players Most Valuable Canadians Winning head coaches Broadcasters Halftime performers Calgary Stampeders Founded in 1935 Based in Calgary , Alberta Franchise Records Seasons Head coaches Mascot Stadiums Mewata Stadium McMahon Stadium Lore Labour Day Classic Battle of Alberta Canada Day Games Norman Kwong Perfect season Important figures Willie Burden Tom Forzani Doug Flutie Dean Griffing Wayne Harris Herman Harrison John Helton John Hufnagel Jerry Keeling Earl `` The Earthquake '' Lunsford Don Luzzi Tony Pajaczkowski Allen Pitts Rocco Romano Paul Rowe Harvey Wylie Retired numbers 5 10 13 18 22 55 67 75 Key personnel Owners : Calgary Sports and Entertainment , John Forzani , Ted Hellard and Doug Mitchell . General Manager : John Hufnagel Head Coach : Dave Dickenson Grey Cup championships ( 7 ) 1948 1971 1992 1998 2001 2008 2014 Western Division championships ( 16 ) 1948 1949 1968 1970 1971 1991 1992 1995 1998 1999 2001 2008 2012 2014 2016 2017 Current league affiliations League : Canadian Football League Division : West Toronto Argonauts Founded in 1873 Based in Toronto , Ontario Franchise Franchise Records Players Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Stadiums BMO Field Rogers Centre Exhibition Stadium Varsity Stadium Rosedale Field Culture and lore Argonotes Labour Day Classic Important figures Doug Flutie Joe Theismann Terry Greer Condredge Holloway Dan Ferrone Dick Shatto Don Moen Paul Masotti Pinball Clemons Damon Allen Retired numbers 22 31 55 60 Key personnel Owners : Kilmer Sports and Bell Canada consortium General Manager : Jim Popp Head Coach : Marc Trestman Radio English TSN 1050 CFRB 1010 French CHOQ FM 105 , 1 Grey Cup Championships ( 17 ) 1914 1921 1933 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1950 1952 1991 1997 2012 2017 Eastern Division / IRFU Championships ( 24 ) 1911 1912 1914 1920 1921 1922 1933 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1950 1952 1971 1982 1991 1997 2012 2017 Current league affiliations League : Canadian Football League Division : East Toronto Argonauts 105th Grey Cup champions 00 Ronnie Pfeffer 0 Johnny Sears Jr . 1 Anthony Coombs 2 Dakota Prukop 3 Brandon Whitaker 4 Brandon Harris 5 Jermaine Gabriel 6 Marcus Ball 7 Jeff Mathews 8 Jeff Fuller 9 Akwasi Owusu - Ansah 10 Armanti Edwards 11 Alex Charette 12 Mitchell White 14 McLeod Bethel - Thompson 15 Ricky Ray 16 Brian Jones 17 Cody Fajardo 18 Brian Tyms 19 S.J. Green 20 Rico Murray 21 Qudarius Ford 23 Robert Woodson 24 Justin Tuggle 25 Matt Webster 26 Cassius Vaughn 27 Cam McDaniel 28 Akeem Jordan 29 Josh Mitchell 30 Martese Jackson 32 James Wilder Jr . 33 Alden Darby 38 Declan Cross 39 Matt Black 40 Shawn Lemon 41 Nakas Onyeka 43 Evan Foster 44 Khalil Bass 45 Curtis Newton 47 Terrance Plummer 48 Bear Woods 49 Jeffrey Finley 52 Justin Herdman 54 Chris Van Zeyl 56 Corey Watman 57 Tyler Holmes 58 Jake Reinhart 59 Brandon Washington 61 Sean McEwen 63 Mason Woods 64 J'Michael Deane 65 D.J. Sackey 67 Jamal Campbell 68 Chris Kolankowski 69 William Campbell 70 Lirim Hajrullahu 75 Cameron Walker 82 Malcolm Williams 84 Llevi Noel 85 DeVier Posey ( MVP ) 88 Jimmy Ralph 90 Cleyon Laing 91 Alan - Michael Cash 92 Troy Davis 93 Linden Gaydosh 94 Victor Butler 95 Sadat Sulleyman 96 Jeff Luc 97 Ken Bishop 98 Dylan Wynn 99 Daryl Waud Head coach : Marc Trestman Assistant coaches : Mike Archer Wendell Avery Tyron Brackenridge Marcus Brady Corey Chamblin Tommy Condell Kevin Eiben Jonathan Himebauch Gavin Lake Kerry Locklin Josh Moore Justin Poindexter Steve Walsh 2017 CFL season by team Western BC Calgary Edmonton Saskatchewan Winnipeg Eastern Hamilton Montreal Ottawa Toronto See also 2017 CFL Draft 105th Grey Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=105th_Grey_Cup&oldid=819091127 '' Categories : Grey Cup Grey Cups hosted in Ottawa 2017 in Canadian football 2010s in Ottawa 2017 in Ontario 150th anniversary of Canada 2017 in Canadian television November 2017 sports events in North America Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 10 : 34 . 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paul gonsalves tell it the way it is			Tell It the Way It is !	tell it the way it is!	Tell It the Way It Is ! is an album recorded in 1963 ( see 1963 in music ) by Paul Gonsalves .	Former Duke Ellington band members Gonsalves , Johnny Hodges and Ray Nance teamed up with Swedish trumpeter Rolf Ericson and pianist Walter Bishop Jr. on two sessions to create Tell It the Way It Is ! . Track listing ( edit ) Tell It the Way It Is ! Things Ai n't What They Used to Be Duke 's Place Impulsive Rapscallion in Rab 's Canyon Body and Soul Performers ( edit ) Paul Gonsalves - Tenor Saxophone Johnny Hodges - Alto Saxophone Ray Nance - Trumpet / Violin Rolf Ericson - Trumpet Walter Bishop Jr - Piano Ernie Shepard - Bass / vocals Osie Johnson - drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tell It the Way It Is ! at AllMusic ( hide ) Paul Gonsalves Studio albums Cookin ' ( 1957 ) Diminuendo , Crescendo and Blues ( 1958 ) Ellingtonia Moods and Blues ( 1960 ) Gettin ' Together ! ( 1961 ) Tenor Stuff ( 1961 ) Tell It the Way It Is ! ( 1963 ) Cleopatra -- Feelin ' Jazzy ( 1963 ) Salt and Pepper ( 1963 ) Rare Paul Gonsalves Sextet in Europe ( 1963 ) Boom - Jackie - Boom - Chick ( 1964 ) Encuentro ( 1968 ) Humming Bird ( 1970 ) This 1960s jazz album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_It_the_Way_It_Is!&oldid=785931114 '' Categories : 1963 albums Paul Gonsalves albums Impulse ! Records albums 1960s jazz album stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with topics of unclear notability from April 2013 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 07 : 44 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell%20It%20the%20Way%20It%20Is%21	2,631
when did the ford expedition body style change			Ford Expedition	ford expedition	Ford Bronco	Ford Excursion The Ford Expedition is a full size suv that is made by Ford Motor Company . Introduced for the 1997 model year as the successor of the Ford Bronco , the Expedition is the first mid-size Ford crossover sold with a four - door body . For its entire production life , the Ford Expedition has been derived from the corresponding generation of the Ford F - 150 in production , sharing body and mechanical components . Currently in its third model generation , a fourth - generation Ford Expedition is slated to enter production for the 2018 model year . Similar to the configuration of the Chevrolet Tahoe and Suburban , the Ford Expedition is sold in regular and extended lengths ( the Ford Expedition EL / Max ) ; sold since 2007 , the latter functionally serves as the replacement for the Ford Excursion . Since 1997 , the Lincoln division has marketed the Ford Expedition as the Lincoln Navigator , the first full - size SUV sold by a luxury auto brand in North America ( the Expedition was never sold as a Mercury ) . The third Ford vehicle to use the Expedition nameplate , the full - size SUV follows a 1992 F - 150 Eddie Bauer concept vehicle and a 1995 trim level package on the two - door Ford Explorer Sport . Prior to 2009 , the Ford Expedition was assembled at the Michigan Assembly Plant in Wayne , Michigan ( previously home to the Ford Bronco ). , After 2009 , the Ford Expedition was moved to the Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville , Kentucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vehicle background 2 First generation ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 2.1 Engine ( s ) 2.2 Transmission ( s ) 2.3 Safety and security 2.4 Model year changes 2.4. 1 1998 2.4. 2 1999 2.4. 3 2000 2.4. 4 2001 2.4. 5 2002 3 Second generation ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 3.1 Engine ( s ) 3.2 Transmission ( s ) 3.3 Safety and security 3.4 Model year changes 3.4. 1 2003 3.4. 2 2004 3.4. 3 2005 3.4. 4 2006 3.5 Russian Москва - Чукотка ( Moscow - Chukotka ) overland expedition 4 Third generation ( 2007 -- 2017 ) 4.1 Engine ( s ) 4.2 Transmission ( s ) 4.3 Features 4.4 Model year changes 4.4. 1 2008 4.4. 2 2009 4.4. 3 2010 4.4. 4 2011 4.4. 5 2012 4.4. 6 2013 4.4. 7 2014 4.4. 8 2015 4.4. 9 2016 4.4. 10 2017 5 Fourth generation ( 2018 -- present ) 5.1 Safety & Security 5.2 Expedition SSV 5.3 Expedition XLT 5.4 Expedition Limited 5.5 Expedition Platinum 5.6 Expedition FX4 5.7 Engine ( s ) 5.8 Transmission ( s ) 6 Expedition EL / Max 6.1 Expedition EL / Max ( 2007 -- 2017 ) 6.2 Expedition MAX ( 2018 -- present ) 7 Availability 7.1 Full Size Expedition 7.2 Expedition EL / Max 8 Four - wheel drive system 8.1 Traction control 8.2 Terrain Management System ( 2018 -- present ) 9 Towing capability 9.1 Heavy - duty trailer towing package 10 Special Service Vehicle 11 Funkmaster Flex edition 12 Reception 13 Awards 14 Yearly American sales 15 References 16 External links Vehicle background ( edit ) The Expedition offered up to nine - passenger seating in model years before 2009 ( with a front bench seat option in the first row ) ; 2009 -- present has bucket seats in the first row and seats eight passengers . It is equipped with a V8 engine . It is similar to the Lincoln Navigator , especially in Limited ( 2005 -- present ) or King Ranch ( 2005 -- 2017 ) high - end trims ; both of which were introduced for the 2005 model year . With the 2011 model year , the base model was designated XL , an upgraded XLT , and new for 2011 XLT Premium that replaced the Eddie Bauer trim ( 1997 -- 2010 ) which was phased out from the entire Ford vehicle lineup . As of 2010 , over 1,545,241 Expeditions ( both standard and EL / Max ) have been sold . A modified Special Service Vehicle version is available for law enforcement agencies , fire departments , and emergency medical services . The Ford Expedition is also known for being one of the longest - lasting vehicles on the road . With 5 % of vehicles over 200K miles , it landed the # 4 spot in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com listing the top 10 longest - lasting vehicles . The Expedition is also the last current Ford vehicle to retain its classic older look from the late 1990s and early - mid 2000s Ford vehicles with its triangular - styled taillamps and rounded - rectangular shaped headlamps along with the overall boxy shape of the body . First generation ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) First generation ( UN93 ) Overview Production July 22 , 1996 -- March 2002 Model years 1997 -- 2002 Assembly Wayne , Michigan , United States Designer Bob Aikins ( 1993 ) Body and chassis Platform Ford U platform Related Ford F - 150 Lincoln Blackwood Lincoln Navigator Powertrain Engine 4.6 L Triton 16V V - 8 5.4 L Triton 16V V - 8 Transmission 4 - speed E4OD automatic 4 - speed 4R100 automatic 4 - speed 4R70W automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4406 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.64 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 1996 -- 98 : 119.0 in ( 3,023 mm ) 1998 -- 2002 : 119.1 in ( 3,025 mm ) Length 204.6 in ( 5,197 mm ) Width 78.6 in ( 1,996 mm ) Height 1996 -- 98 4WD : 76.4 in ( 1,941 mm ) 1996 -- 98 2WD : 74.9 in ( 1,902 mm ) 1998 -- 2000 4WD : 78.4 in ( 1,991 mm ) 1998 -- 2000 2WD : 76.5 in ( 1,943 mm ) 2000 -- 02 4WD : 76.6 in ( 1,946 mm ) 2000 -- 02 2WD : 74.3 in ( 1,887 mm ) Ford Expedition Known internally at Ford as the UN93 , the first generation Expedition was developed under the UN93 program from 1993 to 1996 , headed by chief engineer Dale Claudepierre at a cost of $1.3 billion USD . Initial planning began in 1991 parallel to PN96 F - Series development , prior to the UN93 program fully being approved in 1993 . Styling approval was completed in early 1993 ( 3 1 / 2 years ahead of 1996 production ) under design chief Bob Aikins , with the UN93 design being frozen by September 1993 , at 34 months prior to July 1996 production commencement . The all - new full - size SUV was unveiled on May 9 , 1996 and launched on October 2 , 1996 as a 1997 model . It replaced the aging two - door Ford Bronco . The XLT was the base model . The Expedition featured optional three row seating , first row captains chair seating , available second row captains chair seating , leather seating surfaces , illuminated running boards , heated side view mirrors , power moon roof , dual zone climate control and Ford 's Mach audio sound system with rear subwoofer . Many of these features were standard on the Eddie Bauer version . Expedition was available with automatic full - time ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner 4406 transfer case and a center multi-disc differential . ControlTrac was introduced in 1995 and included four selectable modes : Two High , Auto , Four High ( lock ) and Four Low ( lock ) . Two High mode and Auto mode with auto - lock was not available . A short - & long - arm ( SLA ) independent front suspension with speed - sensitive power - assisted steering was combined with a multi-link rear live axle . Optional equipment included off - road under - body skid - plate protection , Traction - Lok rear limited - slip differential , and a heavy - duty trailer towing package . Optional was an electronically controlled pneumatic air suspension system that would raise and lower the vehicle depending on road and load conditions . The system also included a kneel - down mode for easier ingress and egress , as well as loading cargo , Standard was the 4.6 liter Triton V8 with the 5.4 liter version optional . The first generation Expedition was rated as a Low Emission Vehicle ( LEV ) . The latter engine combined with the heavy - duty trailer towing package and appropriate axle ratio can achieve a towing capacity of 8,100 lbs ( 3,674 kg ) . Engine ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model Power Torque 1997 -- 1998 4.6 Liter ( 281 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline 215 hp ( 160 kW ) 290 lb ⋅ ft ( 393 N ⋅ m ) 1997 -- 1998 5.4 Liter ( 330 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline 230 hp ( 172 kW ) 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) 1999 -- 2002 4.6 Liter ( 281 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline 230 hp ( 172 kW ) 291 lb ⋅ ft ( 395 N ⋅ m ) 1999 -- 2002 5.4 Liter ( 330 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline 260 hp ( 194 kW ) 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) Transmission ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model 1997 -- 1998 4 - speed E4OD automatic 1998 -- 2002 4 - speed 4R100 automatic 1997 -- 2002 4 - speed 4R70W automatic Safety and security ( edit ) A two air bag supplementary restraint system ( SRS ) with 2 - way occupant protection was standard . The air bags would adjust deployment force depending on crash severity . Features included SecuriLock with smart key and engine immobilizer , security approach lamps , four - wheel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) , side - intrusion door beams , post-crash fuel pump shut - off and three - point safety belts for all rows of seating with tension and locking retractors . An optional four air bag SRS with 4 - way occupant protection was available for the 2000 -- 2002 model years . This included seat - mounted side torso side air bags . The 2001 model introduced a BeltMinder system to detect when the driver did not have their safety belt secured . NHTSA NCAP crash scores : 1997 -- 2000 2001 -- 2002 Frontal Driver : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Not tested Side Driver : Not tested Side Rear Passenger : Not tested Side Rear Passenger : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( RWD ) : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( RWD ) : Rollover Resistance ( 4WD ) : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( 4WD ) : Model year changes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1998 ( edit ) No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . A new exterior color was added : Wedgewood Blue . Limited availability for 4.7 Windsor versus Romeo engine . This limited run was available only for Ultimate Tow Package 1999 ( edit ) 1999 -- 2002 facelift The 1999 model year received a facelift similar to that of the 1999 model year Ford F - 150 . Included in the update was a new front grille which now dropped lower in the center , grille work , as well as a new front bumper that incorporated the fog lamps into the lower valance and larger center air intake . Both the 4.6 liter and 5.4 liter V8 engines received updates including more power and torque . The Two High mode for automatic full - time ControlTrac four - wheel drive equipped models was dropped leaving only Auto , Four High ( lock ) and Four Low ( lock ) modes . The dashboard also received an updated radio and air conditioning controls and revised Gauge Cluster and a Digital Odometer for the first time . 1999 Eddie Bauer Expedition 2000 ( edit ) Available features on 2000 models included a hidden radio antenna ( integrated into the rear quarter panel window glass ) , Gentex auto dimming electrochromatic rear view mirrors , lane departure indicators on side view mirrors ( before on the glass ) and ultrasonic rear park assist / backup sensors . The lower front bumper valance and illuminated running boards were changed over to Arizona beige to complement the standard Arizona beige exterior body trim on Eddie Bauer models . 2001 ( edit ) New trim packages included the XLT model . XLT versions could be optioned with the XLT No Boundaries package that included monochromatic black paint work with chrome grille and special alloy wheels . Eddie Bauer versions could be optioned with the Eddie Bauer Premier package that included either monochromatic Arizona beige or solid black paint work with painted alloy wheels and upgraded leather seating . 2002 ( edit ) No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . Last year model for the UN93 . This was also the last model year for XLT No Boundaries and Eddie Bauer Premier trims . Second generation ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Second generation ( U222 ) Overview Production March 2002 -- July 2006 Model years 2003 -- 2006 Assembly Wayne , Michigan , United States Designer Tyler Blake ( 1999 ) Body and chassis Platform Ford U platform Related Ford F - 150 Lincoln Navigator Powertrain Engine 4.6 L Triton 16V V - 8 5.4 L Triton 16V / 24V V - 8 Transmission 4 - speed 4R70W automatic 4 - speed 4R75E automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4416 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.62 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 119.0 in ( 3,023 mm ) Length 205.8 in ( 5,227 mm ) Width 78.7 in ( 1,999 mm ) Height 2005 -- 06 4WD : 76.6 in ( 1,946 mm ) 2005 -- 06 2WD : 76.7 in ( 1,948 mm ) 2002 -- 04 : 77.6 in ( 1,971 mm ) The redesigned second - generation Expedition was developed under the U222 program code name from 1996 to 2002 , under Ford chief vehicle engineer Steve von Foerster and chief program engineer John Krafcik from 1998 to 2002 . Design work began in 1997 , with a proposal by Tyler Blake being chosen by management and frozen for production in 1999 . UN93 - body mules were spotted testing in 2000 , with full prototypes running from late 2000 . The new Expedition was unveiled at the 2002 North American International Auto Show , in January . It was launched in May 2002 for the 2003 model year and featured a new four - wheel independent long - travel suspension system , becoming the first full - size sport utility vehicle to use a fully independent suspension . The new independent rear suspension ( IRS ) was perceived as being controversial by some at the time of its introduction . A misconception was that the Expedition 's towing and off - road capabilities would be reduced , in comparison to the previous generation 's rear live axle . Nevertheless , underbody obstacle clearance improved by half an inch , and up to two inches under the axle differentials . The new suspension reduces rear unsprung mass by 110 pounds , and allows for a full 9.4 inches of suspension travel ( how much the wheels can travel up or down ) improving its ability to traverse uneven terrain for improved control and ride quality . The four - wheel independent long - travel suspension itself is a purpose - built version of race suspensions found on off - road desert race vehicles . Towing capacity increased by 800 lbs ( 363 kg ) for a high towing capacity of 8,900 lbs ( 4,037 kg ) when properly equipped with the appropriate axle ratio and heavy - duty trailer towing package . Payload capacity was increased up to 1,614 lbs ( 732 kg ) . Expedition also gained a hydroformed fully boxed frame providing a 70 percent improvement in torsional stiffness . Along with the high towing capability came all - new steering , braking and electronic systems to help the Expedition better control and maneuver long heavy trailers . Adaptive variable assist power rack - and - pinion steering was introduced along with the largest brake rotors in the segment at that time ( 13.5 inches up front , 13 inches in back ) with brake calipers 100 percent stiffer than the previous generation Expedition . The four - speed 4R70W automatic transmission received all - new control software to allow the transmission to automatically adjust to the demands of towing , using new computer logic that recognizes changes in load and road conditions . The automatic full - time ControlTrac four - wheel drive system remained available , with an uprated two - speed dual range BorgWarner 4416 transfer case . The new transfer case featured an updated intelligent locking center multi-disc differential with front - to - rear `` torque biasing '' capability in Auto mode . A new dedicated microprocessor with new control software was added allowing the system to detect different terrain and surface conditions to predict traction loss before it happens . Two High mode was also reintroduced . Four - wheel electronic traction control was now available as an option , and simulated front and rear differential locks . The V8 engines offered on the previous generation were carried over , but not without major changes and improvements . Both the 4.6 and 5.4 - liter Triton V8 engines received further refinements in design and overall efficiency . Expedition qualified as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ( ULEV ) and was certified under the Environmental Protection Agency Tier 2 regulations one year earlier than required . The 4.6 - liter engine received an all - new redesigned cast aluminium engine block optimized for weight reduction and NVH improvements . The 5.4 - liter engine received an all - new redesigned cast - iron engine block with computer designed ribbing and bracing , along with thicker side skirts and reinforcement at the oil pan flange . The new engine block helped reduce engine vibration and unwanted noise while providing refined performance . Both engines featured piston skirts coated with a teflon - based friction - reducing material , and fitted with low - tension , low oil consumption rings . In addition , a new fail - safe cooling mode provided protection even in the case of a catastrophic coolant loss ( such as a punctured radiator ) . In the event of coolant loss , the engine control unit shuts off fuel to alternate cylinders to reduce the risk of engine damage from overheating . The valves continue to operate , in order to pump cooling air through the cylinders . The cooling system was designed to maintain an ideal engine temperature even when subjected to a prolonged 15 percent gradient in 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ) weather . A returnless fuel supply system helped to reduce evaporative emissions by providing consistent pressure to the fuel injectors through a high - pressure pump . New active hydraulic engine mounts were introduced to prevent the powertrain from inducing vibrations into the chassis . By optimizing these engine mounts , the engine block can act as a mass damper , absorbing chassis resonance , improving ride comfort . Expedition 's passenger cabin was better sealed than before , in an effort to eliminate intrusive outside noise from reaching the occupants . Wind , powertrain , road and vehicle body noise was reduced by improving interior acoustics through new damping materials , a total of 10 shear - style isolating body mounts , heavier sealing of body and panels , redesigned rubber door seals , and extensive use of interior structural acoustic foam in the upper B - pillars , upper and lower D - pillars and floor pan . Road noise was reduced by 2 decibels , body air leakage reduced by 56 percent , chances for sealant noise disturbances reduced from 15 percent to less than 0.5 percent and wind noise measured at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) was reduced from 35 sones to a world class level of 29 sones . The Expedition also received a thorough exterior and interior cosmetic redesign . Expedition featured an all - new front fascia , grille work , headlamps , body trim , rear fascia , tail lamps and liftgate . Interior fit and finish were improved with an all - new interior featuring new dash , door panels , genuine aluminium trim , and plush carpeting . Premium perforated leather seating surfaces were standard on Expedition Eddie Bauer ( optional on Expedition XLT ) . Expedition FX4 models featured all of Expedition 's optional off - road equipment as standard equipment . Expedition 's drag coefficient was 0.41 Cd . Three - row seating was standard with all - new manual fold - flat stow away third row seats . No longer did owners have to remove the third rows seats for more storage . The third row could simply `` disappear '' into the floor . Power assisted PowerFold fold - flat third row seating was available as an optional extra . Available features included in - dash CD - ROM based navigation system , DVD based rear entertainment system , ultrasonic rear park assist / back up sensors , power moon roof , power adjustable accelerator and brake pedals ( introduced on the first generation Expedition ) , Gentex auto dimming electrochromatic rear view mirror , lane departure indicators on side - view mirrors , second - row captain 's chair luxury seating , premium audiophile sound system with in - dash six - disc CD changer and rear subwoofer and four - wheel independent pneumatic air - ride suspension system . Engine ( s ) ( edit ) Model year Type / model Power Torque 2003 -- 2004 4.6 Liter ( 281 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline 232 hp ( 173 kW ) 291 lb ⋅ ft ( 395 N ⋅ m ) 2003 -- 2004 5.4 Liter ( 330 cu in ) 16 - valve SOHC Triton V - 8 gasoline / e85 260 hp ( 194 kW ) 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) 2005 -- 2006 5.4 Liter ( 330 cu in ) 24 - valve SOHC VCT Triton V - 8 gasoline 300 hp ( 224 kW ) 365 lb ⋅ ft ( 495 N ⋅ m ) Transmission ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model 2003 -- 2004 4 - speed 4R70W automatic 2005 -- 2006 4 - speed 4R75E automatic Safety and security ( edit ) Like the generation before , a 2 air bag supplementary restraint system ( SRS ) with 2 - way occupant protection was standard on Expedition . The dual front SRS air bags now included the Personal Safety System ( PSS ) . PSS would tailor air bag deployment for driver and first passenger and included occupant classification , seat position , crash severity , safety belt pretensioner , load - limiting retractor and safety belt buckle usage sensors . A new optional 4 air bag supplementary restraint system ( SRS ) with 6 - way occupant protection was also available . This new air bag system included SafetyCanopy dual side curtain air bags for head , upper torso and rollover protection . SafetyCanopy would deploy along the A , B and C - pillars down to the vehicle 's beltline . SafetyCanopy could remain inflated after deployment for extended protection and replaced the dual front side airbags featured on the first - generation Expedition . Other features included side - intrusion door beams , security approach lamps , SecuriLock with smart key and engine immobilizer , BeltMinder , three - point safety belts for all rows of seating , post-crash fuel pump shut - off , tire pressure monitoring system ( TPMS ) and four - wheel , four - sensor , four - channel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) with electronic brakeforce distribution ( EBD ) and emergency brake assist ( EBA ) . AdvanceTrac electronic stability control with traction control system was introduced as an optional extra . The electronic traction and stability mitigation system would expand to include roll stability control ( RSC ) for the 2005 model year . NHTSA NCAP crash scores : MY2003 -- 2005 MY2006 Frontal driver : Frontal driver : Frontal passenger : Frontal passenger : Side Driver : Not tested Side driver : Not tested Side rear passenger : Not tested Side rear passenger : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( RWD ) : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( RWD ) : Rollover Resistance ( 4WD ) : Not tested Rollover Resistance ( 4WD ) : Model year changes ( edit ) 2003 ( edit ) Before the 2003 model year ended , Ford updated the running boards on Expeditions equipped with the Eddie Bauer trim . Earlier in the model year , Eddie Bauer models had received standard black running boards . Toward the end of the model year , Arizona beige running boards were re-introduced to complement the Arizona beige body work which came standard on Eddie Bauer . Body colored running boards had previously been offered on the first - generation Expedition from 2000 to 2002 . No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . The Expedition Eddie Bauer Premier model is reintroduced after being absent from the 2003 model trim line - up . Monochromatic paint work with blacked - out headlamps and special alloy wheels were standard on Eddie Bauer Premier versions . A new Expedition XLT Sport model is added with Dark Shadow grey exterior body trim . The FX4 trim level was renamed NBX . 2005 ( edit ) Expedition received new roof rails which replaced the traditional sliding cross-bar roof racks . A new high end Limited trim level replaced the Eddie Bauer Premier model ( though the regular Eddie Bauer was still available ) and featured chrome accented roof rails , chrome - clad aluminium wheels , PowerFold power assisted stowable side view mirrors and chrome tipped exhaust . An upper high end King Ranch trim level with Castano leather seating was also introduced . The base 4.6 liter Triton V8 engine was dropped for the 2005 model year as the 5.4 - liter Triton V8 was made standard on all Expeditions and updated with 24 - valve technology and variable valve timing . Along with the 2005 model V8 engine update , the Expedition also received a significantly updated version of the four - speed 4R70W automatic transmission . The new four - speed automatic transmission , now called 4R75E , featured fully electronic Smart Shift technology . A turbine speed sensor improved transmission control and provided the basis for the fully electronic shift scheduling . The transmission 's microprocessor speeds were improved for better responsiveness and precision of the control system . The transmission was continuously learning , and would calculate the torque in the next gear and schedule shift points based on the Expedition 's projected performance in the next gear . For 2005 model Expeditions the 4R75E transmission is designated by the letter `` B '' on the manufacturers safety compliance certification label , located in the driver 's - side doorjamb . For 2006 model Expeditions , the 4R75E transmission is designated by the letter `` Q '' . 2006 ( edit ) No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . Last year model for the U222 . The Gentex auto dimming rear view mirrors were updated . Two new exterior colors were added later on within the model year . They were Pewter metallic and Dark Copper metallic . Medium Flint grey interior was also added to Limited models later on within the model year . Chrome tipped exhaust was made standard on King Ranch models . 2006 would be the last year model for the NBX trim . The ultrasonic rear park assist and SafetyCanopy side curtain airbags were offered as standalone options . Adjustable headrests were also added to the front seats to replace the one piece units . Russian Москва - Чукотка ( moscow - chukotka ) overland Expedition ( edit ) On April 12 , 2006 , three second - generation full - size Ford Expedition Eddie Bauer vehicles completed a 32 - day overland expedition . This was a 28,000 - mile ( 45,000 km ) trip across North Asia and the Arctic Tundra . Six team members consisted of leaders , Alexey Mikhailov and Alexander Borodin , technical director , Andrey Rodionov , and professional off - road drivers , : Sergey Goryachev , Victor Parshikov , and Alexey Simakin . The route took them on permafrost and crossed the Arctic Circle twice . Visited landmarks included where American aviator Carl Ben Eielson was lost , and the birthplace of Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev . The northernmost point on the route was latitude 69 ° 42 ′ North ( Pevek ) . The easternmost point visited was longitude 169 ° 40 ′ West ( Cape Dezhnev ) . Temperatures reached - 36 ° C ( - 32 ° F ) and the team encountered whiteouts and a polar cyclone . An estimated 200 kg ( 440 lbs ) of snow was removed from each of the vehicles on the following day . The vehicles were modified with front end guards along with front and rear utility bumpers , winches , safari roof racks , high - powered off - road lights and extra underbody plating for the engines . Two of the vehicles towed a dual axle utility trailer . Two were equipped also with caterpillar track systems supplied by Mattracks . The rubber track systems were only used when off - road conditions became too demanding for conventional tires . The rear stabilizer bar failed on both vehicles fitted with the Mattracks system . The vehicles were also equipped with gas stoves ( to prepare food ) and high - capacity auxiliary fuel tanks ( mounted in the rear cargo bay ) and sometimes run on poor - quality gasoline . Third generation ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Third generation ( U324 ) Overview Also called Ford Expedition Special Service Vehicle Production August 2 , 2006 -- July 2 , 2017 Model years 2007 -- 2017 Assembly Wayne , Michigan , United States ( 2007 - 2009 ) Louisville , Kentucky , United States ( 2009 - 2017 ) Body and chassis Platform Ford T1 platform Related Ford F - 150 Lincoln Mark LT Lincoln Navigator Powertrain Engine 5.4 L Triton 24V V - 8 ( 2006 -- 2014 ) 3.5 L EcoBoost V - 6 ( 2014 -- present ) Transmission 6 - speed 6R75 automatic 6 - speed 6R80 automatic 6 - speed 6R80 SelectShift automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4417 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.64 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 119.0 in ( 3,023 mm ) Length 206.5 in ( 5,245 mm ) Width 78.8 in ( 2,002 mm ) Height SWB : 77.2 in ( 1,961 mm ) Eddie Bauer : 78.3 in ( 1,989 mm ) The 2007 introduced the third generation of the Expedition developed under the U324 program code name which was an updated version of the second generation Expedition . Most of the improvements were mechanical in nature , and included a sheet metal refresh and redesigned interior with upgraded materials A new long wheelbase Expedition EL in ( U.S. only ) and called the Expedition Max ( in Canada and Mexico only ) as a replacement for the discontinued Ford Excursion . 2008 Ford Expedition Funkmaster Flex edition High - strength hydroformed fully boxed Ford T platform ( chassis ) was a modified version of the half - ton Ford P2 platform from the Ford F - 150 . The new T1 platform replaced the old U platform , and provides 10 percent more torsional rigidity than the U platform . T1 incorporates a four - wheel independent long - travel suspension system ( first introduced on the second generation ) with redesigned suspension geometry and an all - new five - link rear suspension with new rear lower control - arms . As with previous model years , the suspension system could be had with adaptive pneumatic air - ride springs . Ford 's new 6 - speed 6R75 intelligent automatic transmission with dual overdrive gears was introduced . The transmission featured push - button overdrive lock - out , electronic shift scheduling , adaptive shift algorithms and a mechatronic transmission control module ( TCM ) that would save adaptive shift data in keep alive memory ( KAM ) . This safeguarded against complete data loss in case of a power failure ( such as disconnecting the battery ) . In the event of a power failure , the mechatronic unit would simply read the last saved data entry from the system 's memory , thus , the transmission did not have to completely relearn the owner 's driving style . Additionally , the Expedition is powered by the same 5.4 liter Triton V - 8 internal combustion engine , rated at 300 hp ( 220 kW ) and 365 lbf ft ( 495 N m ) of torque from the previous generation . When properly equipped with the heavy - duty trailer towing package the SUV can tow up to 9,200 lbs ( 4,130 kg ) . Expedition is classed under the Tier 2 , Bin 5 / ULEV 2 Ultra Low Emission Vehicle environmental classification . Off - road geometry figures for approach , departure and ramp breakover angles are 22 ° , 21 ° and 18 ° respectively . Minimum running ( lowest point ) ground clearance is 8.7 inches ( 220 mm ) . Underbody ( overall ) ground clearance is 9.1 inches ( 230 mm ) . Selectable automatic full - time Control Trac four - wheel drive continues to be offered , and uses a two - speed dual range BorgWarner 4417 transfer case with intelligent locking center multi-disc differential and `` torque biasing '' capability . Four - wheel electronic traction control is standard and off - road underbody skid plate armor is optional . A new default off - road program with throttle response recalibration was added , and is automatically activated when Four Low ( lock ) mode is selected . Expedition can achieve an off - road crawl ratio of 41.06 : 1 with a low range ratio of 2.64 : 1 and rear axle ratio of 3.73 : 1 . The SUV also underwent a nip / tuck with a few cosmetic enhancements , both inside and out . Expedition 's front end now featured Ford 's signature three `` hollow - bar '' grille to complement the SUV 's truck close relation to the F - 150 and Super Duty pickups . New complex stepped style multifaceted headlamps , side view mirrors with updated LED lane departure indicators , sleeker body work and redesigned tail lamps were also added . The interior received a new dash with F - 150 - like center stack , center console , redesigned first row captains chair luxury seating , door panels and interior trim . To further reduce outside noise intrusion for quieter , more isolated ride comfort , new SoundScreen laminated acoustic and solar tinted windshield was added with thicker laminated side window glass . The new SUV was unveiled at the Houston Auto Show rather than at the North American International Auto Show , the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show , or the New York International Auto Show where most new models are , as 20 percent of all Expedition sales are in Texas . The third generation Expedition went on sale in August 2006 . The first 2007 Expedition to roll off a Ford assembly line was donated by Ford to the Peter family of Jamaica , Queens , New York as part of an episode of the American Broadcasting Company series Extreme Makeover : Home Edition that aired May 7 , 2006 . In late 2014 , the third generation standard wheelbase U324 Expedition and long - wheelbase U354 Expedition EL / Max underwent a cosmetic and mechanical refresh for the 2015 model year . Engine ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model Power Torque 2006 -- 2008 5.4 Liter ( 331 cu in ) 24 - valve SOHC VCT Triton V - 8 gasoline 300 hp ( 224 kW ) 365 lb ⋅ ft ( 495 N ⋅ m ) 2009 -- 2014 5.4 Liter ( 331 cu in ) 24 - valve SOHC VCT Triton V - 8 gasoline / E85 ethanol 310 hp ( 231 kW ) 365 lb ⋅ ft ( 495 N ⋅ m ) 2015 -- 2017 3.5 Liter ( 213 cu in ) 24 - valve DOHC Ti - VCT EcoBoost V - 6 gasoline 365 hp ( 272 kW ) 420 lb ⋅ ft ( 569 N ⋅ m ) Transmission ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model 2006 -- 2008 6 - speed 6R75 intelligent automatic 2009 -- 2014 6 - speed 6R80 intelligent automatic 2015 -- 2017 6 - speed 6R80 SelectShift intelligent automatic Features ( edit ) Standard features include 6 speed Automatic transmission , 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 gasoline engine with Ti - VCT , and 2 wheel drive using the rear wheels . Available features include : Extended - Length version , 4 wheel drive , Premium Audiophile sound system with in dash six - disc CD changer , rear subwoofer , MP3 device and iPod connectivity , SIRIUS XM satellite radio , HomeLink wireless control system , tri zone automatic climate control for driver , first passenger and rear passengers , PowerFold power stow away side - view mirrors , PowerFold power fold flat third - row seating , Gentex auto - dimming rear view mirror , adaptive pneumatic suspension system , power adjustable pedals , ultrasonic park assist , perforated leather seating , climate - controlled heated and cooled front captain 's chairs with 10 - way power adjust and memory , second - row captain 's chair luxury seating , DVD - based voice activated navigation system with liquid crystal touch display , power moon roof , slimline rear DVD - based entertainment system with flip down LCD screen , power - assisted liftgate and 20 - inch chrome - clad aluminium six - spoke wheels with Pirelli Scorpion all - season tires . Some of these features are available on Expedition XLT ; many of them are included on Expedition Eddie Bauer and Expedition Limited . Upgraded perforated leather seating , wood and leather - wrapped steering wheel with audio , climate and cruise controls , interior ebony wood trim , stylized blacked - out stepped - style multifaceted headlamps and monochromatic paint finish with body - colored grille and chrome accenting are standard on the Limited . Model year changes ( edit ) 2008 ( edit ) For the 2008 model year , power deployable / retractable running boards became available , along with a rear view backup camera system . The camera , which is mounted under the Expedition 's center liftgate appliqué , utilizes the Gentex auto dimming rear view mirror 's picture - in - mirror technology to display what it sees . Expedition King Ranch was also reintroduced after being absent from the 2007 model year trim line - up . Expedition XLT models now get body colored lower body work , replacing the previous black plastic trim and was the Last Ford Model Year for the nine - passenger Front Bench seating option in the Ford Full - Size SUV 's from Ford Motor Company ( Ford discontinued the 9 - passenger Front Bench Seating Option for 2009 and Forward on the old Ford Full - Size SUVs 2009 -- present ) 2009 ( edit ) In July 2008 , Ford 's Wayne , Michigan plant started production of the 2009 models until finishing the plants run in December of that same year . In January 2009 production of the Expedition was relocated to the Kentucky Truck Assembly in Louisville along with its sister SUV , the Lincoln Navigator , and the Ford F - Series Super Duty . That plant used to build the Ford Excursion until 2005 . Expedition 's 6 - speed 6R75 automatic was replaced by an improved version , the 6 - speed 6R80 automatic . 6R80 features more robust internals , new software logic and a tow / haul mode ( replaces the overdrive lock - out ) that utilizes new uphill / downhill gradient shift logic for improved performance while towing or hauling heavy loads . The 6 - speed automatic can compensate for altitude , grade / slope and present load conditions . The system also reduces the transmission 's tendency to `` hunt '' for the right gear ( s ) and provides engine braking when descending hills . The nine - passenger front bench seating option has been discontinued for the 2009 model year , leaving only the eight - passenger seating option left with two front bucket seats and two rear bench seats . and the chrome `` Expedition '' name plate badges have been removed from the left and right front doors . The chrome `` Expedition '' name plate badge on the rear liftgate remains . Additional features included the now standard FlexFuel capability , which can take gasoline , E85 ( 85 % ethanol / 15 % gasoline ) , or any combination of the two , and the newly installed EasyFuel capless fuel - filler system . The 5.4 liter V8 / FlexFuel feature also upgraded its power to 310 hp ( 231 kW ) , while the torque rating stayed the same at 365 lb ⋅ ft ( 495 N ⋅ m ) . The 2009 model year also boosted its maximum towing capacity to 9,200 lb ( 4,200 kg ) for the 4x2 version , and up to 9,000 lb ( 4,100 kg ) for the 4x4 version . The new entertainment features added to the 2009 model year included the optional Ford SYNC , and an all - new DVD - based voice - activated , multi-entertainment / navigational system with liquid crystal touch display . The rearview camera system is now integrated to show the video feed through the navigation screen instead for the rearview mirror , however , the rearview mirror is still used to show images on Expeditions not equipped with the navigation system . The new navigation system features up to 10 gigabytes of storage space for more than 2400 songs , a jukebox function , a screened photo display , iPod / Zune capability for downloading and recharging , ripping CDs , and integrated compatibility for cellphones and Bluetooth ; the newly compatible Sirius Travel Link , which allow drivers to access traffic , weather , sports , and local movie listings ; and a `` Route Guidance '' mode for road and street information . The steering wheel also has a tilt feature and radio controls , including Ford SYNC buttons , allowing the driver to press the button and use voice commands to activate the system , which became standard on Eddie Bauer , Limited , and King Ranch . The tilt w / radio control feature was optional on the XLT during its Wayne plant built orders , but after production moved to Louisville it became standard . For accessory purposes , a HD radio can be installed upon request at a Ford dealership in the United States . New for 2009 were standard heated second row outboard seats on the Limited and King Ranch models only with either the second row bench seat or the optional bucket seats . No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . For the 2010 model year optional packages have now been renamed ( to Rapid Specificated Order Codes ) and upgraded ( 100s for XLT , 200s for Eddie Bauer , 300s for Limited , 400s for King Ranch ) for the newer models . It has also announced that the 2010 models will now feature Ford 's MyKey and trailer sway control as a standard on all trims . The 2010 models were ranked 6th among the top 11 affordable large size SUVs in `` US News & World Report . A diesel version for the 2010 model year did not get past the planning stage . Rain - sensing windshield wipers were added as an optional extra for Eddie Bauer , but standard on the Limited and King Ranch versions . 2011 ( edit ) No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . HD Radio became a standard on all trims , and a dual DVD system that placed at the headrest area became an optional feature . Another change that was made was in the entry - level trim department , with the Expedition offering the newly designated standard XL entry level with lower black cladding , while the XLT level trim was upgraded along with a new XLT Premium trim with gold cladding , replacing the Eddie Bauer level trim . Also , silver cladding was added as an exterior trim as part of a newly optional XLT Premium Sport Appearance Package . Both Limited and King Ranch trims receive new paint and interior trim . The limited trim also has a chrome grille for a change . 2012 ( edit ) 2012 Ford Expedition No major cosmetic or mechanical changes . The second heated row seating option was added to XLT Premium and the front park assists became a standard feature on the Limited and King Ranch trims . 2013 ( edit ) No major cosmetic changes ; however the XL trim and XLT Sport options were dropped , leaving only the XLT , XLT Premium , Limited , and King Ranch trims . Updates made to the 2013 models ( which went on sale in August 2012 ) included the TowCommand trailer brake controller system that is bundled with the heavy - duty trailer towing package , a new internal shift control module which allows the six - speed automatic transmission to tailor shifts to engine demand , 10 equipment levels , three new colors ( Blue Jeans Metallic , Kodiak Brown Metallic and Ruby Red Metallic Tinted Clearcoat ) , and a new 20 - inch chrome - clad aluminum wheels that was available on both the Limited and King Ranch trims . The latter trim also featured chrome roof racks and side mirrors . Another notable change can be found on the driver 's instrumental panel , with the temperature and fuel gauge trading sides . 2014 ( edit ) No major cosmetic changes . Only three trims , XLT , Limited and King Ranch are offered . The Sirius XM with Navlink and HD radio is added to the XLT as an optional feature . A new , quieter , mechanical Nivomat adaptive hydraulic load - leveling suspension system is available , in place of the adaptive pneumatic air - ride load - leveling suspension . When properly equipped the Expedition continues to offer top - end towing capability with a braked trailer towing capacity of 9,200 lbs ( 4,173 kg or 4.6 tons ) . 2015 ( edit ) Facelifted 2015 Ford Expedition On February 18 , 2014 , Ford introduced a mid-cycle refresh of the Expedition ( U324 ) and Expedition EL ( U354 ) , dubbed the U3242 and U3542 respectively , for the 2015 model year . The `` 2 '' signifying the second phase of the U324 and U354 . The debut was at the Dallas - Fort Worth Auto Show on February 19 , 2014 ; because Texas ( especially Dallas and Houston ) is an important market . Despite a 27 % drop in sales since 2008 , Ford is committed to continuing producing the Expeditions . Ford started production on the updated Expedition ( and Expedition EL , which will continue to compete with the Suburban and Yukon XL ) around the first quarter of 2014 and placed the 2015 models in dealerships in July 2014 . Ford announced that the three level trims , XLT , Limited , and King Ranch , will continue to be offered along with a new top of the line Platinum trim . On September 12 , 2013 , ( which was the same day that GM unveiled their next generation SUVs ) , Automobile Magazine posted a spy shot of the 2015 Expedition , which showed a repositioned tailpipe , and a more upright front fascia which bore a taller , wider grille that appeared inspired by the F - 150 and Ford F - Series Super Duty trucks . Official photos released on February 18 , 2014 revealed an all - new aggressive armadillo - like three - bar grille , which features step - stacked bars that evoke the appearance of stepped armor - plating on an armadillo 's back . All - new thinner headlamps were added , in addition to an all - new front bumper with oversized lower air intake . The new bumper also features a lower chrome bar and twin LED fog lamps that flank the chrome bar . Brightwork was added on the rear liftgate ; and the tailpipe was repositioned straight , instead of making a 90 degree turn behind the right rear wheel . Expedition remained a body - on - frame ( BOF ) , allowing the SUV to retain its heavy - duty truck underpinnings for towing and hauling needs . The full - size SUV received the 3.5 liter 24 - valve DOHC Ti - VCT EcoBoost V - 6 engine which features an aluminium engine block , twin - turbochargers , direct injection , and twin independent variable camshaft timing . Power output for the EcoBoost V - 6 will be rated around 365 horsepower and 420 lb - ft of torque , and will be the only engine featured , dropping the 5.4 liter V - 8 that was available in the 2007 -- 2014 models due to Ford wanting to make the Expedition more fuel efficient . Despite the changeover from V - 8 to V - 6 , the Expedition did boost its MPG to 16 ( city ) / 23 ( highway ) for the 2WD and 15 ( city ) / 21 ( highway ) for the 4WD , but it is now on par with the GM large - size SUVs , which also boasts the same MPGs as the Expedition . In addition to the new engine , Expedition received an updated 6 - speed 6R80 SelectShift intelligent manumatic gearbox with manual shift mode . Expedition also features a new electric power servo - assisted steering and Pull - Drift Compensation ( PDC ) which detects crosswinds and compensates for it . The interior remained similar to the outgoing models , but with upgraded materials and a revised prominent center stack , which introduces the latest version of the 8 - inch MyFord Touch touchscreen infotainment and telematics system . Push - to - start engine ignition with intelligent access was added and the four - wheel drive mode selector ( for models with 4x4 ) was revised and repositioned . The TowCommand paddle controls was repositioned over the four - wheel drive mode selector , to make way for revised audio and climate controls on the center stack . The new features for 2015 included an optional , revised four - wheel independent suspension system with intelligent continuously - controlled damping ( CCD ) system that alters suspension settings constantly based on 46 parameters and offers comfort , normal , and sport modes . Expedition is the first Ford vehicle in North America to have continuously - controlled damping . Other new optional features includes blind - spot information system ( BLIS ) with cross-traffic alert , and a rearview camera and apps for the infotainment system to help with towing and off - road driving , all of which is standard in the Platinum trim , whose seating and interior features include Brunello leather , a red wine color with tuxedo - stripe accents and French seamed stitching , or black leather with Agate Gray accents . The selectable automatic full - time ControlTrac four - wheel drive system continues to be offered , but gains a trio of new off - road electronic systems in the form of Hill Ascent Assist ( HAA ) , Hill Descent Control ( HDC ) , and Ford Truck Apps ( FTA ) . FTA gives off - road orientation / geometry , 4x4 system status , and traction control system status in real - time . The four - wheel electronic traction control system ( brake differential locking control ) was recalibrated to take into account the new EcoBoost V - 6 's higher torque output and earlier torque delivery . EcoBoost Performance The heavyweight 6,155 lb ( 3 + ton ) as tested , 2015 Expedition Platinum with 3.5 EcoBoost V - 6 and selectable automatic full - time ControlTrac four - wheel drive was clocked from 0 to 60 mph in 6.4 seconds . The full - size SUV can clip 100 mph in 18.2 seconds , 110 mph in 24.3 seconds , and is electronically safety - limited to 113 mph . Expedition has a near perfect 50 : 50 front : rear balanced weight distribution and center of gravity positioned at 28.5 inches . Expedition Platinum averaged 39.2 mph in a 610 ft slalom run and pulled 0.78 g in roadholding skidpad testing . High speed emergency braking from 70 mph to 0 ( full stop ) was completed in 170 ft . In comparison , the Expedition 's main rival took a full 10 feet longer , completing the same emergency brake test in 180 ft . 2016 ( edit ) For the 2016 model year , most of the features that were introduced from 2015 were carried over . However , the Expedition began adding Ford 's upgraded enhanced SYNC3 to its trims , as an optional feature on the XLT and standard on Limited , King Ranch and Platinum . The Limited added Sony 's Premium Audio System as a standard . 2017 ( edit ) In June 2016 , Ford began selling the 2017 model year Expedition , with no major changes being made and continued to be offered in XLT , Limited , King Ranch , and Platinum level trims . This is the final year of the third generation Expedition and Expedition EL ( U324 ) and ( U354 ) Fourth generation ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Fourth generation ( U553 ) Overview Production September 25 , 2017 - present Model years 2018 - present Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. ( Kentucky Truck Plant ) Body and chassis Platform Ford T3 platform Related Ford F - 150 Lincoln Navigator Powertrain Engine 3.5 L EcoBoost V - 6 Transmission 10 - speed 10R80 SelectShift automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4417 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.64 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 122.5 in ( 3,112 mm ) Length 210 in ( 5,334 mm ) Width 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Height SWB : 76.5 in ( 1,943 mm ) Rear view The fourth - generation Expedition , known internally at Ford Motor Company as the `` U553 '' , was unveiled on February 7 , 2017 at the Dallas Cowboys training facility , Ford Center in Frisco , Texas , ahead of its Chicago Auto Show debut . Production of the new Expedition started on September 25 , 2017 . The vehicles arrived at dealerships in November 2017 . The all - new Expedition was developed in secret under the U553 program codename and features body - on - frame ( BOF ) architecture with high - strength lightweight material construction consisting of boron steel and aluminium . The four - door body is constructed from alumimium - alloy , while the frame is constructed from boron steel . The U553 will move to the all - new half - ton hydroformed T3 platform ( chassis ) , which is a modified version of the half - ton platform underpinning the P552 2015 Ford F - 150 . The T3 platform will use a new four - wheel independent suspension system design . Updated powertrain systems ( engines and transmissions ) including a Hybrid variant with proprietary parallel hybrid electric - drive system to help increase fuel efficiency are expected . Expedition will gain Ford 's new 10 - speed 10R80 SelectShift automatic transmission which will feature artificially intelligent shifting , electronic range select , manual shift mode , and be controlled via a rotary dial on the center console . The next - generation Expedition 's chief engineer is Jackie Marshall DiMarco , who is also the chief engineer for the next - generation F - 150 pickup . Spy photographers captured early , engineering test mules of the U553 in late 2015 , which sported a crude highly modified non-production intent F - 150 SuperCrew body atop the production intent T3 platform chassis . In late 2016 , spy photographers managed to capture photos of the actual first pre-production prototypes of the U553 , wearing the production intent body on the production intent platform . The styling and appearance of the U553 Expedition is inspired by the U502 Explorer along with elements of the P552 F - 150 , the vehicle on which the new Expedition is based , and will have a more aerodynamic and streamlined silhouette , with raked windshield and sloped roofline which will lead to a rear liftgate spoiler . The U553 Expedition 's C - pillar will be more forward slanted , echoing the forward slanted C - pillar of the U502 Explorer introduced for 2011 . In addition the Expedition 's body will feature sculpted sides with character lines , similar to the U502 Explorer , as opposed to the straight slab sides of the current Expedition . Expedition 's front grill and headlamp design is inspired by the facelifted P552 F - 150 , with the front bumper retaining a similar design and appearance to its predecessor , the U324 Expedition , after its facelift . It also expanded the standard size version 's wheelbase by 3 inches and its length by 4 inches while decreasing the height by one inch ( losing 300 pounds in the process ) in order to allow more leg room and space . Expedition ( U553 ) will be one of the very first vehicles in North America to use a new next - generation high speed Controller Area Network 3 ( CAN - 3 ) vehicle data bus system . The CAN - 3 electrical architecture is akin to a human nervous system and allows the Expedition 's various on - board microprocessors and electronic vehicle control systems to communicate or `` talk '' to one another through electronic data that is sent and received . With high speed CAN - 3 , Expedition can learn and react faster than before . The Expedition will be available with selectable automatic full - time four - wheel drive that routes torque through a two - speed dual range transfer case with electronic locking center multi-disc differential . A new electronic locking rear differential will be available to augment the 4x4 system . Both the center and rear locking systems will be teamed with four - wheel electronic traction control ( ETC ) , which simulates a locking front differential by ABS `` brake locking '' the front differential . Expedition 's off - road electronic aids Hill Descent Control ( HDC ) and Hill Ascent Assist ( HAA ) will be joined by the Terrain Management System adapted from the Ford Raptor . Terrain Management is capable of working with 4L mode , like the Ford Raptor , and has 7 ( seven ) drive modes to choose from which include Normal , Eco , Sport , Tow / Haul , Gravel / Snow , Mud / Ruts , and Sand . The four - wheel drive system has 3 ( three ) direct drive modes which include 2H , 4A , and 4L . The 4H mode has now been dropped from the selection , as the Terrain Management computer now controls the electronic center lock of the four - wheel drive system . Terrain Management will engage the electronic center lock for a 50 : 50 front : rear torque split while in 4A direct drive mode , when the Mud / Ruts or Sand modes are selected . The 4L direct drive mode engages the electronic center lock regardless of the off - road drive mode selected . A `` tap to lock / unlock '' button is located near the drive mode dial for operation of the electronic rear lock . Off - road geometry figures for approach , departure , and ramp breakover , improve slightly with 23.3 ° , 21.9 ° , and 21.4 ° of obstacle clearance . Minimum running ( lowest point ) ground clearance increases by a full inch , from 8.7 to 9.8 inches . Expedition ( U553 ) is certified by the Society of Automotive Engineers ' independent SAE J2807 towing standard to tow a maximum 9,300 lbs ( 4,218 kg or 4.65 tons ) of braked trailer . The tow rating increases by 100 lbs over the previous generation and continues to be the highest tow rating among full - size SUVs . Expedition will also feature Pro Trailer Backup Assist , a semi-autonomous system that allows the Expedition to reverse itself with a trailer coupled . The driver directs the system via a control dial , while the Expedition handles all steering and limits reversing speed . Among the new features that have been incorporated into the fourth generation Expedition includes a 360 - degree camera and park assist system that can make parking much easier , along with optional safety features that will use both camera and radar technology , and include automatic braking , lane - keep assist , active cruise control , and blind - spot monitors . In addition , there are two USB ports per row , four 12 - volt outlets and a 120 - volt household outlet . Ford has also partnered up with Sling that enables the twin - screen rear entertainment system , as well as personal tablets on the vehicle 's Wi - Fi , to watch cable TV content . The Wi - Fi content can be used up to 10 devices and features Apple Car Play and Android Auto capabilities that is compatible to Ford SYNC3 and Ford Pass . There is also at least 40 different spaces and cup holders to allow items to be stored . A dual vista panoramic sunroof is available as an optional feature . The fourth generation Expedition will only be available in four level trims as the King Ranch trim ( from 2005 -- 2017 ) was discontinued after the 2017 model year . The three primary trims , XLT , Limited , and the top - of - the - line Platinum , will be available to regular customers , while the fourth trim , XL , will only be exclusive to rental companies , corporate fleets , and government agencies , as they will not have a lot of the features as the aforementioned three trims . The Expedition will still retain its unique ( standard ) eight passenger seating on all trims like before , with optional seven passenger seating . The MSRP has been listed by Ford for the fourth generation Expedition will be higher than the previous generation , starting at around $52,000 ( US ) for XLT and $63,000 ( US ) for Limited level trims . Safety & security ( edit ) All 2018 Expedition models carry a power four - wheel disk antilock brake system ( ABS ) with brake assist and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ( EBD ) , six standard airbags including a Safety Canopy System that provides side - curtain airbags with roll-fold technology and a rollover sensor , rear - door child - safety locks , a LATCH system ( Lower Anchors and Tether Anchors for Children ) , an Individual Tire Pressure Monitoring System ( TPMS ) , and a SOS Post-Crash Alert System https://www.ford.com/suvs/expedition/models/expedition-xlt/ . The Expedition has an available Driver Assistance Package that equips the vehicle with smart driver - assist technology , including pre-collision assist with pedestrian detection and forward collision warning , lane - keeping assist , adaptive cruise control , auto high - beam headlamps , and rain - sensing wipers . An array of standard security features includes a SecuriLock Passive Anti-Theft System , a perimeter alarm , a personal safety system , SecuriCode Keyless Entry Keypad , MyKey , and available inclination and intrusion sensors . Expedition SSV ( edit ) The 2018 Expedition SSV is a fleet - only version of the Expedition XLT , and offers similar standard equipment . Expedition XLT ( edit ) Starting off the 2018 Expedition lineup is the XLT trim , which is available in either 4X2 or 4X4 configurations , as well as in the MAX style . Standard features include cloth upholstery , keyless access with push - button start , eighteen - inch aluminum - alloy wheels , a 60 / 40 second - row bench seat with CenterSlide seat , Hill Start Assist and Hill Descent Control ( 4X4 models only ) , MyFord w / SYNC radio with 4.3 - inch LCD display screen , SiriusXM Satellite Radio , and a nine - speaker audio system , 3.5 L EcoBoost Twin - Turbocharged V6 gasoline engine with 375 - 400 horsepower and 470 - 480 lb . ft. of torque , remote start , a power - folding third - row bench seat , and more . A key difference from 2017 is that a surround - sound premium audio system is no longer available as an option for XLT models , and that push - button start , and a power - folding third - row seat are now standard equipment ( this feature was optional on the 2017 XLT ) . A trailer towing package , leather - trimmed seating surfaces , heated front and rear seats , SYNC 3 infotainment system with optional GPS navigation , a power moonroof , heated and ventilated front bucket seats , the FX4 Off - Road Package ( 4X4 models only ) , twenty - inch aluminum - alloy wheels , and other comfort and convenience features are optional . Expedition Limited ( edit ) The 2018 Expedition Limited is built with either a 4X2 or 4X4 build , each with a bigger MAX build . The Limited key features include in - vehicle wi - fi with available SYNC Connect , a hands - free foot - activated lift gate , and standard 20 - inch ultra bright machined aluminum wheels with dark tarnish painted pockets . A 3.5 EcoBoost engine functions with a 10 - speed SelectShift automatic transmission . The Limited also has a 23.3 - gallon fuel tank . A heavy duty engine radiator and two - speed automatic four - wheel - drive with neutral towing capability are optional . The Limited has the equivalent power and handling features of the XLT , though it comes with standard all - season tires . The standard power and handling features include a two - wheel rear - wheel drivetrain , multilink independent rear suspension , Electronic Power Assist ( EPAS ) rack and pinion steering , Advance Trac with stability control , which is designed to provide stability and traction by reducing the chance of spinning the drive wheel , trailer sway control , traction control , and a non-limited - slip 3.15 rear axle on the 4x2 model . A 4X4 Limited build and 4X2 MAX build has a standard 3.31 drive ratio , while a 4X4 MAX build has a 3.73 drive ratio . A Terrain Management System and hill start assist and hill descent control is available for 4x4 models . Optional features on the Limited include a Control Trac four - wheel - drive system , a non-limited - slip 3.31 rear axle or electronic limited - slip differential 3.72 rear axle , continuously controlled damping ( CCD ) suspension , and an integrated brake controller with the Heavy Duty Trailer Tow package . Unlike the XLT model , the Limited has standard Dual Zone Electronic Automatic Temperature Control ( DEATC ) , and rear auxiliary climate controls . Standard entertainment features include a Harman 12 - speaker B&O Play Audio System , a SYNC 3 Enhanced Voice Recognition Communications and Entertainment System , SYNC Connect and FordPass , SiriusXM Radio , and HD Radio . The cabin has perforated , leather - trimmed , heated and ventilated bucket front seats , heated second - row outboard seats , second - row power folding tip and slide seats , power folding and reclining third - row seats , and third - row power - folding headrests . Second - row power folding tip and slide bucket seats are optional . The Limited has six smart - charging multimedia USB ports , with two in each row , and a wireless charging hub on the center console . The cabin also features 15 cupholders , analog RPM and speed gauges with digital minor gauges , and an 8 - inch center display . Other standard interior features include a cargo management system and protector , power - adjustable brake and accelerator pedals , an auto - dimming rearview mirror , four 12 - volt power points and a 110 - volt / 150 - watt AC power outlet , a rotary gear shift dial , woodgrain appliqués , and a heated , leather - wrapped power tilt / telescoping steering wheel with audio controls . The cabin has an illuminated entry system and ambient lighting , with map lights mounted over the front overhead console , dome lights on the second and third rows , and a rear cargo area light . Push - button start systems with intelligent access , a remote start system , and a Blind Spot Information System ( BLIS ) with cross-traffic alert and trailer tow monitoring are also standard . Optional interior features include an advanced cargo manager , an enhanced active park assist system , a lane - keeping system , pre-collision assist with pedestrian detection , Pro Trailer Backup Assist , and adaptive cruise control . Power - deployable running boards are standard on Expedition Limited , and Limited MAX . Each has a unique color with magnetic - painted polished stainless steel accents . Among the other exterior standard features are intermittent front and rear wipers , a windshield wiper de-icer , a rear window defroster and washer , halogen fog lamps , quad - beam reflector headlamps , a halogen projector - beam , incandescent tail - lamps , a hands - free foot - activated lift gate and manual liftglass , a Center High - Mounted Stop Lamp ( CHMSL ) , configurable daytime running lamps , roof - rack side rails , a chrome grille with Magnetic painted accents , and a Class IV trailer hitch receiver . A capless fuel filler is also standard . Rain sensing - front wipers , roof rail cross bars , LED lamps and headlamps , magnetic grille and mirror caps , and front tow hooks are optional . The 2018 Expedition Limited has power adjustable heated mirrors with memory capability , security approach lamps , integrated blind spot mirrors , a solartinted windshield and front door windows , and second and third - row privacy glass , and lower bodyside cladding and wheel - lip moldings . A panoramic vista roof is optional . The 2018 Expedition Limited has the standard safety features of all Expedition Trims with an additional optional 360 - degree split - view camera . The standard features include a four - wheel anti-lock brake system , a rear view camera with backup assist , dual - stage front airbags , three - point safety belts , side - impact airbags , a safety canopy system that includes the third row , rear - door child - safety locks , LATCH ( Lower Anchors and Tether Anchors for Children ) , Individual Tire Pressure Monitoring System ( TPMS ) , and an SOS Post-Crash Alert System . Security systems include SecuriLock passive anti-theft system , a remote keyless entry system , a perimeter alarm , a personal safety system , SecuriCode keyless entry keypad , MyKey , and inclination and intrusion sensors . Expedition Platinum ( edit ) The flagship Ford Expedition Platinum will be more upscale and move further upmarket , with high - end interior fit - and - finish and luxury interior and exterior appointments . Interiors will feature handcrafted real wood trim , real metal accents , soft - touch materials , 12 - speaker Bang & Olufsen luxury sound system , dual panel panoramic glass roof with power shade , soft premium diamond - quilted perforated leather climate - controlled and massaging seats with French seam stitchwork , soft leather wrapped dash , steering wheel , and door panels with single and double stitched ornamental stichwork . The Platinum 's exterior will receive standard full LED headlamps vertically stacked in headlamp nacelles , LED turn signal lamps , LED daytime running lamps , LED fog lamps and diffused LED tail lamps with LED brake lamps . In addition , the exterior will feature `` platinum '' satin - finished lower front and rear bumper skid plates , roof rails , side mirror crowns , and liftgate accents , along with polished stainless steel power deployable - and - retractable running boards , polished alloy wheels , chrome brightwork , and platinum satin - finished mesh grillwork . Expedition Platinums will also feature a specific performance tuned version of the 3.5 liter EcoBoost V - 6 with 400 horsepower and 480 lb - ft of torque mated to the 10 - speed 10R80 SelectShift automatic transmission . Both the Expedition and long - wheelbase Expedition MAX will be available with the Platinum treatment , and will be the most expensive level trim , with a MSRP of $73,900 ( US ) for standard and $76,000 ( US ) for the MAX version , with the 4WD option topping off on the latter at $79,000 ( US ) . Expedition FX4 ( edit ) On June 16 , 2017 , Ford announced that an off - road package Expedition FX4 will become available starting with the 2018 model year , with an announced MSRP at around $63,000 ( US ) . This option , available to 4WD XLT level trims only and targeted towards the 20 % of Expedition owners who use the vehicle for off - road purposes , is expected to compete with the Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe Z71 package in both standard and MAX versions . Among the detailed features are patented electronic locking limited - slip rear differential , Off - road - tuned shocks , All - terrain tires , Seven different skid plates that serve as underbody armor and protect critical areas , Unique 18 - inch Magnetic Metallic - painted cast - aluminum wheels , Chrome running boards , FX4 badging on the liftgate and front fender , and New rubber floor liners . According to Mike Kipley , the engineering manager for the Expedition , `` The FX4 Off - Road package delivers off - road driving confidence , '' adding that `` The technology we 're using works to adapt to different driving conditions so customers can enjoy the adventure without worry . '' Engine ( s ) ( edit ) The 2018 Expedition 's die - cast aluminum 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 engine operates with a twin - independent Variable Camshaft Timing ( Ti - VCT ) valvetrain , and a 10 - speed automatic SelectShift transmission . The engine makes 375 horsepower and 470 lb. - ft. of torque at 5,000 rpm in XLT and Limited trims , and 400 horsepower 480 lb. - ft. of torque at 5,000 rpm in the Platinum trim . It 's backed up by a gasoline direct injection fuel delivery system with a single , stainless steel exhaust . The drive ratio is 3.15 on a standard 4x2 ; 3.31 on standard 4x4 and 4x2 MAX ; and 3.73 on a 4x4 MAX . The engine 's compression ratio is 10 : 5 : 1 . Model Year Type / model Power Torque 2018 -- present 3.5 Liter ( 213 cu in ) 24 - valve DOHC Ti - VCT EcoBoost V - 6 gasoline with Start - Stop 375 hp ( 280 kW ) @ 5000 rpm 470 lb ⋅ ft ( 640 N ⋅ m ) @ 3500 rpm 2018 -- present 3.5 Liter ( 213 cu in ) 24 - valve DOHC Ti - VCT EcoBoost Platinum Series V - 6 gasoline with Start - Stop 400 hp ( 300 kW ) @ 5000 rpm 480 lb ⋅ ft ( 650 N ⋅ m ) @ 3250 rpm Transmission ( s ) ( edit ) Model Year Type / model 2018 -- present 10 - speed 10R80 SelectShift intelligent automatic Expedition EL / Max ( edit ) Expedition EL ( U354 ) Overview Also called Ford Expedition Max ( Canada and Mexico only ) Production 2006 -- 2017 ( EL / Max ) Assembly ( 2006 -- 2009 ) : Wayne , Michigan , United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) : Louisville , Kentucky , United States Body and chassis Platform Ford T1 platform Related Ford Expedition Lincoln Navigator Lincoln Navigator L Powertrain Engine 5.4 L Triton 24V V - 8 ( 2007 -- 2014 ) 3.5 L EcoBoost V - 6 ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Transmission 6 - speed 6R75 automatic 6 - speed 6R80 automatic 6 - speed 6R80 SelectShift automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4417 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.64 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 131.0 in ( 3,327 mm ) Length 221.3 in ( 5,621 mm ) Width 78.8 in ( 2,002 mm ) Height EL / Max : 77.7 in ( 1,974 mm ) Eddie Bauer ( 2007 -- 10 ) / XLT ( 2011 -- present ) : 78.3 in ( 1,989 mm ) Ford Expedition EL / Max ( United Arab Emirates ) 2015 Ford Expedition EL ( U354 ) As part of the shift to the T1 platform for the 2007 model year , Ford developed an extended - length version of the Expedition , to more closely match the Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon in size . Introduced as the Ford Expedition EL ( EL = extended length alongside the Lincoln Navigator L , the variant effectively replaced the Super Duty - based Ford Excursion . In Canada , to avoid confusion with the Acura EL sedan , Ford renamed the extended - length version as the Expedition Max . Originally intended to carry the Ford Everest name , Ford product planners changed their minds , as the nameplate was already in use for a midsize Ford SUV in Asia . Outside North America , including the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands , and Guam , the Expedition EL is also imported to and sold in the Middle East and Taiwan . In the Philippines , the Expedition EL is the only version imported and sold ; coincidentally , it is also a market where the Ford Everest SUV is sold . Expedition EL / Max ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) For the 2007 model year , Ford introduced the extended - length Expedition EL / Max . With a wheelbase stretched 12 inches ( to 131 inches ) and a length increased 14.8 inches ( to 221.3 inches ) over the standard Expedition , the EL / Max is sized comparably to the Suburban / Yukon XL , providing additional cargo space over the standard - wheelbase version . The extended - length body of the EL / Max is distinguished by its longer cargo - area windows and its rear door design ( the rear wheels no longer intrude into the lower half of the doors ) . Alongside the standard - length Ford Expedition , the EL / Max was offered with a single powertrain ; the 5.4 L Triton V8 was standard from 2007 to 2014 , replaced by the twin - turbocharged 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 for 2015 to 2017 . The EL / Max is also sold with both rear - wheel and four - wheel drive configurations . The larger overall size restricted towing capacity by approximately 300 pounds , to 8,900 lb ( 4,000 kg ) ( for 2WD ) and 8,700 lb ( 3,900 kg ) ( for 4WD ) over a standard - wheelbase example . Over its first - generation , the EL / Max shared its features with the standard - length Expedition ; for 2012 model , a cargo organizer became an exclusive feature . The Expedition EL was introduced in 4 trim lines : XLT , Eddie Bauer , Limited , and the King Ranch series during the 2007 -- 2010 model year . For 2011 , the Eddie Bauer trim was replaced by XLT and XLT Premium , with XL becoming the new base trim level . After 2012 , all versions of the XL trim were dropped . For 2015 , the EL / Max received the same facelift and upgrades as the standard - length Expedition . Alongside the standard - length Expedition , the EL / Max also received a 5 - star rating from the NHTSA . The Expedition EL was also ranked 9th among the top 15 `` Best Family Haulers '' , according to a June 2009 consumers favorite survey conducted by Edmunds . Expedition Max ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Expedition MAX Overview Production September 25 , 2017 - Present Model years 2018 - Present Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. ( Kentucky Truck Plant ) ( 2017 -- present ) Body and chassis Platform Ford T3 platform Related Ford F - 150 Lincoln Navigator L Powertrain Engine 3.5 L EcoBoost V - 6 ( 2018 -- present ) Transmission 10 - speed 10R80 SelectShift automatic Transfer case ( 4x4 models ) 2 - speed BorgWarner 4417 High range ratio : 1.00 : 1 Low range ratio : 2.64 : 1 Dimensions Wheelbase 131.6 in ( 3,343 mm ) Length 221.9 in ( 5,636 mm ) Width 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Height 76.3 in ( 1,938 mm ) On February 7 , 2017 , Ford announced that the Expedition EL will now take the name Expedition MAX ( Max is now stylized with all capitals as MAX ) nameplate as the rest of the world when the fourth generation models debut in November 2017 for the 2018 model year ( in actuality , the MAX is a second generation SUV ) . Like the standard size Expedition , this was also unveiled ahead of the Chicago Auto Show and will carry the same features and the three featured trims , XLT , Limited , and Platinum . It also expanded its length size by one inch to allow more space and legroom in the third seat row . Although the rear passenger doors were widened , the aft wheel well trim still does n't cut into them . Rear view This version is expected to become more competitive with the Suburban / Yukon XL in the long wheelbase SUV segment , an area where GM dominates ; when photos for the fourth generation Expedition were released , a majority of the pictures and videos indicated where Ford wants to target the MAX . Like the ( standard length ) Expedition , the ( extended length ) Expedition MAX will also still retain its ( standard ) eight passenger seating on all trims like before . The MAX will also see a starting MSRP range of $55,000 ( US ) for the XLT and $66,800 ( US ) for the Limited level trims , making this more expensive than the Suburban but on par with the Yukon XL in terms of pricing . Availability ( edit ) Full size Expedition ( edit ) The standard size Expedition are sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , the CMNI , U.S. Virgin Islands , and Guam , Republic of China Taiwan , the Philippines , the Middle East , Central America , the Caribbean , South America ( except Argentina , Brazil and Venezuela ) , Asia ( Cambodia , Laos , Mongolia and South Korea ) , Africa ( Algeria , Angola , Cape Verde , Egypt , Gabon , Ghana , Libya , Madagascar , Morocco , Nigeria and Senegal ) , and Central Asia ( Armenia , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan ) . After the 2015 refresh , the standard size Expedition became exclusive to the United States , Canada , Mexico , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , and the Middle East . The US and Canadian Expeditions are available in XLT , Limited , King Ranch and Platinum , while The Mexican Expedition offers the XLT , Limited , and King Ranch trims . The Middle East Expeditions are offered in XL , XLT , Limited , King Ranch , and in Platinum ( RWD only ) trims . With the introduction of the fourth generation Expedition , Ford will make the SUV available to North America in the Fall of 2017 first , followed by a global launch in early 2018 , where it will go on sale in selected countries . Expedition EL / Max ( edit ) For the Expedition EL / Max , all six versions ( XL , XLT / Eddie Bauer , XLT Platinum / Sport , Limited , King Ranch and Platinum ) are available in the United States . From the 2007 to 2010 model years , The EL / Max level trims were limited to only 3 versions for Canada , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , and The Middle East , two for Mexico , and one for the Philippines . Canada 's Expedition Max offered the Eddie Bauer , Limited and King Ranch trims , Mexico 's Expedition Max in Limited and King Ranch trims , and the Middle East 's EL level trims in XLT , Eddie Bauer and Limited . The Philippines ' lone Expedition EL level trim was the Eddie Bauer model from 2007 to 2010 . After the 2011 model year Ford made changes in the international exportation of the EL / Max trims . As a result of the changes , the Limited trim became the only version available in Canada and Mexico as Eddie Bauer ( in Canada ) and King Ranch trims ( in both Canada and Mexico ) were discontinued , while the Philippines and the Middle East replaced the Eddie Bauer with the XLT trim . The Middle East also started to get all of the 5 US level base trims , including the new XL trims that took the XLT 's place and the King Ranch trim . With the 2015 refresh , the Expedition EL US level trims are the same as the standard versions : XLT , Limited , King Ranch , and Platinum , all four available in rear wheel and four wheel drive . The Canadian Expedition Max are only featured in Limited and Platinum level trims , also available in RWD and 4WD . Mexico 's Expedition Max are available in rear wheel drive XLT only , but available in RWD and 4WD Limited versions . The Philippines , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , and Middle East ELs are only available in 4WD Limited trims . With the introduction of the Expedition Max for the 2018 model year as the successor to the first generation Expedition EL , Ford plans to make the vehicle available globally , with North America in late 2017 and selected countries in early 2018 . Four - wheel drive system ( edit ) Selectable automatic full - time Control Trac four - wheel drive designed by BorgWarner is standard on all 4x4 Expeditions . There are four modes : Two High mode , Auto mode , Four High mode and Four Low mode . Each mode can be selected via a rotary control dial on the dash . The Expedition 's system uses a two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case with a software controlled variable intelligent locking center multi-disc differential . The four - wheel drive system does not use a planetary or bevel geared center differential , which are typically found in permanent four - wheel drive systems where torque is supplied to all four wheels . Selectable Automatic Full - Time ControlTrac Four - Wheel Drive Mode Drive type Operation Two High ( 2H ) Rear - wheel drive The intelligent locking center multi-disc differential is inactive , torque is routed to the rear - wheels only , with high range gearing . Imitates rear - wheel drive and is more economical for on road driving . Auto ( 4A ) All - wheel drive ( unlocked , variable ) Software does all the work , adjusting the torque split between the front and rear wheels when wheelslip is anticipated or detected . The intelligent locking center multi-disc differential is unlocked and allows for a variable front : rear torque split that ranges from 0 : 100 to 100 : 0 , or anywhere in - between . Up to 100 percent of torque can be sent to the front wheels , via `` torque biasing '' for temporary front - wheel drive , in extreme situations where the rear drive axle loses complete traction . High range gearing is used . For use in all - weather on road ( dry , wet or slippery pavement ) conditions or light off - road conditions . Four High ( 4H ) All - wheel drive ( locked ) The intelligent locking center multi-disc differential is locked providing a permanently locked 50 : 50 torque split . The front and rear drive shafts are mechanically locked together forcing them to turn together with absolute zero rotational speed difference . High range gearing is used . Not for use on pavement , only for off - road conditions . If Four High mode is used on pavement , torque windup and drivetrain binding can occur resulting in catastrophic driveline failure . Four Low ( 4L ) All - wheel drive ( locked ) Similar to Four High mode in operation , the permanently locked 50 : 50 torque split is maintained ; however , low range off - road reduction gearing is engaged . A default off - road program is automatically selected and remaps ( reprograms ) the electronic throttle control , traction control system ( engine control ) , and turns off AdvanceTrac 's electronic stability control and roll stability control safety systems for off - road use . The four - wheel electronic traction control system ( brake differential locking control ) remains active and continues to function as normal . Not for use on pavement , only for off - road conditions . If Four Low mode is used on pavement , torque windup and drivetrain binding can occur resulting in catastrophic driveline failure . 4WD Expeditions come with standard dual front frame - mounted closed - loop recovery hooks and available off - road under body protection . Steel plates are placed over vital areas with a composite shield for the fuel tank . Expedition 4x4s are tested alongside the F - 150 and Super Duty trucks at Ford 's California and Arizona proving grounds . Expedition is put through the same durability tests and evaluations to meet the same durability standards as its pickup truck brethren . Traction control ( edit ) Rear - wheel drive or all - wheel drive have conventional open - type differentials with a choice of axle ratios . Traction control systems , both mechanical and electronic , are optional . Mechanical traction control ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Both first and second generation Ford Expeditions ( UN93 and U222 ) had optional Traction - Lok rear limited - slip differential ( LSD ) . The clutch packs inside the LSD tend to be weak , will wear over time , gradually losing their ability to transfer torque , and LSD will function like an open - type differential . The front differential on four - wheel drive models are open - type differential . The AdvanceTrac electronic stability control for the 2003 model year . The 2006 was the last model year for the Traction - Lok limited - slip differential . Electronic traction control ( 2003 -- present ) AdvanceTrac electronic stability control was introduced for the 2003 model year as an optional extra on the second generation Ford Expedition ( U222 ) . Bundled with the electronic stability control system is four - wheel electronic traction control ( functions at all wheels ) for Expeditions with four - wheel drive . Two - wheel drive Expeditions only receive two - wheel electronic traction control for rear wheels . AdvanceTrac was made standard equipment on all third generation Expeditions ( U324 ) . The traction control system uses four - wheel , four - sensor , four - channel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) to apply and release the disc brakes on the drive wheel that has lost traction . The ABS clamps down on the slipping drive wheel or wheels , `` brake locking '' the differential , which can transfer up to 100 percent of supplied torque to the opposing drive wheel with better traction . By ABS `` brake locking '' both the front and rear differentials , the traction control system can simulate front and rear differential locks . The system works even if two of its drive wheels ( one front , one rear ) are completely off the ground . Using the ABS brakes rather than mechanical limited - slip or locking devices inside the axle differentials gives quicker response , more seamless performance , and enhanced durability . Terrain Management system ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Starting with the 2018 model year , the Expedition and Expedition MAX will utilize Ford 's Terrain Management System . Buttons to control the 4x4 system are arranged around the central Terrain Management dial . The system is similar to the one found in the 2011 -- present Explorer , however the Explorer 's system is more simplified . The Expedition 's Terrain Management System is adapted from the SVT Raptor to allow use of a 4L ( low - lock ) mode as well as an electronic locking rear differential . Moreover , the Explorer 's Terrain Management System has 4 ( four ) drive modes , while the Expedition has 7 ( seven ) drive modes , not including the 3 ( three ) 4x4 system direct drive modes . Depending on the mode selected , Terrain Management will control , adjust , and fine tune the engine , transmission , center multi-disc differential lock , throttle response , four - wheel electronic traction control and electronic stability control ( ESC ) to adapt the SUV for optimal performance on the corresponding terrain . Towing capability ( edit ) When first introduced in 1996 , the Expedition competed with both the Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon in the full - size half - ton SUV towing segment . New competitors included the Dodge Durango ( which was discontinued in 2009 , but reintroduced in 2011 ) , Nissan Armada , and Toyota Sequoia . Product research conducted by Ford indicated that 92 percent of Expedition owners use the SUV for vacations . Some 60 percent use it to transport outdoor sports equipment , while 40 percent of Expedition owners use the vehicle for towing . The half - ton Expedition EL / Max competes with the half - ton Chevrolet Suburban 1500 and GMC Yukon XL 1500 in the towing segment . Since its introduction , the Expedition 's braked trailer towing capacity has grown from 8,100 lbs ( 3,674 kg or 4.05 tons ) to a current rating of 9,200 lbs ( 4,173 kg or 4.6 tons ) when properly equipped . The list of towing features is also ever growing . Towing features common to all generations of the Expedition include : smallest possible turning radius for increased trailer maneuverability , large side view mirrors to improve rearward visibility , rearward - facing lane departure indicators which are helpful to other motorist when the Expedition is towing a long trailer providing added visual safety , heavy - duty flashers , heavy - duty large disc brakes to withstand prolonged braking while towing , and an available heavy - duty trailer towing package which includes necessary additions for heavy - duty towing . As of the 2010 model year , the Expedition received trailer sway control ( TSC ) as standard equipment . TSC detects trailer oscillations and corrects it via asymmetrical ABS braking and reducing engine power until the Expedition and its trailer are both back under control . Heavy - duty trailer towing package ( edit ) Expeditions equipped with the heavy - duty trailer towing package are prepped and readied , at the factory , for towing . The package includes a VESC ( Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission ) V - 5 ( or SAE J684 ) Class IV ( Class 4 ) rated trailer hitch with weight distribution capability , heavy - duty radiator , heavy - duty auxiliary transmission fluid cooler , hitch mounted 4 and 7 - pin trailer electrical connector and factory prewiring for an electronic trailer brake controller module . The brake controller wiring harness is located under the dash on the driver 's side for easy installation of the brake controller . For the 2013 model year , Expedition received the TowCommand electronic trailer brake controller system , which is now equipped at the factory , included with the heavy - duty trailer towing package . The Expedition 's trailer brake controller features + / -- gain brake adjustment with support for heavy - duty trailers with up to four axles ( quad axle trailers ) and is compatible with electrically actuated trailer drum brakes and electric - over-hydraulic ( EOH ) actuated trailer drum or disc brake systems . The trailer brake controller is fully integrated into the Expedition 's four - wheel , four - sensor , four - channel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) , and trailer sway control ( TSC ) . Expeditions were offered with an adaptive pneumatic air - ride suspension system with self leveling , payload leveling and trailer load leveling capability from 1997 to 2013 . For the 2014 model year , a Nivomat adaptive hydraulic suspension system with self leveling , payload leveling and trailer load leveling replaced the pneumatic system . Both systems can automatically detect when a heavy trailer is coupled , such as a travel trailer , and level the load . Additional ride - height sensors placed on the left and right sides of the SUV also monitor and compensate for any listing caused by improper cargo loading . This keeps the Expedition running straight and level while towing , and at night helps to keep the Expedition 's headlamps from blinding oncoming traffic . Special Service vehicle ( edit ) A 2nd - Generation Ford Expedition Special Service 3rd - Generation Ford Expedition Special Service Vehicle Used by the Amtrak Police . To compete with large police SUVs that are sold by other automobile companies , primarily the Chevrolet Suburban , Ford has made a special version of the Expedition available to law enforcement agencies , fire departments , and EMS agencies . Ford calls it the Expedition Special Service Vehicle ( SSV ) . The only differences between the standard Expedition and the Special Service Vehicle Expedition are provisions for emergency services related equipment such as radios , lightbars , and sirens . With the fourth generation Expedition ( 2018 -- present ) debuting in 2017 , Ford announced that the standard size version will be sold to government agencies and law enforcement , available in the lower based XL trim only . Funkmaster Flex Edition ( edit ) Ford Expedition Funkmaster Flex special edition 2008 was the only year for the Funkmaster Flex special edition Expedition . In 2005 , Ford Motor Company teamed up with rapper and New York City radio personality Funkmaster Flex in a multi-year partnership to create a series of special edition Ford vehicles and advertise the Ford brand . One of those creations was a 2008 Ford Expedition bearing the rapper 's name . This limited production Expedition featured a special Colorado Red and black two - tone paint job with orange pinstriping , 20 inch chrome wheels , 3D Carbon body kit , Funkmaster Flex badging and a custom black and Colorado Red leather interior on top of Expedition Limited standard equipment . The FMF Expedition went on sale in the fall of 2007 and production was limited to 650 units total . Reception ( edit ) Motor Trend gave the 2018 Expedition a good review in its February 14 , 2018 article , in which they cite the vehicle 's `` blend of performance ( both on - and off - road ) , comfort , utility , and tech ( that ) easily make it the new benchmark for the full - size SUV class . '' However the review notes that there were a few drawbacks in terms of hp acceleration ( coming in second to the 2018 Nissan Armada but ahead of the 2018 Chevrolet Tahoe ) , off - road performance , and its MPG estimate . The 2018 Expedition also ranked first among large SUVs with a score of 9.3 from U.S. News and World Report . Awards ( edit ) The fourth generation Ford Expedition was nominated at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in the Truck of the Year category , only to lose out to its co-branded cousin Lincoln Navigator . The Expedition was runner - up . Yearly American sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Total American sales 45,974 214,524 1998 225,703 1999 233,125 2000 213,483 2001 178,045 2002 163,454 2003 181,547 159,846 2005 114,137 2006 87,203 2007 90,287 2008 55,123 2009 31,655 37,336 2011 40,499 2012 38,062 2013 38,350 2014 44,632 2015 41,443 2016 59,835 2017 51,883 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2009 Ford Expedition Safety '' . Consumer Guide . 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Marklines.com. 2002 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company 's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's F - Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America 's Best - Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Crossovers , Lincoln highlight Ford 's 2007 sales performance ; further growth expected in 2008 '' . Media . Ford.com . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` F - Series drives Ford to higher market share for third consecutive month '' ( PDF ) . Media . Ford.com . January 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE , FIRST FULL - YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Media . Ford.com . January 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FORD 'S 2010 SALES UP 19 PERCENT -- LARGEST INCREASE OF ANY FULL - LINE AUTOMAKER ; FOUNDATION SET FOR GROWTH IN 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S. ; Fuel - Efficient Cars , Utilities , Trucks Drive Sales Gains '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Delivers Best Sales Year Since 2006 ; Ford Is Top Brand with Records for Fiesta , Fusion , Escape '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Ford Media . 2014 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Posts Best U.S. December Sales Results since 2005 ; Ford Once Again Best - Selling Brand and Best - Selling Vehicle '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Ford Media . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Products Make Ford America 's Best - Selling Brand for Sixth Straight Year ; F - Series No. 1 Vehicle for 34 th Year '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's 2018 Expedition is 1st big SUV overhaul in 15 years '' . www.freep.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/2018/01/03/dec17-sales.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Expedition . Ford Expedition official websites : U.S.A. Canada Mexico ( Expedition / Max / King Ranch ) Middle East Philippines Puerto Rico Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus GT Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan China Pickup Trucks F - Series Raptor Ranger Super Duty SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane ( Australia ) Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Courier Econovan Econowagon Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Meteor / Tierra LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Freda Maverick ( Europe ) Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s B - Max Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons hide `` previous -- Ford Motor Company light truck timeline , United States & Canada , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Crossover Subcompact EcoSport Compact Escape Escape Escape Mid-size Edge Edge Full - size Freestyle Taurus X Explorer Flex SUV Compact Bronco II Mid-size Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Full - size Bronco Bronco Bronco Expedition Expedition Expedition Expedition Excursion Expedition EL / Max Expedition Max Pickup truck Coupé utility Durango Compact Courier Ranger Ranger Ranger Mid-size Explorer Sport Trac Explorer Sport Trac Ranger Full - size F - Series ( all ) F - Series ( all ) F - Series ( all ) F - 150 / F - 250 F - 150 F - 150 F - 150 SVT Lightning SVT Lightning SVT Raptor Raptor Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Van Compact MPV Transit Connect Transit Connect C - MAX Minivan Aerostar Aerostar Windstar Windstar Freestar Full - size Econoline Econoline / E-Series Transit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Expedition&oldid=846581408 '' Categories : Ford vehicles Full - size sport utility vehicles Expanded length sport utility vehicles Sport utility vehicles Flexible - fuel vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1996 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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what is the difference between google search and i am feeling lucky	Google 's homepage includes a button labeled `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' . This feature originally allowed users to type in their search query , click the button and be taken directly to the first result , bypassing the search results page . With the 2010 announcement of Google Instant , an automatic feature that immediately displays relevant results as users are typing in their query , the `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' button disappears , requiring that users opt - out of Instant results through search settings in order to keep using the `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' functionality . In 2012 , `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' was changed to serve as an advertisement for Google services ; users hover their computer mouse over the button , it spins and shows an emotion ( `` I 'm Feeling Puzzled '' or `` I 'm Feeling Trendy '' , for instance ) , and , when clicked , takes users to a Google service related to that emotion .		Google search	google search	Google Search , commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google , is a web search engine developed by Google . It is the most - used search engine on the World Wide Web , handling more than three billion searches each day . As of February 2016 , it is the most used search engine in the US with 64.0 % market share .	The order of search results returned by Google is based , in part , on a priority rank system called `` PageRank '' . Google Search also provides many different options for customized search , using symbols to include , exclude , specify or require certain search behavior , and offers specialized interactive experiences , such as flight status and package tracking , weather forecasts , currency , unit and time conversions , word definitions , and more . The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers , as opposed to other data , such as images or data contained in databases . It was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997 . In June 2011 Google introduced `` Google Voice Search '' to search for spoken , rather than typed , words . In May 2012 Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature in the U.S. Analysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate economic , social and health trends . Data about the frequency of use of search terms on Google can be openly inquired via Google Trends and have been shown to correlate with flu outbreaks and unemployment levels , and provide the information faster than traditional reporting methods and surveys . As of mid-2016 , Google 's search engine has begun to rely on deep neural networks . Competitors of Google include Baidu and Soso.com in China ; Naver.com and Daum.net in South Korea ; Yandex in Russia ; Seznam.cz in the Czech Republic ; Yahoo in Japan , Taiwan and the US , as well as Bing and DuckDuckGo . Some smaller search engines offer facilities not available with Google , e.g. not storing any private or tracking information ; one such search engine is Ixquick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Search 1.1 PageRank 1.2 Search indexing 1.2. 1 Non-indexable data 1.3 Google optimization 1.4 Universal search 1.5 `` Caffeine '' search architecture upgrade 1.6 Knowledge Graph 1.7 `` Hummingbird '' search algorithm upgrade 1.8 Dedicated mobile search results 2 Functionality 2.1 Search syntax 2.1. 1 Query expansion 2.2 `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' 2.3 Rich snippets 2.4 Special interactive features 2.5 Google Doodles 2.6 `` OK Google '' conversational search 2.7 Personal tab 2.8 Google for Jobs 2.9 Discontinued features 2.9. 1 Translate foreign pages 2.9. 2 Instant search 3 Criticism 3.1 January 2009 malware bug 3.2 Privacy 3.3 Encrypted search 3.4 FTC fines 4 Redesign 5 Smartphone apps 6 International availability 6.1 One - minute domain availability issue 7 Search products 8 Energy consumption 9 Possible misuse of search results 10 Predicting behavior 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Search ( edit ) PageRank ( edit ) Main article : PageRank Google 's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string . When Google was a Stanford research project , it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site 's importance . Previous keyword - based methods of ranking search results , used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google , would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page , or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page . The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human - generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important . The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages , based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them . PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance . In addition to PageRank , Google , over the years , has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists , reported to be over 250 different indicators , the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally . In a potential hint of Google 's future direction for their Search algorithm , Eric Schmidt , Google 's then chief executive , said in a 2007 interview with the Financial Times : `` The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as ' What shall I do tomorrow ? ' and ' What job shall I take ? ' '' . Schmidt reaffirmed this during a 2010 interview with the Wall Street Journal : `` I actually think most people do n't want Google to answer their questions , they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next . '' In 2013 the European Commission found that Google Search favored Google 's own products , instead of offering consumers the best result for their needs . In February 2015 Google announced a major change to its mobile search algorithm which would favor mobile friendly over other websites . Nearly 60 % of Google 's online search traffic comes from mobile phones . Google says it wants its users to have access to premium quality websites . Those websites which lack a mobile friendly interface would be demoted and it is expected that this update will cause a shake - up of ranks . Businesses who fail to update their websites accordingly could see a dip in their regular websites traffic . Search indexing ( edit ) Google indexes hundreds of terabytes of information from web pages . For websites that are currently down or otherwise not available , Google provides links to cached versions of the site , formed by the search engine 's latest indexing of that page . Additionally , Google indexes some file types , being able to show users PDFs , Word documents , Excel spreadsheets , PowerPoint presentations , certain Flash multimedia content , and plain text files . Users can also activate `` SafeSearch '' , a filtering technology aimed at preventing explicit and pornographic content from appearing in search results . In 2012 , Google changed its search indexing tools to demote sites that had been accused of piracy . Non-indexable data ( edit ) Despite Google search 's immense index , sources generally assume that Google is only indexing less than 5 % of the total Internet , with the rest belonging to the Deep web , inaccessible through its search tools . Google optimization ( edit ) Main article : Search engine optimization Because Google is the most popular search engine , many webmasters have become eager to influence their website 's Google rankings . An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines . This field , called search engine optimization , attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings , and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their clients ' sites . Search engine optimization encompasses both `` on page '' factors ( like body copy , title elements , H1 heading elements and image alt attribute values ) and Off Page Optimization factors ( like anchor text and PageRank ) . The general idea is to affect Google 's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places `` on page '' , in particular the title element and the body copy ( note : the higher up in the page , presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking ) . Too many occurrences of the keyword , however , cause the page to look suspect to Google 's spam checking algorithms . Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants . It has been hypothesized , and , allegedly , is the opinion of the owner of one business about which there have been numerous complaints , that negative publicity , for example , numerous consumer complaints , may serve as well to elevate page rank on Google Search as favorable comments . The particular problem addressed in The New York Times article , which involved DecorMyEyes , was addressed shortly thereafter by an undisclosed fix in the Google algorithm . According to Google , it was not the frequently published consumer complaints about DecorMyEyes which resulted in the high ranking but mentions on news websites of events which affected the firm such as legal actions against it . Google Search Console helps to check for websites that use duplicate or copyright content . Universal search ( edit ) `` Universal search '' was launched by Google on May 16 , 2007 as an idea that merged the results from different kinds of search types into one . Prior to Universal search , a standard Google search would consist of links only to websites . Universal search , however , incorporates a wide variety of sources , including websites , news , pictures , maps , blogs , videos , and more , all shown on the same search results page . Marissa Mayer , then - vice president of search products and user experience , described the goal of Universal search as `` we 're attempting to break down the walls that traditionally separated our various search properties and integrate the vast amounts of information available into one simple set of search results . `` Caffeine '' search architecture upgrade ( edit ) In August 2009 , Google invited web developers to test a new search architecture , codenamed `` Caffeine '' , and give their feedback . The new architecture provided no visual differences in the user interface , but added significant speed improvements and a new `` under - the - hood '' indexing infrastructure . The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft 's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service , renamed Bing , as well as the launch of Wolfram Alpha , a new search engine based on `` computational knowledge '' . Google announced completion of `` Caffeine '' on June 8 , 2010 , claiming 50 % fresher results due to continuous updating of its index . With `` Caffeine '' , Google moved its back - end indexing system away from MapReduce and onto Bigtable , the company 's distributed database platform . Knowledge Graph ( edit ) Main article : Knowledge Graph The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google to enhance its search engine 's results with information gathered from a variety of sources . This information is presented to users in a box to the right of search results . Knowledge Graph boxes were added to Google 's search engine in May 2012 , starting in the United States , with international expansion by the end of the year . The information covered by the Knowledge Graph grew significantly after launch , tripling its original size within seven months , and being able to answer `` roughly one - third '' of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016 . The information is often used as a spoken answer in Google Assistant and Google Home searches . The Knowledge Graph has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution . `` Hummingbird '' search algorithm upgrade ( edit ) Main article : Google Hummingbird In 2013 , Google significantly upgraded its search algorithm with `` Hummingbird '' . Its name was derived from the speed and accuracy of the hummingbird . The change was announced on September 26 , 2013 , having already been in use for a month . `` Hummingbird '' places greater emphasis on natural language queries , considering context and meaning over individual keywords . It also looks deeper at content on individual pages of a website , with improved ability to lead users directly to the most appropriate page rather than just a website 's homepage . The upgrade marked the most significant change to Google search in years , with more `` human '' search interactions and a much heavier focus on conversation and meaning . Thus , web developers and writers were encouraged to optimize their sites with natural writing rather than forced keywords , and make effective use of technical web development for on - site navigation . Dedicated mobile search results ( edit ) In October 2016 , Gary Illyes , a webmaster trends analyst with Google , announced that the search engine would be making a separate , primary web index dedicated for mobile devices , with a secondary , less up - to - date index for desktop use . The change was a response to the continued growth in mobile usage , and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile - friendly version of their websites . In December 2017 , Google began rolling out the change , having already done so for a few websites . Functionality ( edit ) A definition link is provided for many search terms . Google search consists of a series of localized websites . The largest of those , the google.com site , is the top most - visited website in the world . Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words , the number of results you got on your search , links to other searches ( e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled , it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling ) , and many more . Search syntax ( edit ) Google search accepts queries as normal text , as well as individual keywords . It automatically corrects misspelled words , and yields the same results regardless of capitalization . For more customized results , one can use a wide variety of operators , including , but not limited to : OR -- Search for webpages containing one of two similar queries , such as marathon OR race - ( minus sign ) -- Exclude a word or a phrase , such as `` apple - tree '' searches where word `` tree '' is not used `` '' -- Force inclusion of a word or a phrase , such as `` tallest building '' * -- Placeholder symbol allowing for any substitute words in the context of the query , such as `` largest * in the world '' ... -- Search within a range of numbers , such as `` camera $50 ... $100 '' site : - Search for a specific website , such as `` site : youtube.com '' define : -- See a definition of a word , such as `` define : phrase '' stocks : -- See the stock price of investments , such as `` stocks : googl '' related : - Find webpages related to specific URL addresses , such as `` related : www.wikipedia.org '' cache : -- Highlights the search - words within the cached pages , such as `` cache : www.google.com xxx '' shows cached content with word `` xxx '' highlighted . @ - Search for a specific word on social media networks , such as `` @ twitter '' Query expansion ( edit ) Google applies query expansion to submitted search queries , using techniques to deliver results that it considers `` smarter '' than the query users actually submitted . This technique involves several steps , including : Word stemming - Certain words can be reduced so other , similar terms , are also found in results , such as `` translator '' can also search for `` translation '' Acronyms - Searching for abbreviations can also return results about the name in its full length , such as `` NATO '' can show results for `` North Atlantic Treaty Organization '' Misspellings - Google will often suggest correct spellings for misspelled words Synonyms - In most cases where a word is incorrectly used in a phrase or sentence , Google search will show results based on the correct synonym Translations - The search engine can , in some instances , suggest results for specific words in a different language Ignoring words - In some search queries containing extraneous or insignificant words , Google search will simply drop those specific words from the query Google displaying search suggestions starting with `` google sea '' In 2008 , Google started to give users autocompleted search suggestions in a list below the search bar while typing . `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' ( edit ) `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' redirects here . For the 2011 book by Douglas Edwards , see I 'm Feeling Lucky ( book ) . Google 's homepage includes a button labeled `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' . This feature originally allowed users to type in their search query , click the button and be taken directly to the first result , bypassing the search results page . With the 2010 announcement of Google Instant , an automatic feature that immediately displays relevant results as users are typing in their query , the `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' button disappears , requiring that users opt - out of Instant results through search settings in order to keep using the `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' functionality . In 2012 , `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' was changed to serve as an advertisement for Google services ; users hover their computer mouse over the button , it spins and shows an emotion ( `` I 'm Feeling Puzzled '' or `` I 'm Feeling Trendy '' , for instance ) , and , when clicked , takes users to a Google service related to that emotion . Tom Chavez of `` Rapt '' , a firm helping to determine a website 's advertising worth , estimated in 2007 that Google lost $110 million in revenue per year due to use of the button , which bypasses the advertisements found on the search results page . Rich snippets ( edit ) In May 2009 , Google announced that they would be parsing website microformats in order to populate search result pages with `` Rich snippets '' . Such snippets include additional details about results , such as displaying reviews for restaurants and social media accounts for individuals . In May 2016 , Google expanded on the `` Rich snippets '' format to offer `` Rich cards '' , which , similarly to snippets , display more information about results , but shows them at the top of the mobile website in a swipeable carousel - like format . Originally limited to movie and recipe websites in the United States only , the feature expanded to all countries globally in 2017 . Special Interactive features ( edit ) See also : List of Google Easter eggs § Embedded tools Besides the main text - based search - engine features of Google search , it also offers multiple quick , interactive experiences . These include , but are not limited to : Calculator Time zone , currency , and unit conversions Word translations Flight status Local film showings Weather forecasts Population and unemployment rates Package tracking Word definitions `` Do a barrel roll '' ( this query causes the entire search page to spin ) Google Doodles ( edit ) Main article : Google Doodle On certain occasions , the logo on Google 's webpage will change to a special version , known as a `` Google Doodle '' . This is a picture , drawing , or animation that includes the logo . It is usually done for a special event or day although not all of them are well known . Clicking on the Doodle links to a string of Google search results about the topic . The first was a reference to the Burning Man Festival in 1998 , and others have been produced for the birthdays of notable people like Albert Einstein , historical events like the interlocking Lego block 's 50th anniversary and holidays like Valentine 's Day . Some Google Doodles have interactivity beyond a simple search , such as the famous `` Google Pacman '' version that appeared on May 21 , 2010 . `` OK Google '' conversational search ( edit ) See also : Google Now and Google Assistant During Google 's developer conference in May 2013 , the company announced that , on Google Chrome and Chrome OS , users would be able to say `` OK Google '' , with the browser initiating an audio - based search , with no button presses required . After having the answer presented , users can follow up with additional , contextual questions ; an example include initially asking `` OK Google , will it be sunny in Santa Cruz this weekend ? '' , hearing a spoken answer , and reply with `` how far is it from here ? '' An update to the Chrome browser with voice - search functionality rolled out a week later , though it required a button press on a microphone icon rather than `` OK Google '' voice activation . Google released a browser extension for the Chrome browser , named with a `` beta '' tag for unfinished development , shortly thereafter . In May 2014 , the company officially added `` OK Google '' into the browser itself , though the company removed it in October 2015 , citing low usage , though the microphone icon for activation remained available . In May 2016 , 20 % of search queries on mobile devices were done through voice . Personal tab ( edit ) In May 2017 , Google enabled a new `` Personal '' tab in Google Search , letting users search for content in their Google accounts ' various services , including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos . Google for jobs ( edit ) In June 2017 , Google expanded its search results to cover available job listings . The data is aggregated from various major job boards and collected by analyzing company homepages . Initially only available in English , the feature aims to simplify finding jobs suitable for each user . Discontinued features ( edit ) Translate Foreign pages ( edit ) Until May 2013 , Google Search had offered a feature to restrict search results to specific languages . A Google spokesperson told Search Engine Land that `` Removing features is always tough , but we do think very hard about each decision and its implications for our users . Unfortunately , this feature never saw much pick up '' . Instant search ( edit ) Instant search was announced in September 2010 as a feature that displayed suggested results while the user typed in their search query . The primary advantage of the new system was its ability to save time , with Marissa Mayer , then - vice president of search products and user experience , proclaiming that the feature would save 2 - 5 seconds per search , elaborating that `` That may not seem like a lot at first , but it adds up . With Google Instant , we estimate that we 'll save our users 11 hours with each passing second ! '' Matt Van Wagner of Search Engine Land wrote that `` Personally , I kind of like Google Instant and I think it represents a natural evolution in the way search works '' , and also praised Google 's efforts in public relations , writing that `` With just a press conference and a few well - placed interviews , Google has parlayed this relatively minor speed improvement into an attention - grabbing front - page news story '' . The upgrade also became notable for the company switching Google Search 's underlying technology from HTML to AJAX . Instant Search could be disabled via Google 's `` preferences '' menu for those who did n't want its functionality . The publication 2600 : The Hacker Quarterly compiled a list of words that Google Instant did not show suggested results for , with a Google spokesperson giving the following statement to Mashable : There are a number of reasons you may not be seeing search queries for a particular topic . Among other things , we apply a narrow set of removal policies for pornography , violence , and hate speech . It 's important to note that removing queries from Autocomplete is a hard problem , and not as simple as blacklisting particular terms and phrases . In search , we get more than one billion searches each day . Because of this , we take an algorithmic approach to removals , and just like our search algorithms , these are imperfect . We will continue to work to improve our approach to removals in Autocomplete , and are listening carefully to feedback from our users . Our algorithms look not only at specific words , but compound queries based on those words , and across all languages . So , for example , if there 's a bad word in Russian , we may remove a compound word including the transliteration of the Russian word into English . We also look at the search results themselves for given queries . So , for example , if the results for a particular query seem pornographic , our algorithms may remove that query from Autocomplete , even if the query itself would n't otherwise violate our policies . This system is neither perfect nor instantaneous , and we will continue to work to make it better . PC Magazine discussed the inconsistency in how some forms of the same topic are allowed ; for instance , `` lesbian '' was blocked , while `` gay '' was not , and `` cocaine '' was blocked , while `` crack '' and `` heroin '' were not . The report further stated that seemingly normal words were also blocked due to pornographic innuendos , most notably `` scat '' , likely due to having two completely separate contextual meanings , one for music and one for a sexual practice . In July 2017 , Google removed Instant results , due to a growing number of searches on mobile devices , where interaction with search , as well as screen sizes , differ significantly from a computer . Criticism ( edit ) January 2009 malware bug ( edit ) A screenshot of the error of January 31 , 2009 . Google flags search results with the message `` This site may harm your computer '' if the site is known to install malicious software in the background or otherwise surreptitiously . Google does this to protect users against visiting sites that could harm their computers . For approximately 40 minutes on January 31 , 2009 , all search results were mistakenly classified as malware and could therefore not be clicked ; instead a warning message was displayed and the user was required to enter the requested URL manually . The bug was caused by human error . The URL of `` / '' ( which expands to all URLs ) was mistakenly added to the malware patterns file . Privacy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) Searches made by search engines , including Google , leave traces . This raises concerns about privacy . In principle , if details of a user 's searches are found , those with access to the information -- principally state agencies responsible for law enforcement and similar matters -- can make deductions about the user 's activities . This has been used for the detection and prosecution of lawbreakers ; for example a murderer was found and convicted after searching for terms such as `` tips with killing with a baseball bat '' . A search may leave traces both on a computer used to make the search , and in records kept by the search provider . When using a search engine through a browser program on a computer , search terms and other information may be stored on the computer by default , unless the browser is set not to do this , or they are erased . Saved terms may be discovered on forensic analysis of the computer . An Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) or search engine provider ( e.g. , Google ) may store records which relate search terms to an IP address and a time . Whether such logs are kept , and access to them by law enforcement agencies , is subject to legislation in different jurisdictions and working practices ; the law may mandate , prohibit , or say nothing about logging of various types of information . Some search engines , located in jurisdictions where it is not illegal , make a feature of not storing user search information . Google has been criticized for placing long - term cookies on users ' machines to store these preferences , a tactic which also enables them to track a user 's search terms and retain the data for more than a year . Encrypted search ( edit ) Various search engines provide encrypted Web search facilities . In May 2010 Google rolled out SSL - encrypted web search . The encrypted search can be accessed at encrypted.google.com However , the web search is encrypted via Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) by default today , thus every search request should be automatically encrypted if TLS is supported by the web browser . FTC fines ( edit ) In 2012 the US Federal Trade Commission fined Google US $ 22.5 million for violating their agreement not to violate the privacy of users of the Apple Safari ( web browser ) . The FTC was also continuing to investigate if Google 's favoring of their own services in their search results violated antitrust regulations . Redesign ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2016 ) Product Sans , Google 's typeface since 2015 In late June 2011 , Google introduced a new look to the Google home page in order to boost the use of the Google+ social tools . One of the major changes was replacing the classic navigation bar with a black one . Google 's digital creative director Chris Wiggins explains : `` We 're working on a project to bring you a new and improved Google experience , and over the next few months , you 'll continue to see more updates to our look and feel . '' The new navigation bar has been negatively received by a vocal minority . In November 2013 , Google started testing yellow labels for advertisements displayed in search results , to improve user experience . The new labels , highlighted in yellow color , and aligned to the left of each sponsored link help users clearly differentiate between organic and sponsored results . On December 15 , 2016 , Google rolled out a new desktop search interface that mimics their modular mobile user interface . The mobile design consists of a tabular design that highlights search features in boxes . and works by imitating the desktop Knowledge Graph real estate , which appears in the right - hand rail of the search engine result page , these featured elements frequently feature Twitter carousels , People Also Search For , and Top Stories ( vertical and horizontal design ) modules . The Local Pack and Answer Box were two of the original features of the Google SERP that were primarily showcased in this manner , but this new layout creates a previously unseen level of design consistency for Google results . Smartphone apps ( edit ) Google offers a `` Google Search '' mobile app for Android and iOS devices . The mobile apps exclusively feature a `` feed '' , a news feed - style page of continually - updated developments on news and topics of interest to individual users . Android devices were introduced to a preview of the feed in December 2016 , while it was made official on both Android and iOS in July 2017 . In April 2016 , Google updated its Search app on Android to feature `` Trends '' ; search queries gaining popularity appeared in the autocomplete box along with normal query autocompletion . The update received significant backlash , due to encouraging search queries unrelated to users ' interests or intentions , prompting the company to issue an update with an opt - out option . In September 2017 , the Google Search app on iOS was updated to feature the same functionality . International availability ( edit ) Google is available in many languages and has been localized completely or partially for many countries , including separate regional domain names . One - minute domain availability issue ( edit ) On September 29 , 2015 , an ex-employee of Google , Sanmay Ved , managed to buy the domain Google.com via Google 's domain registration service and gained full webmaster control . His access was shut down one minute later . He told Business Insider that `` I used to work at Google so I keep messing around with the product . I type in Google.com and to my surprise it showed it as available ... I thought it was some error , but I could actually complete check out '' . The cost for the domain was $12 . In compensation for finding the security vulnerability , Google offered him $6,000 . After Ved explained that he wanted to give the money to charity , Google doubled the amount to $12,000 . Search products ( edit ) Main article : List of Google products In addition to its tool for searching webpages , Google also provides services for searching images , Usenet newsgroups , news websites , videos , searching by locality , maps , and items for sale online . In 2012 , Google has indexed over 30 trillion web pages , and received 100 billion queries per month . It also caches much of the content that it indexes . Google operates other tools and services including Google News , Google Shopping , Google Maps , Google Custom Search , Google Earth , Google Docs , Picasa , Panoramio , YouTube , Google Translate , Google Blog Search and Google Desktop Search . There are also products available from Google that are not directly search - related . Gmail , for example , is a webmail application , but still includes search features ; Google Browser Sync does not offer any search facilities , although it aims to organize your browsing time . Also Google starts many new beta products , like Google Social Search or Google Image Swirl . Energy consumption ( edit ) Google claims that a search query requires altogether about 1 kJ or 0.0003 kW h , which is enough to raise the temperature of one liter of water by 0.24 ° C. According to green search engine Ecosia , the industry standard for search engines is estimated to be about 0.2 grams of CO emission per search . Google 's 40,000 searches per second translate to 8 kg CO per second or over 252 million kilos of CO per year . Possible misuse of search results ( edit ) In 2007 , a group of researchers observed a tendency for users to rely on Google Search exclusively for finding information , writing that `` With the Google interface the user gets the impression that the search results imply a kind of totality . ( ... ) In fact , one only sees a small part of what one could see if one also integrates other research tools . '' In 2011 , Google Search query results have been shown to be tailored to users by Internet activist Eli Pariser , effectively isolating users in what he defined as a filter bubble . Pariser holds algorithms used in search engines such as Google Search responsible for catering `` a personal ecosystem of information '' . Although contrasting views have mitigated the potential threat of `` informational dystopia '' and questioned the scientific nature of Pariser claims , filter bubbles have been mentioned to account for the surprising results of the U.S. presidential election in 2016 alongside fake news and echo chambers , suggesting that Facebook and Google have designed personalized online realities in which `` we only see and hear what we like '' . Predicting behavior ( edit ) At the 2016 New Hampshire primary , the top - searched Democratic candidate was Bernie Sanders with 72 % of the searches and won with 60 % of the vote , according to real - time results of Google 's trending search queries , and Hillary Clinton received 28 % of the queries and 38 % of the vote . The top - searched Republican candidate was Donald Trump , who received 41 % of the searches an hour before the polls closed and won with 35 % of the vote and John Kasich got 16 % of both the vote and the searches . See also ( edit ) Google portal Alphabet portal Censorship by Google Google bomb Criticism of Google Filter bubble Google Panda Google Penguin Google Searchology Google ( verb ) Googlewhack Halalgoogling History of Google List of Google products List of search engines PRISM Reunion Social graph Timeline of Google Search Comparison of web search engines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Google over IPv6 '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google.com Site Info '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHOIS '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Anatomy of a Large - Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine '' . Computer Science Department , Stanford University , Stanford , CA . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexa Top Sites By Category -- Search Engine Ranking '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Indians : Ben Gomes '' . BBC News . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . 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Group Nine Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View web pages cached in Google Search Results '' . Google Search Help . Google . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Wendy ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` How to Use Google to Find and Open Files Online '' . Lifewire . Dotdash . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Block explicit results on Google using SafeSearch '' . Google Search Help . Google . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Google to Demote Sites With ' High Number ' of Copyright Complaints '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , JJ ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Internet you ca n't Google '' . The Tennessean . Gannett Company . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Chris ; Price , Gary ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Invisible Web : Uncovering Sources Search Engines Ca n't See '' . Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship . 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The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Vanessa ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` Google Caffeine : Google 's New Search Engine Index '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Vanessa ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Google 's New Indexing Infrastructure `` Caffeine '' Now Live `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google search index splits with MapReduce '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Google Caffeine : What it really is '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singhal , Amit ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Introducing the Knowledge Graph : things , not strings '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your business information in the Knowledge Panel '' . Google My Business Help . Google . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` How Google is taking the Knowledge Graph global '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Google 's Knowledge Graph tripled in size in seven months '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , Caitlin ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` You probably have n't even noticed Google 's sketchy quest to control the world 's knowledge '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynley , Matthew ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google unveils Google Assistant , a virtual assistant that 's a big upgrade to Google Now '' . TechCrunch . Oath Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google Home : a speaker to finally take on the Amazon Echo '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elran , Asher ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` What Google ' Hummingbird ' Means for Your SEO Strategy '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` FAQ : All About The New Google `` Hummingbird '' Algorithm `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Don ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` An SEO Guide to the Google Hummingbird Update '' . HuffPost . Oath Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Richard ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Google unveils major upgrade to search algorithm '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marentis , Chris ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` A Complete Guide To The Essentials Of Post-Hummingbird SEO '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Within months , Google to divide its index , giving mobile users better & fresher content '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Hannah ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Google is splitting its search index to target ' stripped down ' mobile websites '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's mobile - first search index has rolled out to a handful of sites '' . TechCrunch . Oath Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 500 '' . Alexa . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to search on Google '' . Google Search Help . Google . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Refine web searches '' . Google Search Help . Google . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Wendy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Advanced Google Search Shortcuts '' . Lifewire . Dotdash . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smarty , Ann ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` What is Google Query Expansion ? Cases and Examples '' . Search Engine Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Google.com Finally Gets Google Suggest Feature '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karch , Marziah ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` How to Use Google 's `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' Button `` . Lifewire . Dotdash . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Google Changes ' I 'm Feeling Lucky ' Button '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Brendan ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` Are you feeling lucky ? Google is '' . Marketplace . American Public Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Vanessa ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Google Search Now Supports Microformats and Adds `` Rich Snippets '' to Search Results `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Google launches rich cards for movie and recipe websites '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Google quietly expands rich cards worldwide '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 fun Google Easter eggs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosowski , Thorin ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` 20 Google Search Shortcuts to Hone Your Google - Fu '' . Lifehacker . Univision Communications . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graziano , Dan ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` How to get the most out of Google search '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ About Google Doodles . Google.com . Retrieved on November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Dennis ( June 8 , 2004 ) . `` Oodles of Doodles '' . Google ( corporate blog ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle History '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google logos : Valentine 's Day logo '' . February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Warman , Matt ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' OK Google ' - ' conversational search ' is coming soon '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Google adds button - free voice search in Chrome : just say ' OK Google ' '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jessica ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Google Talks Back : Conversational Search Available on New Version of Chrome '' . Search Engine Watch . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' OK Google ' Voice Search Lands on Chrome '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chrome 35 launches with ' OK Google ' voice search , more control over touch input , new APIs and JavaScript features '' . The Next Web . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Google removes ' OK Google ' voice search from Chrome '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahani , Aarti ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` With New Products , Google Flexes Muscles To Competitors , Regulators '' . NPR . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Westenberg , Jimmy ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Personal tab in Google Search will show results from Photos , Gmail , and more '' . Android Authority . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google launches its AI - powered jobs search engine '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gebhart , Andrew ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google for Jobs is ready to help your employment search '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drops `` Translated Foreign Pages '' Search Option Due To Lack Of Use `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Marissa ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Search : now faster than the speed of type '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Matt Van ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` How Google Saved $100 Million By Launching Google Instant '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Ben ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google Instant , behind the scenes '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pash , Adam ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Turn Off Google Instant Search '' . Lifehacker . Univision Communications . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axon , Samuel ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Which Words Does Google Instant Blacklist ? '' . Mashable . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , Leslie ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Google Instant Blacklist : Which Words Are Blocked ? '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google has dropped Google Instant Search '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google will stop showing search results as you type because it makes no sense on mobile '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Brian ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Google : This Internet May Harm Your Computer '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Marissa ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` This site may harm your computer on every search result ? ! ? ! '' . The Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Maxim ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Google glitch causes confusion '' . StopBadware.org . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Russ ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Serious problems with Google search '' . Verizon Business Security Blog . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Once Again , A Google Murder Case , Jan 29 , 2008 '' . Search Engine Land . January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Anonymizing Search Records To Protect Privacy , March 14 , 2007 '' . Search Engine Land . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DuckDuckGo '' . duckduckgo.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caddy , Becca ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Google tracks everything you do : here 's how to delete it '' . Wired . blogspot . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SSL Search : Features -- Web Search Help '' . Web Search Help . Google . May 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Encrypted.google.com '' . Encrypted.google.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Will Start Encrypting Your Searches '' . TIME Magazine . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google fined over Safari privacy violation . '' Al Jazeera , August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Brandon . `` Google 's review by FTC nearing critical point . '' Mercury News , November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beato , Augusto . `` Google Redesign Backs Social Effort '' . Portland SEO . Portland SEO . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google redesigns its homepage '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google support forum , one of many threads on being unable to switch off the black navigation bar '' . Google.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google ads : The wolf is out of the lamb 's skin '' . www.techmw.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Google begins rolling out a new desktop search user interface '' . Search Engine Land . blogspot . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickinson , Phil ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` iOS gets a new Google Search app , and it holds its own against Android '' . iMore . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Google is putting a news feed in Android 's home screen '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Google introduces the feed , a personalized stream of news on iOS and Android '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matney , Lucas ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Google introduces the feed , a news stream of your evolving interests '' . TechCrunch . Oath Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Google Testing Trending In Search Auto - Complete '' . Search Engine Roundtable . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` You Can Now Opt Out Of Trending Searches In The Google Search App '' . Search Engine Roundtable . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's Search app on iOS gets a Twitter - like Trends feature , faster Instant Answers '' . TechCrunch . Oath Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Language tools '' . Google . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khomami , Nadia ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-Google employee owned google.com for one minute '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` This guy bought ' Google.com ' from Google for one minute '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Luckerson , Victor ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's How Much Google Paid the Guy Who Bought Google.com '' . Time . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google : 100 Billion Searches Per Month , Search To Integrate Gmail , Launching Enhanced Search App For iOS '' . Searchengineland.com . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blogspot.com , Powering a Google search Jump up ^ ( 1 ) How does Ecosia neutralize a search 's CO2 emissions ? Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Google Search Statistics Jump up ^ Maurer , H. ; Balke , Tilo ; Kappe , Frank ; Kulathuramaiyer , Narayanan ; Weber , Stefan ; Zaka , Bilal ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Report on dangers and opportunities posed by large search engines , particularly Google '' ( PDF ) . Graz University of Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parramore , Lynn ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Filter Bubble '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Since Dec. 4 , 2009 , Google has been personalized for everyone . So when I had two friends this spring Google `` BP , '' one of them got a set of links that was about investment opportunities in BP . The other one got information about the oil spill ... Jump up ^ Weisberg , Jacob ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Bubble Trouble : Is Web personalization turning us into solipsistic twits ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AUTHOR : MOSTAFA M. EL - BERMAWY ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Your Filter Bubble is Destroying Democracy '' . Wired . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 ... The global village that was once the internet ... digital islands of isolation that are drifting further apart each day ... your experience online grows increasingly personalized ... Jump up ^ How Google Searches Pretty Much Nailed the New Hampshire Primary February 11 , 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Google Hacks from O'Reilly is a book containing tips about using Google effectively . Now in its third edition ( 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52706 - 3 . Google : The Missing Manual by Sarah Milstein and Rael Dornfest ( O'Reilly , 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00613 - 6 How to Do Everything with Google by Fritz Schneider , Nancy Blachman , and Eric Fredricksen ( McGraw - Hill Osborne Media , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 223174 - 2 Google Power by Chris Sherman ( McGraw - Hill Osborne Media , 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 225787 - 3 Barroso , Luiz Andre ; Dean , Jeffrey ; Hölzle , Urs ( 2003 ) . `` Web Search for a Planet : The Google Cluster Architecture '' . IEEE Micro . 23 ( 2 ) : 22 -- 28 . doi : 10.1109 / MM. 2003.1196112 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Original Google ! Google search trends Google Overview Alphabet Inc . History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard Goggles IME Japanese Pinyin Photos Keep News & Weather Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android Pay Android TV Android Wear Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Cast Chromecast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Daydream Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Home Jamboard Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Pay Primer Pixel Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS Safe Browsing URL Shortener Wallet Wifi Development tools AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs , Sheets , Slides , Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Dictionary Directory Dodgeball Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Questions and Answers Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Squared Talk Updater Urchin Videos Wave Web Accelerator Toolbar Other Arts & Culture Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self - driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.org Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA WiFi X Events Science Fair Searchology I / O Developer Day Code Jam Highly Open Participation Contest Code - in Projects Loon Tango Sunroof Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Chelsea Market Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Sanjay Ghemawat Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Category Portal Alphabet Inc . Divisions Access Calico CapitalG Chronicle DeepMind Google GV Jigsaw Nest Sidewalk Verily X Waymo People Arthur D. 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who did shaq replace on inside the nba			Inside the NBA	inside the nba	Inside the NBA is the postgame show for NBA on TNT broadcasts . The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Charles Barkley , Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal , with supporting or fill - in analysts including Chris Webber and Grant Hill . The show has won nine Emmy Awards , while Johnson has won three as a studio host and Barkley has won three as a studio analyst .	Contents 1 Overview 2 Catchphrases and quotes 3 Recurring Segments 4 Charles Barkley 4.1 Barkley and Kobe Bryant 4.2 Race with Dick Bavetta 4.3 Oakland `` controversy '' 5 Outside the NBA 6 Personalities 6.1 Current 6.2 Former 7 References Overview ( edit ) Since Barkley joined the show in 2001 , Inside the NBA gained popularity for the chemistry and banter of the hosts . Barkley has also been known for his controversial comments and outrageous bets . In late 2002 , Barkley told Kenny Smith that he would `` kiss ( his ) ass '' if Houston Rockets then - rookie Yao Ming scored nineteen points in a game , which was followed by Yao doing exactly that later that week . As a result , on Listen Up ! With Charles Barkley and Ernie Johnson that Thursday , Barkley kissed the rear end of a donkey that Smith brought into the studio . In 2002 , a controversial Sports Illustrated cover , in which Barkley was portrayed in chains ( as a slave ) , led to a sometimes heated debate on the TNT studio show . During the 2006 NBA Playoffs , in response to performer David Blaine 's attempt to stay under water for nine minutes , Barkley duplicated the stunt with a small tub of water but only managed to stay under water for 24 seconds . Barkley has also been weighed on air several times , and once said `` bullshit '' live on air . Following the release of Django Unchained , Barkley will joke he is n't going to `` take it any more master , '' referring to Ernie Johnson . Johnson has a whip sound effect he uses when Barkley or O'Neal's conversations go far off topic , and for a segment called `` The Whip '' that provoked jokes from the other hosts - for example , Smith saying , `` Revolt , revolt ! '' Smith has also been the brunt of jokes before , an example being the `` retirement '' of his jersey on air . In reality , it was a Tracy McGrady jersey with Smith 's name put on a clothesline and `` raised '' to the TNT studio roof on a clothesline with various undergarments . Most of the jokes were featured as Ernie Johnson 's E.J. 's Neat - O Stat of the Night , the show 's closing segment . The popularity of the program has led the NBA to air reruns of the show ( as well as reruns other TNT NBA studio programs , NBA Tip - Off , the American Express Halftime Report and Game Break ) on the TNT Overtime on NBA.com . Analysts from the show have also been featured in the popular NBA 2K video game series beginning with NBA 2K15 . In addition to winning nine Emmy Awards , it was announced live on the May 11th , 2016 edition that Inside was to be inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in October 2016 , becoming just the twelfth program to receive the honor and the third sports show to do so after SportsCenter and Monday Night Football . Catchphrases and quotes ( edit ) `` Win or go home '' -- The main tagline TNT uses for its playoff coverage . With rounds in the NBA Playoffs conducted in a best - of - seven format , the statement carries more weight in meaning as a series extends to its finale . For all of TNT 's Game 7s -- Dallas - Sacramento in 2003 ; Miami - New Orleans and Sacramento - Minnesota in 2004 ; Indiana - Boston , Dallas - Houston and Detroit - Miami in 2005 ; L.A. Lakers - Phoenix Suns , San Antonio - Dallas and L.A. Clippers - Phoenix in 2006 ; a May 3 triple - header of Atlanta - Indiana , Memphis - Oklahoma City , and Golden State - L.A. Clippers in 2014 ; San Antonio - L.A. Clippers in 2015 ; and Indiana - Toronto and Golden State - Oklahoma City in 2016 -- the phrase has been used in the pregame montage and in the graphics during the game . `` Gone fishin ' '' -- The most notable of TNT 's catchphrases . It is used whenever a team is knocked out of the playoffs ( or a team failed to make the playoffs ) , and is usually accompanied by doctored photos of players on the team on fishing boats with analyst Kenny Smith . Reportedly , it has its roots in the 90s - when the Suns had a chance to eliminate a team , their gorilla mascot would have a fishing pole on hand to indicate the opponents would be `` gone fishin ' '' . Occasionally , Barkley or Smith will wear fishing hats when they anticipate a team 's elimination from the playoffs . In addition to players , notable figures from the city of the eliminated team often show up ( e.g. , Condoleezza Rice , who was doctored into a Gone Fishin ' photo after the Washington Wizards were eliminated from the 2005 playoffs ) . The catchphrase has gotten popular enough to warrant its own page on NBA.com and has also become a metaphor for being eliminated from the playoffs . TBS uses similar phrase for when a team gets knocked out of the MLB playoffs , called `` Gone huntin ' '' , as most North American hunting seasons occur in mid-to - late fall . `` My big fat obnoxious boss '' -- Barkley 's nickname for Inside the NBA producer Tim Kiely ; the term is a takeoff on the short - lived FOX television show with the same name . `` BIRDMAN BIRDMAN '' - O'Neal's call for NBA center Chris Andersen . `` Ginobili ! '' - Barkley 's call for San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili . `` Underdog , put that on a T - Shirt ! '' O'Neal's common catchphrase towards Senior Researcher / Producer Joe `` Underdog '' Underhill . Whenever a snide or humorous remark is made by the crew or if a humorous image is shown , this quote is constantly used by O'Neal or stated in a different way at times to fit the context ( ex . `` Underdog , put that on a Valentine 's Day card ! '' if something funny is said during or near Valentine 's Day ) . It has even been made as an actual T - shirt . `` JAVALE MCGEE ! '' - O'Neal's call for Los Angeles Lakers center and frequent Shaqtin ' a Fool nominee JaVale McGee . `` Tragic Bronson ! '' - O'Neal's call for an outrageous ball - handing or passing mistake on Shaqtin ' a Fool , probably an oblique reference to Kevin McHale 's ' Tragic Johnson ' name for Magic Johnson 's end - of - game mistake in Game 2 of the 1984 NBA Finals . Recurring segments ( edit ) Shaqtin ' a Fool -- A blooper segment started by O'Neal when he joined the show in 2012 that has become popular since . Frequent nominees include JaVale McGee , Kendrick Perkins , Nick Young , Otto Porter and Brandon Knight although even All - Stars like LeBron James , Blake Griffin , James Harden and Russell Westbrook have been featured . Area 21 -- A segment hosted by Kevin Garnett , who joined the show following his retirement before the 2016 - 17 season . Noted for being more informal and by the presence of a `` cuss button '' for when Garnett or a guest wants to swear , which has sometimes gone unused . EJ 's Neat - O Stat of the Night -- The traditional ending segment , sometimes noted for its lack of continued sponsorship ( if there is no sponsor , the phrases `` Presented by ... no one , '' and `` Unsullied by sponsorship ! '' are used ) . However , Johnson has used sponsorships like : Dave & Buster 's , Taco Bell , and JBL as sponsors for some shows , but , during the 2018 NBA Awards , Neat - O Stat of the Night was presented by EA Sports to commemorate the release of NBA Live 19 . It can sometimes feature interesting or humorous stats , but it can also eschew the stats in favor of a humorous segment . Some examples include ... The presentation of a Justice League comic made specially by DC Comics for NBA All - Star Weekend 2014 featuring Superman , Green Lantern , Flash and Steel ( who O'Neal once played in a movie ) and guest - starring O'Neal , Barkley , Smith and Johnson . A segment featuring Kobe Bryant where Smith tried to duplicate Bryant putting on Nikes and jumping over a speeding car . Who He Play For ? , A start - of - season customary game where Barkley is challenged to name the new teams of a number of NBA journeymen . A segment reminiscent of a scene in Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy where Johnson pulled a Teleprompter prank on Barkley . A free - throw shooting contest between O'Neal and Kristen Ledlow , who had recently been named co-host of the revived Inside Stuff . Tracy McGrady pitching to Johnson , including O'Neal leading the crew in baseball chants and songs , following McGrady pitching one game for the Sugar Land Skeeters . The official announcement of Inside being inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame . Audio Toons , old conversations and past events , animated by Cartoon Network Players Only -- Introduced in 2017 , this is the name given to the Monday edition , reserved for players - turned - analysts such as Webber , O'Neal , Garnett , Isiah Thomas , Chris Bosh and Baron Davis . Outside the NBA -- Is a Facebook only TV show that debuted on October 20 , 2017 where the cast talks about all subjects outside of the NBA . Charles Barkley ( edit ) Barkley and Kobe Bryant ( edit ) Barkley came under fire by some in 2006 , due to his criticism of Los Angeles Laker Kobe Bryant . After Game 6 of the Lakers ' first round series against the Phoenix Suns ( when Bryant scored 50 points and the Lakers lost in overtime ) , Barkley criticized him for scoring too much and not getting his teammates involved . After Game 7 of the same series ( when Bryant did not score and hardly attempted any shots in the second half ) , Barkley ripped him for being unselfish . Some columnists thought that Barkley was being hypocritical . Bryant and Barkley exchanged several text messages about the issue , and during the second round of the playoffs , Bryant appeared on TNT 's studio show . Bryant and Barkley had a mild debate about the issue , and some observers thought that Barkley was too easy on Bryant , considering his previous comments about him . Race with Dick Bavetta ( edit ) While filling in for an injured Steve Kerr on a Los Angeles Lakers - Sacramento Kings broadcast , Charles Barkley made disparaging comments about the age of referee Dick Bavetta . The conversation between Barkley and play - by - play man Marv Albert eventually led him to comment that he could outrun Bavetta , and any other man of his age ( Bavetta was 67 at the time ) . This led Johnson and Smith to note that Bavetta , a physically fit referee whose job required him to run up and down the court on a nightly basis , would likely beat Barkley in a race . Bavetta challenged Barkley to a footrace , which was then scheduled for the upcoming All - Star Weekend . The race was heavily hyped on the Internet , receiving some mainstream attention as well . Several NBA players weighed in with predictions , and the overwhelming majority picked Bavetta to win the race . Despite being the underdog , Barkley won the race by a comfortable margin . Both men ended up falling after the race ; Bavetta dove for the finish line , and Barkley stumbled backwards and fell upon victory . With the race decided , the two exchanged a friendly hug and kiss . The race raised $50,000 for charity , and All - Star Saturday Night on TNT drew its highest number of television households in its twenty - two - year history . Oakland `` controversy '' ( edit ) During the 2007 NBA Playoffs , following the Golden State Warriors ' upset of the Dallas Mavericks , Barkley made some degrading comments about Oakland , California , saying things such as `` it makes me mad , mad that they 're in Golden State and not LA '' and `` it 's not a city '' . In response , the scoreboard at the Oracle Arena began showing a graphic of the Warriors ' mascot throwing a pie at Barkley . Oakland native and NBA legend Gary Payton , in his trademark competitive , trash - talking style , went around Oakland with a video camera to rebuke some of Barkley 's comments and get some of the locals ' opinions on Barkley and his comments , with Payton providing some of his own comments about `` Sir Charles '' and providing quips such as `` It ai n't no thrift store , it 's Oakland '' . The humorous segment , which also included embarrassing vintage coverage of Barkley being dunked on in a game against Golden State , aired during Inside the NBA 's playoff coverage of the series between the Warriors and the Utah Jazz . The clip culminated with a shot of Payton standing in front of the San Francisco Bay saying `` How do you feel about my city now , Chuck ? ... Now , come see me , in person , here . I 've got a surprise for you , too , a lot of Krispy Kreme donuts . '' The humorous controversy was subsequently put to rest . Outside the NBA ( edit ) Outside the NBA is a Facebook Watch only TV show that debuted on October 20 , 2017 where the cast talks about all subjects outside of the NBA . Personalities ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Ernie Johnson Jr. -- host Kenny Smith -- analyst Charles Barkley -- analyst Shaquille O'Neal -- analyst and Shaqtin ' a Fool Presenter Kevin Garnett -- analyst and Area 21 Presenter Chris Webber -- analyst and Players Only Presenter Grant Hill -- fill - in analyst Dennis Scott -- fill - in analyst Steve Smith - fill - in anaylst Isiah Thomas - fill - in analyst Rasheed Wallace -- fill - in analyst Chris Bosh - fill - in analyst Baron Davis -- Players Only analyst David Aldridge -- contributor John Thompson -- contributor Matt Winer -- fill - in studio host Lisa Leslie - fill - in analyst ( 2015 - 16 ) Casey Stern - fill - in host Former ( edit ) Marc Fein -- fill - in studio host Magic Johnson -- analyst Jim Huber -- contributor Bob Lorenz -- fill in host Tracy McGrady - fill - in analyst Kevin McHale -- analyst Gary Payton -- analyst Steve Kerr - analyst Reggie Theus -- analyst Peter Vecsey -- analyst Cheryl Miller -- interviewer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : NBA - Barkley pays up , but Smith avoids being butt of joke '' . static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery : : Hall of Shame : : siunchained '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ EJ 's Neat - o Stat of the Night 5 / 11 / 2016 - Special Surprise NBA on TNT on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Gone Fishin ' with Kenny Smith in 2006 '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS MLB Studio crew has Gone Huntin ' ! '' . Turner Sports account on Vimeo.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Barkley still does this . Ginobili ! r / NBASpurs '' . reddit . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ NBA All Ball Blog - Inside The NBA Meets the Justice League NBA / DC Comics Jump up ^ EJ 's Neat - O Stat of the Night - Kenny Does a Kobe YouTube ( produced by TNT ) Jump up ^ team , Break . `` www.holytaco.com - Funny , Girls , Babes , Jokes , Videos , Photos , Celebrities , Humor and other keywords people type into Google '' . www.holytaco.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ EJ 's Neat - O Stat of the Night 11 / 8 / 2013 - Shaq vs. Kristen Ledlow YouTube ( originally broadcast by TNT ) Jump up ^ EJ 's Neat - O Stat of the Night 1 / 18 / 2016 - T - Mac Pitches to EJ YouTube ( originally broadcast by TNT ) ^ Jump up to : `` Outside the NBA '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Old School Friday - SLAMonline '' . 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARKLEY MISSES POINT ON KOBE '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - ABC / ESPN 's World Cup coverage plans revealed '' . www.usatoday.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARKLEY IS THE COWARD ... NOT KOBE '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Media Watch : Barkley in the booth '' . sportsmediawatch.blogspot.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueHoop '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chauncey weighs in on Barkley - Bavetta race '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bet on Bavetta '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's Coverage of the 2007 NBA All - Star Game Delivers More than 6.8 Million Viewers '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Payton Wearing Fabricali on YouTube NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . 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who were the three main groups fighting in the haitian revolution			Haitian Revolution	haitian revolution	Haitian victory	French colonial government expelled Massacre of the French Territorial changes Independent Empire of Haiti established Belligerents 1791 -- 1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spain ( from 1793 ) 1791 -- 1793 Slave owners Kingdom of France ( until 1792 ) French Republic 1793 -- 1798 French royalists Great Britain Spain ( until 1796 ) 1793 -- 1798 French Republic Ex-slaves 1798 -- 1801 Louverture Loyalists 1798 -- 1801 Rigaud Loyalists Spain 1802 -- 1804 Ex-slaves United Kingdom 1802 -- 1804 French Republic Spain Commanders and leaders 1791 -- 1793 Dutty Boukman † Georges Biassou Vincent Ogé André Rigaud 1793 -- 1798 Paul - Louis Dubuc Thomas Maitland Joaquín Moreno 1798 -- 1801 Toussaint Louverture 1802 -- 1804 Toussaint Louverture Jean - Jacques Dessalines Henri Christophe Alexandre Pétion François Capois John Duckworth John Loring 1791 -- 1793 Viscount de Blanchelande Léger - Félicité Sonthonax 1793 -- 1798 Toussaint Louverture André Rigaud Alexandre Pétion 1798 -- 1801 André Rigaud 1802 -- 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau Villaret de Joyeuse Federico Gravina Strength Regular army : 55,000 , Volunteers : 100,000 + 31,000 Regular army : 60,000 , 86 warships and frigates Casualties and losses Haitians : 200,000 dead British : 45,000 dead France : 75,000 dead White colonists : 25,000 Haitian Revolution Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières French Revolutionary Wars Timeline 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Haitian Revolution Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières War of the First Coalition Porrentruy Marquain Verdun Thionville Valmy Lille Mainz Jemappes 1st Limburg Anderlecht ( fr ) Namur ( fr ) Maastricht 1st Aldenhoven Neerwinden Condé 2nd Mainz Raismes Famars Bellegarde Sardinia 1st Saorgio 1st Arlon Valenciennes Perpignan Caesar 's Camp Lincelles Landau Dunkirk Le Quesnoy Hondshoote Avesnes - le - Sec Menin Méribel Pirmasens Epierre Peyrestortes Toulon Truillas Maubeuge 1st Wissembourg Fort - Louis Wattignies Haguenau 1st Kaiserslautern 1st Collioure Froeschwiller 2nd Wissembourg Fort - Dauphin Martinique Corsica Le Cateau Guadeloupe 2nd Arlon 1st Landrecies Villers - en - Cauchies 2nd Saorgio Beaumont Mouscron Boulou 2nd Collioure Courtrai Grandreng Tourcoing 3rd Arlon Tournay 2nd Kaiserslautern Erquelinnes Ushant Gosselies Aldudes ( fr ) Ypres Lambusart Fleurus Vosges Baztan San - Lorenzo Sprimont 3rd Kaiserslautern 1st Dego 2nd Aldenhoven Orbaizeta Luxembourg Black Mountain Roses Helder Gulf of Roses Fréjus Genoa Groix Quiberon Hyères Ceylon Handschuhsheim Höchst 3rd Mainz Pfeddersheim Mannheim Loano Voltri Montenotte Millesimo 2nd Dego Ceva Mondovì Cherasco Fombio Lodi Borghetto Altenkirchen Wetzlar Kircheib 1st Kehl Mantua Ettlingen Lonato Castiglione Peschiera ( fr ) Neresheim Friedberg , Hessen ( fr ) Amberg Friedberg , Bavaria Newfoundland Würzburg Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Limburg 2nd Kehl Biberach Emmendingen Schliengen Hüningen 3rd Kehl 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Expédition d'Irlande Rivoli Faenza Fishguard Valvasone Tyrol ( fr ) Tarvis Neuwied Diersheim Veronese Easter Camperdown War in the Vendée War of the Pyrenees Flanders Campaign Italian Campaign Rhine Campaign of 1796 Anglo - Spanish War United Irishmen Rebellion Ballymore - Eustace Naas Rathangan Prosperous Kilcullen Carnew Dunlavin Carlow Harrow Tara Hill Oulart Hill Enniscorthy Gibbet Rath Newtownmountkennedy Three Rocks Bunclody Tubberneering New Ross / Scullabogue Antrim Arklow Saintfield Ballynahinch Ovidstown Foulksmills Vinegar Hill Ballyellis Castlebar Collooney Ballinamuck Killala Tory Island War of the Second Coalition Nicopolis Corfu Ostrach Feldkirch 1st Stockach Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana Winterthur 1st Zurich Modena Trebbia Mantua Novi Callantsoog Vlieter Incident Krabbendam Mannheim Bergen 2nd Zurich Alkmaar Castricum Genola Wiesloch Genoa Hohentwiel 2nd Stockach Messkirch Biberach Fort Bard Montebello Marengo Höchstädt Neuburg Ampfing Hohenlinden Mincio Copenhagen Algeciras ( 1st 2nd ) Porto Ferrajo Mediterranean Campaign Egyptian Campaign Swiss Campaign Dutch Campaign Italian Campaign Quasi-War USS Delaware vs La Croyable USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente Action of 1 January 1800 USS Constellation vs La Vengeance Jacmel Puerto Plata Harbor USS Boston vs Berceau USS Enterprise vs Flambeau Curaçao Italian Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars 1st Saorgio Epierre 2nd Saorgio 1st Dego Loano Voltri Montenotte Millesimo 2nd Dego Ceva Mondovì Fombio Lodi Borghetto Lonato Castiglione Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Rivoli 1st Mantua Faenza Valvasone Tarvis Veronese Easter Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana Modena Trebbia 2nd Mantua Novi Genola Genoa Montebello Marengo Pozzolo Mediterranean campaign of 1793 -- 1796 Sardinia Toulon Burning of the French fleet Genoa Raid 22 October 1793 Corsica San Fiorenzo Bastia Calvi Martin 's cruise Mykonos Berwick Genoa 24 June 1795 Hyères Islands Richery 's expedition Levant Convoy Ganteaume 's expedition 13 October 1796 19 December 1796 East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars Pondicherry Sunda Strait 5 May 1794 Île Ronde Ceylon Cape Colony Saldanha Bay Sumatra Bali Strait Manila Macau 9 February 1799 28 February 1799 Port Louis Mahé Naval Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars Sardinia Toulon 1st Genoa Guernsey May 1794 Ushant Alexander Croisière du Grand Hiver Gulf of Roses 2nd Genoa April 1795 Cornwallis 's Retreat Groix Hyères Levant Convoy Saldanha Bay Newfoundland expedition Expédition d'Irlande Droits de l'Homme 2nd St Vincent Camperdown Raz de Sein Îles Saint - Marcouf Nile Tory Island Croisière de Bruix Dunkirk Malta Copenhagen Algeciras 1st 2nd Boulogne Mahé Royalist Revolts of the French Revolutionary Wars Vendée Chouannerie Toulon Lyon Quiberon 13 Vendémiaire Peasants ' War ( 1798 ) Part of a series on the History of Haiti Chronology Early history Spanish rule French rule Haitian Revolution Imperial era Haitian Civil Wars ( 1805 -- 20 ) Haitian - Dominican Wars ( 1844 -- 56 ) Republican era Haitian Civil War ( 1869 -- 70 ) Haitian Civil War ( 1883 -- 84 ) Duvalier era Post-Duvalier era Post-quake era Topics Slavery U.S. occupation 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Timeline Military history Haiti portal Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Haitian Revolution ( French : Révolution haïtienne ( ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n ) ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self - liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint - Domingue , now the sovereign nation of Haiti . It began at 10PM on August 22 , 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony 's independence . It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery , and ruled by non-whites and former captives . It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World . Its effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas . The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms they won , and , with the collaboration of mulattoes , their independence from rule by white Europeans . It represents the largest slave uprising since Spartacus 's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier . It challenged long - held beliefs about black inferiority and about enslaved persons ' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom . The rebels ' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure became the source of stories that shocked and frightened slave owners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiographical debates 2 Impact 3 Background 4 Situation in 1789 4.1 Social stratification 4.2 Regional conflicts 5 Impact of the French Revolution 6 Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution 6.1 Reason for revolution 6.2 Brutality 6.3 Lasting change 7 Influence of Enlightenment thought 8 1791 slave rebellion 9 Leadership of Louverture 10 Resistance to slavery 11 Free republic 12 1804 massacre of the French 13 Impact 14 The Revolution and the media 15 In popular culture 16 Literature about the Haitian Revolution 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Historiographical debates While acknowledging the cross-influences , most contemporary historians distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution . Some even separate it from the mulattoes ' earlier armed conflicts , which at first sought political rights for themselves , but not the abolition of slavery . These scholars show that if the agency of the enslaved blacks becomes the focus of studies , the Revolution 's opening and closing dates are certain . From this premise , the narrative began with the enslaved blacks ' bid for freedom through armed struggle and concluded with their victory over slaving powers and the creation of an independent state . In April 1791 , a massive black insurgency turned violently against the plantation system , setting a precedent of resistance to racial slavery . In cooperation with their former mulatto rivals , blacks ended the Revolution in November 1803 when they decidedly defeated the French army at the Battle of Vertières . Although it is known as a single event under the name of `` Haitian Revolution , '' alternative views suggest that the entire affair was an assorted number of coincidental conflicts that ended with a fragile truce between mulattoes and blacks . The chief concern flutters around the question of whether the victorious Haitians were `` intrinsically ( a ) revolutionary force '' . One thing is certain : Haiti became an independent country on January 1 , 1804 , when the council of generals chose Jean - Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor - general . One of the state 's first significant documents was Dessaliness ' `` Liberty or Death '' speech , which circulated broadly in the foreign press . In it , the new head of state made the case for the new nation 's coherent objective : the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti . Impact An independent government was created in Haiti , but the country 's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule . Since many planters had provided for the mixed - race children they had by African women , by giving them education and ( for males ) training and entrée into the French military , the mulatto descendants who along with the wealthy freedmen had been orchestrators of the revolution became the elite of Haitian society after the war 's end . Many of them had used their social capital to acquire wealth , and some already owned land . Some had identified more with the French colonists than the slaves . Mulatto domination of politics and economics after the revolution created another two - caste society , as most Haitians were rural subsistence farmers . In addition , the nascent state 's future was compromised in 1825 when France forced it to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholders -- as a condition of French recognition and to end the nation 's political and economic isolation . Though the amount of the reparations was reduced in 1838 , Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947 , and the payments left the country 's government deeply impoverished , causing instability . Background Much of Caribbean economic development was contingent to Europeans ' demand for sugar , which plantation owners traded for European and North American manufactured goods . Saint Domingue also had extensive coffee , cocoa , and indigo plantations , but these were smaller and less profitable than the wealthy sugar plantations . Starting in the 1730s , French engineers constructed complex irrigation systems to increase sugarcane production . By the 1740s Saint - Domingue , together with Jamaica , had become the main supplier of the world 's sugar . Sugar production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Africans in the harsh Saint - Domingue colonial plantation economy . Saint - Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the entire world , indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century , with an average of 600 ships engaged every year in shipping products from Saint - Domingue to Bordeaux and the value of Saint - Domingue 's goods almost equal in value to all of the products shipped from the British 13 colonies to Great Britain . The livelihood of 1 million out of the 25 million or so people who lived in the Kingdom of France in 1789 depended directly upon the imports of coffee , indigo and sugar from St. Domingue , and several million indirectly depended upon trade from France 's richest colony to maintain their standard of living . Slavery sustained sugar production amid the unhealthy climate of the Caribbean with malaria and yellow fever running rampant . In 1787 alone , the French imported about 20,000 slaves from Africa into Saint - Domingue while the British imported about 38,000 slaves total to all of their Caribbean colonies . The death rate from yellow fever was such that at least 50 % of the slaves from Africa died within a year of arriving , so the masters preferred to work their slaves as hard as possible while providing with them with the barest minimum of food and shelter , calculating that it was better to get the most work out of their slaves with lowest possible expense possible , since they were probably going to die of yellow fever anyway . The death rate was so high that polyandry - one woman being married to several men at the same time - came to be a common form of marriage among the slaves . As slaves had no legal rights , rape by the masters was a common occurrence on the plantations . The white planters who derived their wealth from the sale of slave - produced sugar knew they were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten ; they lived in fear of slave rebellion . Even by the standards of the Caribbean , the French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of their slaves . White masters extensively used the threat of physical violence to maintain control and limit this possibility for slave rebellion . When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters , they were subject to whipping , or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning , the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves . Louis XIV , the French King , passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of the enslaved person in general in the colony , but masters openly and consistently broke the code , and local legislation reversed parts of it throughout the 18th century . In 1758 , the white landowners began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined . Most historians classify the people of the era into three groups . One was the white colonists , or blancs . This group is generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers . A second was the free blacks ( usually mixed - race , known as mulattoes or gens de couleur libres , free people of color ) . These gens de couleur tended to be educated and literate and they often served in the army or as administrators on plantations . Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers , while others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works . They often received education or artisan training , and sometimes inherited freedom or property from their fathers . Some gens de couleur even operated their own plantations and were themselves slave owners . The third group , outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one , was made up of mostly African - born slaves . A high rate of mortality among them meant that planters continually had to import new slaves . This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island . Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa , and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture , religion , and language . This also separated new slaves from Africa from creoles ( slaves born in the colony ) , who already had kin networks and often had more prestigious roles on plantations and more opportunities for emancipation . Most slaves spoke a patois of the French language known as Creole , which was also used by native mulattoes and whites for communication with the workers . The majority of the slaves were Yoruba from what is now modern Nigeria , Fon from what is now Benin and from the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now modern northern Angola and the western Congo . The Kongolese at 40 % were the largest of the African ethnic groups represented amongst the slaves . The slaves developed their own religion , a synesthetic mixture of Roman Catholicism and West African religions known as Vodou , usually called voodoo in English , which provided the slaves with their own belief system that implicitly rejected their status as slaves . White colonists and black slaves frequently came into violent conflict . Saint - Domingue was a society seething with hatred . The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote : `` Whites , mulattos and blacks loathed each other . The poor whites could n't stand the rich whites , the rich whites despised the poor whites , the middle class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites , the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites , mulattoes envied the whites , despised the blacks and were despised by the whites ; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves , Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages . Everyone - quite rightly - lived in terror of everyone else ... Haiti was hell , but Haiti was rich '' . Many of these conflicts involved slaves who had escaped the plantations . Many runaway slaves -- called Maroons -- hid on the margins of large plantations , living off the land and what they could steal from their former masters . Others fled to towns , to blend in with urban slaves and freed slaves who often concentrated in those areas . If caught , these runaway slaves would be severely and violently punished . However , some masters tolerated petit marronages , or short - term absences from plantations . Often , however , larger groups of runaway slaves lived in the woods away from control . They often conducted violent raids on the island 's sugar and coffee plantations . Although the numbers in these bands grew large ( sometimes into the thousands ) , they generally lacked the leadership and strategy to accomplish large - scale objectives . The first effective maroon leader to emerge was the charismatic François Mackandal , who succeeded in unifying the black resistance . A Haitian Vodou priest , Mackandal inspired his people by drawing on African traditions and religions . He united the maroon bands and also established a network of secret organizations among plantation slaves , leading a rebellion from 1751 through 1757 . Although Mackandal was captured by the French and burned at the stake in 1758 , large armed maroon bands persisted in raids and harassment after his death . Situation in 1789 Social stratification In 1789 Saint - Domingue produced 60 % of the world 's coffee and 40 % of the world 's sugar imported by France and Britain . The colony was the most profitable possession of the French Empire . Saint - Domingue was also the wealthiest and most prosperous colony , for the plantation owners at least , of all the colonies in the Caribbean . In 1789 , whites numbered 40,000 ; mulattoes and free blacks , 28,000 ; and black slaves , an estimated 452,000 . The lowest class of society was enslaved blacks , who outnumbered whites and free people of color by a margin of over six to one . The slave population on the island totaled almost half of the one million slaves in the Caribbean by 1789 . Two thirds were African - born , and they tended to be less submissive than those born in the Americas . The death rate in the Caribbean exceeded the birth rate , so imports of enslaved Africans were necessary to maintain the numbers required to work the plantations . The slave population declined at an annual rate of two to five percent , due to overwork , inadequate food and shelter , insufficient clothing and medical care , and an imbalance between the sexes , with more men than women . Some slaves were of a creole elite class of urban slaves and domestics , who worked as cooks , personal servants and artisans around the plantation house . This relatively privileged class was chiefly born in the Americas , while the under - class born in Africa labored hard , and more often than not , under abusive and brutal conditions . Among Saint - Domingue 's 40,000 white colonials in 1789 , European - born Frenchmen monopolized administrative posts . The sugar planters , the grands blancs , were chiefly minor aristocrats . Most returned to France as soon as possible , hoping to avoid the dreaded yellow fever , which regularly swept the colony . The lower - class whites , petits blancs , included artisans , shopkeepers , slave dealers , overseers , and day laborers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , the gens de couleur , numbered more than 28,000 by 1789 . Around that time , colonial legislations , concerned with this growing and strengthening population , passed discriminatory laws that visibly differentiated these freedmen by dictating their clothing and where they could live . These laws also barred them from occupying many public offices . Many of these freedmen were also artisans and overseers , or domestic servants in the plantation houses . Le Cap Français , a northern port , had a large population of freed slaves , and these men would later become important leaders in the 1791 slave rebellion and later revolution . Regional conflicts In addition to class and racial tension between whites , free people of color , and enslaved blacks , the country was polarized by regional rivalries between Nord , Sud , and Ouest regions . The North was the center of shipping and trading , and therefore had the largest French elite population . The Plaine - du - Nord on the northern shore of Saint - Domingue was the most fertile area with the largest sugar plantations . It was the area of most economic importance , especially as most of the colony 's trade went through these ports . The largest and busiest port was Le Cap - Français ( present - day Le Cap - Haïtien ) , the capital of French Saint - Domingue until 1751 , when Port - au - Prince was made the capital . In this northern region , enslaved Africans lived in large groups of workers in relative isolation , separated from the rest of the colony by the high mountain range known as the Massif du Nord . These slaves would join with urban slaves from Le Cap to lead the 1791 rebellion , which began in this region . This area was the seat of power of the grands blancs , the rich white colonists who wanted greater autonomy for the colony , especially economically . The Western Province , however , grew significantly after the capital was moved to Port - au - Prince in 1751 , and the region became increasingly wealthy in the second half of the 18th century when irrigation projects allowed significant sugar plantation growth . The Southern Province lagged in population and wealth because it was geographically separated from the rest of the colony . However , this isolation allowed freed slaves to find profit in trade with British Jamaica , and they gained power and wealth here . In addition to these interregional tensions , there were conflicts between proponents of independence , those loyal to France , allies of Spain , and allies of Great Britain -- who coveted control of the valuable colony . Impact of the French Revolution Further information : French Revolution In France , the National Assembly made radical changes in French laws , and on 26 August 1789 , published the Declaration of the Rights of Man , declaring all men free and equal . The French Revolution shaped the course of the conflict in Saint - Domingue and was at first widely welcomed in the island . Wealthy whites saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France , which would allow elite plantation - owners to take control of the island and create trade regulations that would further their own wealth and power . There were so many twists and turns in the leadership in France , and there were so many complex events in Saint - Domingue , that various classes and parties changed their alignments many times . However , the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the ideology of the French Revolution , as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their revolution . The African population on the island began to hear of the agitation for independence by the rich European planters , the grands blancs , who had resented France 's limitations on the island 's foreign trade . The Africans mostly allied with the royalists and the British , as they understood that if Saint - Domingue 's independence were to be led by white slave masters , it would probably mean even harsher treatment and increased injustice for the African population . The plantation owners would be free to operate slavery as they pleased without the existing minimal accountability to their French peers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , most notably Julien Raimond , had been actively appealing to France for full civil equality with whites since the 1780s . Raimond used the French Revolution to make this the major colonial issue before the National Assembly of France . In October 1790 , Vincent Ogé , another wealthy free man of color from the colony , returned home from Paris , where he had been working with Raimond . Convinced that a law passed by the French Constituent Assembly gave full civil rights to wealthy men of color , Ogé demanded the right to vote . When the colonial governor refused , Ogé led a brief insurgency in the area around Cap Français . He and an army of around three hundred free blacks fought to end racial discrimination in the area . He was captured in early 1791 , and brutally executed by being `` broken on the wheel '' before being beheaded . Ogé was not fighting against slavery , but his treatment was cited by later slave rebels as one of the factors in their decision to rise up in August 1791 and resist treaties with the colonists . The conflict up to this point was between factions of whites , and between whites and free blacks . Enslaved blacks watched from the sidelines . Leading 18th - century French writer Count Mirabeau had once said the Saint - Domingue whites `` slept at the foot of Vesuvius '' , an indication of the grave threat they faced should the majority of slaves launch a sustained major uprising . Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Reason for Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a revolution ignited from below , by the underrepresented majority of the population . A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans that were treated unequally by society and the law . Brutality Despite the idealist , rational and utopian thinking surrounding both uprisings , extreme brutality was a fundamental aspect of both uprisings . Besides initial cruelty that created the precarious conditions that bred the revolution , there was violence from both sides throughout the revolution . The period of violence during the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror . Those killed via guillotine , `` breaking at the wheel '' , or some other horrific death machines were perceived as adversaries to the revolution and death toll estimates range from 18,000 to 40,000 . Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million . In the Caribbean , total casualties totaled approximately 162,000 . Violence in Haiti was largely characterized by military excursions , riots , the killing of slave owners , and guerrilla warfare . Lasting change The Revolution in Haiti did not wait on the Revolution in France . The individuals in Haiti relied on no other resolution but their own . The call for modification of society was influenced by the revolution in France , but once the hope for change found a place in the hearts of the Haitian people , there was no stopping the radical reformation that was occurring . The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution , which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion . Just as the French were successful in transforming their society , so were the Haitians . On April 4 , 1792 , The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in Haiti and the revolution culminated in 1804 ; Haiti was an independent nation solely of freed peoples . The activities of the revolutions sparked change across the world . France 's transformation was most influential in Europe , and Haiti 's influence spanned across every location that continued to practice slavery . John E. Baur honors Haiti as home of the most influential Revolution in history . Influence of Enlightenment thought French writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in his history of European colonization . He warns , `` the Africans only want a chief , sufficiently courageous , to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter . '' Raynal 's Enlightenment philosophy went deeper than a prediction and reflected many French Enlightenment philosophies including those of Rousseau and Diderot , even though it was written thirteen years before the `` Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . '' The declaration , in contrast , highlighted freedom and liberty but still allowed slaves to be characterized as property . In addition to Raynal 's influence , Toussaint Louverture was a key Enlightened actor in the Haitian Revolution . Enlightened thought divided the world into `` enlightened leaders '' and `` ignorant masses '' ; Louverture attempted to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few . Louverture was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European imperialism . He attempted to strike a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation , and not propagating the notion that it was morally superior to the experiences and knowledge of people of color on Saint Domingue . As an extension of himself and his Enlightened education , Louverture wrote a Constitution for a new society in Saint - Domingue that abolished slavery . The existence of slavery in Enlightened society was an incongruity that had been left unaddressed by European scholars . Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution . In addition , Louverture exhibited a connection to Enlightenment scholars through the style , language and accent of this text . Like Louverture , Jean - Baptiste Belley was also an active participant in the colony 's insurrection . The portrait of Belley by Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies . The portrait creates a stark dichotomy between the refinement of French Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint Domingue , through the bust of Raynald and the figure of Belley , respectively . While distinguished , the portrait still portrays a man trapped by the confines of race . Girodet 's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject 's sexuality and including an earring . Both of these racially charged symbols reveal the desire to undermine the colony 's attempts at independent legitimacy , as citizens of the colonies were not able to access the elite class of French Revolutionaries because of their race . 1791 slave rebellion North American slave revolts 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious ) c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious ) 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious ) 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed ) 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed ) 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious ) 1800 Gabriel Prosser ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed ) 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed ) 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed ) 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious ) 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious ) 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed ) 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed ) This box : view talk edit Further information : Slavery in Haiti Enlightened writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in the 1780 edition of his history of European colonization . He also predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies , saying that there were signs of `` the impending storm '' . One such sign was the action of the French revolutionary government to grant citizenship to wealthy free people of color in May 1791 . Since white plantation owners refused to comply with this decision , within two months isolated fighting broke out between the former slaves and the whites . This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs . Raynal 's prediction came true on the night of 21 August 1791 , when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt when thousands of slaves attended a secret vodou ( voodoo ) ceremony as a tropical storm came in - the lighting and the thunder was taken as auspicious omens - and later that night , the slaves began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war . The signal to begin the revolt was given by Dutty Boukman , a high priest of vodou and leader of the Maroon slaves , during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the night of 14 August . Within the next ten days , slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt . Whites kept control of only a few isolated , fortified camps . The slaves sought revenge on their masters through `` pillage , rape , torture , mutilation , and death '' . The long years of oppression by the slave masters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites , and the revolt was marked by extreme violence right from the very start as the masters were dragged from their beds to be killed and the heads of French children were placed on spikes that were carried at the front of the rebel columns . Since the plantation owners had long feared such a revolt , they were well armed and prepared to defend themselves . Nonetheless , within weeks , the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached some 100,000 . Within the next two months , as the violence escalated , the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations . At least 900 coffee plantations were destroyed and the total damage inflicted over the next two weeks amounted to 2 million francs . In September 1791 , the surviving whites organized themselves and struck back , killing about 15,000 blacks in an orgy of revenge . Through demanding freedom from slavery , the rebels did not demand independence from France at this point , and most of the rebel leaders professed to be fighting for the king of France , who it was alleged had issued a degree that had been suppressed by the governor freeing all the slaves , and as such they were demanding their rights as Frenchmen which been granted by the king . A slave rebellion of 1791 By 1792 , slave rebels controlled a third of the island . The success of the slave rebellion caused the newly elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation . To protect France 's economic interests , the Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792 . Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision , but the Assembly was determined to stop the revolt . Apart from granting rights to the free people of color , the Assembly dispatched 6,000 French soldiers to the island . The new governor sent by Paris , Léger - Félicité Sonthonax was a supporter of the French Revolution who abolished slavery in the Northern Province of Saint Domingue and had hostile relations with the planters , whom he saw as royalists . Meanwhile , in 1793 , France declared war on Great Britain . The white planters in Saint Domingue , unhappy with Sonthonax made agreements with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony , believing that the British would maintain slavery . The British Prime Minister , William Pitt the Younger believed that the success of the slave revolt in Saint Domigue would inspire slave revolts in the British Caribbean colonies and that taking Saint Domingue , the richest of the French colonies would be a most useful bargaining chip to have when the peace negotiations began to end the war , and in the interim , occupying Saint Domingue would mean bringing all of its great wealth into the British treasury . The American journalist James Perry noted that the great irony of the British campaign in Haiti was instead of being the great money - spinner as expected , the campaign ended in a complete debacle that cost the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead , all for nothing . Spain , who controlled the rest of the island of Hispaniola , would also join the conflict and fight with Great Britain against France . The Spanish forces invaded Saint Domingue and were joined by the slave forces . For most of the conflict , the British and Spanish supplied the rebels with food , ammunition , arms , medicine , naval support , and military advisors . By August 1793 , there were only 3,500 French soldiers on the island . On 20 September 1793 , about 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie to be greeted with shouts of `` Vivent les Anglais ! from the French population . On 22 September 1793 , Mole St. Nicolas , the main French naval base in Saint Domingue surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully . Everywhere , the British went , they restored slavery , which made them especially hated by the Haitians . To prevent military disaster , and secure the colony for republican France as opposed to Britain , Spain , and French royalists , separately or in combination , the French commissioners Léger - Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel freed the slaves in St. Domingue . The decision was confirmed and extended by the National Convention , the first elected Assembly of the First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) , on the 4th of February 1794 , under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre . It abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies . The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery . The constitution of 1793 was never applied , but that of 1795 was implemented and lasted until replaced by the consular and imperial constitutions under Napoleon Bonaparte . Despite racial tensions in Saint Domingue , the French revolutionary government at the time welcomed abolition with a show of idealism and optimism . The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries , much as the American Revolution was meant to serve as the first of many liberation movements . Danton , one of the Frenchmen present at the meeting of the National Convention , expressed this sentiment : `` representatives of the French people , until now our decrees of liberty have been selfish , and only for ourselves . But today we proclaim it to the universe , and generations to come will glory in this decree ; we are proclaiming universal liberty ... We are working for future generations ; let us launch liberty into the colonies ; the English are dead , today . '' In nationalistic terms , the abolition of slavery also served as a moral triumph of France over England as seen in the latter half of the above quote . Yet the abolition of slavery did not allow for independence and did not persuade Toussaint Louverture until some time later to stop working with the Spanish army . The British force that landed in St. Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the place , being only capable of holding only few coastal enclaves , much to the disappointment of the French planters , who had been expecting more and to the relief of Sonthonax , who twice refused ultimatums from Commodore John Ford to surrender Port - au - Prince . In the meantime , a Spanish force under Captain - General Joaquin Garcia y Moreno had marched into the Northern Province . Toussaint Louverture , the ablest of the Haitian generals had joined the Spanish , accepting an officer 's commission in the Spanish Army and being made a knight in the Order of St. Isabella . The main British force for the conquest of St. Domingue under General Charles Grey aka `` No - flint Grey '' and Admiral Sir John Jervis set sail from Portsmouth on 26 November 1793 , which was in defiance of the well known rule that the only time that one could campaign in the West Indies was from September to November , when the mosquitoes that carried malaria and yellow fever were scarce . After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794 , Grey chose to conquer Martinique , St. Lucia and Guadeloupe and troops from his force under the command of John Whyte only arrived in St. Domingue on 19 May 1794 . Whyte decided rather attacking the main French bases at Le Cap and Port - de-Paix to march towards Port - au - Prince , whose harbour was reported to have 45 ships loaded with sugar as the allure of rich booty proved more enticing . Whyte took Port - au - Prince , but Sonthonax and the French forces were allowed to leave in exchange for not burning the 45 ships loaded with sugar . By May 1794 , the French forces were severed in two by Toussaint with Sonthonax commanding in the north and André Rigaud leading in the south . At this point , Toussaint for reasons that remain obscure , suddenly joined the French and turned against the Spanish , ambushing his allies as they emerged from attending mass in a church at San Rapheal on 6 May 1794 . The Haitians soon expelled the Spanish from St. Domingue . Toussaint , despite being a former slave , proved to be forgiving of the whites , insisting that he merely fighting to assert the rights of the slaves as black French people to be free , did not want independence from France , and urged the surviving whites , including the former slave masters to stay and work with him in rebuilding St. Domingue . Rigaud had checked the British in the south , taking the town of Léogâne by storm and driving the British back to Port - au - Prince . During the course of 1794 , most of the British forces were killed by yellow fever , the dreaded `` black vomit '' as the British called it , as within two months of arriving in St. Domingue the British had lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever . Ultimately , of Grey 's 7,000 men , about 5,000 were to die of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing `` ... forty - six masters and eleven hundred men dead , chiefly of yellow fever '' . The British historian Sir John Fortescue wrote `` It is probably beneath the mark to say that twelve thousand Englishmen were buried in the West Indies in 1794 '' . Rigaud failed in attempt to retake Port - au - Prince , but on Christmas Day 1794 , in a surprise attack he stormed and retook Tiburon . The British lost about 300 dead and the French took no prisoners , executing any British soldier and sailor who surrendered . At this point , Pitt decided to reinforce failure by launching what he called `` the great push '' to conquer St. Domingue and the rest of the French West Indies , sending out the largest expedition Britain had yet mounted in it history , a force of about 30,000 men to be carried in 200 ships . Fortescue wrote that aim of London in the first expedition had been to destroy `` the power of France in these pestilent islands ... only to discover when it was too late , that they practically destroyed the British army '' . By this point , it was well known that service in the West Indies was virtually a death sentence and in Dublin and Cork , soldiers from the 104th , 111th , 105th , and 112th regiments rioted when they learned that they were being sent to St. Domingue . The fleet for the `` great push '' left Portsmouth on 16 November 1795 and was wrecked by a storm , before sending out again on 9 December . General Ralph Abercromby , the commander of the forces committed to the `` great push '' in the West Indies hesitated over which island to attack when he arrived in Barbados on 17 March 1796 before he dispatched a force under Major General Gordon Forbes to Port - au - Prince . Forbes 's attempt to take the French - held city of Leogane ended in disaster as the French had built a deep ditch with palisades while Forbes had neglected to bring along heavy artillery . The French commander , the mulatto General Alexandre Pétion proved to be an excellent artilleryman , who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships - of - line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour , before turning his guns to the British forces ; a French sortie led to a British rout and Forbes retreating back to Port - au - Prince . In the meantime , as more and more ships bringing troops committed to the `` great push '' arrived , more and more soldiers died of yellow fever . By 1 June 1796 , of the 1,000 from the Sixty - sixth regiment , only 198 had not been infected with yellow fever and of the 1,000 men of the Sixth - ninth regiment , only 515 were not infected with yellow fever . Abercromby predicated that at the current rate of yellow fever infection , all of the men from the two regiments would be dead by November . Ultimately , 10,000 British soldiers had arrived in Saint Domingue by June , but besides for some skirmishing near Bombarde , the British remained put in Port - au - Prince and other coastal enclaves while yellow fever continued to kill them all off . The government attracted much criticism about the mounting costs of the expedition to St. Domingue in the House of Commons , and in February 1797 , General John Graves Simcoe arrived to replace Forbes with orders to pull back the British forces to Port - au - Prince . As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted , more and more people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from St. Domingue , which was devouring money and soldiers while failing to produce the expected profits . On 11 April 1797 , Colonel Thomas Maitland of the Sixty - second Foot regiment landed in Port - au - Prince , and wrote in a letter to his brother that British forces in St. Domingue had been `` annihilated '' by the yellow fever . Service in St. Domingue was extremely unpopular in the British Army owing to terrible death toll caused by yellow fever with one British officer writing of his horror of seeing his friends `` drowned in their own blood '' while `` some died raving Mad '' . Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint , but in a counter-offensive , Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive with Toussaint retaking the fortress at Mirebalais . On 7 June 1797 , Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was noted for its professionalism as it for its ferocity . Under a storm of artillery , the Haitians placed ladders on the walls and were driven back after four times with heavy losses . Even through Toussaint had been defeated , the British were astonished that Toussaint had turned a group of former slaves with no military experience into troops whose skills were the equal of a European army . In July 1797 , Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from St. Domingue , a thesis that was so persuasive by this point that in March 1798 Maitland returned with a mandate to withdraw , at least from Port - au - Prince . On 10 May 1798 , Maitland met with Toussaint to agree to an armistice , and on 18 May the British had left Port - au - Prince . British morale had collapsed with the news that Toussaint had taken Port - au - Prince , and Maitland decided to abandon all of St. Domingue , writing that the expedition had become such a complete disaster that withdrawal was the only sensible thing to do , even through he did not have the authority to do so . On 31 August , Maitland and Toussaint signed an agreement where in exchange for pulling out all of St. Domingue , Toussaint promised to not support any slave revolts in Jamaica . Between 1793 -- 98 , the expedition to St. Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or crippled from the effects of yellow fever . After the departure of the British , Toussaint turned his attention to Rigaud . In March 1797 , the Directory had unleashed French privateers against American shipping , leading to the Quasi-War between France and the United States with the U.S Navy hunting down the French ships that were taking American merchantmen . Through the United States was hostile towards Toussaint , the U.S. Navy agreed to support the Haitians with the frigate USS General Greene command by Captain Christopher Perry providing fire support to the Haitians as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel , held by French forces under the command of Rigaud . On 11 March 1800 , Toussaint took Jacmel and Rigaud fled on the French schooner La Diana . Through Toussaint maintained he was still loyal to France , to all intents and purposes , he ruled Saint Domingue as its dictator . It has recently been estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops . According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics , `` Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died , as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers . '' Yellow fever did most of the killing . Geggus points out that at least 3 out of every 5 British troops sent there in 1791 -- 97 died of disease . There has been considerable debate over whether the number of deaths caused by disease was exaggerated . Leadership of Louverture General Toussaint Louverture . One of the most successful black commanders was Toussaint Louverture , a self - educated former domestic slave . Like Jean François and Biassou , he initially fought for the Spanish crown in this period . After the British had invaded Saint - Domingue , Louverture decided to fight for the French if they would agree to free all the slaves . Sonthonax had proclaimed an end to slavery on 29 August 1792 . Louverture worked with a French general , Étienne Laveaux , to ensure that all slaves would be freed . Louverture abandoned the Spanish army in the east and brought his forces over to the French side on 6 May 1794 after the Spanish refused to take steps to end slavery . Under the military leadership of Toussaint , the forces made up mostly of former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelling the Spanish forces . In the end , Toussaint essentially restored control of Saint - Domingue to France . Louverture was very intelligent , organized and articulate . Having made himself master of the island , however , Toussaint did not wish to surrender too much power to France . He began to rule the country as an effectively autonomous entity . Louverture overcame a succession of local rivals , including : the Commissioner Sonthonax , a French white man who gained support from many Haitians , angering Louverture ; André Rigaud , a free man of color who fought to keep control of the South in the War of Knives ; and Comte d'Hédouville . Hédouville forced a fatal wedge between Rigaud and Louverture before he escaped to France . Toussaint defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798 . In addition , he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo ( December 1800 ) , and freed the slaves there on January 3 , 1801 . In 1801 , Louverture issued a constitution for Saint - Domingue that decreed he would be governor - for - life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state . In response , Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island , led by Bonaparte 's brother - in - law Charles Leclerc , to restore French rule . They were under secret instructions to restore slavery , at least in the formerly Spanish - held part of the island . Bonaparte ordered that Toussaint was to be treated with respect until the French forces were established ; once that was done , Toussaint was to summoned to Le Cap and be arrested ; if he failed to show , Leclerc was to wage `` a war to the death '' with no mercy and all of Toussaint 's followers to be shot when captured . Once that was completed , slavery would be ultimately restored . The numerous French soldiers were accompanied by mulatto troops led by Alexandre Pétion and André Rigaud , mulatto leaders who had been defeated by Toussaint three years earlier . The French arrived at on 2 February 1802 at Le Cap with the Haitian commander Henri Christophe being ordered by Leclerc to turn over the city to the French . When Christophe refused , the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it . Leclerc sent Toussaint letters promising him : `` Have no worries about your personal fortune . It will be safeguarded for you , since it has been only too well earned by your own efforts . Do not worry about the liberty of your fellow citizens '' . When Toussaint still failed to appear at Le Cap , Leclerc issued a proclamation on 17 February 1802 : `` General Toussaint and General Christophe are outlawed ; all citizens are ordered to hunt them down , and treat them as rebels against the French Republic '' . Captain Marcus Rainsford , a British Army officer who visited St. Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army , writing : `` At a whistle , a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards , and then , separating , threw themselves flat on the ground , changing to their backs and sides , and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalled ... This movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country '' . In a letter to Jean - Jacques Dessalines , Toussaint outlined his plans for defeating the French : `` Do not forget , while waiting for the rainy reason which will rid us of our foes , that we have no other resource than destruction and fire . Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweet must not furnish our enemies with the smallest sustenance . Tear up the roads with shot ; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations , burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve '' . Dessalines never received the letter as he already taken to the field , evaded a French column sent to capture him and stormed Léogane . The Haitians burned down Leogane and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C.L.R. James writing of Dessalines 's actions at Leogane : `` Men , women and children , indeed all the whites who came into his hands , he massacred . And forbidding burial , he left stacks of corpses rotting in the sun to strike terror into the French detachments as they toiled behind his flying columns '' . The French , who been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains . A visibly shocked General Pamphile de Lacroix after seeing the ruins of Leogane wrote : `` They heaped up bodies '' which `` still had their attitudes ; they were bent over , their hands outstretched and beseeching ; the ice of death had not effaced the look on their faces '' . Leclerc ordered four French columns to march on Gonaives , which was the main Haitian base . One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau , a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free and it was Rochambueau who Toussaint tried to stop at Ravin - a-Couleuvre , a very narrow gully up in the mountains that the Haitians had filled with chopped down trees . In the ensuring Battle of Ravine - à - Couleuvres , after six hours of fierce hand - to - hand fighting with no quarter given on either side , the French finally broke through , albeit with heavy losses . During the battle , Toussaint personally took part in the fighting to lead his men in charges against the French . After losing 800 men , Toussaint ordered a retreat . The Haitians next tried to stop the French at a British built fort up in the mountains called Crête - à - Pierrot , a battle that is remembered as a national epic in Haiti . While Toussaint took to the field , he left Dessalines in command of Crête - à - Pierrot , who from his fastness could see three French columns converging on the fort . Dessalines appeared before his men standing atop of a barrel of gunpowder , holding a lit torch , saying : `` We are going to be attacked , and if the French put their feet in here , I shall blow everything up '' , leading his men to reply `` We shall die for liberty ! '' . The first of the French columns to appear before the fort was commanded by General Jean Boudet , whose men were harassed by skirmishers until they reached a deep ditch the Haitians had dug . As the French tried to cross the ditch , Dessalines ordered his men who were hiding to come out and open fire , hitting the French with a tremendous volley of artillery and musket fire , inflicting heavy losses on the attackers . General Boudet himself was wounded and as the French dead and wounded start to pile up in the ditch , the French retreated . The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua , who joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc . All of the French assaults ended in total failure , and after the failure of their last attack , the Haitians charged the French , cutting down any Frenchmen . General Dugua was killed , Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead . The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau , who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery , through his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed . Over the following days , the French kept on bombarding and assaulting the fort , only to be repulsed every time while the Haitians defiantly sang songs of the French Revolution , celebrating the right of all men to be equal and free . The Haitian psychological warfare was successful with many French soldiers asking why they were fighting to enslave the Haitians , who were only asserting the rights promised by the Revolution to make all men free . Despite Bonaparte 's attempt to keep his intention to restore slavery a secret , it was widely believed by both sides that was why the French had returned to Haiti , as a sugar plantation could only be profitable with slave labour . Finally after twenty days of siege with food and ammunition running out , Dessalines ordered his men to abandon the fort on the night of 24 March 1802 and the Haitians slipped out of the fort to fight another day . Even Rochambeau , who hated all blacks was forced to admit in a report : `` Their retreat - this miraculous retreat from our trap - was an incredible feat of arms '' . The French had won , but they had lost 2,000 dead against an opponent whom they held in contempt on racial grounds , believing all blacks to be stupid and cowardly , and furthermore , that it was shortages of food and ammunition that forced the Haitians to retreat , not because of any feats of arms by the French army . After the Battle of Crête - à - Pierrot , the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerilla tactics , making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous . With March , the rainy season came to St. Domingue , and as stagnant water collected , the mosquitoes began to breed , leading to yet another outbreak of yellow fever . By the end of March , 5,000 French soldiers had died of yellow fever and another 5,000 were hospitalized with yellow fever , leading to a worried Leclerc to write in his diary : `` The rainy season has arrived . My troops are exhausted with fatigue and sickness '' . On 25 April 1802 , the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected with much of the Haitian Army over to the French . Louverture was promised his freedom if he agreed to integrate his remaining troops into the French army . Louverture agreed to this on 6 May 1802 . Just why Toussaint was motivated to just give up has been the subject of much debate with most probable explanation being after he was just tired after 11 years of war . Under the terms of surrender , Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in St. Domingue , that blacks could be officers in the French Army , allowed the Haitian Army to be integrated into the French Army , and gave Toussaint a plantation at Ennery . Toussaint was later deceived , seized by the French and shipped to France . He died months later in prison at Fort - de-Joux in the Jura region . Shortly afterwards , the ferocious Dessalines rode into Le Cap to submit to France and was rewarded by being made the governor of Saint - Marc , a place that Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty . However , the surrender of Christophe , Toussaint and Dessalines did not mean the end of Haitian resistance . Throughout the countryside , guerrilla warfare continued and the French staged mass executions via firing squads , hanging and drowning Haitians in bags . Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution , which he called `` fumigational - sulphurous baths '' of killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them . Resistance to slavery This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle at `` Snake Gully '' in 1802 For a few months , the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule . But when it became apparent that the French intended to re-establish slavery ( because they had nearly done so on Guadeloupe ) , black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802 . Yellow fever had decimated the French as by the middle of July 1802 , the French lost about 10,000 dead to yellow fever . By September , Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others . Many of the `` French '' soldiers were actually Polish as 5,000 Poles were serving in two demi - brigades in the French Army . Many Poles believed that if they fought for France , Bonaparte would reward them by restoring Polish independence , which had been ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . Of the 5,000 Poles , about 4,000 were to die of yellow fever . A French planter wrote of the Polish soldiers : `` Ten days after the landing of these two beautiful regiments , more than half their number were carried off by yellow fever ; they fell down as they walked , the blood rushing out through their nostrils , mouths , eyes ... what a horrible and heart - rending sight ! '' . Sometimes , the Poles died in battle . At a battle at Port Sault , the Polish Third Battalion fought about 200 Haitians who ambushed them with musket fire and by pushing boulders down on them . One historian noted that `` the Poles , rather than spreading out , each man for himself , slowly advanced in a tightly packed mass which afford an ideal target for the well - protected insurgent rifleman '' . Most of the Poles were cut down by the Haitians , which led Rochambeau to remark that one could always count on the Poles to die without flinching in battle . Some of the Poles came to believe that they were fighting on the wrong side , as they had joined the French Army to fight for freedom , not impose slavery , and they defected to join the Haitians . Dessalines and Pétion remained allied with France until they switched sides again , in October 1802 , and fought against the French . As Leclerc laid dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels , he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap be killed by drowning them in the harbour . In November , Leclerc died of yellow fever , like much of his army . His successor , the Vicomte de Rochambeau , fought an even more brutal campaign . Rochambeau waged a near - genocidal campaign against the Haitians , simply killing everybody who was black . Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica , who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes . At the Bay of Le Cap , Rochambeau had blacks drowned so that no - one would eat fish from the bay for months afterward as no one wished to eat the fish that had eaten human flesh . Bonaparte , hearing that most of his army in St. Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French only held Port - au - Prince , Le Cap and Les Cayes sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau . Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty . At Le Cap , when Rochambeau hanged 500 blacks , Dessalines replied by killing 500 whites and sticking their heads on spikes all around Le Cap , so that the French could see what he was planning on doing to them . Rochambeau 's atrocities helped rally many former French loyalists to the rebel cause . Many on both sides had come to see the war as a race war where no mercy was to be given , and the Haitians were just as brutal as the French , as they burned French prisoners alive , cut them up with axes , or tied to a board and sawed them into two . Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803 , Napoleon began to lose interest in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere . He was more concerned about France 's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia . With that , he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia , Britain , and Spain on a weakened France . With Napoleon 's inability to send the requested massive reinforcements after the outbreak of war on 18 May 1803 with the British -- the Royal Navy immediately despatched a squadron under Sir John Duckworth from Jamaica to cruise in the region , seeking to eliminate communication between the French outposts and to capture or destroy the French warships based in the colony . The Blockade of Saint - Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France , but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians . Trapped , engaged in a vicious race war , and with much of his army dying of yellow fever , Rochambeau fell to pieces , losing interest in commanding his army and as James wrote he `` amused himself with sexual pleasures , military balls , banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune '' . The Royal Navy squadrons soon blockaded the French - held ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas on the Northern coast of the French colony . In the summer of 1803 , when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate , Saint - Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . In the north of the country , the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas and a few smaller settlements , all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Français . On 28 June , the squadron encountered a French convoy from Les Cayes off Môle - Saint - Nicolas , capturing one ship although the other escaped . Two days later an independently sailing French frigate was chased down and captured in the same waters . On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Français , which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France . The British , led by Commodore John Loring gave chase , but one French ship of the line and a frigate escaped . Another ship of the line was trapped against the coast and captured after coming under fire from Haitian shore batteries . The remainder of the squadron was forced to fight two more actions on their return to Europe , but did eventually reach the Spanish port of Corunna . On 8 October 1803 , the French abandoned Port - au - Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap . Dessalines marched into Port - au - Prince , where was welcomed as a hero by the 100 whites who had chosen to stay behind . Dessalines thanked them all for their kindness and belief in racial equality , but then he said that the French had treated him as less than human when he was a slave , and so to avenge his mistreatment , he promptly had the 100 whites all hanged . On 3 November , the frigate HMS Blanche captured a supply schooner near Cap Français , the last hope in supplying the French forces . On 16 November 1803 , Dessalines began attacking the French blockhouses outside of Le Cap The last battle on land of the Haitian Revolution , the Battle of Vertières , occurred on 18 November 1803 , near Cap - Haïtien fought between Dessalines ' army and the remaining French colonial army under the Vicomte de Rochambeau ; the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers won the battle . By this point , Perry observed that both sides were `` a little mad '' as the pressures of the war and yellow fever had taken their toil , and both the French and the Haitians fought with a reckless courage , seeing death in battle as preferable to a slow death by yellow fever or being tortured to death by the enemy . Rochambeau seeing defeat inevitable procrastinated until the last possible moment , but eventually was forced to surrender to the British commander -- by the end of the month the garrison was starving , having reached the conclusion at a council of war that surrender was the only way to escape from this `` place of death '' . Commodore Loring however refused the French permission to sail and agreed terms with Dessalines that permitted them to safely evacuate provided they had left the port by 1 December . On the night of 30 November 1803 , 8,000 French soldiers and hundreds of white civilians boarded the British ships to take them away . One of Rochambeau 's ships was almost wrecked while leaving the harbour , but was saved by a British lieutenant acting alone , who not only rescued the 900 people on board , but also refloated the ship . At Môle - Saint - Nicolas , General Louis de Noailles refused to surrender and instead sailed to Havana , Cuba in a fleet of small vessels on 3 December , but was intercepted and mortally wounded by a Royal Navy frigate . Soon after with the few remaining French - held towns in Saint - Domingue surrendered soon afterwards to the Royal Navy to prevent massacres by the Haitian army . Meanwhile , Dessalines led the rebellion until its completion , when the French forces were finally defeated by the end of 1803 . On 1 January 1804 , from the city of Gonaïves , Dessalines officially declared the former colony 's independence , renaming it `` Haiti '' after the indigenous Arawak name . Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806 , several changes began taking place in Haiti . The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire , but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony . As the French retreated , Haiti , which had once been called the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , the richest French colony in the world was impoverished as its economy was in ruins after the revolution , and the country descended into anarchy as black and mulattoes now fought each other for control ; Haiti never recovered economically from the war . The Haitians had paid a high price for their freedom , losing about 200,000 dead between 1791 -- 1803 , and unlike the majority of the European dead , who were killed by yellow fever , the majority of the Haitian dead were the victims of violence . Battle of Vertières in 1803 Free Republic On 1 January 1804 , Dessalines , the new leader under the dictatorial 1805 constitution , declared Haiti a free republic in the name of the Haitian people , which was followed by the massacre of the remaining whites . Dessalines ' secretary Boisrond - Tonnerre stated , `` For our declaration of independence , we should have the skin of a white man for parchment , his skull for an inkwell , his blood for ink , and a bayonet for a pen ! '' Haiti was the first independent nation in Latin America , the first post-colonial independent black - led nation in the world , and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion . The country was crippled by years of war , its agriculture devastated , its formal commerce nonexistent . The country , therefore , had to be rebuilt . To realise this goal Dessalines adopted the economic organisation of serfdom . He proclaimed that every citizen would belong to one of two categories , laborer or soldier . Furthermore , he proclaimed the mastery of the state over the individual and consequently ordered that all laborers would be bound to a plantation . To avoid the appearance of slavery , however , Dessalines abolished the ultimate symbol of slavery , the whip . Likewise , the working day was shortened by a third . Dessalines ' chief motivator nonetheless was production and to this aim he granted much freedom to the plantations ' overseers . Barred from using the whip , many instead turned to lianes , which were thick vines abundant throughout the island , to persuade the laborers to keep working . Dessalines effectively sent the Haitian people back into slavery . Nevertheless , he succeeded in rebuilding much of the countryside and in raising production levels . Fearing a return of French forces , Dessalines first expanded and maintained a significant military force . During his reign , nearly 10 % of able - bodied men were in active service . Furthermore , Dessalines ordered the construction of massive fortifications throughout the island , like the Citadelle Laferrière . Many commentators believe that this overmilitarization contributed to many of Haiti 's future problems . In fact , because young fit men were the most likely to be drafted into the army , the plantations were thus deprived of the workforce needed to function properly . Under the presidency of Jean - Pierre Boyer , Haiti made reparations to French slaveholders in 1825 in the amount of 150 million francs , reduced in 1838 to 60 million francs . This payment was due in exchange for French recognition of its independence . By an order of 17 April 1825 , the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty over Santo Domingo , and recognized the independence of Haiti . Boyer believed that the constant threat of a French invasion was stymieing the Haitian economy and thus felt the need to settle the matter once and for all . The negotiations for the indemnity were rather one sided however as French warships were anchored off the coast . The resulting indemnity bankrupted the Haitian treasury . Haiti was therefore forced to take out a loan from French banks , who provided the funds for the large first installment , severely affecting Haiti 's ability to prosper . Haitian forces , led by Boyer , invaded neighboring Dominican Republic in February 1822 -- beginning a 22 - year occupation . The end of the Haitian Revolution in 1804 marked the end of colonialism on the island . However , the social conflict cultivated under slavery continued to affect the population for years to come . The revolution left in place the affranchi élite , who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power . France continued the slavery system in French Guiana , Martinique , and Guadeloupe . 1804 massacre of the French Main article : 1804 Haiti massacre An 1806 engraving of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . It depicts the general , sword raised in one arm , while the other holds a severed head of a white woman . The 1804 massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of French colonists and loyalists , both enemies and traitors of the revolution by the black population of Haiti on the order of Jean - Jacques Dessalines , who declared the French as barbarians , demanding their expulsion and vengeance for their crimes . The massacre -- which took place in the entire territory of Haiti -- was carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804 . During February and March , Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out . Despite his orders , the massacres were often not carried out until he personally visited the cities . The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited . Before his arrival , there were only a few killings , despite his orders . When Dessalines arrived , he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former French authorities , such as Rochambeau and Leclerc , after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area 's French population be carried out . Reportedly , he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings , especially men of mixed race , so that blame would not rest solely on the black population . Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities . In parallel to the killings , plundering and rape also occurred . Women and children were generally killed last . White women were `` often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death '' . By the end of April 1804 , some 3,000 to 5,000 persons had been killed practically eradicating the country 's white population . Dessalines had specifically stated that France is `` the real enemy of the new nation . '' This allowed certain categories of whites to be excluded from massacre who had to pledge their rejection to France : the Polish soldiers who deserted from the French army ; the group of German colonists of Nord - Ouest who were inhabitants before the revolution ; French widows who were allowed to keep their property ; select male Frenchmen ; and a group of medical doctors and professionals . Reportedly , also people with connections to Haitian notables were spared , as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men . In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black , it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government , as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ( `` non-Haitians ; '' foreigners ) from owning land . Impact Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution . David Geggus asks : `` How much of a difference did it make ? '' A limited amount , he concludes , for slavery flourished in the western hemisphere for many more decades . Other historians say the Haitian Revolution influenced slave rebellions in the U.S. as well as in British colonies . The biggest slave revolt in U.S. history was the 1811 German Coast Uprising in Louisiana . This slave rebellion was put down and the punishment the slaves received was so severe that no contemporary news reports about it exist . The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics , and the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period . The American President Thomas Jefferson -- who was a slaveholder himself -- refused to establish diplomatic relations with Haiti ( the United States did not recognize Haiti until 1862 ) and imposed an economic embargo on trade with Haiti that also lasted until 1862 in an attempt to ensure the economic failure of the new republic as Jefferson wanted Haiti to fail , regarding a successful slave revolt in the West Indies as a dangerous example for American slaves . Saint - Domingue slave revolt in 1791 Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791 , white refugees from Saint - Domingue fled to the United States , particularly to Philadelphia , Baltimore , New York , and Charleston . The immigration intensified after the journée ( crisis ) of June 20 , 1793 , and soon American families began to raise money and open up their homes to help exiles in what became the United States ' first refugee crisis . While some white refugees blamed the French Revolutionary government for sparking the violence in Haiti , many supported the Republican regime and openly expressed their support of the Jacobins There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans , who had just recently lived through their own revolution . American slaveholders , in particular , commiserated with the French planters who had been forcibly removed from their plantations in Saint - Domingue . While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United States -- safe from the violence raging in both France and Haiti -- their presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among the UK , France , and the U.S. Many of the whites and free people of color who left Saint - Domingue for the United States settled in southern Louisiana , adding many new members to its French - speaking , mixed - race , and black populations . The exiles causing the greatest amount of alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners . Some southern planters grew concerned that the presence of these slaves who had witnessed the revolution in Haiti would ignite similar revolts in the United States . However other planters were confident they had the situation under control . In 1807 Haiti was divided into two parts , the Republic of Haiti in the south , and the Kingdom of Haiti in the north . Land could not be privately owned ; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux ( national bonds ) , and no French whites could own land . The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island . Those who refused were slaughtered . The Haitian State owned up to 90 % of the land and the other 10 % was leased in 5 - year intervals . Since the resistance and the murderous disease environment made it impossible for Napoleon to regain control over Haiti , he gave up hope of rebuilding a French New World empire . He decided to sell Louisiana to the U.S. The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences : the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas . There never again was such a large - scale slave rebellion . Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law , constitution , and practice , which had occurred between 1793 and 1801 , and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 1801 -- 1803 -- which lasted until 1848 . The Revolution and the media The revolution of African slaves brought many fears to colonies surrounding Haiti and the Caribbean . Prominent wealthy American slave owners , reading about the revolution , also read speculation about what might come in their own states . However , newspapers like the Colombian Centinel took the extra steps to support the revolution , in the sense that it was based on the foundations of the American Revolution . The French media also played an important role in the Haitian Revolution , with contributions that made many French upstarts quite interested in the young , passionate Toussaint 's writings of freedom . However , all was not simple in the press . A top critic who significantly drove Toussaint into fear of backlash from France was Sonthonax , who was responsible for many outlooks of Haiti in the French newspapers . Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint 's decision of declaring independence from France . In popular culture Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier 's second novel , The Kingdom of This World ( 1949 ) , ( translated into English 1957 ) , explores the Haitian Revolution in depth . It is one of the novels that inaugurated the Latin American renaissance in fiction beginning in the mid-20th century . Madison Smartt Bell has written a trilogy called All Souls ' Rising ( 1995 ) about the life of Toussaint Louverture and the slave uprising . C. Richard Gillespie , former Towson University professor , wrote a novelization of Louverture 's life in the Revolution titled Papa Toussaint ( 1998 ) . Though not referred to by name , Haiti is the backdrop for the 1990 Broadway musical Once on This Island by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty . The musical , based on the novel My Love , My Love by Rosa Guy , describes the social stratification of the island , and contains a song that briefly outlines the history of the Haitian Revolution . In 2004 an exhibition of paintings entitled Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 by artist Kimathi Donkor , was held in London to celebrate the bicentenary of Haiti 's revolution . In 2010 , author Isabel Allende wrote a historical novel entitled Island Beneath the Sea , which documents the Haitian Revolution through the eyes of a slave woman living on the island . William Dietrich set his 2012 novel , The Emerald Storm during the Haitian Revolution . The television mini-series The Feast of All Saints features the Haitian Revolution in its opening scene . The film Top Five refers to a fictional film within the film called `` Uprize '' , ostensibly about this revolution . The role of Bois Caiman , Boukman , and Vodou generally , would become the subject of a controversial , discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution . Jacobin , an American socialist periodical , uses an image of Toussaint Louverture for its logo . Literature about the Haitian Revolution An Unbroken Agony : Haiti , From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President Bug - Jargal The Crime of Napoleon The Black Jacobins See also Cécile Fatiman Charles Rivière - Hérard Dédée Bazile Lamour Desrances Faustin Soulouque Jean - François Papillon Joseph Balthazar Inginac Marie - Claire Heureuse Félicité Marie - Jeanne Lamartiniére Marie - Louise Coidavid Marie - Madeleine Lachenais Pauline Bonaparte Peace of Basel Philippe Guerrier Pompée Valentin Vastey Quasi War Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture Sanité Bélair War of the Knives References * Please note that the URL in a footnote whose link is followed by an asterisk may occasionally require special attention . Jump up ^ Madiou , Thomas ( 1848 ) . Histoire d'Haiti Volume 3 of Histoire d'Haïti ( 1492 ) -. J. Courtois , . p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Scheina . Latin America 's Wars . Potomac Books . p. 1772 . Jump up ^ Adam Hochschild ( 2005 ) . Bury the Chains . Houghton Mifflin . p. 257 . 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Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 72 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 74 . ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 216 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page75 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 75 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 75 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 75 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 76 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 77 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 78 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars , Vol. 1 : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 . Washington , DC : Brassey 's . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Robert C. Smith ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Politics . Infobase Publishing . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3019 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Geggus , `` The British Army and the Slave Revolt , '' History Today ( 1982 ) 32 # 7 pp 35 -- 39 Jump up ^ John S. Marr , and John T. Cathey . `` The 1802 Saint - Domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase . '' Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 19 #. 1 ( 2013 ) : 77 -- 82 . online Archived 4 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Philippe R. Girard ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . University of Alabama Press . pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bryan 1984 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 78 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 78 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 79 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 79 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 80 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 81 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 79 & 81 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 82 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 83 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 84 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 85 . Jump up ^ Philippe R. Girard ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 86 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Haitian Declaration of Independence : Liberty or Death : Indigent Army , by the General in Chief Dessalines , in the name of the Haitian people . Held in the British National Archives : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Philippe Girard , `` Jean - Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System : A Reappraisal , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( July 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Independent Haiti , Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ `` Independent Haiti '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 34 ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 37 Jump up ^ `` La première ambassade française en Haïti '' . Menu Contenu Plan du siteAmbassade de France à Port - au - Prince ( in French ) . Government of France . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ M. Degros , Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires , Revue d'histoire diplomatique , 1986 ; in French Jump up ^ J-F . Brière , Haïti et la France , 1804 - 1848 : le rêve brisé , Paris , Karthala 2008 ; in French ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 70 Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic -- Haiti and Santo Domingo '' . Country Studies . Library of Congress ; Federal Research Division . Jump up ^ Knight , Franklin W. ( 1990 ) . The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505441 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Paul ( 2006 ) . AIDS and Accusation : Haiti and the Geography of Blame . California University Press . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24839 - 7 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` Famous Assassinations in World History : An Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) '' . ABC - CLIO . p. 110 . ISBN 9781610692861 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Steward , Theophilus Gould ( 1914 ) . `` The Haitian Revolution , 1791 to 1804 : Or , Side Lights on the French Revolution '' ( 2nd ed . ) . Crowell . p. 241 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Findlay , George Gillanders ; Holdsworth , William West ( 1921 ) . `` The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society , Volume 2 '' . Epworth Press . p. 258 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Land , Isaac ( 2008 ) . `` Enemies of Humanity : The Nineteenth - Century War on Terrorism '' . Springer . p. 59 . ISBN 9780230612549 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2012 ) . A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution . Chicester , West Sussex : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9820 - 2 . Jump up ^ Girard 2011 , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Dayan 1998 , p. . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Girard2011 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 322 . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ David Patrick Geggus and Norman Fiering , eds ( 2009 ) . The World of the Haitian Revolution . Indiana University Press . p. 397 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Daniel ( 2011 ) . American Uprising : The Untold Story of America 's Largest Slave Revolt . HarperCollins . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Newman , Simon P. `` American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions : Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 303 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Jeremy D. ' You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popkin , page 298 . Jump up ^ Davis , David Brion . `` Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Ashli White , Encountering Revolution : Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic ( 2010 ) p 139 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta ; et al. ( 2011 ) . America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Matthewson , Tim , 1996 Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti , p. 30 Jump up ^ Jenson , The Sonthonax Drama : Toussaint as Political Dramaturge , p. 70 Jump up ^ Melbourne , Kamali ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 '' . BBC Nottingham . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ McAlister , Elizabeth ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan : The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History '' . Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. 41 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 0008429812441310 . ISSN 0008 - 4298 . Jump up ^ Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL . If a page linked from a footnote that cites the Haiti study bears a title different from that cited next to the link , consult A Country Study : Haiti for the revised URL . Library resources about Haitian Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Baur , John . `` International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution . '' The Americas 26 , no . 4 ( 1970 ) . Blackburn , Robin . `` Haiti , Slavery , and the Age of the Democratic Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 63.4 , 633 -- 674 ( 2006 ) Bryan , Patrick E. ( 1984 ) . The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects . Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 98301 - 7 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Censer , Jack Richard , ; Lynn Avery Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution . Penn State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02088 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dubois , Laurent ( 2005 ) . Avengers of the New World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01826 - 6 . Laurent Dubois ; John D. Garrigus ( 2006 ) . Slave Revolution in the Caribbean , 1789 -- 1804 A Brief History with Documents . Bedford / st Martins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41501 - 3 . Fick , Carolyne `` The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom : defining citizenship in the revolutionary era '' . Social History , Vol 32 . No 4 , November 2007 Garrigus , John D. ( 2006 ) . Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint - Domingue . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7140 - 1 . Geggus , David Patrick . The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 416 - 9 Girard , Philippe . `` Black Talleyrand : Toussaint Louverture 's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States , '' William and Mary Quarterly 66 : 1 ( Jan. 2009 ) , 87 -- 124 . Girard , Philippe . `` Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint - Domingue , 1799 -- 1803 , '' French Historical Studies 32 : 4 ( Fall 2009 ) , 587 -- 618 . Girard , Philippe R. ( 2011 ) . The slaves who defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 5 . Girard , Philippe . `` Jean - Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System : A Reappraisal , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( July 2012 ) . Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 1989 ) . The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72467 - 4 . Joseph , Celucien L. Race , Religion , and The Haitian Revolution : Essays on Faith , Freedom , and Decolonization ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2012 ) Joseph , Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price - Mars : Rhetoric , Race , and Religion in Haitian Thought ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2013 ) Ott , Thomas O . The Haitian Revolution , 1789 -- 1804 . University of Tennessee Press , 1973 . Joseph Elisée Peyre - Ferry ( 2006 ) . Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint - Domingue 1802 -- 1803 sous les ordres des capitaines - généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau . Les Editions de Paris - Max Chaleil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84621 - 052 - 2 . Popkin , Jeremy D. , You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) Jeffers , Jen ( 2016 ) `` Freedom At All Cost : Remembering History 's Greatest Slave Rebellion '' . The Raven Report . External links Haitian Revolution . The Louverture Project , a wiki about the history of Haiti Haiti : History of Shaken Country -- Video interview with historian Laurent Dubois Haiti Archives `` Égalité for All : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution '' . Noland Walker . PBS documentary . 2009 France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for `` Independence Debt '' -- video report by Democracy Now ! The Other Revolution : Haiti , 1789 -- 1804 digital exhibition from Brown University 15 Minutes History , UT at Austin Two Revolutions in the Atlantic World : Connections between the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Gilder Lehrman Center , Laurent Dubois . `` Upheavals in France and Saint - Domingue '' Brown University Haiti articles History Chiefdoms Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Colonial governors ( Santo Domingo ) Atlantic slave trade Maroons Treaty of Ryswick Saint - Domingue Colonial governors ( Saint - Domingue ) Slavery Revolution 1804 Massacre Unification of Hispaniola Post-independence Republic U.S. occupation Duvalier dynasty 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Hurricane Matthew Timeline Geography Administrative divisions Arrondissements Cities Deforestation Departments Earthquakes Environment Hispaniola Islands National parks Rivers Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central bank External debt Foreign aid Gourde ( currency ) Poverty Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Religion Social class Water and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Haitian Creole Haitian French Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Television Outline Index Book Portal French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 - 1921 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 - 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 - 1917 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 - 1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Revolution&oldid=821159904 '' Categories : Haitian Revolution History of Haiti Saint - Domingue Latin American wars of independence Military history of the Caribbean French colonization of the Americas French Revolution Anti-imperialism in North America 18th - century revolutions 18th - century rebellions 19th - century rebellions Slave rebellions in North America Wars of independence History of sugar 1790s in the Caribbean 1791 in the Caribbean 1792 in the Caribbean 1793 in the Caribbean 1794 in the Caribbean 1795 in the Caribbean 1796 in the Caribbean 1797 in the Caribbean 1798 in the Caribbean 1799 in the Caribbean 1800s in the Caribbean 1800 in the Caribbean 1801 in the Caribbean 1802 in the Caribbean 1803 in the Caribbean 1804 in the Caribbean 1790s in Haiti 1800s in Haiti 1804 in Haiti Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian%20Revolution	2,635
who did south florida lose to in football			South Florida -- UCF rivalry	south florida - - ucf rivalry	The South Florida -- UCF rivalry , officially known as the War on I -- 4 , is a college rivalry between the University of Central Florida Knights and University of South Florida Bulls . The rivalry is best known for its college football matchup , and originated in a series of football games played from 2005 -- 08 . In 2013 , when UCF joined the American Athletic Conference , the schools began competing annually in all sports , with the yearly football game played on Thanksgiving weekend . In 2016 , the schools officially adopted the `` War on I - 4 '' as an official competition series . Each year , the team with the most wins across all sports receives an I -- 4 road sign trophy ; the winner of the football game also receives a similar trophy .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Series history 2.1 Beginning 2.2 Official War on I - 4 rivalry 3 Point system 4 Football 4.1 History 4.1. 1 Early plans 4.1. 2 First games ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 4.1. 3 Renewed series ( 2013 -- present ) 4.2 Game results 4.3 Game notes 4.3. 1 2005 4.3. 2 2006 4.3. 3 2007 4.3. 4 2008 4.3. 5 2013 4.3. 6 2014 4.3. 7 2015 4.3. 8 2016 4.3. 9 2017 5 Basketball 5.1 Men 's basketball 5.2 Women 's basketball 6 Baseball 7 Softball 8 Soccer 8.1 Men 's Soccer 8.2 Women 's Soccer 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Names ( edit ) Starting when the schools first met on the gridiron in 2005 , some writers dubbed the rivalry the `` War on I -- 4 '' . When the series resumed in 2013 , administrators from both schools named it the `` I -- 4 Corridor Clash '' . Both names refer to Interstate 4 , an interstate highway that runs through both Orlando and Tampa in Central Florida . In 2016 , when the schools announced the official competition , they formally adopted the `` War on I - 4 '' name . The name `` War on I - 4 '' had been used for an arena football rivalry between the Tampa Bay Storm and Orlando Predators between 1992 and 2016 ; those two teams were likewise located in the same metropolitan areas . The name came available when the Predators folded following the spring 2016 season . Series History ( edit ) Beginning ( edit ) Founded in 1956 and 1963 , respectively , the University of South Florida and the University of Central Florida are located 82.6 miles ( 132.9 km ) apart from each other . The schools ' distance , combined with their athletic programs concurrent establishment and rise to NCAA Division I helped create a natural rivalry between the two schools . The first meeting between the Florida Technical University Knights of the Pegasus ( UCF ) and the University of South Florida Golden Brahman was in 1972 in a basketball game in Tampa . The Golden Brahman won this game , 115 -- 96 . Since that time , the schools have played each other in 9 other sports . Official War on I - 4 rivalry ( edit ) War on I - 4 Trophy On September 21 , 2016 , both schools announced the official recognition of the `` War On I - 4 '' rivalry series . The schools compete each school year in 14 sports for bragging rights , with each sports team 's record counting equally toward a final tally for each program . The winner each year will take possession of a large trophy shaped like the iconic I - 4 road sign , which will be displayed on their campus for the following year . The winner of the annual Thanksgiving weekend , football clash will also receive a similarly shaped `` War On I - 4 '' trophy . Point system ( edit ) Beginning on September 21 , 2016 , when the rivalry series was officially established , USF and UCF score their head - to - head competitions in 14 sports programs represented at both universities , with each sport being worth 6 points . Nine programs ( football , men 's and women 's basketball , baseball , softball , soccer , volleyball , men 's tennis and women 's tennis ) compete head - to - head during the regular season . The five programs that do n't compete directly against each other ( cross country , golf , and track and field ) determine their winner based on the best overall conference post-season performance of the teams . The performances of both athletic programs in the annual NCAA Graduation Success Rate will be used as a tiebreaker , if necessary . Points will be awarded per victory in sports with multiple meetings in a given season . UCF clinched the first academic year 's overall title with a women 's golf AAC championship on April 18 , 2017 . On May 20 , 2017 , UCF won the final baseball game 3 -- 2 , making the final point total 51 points to 33 points . Year Winner Score 2016 -- 2017 UCF 51 -- 33 Football ( edit ) War on I -- 4 Sport Football First meeting September 17 , 2005 South Florida 31 , UCF 14 Latest meeting November 24 , 2017 UCF 49 , South Florida 42 Next meeting 2018 Statistics Meetings total 9 All - time series South Florida leads 6 -- 3 Largest victory South Florida , 64 -- 12 ( 2007 ) Longest win streak South Florida , 4 ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Current win streak UCF , 1 ( 2017 -- present ) History ( edit ) Early plans ( edit ) Discussions about scheduling a game between the Knights and Bulls began shortly after South Florida fielded its first NCAA Division I - AA team in 1997 . Supporters suggested such a rivalry could help generate interest and revenue for both burgeoning teams . The prospect became more serious when the Bulls entered Division I-A in 2001 and was very popular among fans , but as it would be a non-conference series , difficulties arose . UCF had overbooked its future schedules and would have to break commitments . Meanwhile , South Florida officials worried that their young program stood to take in less revenue from a home - and - away series against UCF than it would with an additional home game on the schedule . Serious planning for a series did not commence until 2003 . First games ( 2005 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) By 2003 , serious discussions resumed as both schools had joined conferences -- South Florida joined Conference USA ( C - USA ) in 2001 , while UCF joined the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) in 2002 . That year , the schools ' athletics directors met and agreed to schedule games for the 2005 and 2006 seasons . Subsequently , South Florida joined the Big East , an Automatic Qualifying conference , in 2005 , while UCF joined C - USA the same year . The Bulls won both games , which both drew crowds over 45,000 . The series was extended for 2007 and 2008 as part of an agreement with C - USA that the Bulls play a member of the conference annually for five years . South Florida won these games as well , including a 64 -- 12 blowout in 2007 . South Florida declined to schedule further games in the series , indicating it wished to pursue more competitive and high - profile opponents and teams from outside Florida . The two schools discussed scheduling more games over the next several years , including a failed proposal by South Florida to play at the Citrus Bowl in 2011 . Renewed series ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Conference realignment shed new light on the rivalry in 2011 , when UCF was admitted to the Big East Conference ( later realigned as the American Athletic Conference ) . For the first time , both schools were part of the same conference , and the rivalry resumed as a regular conference match beginning with the 2013 season . The games have been scheduled for Thanksgiving weekend . In 2013 , UCF pulled off a late 23 -- 20 win against the Bulls in Orlando to earn its first victory against South Florida . In May 2014 , The American announced that as of the 2015 season , both schools will be a member of the East Division . Game results ( edit ) Since 2005 , the Bulls and Knights have played nine times . South Florida leads the series 6 -- 3 . The game has been played in two cities and three stadiums : Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , and Camping World Stadium and Spectrum Stadium in Orlando , Florida . South Florida leads the series in Tampa ( 3 -- 1 ) and in Orlando ( 3 -- 2 ) . South Florida victories UCF victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score Attendance September 17 , 2005 Tampa , FL South Florida 31 -- 14 45,139 September 16 , 2006 Orlando , FL South Florida 24 -- 17 46,708 October 6 , 2007 Tampa , FL # 5 South Florida 64 -- 12 65,948 September 6 , 2008 Orlando , FL # 17 South Florida 31 -- 24 46,805 5 November 29 , 2013 Orlando , FL # 17 UCF 23 -- 20 45,952 6 November 28 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 16 -- 0 36,963 7 November 26 , 2015 Orlando , FL South Florida 44 -- 3 25,967 8 November 26 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 48 -- 31 36,056 9 November 24 , 2017 Orlando , FL # 13 UCF 49 -- 42 47,129 Series : South Florida leads 6 -- 3 Game notes ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Total Knights 0 0 7 7 14 Bulls 7 14 7 31 Location : Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , FL Game start : 7 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 45,139 Television network : FSN A crowd of 45,139 , second - largest ( until that time ) in South Florida 's relatively brief football history , watched the Bulls build a 21 -- 0 halftime lead on the strength of a relentless running attack that finished with 326 yards . Andre Hall ran for 155 yards and scored two touchdowns Saturday night to help South Florida beat UCF 31 -- 14 . UCF was held to 45 yards rushing and was shut out until Joe Burnett returned a third - quarter punt 60 yards to the South Florida 4 , setting up Steven Moffett 's touchdown run on the next play . Moffett also threw a 9 - yard TD pass to Brandon Marshall late in the fourth quarter . One play after Hall nearly scored on a 17 - yard run , Pat Julmiste added South Florida 's last TD on 1 - yard quarterback sneak late in the third quarter . Kyle Bronson added a fourth - quarter field goal to make it 31 -- 7 . 2006 ( edit ) Total Bulls 7 0 14 24 Knights 0 10 0 7 17 Location : Florida Citrus Bowl , Orlando , FL Game start : 2 : 30 p.m. Game attendance : 46,708 Television network : CBSSN South Florida freshman quarterback Matt Grothe threw for 302 yards and ran for another 73 , eclipsing Marquel Blackwell 's 239 - yard game against New Haven in 1999 . Blackwell also had a 238 - yard game that same year against Liberty . Meanwhile , Grothe now has the top three rushing games by a freshman quarterback in South Florida history , including his 73 yards . He had 82 rushing yards against Florida International and 58 in the season opener against McNeese State . Blackwell had held the record with 57 yards against Southwest Texas State in 1999 . 2007 ( edit ) Total Knights 7 0 12 # 5 Bulls 12 17 14 21 64 Location : Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , FL Game start : 12 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 65,948 Television network : ESPNU The Bulls defeated the cross-state Knights 64 -- 12 in front of a home crowd announced at 65,948 . The Bulls held the Knights to just 145 total yards and Kevin Smith , who came in as the nation 's leading rusher at 172 yards per game , to just 55 yards in one half of play , the only time during the season that a defense held Smith to under 100 yards . South Florida gained 543 total yards -- over three times as much as UCF -- while holding the ball three fewer minutes than the Knights . UCF scored their only offensive points -- a Kyle Israel rush for a touchdown , and a field goal -- in the first half . UCF and South Florida would also exchange safeties . 2008 ( edit ) OT Total # 17 Bulls 10 0 14 0 7 31 Knights 7 0 14 0 24 Location : Bright House Networks Stadium , Orlando , FL Game start : 7 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 46,805 Television network : ESPN2 In what was the final meeting of the War on I - 4 for many years , the visiting Bulls downed the Knights 31 -- 24 in a closely contested overtime battle . With UCF trailing 24 -- 10 late in the 4th quarter , quarterback Michael Greco threw two touchdown passes in less than a minute , including passes of 13 yards to Corey Rabazinski and 31 yards to Rocky Ross , to tie the game at 24 with 1 : 40 remaining in regulation . South Florida won the game when they stopped UCF on a 4th and short in overtime . 2013 ( edit ) Total Bulls 7 7 20 # 17 Knights 10 7 23 Location : Bright House Networks Stadium , Orlando , FL Game start : 8 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 45,952 Television network : ESPN UCF debuted their black helmets for the first and only time for this matchup ( worn with gold jerseys and black pants ) . Despite turning the ball over five times , the Knights found a way to earn their first victory in the I - 4 Corridor Clash against South Florida . Running back Storm Johnson fumbled the ball on UCF 's first two drives , including a drop at the Bulls 10 yard line . Trailing with under five minutes left in regulation , QB Blake Bortles found WR Breshad Perriman for a 52 - yard go - ahead touchdown reception . With 1 : 20 left in the fourth quarter and charging down the field , South Florida quarterback Mike White was intercepted by CB Jordan Ozerities , and he returned the ball 52 yards to the Bulls 37 yard line . The Knights ran out the clock for the victory . 2014 ( edit ) Total Knights 0 14 0 16 Bulls 0 0 0 0 0 Location : Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , FL Game start : 12 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 36,963 Television network : ESPN2 After a scoreless first quarter , Justin Holman led the Knights on a 17 - play , 80 yard scoring drive to open the second quarter . The Knights held the Bulls offense to a three - and - out on the next series , which was followed by an 8 - play , 73 yard scoring drive by UCF capped off by a 21 - yard run from Rannell Hall . UCF held South Florida to 200 yards of total offense , 5 yards rushing , and forced three turnovers on downs . The Bulls missed a field goal and were not able to convert on three UCF turnovers . 2015 ( edit ) Total Bulls 7 17 14 6 44 Knights 0 0 0 Location : Bright House Networks Stadium , Orlando , FL Game start : 7 : 30 p.m. Game attendance : 25,967 Television network : ESPN After scoring a field goal on their first drive , the Knights were shut out by the Bulls defense . The Bulls held UCF to 203 yards of total offense and caught two interceptions . Scoring 44 unanswered points and gaining 455 offensive yards , South Florida handed UCF their twelfth loss of the season , guaranteeing their second winless campaign since 2004 . For the first time since 1995 , UCF wore black jerseys and black pants . USF , on the other hand , completed one of the biggest single - season turnarounds in college football history to finish 8 -- 4 after a 1 -- 3 start . 2016 ( edit ) Total Knights 7 7 10 7 31 Bulls 14 10 7 17 48 Location : Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , FL Game start : 12 : 00 p.m. Game attendance : 36,056 Television network : CBSSN This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) The 2016 game was the first official War on I - 4 football game and both teams entered the game having already secured bowl eligibility ( UCF was 6 -- 5 and USF was 9 -- 2 ) , for the first time since the 2007 meeting . Following the game , USF was ranked in both the AP and Coaches poll . 2017 ( edit ) Total # 22 Bulls 7 13 14 8 42 # 13 Knights 21 0 7 21 49 Location : Spectrum Stadium , Orlando , FL Game start : 3 : 30 p.m. Game attendance : 47,129 TV announcers ( ABC ) : Adam Amin , Dusty Dvoracek , and Molly McGrath The 13th - ranked Knights welcomed the 22nd - ranked Bulls ( 9 -- 1 ) to Spectrum Stadium with the winner of the game claiming the American Athletic Conference East Division title and a spot in the 2017 American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game . The game was the first ranked match - up in the rivalry . The game quickly turned into an offensive shootout , with a total of 1,186 yards of offense from both teams , including a school record 605 yards from USF quarterback Quinton Flowers . The game came down to the wire , with UCF taking a eight point lead ( following an earlier missed PAT from USF ) with 2 : 21 left in the game . USF then tied the game with an 83 yard touchdown and a two point conversion with 1 : 41 left . On the ensuing kickoff , UCF 's Mike Hughes returned the kickoff for a 95 yard touchdown , giving the Knights a 49 - 42 lead , with 1 : 28 left . The Bulls attempted to strike back , but Bulls tight end Mitchell Wilcox fumbled on the UCF 45 yard line , following a 10 yard catch , and UCF linebacker Chequan Burkett recovered to seal the game . The game was called one of the best of the season . Basketball ( edit ) Men 's basketball ( edit ) The two schools began competing against one another in men 's basketball during the 1971 -- 1972 season and have met thirty - three times to date . The Bulls currently hold a 22 -- 14 edge over the Knights , however two Knights ' victories were vacated due to NCAA sanctions . The 2013 -- 2014 season marked the first time the schools would compete in the same conference , with UCF holding a 7 -- 2 series lead in American Athletic Conference play . USF holds the longest win streak in the series having won nine consecutive games against their rivals , while the Knights have one the last sixin the series . South Florida victories UCF victories No . Date Location Winner Score February 22 , 1972 Tampa , FL South Florida 115 -- 96 December 11 , 1972 Orlando , FL South Florida 100 -- 88 December 3 , 1973 Tampa , FL South Florida 96 -- 76 November 30 , 1974 Orlando , FL FTU 75 -- 74 5 February 17 , 1975 Tampa , FL South Florida 120 -- 87 6 November 29 , 1975 Orlando , FL South Florida 94 -- 76 7 November 29 , 1976 Tampa , FL FTU 66 -- 57 8 January 26 , 1978 Orlando , FL FTU 79 -- 57 9 February 6 , 1986 Tampa , FL South Florida 81 -- 65 10 December 17 , 1987 Tampa , FL South Florida 86 -- 71 11 December 12 , 1992 Tampa , FL South Florida 92 -- 81 12 January 26 , 1993 Orlando , FL South Florida 77 -- 72 13 February 7 , 1994 Orlando , FL UCF 89 -- 85 14 December 10 , 1994 Tampa , FL South Florida 89 -- 64 15 December 11 , 1995 Orlando , FL South Florida 92 -- 82 16 December 14 , 1996 Tampa , FL South Florida 66 -- 47 17 December 30 , 1997 Tampa , FL ( N ) South Florida 73 -- 72 18 December 17 , 1998 St. Petersburg , FL ( N ) South Florida 69 -- 55 19 December 3 , 1999 Orlando , FL South Florida 79 -- 55 20 December 15 , 2000 Tampa , FL South Florida 85 -- 55 21 January 29 , 2002 Orlando , FL South Florida 84 -- 79 22 December 1 , 2007 Tampa , FL South Florida 75 -- 67 23 December 6 , 2008 Orlando , FL UCF 71 -- 63 24 December 16 , 2009 Tampa , FL South Florida 69 -- 65 25 November 18 , 2010 Orlando , FL UCF 65 -- 59 26 November 10 , 2012 Tampa , FL UCF 74 -- 56 27 January 2 , 2013 Orlando , FL South Florida 65 -- 56 28 February 5 , 2014 Orlando , FL South Florida 79 -- 78 29 February 15 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 75 -- 74 30 February 11 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 73 -- 62 31 March 4 , 2015 Tampa , FL South Florida 74 -- 45 32 January 6 , 2016 Orlando , FL UCF 75 -- 64 33 January 20 , 2016 Tampa , FL UCF 64 -- 54 34 January 17 , 2017 Orlando , FL UCF 86 -- 64 35 March 2 , 2017 Tampa , FL UCF 59 -- 56 36 January 20 , 2018 Tampa , FL UCF 71 -- 69 37 February 14 , 2018 Orlando , FL UCF 72 -- 57 Series : South Florida leads 22 -- 15 ( # ) -- UCF 's victories in 2008 and 2010 were vacated due to NCAA sanctions ( N ) -- neutral site locations Women 's basketball ( edit ) The schools claim two different basketball records and results , due to when they declare the first meeting occurred . According to USF , they lead the women 's basketball series 25 -- 9 , with the first meeting occurring on January 20 , 1973 , with a USF 41 -- 30 win in Tampa . According to UCF and the official War on I - 4 website , the first meeting occurred on January 12 , 1978 , with a USF 81 -- 70 win in Tampa , resulting in a 22 -- 6 USF lead in the series . USF had not lost a game in the series since the 1980 -- 81 season until UCF beat the # 22 USF on February 14 , 2017 . South Florida victories UCF victories No . Date Location Winner Score January 20 , 1973 Tampa , FL South Florida 41 -- 30 December 30 , 1973 Orlando , FL FTU 59 -- 47 January 21 , 1974 Orlando , FL FTU 55 -- 48 January 27 , 1975 Orlando , FL South Florida 54 -- 45 5 February 4 , 1975 Tampa , FL South Florida 53 -- 37 6 February 10 , 1977 Orlando , FL FTU 75 -- 68 7 January 12 , 1978 Tampa , FL South Florida 81 -- 70 8 February 4 , 1978 Orlando , FL FTU 65 -- 59 9 December 5 , 1978 Tampa , FL South Florida 59 -- 52 10 January 26 , 1979 Orlando , FL UCF 76 -- 73 11 November 30 , 1979 Tampa , FL South Florida 66 -- 64 12 December 13 , 1979 Orlando , FL UCF 78 -- 76 13 January 26 , 1980 Orlando , FL UCF 76 -- 56 14 December 10 , 1980 Orlando , FL UCF 72 -- 66 15 November 19 , 1981 Tampa , FL South Florida 54 -- 51 16 February 2 , 1987 Tampa , FL South Florida 87 -- 80 17 January 9 , 1988 Orlando , FL South Florida 92 -- 73 18 February 2 , 1988 Tampa , FL South Florida 72 -- 63 19 December 5 , 1988 Tampa , FL South Florida 91 -- 80 20 December 19 , 1989 Orlando , FL South Florida 81 -- 70 21 March 3 , 1992 Tampa , FL South Florida 76 -- 64 22 December 1 , 1992 Tampa , FL South Florida 110 -- 55 23 January 4 , 1993 Orlando , FL South Florida 81 -- 78 24 February 2 , 1994 Tampa , FL South Florida 81 -- 57 25 December 10 , 1996 Orlando , FL South Florida 66 -- 49 26 November 19 , 1999 Orlando , FL South Florida 62 -- 60 27 November 21 , 2000 Tampa , FL South Florida 67 -- 58 28 January 18 , 2014 Orlando , FL South Florida 63 -- 38 29 January 24 , 2014 Tampa , FL South Florida 88 -- 49 30 February 8 , 2014 Tampa , FL South Florida 89 -- 54 31 February 3 , 2015 Tampa , FL South Florida 91 -- 68 32 February 28 , 2015 Orlando , FL South Florida 99 -- 71 33 January 5 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 108 -- 63 34 February 14 , 2017 Tampa , FL UCF 66 -- 62 35 January 14 , 2018 Tampa , FL South Florida 62 -- 45 Baseball ( edit ) The schools claim two different baseball records and results , due to when they declare the first meeting occurred . According to USF , they lead the baseball series 69 -- 61 , with the first meeting occurring on March 13 , 1971 , with USF winning 5 -- 1 in Tampa . However , according to UCF and the official War on I - 4 website , the first meeting did not occur until FTU 's 6 -- 3 victory over USF on April 12 , 1973 , in Orlando , giving USF only a 69 -- 65 lead in the series . Since that time , the two schools have played each other at least twice per year , except for 1981 -- 1984 , in which they did not face each other . The two teams have played four times in the postseason , splitting the games 2 -- 2 . South Florida victories UCF victories No . Date Location Winner Score March 13 , 1971 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 1 April 29 , 1971 Orlando , FL FTU 5 -- 4 March 3 , 1972 Tampa , FL South Florida 17 -- 1 April 22 , 1972 Orlando , FL South Florida 11 -- 6 5 April 12 , 1973 Orlando , FL FTU 6 -- 3 6 April 28 , 1973 Tampa , FL South Florida 10 -- 0 7 April 20 , 1974 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 0 8 April 29 , 1974 Orlando , FL South Florida 7 -- 5 9 March 15 , 1975 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 5 10 May 2 , 1975 Orlando , FL FTU 6 -- 5 11 February 28 , 1976 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 12 April 30 , 1976 Orlando , FL South Florida 12 -- 4 13 February 26 , 1977 Orlando , FL FTU 2 -- 0 14 May 2 , 1977 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 2 15 March 2 , 1978 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 0 16 April 11 , 1978 Tampa , FL FTU 11 -- 4 17 March 7 , 1979 Orlando , FL South Florida 8 -- 7 18 April 7 , 1979 Tampa , FL South Florida 7 -- 4 19 1980 Orlando , FL UCF 10 -- 3 20 April 15 , 1980 Tampa , FL UCF 7 -- 3 21 May 3 , 1985 Tampa , FL South Florida 13 -- 2 22 May 4 , 1985 Tampa , FL South Florida 13 -- 6 23 May 5 , 1985 Tampa , FL South Florida 8 -- 7 24 May 6 , 1985 Orlando , FL South Florida 6 -- 4 25 May 2 , 1986 Orlando , FL South Florida 4 -- 3 26 May 3 , 1986 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 3 27 February 25 , 1987 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 2 28 April 1 , 1987 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 2 29 March 30 , 1988 Tampa , FL UCF 10 -- 1 30 April 13 , 1988 Orlando , FL UCF 4 -- 3 31 March 28 , 1989 Tampa , FL UCF 6 -- 3 32 April 4 , 1989 Orlando , FL UCF 7 -- 3 33 February 28 , 1990 Tampa , FL UCF 6 -- 3 34 May 2 , 1990 Orlando , FL South Florida 7 -- 6 35 February 5 , 1991 Orlando , FL South Florida 5 -- 2 36 April 10 , 1991 Tampa , FL South Florida 10 -- 2 37 February 7 , 1992 Kissimmee , FL * UCF 7 -- 1 38 February 9 , 1992 Kissimmee , FL * South Florida 7 -- 4 39 April 14 , 1993 Tampa , FL UCF 2 -- 0 40 April 21 , 1993 Orlando , FL UCF 7 -- 6 41 May 1 , 1993 Tampa , FL South Florida 17 -- 6 42 May 2 , 1993 Tampa , FL South Florida 11 -- 0 43 May 28 , 1993 Tallahassee , FL UCF 2 -- 0 44 April 5 , 1994 Orlando , FL South Florida 8 -- 4 45 April 12 , 1994 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 1 46 April 19 , 1994 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 2 47 May 3 , 1994 Tampa , FL UCF 7 -- 6 48 April 4 , 1995 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 4 49 April 11 , 1995 Tampa , FL UCF 2 -- 0 50 April 18 , 1995 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 2 51 April 25 , 1995 Tampa , FL UCF 11 -- 4 52 April 2 , 1996 Tampa , FL UCF 9 -- 4 53 April 9 , 1996 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 1 54 April 16 , 1996 Tampa , FL South Florida 10 -- 3 55 April 23 , 1996 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 2 56 February 8 , 1997 Kissimmee , FL * South Florida 15 -- 2 57 April 1 , 1997 Tampa , FL UCF 11 -- 3 58 April 8 , 1997 Orlando , FL UCF 4 -- 3 59 April 15 , 1997 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 3 60 April 22 , 1997 Orlando , FL UCF 2 -- 1 61 May 22 , 1997 Tallahassee , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 62 February 8 , 1998 Kissimmee , FL * South Florida 3 -- 2 63 March 31 , 1998 Orlando , FL UCF 10 -- 7 64 April 7 , 1998 Tampa , FL UCF 17 -- 10 65 April 14 , 1998 Tampa , FL UCF 17 -- 10 66 April 21 , 1998 Orlando , FL UCF 10 -- 5 No . Date Location Winner Score 67 March 30 , 1999 Tampa , FL UCF 7 -- 4 68 April 6 , 1999 Orlando , FL UCF 8 -- 6 69 April 13 , 1999 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 70 April 20 , 1999 Orlando , FL UCF 12 -- 11 71 March 28 , 2000 Orlando , FL UCF 9 -- 8 72 April 4 , 2000 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 2 73 April 11 , 2000 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 0 74 April 18 , 2000 Orlando , FL South Florida 13 -- 2 75 April 3 , 2001 Orlando , FL South Florida 15 -- 5 76 April 10 , 2001 Tampa , FL UCF 16 -- 9 77 April 24 , 2001 Tampa , FL South Florida 13 -- 10 78 April 2 , 2002 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 4 79 April 23 , 2002 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 2 80 May 31 , 2002 Tallahassee , FL UCF 6 -- 1 81 June 1 , 2002 Tallahassee , FL South Florida 7 -- 2 82 April 1 , 2003 Tampa , FL South Florida 8 -- 5 83 April 8 , 2003 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 84 April 15 , 2003 Tampa , FL UCF 10 -- 6 85 April 13 , 2004 Tampa , FL South Florida 10 -- 4 86 May 4 , 2004 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 0 87 April 5 , 2005 Tampa , FL UCF 8 -- 7 88 April 19 , 2005 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 2 89 April 4 , 2006 Tampa , FL UCF 11 -- 0 90 April 11 , 2006 Orlando , FL South Florida 4 -- 3 91 April 18 , 2006 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 4 92 April 3 , 2007 Tampa , FL South Florida 11 -- 4 93 April 17 , 2007 Tampa , FL South Florida 10 -- 5 94 April 24 , 2007 Orlando , FL UCF 11 -- 5 95 April 1 , 2008 Orlando , FL South Florida 17 -- 4 96 April 8 , 2008 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 3 97 April 29 , 2008 Tampa , FL South Florida 14 -- 6 98 May 6 , 2008 Tampa , FL UCF 9 -- 5 99 March 10 , 2009 Tampa , FL South Florida 8 -- 5 100 March 11 , 2009 Orlando , FL South Florida 13 -- 5 101 April 28 , 2009 Orlando , FL UCF 9 -- 5 102 April 29 , 2009 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 3 103 March 16 , 2010 Orlando , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 104 April 6 , 2010 Tampa , FL UCF 7 -- 3 105 March 15 , 2011 Orlando , FL South Florida 6 -- 5 106 May 3 , 2011 Tampa , FL UCF 10 -- 4 107 February 28 , 2012 Orlando , FL UCF 12 -- 1 108 March 20 , 2012 Tampa , FL UCF 6 -- 2 109 February 26 , 2013 Orlando , FL South Florida 6 -- 4 110 April 10 , 2013 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 3 111 April 4 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 2 -- 0 112 April 5 , 2014 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 2 113 April 6 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 6 -- 2 114 May 1 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 0 115 May 2 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 2 -- 1 116 May 3 , 2015 Orlando , FL South Florida 9 -- 3 117 May 14 , 2015 Tampa , FL UCF 12 -- 9 118 May 15 , 2015 Tampa , FL South Florida 7 -- 3 119 May 16 , 2015 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 120 April 15 , 2016 Orlando , FL South Florida 6 -- 4 121 April 16 , 2016 Orlando , FL UCF 4 -- 0 122 April 17 , 2016 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 5 123 April 29 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 124 April 30 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 125 May 1 , 2016 Tampa , FL UCF 9 -- 2 126 April 7 , 2017 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 127 April 8 , 2017 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 5 128 April 9 , 2017 Tampa , FL South Florida 7 -- 5 129 May 18 , 2017 Orlando , FL South Florida 7 -- 3 130 May 19 , 2017 Orlando , FL UCF 9 -- 1 131 May 20 , 2017 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 2 132 May 26 , 2017 Clearwater , FL UCF 12 -- 0 ( NCAA ) -- NCAA Division I Baseball Championship ( AAC ) -- American Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament ( * ) -- Olive Garden Classic , played at the neutral site Osceola County Stadium Softball ( edit ) Softball was first played between the teams on April 16 , 2003 in a double - header in Tampa . USF won both games 9 -- 0 and 5 -- 4 respectively . The two schools have played each other five times in the post-season , with USF holding a 3 -- 2 advantage while UCF has won the most recent post-season matchup , 3 -- 1 , in the 2015 American Athletic Conference Softball Tournament semi-finals . South Florida victories UCF victories No . Date Location Winner Score April 16 , 2003 Tampa , FL South Florida 9 -- 0 April 16 , 2003 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 May 7 , 2004 Orlando , FL South Florida 8 -- 1 May 7 , 2004 Orlando , FL South Florida 8 -- 6 5 March 12 , 2005 Tampa , FL South Florida 6 -- 2 6 April 20 , 2005 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 3 7 May 20 , 2005 Gainesville , FL South Florida 14 -- 3 8 May 21 , 2005 Gainesville , FL South Florida 5 -- 4 9 April 12 , 2006 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 1 10 May 16 , 2008 Gainesville , FL UCF 3 -- 2 11 May 18 , 2012 Gainesville , FL South Florida 1 -- 0 12 April 12 , 2014 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 13 April 12 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 1 14 April 12 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 2 -- 1 15 May 2 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 2 -- 1 16 May 2 , 2015 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 2 17 May 3 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 6 -- 1 18 May 8 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 1 19 April 29 , 2016 Tampa , FL UCF 9 -- 0 20 April 30 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 1 21 May 1 , 2016 Tampa , FL UCF 5 -- 3 22 April 13 , 2017 Orlando , FL UCF 2 -- 0 23 April 14 , 2017 Orlando , FL South Florida 7 -- 2 24 April 15 , 2017 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 4 Series : South Florida leads 13 -- 11 ( AAC ) -- American Athletic Conference Softball Tournament ( NCAA ) -- NCAA Division I Softball Championship Soccer ( edit ) Men 's Soccer ( edit ) The two schools claim different records in Men 's Soccer , due to when they declare the first meeting occurred . Unlike other sports , UCF and the official War on I - 4 website claim the first meeting occurred earlier than USF does . According to UCF and the official War on I - 4 website , the first meeting occurred in 1975 , with USF winning 4 -- 1 , giving USF a 25 -- 5 -- 4 lead . However , according to USF , the first meeting did not occur until USF 's 2 -- 1 win on September 26 , 1979 in Tampa , giving USF a 22 -- 5 -- 3 lead . South Florida victories UCF victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score South Florida 4 -- 1 1976 Tie 1 -- 1 October 29 , 1977 Tampa , FL South Florida 3 -- 1 September 26 , 1979 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 5 October 4 , 1980 Orlando , FL Tie 1 -- 1 6 September 23 , 1981 Tampa , FL South Florida 3 -- 0 7 October 12 , 1982 Orlando , FL Tie 1 -- 1 8 September 14 , 1983 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 9 September 6 , 1984 Orlando , FL Tie 0 / 1 -- 0 / 1 10 October 15 , 1985 Tampa , FL South Florida 3 -- 2 11 October 27 , 1987 Tampa , FL UCF 1 -- 0 12 October 19 , 1988 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 2 13 September 6 , 1989 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 1 14 September 12 , 1990 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 1 15 September 18 , 1991 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 0 16 October 27 , 1992 Orlando , FL South Florida 1 -- 0 17 October 6 , 1993 Tampa , FL South Florida 1 -- 0 18 October 19 , 1994 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 0 19 November 1 , 1998 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 2 20 September 21 , 1999 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 3 21 October 4 , 2000 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 1 22 October 31 , 2001 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 1 23 October 8 , 2002 Orlando , FL South Florida 3 -- 1 24 August 31 , 2007 Tampa , FL South Florida 5 -- 2 25 October 14 , 2008 Orlando , FL South Florida 1 -- 0 26 September 1 , 2009 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 27 November 18 , 2010 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 0 28 November 20 , 2011 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 29 October 23 , 2013 Tampa , FL UCF 1 -- 0 30 October 22 , 2014 Orlando , FL South Florida 1 -- 0 31 October 21 , 2015 Tampa , FL South Florida 3 -- 1 32 September 24 , 2016 Orlando , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 33 November 11 , 2016 Tampa , FL South Florida 2 -- 1 34 September 23 , 2017 Tampa , FL South Florida 3 -- 2 ( NCAA ) -- NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship ( AAC ) -- American Athletic Conference Men 's Soccer Tournament Women 's Soccer ( edit ) Unlike Men 's Soccer , the two schools claim the same records in Women 's Soccer . The first meeting occurred in 1998 with USF winning 4 -- 0 at home in Tampa . UCF currently leads the series 10 -- 2 -- 4 . South Florida victories UCF victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score 1998 Tampa , FL South Florida 4 -- 0 2001 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 2 2003 Tampa , FL UCF 2 -- 1 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 0 5 September 13 , 2009 Orlando , FL UCF 1 -- 0 6 September 3 , 2010 Tampa , FL UCF 1 -- 0 7 August 19 , 2011 Orlando , FL UCF 5 -- 1 8 August 17 , 2012 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 1 9 September 27 , 2013 Orlando , FL UCF 2 -- 1 10 November 8 , 2013 Orlando , FL Tie 0 ( 5 ) -- 0 ( 3 ) 11 October 10 , 2014 Tampa , FL UCF 3 -- 0 12 October 23 , 2015 Orlando , FL UCF 3 -- 1 13 November 5 , 2015 Dallas , TX South Florida 1 -- 0 14 October 7 , 2016 Tampa , FL Tie 1 -- 1 15 October 27 , 2017 Orlando , FL Tie 1 -- 1 16 November 5 , 2017 Orlando , FL Tie 0 -- 0 Series : UCF leads 10 -- 2 -- 4 ( NCAA ) -- NCAA Division I Women 's Soccer Championship ( AAC ) -- American Athletic Conference Women 's Soccer Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Rick ( September 17 , 2005 ) . `` It 's First Nickname Saturday '' . The Ledger . 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'' Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auman , Greg ( September 6 , 2008 ) . `` Should USF play UCF every year ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auman , Greg ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` USF says no contracts proposed for football with UCF '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auman , Greg ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Report : O'Leary says USF - UCF rivalry rekindled '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Limón , Iliana ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` UCF officials say there is no contract yet for potential new series with USF '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auman , Greg ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` USF offered to play UCF in Citrus Bowl this fall '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Limón , Iliana ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Big East finally announces UCF is joining league '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` American Announces Football Divisional Alignment For 2015 '' . American Athletic Conference . May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Story Archives -- UCFKnights.com -- UCF Knights '' . Jump up ^ UCF Football ( @ UCF_Football ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` All 👀 on Orlando Nov. 24 # WarOnI4 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Knights Ranked 12th and 13th in National Polls '' . UCF Athletics . November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Move Up to No. 19 '' . University of South Florida . November 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reedy , Joe ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Winless to Unbeaten : No. 12 UCF Beats USF to Cap Turnaround '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` South Florida vs. UCF - Play - By - Play - November 24 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Inside UCF 's 95 - yard kickoff return that clinched wild win '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Staples , Andy ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` UCF edges USF to stay perfect , quell Scott Frost news '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Green , Shannon ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` UCF rallies for historic win over rival USF , clinches perfect season '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Three TDs in 53 seconds ? UCF beats USF in college football 's game of the year '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ; Kirk , Jason ; Johnson , Richard ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` UCF beats USF in CFB 's best game of 2017 so far '' . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ Short , Chas ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` # 15 UCF Beats USF 49 - 42 In Epic Edition of the War on I - 4 '' . Underdog Dynasty . Jump up ^ `` Williams scores career - best 38 ; UCF beats South Florida '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCF vs. South Florida -- Game Recap -- March 2 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USF Men 's Basketball History and Records '' ( PDF ) . University of South Florida . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 Men 's Basketball Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . University of Central Florida . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 USF Women 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Issuu . University of South Florida . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 UCF Women 's Basketball Yearbook '' . Issuu . University of Central Florida . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blythe , Nate . `` Historic Knight '' . ucfknights.com . University of Central Florida . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCF vs. South Florida -- Game Summary -- February 14 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Take Game One in War on I - 4 Series - University of South Florida '' . University of South Florida . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulls Complete War on I - 4 Sweep of UCF , 7 -- 5 '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 USF Baseball Media Guide by USF Bulls '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 UCF Baseball Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . University of Central Florida . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Baseball Championship Results '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Claim Victory in first battle of War on I - 4 '' . University of South Florida . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Rally in Ninth to Win War on I - 4 Series '' . University of South Florida . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Rally Past UCF In Extras To Take Game One '' . GoUSFBulls.com . University of South Florida . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Bill . `` Beating Up the Bulls '' . University of Central Florida . Jump up ^ Torres , Luis . `` UCF baseball rolls past rival USF , extends run in AAC Tournament '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Baseball Schedule '' . University of Central Florida . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament Results '' ( PDF ) . seminoles.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Frank . `` Central Florida Back Again In 8th Olive Garden Classic '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 UCF Softball Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . University of Central Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 USF Softball Media Guide '' . issuu . University of South Florida . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Drop Heartbreaker to UCF in American Semifinals '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Softball -- 2004 -- 05 Schedule '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanking the Bulls '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Take Game Two in War on I - 4 , 7 -- 2 '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War on I - 4 Walk - Off Winner '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round 1 Won '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tripped In Tampa '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beat The Bulls '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 UCF Men 's Soccer Record Book '' ( PDF ) . University of Central Florida . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` USF History & Records '' ( PDF ) . University of South Florida . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Goal Lifts Bulls Past UCF '' . University of South Florida . ^ Jump up to : `` UCF Record Book '' ( PDF ) . University of Central Florida . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` USF Women 's Soccer History & Records '' ( PDF ) . University of South Florida . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battling the Bulls '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herboth , Megan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taking The Title '' . UCF Athletics . ^ Jump up to : Herboth , Megan ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paused on Penalties '' . UCF Athletics . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The distance between the two schools is being measured in a straight line from the front entrance of the UCF Student Union ( 28 ° 36 ′ 06 '' N 81 ° 12 ′ 02 '' W / 28.601778 ° N 81.200549 ° W / 28.601778 ; - 81.200549 ( UCF Student Union ) ) to the front entrance of USF 's Phyllis P. Marshall Student Center ( 28 ° 03 ′ 49 '' N 82 ° 24 ′ 48 '' W / 28.063741 ° N 82.413310 ° W / 28.063741 ; - 82.413310 ( Phyllis P. Marshall Student Center ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Not recognized by UCF or the official `` War on I - 4 '' website Jump up ^ Date not listed in either schools ' media guide ^ Jump up to : Not recognized by USF Jump up ^ UCF claims that game ended 1 -- 1 in regulation . USF claims the game ended 0 -- 0 in overtime . Jump up ^ UCF advances on penalty kicks . Jump up ^ South Florida wins on penalty kicks . External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to South Florida -- UCF rivalry at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles All - sports or multi-sport rivalries in NCAA Division I Trophy / point system competitions Arizona -- Arizona State ( Territorial Cup Series ) Boston University -- Holy Cross ( Turnpike Trophy ) George Mason -- George Washington ( Revolutionary Rivalry ) Georgia Southern -- Georgia State ( Modern Day Hate ) Indiana -- Purdue ( Crimson and Gold Cup ) Iowa -- Iowa State ( Iowa Corn Cy - Hawk Series ) New Mexico -- New Mexico State ( Rio Grande Rivalry ) Oklahoma -- Oklahoma State ( Bedlam Series ) Oregon -- Oregon State ( Civil War Series ) Sacramento State -- UC Davis ( Causeway Classic ) South Florida -- UCF ( War on I - 4 ) Texas State -- UTSA ( I - 35 Rivalry ) UCLA - USC ( SoCal BMW Crosstown Cup ) Virginia -- Virginia Tech ( Commonwealth Clash ) Defunct trophy / point competitions Carolina -- Duke ( Carlyle Cup ) Kansas -- Missouri ( Border Showdown Series ) Texas -- Texas A&M ( Lone Star Showdown ) Overall rivalries Carolina -- Duke Fordham -- St. John 's George Mason -- VCU Indiana -- Purdue Kansas -- Kansas State ( Sunflower Showdown ) Kentucky -- Louisville UCLA -- USC University of South Florida Located in : Tampa , Florida Campuses University of South Florida University of South Florida Sarasota -- Manatee University of South Florida St. Petersburg History USF History USFSM History USFSP History People List of University of South Florida alumni Athletics Herd of Thunder Rocky the Bull South Florida Bulls Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Men 's Soccer South Florida -- UCF rivalry USF Sailing Team Media The Crow 's Nest The Oracle WEDQ WSMR WUSF WXBL Facilities USF Athletic Facilities USF Baseball Stadium University of South Florida Botanical Gardens USF Soccer Stadium USF Sun Dome Related topics The Historian New College of Florida Phi Alpha Theta Founded : 1956 Students : 48,793 Endowment : 417 million South Florida Bulls football Venues Tampa Stadium ( 1997 ) Raymond James Stadium ( 1998 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games UCF Culture & lore Rocky the Bull `` Golden Brahman March '' Herd of Thunder People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 South Florida Bulls men 's basketball Venues USF Sun Dome ( 1980 -- present ) Rivalries UCF Culture & lore Rocky the Bull People Head coaches Seasons 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 South Florida Bulls women 's basketball Venues USF Sun Dome ( 1980 -- present ) Rivalries UCF Culture & lore Rocky the Bull People Head coaches Seasons 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 South Florida Bulls baseball Venues Red McEwen Field ( 1967 -- 2010 ) USF Baseball Stadium ( 2011 -- present ) Rivalries UCF People Head coaches Seasons 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 UCF Knights Sports Overview Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Rowing Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball Tennis Track and Field Women 's Volleyball Arenas and stadiums CFE Arena ( Multipurpose ) John Euliano Park ( Baseball ) Spectrum Stadium ( Football ) The Venue at UCF ( Volleyball ) UCF Soccer and Track Stadium ( Soccer , Track and field ) UCF Softball Complex ( Softball ) Notable people Athletic Directors Alumni Rivalries East Carolina South Florida Culture and lore Cheerleading KnightMoves Knightro Marching Knights UCF Fight Song Conference affiliations American South Conference ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Atlantic Sun Conference ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Mid-American Conference ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Conference USA ( 2005 -- 2013 ) American Athletic Conference ( 2013 -- ) The University of Central Florida -- Orlando , Florida -- Founded 1963 UCF Knights football Venues Citrus Bowl ( 1979 -- 2006 ) Spectrum Stadium ( 2007 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Rivalries : Connecticut East Carolina South Florida Culture & lore Knightro `` Charge On '' Marching Knights Kernkraft_400 People Head coaches NFL draftees Alumni Statistical leaders Seasons 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 UCF Knights men 's basketball Venues Education Gymnasium ( 1969 -- 1991 ) UCF Arena ( 1991 -- 2007 ) CFE Arena ( 2007 -- present ) Rivalries South Florida Culture & lore History Traditions Knightro Marching Knights People Head coaches Seasons 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 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KnightMoves Knightro Marching Knights UCF Fight Song People Head coaches Alumni Seasons 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Florida -- UCF_rivalry&oldid = 827716349 '' Categories : College sports rivalries in the United States South Florida Bulls UCF Knights 1972 establishments in Florida Sports rivalries in Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 08 : 50 . 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i'm going out i want the world to know	`` I 'm Coming Out '' is a song made popular by American singer Diana Ross . It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers , and released on August 22 , 1980 , as the second single from Ross ' self - titled tenth studio album Diana ( 1980 ) .		I 'm Coming Out	i'm coming out	5 : 24 ( album version )	3 : 59 ( single edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Diana Ross singles chronology `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) Audio sample file help Alternative releases French 7 - inch vinyl single `` I 'm Coming Out '' is a song made popular by American singer Diana Ross . It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers , and released on August 22 , 1980 , as the second single from Ross ' self - titled tenth studio album Diana ( 1980 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart success and cultural impact 3 LGBT Significance 4 Trombone solo 5 Music video 6 Track listings 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Samples and covers 9 Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' 10 Amerie version 10.1 Music video 10.2 Track listings 10.3 Charts 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) In 1979 , Ross commissioned Chic founders Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards to create material for a new album after taking her daughters to see the band in concert , following the success of Ross 's final Ashford & Simpson - composed and produced LP , The Boss . Rodgers got the idea for `` I 'm Coming Out '' after noticing three different drag queens dressed as Diana Ross at a New York club called the GG Barnum Room . The lyrics hold an additional meaning to Ross , as she was leaving Motown Records and `` coming out '' from under Berry Gordy 's thumb . Chart success and cultural impact ( edit ) The song was another hit from the album , peaking at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks in November 1980 . It is also notable for being the first song usually performed at Ross ' performances and concerts since 1980 . LGBT significance ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' has been regarded as an anthem for the LGBT community . The phrase `` coming out '' to describe one 's self - disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity had been present in the gay subculture in the early 20th century , analogous to a débutante 's coming - out party or celebration of her formal presentation to society . It has also been understood as `` coming out of the closet '' or coming out from hiding . The song is thus interpreted as a celebration of lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , or queer identity and the encouragement of self - disclosure . Trombone solo ( edit ) Rodgers convinced his neighbor , producer Meco Monardo , to contract the horns for the album in return for a commitment by Rodgers to co-produce Monardo 's then - upcoming album of music from The Empire Strikes Back . Monardo , a former first - call session player who had a string of hits in the late 1970s with disco versions of film music , also played trombone on the album and is featured in a solo towards the end of `` I 'm Coming Out '' : Nile recorded all the tracks and vocals and called me and my horn section for a 3 - hour date . We had a great time , as the songs were fabulous -- especially `` Upside Down '' and `` I 'm Coming Out '' . We sounded great -- Nile was pleased and as I was packing up , he asked me to stay and play a jazz trombone solo on one of the tracks . I said , `` Nile , there are a lot of hit records with jazz saxophone solos -- even some with jazz trumpet solos , but not one with a trombone '' ! ! He said . `` That 's exactly why I want you to do it '' ! ! I was a little bit rusty at first as I had n't had a call to play jazz in years , so we ended up with four separate tracks of solos , with the intention of picking the best parts to make one great solo when later he went to mix it . I reminded Nile of our agreement and he said he was looking forward to ' The Empire Strikes Back ' as he was a Star Wars fan himself . -- Trombone solos have been rare on Top 40 songs in the post-big band era and especially so since the 1960s . Notable exceptions include brief solos by James Pankow on a handful of early Chicago hits and Clifford Adams ' brief solo on Kool & the Gang 's 1983 hit `` Joanna '' . The pitch in Monardo 's solo is unusually indistinct for an instrumentalist of his stature , which he later explained was due to problems in the final mixing of the track : Weeks went by when I heard through the grapevine that Diana Ross was incredibly unhappy with the album . She thought Nile and Bernard made her sound like Chic . She took the master tapes from Power Station and went to Motown in Detroit to remix the record . When it came out , her early interviews were very unenthusiastic about it and Nile and Bernard , her producers . Well , as we all know , this turned out to be her biggest - selling solo album ever . `` Upside Down '' was a monster Number - One single and `` I 'm Coming Out '' was a top - ten single . It turned out that when the engineer at Motown saw the track listings of Meco 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , he just assumed that Track 1 was THE track and never listened to the others , and so that 's what is on the record . So , I 'm extremely proud to say that my solo is the only jazz trombone solo of a top - ten pop hit in the last 50 years ! But -- it was n't my best -- that , unfortunately lies in the vaults at Motown . The dispute with Ross led to none of the musicians being credited on the album cover and also may have had a part in Rodgers backing out of his commitment to Monardo 's Meco Plays Music from The Empire Strikes Back album . However , Rodgers and Ross later mended their professional relationship and subsequent digital releases of the album credit Monardo and the other musicians . A 2003 two - disc release of the album included the Rodgers / Edwards mix originally rejected by Ross , as a bonus track . Music video ( edit ) Diana Ross performing in the music video to the song with some studio musicians live in concert . Track listings ( edit ) U.S. , UK , French , and German 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Give Up '' Dutch 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' Swedish 7 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` My Old Piano '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Disco Singles U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position U.S. Cash Box Top 100 28 Chart ( 1981 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 98 Samples and covers ( edit ) The distinctive sound of `` I 'm Coming Out '' and its resulting popularity has led to Ross 's song often being sampled , most notably by Stevie J , who sampled the song for the late rapper The Notorious B.I.G. 's 1997 song `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' . There 's also been a cover by Marcia Hines . It was featured as a cover for the video game Karaoke Revolution as well . In more recent times , the song was sampled in Keyshia Cole 's remake of `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) for the original soundtrack of the 2014 movie The Other Woman , starring Cameron Diaz , Kate Upton and Leslie Mann . The song is sampled in `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' from Ariana Grande 's sophomore album My Everything ( 2014 ) . This song was also covered for the soundtrack to the 2016 movie Trolls . Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' ( edit ) `` Mein Coming Out '' Single by Hella von Sinnen Released Recorded Genre Pop , comedy Length 5 : 26 Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers , Hella von Sinnen , Cornelia Scheel In 1997 , German comedian Hella von Sinnen sampled `` I 'm Coming Out '' for her single `` Mein Coming Out '' , using the term `` coming out '' in the context of coming out of the closet , or revealing one 's homosexuality . Amerie version ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' Single by Amerie from the album Maid in Manhattan : Music from the Motion Picture B - side `` Talkin ' to Me '' Released May 20 , 2003 ( Australia ) July 17 , 2003 ( UK ) Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Soul , funk , Motown Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Cory Rooney , Loren Dawson Amerie singles chronology `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2003 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2002 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) Alternative cover Australian promo CD single cover In 2003 , American R&B singer Amerie covered the song for the soundtrack to Jennifer Lopez 's film , Maid in Manhattan . It was released as a single in Australia and the United Kingdom only , and not in the United States . The final single version to be released was the Loren Dawson Radio Mix . The original single version ( which is similar to the original ) can be found on both CD singles and the original motion picture soundtrack to Maid in Manhattan . Ross ' version can be found on the film 's soundtrack album as well . Producers made the decision to release the Loren Dawson Radio Mix as the final released version instead of the single version . This decision was made to give the song a more urban contemporary vibe . The single was only released as a promotional single for the film in the UK and it was decided no commercial release would be given . The Trackmasters remix of `` Talkin ' to Me '' was released as a B - side . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced to promote the single . Track listings ( edit ) International CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Trackmasters Remix featuring Foxy Brown ) -- 3 : 38 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Mark Ronson Sunshine Remix ) ( No Loop ) -- 3 : 09 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Video ) Australian promo CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Remix ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 66 Australian Urban Singles Chart 23 Dutch Single Top 100 69 Romanian Top 100 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zeffer , Andy ( 2004 ) . `` Freak Out with Chic '' . Express Gay News . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/300875/diana-ross/chart Jump up ^ Chauncey , George ( 1994 ) . Gay New York : Gender , Urban Culture , and the Making of the Gay Male World , 1890 -- 1940 . New York : Basic Books , emphasis added . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` DIANA ROSS I m Coming Out - vidéo Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived November 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'm Coming Out '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1980 / Top 100 Songs of 1980 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 28th April 2003 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Pandora Archive . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Urban Chart -- Week Commencing 5th May 2003 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Pandora Archive . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Amerie -- I 'm Coming Out '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 -- 23 / 2003 '' . Vento Consultanta SRL ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Diana Ross version Preceded by `` Take Your Time ( Do It Right ) '' by The SOS Band US Billboard Hot Disco Singles number - one single ( with `` Upside Down '' ) August 9 , 1980 -- August 23 , 1980 ( first run ) Succeeded by `` Fame '' / `` Hot Lunch Jam '' by Irene Cara `` Red Light '' by Linda Clifford Preceded by `` Fame '' / `` Hot Lunch Jam '' by Irene Cara `` Red Light '' by Linda Clifford US Billboard Hot Disco Singles number - one single ( with `` Upside Down '' ) September 6 , 1980 -- September 13 , 1980 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` Love Sensation '' by Loleatta Holloway Diana Ross Studio albums Diana Ross ( 1970 ) Everything Is Everything ( 1970 ) Surrender ( 1971 ) Touch Me in the Morning ( 1973 ) Last Time I Saw Him ( 1973 ) Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Baby It 's Me ( 1977 ) Ross ( 1978 ) The Boss ( 1979 ) diana ( 1980 ) Why Do Fools Fall in Love ( 1981 ) Silk Electric ( 1982 ) Ross ( 1983 ) Swept Away ( 1984 ) Eaten Alive ( 1985 ) Red Hot Rhythm & Blues ( 1987 ) Workin ' Overtime ( 1989 ) The Force Behind the Power ( 1991 ) Take Me Higher ( 1995 ) Every Day Is a New Day ( 1999 ) Blue ( 2006 ) I Love You ( 2006 ) Diana Ross Sings Songs From The Wiz ( 2015 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1972 ) Diana Ross ' Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) 20 Golden Greats ( 1979 ) To Love Again ( 1981 ) All the Great Hits ( 1981 ) Forever Diana : Musical Memoirs ( 1993 ) One Woman : The Ultimate Collection ( 1993 ) Diana Extended : The Remixes ( 1994 ) Voice of Love ( 1996 ) Love & Life : The Very Best of Diana Ross ( 2001 ) The Definitive Collection ( 2006 ) The Greatest ( 2011 ) Upside Down : The Collection ( 2012 ) Live albums Live at Caesars Palace ( 1974 ) An Evening with Diana Ross ( 1977 ) Greatest Hits Live ( 1989 ) Live : Stolen Moments : The Lady Sings ... Jazz and Blues ( 1992 ) Soundtrack albums Diana ! ( 1971 ) Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Mahogany ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) Endless Love ( 1981 ) Other albums Diana & Marvin ( 1973 ) Christmas in Vienna ( with Plácido Domingo and José Carreras ) ( 1993 ) A Very Special Season ( 1994 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Ten ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` All of My Life '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Work That Body '' `` Muscles '' `` Missing You '' `` Chain Reaction '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Not Over You Yet '' Tours Return to Love Tour ( 2000 ) I Love You Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) In the Name of Love Tour ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Essential Diana Ross : Some Memories Never Fade ( 2015 -- 17 ) Related topics Discography Awards and nominations The Supremes Rhonda Ross Kendrick ( daughter ) Tracee Ellis Ross ( daughter ) Evan Ross ( son ) Arne Næss , Jr. ( second husband ) Arthur `` T - Boy '' Ross ( brother ) Berry Gordy Diana Ross Playground Book Category Template Diana Ross singles discography 1970s 1970 `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' 1971 `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' 1973 `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' ( with Marvin Gaye ) `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' ( with Marvin Gaye ) `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' ( with Marvin Gaye ) `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' ( with Marvin Gaye ) `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' 1976 `` Love Hangover '' 1977 `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' 1978 `` Ease on Down the Road '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` A Brand New Day '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' ( with Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder & Smokey Robinson ) 1979 `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s 1980 `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' 1981 `` Endless Love '' ( with Lionel Richie ) `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' 1982 `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' 1984 `` All of You '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' 1985 `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990s `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( re-mix ) `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' ( re-issue ) / `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( re-mix ) `` I Will Survive '' 1999 `` Not Over You Yet '' 2000s `` Goin ' Back '' 2005 `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( with Westlife ) 2006 `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( with Rod Stewart ) Book Category Template Amerie Discography Studio albums All I Have ( 2002 ) Touch ( 2005 ) Because I Love It ( 2007 ) In Love & War ( 2009 ) Compilation albums Playlist : The Very Best of Amerie ( 2008 ) Best 15 Things ( 2009 ) Extended plays Drive ( 2016 ) Singles `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Talkin ' to Me '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` 1 Thing '' `` Touch '' `` Take Control '' `` Gotta Work '' `` Why RU ? '' `` Heard ' Em All '' `` Out Loud '' Featured singles `` Rule '' `` Paradise '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Fly Like Me '' Related articles First Daughter Awards and nominations Rich Harrison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Coming_Out&oldid=800689604 '' Categories : 1980 singles 1997 singles 2003 singles Amerie songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Diana Ross songs LGBT - related songs Songs written for films Songs written by Bernard Edwards Songs written by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Bernard Edwards Songs with feminist themes 1980 songs Motown singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 24 . 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is washington dc one of the 52 states	The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states , a federal district ( Washington , D.C. , the capital city of the United States ) , five major territories , and various minor islands . The 48 contiguous states and Washington , D.C. , are in central North America between Canada and Mexico ; the two other states , Alaska and Hawaii , are in the northwestern part of North America and an archipelago in the mid-Pacific , respectively , while the territories are scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea .		List of States and territories of the United States	list of states and territories of the united states		A map of the United States showing its 50 states and District of Columbia The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states , a federal district ( Washington , D.C. , the capital city of the United States ) , five major territories , and various minor islands . The 48 contiguous states and Washington , D.C. , are in central North America between Canada and Mexico ; the two other states , Alaska and Hawaii , are in the northwestern part of North America and an archipelago in the mid-Pacific , respectively , while the territories are scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . States are the primary subdivisions of the United States , and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution , such as regulating intrastate commerce , running elections , creating local governments , and ratifying constitutional amendments . Each state has its own constitution , grounded in republican principles , and government , consisting of three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . Each state is represented by two Senators , while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census . Additionally , each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College , the body that elects the President of the United States , equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state . Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union . Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 , the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to the current total of 50 , and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states . As provided by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , Congress exercises `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the federal district , which is not part of any state . Prior to passage of the 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act , which devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and council , the district did not have an elected local government . Even so , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . As it is not a state , the district does not have representation in the Senate . However , since 1971 , its residents have been represented in the House of Representatives by a non-voting delegate . Additionally , since 1961 , following ratification of the 23rd Amendment , the district has been entitled to select three electors to vote in the Electoral College . In addition to the 50 states and federal district , the United States has sovereignty over 14 territories . Five of them ( American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) have a permanent , nonmilitary population , while nine of them do not . With the exception of Navassa Island , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , which are located in the Caribbean , all territories are located in the Pacific Ocean . One territory , Palmyra Atoll , is considered to be incorporated , meaning the full body of the Constitution has been applied to it ; the other territories are unincorporated , meaning the Constitution does not fully apply to them . Ten territories ( the Minor Outlying Islands and American Samoa ) are considered to be unorganized , meaning they have not had an Organic Act enacted by Congress ; the four other territories are organized , meaning they have had an Organic Act that has been enacted by Congress . The five inhabited territories each have limited autonomy and a non-voting delegate in Congress , in addition to having territorial legislatures and governors , but residents can not vote in federal elections . California is the most populous state , with 38,332,521 residents ( 2013 estimate ) ; Wyoming is the least populous , with an estimated 582,658 residents . The District of Columbia , with an estimated 646,449 residents as of 2012 , has a higher population than the two least populous states ( Wyoming and Vermont ) . The largest state by area is Alaska , encompassing 665,384 square miles ( 1,723,340 km ) , while the smallest is Rhode Island , encompassing 1,545 square miles ( 4,000 km ) . The first state to ratify the current Constitution was Delaware , which it did on December 7 , 1787 , while the newest state is Hawaii , which was admitted to the Union on August 21 , 1959 . The largest territory in terms of both population and size is Puerto Rico , with 3,725,789 residents as of the 2010 Census and a total area of 5,325 square miles ( 13,790 km ) . Contents 1 States 2 Federal district 3 Territories 3.1 Inhabited territories 3.2 Uninhabited territories 3.3 Disputed territories 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links States The table below lists the 50 states , with their current capital , largest city , the date they ratified the U.S. Constitution or were admitted to the Union , population and area data , and number of representative ( s ) in the U.S. House of Representatives . States of the United States of America Name & postal abbreviation Cities Established Population Total area Land area Water area Number of Reps . Capital Largest mi km mi km mi km Alabama AL Montgomery Birmingham Dec 14 , 1819 4,874,747 52,420 135,767 50,645 131,171 1,775 4,597 7 Alaska AK Juneau Anchorage Jan 3 , 1959 739,795 665,384 1,723,337 570,641 1,477,953 94,743 245,384 Arizona AZ Phoenix Feb 14 , 1912 7,016,270 113,990 295,234 113,594 294,207 396 1,026 9 Arkansas AR Little Rock Jun 15 , 1836 3,004,279 53,179 137,732 52,035 134,771 1,143 2,961 California CA Sacramento Los Angeles Sep 9 , 1850 39,536,653 163,695 423,967 155,779 403,466 7,916 20,501 53 Colorado CO Denver Aug 1 , 1876 5,607,154 104,094 269,601 103,642 268,431 452 1,170 7 Connecticut CT Hartford Bridgeport Jan 9 , 1788 3,588,184 5,543 14,357 4,842 12,542 701 1,816 5 Delaware DE Dover Wilmington Dec 7 , 1787 961,939 2,489 6,446 1,949 5,047 540 1,399 Florida FL Tallahassee Jacksonville Mar 3 , 1845 20,984,400 65,758 170,312 53,625 138,887 12,133 31,424 27 Georgia GA Atlanta Jan 2 , 1788 10,429,379 59,425 153,910 57,513 148,959 1,912 4,951 14 Hawaii HI Honolulu Aug 21 , 1959 1,427,538 10,932 28,313 6,423 16,635 4,509 11,678 Idaho ID Boise Jul 3 , 1890 1,716,943 83,569 216,443 82,643 214,045 926 2,398 Illinois IL Springfield Chicago Dec 3 , 1818 12,802,023 57,914 149,995 55,519 143,793 2,395 6,202 18 Indiana IN Indianapolis Dec 11 , 1816 6,666,818 36,420 94,326 35,826 92,789 593 1,537 9 Iowa IA Des Moines Dec 28 , 1846 3,145,711 56,273 145,746 55,857 144,669 416 1,077 Kansas KS Topeka Wichita Jan 29 , 1861 2,913,123 82,278 213,100 81,759 211,754 520 1,346 Kentucky KY Frankfort Louisville Jun 1 , 1792 4,454,189 40,408 104,656 39,486 102,269 921 2,387 6 Louisiana LA Baton Rouge New Orleans Apr 30 , 1812 4,684,333 52,378 135,659 43,204 111,898 9,174 23,761 6 Maine ME Augusta Portland Mar 15 , 1820 1,335,907 35,380 91,633 30,843 79,883 4,537 11,750 Maryland MD Annapolis Baltimore Apr 28 , 1788 6,052,177 12,406 32,131 9,707 25,142 2,699 6,990 8 Massachusetts MA Boston Feb 6 , 1788 6,859,819 10,554 27,336 7,800 20,202 2,754 7,134 9 Michigan MI Lansing Detroit Jan 26 , 1837 9,962,311 96,714 250,487 56,539 146,435 40,175 104,052 14 Minnesota MN St. Paul Minneapolis May 11 , 1858 5,576,606 86,936 225,163 79,627 206,232 7,309 18,930 8 Mississippi MS Jackson Dec 10 , 1817 2,984,100 48,432 125,438 46,923 121,531 1,508 3,907 Missouri MO Jefferson City Kansas City Aug 10 , 1821 6,113,532 69,707 180,540 68,742 178,040 965 2,501 8 Montana MT Helena Billings Nov 8 , 1889 1,050,493 147,040 380,831 145,546 376,962 1,494 3,869 Nebraska NE Lincoln Omaha Mar 1 , 1867 1,920,076 77,348 200,330 76,824 198,974 524 1,356 Nevada NV Carson City Las Vegas Oct 31 , 1864 2,998,039 110,572 286,380 109,781 284,332 791 2,048 New Hampshire NH Concord Manchester Jun 21 , 1788 1,342,795 9,349 24,214 8,953 23,187 397 1,027 New Jersey NJ Trenton Newark Dec 18 , 1787 9,005,644 8,723 22,591 7,354 19,047 1,368 3,544 12 New Mexico NM Santa Fe Albuquerque Jan 6 , 1912 2,088,070 121,590 314,917 121,298 314,161 292 757 New York NY Albany New York City Jul 26 , 1788 19,849,399 54,555 141,297 47,126 122,057 7,429 19,240 27 North Carolina NC Raleigh Charlotte Nov 21 , 1789 10,273,419 53,819 139,391 48,618 125,920 5,201 13,471 13 North Dakota ND Bismarck Fargo Nov 2 , 1889 755,393 70,698 183,108 69,001 178,711 1,698 4,397 Ohio OH Columbus Mar 1 , 1803 11,658,609 44,826 116,098 40,861 105,829 3,965 10,269 16 Oklahoma OK Oklahoma City Nov 16 , 1907 3,930,864 69,899 181,037 68,595 177,660 1,304 3,377 5 Oregon OR Salem Portland Feb 14 , 1859 4,142,776 98,379 254,799 95,988 248,608 2,391 6,191 5 Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg Philadelphia Dec 12 , 1787 12,805,537 46,054 119,280 44,743 115,883 1,312 3,397 18 Rhode Island RI Providence May 29 , 1790 1,059,639 1,545 4,001 1,034 2,678 511 1,324 South Carolina SC Columbia Charleston May 23 , 1788 5,024,369 32,020 82,933 30,061 77,857 1,960 5,076 7 South Dakota SD Pierre Sioux Falls Nov 2 , 1889 869,666 77,116 199,729 75,811 196,350 1,305 3,379 Tennessee TN Nashville Jun 1 , 1796 6,715,984 42,144 109,153 41,235 106,798 909 2,355 9 Texas TX Austin Houston Dec 29 , 1845 28,304,596 268,596 695,662 261,232 676,587 7,365 19,075 36 Utah UT Salt Lake City Jan 4 , 1896 3,101,833 84,897 219,882 82,170 212,818 2,727 7,064 Vermont VT Montpelier Burlington Mar 4 , 1791 623,657 9,616 24,906 9,217 23,871 400 1,035 Virginia VA Richmond Virginia Beach Jun 25 , 1788 8,470,020 42,775 110,787 39,490 102,279 3,285 8,508 11 Washington WA Olympia Seattle Nov 11 , 1889 7,405,743 71,298 184,661 66,456 172,119 4,842 12,542 10 West Virginia WV Charleston Jun 20 , 1863 1,815,857 24,230 62,756 24,038 62,259 192 497 Wisconsin WI Madison Milwaukee May 29 , 1848 5,795,483 65,496 169,635 54,158 140,268 11,339 29,367 8 Wyoming WY Cheyenne Jul 10 , 1890 579,315 97,813 253,335 97,093 251,470 720 1,864 Federal district Federal district of the United States Name & postal abbreviation Established Population Total area Land area Water area Number of Reps . mi km mi km mi km District of Columbia DC Jul 16 , 1790 693,972 68 176 61 158 7 18 Territories Further information : Insular area A map showing the location of each territory controlled by the United States . The United States is marked in blue , inhabited territories are marked in green , and uninhabited territories are marked in orange . Inhabited territories Inhabited territories of the United States Name & postal abbreviation Capital Acquired Territorial status Population Total area Land area Water area Number of Reps . mi km mi km mi km American Samoa AS Pago Pago 1900 Unincorporated , unorganized 57,400 581 1,505 76 198 505 1,307 Guam GU Hagåtña 1899 Unincorporated , organized 161,700 571 1,478 210 543 361 935 Northern Mariana Islands MP Saipan 1986 Unincorporated , organized 52,300 1,976 5,117 182 472 1,793 4,644 Puerto Rico PR San Juan 1899 Unincorporated , organized 3,337,177 5,325 13,791 3,424 8,868 1,901 4,924 U.S. Virgin Islands VI Charlotte Amalie 1917 Unincorporated , organized 103,700 733 1,898 134 348 599 1,550 Uninhabited territories Territories of the United States with no indigenous population Name Acquired Territorial status Land Area mi km Baker Island 1856 Unincorporated ; unorganized 0.9 2.2 Howland Island 1858 Unincorporated , unorganized 0.6 1.6 Jarvis Island 1856 Unincorporated , unorganized 2.2 5.7 Johnston Atoll 1859 Unincorporated , unorganized 2.6 Kingman Reef 1860 Unincorporated , unorganized 0.005 0.01 Midway Atoll 1867 Unincorporated , unorganized 7.8 Navassa Island 1858 Unincorporated , unorganized 7.8 Palmyra Atoll 1898 Incorporated , unorganized 1.5 3.9 Wake Island 1899 Unincorporated , unorganized 2.5 6.5 Disputed territories Main article : List of territorial disputes § Central America and the Caribbean Territories ( uninhabited ) claimed but not administered by the United States Name Acquired Territorial status Area Administered by Also claimed by mi km Bajo Nuevo Bank ( Petrel Island ) 1869 Unincorporated , unorganized ( disputed sovereignty ) 56 145 Colombia Jamaica Nicaragua Serranilla Bank 1880 Unincorporated , unorganized ( disputed sovereignty ) 463 1,200 Colombia Honduras Nicaragua See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal List of regions of the United States Lists of U.S. state topics Political divisions of the United States Notes Jump up ^ The largest city is the city in a state with the largest population in the city proper ( as opposed to metropolitan area ) . Jump up ^ Each state is entitled to at least one representative . Current federal law sets the number of voting members of the House of Representatives at 435 , which are apportioned among states every ten years according to their relative population . Each state is also entitled to two senators . Jump up ^ The original 13 states became sovereign in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence , and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781 , upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation . These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution , thus joining the present federal Union of states . Subsequent states are listed in the order of their admission to the Union , and the date given is the official establishment date set by Act of Congress . For further details , see List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Jump up ^ 2017 estimate ^ Jump up to : Uses the term `` commonwealth '' rather than `` state '' in its full official name . Jump up ^ Officially the `` State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations '' . Jump up ^ 2017 estimate ^ Jump up to : Represented by a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives . Jump up ^ 2015 population estimate for : American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Virgin Islands ; 2017 population estimate for Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ Although not organized through a federal organic act or other explicit Congressional directive on governance , the people of American Samoa adopted a constitution in 1967 , and then in 1977 , elected territorial officials for the first time . ^ Jump up to : Organized as a commonwealth . Jump up ^ Represented by a non-voting resident commissioner in the House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Excluding lagoon Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants , around 40 United States Fish and Wildlife Service staff and service contractors live on the island at any given time . Jump up ^ U.S. sovereignty is disputed by Haiti . Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants , between four and 20 Nature Conservancy , employees , United States Fish and Wildlife Service staff , and researchers live on the island at any given time . Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants , as of 2009 , around 150 U.S. 150 U.S. military personnel and civilian contractors were living on the island , staffing the Wake Island Airfield and communications facilities . Jump up ^ U.S. sovereignty is disputed by the Republic of Marshall Islands . Jump up ^ This is the approximate figure for the land area of the bank , and does not include the surrounding territorial waters . Jump up ^ This figure includes the total land area of the Serranilla Bank and the water area of its lagoon , but not the surrounding territorial waters . References Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. ( 1983 ) . The Origins of the Federal Republic : Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States , 1775 -- 1787 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1167 - 2 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Common Core Document of the United States of America : Submitted With the Fourth Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights '' . U.S. Department of State , via The Office of Website Management , Bureau of Public Affairs . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . November 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature '' . Minnesota State Legislature . Jump up ^ Burnett , Kristin D. `` Congressional Apportionment ( 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR - 08 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce , Economics and Statistics Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer R. `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Electors '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia Law . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC Home Rule '' . Council of the District of Columbia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tarr , David R. ; Benenson , Bob , eds. ( 2012 ) . Elections A to Z ( 4th ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 165 . ISBN 9780872897694 . Jump up ^ `` The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 : June 11 , 1929 '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Historian , United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate and the United States Constitution '' . www.senate.gov . Washington , D.C. : Secretary of the Senate . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix B : Two -- Letter State and possession Abbreviations '' . Postal Addressing Standards . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . May 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 ... provides land , water and total area measurements for the 50 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the Island Areas . The area measurements were derived from the Census Bureau 's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing ( MAF / TIGER ® ) database . The land and water areas , ... reflect base feature updates made in the MAF / TIGER ® database through August , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State and Local Government Finances and Employment '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2012 . p. 284 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Washington , DC '' . Destination DC . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directory of Representatives '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Samoa '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islands We Serve : American Samoa '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guam '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islands We Serve : Guam '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Mariana Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Islands We Serve : Virgin Islands '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baker Island '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jarvis Island '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnston Island '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge '' . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Pacific Islands Wildlife Refuges '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Midway Atoll '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Navassa Island '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colon , Yves ( September 25 , 1998 ) . `` U.S. , Haiti Squabble Over Control of Tiny Island '' . Miami Herald . Webster University . Jump up ^ `` Palmyra Atoll '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wake Island '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Earnshaw , Karen ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Enen Kio ( a.k.a. Wake Island ) : Island of the kio flower '' . Marshall Islands Guide . Majuro , Republic of the Marshall Islands . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Martin W. ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` When Is an Island Not An Island ? Caribbean Maritime Disputes '' . GeoCurrents . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Minor Outlying Islands - Bajo Nuevo Bank '' . Geocaching . June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cayo Serranilla '' ( in Spanish ) . Eco Fiwi . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdivisions of the United States . State Resource Guides , from the Library of Congress State and Territorial Governments on USA.gov Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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dionne warwick songs written by the bee gees			Still Waters ( Bee Gees album )	still waters ( bee gees album )	Still Waters is the twenty - first studio album by the pop group the Bee Gees , released on 10 March 1997 in the UK by Polydor , and on 6 May the same year in the US by A&M .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Release 4 Aftermath 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Certifications 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 References Background ( edit ) In 1994 , the Bee Gees and Polydor Records had planned a major tour to promote Size Is n't Everything ( 1993 ) but it was postponed in February the same year due to Barry Gibb 's trouble with arthritis in his back , right hand and right knee . Following the cancellation of the tour , Robin Gibb told the press that the group was working on an album of acoustic versions of songs they had written for other artists . The project was later called Love Songs which featured some new recordings . However , their record company rejected the album and the new songs were included on a new studio album instead , announced in September 1994 and released on 14 February ( Valentine 's Day ) of 1995 . Around 1994 , the Bee Gees did record six songs , one of which was called `` Miracles Happen '' which was written and recorded to be the title song for a new film version of Miracle on 34th Street ; the Bee Gees got the job in June 1994 and quickly returned this recording , with a boys ' choir and a big string section backing them . The filmmakers however decided later to use only old Christmas songs . On the same session , they also did their own version of their compositions such as `` Emotion '' ( Samantha Sang ) , `` Heartbreaker '' ( Dionne Warwick ) , `` Love Never Dies '' and `` Rings Around the Moon '' , which were later released as B - sides . Recording ( edit ) In July 1995 , they started with seven demos for what would become included on the album , along with four demos recorded in the second quarter of 1995 . In the October 1995 sessions they recorded their rendition of `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' for a Carole King tribute album Tapestry Revisited : A Tribute to Carole King . In March 1996 , they relocated to The Hit Factory in New York to record two songs . Around 1996 , the Bee Gees used session musicians to complete the entire album , produced by Russ Titelman . Also in 1996 , the Bee Gees recorded two songs with two members of P.M. Dawn , Attrel Cordes and Jarett Cordes . The producer on `` With My Eyes Closed '' was Raphael Saadiq . `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' was produced by Hugh Padgham . The last song recorded for the album was `` Closer than Close '' which features Maurice Gibb 's lead vocals produced by the brothers themselves . Release ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Chicago Tribune Entertainment Weekly ( C ) Los Angeles Times Rolling Stone The Bee Gees recorded further new songs in 1996 and 1997 , and Still Waters was released in March 1997 . Though receiving lukewarm reviews from critics , the album was their most successful album in almost twenty years ; it was released at a time when the Bee Gees were being awarded for lifetime achievements , had recently been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and were regaining high exposure on television , particularly VH1 . The album sold over 5 million copies worldwide , peaking at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart and reaching No. 11 in the United States . The Bee Gees made the album with a variety of top producers , including Russ Titelman , David Foster , Hugh Padgham , and Arif Mardin . The first single off the album , `` Alone '' , was a worldwide hit , peaking at No. 5 in the UK and No. 28 in the United States , where it began as a `` hot shot debut '' at No. 34 . `` I Could Not Love You More '' and `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' also reached the UK top 20 . In a special agreement with Target , Polydor also sold a special edition of the album which included a bonus CD of songs from their VH1 Storytellers concert . This CD has never been made commercially available outside of the Target agreement . Aftermath ( edit ) In 2003 Robin Gibb re-recorded the track `` My Lover 's Prayer '' as a duet with Alistair Griffin . This reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart as a double A-side single with Griffin 's solo recording of `` Bring It On '' . It also appears on Griffin 's debut album Bring It On , which reached No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart . The album became one of the first of the Bee Gees ' catalogue to be re-released on Reprise Records after the group regained the rights to all of their recordings in 2006 . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb . `` Alone '' -- 4 : 49 ( Lead Vocal : Barry and Robin ) `` I Surrender '' -- 4 : 18 ( Lead Vocal : Barry ) `` I Could Not Love You More '' -- 3 : 43 ( Lead Vocal : Barry ) `` Still Waters Run Deep '' -- 4 : 08 ( Lead Vocal : Barry and Robin ) `` My Lover 's Prayer '' -- 4 : 00 ( Lead Vocal : Barry and Robin ) `` With My Eyes Closed '' -- 4 : 19 ( Lead Vocal : Barry ) `` Irresistible Force '' -- 4 : 36 ( Lead Vocal : Robin and Barry ) `` Closer Than Close '' -- 4 : 34 ( Lead Vocal : Maurice ) `` I Will '' -- 5 : 08 ( Lead Vocal : Barry and Robin ) `` Obsessions '' -- 4 : 43 ( Lead Vocal : Barry ) `` Miracles Happen '' -- 4 : 12 ( Lead Vocal : Barry ) `` Smoke and Mirrors '' -- 5 : 00 ( Lead Vocal : Robin ) Bonus tracks `` Rings Around the Moon '' -- 4 : 30 ( Lead Vocal : Robin ) `` Love Never Dies '' -- 4 : 07 ( Lead Vocal : Robin ) Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- vocals , guitar , drum programming Robin Gibb -- vocals Maurice Gibb -- vocals , keyboards , guitar Additional personnel Alan Kendall -- guitar Steve Lukather - guitar Mike Porcaro - bass guitar ( `` Alone '' ) Gregg Bissonette - drums ( `` Alone '' , `` I Surrender '' ) Leland Sklar - bass guitar ( `` I Surrender '' ) Steve Porcaro - keyboards ( Alone ) David Paich - keyboards David Foster -- keyboards Michael Thompson -- guitar Dean Parks -- guitar Steve Skinner -- keyboards , synthesizer Steve Jordan - drums Robbie Kondor -- keyboards Jeff Bova -- synthesizer bass , keyboards Alan Clark -- keyboards Rob Mounsey -- keyboard Marc Schulman -- guitars George `` Chocolate '' Perry -- bass Anthony Jackson -- bass Jimmy Bralower -- programming , percussion Dave Halpem -- percussion Ralph MacDonald -- percussion Russ Titelman -- programming David Elliot -- drums Raphael Saadiq -- programming , bass , guitar , vocals Kelvin Wooten -- keyboards Spanky Alford -- guitar Carl Verhyn -- guitar Joe Mardin -- drum programming Mike McAvoy -- keyboards , guitar Pino Palladino -- bass Peter John Vettese -- keyboards , programming Manu Katché -- drums Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 225,100 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Album Chart Austrian Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 7 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 9 Canadian RPM Albums Chart 11 Dutch Albums Chart Finnish Albums Chart 23 European Albums Chart French SNEP Albums Chart 5 German Media Control Albums Chart Irish Albums Chart 8 Italian Albums Chart 19 New Zealand Albums Chart Norwegian VG - lista Albums Chart 16 Swedish Albums Chart 26 Swiss Albums Chart UK Albums Chart US Billboard 200 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 21 Austrian Albums Chart 29 French Albums Chart 47 German Albums Chart 11 Italian Albums Chart 113 Swiss Albums Chart 10 UK Albums Chart 52 US Billboard 200 142 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1994 '' . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1995 '' . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1996 '' . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Still Waters at AllMusic Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( 6 June 1997 ) . `` Review : Bee Gees Still Waters '' . chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Schinder , Scott ( 9 May 1997 ) . `` Still Waters Review '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( 10 May 1997 ) . `` Bee Gees Show Just a Glimmer of Old Magic '' . articles.latimes.com . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Moon , Tom ( 22 April 1997 ) . `` Music Review : Still Waters by the Bee Gees '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Enter Bee Gees in the field Interpret . Enter Still Waters in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Albums Or '' . infodisc.fr ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bee Gees ; ' Still Waters ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bee Gees ; ' Still Waters ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 Jan 2015 . Enter Still Waters in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 1997 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` austriancharts.at Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` finnishcharts.com Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 5 April 1997 ) . Billboard -- 5 April 1997 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . lescharts.com . SNEP . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 1997 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( ASP ) ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees -- Still Waters -- hitparade.ch '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Bee Gees -- Still Waters '' ( PHP ) . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Still Waters > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Albums 1997 '' . aria.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jahreshitparade 1997 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Albums ( CD ) de 1997 par InfoDisc '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparade.ch -- Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1997 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete UK Year - End Album Charts '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ -- Year - end Charts -- Billboard 200 -- 1997 '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Preceded by Pop by U2 Swiss Music Chart number - one album 6 -- 13 April 1997 Succeeded by Bocelli by Andrea Bocelli Preceded by The Fat of the Land by The Prodigy New Zealand Chart number - one album 3 August 1997 Succeeded by Drive by Bic Runga Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Waters_(Bee_Gees_album)&oldid=835938234 '' Categories : 1997 albums Albums produced by Barry Gibb Albums produced by Robin Gibb Albums produced by Maurice Gibb Albums produced by Arif Mardin Albums produced by David Foster Albums produced by Hugh Padgham Albums produced by Raphael Saadiq Albums produced by Russ Titelman Bee Gees albums Polydor Records albums A&M Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Suomi Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 49 . 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last briton to reach mens finals at wimbledon	Year Best British Finish Player Last Opponent Score in last match 1968 Fourth round Mark Cox Rod Laver 9 - 7 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 0 1969 Fourth round Robert Wilson Tom Okker 11 - 9 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1970 Semi-final Roger Taylor Ken Rosewall 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 1971 Third round Gerald Battrick John Newcombe 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 1972 Third round John Paish Alex Metreveli 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 1973 Semi-final Roger Taylor Jan Kodeš 8 - 9 , 9 - 7 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 5 Third round Buster Mottram Dick Stockton W / O Fourth round Graham Stilwell Arthur Ashe 6 - 2 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1976 Third round Richard Lewis Nikola Pilić 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 1977 Fourth round Mark Cox Billy Martin 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 0 - 6 , 9 - 7 1978 Second round Robin Drysdale Jaime Fillol 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 Buster Mottram Frew McMillan 9 - 8 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 John Feaver Guillermo Vilas 6 - 3 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 Mark Cox Tom Gorman 4 - 6 , 8 - 6 , 8 - 6 , 7 - 5 1979 Fourth round Mark Cox Jimmy Connors 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 1 1980 Second round Mark Cox Ramesh Krishnan 6 - 7 , 7 - 5 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 Andrew Jarrett Gene Mayer 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 Buster Mottram Nick Saviano 6 - 7 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 13 - 11 1981 Second round Buster Mottram Victor Amaya 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 John Lloyd José Luis Clerc 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 John Feaver Bob Lutz 6 - 3 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 1982 Fourth round Buster Mottram Tim Mayotte 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 Second round Andrew Jarrett Loïc Courteau 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 Stuart Bale Mel Purcell 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 1984 Third round John Lloyd Scott Davis 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 1985 Third round John Lloyd Henri Leconte 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 1986 Second round Nick Fulwood Matt Anger 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 Colin Dowdeswell Henri Leconte 6 - 1 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 Stephen Botfield Wally Masur 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 Andrew Castle Mats Wilander 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 0 Third round Jeremy Bates Slobodan Živojinović 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 1988 Second round Stephen Botfield Simon Youl 6 - 2 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Jeremy Bates Robert Seguso 6 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 1989 Third round Nick Fulwood Paul Chamberlin 3 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1990 Second round Neil Broad Christian Bergström 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 Jeremy Bates Derrick Rostagno 6 - 1 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 1991 Third round Nick Brown Thierry Champion 7 - 6 , 1 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 1992 Fourth round Jeremy Bates Guy Forget 6 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 3 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 1993 Fourth round Andrew Foster Pete Sampras 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 , 7 - 6 1994 Fourth round Jeremy Bates Guy Forget 2 - 6 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 1995 Fourth round Greg Rusedski Pete Sampras 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 7 - 5 Quarter - final Tim Henman Todd Martin 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 1997 Quarter - final Tim Henman Michael Stich 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 Greg Rusedski Cédric Pioline 6 - 4 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 1998 Semi-final Tim Henman Pete Sampras 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 1999 Semi-final Tim Henman Pete Sampras 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 2000 Fourth round Tim Henman Mark Philippoussis 6 - 1 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 2001 Semi-final Tim Henman Goran Ivanišević 7 - 5 , 6 - 7 , 0 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 2002 Semi-final Tim Henman Lleyton Hewitt 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 , 7 - 5 2003 Quarter - final Tim Henman Sébastian Grosjean 7 - 6 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Quarter - final Tim Henman Mario Ančić 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 2005 Third round Andy Murray David Nalbandian 6 - 7 , 1 - 6 , 6 - 0 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 2006 Fourth round Andy Murray Marcos Baghdatis 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 2007 Second round Tim Henman Feliciano López 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 3 - 6 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 1 2008 Quarter - final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 2009 Semi-final Andy Murray Andy Roddick 6 - 4 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 Semi-final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 2011 Semi-final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 5 - 7 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 2012 Final Andy Murray Roger Federer 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 - 4 2013 Champion Andy Murray Novak Djokovic Won 6 - 4 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 4 2014 Quarterfinal Andy Murray Grigor Dimitrov 6 - 1 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 2 2015 Semi-final Andy Murray Roger Federer 7 - 5 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 4 2016 Champion Andy Murray Milos Raonic Won 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 2017 Quarterfinal Andy Murray Sam Querrey 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 1 2018 Third round Kyle Edmund Novak Djokovic 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4		Historical British performances at Wimbledon	historical british performances at wimbledon		This article lists the progress of British tennis players at Wimbledon each year . Wimbledon is the home grand slam for British players , but in recent years they have not had much success . However , on 7 July 2013 Andy Murray became the first Briton to win the men 's competition since Fred Perry in 1936 . The last British woman to win the ladies ' tournament was Virginia Wade in 1977 . Contents 1 Men 's singles ( Open era ) 2 Ladies ' singles ( Open Era ) 3 References 4 See also Men 's Singles ( open era ) ( edit ) See the article for each year of the Wimbledon Championships ( linked in the ' Year ' column ) for references . Year Best British Finish Player Last Opponent Score in last match 1968 Fourth round Mark Cox Rod Laver 9 - 7 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 0 1969 Fourth round Robert Wilson Tom Okker 11 - 9 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1970 Semi-final Roger Taylor Ken Rosewall 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 1971 Third round Gerald Battrick John Newcombe 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 1972 Third round John Paish Alex Metreveli 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 1973 Semi-final Roger Taylor Jan Kodeš 8 - 9 , 9 - 7 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 5 Third round Buster Mottram Dick Stockton W / O Fourth round Graham Stilwell Arthur Ashe 6 - 2 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1976 Third round Richard Lewis Nikola Pilić 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 1977 Fourth round Mark Cox Billy Martin 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 0 - 6 , 9 - 7 1978 Second round Robin Drysdale Jaime Fillol 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 Buster Mottram Frew McMillan 9 - 8 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 John Feaver Guillermo Vilas 6 - 3 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 Mark Cox Tom Gorman 4 - 6 , 8 - 6 , 8 - 6 , 7 - 5 1979 Fourth round Mark Cox Jimmy Connors 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 1 1980 Second round Mark Cox Ramesh Krishnan 6 - 7 , 7 - 5 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 Andrew Jarrett Gene Mayer 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 Buster Mottram Nick Saviano 6 - 7 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 13 - 11 1981 Second round Buster Mottram Victor Amaya 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 John Lloyd José Luis Clerc 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 John Feaver Bob Lutz 6 - 3 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 1982 Fourth round Buster Mottram Tim Mayotte 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 Second round Andrew Jarrett Loïc Courteau 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 Stuart Bale Mel Purcell 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 1984 Third round John Lloyd Scott Davis 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 1985 Third round John Lloyd Henri Leconte 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 1986 Second round Nick Fulwood Matt Anger 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 Colin Dowdeswell Henri Leconte 6 - 1 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 Stephen Botfield Wally Masur 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 Andrew Castle Mats Wilander 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 0 Third round Jeremy Bates Slobodan Živojinović 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 1988 Second round Stephen Botfield Simon Youl 6 - 2 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Jeremy Bates Robert Seguso 6 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 1989 Third round Nick Fulwood Paul Chamberlin 3 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1990 Second round Neil Broad Christian Bergström 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 Jeremy Bates Derrick Rostagno 6 - 1 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 1991 Third round Nick Brown Thierry Champion 7 - 6 , 1 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 1992 Fourth round Jeremy Bates Guy Forget 6 - 7 , 6 - 4 , 3 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 1993 Fourth round Andrew Foster Pete Sampras 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 , 7 - 6 1994 Fourth round Jeremy Bates Guy Forget 2 - 6 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 1995 Fourth round Greg Rusedski Pete Sampras 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 7 - 5 Quarter - final Tim Henman Todd Martin 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 1997 Quarter - final Tim Henman Michael Stich 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 Greg Rusedski Cédric Pioline 6 - 4 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 1998 Semi-final Tim Henman Pete Sampras 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 1999 Semi-final Tim Henman Pete Sampras 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 2000 Fourth round Tim Henman Mark Philippoussis 6 - 1 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 2001 Semi-final Tim Henman Goran Ivanišević 7 - 5 , 6 - 7 , 0 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 2002 Semi-final Tim Henman Lleyton Hewitt 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 , 7 - 5 2003 Quarter - final Tim Henman Sébastian Grosjean 7 - 6 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Quarter - final Tim Henman Mario Ančić 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 2005 Third round Andy Murray David Nalbandian 6 - 7 , 1 - 6 , 6 - 0 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 2006 Fourth round Andy Murray Marcos Baghdatis 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 2007 Second round Tim Henman Feliciano López 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 3 - 6 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 1 2008 Quarter - final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 2009 Semi-final Andy Murray Andy Roddick 6 - 4 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 Semi-final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 2011 Semi-final Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 5 - 7 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 2012 Final Andy Murray Roger Federer 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 - 4 2013 Champion Andy Murray Novak Djokovic Won 6 - 4 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 4 2014 Quarterfinal Andy Murray Grigor Dimitrov 6 - 1 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 2 2015 Semi-final Andy Murray Roger Federer 7 - 5 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 4 2016 Champion Andy Murray Milos Raonic Won 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 , 7 - 6 2017 Quarterfinal Andy Murray Sam Querrey 6 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 1 2018 Third round Kyle Edmund Novak Djokovic 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 Ladies ' Singles ( open era ) ( edit ) See the article for each year of the Wimbledon Championships ( linked in the ' Year ' column ) for references . Year Best British Finish Player Last Opponent Score in last match 1968 Semi-final Ann Jones Billie Jean King 4 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 2 1969 Champion Ann Jones Billie Jean King Won 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 1970 Quarter - final Winnie Shaw Rosie Casals 6 - 2 , 6 - 0 1971 Quarter - final Winnie Shaw Margaret Court 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 1972 Quarter - final Virginia Wade Margaret Court 6 - 1 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 1973 Quarter - final Virginia Wade Evonne Goolagong 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 Semi-final Virginia Wade Olga Morozova 1 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 4 Quarter - final Virginia Wade Evonne Goolagong Cawley 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 9 - 7 1976 Semi-final Virginia Wade Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 1977 Champion Virginia Wade Betty Stove Won 4 - 6 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 1978 Semi-final Virginia Wade Chris Evert 8 - 6 , 6 - 2 1979 Quarter - final Virginia Wade Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 1980 Fourth round Virginia Wade Andrea Jaeger 6 - 2 , 7 - 6 1981 Fourth round Jo Durie Pam Shriver 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Anne Hobbs Hana Mandlíková 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 1982 Second round Anne Hobbs Lucia Romanov 3 - 6 , 6 - 1 , 7 - 5 Virginia Wade Marjorie Blackwood 7 - 6 , 7 - 5 Quarter - final Virginia Wade Yvonne Vermaak 6 - 3 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 2 1984 Quarter - final Jo Durie Hana Mandlíková 6 - 1 , 6 - 4 1985 Fourth round Jo Durie Barbara Potter 7 - 6 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 1 1986 Third round Jo Durie Dianne Balestrat 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 Anne Hobbs Robin White 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 Third round Jo Durie Helena Suková 6 - 1 , 6 - 3 1988 Third round Julie Salmon Larisa Savchenko 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 1989 Third round Anne Hobbs Chris Evert 6 - 4 , 6 - 1 1990 Second round Sara Gomer Angélica Gavaldón 7 - 5 , 0 - 6 , 7 - 5 Sarah Loosemore Elna Reinach 6 - 3 , 7 - 5 1991 Second round Jo Durie Manon Bollegraf 6 - 3 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 Amanda Grunfeld Martina Navratilova 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 1992 Second round Shirli - Ann Siddall Claudia Porwik 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 Amanda Grunfeld Mana Endo 5 - 7 , 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 1993 Second round Clare Wood Steffi Graf 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 Amanda Wainwright Gloria Pizzichini 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 Monique Javer Nathalie Tauziat 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 1994 Second round Shirli - Ann Siddall Kimiko Date 6 - 2 , 6 - 0 1995 Second round Jo Durie Jana Novotná 6 - 2 , 6 - 2 Second round Rachel Viollet Martina Hingis 6 - 1 , 6 - 1 Claire Taylor Mary Pierce 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 1997 Third round Karen Cross Iva Majoli 4 - 6 , 7 - 6 , 6 - 4 1998 Fourth round Samantha Smith Nathalie Tauziat 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 1999 Second round Louise Latimer Sarah Pitkowski 7 - 5 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 Karen Cross Kim Clijsters 6 - 2 , 6 - 0 2000 Second round Louise Latimer Anke Huber 5 - 7 , 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 Lucie Ahl Sandra Načuk 6 - 4 , 6 - 3 2001 Second round Karen Cross Lisa Raymond 6 - 0 , 6 - 1 2002 Third round Elena Baltacha Elena Likhovtseva 6 - 4 , 7 - 6 2003 First round Julie Pullin Lina Krasnoroutskaya 6 - 3 , 6 - 1 Jane O'Donoghue Marlene Weingärtner 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 Elena Baltacha Jelena Dokic 6 - 3 , 1 - 6 , 6 - 4 Anne Keothavong Katarina Srebotnik 6 - 2 , 4 - 0 ret Lucie Ahl Ai Sugiyama 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 Second round Jane O'Donoghue Magüi Serna 6 - 3 , 6 - 3 Elena Baltacha Jennifer Capriati 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 Anne Keothavong Maria Sharapova 6 - 4 , 6 - 0 Emily Webley - Smith Amy Frazier 6 - 2 , 3 - 6 , 8 - 6 2005 Second round Jane O'Donoghue Nathalie Dechy 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 2006 Second round Sarah Borwell Ana Ivanovic 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 Melanie South Shenay Perry 7 - 6 , 6 - 2 2007 Second round Katie O'Brien Michaëlla Krajicek 6 - 0 , 6 - 1 2008 Second round Elena Baltacha Jie Zheng 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 Anne Keothavong Venus Williams 7 - 5 , 6 - 2 2009 Second round Elena Baltacha Kirsten Flipkens 7 - 5 , 6 - 1 First round Anne Keothavong Anastasia Rodionova 3 - 6 , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 Heather Watson Romina Oprandi 6 - 4 , 1 - 6 , 6 - 3 Katie O'Brien Alona Bondarenko 6 - 3 , 6 - 7 , 6 - 4 Laura Robson Jelena Janković 6 - 3 , 7 - 6 Melanie South Regina Kulikova 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 Elena Baltacha Petra Martić 2 - 6 , 7 - 5 , 6 - 3 2011 Second round Elena Baltacha Peng Shuai 4 - 6 , 6 - 2 , 7 - 5 Laura Robson Maria Sharapova 7 - 6 , 6 - 3 Anne Keothavong Petra Kvitová 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 2012 Third round Heather Watson Agnieszka Radwańska 6 - 0 , 6 - 2 2013 Fourth round Laura Robson Kaia Kanepi 7 - 6 , 7 - 5 2014 Second round Heather Watson Angelique Kerber 6 - 2 , 5 - 7 , 6 - 1 Naomi Broady Caroline Wozniacki 6 - 3 , 6 - 2 2015 Third round Heather Watson Serena Williams 6 - 2 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 5 2016 Second round Tara Moore Svetlana Kuznetsova 6 - 1 , 2 - 6 , 6 - 3 Johanna Konta Eugenie Bouchard 6 - 3 , 1 - 6 , 6 - 1 2017 Semi-final Johanna Konta Venus Williams 6 - 4 , 6 - 2 2018 Second round Johanna Konta Dominika Cibulková 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Katie Boulter Naomi Osaka 6 - 3 , 6 - 4 Katie Swan Mihaela Buzărnescu 6 - 0 , 6 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Men 's Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray v Bunny Austin : Can Scot emulate 30s British great ? '' . BBC News . 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of British finalists at Grand Slam tennis tournaments List of UK number 1 men 's tennis players Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_British_performances_at_Wimbledon&oldid=849475761 '' Categories : The Championships , Wimbledon History of the London Borough of Merton Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references NPOV disputes from July 2012 All NPOV disputes Articles slanted towards recent events from December 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use British English from March 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 08 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20British%20performances%20at%20Wimbledon	2,640
what is schwartz first name in a christmas story	Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie ( voice ) Ian Petrella as Randy Parker Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker ( The Old Man ) Scott Schwartz as Flick R.D. Robb as Schwartz Zack Ward as Scut Farkus Yano Anaya as Grover Dill Tedde Moore as Miss Shields Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus		A Christmas Story	a christmas story	A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark and based on Jean Shepherd 's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash , with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey 's Night of Golden Memories . It stars Melinda Dillon , Darren McGavin , and Peter Billingsley . A seasonal classic in North America , it is shown numerous times on television , usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System . Since 1997 , a marathon of the film titled `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story '' has aired annually on TNT and / or TBS , comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year .	The film was released on November 18 , 1983 . It earned two Canadian Genie Awards in 1984 and in 2012 was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Locations 3.2 Red Ryder BB gun 3.3 Dating the story 4 Soundtrack 5 Release and reception 6 Broadcasting and home video release 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 24 Hours of A Christmas Story 6.2 Subsequent and earlier works 6.2. 1 Stage adaptations 6.3 Home video releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The front of the Parkers ' house where A Christmas Story was filmed in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland 's west side . The building , restored and reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , is open to the public as A Christmas Story House The film is presented in a series of vignettes , with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old . Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas : a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200 - shot Range Model air rifle . Ralphie 's desire is rejected by his mother , his teacher Miss Shields , and even a Santa Claus at Higbee 's department store , all giving him the same warning : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents . Although he does receive some presents he enjoys , Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything . After it appears all of the presents have been opened , Ralphie 's father , `` The Old Man , '' directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden . Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted . Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard . However , the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off . While searching for them , thinking he has indeed shot his eye out , Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them . He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses , and she believes him . Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side . The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive . Other vignettes : The Old Man wins a `` major award '' in a contest , which turns out to be a lamp in the shape of a woman 's leg wearing a fishnet stocking , which was derived from the logo for Nehi ( pronounced `` knee - high '' ) pop , a popular soft drink of the period . The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp , but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it -- referred to by adult Ralphie as `` The Battle of the Lamp '' -- develops and results in the lamp 's `` accidental '' destruction . The Old Man also fights a never - ending battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home . His frustrations cause him to swear quite often , including one profanity - laden rant that the adult Ralphie says `` is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan . '' Still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door hillbilly neighbors , the Bumpuses . The Bumpuses own `` at least 785 smelly hound dogs '' that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work . On Christmas Day , the dogs ruin the family 's dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey . This results in the family having Christmas dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead . Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill . Ralphie eventually snaps and beats up Farkus . Flick accepts a dare from Schwartz to stick his tongue onto the school flagpole . His tongue freezes onto the pole , requiring assistance from the police and fire department to free him . After getting a Christmas tree on the ride home , one of The Old Man 's tires becomes flat , so he goes to fix it . Mrs. Parker encourages Ralphie to help . When Ralphie flips the tire he says , `` Oh Fudge ! '' but he actually said the bad word . At home , Ralphie is given Lifebuoy soap in his mouth . His mother asks where he heard the word . He actually has heard from The Old Man every day but chickens out and says Schwartz . This leads to his mother calling Schwartz 's mother on the phone . For homework , Ralphie and his class are assigned to write on what they want for Christmas . Ralphie knows what he is going to write about : The Red Ryder BB Gun . He imagines the ultimate A+ , but gets a C+ , with Miss Shields writing , `` You 'll shoot your eye out ! '' on the paper . Ralphie , a fan of the Little Orphan Annie radio program , eagerly awaits the arrival of a decoder pin he has applied to receive . When it comes in the mail , he uses it to decode a secret message at the end of the day 's broadcast , but is disappointed to find it is only an advertisement for Ovaltine , the show 's sponsor . Cast ( edit ) Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie ( voice ) Ian Petrella as Randy Parker Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker ( The Old Man ) Scott Schwartz as Flick R.D. Robb as Schwartz Zack Ward as Scut Farkus Yano Anaya as Grover Dill Tedde Moore as Miss Shields Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus Casting ( edit ) The basis of the screenplay is a series of monologues written and performed by Jean Shepherd on radio . Shepherd wrote the screenplay adaptation with Bob Clark and Leigh Brown . Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film , based on other separate short stories by Shepherd . Shepherd provides the film 's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie , a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years . Shepherd , Brown and Clark all have cameo appearances in the film : Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store ; Brown -- Shepherd 's wife in real life -- plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd ; Clark plays Swede , the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene . In the DVD commentary , director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man ; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead , who later appeared in several other Clark films . He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Some 8,000 actors auditioned for the role of Ralphie ; `` He walked in , and he had us from the beginning , '' Clark later recalled of Peter Billingsley who was already a successful actor in commercials and from co-hosting the TV series Real People . Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie , but decided he was `` too obvious '' a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all . Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began . Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark 's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel , My Summer Story . Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark 's who had been in one of his earliest films . The schoolyard bully , Scut Farkus , was played by Zack Ward , now an actor , writer and director , who had actually been bullied himself while in elementary school . In 2017 , he said he was surprised at the impact his role had had over the years . `` I saw that I was ranked -- as Christmas villains go -- higher than the Grinch . That 's amazing . '' Production ( edit ) The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd 's collection of short stories , In God We Trust , All Others Pay Cash . Three of the semi-autobiographical short stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966 . Shepherd later read `` Duel in the Snow , or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid '' and told the otherwise unpublished story `` Flick 's Tongue '' on his WOR Radio talk show , as can be heard in one of the DVD extras . Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd 's work when he heard `` Flick 's Tongue '' on the radio in 1968 . Additional source material for the film , according to Clark , came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences `` on the college circuit . '' Locations ( edit ) The film is set in Hohman , Indiana , a fictionalized version of Shepherd 's hometown of Hammond , named for Hohman Avenue , which runs through downtown Hammond . Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street ( where Shepherd spent his childhood ) . Other local references include mention of a person `` swallowing a yo - yo '' in nearby Griffith , the Old Man being one of the fiercest `` furnace fighters in northern Indiana '' and that his obscenities were `` hanging in space over Lake Michigan , '' a mention of the Indianapolis 500 , and the line to Santa Claus `` stretching all the way to Terre Haute , Indiana . '' The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears ( whom he jokingly calls the `` Chicago Chipmunks '' ) and White Sox , consistent with living in northwest Indiana . Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming . Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee 's Department Store in downtown Cleveland . ( Since Higbee 's was exclusive to northeast Ohio , the department store referenced in Shepherd 's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt 's , located in downtown Hammond ( with the Cam - Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave ) . ) Until they connected with Higbee 's , location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film . Higbee 's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing . Ultimately , Higbee 's was the stage for three scenes in the film : The opening scene in which Ralphie first spies the Red Ryder BB Gun in the store 's Christmas window display . Higbee 's was known for its elaborate , child - centered Christmas themes and decorations , with Santa as the centerpiece . The parade scene , filmed just outside Higbee 's on Public Square at 3 AM . The parade was filmed at night because during the daytime the 1960s Erieview Tower and Federal Building were visible from the Public Square , as was the BP Tower , which was under construction at the time . Ralphie and Randy 's visit to see Santa , which was filmed inside Higbee 's . The store kept the Santa slide that was made for the film and used it for several years after the film 's release . Higbee 's became Dillard 's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002 . In addition to the scenes involving Higbee 's , the exterior shots ( and select interior shots where Ralphie lived , including the opening of the leg lamp ) of the house and neighborhood , were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland 's West Side . The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored , reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , and opened to the public as `` A Christmas Story House '' . Appropriately , the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street , the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up . However , Cleveland was only one of several locations used . The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines , Ontario . The Christmas tree - purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto , Ontario , as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home . The `` ... only I did n't say fudge '' scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto ; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto 's port , which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced . In 2008 , two Canadian fans released a documentary that visits every location . Their film , Road Trip for Ralphie , was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields ' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation , discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick , locating all the original costumes from the film , and tracking down the real - life location of the film 's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto . Red Ryder BB gun ( edit ) Main article : Red Ryder BB Gun The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today , but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film . The Daisy `` Buck Jones '' model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock , but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model . The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie 's BB gun , but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left - handed . Dating the Story ( edit ) Director Bob Clark stated in the film 's DVD commentary that both he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as `` amorphously late - ' 30s , early - ' 40s '' . A specific year is never mentioned in the film ; however , numerous sources including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film variously at 1940 to the early 1940s . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Christmas Story Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 10 , 2009 Recorded Genre Instrumental , holiday Label Rhino Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Release and reception ( edit ) Initially overlooked as a sleeper film , A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success , earning about $2 million in its first weekend . Vincent Canby 's mostly negative New York Times review complained that `` the movie 's big comic pieces tend only to be exceedingly busy . Though Mr. Billingsley , Mr. Gavin , Miss Dillon and the actress who plays Ralphie 's school teacher ( Tedde Moore ) are all very able , they are less funny than actors in a television situation comedy . '' Roger Ebert suggested the film had only modest success because holiday - themed films were not popular at the time but he praised the nostalgia of the movie , and the Santa scene , which is the `` best visit to Santa I 've ever seen '' . In 2000 , Ebert added the film to his list of Great Movies . The film would go on to win two categories in the 5th Genie Awards , for Director Bob Clark and Best Original Screenplay for the work of Leigh Brown , Bob Clark and Jean Shepherd . By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues , but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984 . Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million . In the years since , due to television airings and home video release , A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special . The film was produced and released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner 's purchase of MGM 's pre-1986 film library . Subsequently , Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment , and currently holds rights to the film . Over the years , the film 's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983 . Based on 55 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89 % , with an average score of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous , A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In his movie guide , Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare four - star rating , calling the film `` Delightful '' and `` Truly funny for kids and grown - ups alike '' with `` Wonderful period flavor . '' On December 24 , 2007 , AOL ranked the film their # 1 Christmas film of all time . IGN ranked the film the top holiday - themed film of all time . In 2012 , a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S. American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Broadcasting and home Video release ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985 , and quickly attracted a growing following . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN . In 1988 , then - fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving . In 1989 -- 1990 , TBS showed it Thanksgiving night , while in 1991 -- 1992 , they aired it the night after . 24 Hours of a Christmas Story ( edit ) Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights , and since the mid-1990s , aired the film increasingly on TBS , TNT , and TCM . By 1995 , it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24 -- 26 , and in 1996 , it was aired eight times over those three days . Due to the increasing popularity of the film , in 1997 , TNT began airing a 24 - hour marathon dubbed `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story , '' consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day . This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December . In 2004 , after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format , sister network TBS , under its comedy - based `` Very Funny '' moniker , took over the marathon . Clark stated that , in 2002 , an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another , nearly one sixth of the country . TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005 , and 45.5 million in 2006 . In 2007 , new all - time ratings records were set , with the highest single showing ( 8 p.m. Christmas Eve ) drawing 4.4 million viewers . Viewership increased again in 2008 , with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers , and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million , and 54.4 million total . As of 2009 , the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks . In 2007 , the marathon continued , and the original tradition was revived . TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend ( November 25 ) . In 2009 , the 24 - hour marathon continued on TBS , for the 13th overall year , starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve . In 2009 , the film aired on TBS during a 24 - hour marathon on Christmas Eve . The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating ( 18 -- 49 ) and beat the major broadcast networks ( NBC , ABC , CBS , and Fox ) . In 2010 , the marathon averaged 3 million viewers , up 2 % from the previous year , ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24 - hour period . The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers , and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers . The marathons in 2011 and 2012 continued to see increases in ratings . For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon , Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS , marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations ; the two networks set their airings one hour apart ( so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film ) . Both networks were running 24 hour marathons in 2017 , as well . Subsequent and earlier works ( edit ) A sequel involving Ralphie and his family , titled My Summer Story ( originally released as It Runs in the Family ) , was made in 1994 . With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie 's teacher ( Miss Shields ) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator ( the voice of the adult Ralphie ) , it features an entirely different cast . A series of television films involving the Parker family , also from Shepherd stories , were made by PBS , including Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) , The Star - Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski ( 1985 ) , The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters ( 1982 ) , and The Phantom of the Open Hearth ( 1976 ) . A Christmas Story 2 is another sequel which ignores the references and events of My Summer Story and was released direct - to - video in 2012 and directed by Brian Levant . It was filmed in New Westminster , British Columbia , Canada . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 2000 , a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian . In November 2012 , A Christmas Story : The Musical , based on the film , opened on Broadway . Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( music and lyrics ) and Joseph Robinette ( book ) , the musical opened to positive reviews . The run ended December 30 , 2012 . The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd . The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical , Best Book of a Musical ( Robinette ) , and Best Original Score ( Music and / or Lyrics ) Written for the Theatre . The musical was then adapted for television as the three hour A Christmas Story Live ! , which aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17 , 2017 . Reviews were mixed ; on Rotten Tomatoes , the production received a 46 % rating based on 13 critics ' reviews and a very low 14 % based on 44 audience reviews . Home Video releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Betamax ( 1984 , 1988 ) VHS ( 1984 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 , 2000 ) LaserDisc ( 1985 ) : pan and scan LaserDisc ( 1993 ) : deluxe letterbox edition DVD ( 1997 , reissued by Warner Home Video in 1999 ) : fullscreen , includes original theatrical trailer DVD ( 2003 ) 20th Anniversary 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD ( 2003 ) : Widescreen & Fullscreen ; includes cast interviews , audio commentary , and featurettes . HD DVD ( 2006 ) Blu - ray ( 2006 ) DVD ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin case features the same 2003 two - disc special edition , but includes special memorabilia . Blu - ray ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin which features the same 2006 Blu - ray disc , but also includes a strand of Leg Lamp Christmas lights . Blu - ray ( 2013 ) 30th Anniversary Edition : Steelbook with Blu - ray in 1080p ( like the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD ) with a DTS - HD Master Audio mono track ( whereas the previous releases had Dolby Digital mono ) , and more special features than the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD . See also ( edit ) Film portal Christmas portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Christmas Story '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Matt . `` TV This Week , Dec. 24 - 30 : ' A Christmas Story ' marathon and more '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' . Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` flicklives.com '' . www.flicklives.com . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 1966 ) . `` My Old Man And The Lascivious Special Award That Heralded The Birth Of Pop Art '' . In God We Trust All Others Pay Cash ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Bantam Books . p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia -- A Christmas Story House '' . Turner Entertainment Co . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFW Staff . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' A Christmas Story ' '' . thefw.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Facts & Trivia : A Christmas Story '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kashner , Sam . `` How A Christmas Story Went from Low - Budget Fluke to an American Tradition '' . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Bob ; Billingsley , Peter ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary : A Christmas Story ( DVD special feature ) . MGM . Jump up ^ `` Canadian ' A Christmas Story ' bully Zack Ward on making the classic film '' . National Post . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 2003 ) . A Christmas Story . New York : Broadway Books . indicia . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1622 - 0 . Jump up ^ Warner Home Video ( 2003 ) . Radio Readings by Jean Shepherd ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . Movie Rewind . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian actor Zack Ward -- AKA Christmas Story bully Scut Farkus -- proud of his movie villain cred '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Road Trip for Ralphie '' . roadtripforralphie.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daisy Red Ryder : A History ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Air Guns : Pyramyd Air Report '' . pyramydair.com . March 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary by Bob Clark Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent . `` FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Reliving `` the holiday favorite ' A Christmas Story ' '' `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` ' Christmas Story ' fans to convene in Cleveland '' . Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` 30 years of ' A Christmas Story ' '' . mysanantonio.com . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Review : A Christmas Story Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( January 8 , 1984 ) . `` IN THE ARTS : CRITICS ' CHOICES '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Popular misconceptions can get a movie off to a slow start , and they may have helped turn ' A Christmas Story ' into the sleeper of this season . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for A Christmas Story '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 18 , 1983 ) . `` FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` A Christmas Story Movie Review ( 1983 ) - Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ' A Christmas Story ' was released in the Christmas season of 1983 , and did modest business at first ( people do n't often go to movies with specific holiday themes ) . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1983 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . 2013 Movie Guide . Penguin Books . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23774 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Best Christmas Movies : Top 25 of All Time '' . AOL . December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Holiday Movies of All - Time '' . IGN . November 23 , 2005 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Christmas Story ' and ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' Top List of Favorite Holiday Films '' . Marist University . 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Sentinel Television Listings -- Researched from original microfilm at The Orlando Public Library on November 17 , 2007 '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1987 -- 2001 . Jump up ^ West - Volland , Patricia A. ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` House that appeared in classic film ' A Christmas Story ' open to public '' . Coshocton Tribune . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woulfe , Molly ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' now part of pop culture '' . NWI.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 31 , 2007 ) . `` ' Christmas Story ' still a hit with cable viewers '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Few lumps of coal for networks during a merry Christmas week '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Christmas Story ' marathon slated for 13th year on TBS '' . Examiner.com . December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- Upcoming Airings '' . TBS . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Football Boosts CBS , NBC : NFL Games Give Networks a Bump '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings Notes for TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network ; Including ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon , ' Conan , ' ' Men of a Certain Age ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon Dominate Christmas + ' Leverage ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' A Christmas Story ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , College Football , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . Zap2It . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Marathon Of A Christmas Story Begins Wednesday On TBS '' . fansided.com . December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Defense Of The 24 - Hour - Long ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon '' . decider.com . December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story 2 ' goes straight to DVD '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' Sequel in Pre-production '' . Beck / Smith Hollywood . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grecian , Philip ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) . A Christmas Story : A Play in Two Acts . ISBN 9781583420317 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Dreams of a Big Haul From Santa Claus : ' A Christmas Story , the Musical , ' at the Lunt - Fontanne Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story , The Musical ' Listing playbillvault.com Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story The Musical ' Listing ibdb.com , accessed April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Nominations Announced for 67th Annual Tony Awards ; ' Kinky Boots ' Earns 13 Nominations '' Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Fox 's ' A Christmas Story Live ! ' Brings Oscar & Tony Winners Benj Pasek And Justin Paul To TV Audience '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story Live ! '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- HD DVD Review '' . High - Def Digest . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ High - Def Digest Staff ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` A Christmas Story -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spurlin , Thomas ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- DVD Review '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . October 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Christmas Story Official DVD site TBS. com 's A Christmas Story website A Christmas Story on IMDb A Christmas Story at AllMovie A Christmas Story at the TCM Movie Database A Christmas Story at the American Film Institute Catalog A Christmas Story at Box Office Mojo A Christmas Story at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Man Who Told A Christmas Story : What I learned from Jean Shepherd '' by Donald Fagen -- Slate Links to related articles A Christmas Story Films A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family ( 1994 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Related works In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash A Christmas Story : The Musical A Christmas Story Live ! Related articles Jean Shepherd A Christmas Story House Red Ryder BB Gun Films directed by Bob Clark The Emperor 's New Clothes ( 1966 ) She - Man ( 1967 ) Children Should n't Play with Dead Things ( 1972 ) Deathdream ( 1972 ) Black Christmas ( 1974 ) Breaking Point ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Tribute ( 1980 ) Porky 's ( 1981 ) Porky 's II : The Next Day ( 1983 ) A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Turk 182 ( 1985 ) From the Hip ( 1987 ) Loose Cannons ( 1990 ) My Summer Story ( 1994 ) I 'll Remember April ( 1999 ) Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) Now & Forever ( 2002 ) The Karate Dog ( 2004 ) Superbabies : Baby Geniuses 2 ( 2004 ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Story&oldid=834550010 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s comedy films Films based on works by Jean Shepherd American films American Christmas films American comedy films Films scored by Paul Zaza Films about bullying Films about families Films based on American novels Films based on multiple works Films directed by Bob Clark Films set in Indiana Films set in the 1940s Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Toronto Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Works by Jean Shepherd Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 09 : 43 . 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is there a navy base in puerto rico	Roosevelt Roads Naval Station is a former United States Navy base in the town of Ceiba , Puerto Rico . The site is run today as José Aponte de la Torre Airport , a public use airport .		Roosevelt Roads Naval Station	roosevelt roads naval station	Coordinates : 18 ° 14 ′ 17 '' N 65 ° 37 ′ 40 '' W / 18.23806 ° N 65.62778 ° W / 18.23806 ; - 65.62778	NS Roosevelt Roads Department of United States Navy Roosevelt Roads NS logo IATA : NRR ICAO : TJNR FAA LID : NRR Summary Airport type Military : Naval Air Station Operator United States Navy Location Ceiba , Puerto Rico Built 1943 In use 1943 - 2004 , 2017 - Elevation AMSL 38 ft / 11.58 m Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 7 / 25 11,000 3,352.8 Concrete 18 / 36 CLOSED indef . 5,800 100 Concrete Helipad Concrete Roosevelt Roads Naval Station is a former United States Navy base in the town of Ceiba , Puerto Rico . The site is run today as José Aponte de la Torre Airport , a public use airport . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 U.S Naval Forces Southern Command 3 Life on Roosevelt Roads 4 The Vieques effect 5 The future 6 U.S. Army Reserve , Army National Guard and remaining military activities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1919 , the future U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , then Assistant Secretary of the Navy , toured Puerto Rico , visiting Ceiba . When he returned to Washington , D.C. , he expressed a liking for the terrain where the base now is . This was during the World War I era , and the United States could benefit from an air field in Ceiba . While Puerto Rico is a commonwealth , its territorial rights belong to the United States , which made it perfectly feasible , and ideal , for the American government to build an airplane base in Ceiba . It took many years for the United States Government to become convinced of the need for an air base in Ceiba . When Adolf Hitler and Nazi - led Germany began to invade other European countries , the US , led by then President Roosevelt , entertained the idea of a Naval air station in Ceiba . With war in the European and Pacific theatres , they saw an airbase in the Caribbean as necessary . The base had been inaugurated , but scaled down to maintenance status with a public works office in 1944 . From then until 1957 , the base went through many shifts , being opened seven times and closed eight times . Meanwhile , it continued as a source of employment for the citizens of Ceiba . In 1957 , it was upgraded to Naval Station status . Fort Bundy was located there , but it crossed over to parts of Vieques , a fact which would become important in the future . An American military mission , the M3 , was located there . It was part of the `` Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station , Puerto Rico Base Communication Department '' . M3 had a fleet center , a technical control facility and a Tactical support communications department , among other things . The M3 was designated to help Puerto Rico , the United States and other Caribbean and Latin American countries to deal with drug trafficking , illegal immigration and other problems . The main purpose of the base was tactical support for land / sea / air maneuvers on Vieques island . For the next 47 years the base was utilized for flight practice , as well as other missions and control of the area 's air space . In August 2002 , a MC - 130H airplane carrying seven airmen crashed in the town of Caguas , while en route from Roosevelt Roads to Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla . All seven perished , in the largest air tragedy in Caguas 's history . In 2017 Roosevelt Roads military personnel arrived at Roosevelt Roads after Hurricane Maria to assist in rescue efforts . Units such as the United States Air Force 821st Contingency Response Support Squadron , 821st Contingency Response Group . The United States Army 1st Armored Division Aviation Brigade and the 101st Airborne Division `` Dustoff '' unit arrived at Roosevelt Roads . Marines and sailors also set up a supply staging base receiving around - the - clock airlifts at Roosevelt Roads . This was the first mayor military activity at Roosevelt Roads since 2004 . U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command ( edit ) US Naval Station Roosevelt Roads entrance sign 1986 COMUSNAVSO U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command ( NAVSO ) directs naval forces and interacts with partner nations to shape the maritime environment within United States Southern Command 's Area of Focus ( AOF ) . With a focus on Theater Security Cooperation , NAVSO works to strengthen and build effective alliance and friendships , develop partner nation capabilities , and maintain U.S. operational access to defend the United States . U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command ( COMUSNAVSO ) , headquartered at Naval Station Roosevelt Roads , Puerto Rico , was the Naval Component Commander to the U.S. Southern Command , based in Miami , Florida . It provides strategic and operational command and control for U.S. Naval Forces in South America , Central America and the Caribbean . On 10 December 1999 the U.S. Navy established Commander , U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command , also known as NAVSOUTH , in a ceremony aboard USS Vicksburg ( CG 69 ) inport Roosevelt Roads . The new organization is responsible for Navy operational forces in the United States Southern Command 's area of responsibility ( AOR ) , including Naval Special Warfare Unit Four , a training detachment for SEAL teams from the SOCOM operational area . It oversees U.S. naval forces participating in drug enforcement operations and interaction with South American naval forces , including the annual UNITAS operations around South America . As the Navy 's senior representative , Commander , United States Naval Forces , Southern Command ( COMUSNAVSO ) serves as the principal liaison with the government of Puerto Rico . In January 2004 The Navy decided to relocate U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command ( USNAVSO ) from Naval Station Roosevelt Roads , Puerto Rico , to Naval Station Mayport , Florida . Since the Navy had to close Naval Station Roosevelt Roads by 31 March 2004 , relocation of USNAVSO was a high priority . Life on Roosevelt Roads ( edit ) Roosevelt Roads Naval Station from the air in 1997 . Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , or Roosey ( pronounced `` Rosy '' ) as it was frequently called , was home to hundreds of military personnel and dependents . Education for children of those based at the Station was initially provided by teachers who were DOD contractors from the U.S. Later , more local teachers were hired . Radio and television entertainment on the base during the mid-1970s was somewhat limited . News and information broadcasts were provided by Navy and Marine Corps journalists from the studios of The American Forces Caribbean Network ( AFCN ) . Families could also tune into the on - base AFRTS radio and television station 's family - oriented shows , or rig up an antenna for signals from St. Thomas or San Juan . At one time , the AFCN operated repeater transmitters broadcasting radio and TV to San Juan , and Ramey Air Force Base , which was located on the west coast of Puerto Rico . At the El Coqui Theater , in the Bundy area of the base , movie goers watched films as bats flitted across the screen . The base equestrian stables were across from the golf course aka : Lake Bundy . Most of the ' horses ' were technically ponies , although several thoroughbreds , washouts from race tracks , found a home on base occasionally . The base flying club had many members , and met regularly to plan trips and activities . Flight instruction was available to all members . The Vieques effect ( edit ) Main article : Navy - Vieques protests In 1999 , David Sanes , a civilian employed as a gate security guard by the US Navy , died from a stray bomb while observing a routine exercise . As a consequence of this and the high rate of cancer ( correlation unconfirmed ) among residents of Vieques many Vieques citizens and Puerto Rican activists from other towns ( Ruben Berrios , Tito Kayak , etc . ) began activism against the military presence in Vieques , which included illegally entering the live - fire areas at the military reservation . Other important activists included Jesse Jackson , Robert Kennedy Jr. , Al Sharpton , U.S. Representative Luis Gutiérrez D - IL , Rigoberta Menchú and Edward James Olmos ( the last was jailed in Puerto Rico for trespassing on federal property ) . An agreement between the Clinton Administration and the Government of Puerto Rico ( then Gov. Rosello ) agreed to cease all live bombing on Vieques by March 2003 . Ft . Bundy was affected by the protests , because part of it was in Vieques . After Sanes ' death , there was a struggle between the autonomous Government of Puerto Rico and the American Government . This was over after President George W. Bush granted Puerto Rico the rights to operate the former military possessions in Vieques , including Ft . Bundy , a portion of which was aboard Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . As a consequence of President Bush 's decision , the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station became NAPR ( Naval Activity Puerto Rico ) , where DoD Police provides security , but still is considered a military installation . On 31 March 2004 , the station again became inoperative . The future ( edit ) After the military left the station , Puerto Rican Governor Sila María Calderón announced that her party , the PPD , had political goals to turn the base into an international airport . This was backed in 2005 by the then - new Governor , Aníbal Acevedo Vilá , who asserted that the area might be converted to an airport . He also stated that Ceiba as a town would serve as an economic and tourist center for eastern Puerto Rico , and that converting the former military base into a civil airport would be part of a plan to open seven or eight large airports in Puerto Rico . As of January 2009 , approximately 2,900 acres ( 12 km ) of the former Naval Station was being marketed to the public by the Los Angeles group of Colliers International , on behalf of the Navy 's Base Realignment and Closure Program Management Office , as a public auction to commence in the near future . The remaining portion is also in the process of being conveyed to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and other Federal agencies in various stages . Since November 2008 , Puerto Rico Ports Authority operates the José Aponte de la Torre Airport . In 2012 , the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station was under consideration as a possible location for the SpaceX private launch site , but was not selected . Some facilities were transferred to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Marine Environmental Remediation ( MER ) Group signed an agreement with the LRA to rent Pier 3 as a ship recycling facility in April 2016 . MER Group is the first true GREEN recycling facility within the United States . There are currently three ( 3 ) ships , Seven Polaris , Lone Star and the Atlantic VII , at the pier for recycling . The company will bring over 700 jobs to the local area . U.S. Army Reserve , Army National Guard and remaining military activities ( edit ) The United States Armed Forces keep some portions of the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Base for the Reserve Component of the United States Army . It consist of the existing Roosevelt Roads U.S. Army Reserve Center and an Armed Forces Reserve Center ( AFRC ) . The Roosevelt Roads Armed Forces Reserve Center was opened 10 September 2011 . This facility with 78,350 square feet ( 7,279 m ) can serve 600 personnel on a rotating basis 345 service members per weekend . This AFRC includes a vehicle maintenance shop , storage building , weapons simulator , learning center , wash bay and parking . The Armed Forces Reserve Center at Roosevelt Roads will accommodate the United States Army Reserve the 973rd Quartermaster Company and 346th Transportation Battalion . The Puerto Rico Army National Guard 7 FT Landing Craft Detachment , 380th Engineer Platoon , 232nd Engineering Dive Team and a Recruiting / Retention Office . This facility will serve about 600 service members on a rotating basis with the maximum expected use of the facility being about 245 Reserve and Army Guard members per weekend . The Roosevelt Roads U.S. Army Reserve Center is home for the 346th Transportation Battalion , the 390th Seaport Operations Company , the 273rd Transportation Detachment and the 756th Engineering Company . The U.S. Army Reserve Boat Maintenance Facility located at Ensenada Honda bay was transferred to the Puerto Rico National Guard Landing Craft Detachment , 191st Regional Support Group . Cabras Island ones the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) Drone Launch Facility was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal Military of the United States portal United States Navy portal Military history of Puerto Rico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ colliersires.com Archived 19 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ bracpmo.org Jump up ^ Nield , George C. ( April 2014 ) . Draft Environmental Impact Statement : SpaceX Texas Launch Site ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 1 . Federal Aviation Administration , Office of Commercial Space Transportation . p. 87 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuebas , Carlos M. ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Army Reserve investing big in Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) GlobalSecurity.org profile http://www.rooseveltroads.pr.gov http://www.defensecommunities.org/ VIAF : 128072723 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roosevelt_Roads_Naval_Station&oldid=840675214 '' Categories : Naval Stations of the United States Navy Military installations closed in 2004 Military history of Puerto Rico Military facilities in Puerto Rico Ceiba , Puerto Rico Closed military facilities in Puerto Rico 1943 establishments in Puerto Rico Military installations established in 1943 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Bahasa Melayu Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 12 : 05 . 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where does the xbox 360 controller plug in	The wireless controllers run on either AA batteries or a rechargeable battery pack . The wired controllers may be connected to any of the USB ports on the console , or to an attached USB hub .	any of the USB ports on the console\|an attached USB hub	Xbox 360 controller	xbox 360 controller	Wireless version ( with batteries ) : 265 g / 9.35 oz Wired version :	300 g / 10.6 oz Predecessor Xbox Controller Successor Xbox One Controller The Xbox 360 controller is the primary controller for the Microsoft Xbox 360 video game console that was introduced at E3 2005 . The Xbox 360 controller comes in both wired and wireless versions . Original Xbox controllers are not compatible with the Xbox 360 . The wired and wireless versions are also compatible with Microsoft PC operating systems , such as Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , and Windows 10 . The wireless controllers run on either AA batteries or a rechargeable battery pack . The wired controllers may be connected to any of the USB ports on the console , or to an attached USB hub . Contents 1 Design 2 Layout 2.1 Standard colors 2.2 Limited and special edition colors 2.3 Transforming d - pad controllers 2.4 Non-retail colors 3 Guide button 4 Accessories 4.1 Rechargeable Battery Pack 4.2 Wireless Gaming Receiver 4.3 Messenger Kit 5 Non-gaming uses 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References Design ( edit ) The Xbox 360 controller has the same basic familiar button layout as the Controller S except that a few of the auxiliary buttons have been moved . The `` back '' and `` start '' buttons have been moved to a more central position on the face of the controller , and the `` white '' and `` black '' buttons have been removed and replaced with two new bumpers that are positioned over the analog triggers on the back of the controller . The controller has a 2.5 mm TRS connector on the front , allowing users to connect a headset for voice communication . It also features a proprietary serial connector ( which is split into 2 parts on either side of the headset connector ) for use with additional accessories , such as the chatpad . On August 31 , 2010 , Microsoft 's Larry Hryb ( a.k.a. Major Nelson ) revealed a new design of the Xbox 360 controller which is set to replace the Wireless controller bundled with the Play & Charge Kit . Among small changes such as the shape of the analog stick tops and grey - colored face buttons , the new controller features an adjustable directional pad which can be changed between a disc type D - pad or a plus shaped D - pad . The control pad was released in North America exclusively with Play & Charge Kits on November 9 , 2010 and was released in Europe during February 2011 . The Xbox 360 controller provides a standard USB Human interface device software interface , but is designed for the Microsoft XInput interface library . Although many PC video games support the XInput library , some games might not work with this controller . Layout ( edit ) A standard Xbox 360 controller features eleven * digital buttons , two analog triggers , two analog sticks , and a digital D - pad . The right face of the controller features four digital actions buttons : a green A button , red B button , blue X button , and amber Y button . The lower right houses the right analog stick , in lower left is a digital D - pad and on the left face is the left analog stick . Both analog sticks can also be `` clicked in '' to activate a digital button beneath . In the center of the controller face are digital `` Start '' , `` Back '' and `` Guide '' buttons . The `` Guide '' button is labelled with the Xbox logo , and is used to turn on the console / controller and to access the guide menu . It is also surrounded by the `` ring of light '' , which indicates the controller number , as well as flashing when connecting and to provide notifications . The left and right `` shoulders '' each feature a digital shoulder button , or `` bumper '' , and an analog trigger . Xbox 360 guide button . * Wireless controllers also feature an additional `` connect '' button located between the `` bumpers '' to facilitate syncing with the console . Standard colors ( edit ) Wired controllers are only available in white and black ( Xbox 360 S color scheme ) . However , wireless controllers are available in numerous different colors including : White controllers were bundled with the Arcade and Pro consoles ; also sold separately . Black controllers came with the Elite to match the case ; also sold separately . ( UPC / EAN 0885370145717 , 885370239393 ) Dark Blue controllers were released in October 2007 ( US only ) Light Blue controllers were released in October 2007 ( Europe and Japan only ) Pink controllers were also released in October 2007 . Black S and White S controllers are bundled with Xbox 360 S consoles . These differ from their original counterparts in that they are completely one color , rather than with grey accents . The guide button has a mirror like finish , and the analog sticks and D - pad are color matched . The bottom edge of this controller also features a gloss finish to match the Xbox 360 S 250 GB case design . `` S '' controllers also replace the Microsoft branding above the charging port with an Xbox 360 logo . White Xbox 360 Wired controller White Xbox 360 Wireless controller Black Xbox 360 Wireless controller Green Xbox 360 Wireless controller Red Xbox 360 Wireless controller Pink Xbox 360 Wireless controller Limited and Special Edition colors ( edit ) Limited Edition Halo 3 `` Spartan '' controller Halo 3 `` Spartan Green '' controllers were included with the Halo 3 Special Edition Xbox 360 systems released in September 2007 . `` Limited Edition '' `` Spartan '' and `` Brute '' controllers were released in September 2007 . Two versions were available , each of which feature Halo 3 themed artwork ( with either a `` Spartan '' or `` Brute '' design ) from artist Todd McFarlane . Each version of the controller also included a Master Chief Figurine ( a different figure was included with each version ) . Red `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in September 2008 . The controller features ' black accents ' with the D - Pad , analog sticks , triggers and parts of the casing all changed to black instead to the usual gray . It comes bundled with a Play & Charge Kit with a red rechargeable battery pack . The red controller is also included with the Limited Edition Resident Evil Xbox 360 Elite console released in March 2009 . Green `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in mid October 2008 in Europe , Asia , and Latin America . The green controller has a direction pad with 16 - way functionality , instead of the 8 - way direction pad used on all previous controllers . This controller was released alongside Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 . Dragon Design `` Limited Edition '' White and Black controllers were released in October 2008 and are available only through Wal - Mart and Sam 's Club . The controller features a black dragon ( and other symbols ) on a white background , along with a white D - pad and black analog sticks . It comes bundled with a black wired headset . Special Edition Halo 3 : ODST controller Halo 3 : ODST `` Special Edition '' controllers were released in September 2009 in a `` Collector 's Pack '' including the Halo 3 : ODST game . The pack was originally exclusive to GameStop and retailed for US $99.99 in North America . Radioactive Design `` Exclusive '' controllers were released in October 2009 and are available exclusively at GameStop , or ( in Australia ) at EB Games . The design features a carbon black pad with a red radiation symbol emanating from the right analog stick . The left analog stick is black and the right analog stick and D - pad are red . This controller was announced at Major Nelson 's website and is said to be limited edition although the packaging makes no reference to this . It comes bundled with a Play & Charge Kit with a black rechargeable battery pack . Halo : Reach `` Special Edition '' controllers are to be released on September 14 , 2010 , coinciding with the game 's release . The controller is based around the Black S design ( black analog sticks , d - pad , battery pack , etc. ; glossy black front ; shiny guide button ) with the matte black shell replaced with a satin silver shell , which also features a custom design based on the game . It will be available separately and with the Halo : Reach Special Edition console bundle , which will come bundled with two of the controllers . Fable III `` Special Edition '' controllers were released on October 5 , 2010 , 3 weeks before the release of Fable III itself . The controller is based around the Black S design ( black analog sticks , d - pad etc. ; glossy black front ; shiny guide button ) and features a custom gold - colored shell and artwork . It also comes bundled with an exclusive downloadable tattoo set for use within the game . Blue controllers were released in a bundle with Call of Duty : Ghosts and Black Ops II and a 500 GB Blue Xbox 360 and both the console and the controller had Arctic Blue accents and was released on October 7 , 2014 exclusively at Walmart for a limited time . Transforming D - pad controllers ( edit ) Transforming d - pad special edition controller in `` 8 - way '' configuration . The d - pad in `` 4 - way '' configuration is shown in the bottom right corner . Transforming d - pad `` special edition '' controllers were released in the US on November 9 , 2010 and in Europe during February 2011 . The main feature of this controller is a d - pad that can be rotated to adapt to the user 's gameplay , becoming either a `` plus '' ( 4 - way ) or a `` disk '' ( 8 - way ) d - pad . The controller also features new concave analog stick tops and grey tone face buttons ( A , B , X and Y ) . The main shell of the controller is matte silver , with gloss black accents ( triggers , bumpers and both front and rear panels ) like the `` Black S '' design and a matte black battery pack . This controller comes bundled with a ( matte ) black improved Play & Charge Kit , offering up to 35 hours of play ; it is not available sans the play and charge kit . The codename for the controller during development was `` Aberdeen '' . Gears of War 3 `` Limited Collector 's Edition '' controllers were released on September 20 , 2011 to coincide with the launch of Gears of War 3 . The controllers are metallic red with a black `` Infected Omen '' symbol and feature a transforming d - pad . Unlike the `` Transforming D - Pad '' Special Edition controller , the Gears of War 3 LCE controller features the standard colored face buttons and analog stick tops found on other controllers . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released on November 8 , 2011 in North America , Australasia and the EMEA ( Europe , Middle East and Africa ) region . It features custom Modern Warfare 3 artwork ( predominantly matte grey ) , a transforming d - pad and the same concave analog stick tops found on the original transforming d - pad controller . All ( non-face ) buttons , as well as the analog sticks , are black . Star Wars C - 3PO `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in April 2012 as part of a limited edition Star Wars console bundle . The controller is mirrored gold and black , and features a transforming d - pad . The black panel at the front of the controller also features `` wiring '' artwork , resembling the parts of C - 3PO that are not covered in gold plating in the original Star Wars movies . Chrome Series `` Special Edition '' controllers were released in May 2012 . The chrome series controllers are available in six colors : Blue , Red , Silver , Gold , Black and Purple . These controllers feature standard colored face buttons . Halo 4 `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in November 2012 . Two different controllers are available : Halo 4 branded `` Limited Edition '' ' exclusive controllers inspired by the game ' will come bundled with the Limited Edition Halo 4 console , two are included . These feature a glowing blue Xbox guide button instead of the traditional green glow . UNSC Halo 4 `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in November 2012 . These feature the United Nations Space Command ( UNSC ) emblem on a dark grey translucent case , and also feature the glowing blue Xbox Guide button . Black S controllers with a transforming d - pad , concave analog sticks and bundled with a play and charge kit were released in October 2012 . Tomb Raider `` Limited Edition '' controllers were released in early March 2013 to complement the launch of Tomb Raider . The controllers are red and feature a two layer color finish with laser etching to create a realistic and tactile warn appearance inspired by Lara 's climbing axe from the game . The controllers also come bundled with a downloadable token for an Xbox 360 exclusive playable Tomb Raider character . Non-retail colors ( edit ) Wireless controller bundled with the `` Launch Team Edition '' Xbox 360 Launch Team Edition controllers were bundled with the `` Xbox 360 - Launch Team Edition '' , given exclusively to members of the Xbox launch team by Microsoft in November 2005 . These white wireless controllers feature green accents at the front in place of the standard grey . Yellow controllers were included with the 100 Limited Edition The Simpsons Movie Xbox 360 systems announced in May 2007 , and given away as prizes in special events and promotions . Orange coloured LIVE TURNS FIVE controllers were released in November 2007 , and were given away to selected members of the media . Guide button ( edit ) The Xbox 360 controller has a guide button in the center of its face that provides a new functionality . This button is surrounded by a ring of lights divided into four quadrants that provide gamers with different types of information during game play . For instance , during a split screen multiplayer match , a particular quadrant will light up to indicate to a player which part of the screen he or she is playing on at that time . In this case , when the user pushes the button , he or she accesses the Xbox guide ; a menu which provides access to features like messaging friends , downloading content , voice chat and customizing soundtracks , while staying in the game . The Guide button also allows users to turn off the controller or the console by holding the button for a few seconds ( rather than simply pressing it ) . Accessories ( edit ) Rechargeable battery pack ( edit ) Battery Pack , Play and Charge Cable and Quick Charger Main article : Xbox 360 accessories - Rechargeable Battery Pack The Rechargeable Battery Pack is a nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) battery pack , which provides up to 24 hours of continuous gaming for the wireless controller . It is recommended in place of disposable AA batteries , which differ slightly in voltage and have higher disposal costs ( financial and environmental ) . It ships as part of , and can be charged by , the Play & Charge Kit and the Quick Charge Kit . To fully charge the battery pack takes approximately 2 hours with the Quick Charge Kit ; the Play & Charge Kit takes longer ( and depends on whether the controller is being used ) . An upgraded , 35 - hour version is included with `` transforming d - pad '' controllers . Wireless Gaming Receiver ( edit ) The Wireless Gaming Receiver for Windows Main article : Xbox 360 accessories - Wireless Gaming Receiver The Wireless Gaming Receiver ( sold as `` Crossfire Wireless Gaming Receiver '' in the UK ) allows wireless Xbox 360 accessories , such as wireless gamepads , racing wheels and headsets , to be used on a Windows - based PC . The device acts in a similar manner to an Xbox 360 , allowing up to 4 controllers and 4 headsets at a time to be connected to the receiver . The device has a 30 - foot ( 10 meter ) range and a six - foot ( 2 meter ) USB cable . It is specifically designed to work with games bearing the `` Games for Windows '' logo , but will function with most games that permit a standard PC gamepad . The official Xbox website noted that the adapter will work with `` all future wireless devices '' . Messenger Kit ( edit ) Xbox 360 Chatpad from the Messenger Kit attached to a wireless controller Main article : Xbox 360 accessories - Messenger Kit The Messenger Kit consists of a wired Xbox 360 headset and a small keyboard known as the `` Chatpad '' . The Chatpad connects to the front of the controller and may be used for any standard text input on the console . It is not currently compatible with the wireless gaming receiver . Non-gaming uses ( edit ) The United States Navy has announced that it plans to use Xbox 360 controllers to control periscopes on new Virginia - class submarines , for both cost and familiarity reasons . Reception ( edit ) The Xbox 360 controller received positive reviews when it was released . Before then , as IGN stated , the original Xbox controller was `` huge , ugly , cheap , and uncomfortable '' and concluded to be an `` abomination '' . Many of these problems were corrected with Microsoft 's releases of the Xbox controller S and then the Xbox 360 controller . IGN credited the Xbox 360 controller for its being one of `` the most ergonomically comfortable console controllers around '' . It was also praised for its improved button placement , its functioning logo as a button , and Microsoft 's choice of bottom - mounting headset ports as opposed to top - mounting them so as to minimize snagged wire problems . See also ( edit ) Kinect Sixaxis DualShock PlayStation Move Wii Remote List of XInput enabled games References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xbox 360 Controller . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 Wireless Controller for Windows Technical Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 Controller for Windows Technical Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` E3 2005 : Xbox 360 Controller Hands - On '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 wired and wireless controllers '' . Xbox Support . Microsoft . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Wireless Controller - Xbox.com '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ® Xbox 360 TM Controller for Windows ® Version Information '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Microsoft Reveals New 360 Controller With Transforming D - Pad '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` XInput and DirectInput '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Controller - Xbox.com '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Accessories - Limited Edition Halo 3 Wireless Controllers '' . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Accessories - Limited Edition Halo 3 Wireless Controllers '' . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 limited - edition green wireless controller hands on '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon themed 360 controller a Walmart exclusive '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Halo 3 ODST Wireless Controller is GameStop Exclusive '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition Xbox 360 Wireless Controller and Play and Charge kit '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Halo Reach Xbox 360 bundle available September 14 for $399 '' . Joystiq. 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fable III 's special edition Xbox 360 controller , morally ambiguous and gold '' . Engadget. 2010 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New Xbox 360 Wireless controller featuring a transforming D - Pad '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Wireless Controller with Transforming D - Pad and Play and Charge Kit '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Joystiq : Hands - on with the new Xbox 360 controller with transforming D - pad : Video '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gears 3 LCE Console and Controller Announced '' . Microsoft . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox Live 's Major Nelson '' Xbox 360 Limited Edition Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Console , Wireless Headset with Bluetooth and Wireless Controller `` . majornelson.com . Microsoft . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox Live 's Major Nelson '' Limited Edition Star Wars Console `` . Microsoft . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Announcing the Xbox 360 Special Edition Chrome Series Wireless Controllers '' . 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 Limited Edition `` Halo 4 '' Console Bundle & Accessories Revealed at San Diego Comic - Con `` . 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Controller with Transforming D - Pad and Play and Charge Kit '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Tomb Raider Limited Edition Wireless Controller - Xbox.com '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Launch Team Gift '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Limited edition Simpsons Xbox 360 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE Turns 5 Orange Controllers '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` May 2006 : Microsoft Press Release regarding coming year '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Official Xbox.com Accessory Page '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Accessories - Xbox 360 Wireless Gaming Receiver for Windows '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Navy plans to use Xbox controllers for new periscope systems '' . The Navy Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerry Block ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` Xbox Controller 360 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Video gaming products by Microsoft Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Technical specifications Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Technical specifications Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Avatars Games Store Xbox Live Arcade Indie Games Anywhere Xbox Game Pass Windows Games on Demand games Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Games with Gold games Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London Undead Labs Playground Games Ninja Theory Compulsion Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xbox_360_controller&oldid=864113641 '' Categories : Xbox 360 accessories Video game controllers Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 05 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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who was the king after bharata in mahabharata	Bharata Samrat Bharat plays with lion cubs Painting by Raja Ravi Varma Predecessor Dushyanta Successor Bhumanyu Sage Kanva hermitage Spouse Sunanda Dynasty Lunar Father Dushyanta of Hastinapura Mother Śakuntalā	Bhumanyu	Bharata ( Mahabharata )	bharata ( mahabharata )		hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : uncited material Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about a legendary king mentioned in the Mahabharata . For the core portion of the text known as `` Bhārata '' , see Mahabharata § Accretion and redaction . Bharata Samrat Bharat plays with lion cubs Painting by Raja Ravi Varma Predecessor Dushyanta Successor Bhumanyu Sage Kanva hermitage Spouse Sunanda Dynasty Lunar Father Dushyanta of Hastinapura Mother Śakuntalā In Hindu scriptures , Bharata ( Sanskrit : भरत , translit . bharata , lit . ' The Cherished ' ) is an ancestor of the Pandavas and the Kauravas in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Though the Bhāratas are a prominent community in the Rigveda , the story of Bharata is first told in the Adi Parva of the Mahabharata , wherein he is the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala . The story of his parents and his birth is also related in Kalidasa 's famous play Abhijñānashākuntala . Contents 1 Bharata in Literature 2 Story of Bharat 2.1 Bharata lineage 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Bharata in literature ( edit ) According to the Mahābhārata ( Adi Parva ) , Bharata was the son of King Dushyanta and Shakuntala and thus a descendant of the Lunar dynasty of the Kshatriya Varna . He was originally named Sarvadamana ( `` the subduer of all '' ) ; the Mahābhārata traces the events in his life by which he came to be known as Bharata ( `` the cherished '' ) . Bharata 's exploits as a child prince are dramatised in Kalidasa 's poetic play Abhijñānaśākuntalam . Story of Bharat ( edit ) Crying of Shakuntala According to a dramatized version of the events by the poet Kalidasa , the king Dushyanta married Shakuntala on his hunting expeditions in forests . He was captivated by Shakuntala 's beauty , courted her in royal style and married her . He then had to leave to take care of affairs in the capital . She was given a ring by the king , to be presented to him when she was ready to appear in his court . She could then claim her place as queen . Shakuntala gave birth to her child who was named Sarvadamana by the sage Kanwa . Surrounded only by wild animals , Sarvadamana grew to be a strong child and made a sport of opening the mouths of tigers and lions and counting their teeth . This narrative varies dramatically from the version in the epic Mahabharata . Bharat performed many sacrifices and Sage Kanva was the chief priest at those sacrifices . Bharata performed a hundred horse sacrifices on the banks of the Yamuna , three hundred on the banks of Saraswati and four hundred on the banks of the Ganga . He again performed a thousand horse sacrifices and a hundred Rajasuya . He also conducted sacrifices such as Agnishtoma , Atiratra , Uktha and Viswajit . He also performed many thousands of Vajapeyas . Bharat had a son named Bhúmanyu . In the Adi Parva of Mahabharata , it tells two different stories about Bhúmanyu 's birth . The first story says that Bharat married Sunanda , the daughter of Sarvasena , the King of Kasi Kingdom and begot upon her the son named Bhumanyu . According to the second story , Bhúmanyu was born out of a great sacrifice that Bharata performed for the sage Bharadwaja . Bharata lineage ( edit ) Emperor Bharat gave his name to the dynasty of which he was the founder . It was in the Bharat 's ' dynasty that later the Pandavas of epic Mahabharata were born . See also ( edit ) Bharata Khanda Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mahabharata , Adi Parva , Sambhava Parva Jump up ^ Mahabharata , Adi Parva , Sambhava Parva ( in Sanskrit ) Jump up ^ Singh , U. ( 2009 ) , A History of Ancient and Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , Delhi : Longman , p. 187 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1677 - 9 Jump up ^ Apte , Vaman Shivaram ( 1959 ) . `` भरतः '' . Revised and enlarged edition of Prin . V.S. Apte 's The practical Sanskrit - English dictionary . Poona : Prasad Prakashan . Jump up ^ Buitenen , J.A.B. van ( 1973 ) . `` Introduction '' . Mahabharata Book I : The book of beginnings . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226846637 . Jump up ^ The Mahābhārata . Buitenen , J.A.B. van ( Johannes Adrianus Bernardus ) , 1928 - 1979 , , Fitzgerald , James L. Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1973 . p. 214 . ISBN 0226846636 . OCLC 831317 . ^ Jump up to : Ganguly 1883 , pp. 130 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Kālidāsa. ( 1984 ) . Theater of memory : the plays of Kālidāsa . Miller , Barbara Stoler . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 109 , 122 . ISBN 0231058381 . OCLC 10299417 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Macfie , J. M ( 1993 ) . Myths and Legends of India . New Delhi : Rupa & Co. p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7167 - 131 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ganguly 1883 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Mahabharata , Adi Parva , Sambhava Parva - Bharat Vamsha in Detail Archived 16 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Donald A 1913 , p. 157 . References ( edit ) KM , Ganguly ( 2006 ) ( 1883 ) , The Mahabharata of Krishna - Dwaipayana Vyasa ( Drona Parva Section LXVIII ed . ) , Sacred Texts Mackenzie , Donald A , Indian Myth and Legend , Sacred Texts External links ( edit ) Indian Myth and Legend , CHAPTER IX : Prelude to the Great Bharata War , Sacred Texts.com hide Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharata_(Mahabharata)&oldid=854998921 '' Categories : Characters in the Mahabharata People in Hindu mythology Ikshvaku dynasty Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date and year Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from September 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Instances of Lang - sa using second unnamed parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Кыргызча മലയാളം Нохчийн Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 06 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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what's the hottest natural pepper in the world	In 2007 , Guinness World Records certified that the ghost pepper was the world 's hottest chili pepper , 400 times hotter than Tabasco sauce . The ghost chili is rated at more than 1 million Scoville heat units ( SHUs ) . However , the ghost chili was shortly superseded by the Infinity chili in 2011 , followed by the Naga Viper , the Trinidad moruga scorpion in 2012 and the Carolina Reaper on August 7 , 2013 .	the ghost pepper	Bhut jolokia	bhut jolokia	The Bhut jolokia ( IPA : ( ˈbɦʊt. zɔˌlɔkiˌja ) ) , also known as ghost pepper , ghost chili , U-morok , red naga , naga jolokia , and ghost jolokia , is an interspecific hybrid chili pepper cultivated in the Northeast Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Nagaland and Manipur . It is a hybrid of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens and is closely related to the Naga Morich of Bangladesh .	In 2007 , Guinness World Records certified that the ghost pepper was the world 's hottest chili pepper , 400 times hotter than Tabasco sauce . The ghost chili is rated at more than 1 million Scoville heat units ( SHUs ) . However , the ghost chili was shortly superseded by the Infinity chili in 2011 , followed by the Naga Viper , the Trinidad moruga scorpion in 2012 and the Carolina Reaper on August 7 , 2013 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Scoville rating 3 Characteristics 4 Uses 4.1 Defense Project 5 Dorset Naga 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References Etymology ( edit ) The chili is named differently in different regions . In Assam , it is widely known as bhût zôlôkia ( ভোট জলকীয়া ) or bih zôlôkiya . In some parts of Assam , this chili is called nôga zôlôkia ( নগা জলকীয়া ) , believed to be named after the ferocious Naga warriors inhabiting the plains and hills of Nagaland . Further complicating matters , a 2009 paper coined the English term `` Naga king chili '' which refers to the chili 's large pod size . This is probably because the chili has long been colloquially known as Raja mircha or Raja mirchi in Nagaland . It also stated that the most common Indian ( Assamese ) usage is bhût zôlôkiya ( ভোট জলকীয়া ) and gives the alternate common name as bih zôlôkia ( বিহ জলকীয়া , bih means `` poison '' in Assamese , denoting the plant 's heat ) . The Assamese word zôlôkia simply means the Capsicum pepper . Other usages on the subcontinent are saga jlokia , Indian mystery chili , and Indian rough chili ( after the chili 's rough skin ) . It has also been called the Tezpur chili after the Assamese city of Tezpur . In Manipur , the chili is called umorok or oo - morok ( oo = `` tree '' , morok = `` chili '' ) . The Kukis called it `` Malcha - Phoh '' meaning `` the most pungent chilli '' . Scoville rating ( edit ) In 2000 , India 's Defence Research Laboratory ( DRL ) reported a Scoville rating of 855,000 SHUs , and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using HPLC analysis . For comparison , Tabasco red pepper sauce rates at 5000 -- 10,000 , and pure capsaicin ( the chemical responsible for the pungency of pepper plants ) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs . In 2005 , New Mexico State University 's Chile Pepper Institute in Las Cruces , New Mexico , found Bhut jolokia grown from seed in southern New Mexico to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC . 30 - day - old Bhut jolokia plant Climate has a considerable effect on the heat of these peppers . A 2005 study showed that Bhut jolokia peppers grown in Tezpur ( Assam ) are more than twice as hot as those grown in Gwalior 's more arid climate . Elsewhere in India , scientists at Manipur University measured its average Scoville rating by HPLC at only 329,100 SHUs . Unlike most peppers , Bhut jolokia produces capsaicin in vesicles found in both the placenta around the seeds and throughout the fruit , rather than just the placenta . Characteristics ( edit ) Ripe peppers measure 60 to 85 mm ( 2.4 to 3.3 in ) long and 25 to 30 mm ( 1.0 to 1.2 in ) wide with a red , yellow , orange , or chocolate color . The unselected strain of Bhut jolokia from India is an extremely variable plant , with a wide range in fruit sizes and fruit production per plant , and offers a huge potential for developing much better strains through selection in the future . Bhut jolokia pods are unique among peppers , with their characteristic shape , and very thin skin . However , the red fruit variety has two different fruit types , the rough , dented fruit and the smooth fruit . The images on this page show examples of both the rough and the smooth fruit . The rough fruit plants are taller , with more fragile branches , and the smooth fruit plants yields more fruit , and is a more compact plant with sturdier branches . It takes about 7 -- 12 days to germinate at 32 -- 38 ° C . Plant height 45 -- 120 cm ( 17 -- 47 inches ) Stem color Green Leaf color Green Leaf length 10.65 -- 14.25 cm Leaf width 5.4 -- 7.5 cm Pedicels per axil Corolla color Yellow green Anther color Pale blue Annular constriction Present below calyx Fruit color at maturity Red is the most common , with orange , yellow and chocolate as rarer varieties Fruit shape Subconical to conical Fruit length 5.95 -- 8.54 cm Fruit width at shoulder 2.5 -- 2.95 cm Fruit weight 6.95 -- 8.97 g Fruit surface Rough , uneven or smooth Seed color Light tan 1000 seed weight 4.1 -- 5.2 g Seeds per fruit 19 -- 35 Hypocotyl color Green Cotyledonous leaf shape Deltoid Uses ( edit ) The Bhut jolokia ( ভূত - জলকীয়া ) Bhut jolokia is used as a food and a spice , as well as a remedy to summer heat . It is used in both fresh and dried forms , to `` heat up '' curries , pickles and chutneys . It is popularly used in combination with pork or dried or fermented fish . In northeastern India , the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild elephants at a distance . The pepper 's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive chili pepper eating . Defense project ( edit ) Main article : Chili grenade In 2009 , scientists at India 's Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) announced plans to use the peppers in hand grenades , as a nonlethal way to flush out terrorists from their hideouts and to control rioters . It would also be developed into pepper spray as a self - defence and antirape product . The DRDO said bhut jolokia - based aerosol sprays could be used as a `` safety device '' , and `` civil variants '' of chili grenades could be used to control and disperse mobs . Chili grenades made from Bhut jolokia were successfully used by the Indian Army in August 2015 to flush out terrorist Sajjad Ahmed , who was hiding in a cave . In August 2016 , home minister of India , Rajnath Singh announced that Indian security forces will replace controversial pellet guns with pepper grenades . Dorset Naga ( edit ) Main article : Naga Morich The Dorset Naga is a substrain of the original Naga , selected from the Bangladeshi varieties of the chili , Naga morich . Annually , since 2005 , the heat level of Dorset Naga has been tested , taking samples from different sites , various seasons , and states of maturity . The heat level has ranged from 661,451 SHUs for green fruit in 2007 , up to 1,032,310 SHUs for ripe fruit harvested in 2009 . High as the results were , the BBC 's Gardeners ' World television programme recorded a much higher heat level for Dorset Naga . As part of the 2006 programming , the BBC gardening team ran a trial looking at several chili varieties , including Dorset Naga . Heat levels were tested by Warwick HRI , and the Dorset Naga came in at 1,598,227 SHUs , one of the hottest heat levels ever recorded for a chili . Gallery ( edit ) Bhut jolokia leaf about 10 days old plant Bhut jolokia leaf about 30 days old plant Bhut jolokia plant 40 days grown in coco peat Peach Bhut jolokia Yellow Bhut jolokia Chocolate Bhut jolokia Purple Bhut jolokia Red Bhut jolokia See also ( edit ) List of Capsicum cultivars Nagabon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shaline L. Lopez ( 2007 ) . `` NMSU is home to the world 's hottest chile pepper '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Ghost chile ' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - MSNBC.com : '' . Associated Press . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Bosland and Jit B. Baral ( 2007 ) . `` ' Bhut Jolokia ' -- The World 's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid '' ( PDF ) . Horticultural Science . 42 ( 2 ) : 222 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest Chili '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Dave ; Bosland , Paul W. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Chile Pepper Book . Timber Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 920 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland '' ( PDF ) . Asian Agri - History . 13 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 180 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast ' Hottest ' chef gets a taste of hottest jolokia '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta. 2009 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rajghatta , Chidanand ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Saga Jolokia : Indian chilli acquires cult following in US '' . The Economic Times . New Dehli , India . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sanatombi K. , G.J. Sharma ( 2008 ) . `` Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp . Cultivars '' . Not . Bot . Hort . Agrobot . Cluj. 36 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 90 . ISSN 1842 - 4309 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mathur R ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` The hottest chili variety in India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 79 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Bih jolokia '' . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NMSU : The Chile Pepper Institute - Home '' . The Chile Pepper Institute . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tiwari A ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Adaptability and production of hottest chili variety under Gwalior climatic conditions '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 10 ) : 1545 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Bosland , Paul ; Coon , Danise ; Cooke , Peter H. ( June 2015 ) . `` Novel Formation of Ectopic ( Nonplacental ) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers '' . Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science . 140 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Barker , Catherine L. ( 2007 ) . `` Hot Pod : World 's Hottest '' . National Geographic Magazine . 2007 ( May ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dremann , Craig Carlton. 2011 . Redwood City Seed Company , Observations on the variations in the Bhut Jolokia pepper from seed reproduction growouts . Jump up ^ Hussain , Wasbir ( 2007 - 11 - 20 ) . `` World 's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Chile Scares Off Elephants '' . National Geographic News website . National Geographic . 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mary Roach ( June 2013 ) . `` The Gut - Wrenching Science Behind the World 's Hottest Peppers '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Army 's new weapon : world 's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia India plans hot chilli grenades '' . BBC News . 2009 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bhaumik , Subir ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` India scientists hail ' multi-purpose ' chillis '' . BBC News . City of Westminster , England : BBC . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Army used ' chilly grenades ' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ Srinagar ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` India finds alternative to Kashmir pellet guns : Chilli - filled grenades '' . World is One News . Zee Media Corporation Ltd . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Like It Hot : Dorset 's Ultra-Hot Chillies '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dorset Naga '' . Dorset Naga . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gardening : 20 October 2006 '' . bbc.co.uk . London : BBC . 20 October 2006 . Gardeners ' World 's hottest chillies . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Capsicum cultivars C. annuum var . annuum Aleppo Banana pepper Bell pepper Bird 's eye Cascabel Cayenne Cheongyang Chilaca Cubanelle De árbol Dundicut Espelette Facing heaven Fresno Chili Friggitello Guajillo Guntur Sannam Hungarian wax Jalapeño Korean chili Medusa Mulato New Mexico ( a.k.a. Anaheim / Hatch ) Padrón Pasilla Peter Pimiento Poblano Santa Fe Grande Serrano Shishito C. annuum var . glabriusculum Piquín Wild chiltepin C. chinense Adjuma Ají dulce Bhut jolokia ' Carolina Reaper ' Datil ' Dragon 's Breath ' Fatalii Habanero Hainan yellow lantern ' Madame Jeanette ' ' Naga Morich ' ' Red Savina ' habanero Scotch bonnet Trinidad moruga scorpion Trinidad scorpion ' Butch T ' ' Pepper X ' C. frutescens African bird 's eye Kambuzi Malagueta Siling labuyo Tabasco C. baccatum Ají Bishop 's crown Lemon drop Peppadew C. pubescens Rocoto pepper Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhut_jolokia&oldid=851167234 '' Categories : Capsicum cultivars Chili peppers Medicinal plants of Asia Flora of Assam ( region ) Geographical Indications in Nagaland Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar मैथिली Nederlands 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 14 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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where does the head of the rib attach	Each rib consists of a head , neck , and a shaft , and they are numbered from top to bottom . The head of a rib is the end part closest to the spine with which it articulates . It is marked by a kidney - shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two facets . The superior facet is smaller and articulates with the vertebra above , and the inferior facet articulates with the vertebra of the same number . The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates with the rib of the same number . The crest gives attachment to the intra-articular ligament . All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae .	the spine	Rib cage	rib cage	The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of all vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog . It is formed by the vertebral column , ribs , and sternum and encloses the heart and lungs . In humans , the rib cage , also known as the thoracic cage , is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle ( shoulder girdle ) , forming a core portion of the human skeleton . A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs , the sternum ( with xiphoid process ) , costal cartilages , and the 12 thoracic vertebrae . Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles , the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck , thorax , upper abdomen , and back .	Projection on the thoracic cage of the heart , the lungs and the diaphragm . The shaded areas indicate the extent of the pleural cavities not filled by the lungs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Attachment 1.2 Parts 1.3 Bones 1.4 Development 1.5 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Society and culture 5 History 6 Other animals 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Human rib cage - CT scan ( parallel projection ( left ) and perspective projection ( right ) ) . Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum . Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called true ribs , whereas those that connect indirectly via cartilage are termed false ribs . Attachment ( edit ) true / fixed ribs false ribs false and floating ribs The terms true and false rib describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the sternum . The phrase true rib ( Latin : costae verae ) , or fixed rib , refers to the first seven , or vertebrosternal , rib pairs . The phrase false rib ( Latin : costae spuriae ) , or vertebrochondral ribs refers to the eighth - to - twelfth pairs of ribs . The eighth - to - tenth pairs of ribs connect to the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them . Their elasticity allows ribcage movement for respiratory activity . The phrase floating rib ( Latin : costae fluitantes ) refers to the two lowermost , the eleventh and twelfth , rib pairs ; so - called because they are attached only to the vertebrae -- and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum . These ribs are relatively small and delicate , and include a cartilaginous tip . The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces ; they contain the intercostal muscles , nerves , arteries , and veins . Parts ( edit ) The parts of the rib . Each rib consists of a head , neck , and a shaft , and they are numbered from top to bottom . The head of a rib is the end part closest to the spine with which it articulates . It is marked by a kidney - shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two facets . The superior facet is smaller and articulates with the vertebra above , and the inferior facet articulates with the vertebra of the same number . The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates with the rib of the same number . The crest gives attachment to the intra-articular ligament . All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae . The neck of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head . The neck is about 3 cm long , and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae with which the head articulates . Its anterior surface is flat and smooth , whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough , to give attachment to the ligament of the neck . Its upper border presents a rough crest ( crista colli costae ) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament ; its lower border is rounded . On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body , and nearer the lower than the upper border , is an eminence -- the tubercle ; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion . The articular portion , the lower and more medial of the two , presents a small , oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebræ to which the head is connected . The non-articular portion is a rough elevation , and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle . The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs . The angle of a rib ( costal angle ) may both refer to the bending part of it , and a prominent line in this area , a little in front of the tubercle . This line is directed downward and laterally ; this gives attachment to a tendon of the iliocostalis muscle . At this point the rib is bent in two directions , and at the same time twisted on its long axis . The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the back surface , at the junction between the neck and the body of the rib . It is nearer to the lower than to the upper border , and nearer the lower than the upper border . The tubercle consists of an articular and a non-articular area . The lower and more medial articular area is a small oval surface for articulation with the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae which gives attachment to the head . The higher , non-articular area is a rough elevation which gives attachment to the ligament of the tubercle . The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs . The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs . The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded , rough , and irregular , and serves for the attachment of the longissimus dorsi muscle . Bones ( edit ) The four floating ribs indicated First rib seen from above The first rib ( the topmost one ) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs ; it is broad and flat , its surfaces looking upward and downward , and its borders inward and outward . The head is small and rounded , and possesses only a single articular facet , for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra . The neck is narrow and rounded . The tubercle , thick and prominent , is placed on the outer border . It bears a small facet for articulation with the transverse process of T1 . There is no angle , but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent , with the convexity upward , so that the head of the bone is directed downward . The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves , separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle , the scalene tubercle , for the attachment of the anterior scalene ; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein , the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus . Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the medial scalene . The under surface is smooth , and without a costal groove . The outer border is convex , thick , and rounded , and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus anterior . The inner border is concave , thin , and sharp , and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle . The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs . The second rib is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs . In humans the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the costal cartilage anteriorly ( at the front ) . Posteriorly , the second rib is connected with the vertebral column by the second thoracic vertebra . The second rib is much longer than the first rib , but has a very similar curvature . The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked . The angle is slight , and situated close to the tubercle . The body is not twisted , so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid ; but there is a bend , with its convexity upward , similar to , though smaller than that found in the first rib . The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib . Its external surface is convex , and looks upward and a little outward ; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior ; behind and above this is attached the posterior scalene . The internal surface , smooth , and concave , is directed downward and a little inward : on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border . It contains the intercostal veins and arteries and intercostal nerve . The ninth rib has a frontal part at the same level as the first lumbar vertebra . This level is called planum transpyloricum , since the pylorus is also at this level . Costal groove position The tenth rib attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs . Due to this direct attachment , vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body . The eleventh rib and the twelfth rib , the floating ribs , have a single articular facet on the head , which is of rather large size . They have no necks or tubercles , and are pointed at their anterior ends . The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove , whereas the twelfth does not . The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib , and its head is inclined slightly downward . Development ( edit ) In males , expansion of the ribcage is caused by the effects of testosterone during puberty . Thus , males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests , allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen . A C7 rib on the right Variation ( edit ) Variations in the number of ribs occur . About 1 in 200 - 500 people have an additional cervical rib , and there is a female predominance . Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare . Bifid or bifurcated ribs , in which the sternal end of the rib is cleaved in two , is a congenital abnormality occurring in about 1.2 % of the population . The rib remnant of the 7th cervical vertebra on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib , which can mechanically interfere with the nerves ( brachial plexus ) going to the arm . In several ethnic groups , most significantly the Japanese , the tenth rib is sometimes a floating rib , as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib . Function ( edit ) Main article : Breathing The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation , pulling the front of the rib cage upwards , a movement known as the ' pump handle movement ' . This increases the antero - posterior diameter of the thorax , contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest . A similar effect , known as the ' bucket handle movement ' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase , because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front , but , in the case of the lower ribs , also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest . The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system . It encloses the thoracic cavity , which contains the lungs . An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm , at the floor of the thoracic cavity , contracts and flattens , while contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out . Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes ; the vertical , the anteroposterior and the transverse . The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera by the diaphragm contracting . A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down , rather than simply the domes flattening . The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the ' pump handle . ' The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur . When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs , the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out . This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity , and hence aids breathing further . The third , transverse , plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs ( some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular ) , with the diaphragm 's central tendon acting as a fixed point . When the diaphragm contracts , the ribs are able to evert and produce what is known as the bucket handle movement , facilitated by gliding at the costovertebral joints . In this way , the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill . The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation . Clinical significance ( edit ) Rib fractures are the most common injury to the rib cage . These most frequently affect the middle ribs . When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each , this can result in a flail chest which is a life - threatening condition . Abnormalities of the rib cage include pectus excavatum ( `` sunken chest '' ) and pectus carinatum ( `` pigeon chest '' ) . Rib removal is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons . Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib . Society and culture ( edit ) Their position can be permanently altered by a form of body modification called tightlacing , which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs . The ribs , particularly their sternal ends , are used as a way of estimating age in forensic pathology , due to their progressive ossification . In the King James Bible `` Howbeit he refused to turn aside : wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib , that the spear came out behind him ; and he fell down there , and died in the same place : and it came to pass , that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still . '' 2 Samuel 2 : 23 King James Version . and several other mentions in the Bible . History ( edit ) The number of ribs as 24 ( 12 pairs ) was noted by the Flemish anatomist Vesalius in his key work of anatomy De humani corporis fabrica in 1543 , setting off a wave of controversy , as it was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve that men 's ribs would number one fewer than women 's . Other animals ( edit ) Tyrannosaurus rib cage , University of California Museum of Paleontology In herpetology , costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of salamanders . The grooves run between the axilla to the groin . Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib . Birds and reptiles have bony uncinate processes on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib . These serve to attach sacral muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration . Crocodiles have cartilaginous uncinate processes . Additional images ( edit ) Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages . X-ray image of human chest , with ribs labeled . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rib cage . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human_anatomy , ribs . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Articulation of head of rib Terms for anatomical location Terms for bones Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Ribs . http://www1.american.edu/adonahue/k11ribs.htm . ( Web ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2010 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . USA : The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. p. 485 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 352569 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.teachmeanatomy.com/osteology-of-the-thorax/ Jump up ^ Moore , Dalley & Agur. 2009 . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 6th Edition . 90 Pp . Lippincott , Williams & Wilkins , ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7525 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7525 - 0 Jump up ^ Bålens ytanatomi ( surface anatomy ) . Godfried Roomans , Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir . Institution for Anatomy , Uppsala. 2008 . Jump up ^ Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kurihara Y ; Yakushiji YK ; Matsumoto J ; Ishikawa T ; Hirata K ( Jan -- Feb 1999 ) . `` The Ribs : Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations '' ( PDF ) . RadioGraphics . Radiological Society of North America . 19 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 119 . ISSN 1527 - 1323 . PMID 9925395 . doi : 10.1148 / radiographics. 19.1. g99ja02105 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kamano H ; Ishihama T ; Ishihama H ; Kubota Y ; Tanaka T ; Satoh K ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Bifid intrathoracic rib : a case report and classification of intrathoracic ribs '' ( PDF ) . Internal Medicine . The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine . 45 ( 9 ) : 627 -- 630 . PMID 16755094 . doi : 10.2169 / internalmedicine. 45.1502 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Respiratory system examination citing : Health & Physical Assessment , Mosby - Year Book , inc . School of Nursing , Peking University , 2003 Jump up ^ Franklin , D ( Jan 2010 ) . `` Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains : current concepts and future directions . '' . Legal medicine ( Tokyo , Japan ) . 12 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . PMID 19853490 . doi : 10.1016 / j. legalmed. 2009.09. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Duellman , W.E. , Trueb , L. ( 1986 ) . Biology of Amphibians. 670 Pp . McGraw - Hill Book Company , New York , New York , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4780 - X , 9780801847806 Jump up ^ J.W. Petranka. 1998 . Salamanders of the United States and Canada . 587 Pp . Smithsonian Institution Press , ISBN 1 - 56098 - 828 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56098 - 828 - 1 Jump up ^ Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 1995 ) . Vertebrates : comparative anatomy , function , evolution . McGraw - Hill . pp. 55 , 57 . ISBN 0 - 697 - 21991 - 7 . References ( edit ) Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 4th ed . Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley . pp. 62 -- 64 Principles of Anatomy Physiology , Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED . John Wiley and Sons , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 68934 - 3 De Humani Corporis Fabrica : online English translation of Vesalius ' books on human anatomy . External links ( edit ) Diagram at mhhe.com Bones of torso Vertebrae General structure Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens Thoracic vertebrae Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae Processes accessory mammillary Sacrum Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus Coccyx Coccygeal cornu Thorax Rib cage Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head Sternum Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic inlet Thoracic outlet Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&oldid=803935289 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Bones of the thorax Vertebrate anatomy Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 30 . 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where does the cape may ferry go to	The Cape May -- Lewes Ferry is a ferry system in the United States that traverses a 17 - mile ( 27 km ) crossing of the Delaware Bay to connect North Cape May , New Jersey with Lewes , Delaware . The ferry constitutes a portion of U.S. Route 9 , and is the final crossing of the Delaware River - Delaware Bay waterway before it meets the Atlantic Ocean .	Lewes , Delaware	Cape May -- Lewes ferry	cape may - - lewes ferry	The Cape May -- Lewes Ferry is a ferry system in the United States that traverses a 17 - mile ( 27 km ) crossing of the Delaware Bay to connect North Cape May , New Jersey with Lewes , Delaware . The ferry constitutes a portion of U.S. Route 9 , and is the final crossing of the Delaware River - Delaware Bay waterway before it meets the Atlantic Ocean .	Contents 1 The system 2 The fleet 2.1 MV Delaware 2.2 MV New Jersey 2.3 MV Cape Henlopen 3 Former fleet 3.1 MV Cape May 3.2 MV Twin Capes 4 History 5 Tourism 6 Incidents and accidents 7 See also 8 References 9 External links The system ( edit ) The Cape May , New Jersey terminal The Cape May -- Lewes Ferry , operated by the Delaware River and Bay Authority ( DRBA ) , consists of three ferry vessels and two terminal facilities . Its operations are based at its Cape May terminal , which is actually located in North Cape May , on the north shore of the Cape May Canal . The three vessels in the fleet carry both vehicles ( passenger cars , buses , RVs , tractor trailers , motorcycles , and bicycles ) and foot passengers . Each has a capacity of about 100 cars , selling out in advance during the popular summer weekends ( although passenger capacity usually does not ) . Advance reservations are accepted . The ferry trip takes approximately 80 minutes and provides a view of three lighthouses : the Cape May Light in New Jersey , and the Harbor of Refuge Light and Delaware Breakwater East End Light near Lewes . The Lewes , Delaware terminal The ferry 's terminal buildings were substantially overhauled in 2000 -- 01 . A new Cape May terminal replaced the existing structure , built in 1988 . The Lewes terminal , also built in 1988 , was expanded and renovated at the same time . Both terminals now feature unique , recognizable `` towers , '' which contain elevators and staircases connecting the terminal buildings to glass - enclosed walkways . The walkways allow foot passengers to board the vessel directly on the second deck , avoiding vehicles driving onto the car deck below . The terminal buildings feature gift shops , food courts , bars , restaurants , ticketing and information booths , and occasional history or art exhibits . The fleet ( edit ) The original fleet of four steamships and two diesel - powered ships was purchased in 1964 from the defunct Little Creek - Cape Charles Ferry in Virginia , replaced by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel . Those ships were the SS Cape May ( originally the SS Delmarva ) , the SS Delaware ( originally the SS Pocahontas ) , the SS New Jersey ( originally the SS Princess Anne ) , the MV Cape Henlopen ( originally the SS Virginia Beach ) and later in 1964 , the MV Atlantic ( originally the MV Old Point Comfort ) ( this vessel was sold at the end of 1966 ) . The four remaining ships were replaced beginning in 1974 with new , diesel - powered vessels . The three original vessels of the new fleet , the MV Delaware , MV New Jersey , and MV Twin Capes , were supplemented by the MV Cape Henlopen ( originally named New Del ) in 1981 and the MV Cape May in 1985 . Although these five vessels would later differ in external appearance , they were originally designed and built to identical specifications . Renovation projects in the mid - to late - 1990s radically altered the shapes and appearances of the fleet . However , the vessels were only rebuilt from the hull up , meaning that their hulls and power plant remain identical . Each vessel consists of an open car deck situated atop a hull that is low to the water . Because of the ships ' shallow displacements , the ships appear almost barge - like , sitting directly atop the water , from a distance . The ships were originally built with two decks atop the car deck -- the second deck consisting of a gift shop , café , and interior and exterior seating areas , and the third deck consisting of outdoor seating areas . Historically , an interior crew room was situated on the third deck , and a pilot house was on the fourth deck . Subsequent renovations changed these plans on some of the vessels . Each vessel can hold 100 cars and 800 passengers . All have a length of 320 feet ( 98 m ) and a breadth of 68 feet ( 21 m ) , a displacement of at least 2100 tons , a maximum draft of 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) , two 4,000 horsepower ( 3,000 kW ) diesel engines , and a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) ( 18 mph ) . MV Delaware ( edit ) The `` shark 's fin '' stacks of the MV Delaware , pictured at the Lewes , Delaware , terminal , on July 6 , 2004 . The MV Delaware was the first of the original three vessels of the new 1970s fleet . Christened in June 1974 she is the flagship of the fleet . The Delaware has undergone several renovations and refurbishments . The first in 1994 added an additional passenger lounge on the third deck which included a deli and an outdoor bar with refurbishments to her main passenger lounge on the second deck . New `` shark fin '' smokestacks were added in 1997 replacing her original stacks . A renovation in 2001 resulted in her second and third decks being extended forward and aft and the outdoor bar moved behind the stacks along with renovations to both interior spaces . A third renovation in 2013 reconfigured the interior space on the second deck . MV New Jersey ( edit ) The MV New Jersey is the second of the original three vessels of the new 1970s fleet , christened in November 1974 . An outdoor canopy was added to the third deck in 1996 and in 1999 she received upgraded finishes and seating to the interior passenger lounge . Her main passenger lounge was recently renovated in 2013 with new carpeting and seating . MV Cape Henlopen ( edit ) The MV Cape Henlopen near the Cape May , New Jersey , terminal on July 4 , 2003 . The MV Cape Henlopen , the fourth vessel of the fleet built in 1981 was christened New Del in July 1981 . The vessel was renamed Cape Henlopen in 1984 . She received new outdoor seating and a canopy along with new indoor seating in 1998 . A recent refurbishment in 2012 resulted in new interior lighting , flooring , seating and climate control . Former fleet ( edit ) MV Cape May ( edit ) The MV Cape May ready to dock at the Cape May , New Jersey , terminal on August 8 , 2002 . In 2007 , the DRBA removed the Cape May from service . The MV Cape May , which was the newest vessel of the fleet christened in May 1985 , was refurbished in 1998 in a $20 million project that retained the original superstructure and added deck extensions and a new fourth deck . The renovation added a fourth - deck buffet restaurant , bars , an enlarged gift shop , an elevator , and additional interior seating . In 2007 , in order to help close an operating deficit , the DRBA removed the Cape May from service and announced that the vessel was up for sale . The vessel 's added expense of operation and low use -- it had made only fifteen crossings in 2007 -- were additional factors leading to its removal from service . The owners of Cross Sound Ferry in Connecticut had shown interest in purchasing the ferry . In 2013 , the Cape May was sold to Northstar Marine Services for $750,000 , to be converted to a support vessel for offshore wind farms . MV Twin Capes ( edit ) The MV Twin Capes is one of the original three vessels of the 1970s fleet , christened in May 1975 . She was extensively renovated in a $27 million project between 1994 and 1996 resulting in the original superstructure on and above the second deck removed , the second deck extended forward and aft , and a new superstructure with four new decks , multiple lounges , new pilot house and `` shark fin '' smokestacks added . The vessel was then marked as a miniature cruise ship , complete with two sets of elevators , a sweeping interior staircase , interior areas on four different decks , an enlarged retail shop , a food court with a brick pizza oven , four different bars , and a buffet restaurant in a two - deck - tall , glass - enclosed atrium . Although the restaurant was shut down in 2000 after U.S. Food and Drug Administration inspectors found numerous violations in the galleys of all five vessels , the ship remained an attraction . Her sister ship is the MV Delaware . In July 2010 , due to decreasing ridership , the DRBA announced that the vessel was for sale . The `` Twin Capes '' was taken out of service and retired in October 2013 . On July 20 , 2017 , the Twin Capes was towed out of the Cape May Terminal to be stripped before a planned sinking as an artificial reef in 2018 . The Twin Capes was scuttled on June 15 , 2018 , in the North Atlantic Ocean off Bethany Beach , Delaware , at 38 ° 30.90 ′ N 074 ° 30.90 ′ W / 38.51500 ° N 74.51500 ° W / 38.51500 ; - 74.51500 ( M / V Twin Capes ) to form part of the Del - Jersey - Land Inshore Artificial Reef . History ( edit ) Service began on July 1 , 1964 , utilizing a fleet of five ships purchased from Virginia as mentioned above . Those ships had previously provided service across the Chesapeake Bay , connecting Cape Charles with Virginia Beach , but the opening of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel in 1964 rendered that service obsolete . All of the steamers were replaced in the 1970s with the service 's current fleet . When it began service , the Cape May -- Lewes Ferry operated under a 24 - hour schedule . That schedule was cut back in 1975 to 16 hours per day . Tourism ( edit ) Sign for the ferry at the south end of US 9 in New Jersey The ferry was constructed with transportation as its chief goal . However , over time , the Delaware River and Bay Authority ( DRBA ) began to recognize its potential as a tourist attraction . While the ferry of today continues to provide a vital transportation link between Delaware and New Jersey , the ferry experience has been optimized to draw in tourists . The ferry fleet was substantially overhauled during the 1990s , adding several amenities -- including buffet restaurants , bars , and lounges -- intended to promote the ride as a draw in itself . The DRBA operates a shuttle service on both sides of the bay in the summer months , giving foot passengers both a ride on the ferry and round - trip transportation from the terminals into Cape May and Lewes for one combined rate . In New Jersey , the shuttle connects the ferry to the Cape May Welcome Center in downtown Cape May . In Delaware , the shuttle operates from the ferry to the Tanger Outlets and the park and ride lot in Rehoboth Beach . DART First State operates the Route 204 bus which connects the ferry terminal with downtown Lewes and the Lewes Transit Center park and ride , where transfers can be made to DART First State 's Beach Bus routes that serve the Delaware Beaches and provide connections to Ocean City Transportation 's Coastal Highway Beach Bus in Ocean City , Maryland . The DRBA also operates a shuttle bus that links the ferry to the Cape May County Park & Zoo on Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Sundays from late June to the end of August and to the Tree to Tree Aerial adventure park at the zoo Sundays through Thursdays from late May to late September . The Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts operates trolley tours of Cape May from the ferry terminal from late June to the end of August , with the Cape May Lighthouse tour operating on Mondays and the Emlen Physick Estate tour operating on Wednesdays . On Wednesdays from June to September , Lucky Sevens Tours operates a coach bus that connects the ferry in Cape May to the Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City ; the package includes round - trip ferry service , round - trip coach service , and free play for slots . The DRBA has partnered with local merchants to give discounts to passengers , allowing passengers to purchase a round - trip ticket and not disembark midway . In addition to these promotions , the ferry also offers special holiday excursions . A popular , but expensive , excursion includes the annual fireworks cruise , in which passengers board the vessel ( usually the MV Twin Capes ) and sail into the bay to watch a Fourth of July fireworks show sponsored by the DRBA . The cruise features entertainment on the car deck ( past entertainment has included a symphony orchestra ) and a catered meal . The ferry is a connection between the south Jersey Shore towns from Long Beach Island to Cape May , and the Delaware Beaches and Ocean City , Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula . Prior to its inception , travelers between these areas needed to drive across southern New Jersey to the Delaware Memorial Bridge , and then down through Delaware on U.S. Route 13 , or vice versa if they were coming from Delaware . Incidents and accidents ( edit ) On the evening of December 10 , 2009 , the New Jersey ran aground on a sandbar near the mouth of the Cape May Canal during an unusually low tide . The ferry was freed by a rising tide and did not suffer any structural damage . See also ( edit ) U.S. Route 9 in Delaware U.S. Route 9 in New Jersey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cape May - Lewes Ferry FAQ ^ Jump up to : `` A Ferry Tale '' , by William J. Miller Jump up ^ `` DRBA Seeks Buyer for MV Cape May '' . Cape May County Herald . September 2007 . Jump up ^ Degener , Richard ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cape May - Lewes unused ferry sold at loss to become a barge '' . Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cape May -- Lewes Ferry Puts Second Boat Up For Sale '' . Cape May County Herald . July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No more people or cars , just fish for Cape May ferry vessel '' . NJ.com . July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anonymous , `` M / V Twin Capes , retired Lewes - to - Cape May ferry , sunk to become part of Delaware 's artificial reef system , '' delaware.gov , June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Luxurious Twin Capes ferry sunk for artificial reef '' . Press of Atlantic City . June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 , History of Cape May -- Lewes Ferry Archived October 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Getting Here & Getting Around '' . Cape May - Lewes Ferry . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excursion Packages '' . Cape May - Lewes Ferry . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Degener , Richard ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Ferry runs aground at canal '' . Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape May -- Lewes Ferry . Official site Video at YouTube of scuttling of MV Twin Capes on 15 June 2018 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 40 '' N 75 ° 03 ′ 44 '' W / 38.87764 ° N 75.06226 ° W / 38.87764 ; - 75.06226 Delaware River and Bay Authority Facilities Bridges Delaware Memorial Bridge Ferries Cape May -- Lewes Ferry Forts Ferry Crossing Airports Wilmington Airport Millville Airport Civil Air Terminal at Dover AFB Cape May Airport Delaware Airpark Crossings of the Delaware Bay Upstream Forts Ferry Crossing ( Delaware River ) Cape May -- Lewes Ferry Downstream Atlantic Ocean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_May -- Lewes_Ferry&oldid = 856840608 '' Categories : Ferries of Delaware Ferries of New Jersey U.S. Route 9 Crossings of the Delaware River Delaware River and Bay Authority facilities Lewes , Delaware Transportation in Sussex County , Delaware Transportation in Cape May County , New Jersey Ferries of the United States Numbered Highways Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 21 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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where does the song that never ends come from	`` The Song That Does n't End '' ( originally , `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) is a self - referential and infinitely iterative children 's song . The song appears in the album Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along by puppeteer Shari Lewis . It is a single verse long song , written in an infinite - loop motif in a march style , such that it naturally flows in a cyclical fashion , repeating the same verse over and over . It is still a very popular tune , typically sung during long car journeys . The song was written by writer / composer Norman Martin in 1988 . Initially , some people started singing the song without understanding exactly what it was . However , they continued singing it just because it was a never ending song .	Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along	The song that Never Ends	the song that never ends	`` The Song That Does n't End '' ( originally , `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) is a self - referential and infinitely iterative children 's song . The song appears in the album Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along by puppeteer Shari Lewis . It is a single verse long song , written in an infinite - loop motif in a march style , such that it naturally flows in a cyclical fashion , repeating the same verse over and over . It is still a very popular tune , typically sung during long car journeys . The song was written by writer / composer Norman Martin in 1988 . Initially , some people started singing the song without understanding exactly what it was . However , they continued singing it just because it was a never ending song .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Notable appearances and recordings 3 See also 4 References Lyrics ( edit ) Original version Classical variation This is the song that does n't end Yes , it goes on and on my friend Some people started singing it not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that does n't end This is the song that does n't end It just goes on and on my friends Some people started singing it , not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that does n't end ... Notable appearances and recordings ( edit ) The most notable appearance of the song in the US was as the closing theme of Lamb Chop 's Play - Along , a 1992 televised puppet show on PBS , though with slightly different lyrics and a slightly different title ( known as `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) . At the end of each episode , the puppets and children would sing several verses of the song while hostess Shari Lewis would try in vain to stop them . They would eventually leave ( on her urging ) , even while beginning a sixth verse ( which eventually fades out ) . Then the puppet character Charlie Horse would return and try to get to sing the song again . But Shari however stops him successfully by grabbing his mouth and persuading him to `` go away '' , and not to slam the door ( though Charlie did ) . A short rendition of the song appeared in a skit on the animated TV show Cartoon Planet ( the skit is also featured on the companion album , Space Ghost 's Musical Bar - B - Que ) . Brak sings the song until he is asked to stop by Zorak , who finds it annoying . Brak explains that he is unable to because it 's the `` song that does n't end . '' He attempts to continue until Zorak loses his temper , causing Brak to cease , remarking , `` I guess it just ended . '' The song has been adopted as an unofficial anthem by disparate groups . The Discordian organization ( or disorganization ) known as POEE has listed the song in their material with claims that it was written by a member , while fans of the rock band Styx adopted a variation , `` The Tour That Never Ends '' , to describe Styx 's 400 - plus date tour in the late 1990s in support of their album Brave New World . It was also the subject of a single strip in Dave Kellett 's Sheldon webcomic . A series of Canadian Motrin pain killer ads featured kids singing the song in the back of a car , during a traffic jam , while eating chocolate - covered coffee beans . In the Smart Guy episode `` Love Bug '' , Mo and Yvette ( Omar Gooding and Essence Atkins ) perform `` The Song That Never Ends '' variant in order to annoy a fellow contestant to see if he will exit the car they are supposed to stay in for an entire weekend in order to win it . The two eventually ( and suddenly ) stop singing , driving the man crazy as to whether they will start singing the song once again , leading to him escaping the car and automatically eliminating himself from the contest . See also ( edit ) `` John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discogs `` Discogs ' Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AllMusic `` AllMusic 's Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shari Lewis ( Author ) , Marty Gold ( Author , Editor ) , Debbie Cavalier ( Editor ) Lamb Chop 's Play - Along : Piano / Vocal / Chords . Warner Brothers Publications , 1996 , p. 108 . ISBN 1576233545 ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_That_Never_Ends&oldid=832994323 '' Categories : Children 's songs Playground songs Metasongs 1988 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with close paraphrasing from April 2016 All articles with close paraphrasing Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Song%20That%20Never%20Ends	2,648
who was the bottom 3 on so you think you can dance			So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series )	so you think you can dance ( u. s. tv series )	So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise . It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment , Dick Clark Productions , and Conrad Sewell Productions . The series premiered on July 20 , 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top - rated show on television . The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez . Since the second season , it has been hosted by former British children 's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley . During its second season , the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show ( adults aged 18 -- 49 ) , but it has declined in ratings since .	The show features a tiered format wherein dancers trained in a variety of dance genres enter open auditions held in a number of major U.S. cities to showcase their talents and may move forward through successive additional rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles . At the end of this process , a small number of dancers are chosen as finalists . These dancers move on to the competition 's main phase , where they perform solo , duet , and group dance numbers on live television , attempting to master a diverse selection of dance styles , including classical , contemporary , ballroom , hip - hop , street , club , jazz , and musical theatre styles , among others . They compete for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which , combined with the input of a panel of judges , determines which dancers advance to the next stage from week to week . So You Think You Can Dance has won seven Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography and a total of nine Emmy Awards altogether . Licensed variations of the show , produced for broadcast markets in other nations , began airing in August 2005 , and dozens of localized adaptations of the show have been produced since , airing in 37 countries to date . On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 1.1 Open auditions 1.2 Callbacks 1.3 Finalist selection and showcase episode 1.4 Finalist Stage 1.5 Judges 1.6 Overview of format and presentation by season 2 Dance styles and choreographers 2.1 Classical styles 2.2 Street and club styles 2.3 Ballroom styles 2.4 Jazz , Broadway , and musical theater styles 2.5 American social styles 2.6 Regional / traditional styles 3 Seasons 3.1 Grand Finalists 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 3.5 Season 4 3.6 Season 5 3.7 Season 6 3.8 Season 7 3.9 Season 8 3.10 Season 9 3.11 Season 10 3.12 Season 11 3.13 Season 12 3.14 Season 13 3.15 Season 14 4 Special shows 5 Ratings 6 Influence and international franchise 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Emmy Awards 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Show format ( edit ) A typical season of So You Think You Can Dance is divided between a selection process , during which expert judges select competitors from a wide pool of applicant dancers , and a competition phase , during which these ' finalists ' ( more typically referred to as the ' Top 20 ' ) compete for votes from home viewers . Though it is produced over the course of months , the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2 -- 4 weeks of aired episodes , with the competition episodes forming the remaining 8 -- 9 weeks of the season . Open auditions ( edit ) Nigel Lythgoe is co-creator of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , and has been executive producer and permanent member of the judge 's panel of the U.S. and U.K. productions for their entire runs . The open auditions , the first stage in determining a seasons finalists , take place in 5 -- 6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18 -- 30 at the time of their audition . The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some , such as Los Angeles and New York , have featured in most seasons . During this stage , dancers perform a brief routine ( typically a solo , but duet and group routines are allowed as well ) before a panel of dance experts , usually headed by series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe . This panel then decides on - the - spot whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further . If the dancer exhibited exceptional ability in their performance , judges award `` a ticket to Vegas '' ( or in more recent seasons `` a ticket to the Academy '' ) , moving them instantly one step forward in the competition . Alternatively , if judges are on the fence about the dancer , they may ask the contestant to wait until the end of that day 's auditions to participate in a short test of their ability to pick up professional choreography . Callbacks ( edit ) The second stage of the selection process is referred to as `` the callbacks '' ( the round has often been held in the city of Las Vegas and also been known as `` Vegas Week '' for much of the show 's run , but has been called Academy Week since season 13 ) . The callbacks consist of a several - day - long process in which the remaining hopefuls are tested for overall well - rounded dance ability , stamina , creativity and their ability to perform under pressure . The dancers are put through a battery of rounds that test their ability to pick up various dance styles ; these are typically some of the more well - represented genres that are later prominent in the competition phase , such as hip - hop , jazz , ballroom , and contemporary . Additionally the dancers may be asked to perform further solos in styles of their choosing and participate in a group choreography round in which small teams of contestants must display their musicality and ability to communicate professionally by choreographing a performance to a randomly selected piece of music -- this challenge is notable as being the only time competitors are asked to choreograph themselves , aside from solos . The Callbacks are often collectively portrayed as one of the most exhausting and stressful stages of the competition ; each successive round sees cuts in which a significant portion of the remaining dancers are eliminated from competition and dancers are given a limited amount of time to adapt to styles they are sometimes wholly unfamiliar with while being physically taxed by the rapid progression of rounds and a limited amount of rest . At the end of this process , usually less than 40 competitors remain in a pool that final contestants are chosen from . Most seasons have featured 20 top finalists for the competition portion of the show , but Season One was represented by a Top 16 , Season Seven saw a Top 11 , and Season Thirteen employed a Top 10 . Finalist selection and showcase episode ( edit ) Following Vegas Week -- - which has , through video vignettes , made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge 's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers , breaking the good or bad news to each dancer . Since Season six , the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition . In this episode , dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience , dancing duet or group routines , but only in their own styles . In seasons eight through ten , the finalist announcement episode and the dancer 's showcase were combined into one episode , with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed . In seasons six through nine , no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week . In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons , the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination . Finalist stage ( edit ) Following the finalist selection process , the show transitions into its regular competition phase , which lasts the rest of the season . The competition stage is typically divided into 8 weeks , generally with two contestants eliminated per week . Dancers are paired - up into male - female couples that will sometimes stay paired for half of the remaining competition if neither is eliminated . These couples perform 1 -- 2 duets per week in randomly selected styles . These duets , as with all non-solo performances at this stage in the competition , are choreographed by professional choreographers . Prior to most duet performances , a video packet of clips of the couple preparing to perform the routine is shown ; these packets are intended not only to demonstrate the couple 's efforts to master the routine , but also to give glimpses of the personalities of the dancers as well as to allow the choreographer to give insight as to the thematic , narrative , and artistic intentions of the piece . Following each duet performance , the week 's panel of judges gives critical feedback , often emphasizing the two key areas of technique and performance value . Duets and their accompanying video packets and critiques typically take up the majority of a competition show but may also be supplemented by solos or group numbers . Each competition show ends with a quick recap of the night 's routines accompanied by voting prompts -- traditionally by phone , but increasingly through online voting processes . Performance shows typically last around two hours , commercials included . In seasons 2 - 8 the show 's weekly format was split between two episodes , a performance episode , as described above , and a results show which reveals the outcome of the at - home - viewer voting . Results shows typically aired on the night immediately following that of the performance show of the same week and usually opened with a group routine from the remaining contestants . The main purpose of this show was to determine which of the dancers are eliminated that week , but these episodes generally also featured guest dance performances or guest musical acts , and sometimes further video packets that provide insight on the dancers and their journey on the show . More recent seasons have moved to a one - show - per - week format , combining elements that used to be found in both varieties of show . Regardless of how many shows air per week , a `` bottom three '' couples ( those that garnered the fewest votes from viewers -- in some seasons it is a bottom three of individual dancers rather than couples ) are typically revealed weekly at this stage in the competition . Each of these dancers are then in danger of elimination and must perform a solo for the judges as their last effort to impress and stay in the competition . The judges then retire briefly ( typically during the night 's headlining musical guest performance ) to determine which man and woman ( which are not necessarily from the same couple ) will leave the competition . The eliminated dancers are then announced and given a brief send - off via a video montage . On very rare occasions , the judges have been unwilling to send any of the bottom dancers home on the merits of their performances that week amd have abstained from making an elimination and instead allowed all competitors to proceed to the next week ( often to be followed by a double elimination the following week ) . Since Season 7 , dancers have also been routinely paired with `` All Stars '' , returning dancers from previous seasons who partner with the contestant dancers , but are not themselves competing . The total number of hours shown in a given week during the performance phase of the competition has varied from two to four hours . In season one there was no results show and the dancers ' eliminations were pre-recorded the week they occurred and then broadcast at the beginning of the next week 's episode . Seasons 9 - 14 have also utilized one show per week , but with votes from the previous week being revealed later in the show . Voting has varied by season ( and often within seasons ) with regard to whether the voter selected individuals or couples . There has also been variability in how long couples are kept together and how the at - home - viewer votes are balanced against judge decisions , though ultimately at some point in every season , the judges give up their power to save dancers at this point , and eliminations are determined exclusively by viewer votes , with judges serving in only an advisory capacity . Each season undergoes one final format shake - up in its last week , which typically takes place when the show reaches a Top 4 . In the final performance show , the remaining dancers typically each dance duets with all of their remaining fellow finalists as well as perform solos and participate in group numbers . The following night 's season finale episode is often the most elaborately produced show of a season and features the last performances of the competitors , encore performances of many of the season 's most acclaimed routines , guest dancers ( including returning past season competitors and cast - members from other international versions of the franchise ) , musical performances and multiple video packets chronicling the course of the season 's events , all culminating in the announcement of the winner of the competition , as decided by the previous night 's vote . Some seasons have featured a singular winner , while others have allowed for a male and female winner . Following the closure of the season , the Top Ten dancers often go on tour for several months , performing hit routines from the season amongst other performances . Judges ( edit ) The judging panel has also varied considerably in size and composition over the run of the series . Typically a season has 2 -- 3 permanent judges with an additional 1 -- 2 guest judges for most episodes , with the panel ballooning up to six to nine members for Vegas Week and the finale . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe is the only permanent judge on the panel for all of the seasons . Other permanent judges have included ballroom specialist Mary Murphy , film director and choreographer Adam Shankman and contemporary choreographer Mia Michaels . Guest judge positions are typically filled by choreographers who work regularly on the show -- though choreographers will never develop routines for an episode on which they judge -- who in rare cases may also be former contestants themselves , and by iconic names from the entertainment industry . Guest judges for the show have included : Debbie Allen , Christina Applegate , Robin Antin , Toni Basil , Cicely Bradley , Kristin Chenoweth , Alex Da Silva , Ellen DeGeneres , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo , Carmen Electra , Brian Friedman , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Neil Patrick Harris , Hi - Hat , Katie Holmes , Dan Karaty , Lady Gaga , Carly Rae Jepsen , Lil ' C , Rob Marshall , Mandy Moore , Megan Mullally , Kenny Ortega , Toni Redpath , Debbie Reynolds , Wade Robson , Doriana Sanchez , Shane Sparks , Sonya Tayeh , Olisa Thompson , Stacey Tookey , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , and Travis Wall . In earlier seasons , the judges decided on eliminations until around week five of the competitive phase of the show , but in seasons seven through nine the judges decided the eliminations until week seven . Beginning with the twelfth season , Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo joined Lythgoe as permanent judges . For the thirteenth season , 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler joined the panel as a fourth judge . Season Fourteen has seen the departure of Abdul , Derulo , and Ziegler from their season - long positions of the judges panel , but introduction of Vanessa Hudgens and the return of Mary Murphy to her seat . Overview of format and presentation by season ( edit ) Season Dates Host Permanent judges Separate results show ? Dancer showcase episode ? † Number of finalists in first live show Number of contestants eliminated per week Number of contestants remaining in finale No. of winners All - Stars included in format ? Point at which judge eliminations end Voting for individual dancers starting with Summer 2005 ( July -- October ) Lauren Sánchez Nigel Lythgoe No No 16 No Top 8 Top 8 Summer 2006 ( May -- August ) Cat Deeley Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2007 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2008 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 5 Summer 2009 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 6 Fall 2009 ( September -- December ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Yes Yes 20 6 No Top 10 Top 10 7 Summer 2010 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Adam Shankman Mia Michaels Yes Yes 11 1 * Yes Top 4 Top 11 8 Summer 2011 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 10 9 Summer 2012 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 20 10 Summer 2013 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 Yes Top 6 Top 20 11 Summer 2014 ( May -- September ) No Yes 20 Yes Top 10 Top 20 12 Summer 2015 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo No Yes 20 2 ⁂ Yes Top 14 Top 20 13 ° Summer 2016 ( May -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler No Yes 10 1 * * Yes Top 8 Top 10 14 Summer 2017 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens No TBA 10 TBA Yes Top 6 Top 10 † From its inception in season 6 and through season 10 , the dancer showcase episode represented a non-competitive round with no viewer voting or subsequent eliminations , followed the next week by the first competitive round . In season 11 it was the first episode of the season upon which viewers voted . ‡ For seasons 8 - 10 , the dancer showcase episode was combined with the Top 20 reveal episode , with groups of the dancers performing immediately after being revealed as finalists . * In both seasons 7 and 8 , the judges decided not to eliminate any dancers on the occasion of one results show ; in both cases this event was followed by the elimination of double the normal amount of contestants the following week . Similarly , for format reasons , season 9 featured two shows with double eliminations , with four dancers eliminated instead of two for each of these shows . ⁂ Unlike all previous seasons , season 12 featured the elimination of one `` street '' dancer and one `` stage '' dancer each week , as opposed to one female and one male contestant ( as in all previous seasons which eliminated two dancers per week ) . ° Season 13 ( during which the show was subtitled ' The Next Generation ' ) featured competitors between the ages of 9 ( or as young as 8 at time of application ) and 14 . * * In season 13 , the judges held the audition rounds , but the all - stars , rather than the judges , made the eliminations during Academy week to choose the top 10 . After this , in episodes 7 and 8 , from the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes , the judges made the elimination . In episode 9 , the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes were both eliminated , and in episodes 10 and 11 , the contestant with the lowest viewer votes was eliminated . Dance styles and choreographers ( edit ) Over the course of its eleven seasons , So You Think You Can Dance has featured dozens of distinct dance styles in its choreographed routines . Most of these styles fall into four categories that are regularly showcased and can be found in almost every performance episode : western contemporary / classical styles , ballroom styles , hip - hop / street styles , and Jazz and its related styles . Various other forms of dance that do not especially fall into these broad categories are seen as well , but not as regularly . The following styles have all been seen in a choreographed duet or group routine ; styles featured only in auditions or solos are not listed . Classical styles ( edit ) Routines from the classically derived style of contemporary dance are the most common dances seen on the show , being seen in every performance episode of the series ( and typically at least twice per episode ) . While contemporary , lyrical , and modern dance are typically considered three separate ( if overlapping ) styles , the practice on So You Think You Can Dance has been to refer to all routines in this area as `` contemporary '' , except in the first season where the label `` lyrical '' was used for the same purpose . Ballet routines occur much more rarely , at a rate of one or two per season since their introduction in the fourth season . Genre Styles Western Classical styles Contemporary , Lyrical , Modern , Ballet / Pas de Deux Choreographers Dee Caspary , Tessandra Chavez , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Justin Giles , Mandy Moore , Mia Michaels , Dwight Rhoden , Desmond Richardson , Garry Stewart , Sonya Tayeh , Stacey Tookey , Travis Wall , Tovaris Wilson , Keith Young , Lindsay Nelko Street and club styles ( edit ) Hip - hop routines are also present in every performance episode . While these routines frequently feature elements from many different subgenres of hip - hop ( locking and popping , for example ) and various `` street '' styles ( such as breaking ) , they are typically all labelled under the umbrella term of hip - hop . An exception is the now frequently featured lyrical hip - hop , which is unique amongst all the styles on SYTYCD in that it is the only one that is held to have become a known distinct style at least in - part as a result of the show ; the style is widely attributed to regular show choreographers Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo and the term itself to judge Adam Shankman . These two broad categories are occasionally supplemented by krump routines , which have been featured a few times a season since their introduction in season 2 . Additionally the styles of breakdancing ( in the sense of a full breaking routine as opposed to a hip - hop routine with a few breaking tricks ) , waacking , and stepping have all been featured in exactly one routine . In Season 12 , there are more street style dances because of the season 's new format where there are 10 street dancers which do only street styles . Genre Styles Street and Contemporary Club Styles Hip - hop ( umbrella term for all Popping , Locking , and New Style / Commercial Hip - Hop styles ) , Lyrical Hip - hop , Breaking / B - boying , Krump , Stepping , Waacking Choreographers Cicely Bradley , Luther Brown , Tessandra Chavez , Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , Dan Karaty , Marty Kudelka , Lil ' C , Chuck Maldonado , Todd Sams , Christopher Scott , Dave Scott , Shane Sparks , Jamal Sims , Olisa Thompson , Dana Wilson , Pharside and Phoenix , Luam . Ballroom styles ( edit ) Ballroom styles are also seen regularly in every performance episode ; these dances may be traditional European - derived styles or Latin - American styles or a mix of the two . Genre Styles Standard or Smooth Ballroom styles Foxtrot , Tango , Argentine Tango , Quickstep , Waltz ( including Smooth Waltz , Slow Waltz , American Slow Waltz , and Viennese Waltz variants ) Latin / Rhythm Ballroom styles Cha - Cha - Cha , Jive , American Jive , Mambo , Paso Doble , Rumba , Salsa , Street Salsa , Samba , African Samba Choreographers Mark Ballas , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Dmitry Chaplin , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Alex Da Silva , Sasha Farber , Anya Garnis , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Hunter Johnson , Pasha Kovalev , Melanie LaPatin , Miriam Larici , Liz Lira , Michael Mead , Tony Meredith , Tomas Mielnicki , Ron Montez , France Mousseau , Mary Murphy , Jonathan Platero , Oksana Platero , Toni Redpath , Jonathan Roberts , Fabian Sanchez , Edward Simon , Emma Slater , Heather Smith , J.T. Thomas , Louis Van Amstel , Gustavo Vargas , Glenn Weiss Jazz , Broadway , and musical Theater styles ( edit ) Jazz is featured in nearly all performance episodes . While these routines are typically labelled simply `` Jazz '' , the genre is notable as being one of the most fusional featured on the show and various style combinations and sub-categories have been referenced . Descended from Jazz but treated as a separate genre on SYTYCD , `` Broadway '' is analogous to the label `` Musical Theater '' outside the U.S. Genre Styles Jazz Styles Jazz , Contemporary Jazz , Modern Jazz , Lyrical Jazz , African Jazz , Jazz - Funk , Latin Jazz , Pop - Jazz / Pop Broadway / Musical Theatre Styles Broadway , Burlesque , Can - Can , Tap Choreographers Andy Blankenbuehler , Sean Cheesman , Tyce Diorio , Brian Friedman , Laurie Ann Gibson , Derick K. Grant , Charles Klapow , Ray Leeper , Spencer Liff , Mandy Moore , Anthony Morigerato , Amanda Robson , Wade Robson , Sonya Tayeh , Savion Glover American social styles ( edit ) These dance styles are featured less frequently than their ballroom relatives , but have been seen intermittently since the first season . Genre Styles American Social / Traditional Club Styles Charleston , Country - Western Two - Step , Disco , Go - Go , Hustle , Lindy Hop , Rock n ' Roll , Swing , West Coast Swing Choreographers Ronnie DeBenedetta , Carla Heiney , Brandi Tobais , Travis Payne , Doriana Sanchez , Benji Schwimmer , Kristen Sorci , Maria Torres , Nick Williams Regional / traditional styles ( edit ) In addition to the broad categories above , many more styles that are less common in the U.S. are sometimes featured . Most of these are seen only once , but the Bollywood style has been featured several times per season since the fourth season . Genre Styles Regional / Traditional Styles Bollywood , African , Capoeira , Kalinka , Malevos , Tahitian , Tropak Choreographers Lilia Babenko , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Nakul Dev Mahajan , Miriam Larici , Tiana Liufau , Youri Nelzine . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists Grand Finalists ( edit ) Season Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Fifth place Sixth place Nick Lazzarini ( Contemporary Jazz ) Melody Lacayanga ( Contemporary ) Jamile McGee ( Popping ) Ashlé Dawson ( Jazz ) Benji Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Travis Wall ( Contemporary ) Donyelle Jones ( Jazz / Hip - Hop ) Heidi Groskreutz ( Ballroom ) Sabra Johnson ( Contemporary ) Danny Tidwell ( Contemporary ) Neil Haskell ( Contemporary ) Lacey Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Joshua Allen ( Hip - Hop ) Stephen `` Twitch '' Boss ( Hip - Hop ) Katee Shean ( Contemporary ) Courtney Galiano ( Contemporary ) 5 Jeanine Mason ( Contemporary ) Brandon Bryant ( Contemporary ) Evan Kasprzak ( Broadway ) Kayla Radomski ( Contemporary ) 6 Russell Ferguson ( Krump ) Jakob Karr ( Contemporary ) Kathryn McCormick ( Contemporary ) Ellenore Scott ( Jazz ) Ashleigh Di Lello ( Ballroom ) Ryan Di Lello ( Ballroom ) 7 Lauren Froderman ( Contemporary ) Kent Boyd ( Contemporary Jazz ) Robert Roldan ( Contemporary Jazz ) 8 Melanie Moore ( Contemporary ) Sasha Mallory ( African Jazz ) Marko Germar ( Contemporary Jazz ) Tadd Gadduang ( Breakdance ) Female winner Male winner Female runner - up Male runner - up 9 Eliana Girard ( Ballet ) Chehon Wespi - Tschopp ( Ballet ) Tiffany Maher ( Jazz ) Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer ( Popping / Animation ) 10 Amy Yakima ( Jazz ) Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall ( Hip - Hop ) Jasmine Harper ( Contemporary ) Aaron Turner ( Tap ) Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place 11 Ricky Ubeda ( Contemporary ) Valerie Rockey ( Tap ) Jessica Richens ( Jazz ) Zack Everhart , Jr . ( Tap ) 12 Gaby Diaz ( Tap ) Jaja Vaňková ( Animation / Krump ) Virgil Gadson ( Hip - Hop ) Hailee Payne ( Jazz ) 13 Leon `` Kida '' Burns ( Hip - Hop ) J.T. Church ( Jazz ) Tate McRae ( Contemporary / Ballet ) Emma Hellenkamp ( Tap ) 14 Lex Ishimoto ( Contemporary Hip - Hop ) Koine Iwasaki ( Contemporary ) Taylor Sieve ( Contemporary ) Kiki Nyemchek ( Latin Ballroom ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 1 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season premiered on May 12 , 2006 . The top 20 finalists were revealed on June 8 , and the winner , Benjamin Schwimmer , was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' on August 16 , 2006 after 16 million votes were collected for the season finale . Travis Wall was the first runner - up , and Donyelle Jones was named second runner - up . There were several changes to the show 's format in the second season . This season was the first to feature two episodes per week , splitting the bulk of the performances and the voting results segments between two nights . New styles of dance were also introduced , and the winning prize was increased from US $100,000 to $250,000 and also included a new car and a one - year contract to perform in a Céline Dion show then performing Las Vegas . The season was also the first followed by a live tour for the top ten dancers . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 3 ) Open auditions for season 3 began early October 2006 , held in New York City , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . Like the previous season , those that made the cuts moved on to Las Vegas . The taped auditions premiered on the Fox on May 24 , 2007 , and the subsequent shows were taped and broadcast live for a 12 - week season . Cat Deeley returned as host , and Nigel Lythgoe returned as permanent judge . Joining Lythgoe permanently at the judging table was Mary Murphy ; her promotion was reported by TV Guide on March 8 , 2007 . The prize for the winner remained at $250,000 cash . On the performance finale show ( August 16 , 2007 ) , Sabra Johnson was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer , '' while Danny Tidwell ( brother of season 2 runner - up Travis Wall ) was runner - up . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 4 ) Auditions for Season 4 began in Texas on January 17 and took place in six locations through March 2008 . The show kicked off its two - hour season premiere on May 22 , 2008 . Cat Deeley returned as host and Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as permanent judges . This season saw the introduction of new dance styles , including Bollywood , and new choreographers , including hip - hop duo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo . The prize for the winner was again $250,000 cash and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and additionally included an offer for a role in the dance film Step Up 3D . In the finale , viewers voted Joshua Allen as the overall winner , while Katee Shean was voted the top female dancer and was given a previously unannounced award of $50,000 . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 5 ) Auditions for Season 5 kicked off in New York City on November 13 , 2008 and continued on to Miami , Los Angeles , Denver , Memphis , and Seattle . The premiere aired on May 21 , 2009 . Louis van Amstel joined the show 's cast of choreographers and Shane Sparks returned to choreograph while on break from America 's Best Dance Crew . The prize for the winner was once again $250,000 cash , the chance to be on the November 2009 issue cover of Dance Spirit Magazine , and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer . '' On August 6 , 2009 ( the finale ) , Jeanine Mason was given the title . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) After a low - rated special episode of Dance featuring Lythgoe presenting his and viewer 's favorite dance routines from seasons 1 -- 5 , the sixth season of Dance , premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 . Auditions were held in Boston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , New Orleans , Phoenix , and Salt Lake City . Adam Shankman joined as the permanent judge for the first time this season . The winner was Russell Ferguson and the runner - up was Jakob Karr . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 7 ) Auditions began in Miami , Florida , on January 18 , 2010 , continuing through New York , Dallas , Nashville , and Chicago , ending in Los Angeles on March 26 . The season premiered on May 27 , 2010 . This season introduced significant format changes to the show , with a Top 11 dancers instead of the traditional Top 20 and `` All - Stars '' , contestants from previous seasons who returned to partner with the Top 11 for a portion of their routines . Lauren Froderman won this season with Kent Boyd as runner - up . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 8 ) Auditions started October 13 , 2010 in Oakland , California and continued through November 15 in Brooklyn , New York . The premiere aired on May 26 , 2011 . This season began a new version of the `` All - Star '' format in which the All - Stars did n't come in until the top 10 . The show returned to a top 20 with couples . This season also marks the first time that the public can cast votes online , in addition to calling in , with a limit of 50 votes per viewer . On August 11 , 2011 , Melanie Moore won season 8 , and Sasha Mallory was named the runner - up . Together they received 79 % of the 11.5 million votes . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 9 ) The ninth season premiered on May 24 , 2012 . Fox discontinued the results show . The two winners selected on September 18 , 2012 were Eliana Girard and Chehon Wespi - Tschopp . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) Season 10 premiered on May 14 , 2013 , in its new Tuesdays at 8 p.m. time slot . The two - part premiere concluded on May 15 , 2013 at 9 p.m. , after the finale of American Idol season 12 . On September 10 , 2013 , Amy Yakima and Du - Shaunt ' Fik - Shun ' Stegall were named the season 10 winners , becoming the first contestants to take the top two positions who had been a couple at the beginning of the live show competition . No music artists or special dance performers appeared on this season except for All - Stars who were former contestants . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 3 , 2014 . Contemporary dancer Ricky Ubeda was the winner of the season with Tap dancer Valerie Rockey finishing as the runner - up . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 12 ) The twelfth season of the show divided contestants into two equally sized teams , one representing `` stage '' dancers and the other `` street '' styles , with one contestant eliminated from each team weekly until the finale . Auditions began on January 24 , 2015 and took place in five major American cities . Season 12 premiered on Monday , June 1 . Tap dancer Gaby Diaz was the winner of the season with Animation dancer Jaja Vankova finishing as the runner - up . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ( U.S. TV series ) The thirteenth season of the series premiered on May 30 , 2016 , titled So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . The season features young dancers between the ages of 8 and 13 ( at their date of application ) . After auditions , during Dance Academy episodes , 10 All - Stars eliminated competitors until each selected one contestant to mentor and partner with in performances during the live episodes . One or more finalists were eliminated each week beginning July 18 , 2016 . 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler observed the Academy episodes and joined the judging panel for the live shows ( also observing and commenting on rehearsals ) , together with continuing judges Abdul , Derulo and Lythgoe , the three of whom conducted the auditions . Leon `` Kida '' Burns won the top prize of $250,000 . J.T. Church was the runner - up . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 14 ) On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance . Special shows ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , as prelude to season 6 , a special show aired featuring judge picks for the top 15 routines from the first five seasons . At the end of the show , show creator and judge Nigel Lythgoe presented his favorite performance , a contemporary piece choreographed by Tyce Diorio and performed by Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi . In March 2014 , Chinese television station CCTV broadcast a promotional episode in which notable all - star dancers from the U.S. and Chinese versions of So You Think You Can Dance competed directly against one - another as teams . Titled Zhōngměi Wǔ Lín Guànjūn Duìkàngsài - Super Dancer Born Tonight , the show was shot in Las Vegas but never aired on U.S. television . Ratings ( edit ) So You Think You Can Dance premiered with over 10 million viewers in 2005 . For Season 1 , it was the No. 1 summer show on television . However , when NBC 's America 's Got Talent premiered in the summer of 2006 , it took the title of `` # 1 summer show '' and , over the following few years , broadened its lead . In summer 2009 , SYTYCD premiered strong with a 3.4 rating in its target demographic , although with the start of America 's Got Talent roughly a month later in the same timeslot , Dance fell to No. 4 on the ratings board . It continued to lose viewers throughout the summer of 2009 and ended up with an average of approximately 8 million viewers . Fox then moved SYTYCD to its fall 2009 schedule where its ratings continued to decline ; hitting an all - time series low of 4.6 million viewers for a `` special '' episode hosted by Nigel Lythgoe on September 2 , 2009 . The move to the fall was short - lived . After dropping to an average of 6 million viewers , Fox moved SYTYCD back to the summer in 2010 . With Mia Michaels replacing Mary Murphy and former contestants termed as `` All - Stars '' being used as partners , the ratings for Dance continued to slide to all - time series lows ; dropping to just 5.6 million viewers on July 15 , 2010 . For Season 7 , So You Think You Can Dance averaged just over 5 million viewers . After season 7 , Mia Michaels was replaced on the judge 's panel by returning personality Mary Murphy . The change appeared to have little effect on the ratings , and the show continued to average just over five million viewers per episode in 2011 's season 8 . Season 9 saw a slight uptick in ratings early on , with each of the season 's first five episodes garnering between six and seven million viewers , but the rise was short - lived and the show 's ratings hit a new low of 4.16 million viewers on August 29 , 2012 . Season 10 maintained similar numbers , averaging about 4 million viewers per episode in 2013 , with a 4.3 million viewership for the last episode of the season , an all - time series low for a finale . In April 2014 , Nigel Lythgoe appealed on Twitter to fans to share information about the show ahead of the 11th season 's May premiere in an attempt to augment the show 's ratings for the upcoming season and bolster its chances of renewal thereafter . The show was renewed for a 12th season , but ratings continued to decline , with an average of around 3.5 million viewers per show . FOX renewed the show for a 13th season , but with a drastically re-worked format focused on child dancers . Ratings declined further for the new version , with only five episodes breaking the 3 million viewer mark ; the finale saw a series low viewership of just 2.27 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` in general '' , Dance `` is more popular in cities , though it hits peak popularity in Utah '' . Influence and international franchise ( edit ) Dance competition had been a part of American television for decades before the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , but usually in the form of all - around talent searches , ( such as Star Search , Soul Train , or Showtime at the Apollo ) . However , a season - long American Idol - like talent - search show with a sole focus on dance had never been broadcast on American network television . Producers and judges associated with the show have stated on numerous occasions , both within the context of the show and in interviews , that the series was meant to rejuvenate the visibility and appreciation of dance as an art form in the U.S. and to give exposure to struggling dancers . Series judge Mary Murphy says , for example , `` Of course you hope you can make a living at it , because you do n't want to give up on something that you do , but the honest truth is most dancers have to carry one or two jobs and dance as much as they can on the side -- it 's a very lucky dancer who gets a full scholarship . '' A number of dance - themed competition shows have been produced for American television since the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , including America 's Best Dance Crew , Superstars of Dance , and Live to Dance . Since the premiere of the U.S. version in Summer 2005 , localized adaptations of So You Think You Can Dance have been produced for 37 other countries . In 2009 , Lythgoe came together with fellow SYTYCD judge Adam Shankman as well as Katie Holmes , Carrie Ann Inaba , and others in the dance entertainment industry , in an effort to launch The Dizzyfeet Foundation , with the aim of providing scholarships and training to young dancers of limited means . The foundation has been referenced sporadically on the show since . In 2010 , Lythgoe , with the assistance of other SYTYCD personalities and long - time healthy lifestyles proponent Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton , was successful in getting another of his dance - oriented concepts realized -- an official National Dance Day , held now annually on the last Saturday of July , to promote fitness through movement . This national dance day has been celebrated annually by the show since . Before the end of 2005 , the year the series first premiered , its format had already been licensed for the first of a number foreign adaptations . To date , the resulting So You Think You Can Dance franchise has produced 26 shows representing 37 different countries and comprising more than 80 individual seasons . These adaptations have aired in Armenia , Australia , Belgium , Canada , China , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iraq , India , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Morocco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Palestinian Territories , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Africa , Sudan , Sweden , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) ( hide ) Emmy Awards and nominations Year Result Category Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Style Music 2007 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Pop - Jazz `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion 2008 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Jazz Hummingbird and Flower / `` The Chairman 's Waltz '' from Memoirs of a Geisha Nominated Mandy Moore Jazz Table / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Nominated Shane Sparks Hip - hop Transformers / `` Fuego '' -- Pitbull Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) 2009 Won Outstanding Choreography Tyce Diorio Contemporary Adam and Eve / `` Silence '' from Unfaithful Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis Nominated Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Mercy '' -- Duffy Nominated Dmitry Chaplin Argentine tango `` A Los Amigos '' from Forever Tango Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Koop Island Blues '' -- Koop feat Ane Brun Contemporary Addiction / `` Gravity '' -- Sara Bareilles Contemporary `` One '' from A Chorus Line Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary Fear / `` Two Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Graine O'Sullivan 2011 Won Outstanding Choreography Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - Hop `` Scars '' -- Basement Jaxx ft . Kelis , Meleka , and Chipmunk Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys Hip - Hop `` Outta Your Mind '' ( District 78 Mix ) -- Lil Jon and LMFAO Won Mia Michaels Contemporary Alice in Mia - Land / `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' -- Sting Contemporary `` When We Dance '' -- Sting Contemporary `` This Bitter Earth / On the Nature of Twilight '' -- Max Richter and Dinah Washington Nominated Mandy Moore Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Jazz `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band Contemporary `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` Mad World '' ( Alternate Version ) -- Michael Andrews ft . Gary Jules Contemporary `` Sundrenched World '' ( Live Session ) -- Joshua Radin Contemporary `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' -- Katie Thompson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Collide '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- Howie Day Contemporary `` How It Ends '' -- DeVotchKa Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Series Robert Barnhart Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Matt Firestone Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2012 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` In This Shirt '' -- The Irrepressibles Contemporary `` Turning Tables '' -- Adele Contemporary `` Heart Asks Pleasure First '' -- Ahn Trio Nominated Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Misty Blue '' -- Dorothy Moore Hip - hop / Contemporary `` Velocity '' -- Nathan Lanier Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` Please Mr. Jailer '' -- Rachel Sweet Broadway `` ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ( Away Team Remix ) '' -- Shirley Bassey Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2013 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Possibly Maybe '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Turning Page '' -- Sleeping At Last Jazz `` Sail '' -- Awolnation Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Jazz / Hip - hop `` The Circle of Life / Nants Ingonyama ( District 78 Remix ) from The Lion King '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Jazz `` The Lovecats '' -- The Cure Jazz The Beautiful People ( District 78 remix ) `` -- Marilyn Manson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Where the Light Gets In '' -- Sennen Contemporary `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson Contemporary `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2014 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Trigger ( Original Mix ) '' -- Kezwik ft . Mel Presson Jazz `` Sand '' -- Nathan Lanier ft . Karen Whipple Contemporary `` The Gravel Road '' from The Village ( Score from the Motion Picture ) Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Contemporary `` Edge of Glory ( Live from a Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) '' -- Lady Gaga Won Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Gold Rush '' -- Clinton Sparks ft. 2 Chainz , Macklemore , & D.A. Hip - Hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) ( Nappytabs Remix ) '' -- Beyoncé Hip - Hop `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' -- Herb Alpert ft . Lani Hall Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Hangin ' By a Thread '' -- Jann Arden Contemporary `` Medicine '' -- Daughter Contemporary `` Wicked Game ( Live at Kilkenny Arts Festival , Ireland 2011 ) '' -- James Vincent McMorrow Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers Six former contestants have been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . Five have been nominated for their work on Dancing with the Stars : Chelsie Hightower in 2010 , Travis Wall and Nick Lazzarini in 2012 ( with Teddy Forance ) , Alison Holker in 2013 ( with Derek Hough ) , and Witney Carson in 2015 . Two have been nominated for their work on So You Think You Can Dance : Dmitry Chaplin in 2009 and Travis Wall in 2011 , 2013 , and 2014 , before winning in 2015 . ^ a : Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Result Category 2006 Won Choice TV : Breakout Show Choice Summer Series 2007 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show 2008 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show Choice TV : Reality Dance Nominated Choice Personality : Cat Deeley Choice Summer TV Show See also ( edit ) Dance portal So You Think You Can Dance franchise index and overview List of So You Think You Can Dance Finalists Dance on television Similar shows : The Ultimate Dance Battle Live to Dance / Got to Dance America 's Best Dance Crew Superstars of Dance Dance India Dance Se Ela Dança , Eu Danço References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance Replacing Mary Murphy with Paula Abdul , Jason Derulo '' . TV Guide . United States : tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Schedule , ' SYTYCD ' to Premiere in May '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fox Moves Up Two Fall Premieres ; Plus a Glee Video Preview '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here . '' . FOX.com . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lythgoe : Fox axes ' So You Think You Can Dance ' results show '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Toxic Office : Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' FOX Announces Additional 2014 Spring and Summer Premiere Dates ' '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Renewed for Season 12 -- With a Twist ! '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 12 Hits the Road ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Kids Edition Confirmed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeo , Debra ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe asks Twitter followers to save So You Think You Can Dance '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' in trouble ? Nigel Lythgoe tweets for support '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Music Examiner - ' ' Catching Up With Mary Murphy at the So You Think You Can Dance L.A. Auditions '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Holmes , Lythgoe team for Dizzy Feet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Norton Introduces Resolution to Launch Annual National Dance Day ( 7 / 13 / 2010 ) '' . Norton.house.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Camus , Renee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Choreographing Couple Tabitha and Napoleon Dumo : Not Just Hip - Hop Anymore '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ' That first piece we did was not hip - hop at all , ' Napoleon says about Love Cats . ' Cat ( Deeley , the host ) introduced it as hip - hop . During dress rehearsal , we made it very clear that it 's jazz - fusion . ' Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com ; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/television/2013-emmy-award-nominees.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance episode list at TVGuide.com So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) Ghosted ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=802506716 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Television series by Dick Clark Productions So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 03 . 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what are the two most commonly used metals in solder			Solder	solder	Solder ( / ˈsoʊldər / , / ˈsɒldər / or in North America / ˈsɒdər / ) is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces . The word solder comes from the Middle English word soudur , via Old French solduree and soulder , from the Latin solidare , meaning `` to make solid '' . In fact , solder must first be melted in order to adhere to and connect the pieces together after cooling , which requires that an alloy suitable for use as solder have a lower melting point than the pieces being joined . The solder should also be resistant to oxidative and corrosive effects that would degrade the joint over time . Solder used in making electrical connections also needs to have favorable electrical characteristics .	Soft solder typically has a melting point range of 90 to 450 ° C ( 190 to 840 ° F ; 360 to 720 K ) , and is commonly used in electronics , plumbing , and sheet metal work . Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 ° C ( 360 and 370 ° F ; 450 and 460 K ) are the most commonly used . Soldering performed using alloys with a melting point above 450 ° C ( 840 ° F ; 720 K ) is called `` hard soldering '' , `` silver soldering '' , or brazing . In specific proportions , some alloys can become eutectic -- that is , their melting point is the same as their freezing point , and the alloy 's melting point is lower than that of either component . Non-eutectic alloys have markedly different solidus and liquidus temperatures , and within that range they exist as a paste of solid particles in a melt of the lower - melting phase . In electrical work , if the joint is disturbed in the pasty state before it has solidified totally , a poor electrical connection may result ; use of eutectic solder reduces this problem . The pasty state of a non-eutectic solder can be exploited in plumbing , as it allows molding of the solder during cooling , e.g. for ensuring watertight joint of pipes , resulting in a so - called `` wiped joint '' . For electrical and electronics work , solder wire is available in a range of thicknesses for hand - soldering ( manual soldering is performed using a soldering iron or soldering gun ) , and with cores containing flux . It is also available as a paste , as a preformed foil shaped to match the workpiece , more suitable for mechanized mass - production , or in small `` tabs '' that can be wrapped around the joint and melted with a flame , for field repairs where an iron is n't usable or available . Alloys of lead and tin were commonly used in the past and are still available ; they are particularly convenient for hand - soldering . Lead - free solders have been increasing in use due to regulatory requirements plus the health and environmental benefits of avoiding lead - based electronic components . They are almost exclusively used today in consumer electronics . Plumbers often use bars of solder , much thicker than the wire used for electrical applications . Jewelers often use solder in thin sheets , which they cut into snippets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lead - free solder 2 Lead solder 3 Flux - core solder 4 Hard solder 5 Solder alloys 5.1 Notes on the above table 5.2 Properties 5.3 Solidifying 5.4 Alloying element roles 5.5 Impurities in solders 6 Intermetallics in solders 7 Glass solder 8 Preform 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Lead - free solder ( edit ) Pure tin solder wire Soldering copper pipes using a propane torch and lead - free solder On July 1 , 2006 the European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ( WEEE ) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) came into effect , restricting the inclusion of lead in most consumer electronics sold in the EU , and having a broad effect on consumer electronics sold worldwide . In the US , manufacturers may receive tax benefits by reducing the use of lead - based solder . Lead - free solders in commercial use may contain tin , copper , silver , bismuth , indium , zinc , antimony , and traces of other metals . Most lead - free replacements for conventional 60 / 40 and 63 / 37 Sn - Pb solder have melting points from 5 to 20 ° C higher , though there are also solders with much lower melting points . It may be desirable to use minor modification of the solder pots ( e.g. titanium liners or impellers ) used in wave - soldering , to reduce maintenance cost due to increased tin - scavenging of high - tin solder . Lead - free solder may be less desirable for critical applications , such as aerospace and medical projects , because its properties are less thoroughly known . Tin - Silver - Copper ( Sn - Ag - Cu , or `` SAC '' ) solders are used by two - thirds of Japanese manufacturers for reflow and wave soldering , and by about 75 % of companies for hand soldering . The widespread use of this popular lead - free solder alloy family is based on the reduced melting point of the Sn - Ag - Cu ternary eutectic behavior ( 217 _̊ C ) , which is below the 22 / 78 Sn - Ag ( wt. % ) eutectic of 221 ° C and the 59 / 41 Sn - Cu eutectic of 227 ° C ( recently revised by P. Snugovsky to 53 / 47 Sn - Cu ) . The ternary eutectic behavior of Sn - Ag - Cu and its application for electronics assembly was discovered ( and patented ) by a team of researchers from Ames Laboratory , Iowa State University , and from Sandia National Laboratories - Albuquerque . Much recent research has focused on selection of 4th element additions to Sn - Ag - Cu to provide compatibility for the reduced cooling rate of solder sphere reflow for assembly of ball grid arrays , e.g. , 18 / 64 / 14 / 4 Tin - Silver - Copper - Zinc ( Sn - Ag - Cu - Zn ) ( melting range of 217 -- 220 _̊ C ) and 18 / 64 / 16 / 2 Tin - Silver - Copper - Manganese ( Sn - Ag - Cu - Mn ) ( melting range of 211 -- 215 _̊ C ) . Tin - based solders readily dissolve gold , forming brittle intermetallics ; for Sn - Pb alloys the critical concentration of gold to embrittle the joint is about 4 % . Indium - rich solders ( usually indium - lead ) are more suitable for soldering thicker gold layer as the dissolution rate of gold in indium is much slower . Tin - rich solders also readily dissolve silver ; for soldering silver metallization or surfaces , alloys with addition of silvers are suitable ; tin - free alloys are also a choice , though their wettability is poorer . If the soldering time is long enough to form the intermetallics , the tin surface of a joint soldered to gold is very dull . Lead solder ( edit ) Sn Pb solder Tin - lead ( Sn - Pb ) solders , also called soft solders , are commercially available with tin concentrations between 5 % and 70 % by weight . The greater the tin concentration , the greater the solder 's tensile and shear strengths . Historically , lead has been widely believed to mitigate the formation of tin whiskers , though the precise mechanism for this is unknown . Today , many techniques are used to mitigate the problem , including changes to the annealing process ( heating and cooling ) , addition of elements like copper and nickel , and the inclusion of conformal coatings . Alloys commonly used for electrical soldering are 60 / 40 Sn - Pb , which melts at 188 ° C ( 370 ° F ) , and 63 / 37 Sn - Pb used principally in electrical / electronic work . 63 / 37 is a eutectic alloy of these metals , which : has the lowest melting point ( 183 ° C or 361 ° F ) of all the tin - lead alloys ; and the melting point is truly a point -- not a range . In the United States , lead is prohibited in solder and flux in plumbing applications for drinking water use , per the Safe Drinking Water Act ( SDWA ) . Historically , a higher proportion of lead was used , commonly 50 / 50 . This had the advantage of making the alloy solidify more slowly . With the pipes being physically fitted together before soldering , the solder could be wiped over the joint to ensure water tightness . Although lead water pipes were displaced by copper when the significance of lead poisoning began to be fully appreciated , lead solder was still used until the 1980s because it was thought that the amount of lead that could leach into water from the solder was negligible from a properly soldered joint . The electrochemical couple of copper and lead promotes corrosion of the lead and tin . Tin , however , is protected by insoluble oxide . Since even small amounts of lead have been found detrimental to health , lead in plumbing solder was replaced by silver ( food - grade applications ) or antimony , with copper often added , and the proportion of tin was increased ( see Lead - free solder . ) The addition of tin -- more expensive than lead -- improves wetting properties of the alloy ; lead itself has poor wetting characteristics . High - tin tin - lead alloys have limited use as the workability range can be provided by a cheaper high - lead alloy . Before recent requirements for lead - free products , electronic components on printed circuit ( printed wiring ) boards ( PCBs ) were connected to the etched - copper - foil circuit , and hence to other components , by soldered joints created either by hand with a soldering iron using flux - core eutectic or near - eutectic ( 60 / 40 ) wire solder , or by a wave soldering machine which applies a flux beforehand . However , boards using the finest - pitch surface mount technology usually use solder paste applied to each location to be soldered before the component is placed on the board . Lead - tin solders readily dissolve gold plating and form brittle intermetallics. 60 / 40 Sn - Pb solder oxidizes on the surface , forming a complex 4 - layer structure : tin ( IV ) oxide on the surface , below it a layer of tin ( II ) oxide with finely dispersed lead , followed by a layer of tin ( II ) oxide with finely dispersed tin and lead , and the solder alloy itself underneath . Lead , and to some degree tin , as used in solder contains small but significant amounts of radioisotope impurities . Radioisotopes undergoing alpha decay are a concern due to their tendency to cause soft errors . Polonium - 210 is especially problematic ; lead - 210 beta decays to bismuth - 210 which then beta decays to polonium - 210 , an intense emitter of alpha particles . Uranium - 238 and thorium - 232 are other significant contaminants of alloys of lead . Flux - core solder ( edit ) Electrical solder with an integrated rosin core , visible as a dark spot in the cut end of the solder wire . Main article : Flux ( metallurgy ) Flux is a reducing agent designed to help reduce ( return oxidized metals to their metallic state ) metal oxides at the points of contact to improve the electrical connection and mechanical strength . The two principal types of flux are acid flux ( sometimes called `` active flux '' ) , containing strong acids , used for metal mending and plumbing , and rosin flux ( sometimes called `` passive flux '' ) , used in electronics . Rosin flux comes in a variety of `` activities '' , corresponding roughly to the speed and effectiveness of the organic acid components of the rosin in dissolving metallic surface oxides , and consequently the corrosiveness of the flux residue . Due to concerns over atmospheric pollution and hazardous waste disposal , the electronics industry has been gradually shifting from rosin flux to water - soluble flux , which can be removed with deionized water and detergent , instead of hydrocarbon solvents . In contrast to using traditional bars or coiled wires of all - metal solder and manually applying flux to the parts being joined , much hand soldering since the mid-20th century has used flux - core solder . This is manufactured as a coiled wire of solder , with one or more continuous bodies of inorganic acid or rosin flux embedded lengthwise inside it . As the solder melts onto the joint , it frees the flux and releases that on it as well . Hard solder ( edit ) Hard solders are used for brazing , and melt at higher temperatures . Alloys of copper with either zinc or silver are the most common . In silversmithing or jewelry making , special hard solders are used that will pass assay . They contain a high proportion of the metal being soldered and lead is not used in these alloys . These solders vary in hardness , designated as `` enameling '' , `` hard '' , `` medium '' and `` easy '' . Enameling solder has a high melting point , close to that of the material itself , to prevent the joint desoldering during firing in the enameling process . The remaining solder types are used in decreasing order of hardness during the process of making an item , to prevent a previously soldered seam or joint desoldering while additional sites are soldered . Easy solder is also often used for repair work for the same reason . Flux or rouge is also used to prevent joints from desoldering . Silver solder is also used in manufacturing to join metal parts that can not be welded . The alloys used for these purposes contain a high proportion of silver ( up to 40 % ) , and may also contain cadmium . Solder alloys ( edit ) Composition M.P. S / L ( ° C ) Toxic Eutectic Comments Sn Pb Ag Cu Sb Bi In Zn Cd Au Oth . Sn Zn Cu 200 / 300 No Galvanite Lead - free galvanizing solder formulation designed specifically for high quality repairs to galvanized steel surfaces . Simple , effective and easy to use , in both manufacturing and field applications . Metallurgically bonds to the steel , for a seamless protective barrier . 50 49 Sn Cu Ag 226 / 260 No KappFree provides good joint strength , vibration resistance , and thermal cycle fatigue resistance in both piping and electrical products as opposed to tin - lead solders . Higher working temperature . Wets well to brass , copper , and stainless steel . Good electrical conductivity . 95.5 0.5 Sn Zn Cu 200 / 222 No Kapp Eco-Babbitt Commonly used in capacitor manufacturing as protective coating to shield against electromotive force ( EMF ) and electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) with the specified performance of the capacitor , to prevent current and charge leakage out of and within the layers of the capacitor , and to prevent the development of electron flows within the coating material itself , that would diminish capacitor performance , coating , and capacitor life . 90 7 Pb Sn 268 / 302 275 / 302 Pb No Sn10 , UNS L54520 , ASTM10B . Balls for CBGA components , replaced by Sn Ag Cu . Low cost and good bonding properties . Rapidly dissolves gold and silver , not recommended for those . Used for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks , for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures . Body solder . Has low thermal EMF , can be used as an alternative to Cd70 where parasitic thermocouple voltage has to be avoided . 10 90 Pb Sn 254 / 296 Pb No Used for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks , for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures . Body solder . 12 88 Pb Sn 227 / 288 Pb No Used for coating tubes and sheets and fabrication of car radiators . Body solder . 15 85 Pb Sn 183 / 280 Pb No Sn20 , UNS L54711 . Used for coating radiator tubes for joining fins . 20 80 Pb Sb Sn 300 Pb White Metal Capping . Used for locking mineshaft winding ropes into their tapered end sockets or ' capels ' . 5 80 15 Pb Sn 183 / 266 Pb No Crude solder for construction plumbing works , flame - melted . Used for soldering car engine radiators . Used for machine , dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings . Superior body solder . 25 75 Pb Sn 185 / 255 183 / 257 Pb No Sn30 , UNS L54280 , crude solder for construction plumbing works , flame - melted , good for machine and torch soldering . Used for soldering car engine radiators . Used for machine , dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings . Superior body solder . 30 70 Pb Sn 253 Pb No `` Plumber solder '' , for construction plumbing works 32 68 Pb Sn Sb 185 / 243 Pb No Pb68 30 68 Sn Pb Zn 177 / 288 Pb No Kapp GalvRepair Economical solder for repairing & joining most metals including Aluminum and cast Iron . Have been used for cast Iron and galvanized surface repair . 30 50 20 Sn Pb Zn 230 / 275 Pb No Economical solder for repairing & joining most metals including Aluminum and cast Iron . Have been used for cast Iron and galvanized surface repair . 33 40 28 Pb Sn 187 -- 230 Pb No PM 33 , crude solder for construction plumbing works , flame - melted , temperature depends on additives 33 67 Pb Sn 183 / 250 Pb No Sn35 . Used as a cheaper alternative of Sn Pb for wiping and sweating joints . 35 65 Pb Sn 183 / 238 183 / 247 Pb No Sn40 , UNS L54915 . For soldering of brass and car radiators . For bulk soldering , and where wider melting point range is desired . For joining cables . For wiping and joining lead pipes . For repairs of radiators and electrical systems . 40 60 Pb Sn 183 / 227 Pb No For soldering radiator cores , roof seams , and for decorative joints . 45 55 Sn Pb 183 / 216 183 -- 212 Pb No Sn50 , UNS L55030 . `` Ordinary solder '' , for soldering of brass , electricity meters , gas meters , formerly also tin cans . General purpose , for standard tinning and sheetmetal work . Becomes brittle below − 150 ° C. Low cost and good bonding properties . Rapidly dissolves gold and silver , not recommended for those . For wiping and assembling plumbing joints for non-potable water . 50 50 Sn Pb Cu 183 / 215 Pb No Savbit , Savbit 1 , Sav1 . Minimizes dissolution of copper . Originally designed to reduce erosion of the soldering iron tips . About 100 times slower erosion of copper than ordinary tin / lead alloys . Suitable for soldering thin copper platings and very thin copper wires . 50 48.5 1.5 Sn Pb 183 / 190 183 / 188 Pb Near Sn60 , ASTM60A , ASTM60B . Common in electronics , most popular leaded alloy for dipping . Low cost and good bonding properties . Used in both SMT and through - hole electronics . Rapidly dissolves gold and silver , not recommended for those . Slightly cheaper than Sn Pb , often used instead for cost reasons as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice . On slow cooling gives slightly duller joints than Sn Pb . 60 40 Sn Pb Cu 183 / 190 Pb Cu2 . Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder . 60 38 Sn Pb Cu Pb No 60 39 Sn Pb 183 Pb Near `` Tinman 's solder '' , used for tinplate fabrication work . 62 38 Sn Pb 183 Pb Yes Sn63 , ASTM63A , ASTM63B . Common in electronics ; exceptional tinning and wetting properties , also good for stainless steel . One of the most common solders . Low cost and good bonding properties . Used in both SMT and through - hole electronics . Rapidly dissolves gold and silver , not recommended for those . Sn Pb is slightly cheaper and is often used instead for cost reasons , as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice . On slow cooling gives slightly brighter joints than Sn Pb . 63 37 Sn Pb P 183 Pb Yes Sn63PbP . A special alloy for HASL machines . Addition of phosphorus reduces oxidation . Unsuitable for wave soldering as it may form metal foam . 63 37 Sn Pb Cu 183 Pb Yes Similar to Sn Pb . Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder . 62 37 Sn Pb 183 / 193 Pb No Sn70 70 30 Sn Pb 183 / 213 Pb No formerly used for joints in food industry 90 10 Sn Pb 238 Pb No plumbing and heating 95 5 Pb Sn Ag 286 / 301 Pb No For higher - temperature applications . 5.5 92 2.5 Pb Sn Sb Pb No Used for soldering iron and steel 12 80 8 Pb Sn Ag 252 / 260 Pb No Used for soldering iron and steel 18 80 Pb Sn Sb 184 / 270 Pb No Sb1 20 79 Pb Sn Sb Pb No General purpose solder . Antimony content improves mechanical properties but causes brittleness when soldering cadmium , zinc , or galvanized metals . 43.5 55 1.5 Sn Pb Bi 144 / 163 Pb No Bi14 . Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point . Contains phases of tin and lead - bismuth . Useful for step soldering . 43 43 14 Sn Pb Bi 120 / 167 Pb No Bi8 46 46 8 Bi Pb Sn 96 Pb yes ? Bi52 . Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point . Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties . Combination with lead - tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure . 16 32 52 Bi Sn Pb 100 / 105 Pb No Bi46 34 20 46 Sn Pb Ag 179 Pb Yes Sn62 . Common in electronics . The strongest tin - lead solder . Appearance identical to Sn60Pb40 or Sn63Pb37 . Crystals of Ag Sn may be seen growing from the solder . Extended heat treatment leads to formation of crystals of binary alloys . Silver content decreases solubility of silver , making the alloy suitable for soldering silver - metallized surfaces , e.g. SMD capacitors and other silver - metallized ceramics . Not recommended for gold . General - purpose . 62 36 Sn Pb Ag 179 Pb Yes 62.5 36 2.5 Pb Sn Ag 268 / 290 267 / 299 Pb No Sn10 , Pb88 . Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in the solder . Not recommended for gold . Forms a eutectic phase , not recommended for operation above 120 ° C . 10 88 Pb Sn Ag 292 Pb Yes 5 90 5 Pb Sn Ag 287 / 296 299 / 304 Pb No Pb93 . 5 92.5 2.5 Pb Sn Ag 296 / 301 305 / 306 Pb No Pb94 , HMP alloy , HMP . Service temperatures up to 255 ° C. Useful for step soldering . Also can be used for extremely low temperatures as it remains ductile down to − 200 ° C , while solders with more than 20 % tin become brittle below − 70 ° C. Higher strength and better wetting than Pb Sn . 5 93.5 1.5 Pb Sn Ag 299 / 304 Pb No 95.5 2.5 In Ag 143 -- Yes Wettability and low - temperature malleability of indium , strength improved by addition of silver . Particularly good for cryogenic applications . Used for packaging of photonic devices . 97 In Ag 143 / 237 -- No Nearly as wettable and low - temperature malleable as indium . Large plastic range . Can solder silver , fired glass and ceramics . 10 90 In Pb 156 / 165 Pb No Less gold dissolution and more ductile than lead - tin alloys . Used for die attachment , general circuit assembly and packaging closures . 25 75 In Pb 160 / 174 165 / 175 Pb No In70 . Suitable for gold , low gold - leaching . Good thermal fatigue properties . 30 70 In Pb 174 / 185 173 / 181 Pb No In60 . Low gold - leaching . Good thermal fatigue properties . 40 60 In Pb 180 / 209 178 / 210 Pb No In50 . Only one phase . Resoldering with lead - tin solder forms indium - tin and indium - lead phases and leads to formation of cracks between the phases , joint weakening and failure . On gold surfaces gold - indium intermetallics tend to be formed , and the joint then fails in the gold - depleted zone and the gold - rich intermetallic . Less gold dissolution and more ductile than lead - tin alloys . Good thermal fatigue properties . 50 50 In Sn 118 / 125 -- No Cerroseal 35 . Fairly well wets glass , quartz and many ceramics . Malleable , can compensate some thermal expansion differences . Low vapor pressure . Used in low temperature physics as a glass - wetting solder . 50 50 In Sn Pb Cd 125 Cd , Pb 15 9.6 70 5.4 Pb In 250 / 264 240 / 260 Pb No In25 . Low gold - leaching . Good thermal fatigue properties . Used for die attachment of e.g. GaAs dies . Used also for general circuit assembly and packaging closures . Less dissolution of gold and more ductile than tin - lead alloy . 75 25 Sn Pb In 162 154 / 167 Pb Yes General purpose . Good physical properties . 70 18 12 Sn Pb In 134 / 181 Pb No Good wettability . Not recommended for gold . 37.5 37.5 25 Pb In Ag 290 / 310 Pb No 90 5 5 Pb In Ag 300 / 310 Pb No UNS L51510 . Minimal leaching of gold , good thermal fatigue properties . Reducing atmosphere frequently used ... 92.5 2.5 5 Pb In Au 300 / 310 Pb No In5 92.5 5 2.5 Pb Ag 305 / 364 304 / 343 Pb No Ag5. 5 , UNS L50180 94.5 5.5 Pb Ag 305 / 364 Pb No 95 5 Pb Ag 303 304 304 / 579 Pb yes no Ag2. 5 , UNS L50132 . Used during World War II to conserve tin . Poor corrosion resistance ; joints suffered corrosion in both atmospheric and underground conditions , all had to be replaced with Sn - Pb alloy joints . Torch solder . 97.5 2.5 Sn Pb Ag 305 Pb Yes Important for hybrid circuits assembly . 97.5 1.5 Pb Ag Sn 309 Pb Yes Ag1. 5 , ASTM1. 5S . High melting point , used for commutators , armatures , and initial solder joints where remelting when working on nearby joints is undesirable . Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in molten solder . Not recommended for gold . Standard PbAgSn eutectic solder , wide use in semiconductor assembly . Reducing protective atmosphere ( e.g. 12 % hydrogen ) often used . High creep resistance , for use at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures . 97.5 1.5 Pb Sn Ag 177 -- 210 Pb exceptional strength , silver gives it a bright long - lasting finish ; ideal for stainless steel 45 54 Pb Ag 305 Pb high - temperature joints 96 Pb Sn Ag 252 / 295 Pb Pb96 96 Sn Pb Ag Pb 61 36 Sn Pb Ag Pb 56 39 5 Sn Ag -- 98 Sn Ag Sb 233 -- Yes Very high tensile strength . For die attachment . Very brittle. Old Motorola die attach solder . 65 25 10 Sn Ag Cu 217 / 220 217 / 218 -- Near SAC305 . It is the JEITA recommended alloy for wave and reflow soldering , with alternatives SnCu for wave and SnAg and SnZnBi for reflow soldering . Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering . At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper ; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect ( e.g. increased bridging ) . Copper content must be maintained between 0.4 -- 0.85 % , e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn Ag alloy . Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation . Dull , surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals . 96.5 0.5 Sn Ag Cu 217 -- 218 -- Near SN96C - Ag3. 5 A commonly used alloy . Used for wave soldering . Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering . At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper ; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect ( e.g. increased bridging ) . Copper content must be maintained between 0.4 -- 0.85 % , e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn Ag alloy ( designated e.g. SN96Ce ) . Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation . Dull , surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals . 95.8 3.5 0.7 Sn Ag Cu 217 -- Yes Determined by NIST to be truly eutectic . 95.6 3.5 0.9 Sn Ag Cu 217 -- Near SN96C . Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for reflow soldering . Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering . At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper ; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect ( e.g. increased bridging ) . Copper content must be maintained between 0.4 -- 0.85 % , e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn Ag alloy ( designated e.g. SN96Ce ) . Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation . Dull , surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals . 95.5 3.8 0.7 Sn Ag Cu Sb -- Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for wave soldering . 95.25 3.8 0.7 0.25 Sn Ag Cu 217 -- Yes Recommended by the US NEMI consortium for reflow soldering . Used as balls for BGA / CSP and CBGA components , a replacement for Sn Pb . Solder paste for rework of BGA boards . Alloy of choice for general SMT assembly . 95.5 3.9 0.6 Sn Ag Cu 217 -- Yes SAC405 . Lead - Free , Cadmium Free formulation designed specifically to replace Lead solders in Copper and Stainless Steel plumbing , and in electrical and electronic applications . 95.5 0.5 Sn Ag 221 -- Yes Sn96 , Sn96. 5 , 96S . Fine lamellar structure of densely distributed Ag Sn . Annealing at 125 ° C coarsens the structure and softens the solder . Creeps via dislocation climb as a result of lattice diffusion . Used as wire for hand soldering rework ; compatible with SnCu , SnAg Cu , SnAg Cu , and similar alloys . Used as solder spheres for BGA / CSP components . Used for step soldering and die attachment in high power devices . Established history in the industry . Widely used . Strong lead - free joints . Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings . Not recommended for gold . Marginal wetting . Good for step soldering . Used for soldering stainless steel as it wets stainless steel better than other soft solders . Silver content does not suppress dissolution of silver metallizations . High tin content allows absorbing significant amount of gold without embrittlement . 96.5 3.5 Sn Ag 221 -- 229 -- No ASTM96TS . `` Silver - bearing solder '' . Food service equipment , refrigeration , heating , air conditioning , plumbing . Widely used . Strong lead - free joints . Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings . Not recommended for gold . 96 Sn Ag 221 / 254 -- No Widely used . Strong lead - free joints . Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings . Not recommended for gold . Produces strong and ductile joints on Copper and Stainless Steel . The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress , with tensile strengths to 30,000 psi on Stainless . 95 5 Sn Ag 221 / 279 -- No Produces strong and ductile joints on Copper and Stainless Steel . The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress , with tensile strengths to 30,000 psi on Stainless . 94 6 Sn Ag 221 / 302 -- No Produces strong and ductile joints on Copper and Stainless Steel . The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress , with tensile strengths to 31,000 psi on Stainless . Audio industry standard for vehicle and home theater speaker installations . Its 7 % Silver content requires a higher temperature range , but yields superior strength and vibration resistance . 93 7 Sn Ag Cu -- 95 Sn 232 -- Pure Sn99 . Good strength , non-dulling . Use in food processing equipment , wire tinning , and alloying . Susceptible to tin pest . 100 Sn Cu 227 -- Yes Sn99Cu1 . Also designated as Sn Cu . Cheap alternative for wave soldering , recommended by the US NEMI consortium . Coarse microstructure with ductile fractures . Sparsely distributed Cu Sn . Forms large dendritic ß - tin crystals in a network of eutectic microstructure with finely dispersed Cu Sn . High melting point unfavorable for SMT use . Low strength , high ductility . Susceptible to tin pest . Addition of small amount of nickel increases its fluidity ; the highest increase occurs at 0.06 % Ni . Such alloys are known as nickel modified or nickel stabilized . 99.3 0.7 ( Ni ) Sn Cu Ag 217 / 228 -- No SCA , SAC , or SnAgCu . Tin - silver - copper alloy . Relatively low - cost lead - free alloy for simple applications . Can be used for wave , selective and dip soldering . At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper ; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect ( e.g. increased bridging ) . Copper content must be maintained between 0.4 -- 0.85 % , e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn Ag alloy ( designated e.g. SN96Ce ) . Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation . Dull , surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals . 99 0.3 0.7 Sn Cu 227 / 250 232 / 332 -- For high - temperature uses . Allows removing insulation from an enameled wire and applying solder coating in a single operation . For radiator repairs , stained glass windows , and potable water plumbing . 97 Sn Cu Ag 228 / 314 -- High hardness , creep - resistant . For radiators , stained glass windows , and potable water plumbing . Excellent high - strength solder for radiator repairs . Wide range of patina and colors . 97 0.25 2.75 Zn 419 -- Pure For soldering aluminium . Good wettability of aluminium , relatively good corrosion resistance . 100 Bi 271 -- Pure Used as a non-superconducting solder in low - temperature physics . Does not wet metals well , forms a mechanically weak joint . 100 Sn Zn 199 -- Yes KappAloy9 Designed specifically for Aluminum - to - Aluminum and Aluminum - to - Copper soldering . It has good corrosion resistance and tensile strength . Lies between soft solder and silver brazing alloys , thereby avoiding damage to critical electronics and substrate deformation and segregation . Best solder for Aluminum wire to Copper busses or Copper wire to Aluminum busses or contacts . UNS # : L91090 91 9 Sn Zn 199 / 260 -- No KappAloy15 Designed specifically for Aluminum - to - Aluminum and Aluminum - to - Copper soldering . It has good corrosion resistance and tensile strength . Lies between soft solder and silver brazing alloys , thereby avoiding damage to critical electronics and substrate deformation and segregation . Has a wide plastic range this makes it ideal for hand soldering Aluminum plates and parts , allowing manipulation of the parts as the solder cools . 85 15 Zn Al 382 -- Yes For soldering aluminium . Good wetting . 95 Al Sn Bi Ag 211 / 213 -- No Do not use on lead - containing metallizations . U.S. Patent 5,439,639 ( ICA Licensed Sandia Patent ) . 91.8 3.4 4.8 Sn Zn 199 / 316 -- No KappAloy30 For soldering of aluminium . Good wetting . Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other electronic parts . Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn / 15Zn and 91Sn / 9Zn . 70 30 Sn Zn 199 / 288 -- No KappAloy20 For soldering of aluminium . Good wetting . Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other electronic parts . Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn / 15Zn and 91Sn / 9Zn . 80 20 Sn Zn 199 / 343 -- No KappAloy40 For soldering of aluminium . Good wetting . Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other electronic parts . Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn / 15Zn and 91Sn / 9Zn . 60 40 Pb Sn Sb 185 / 243 Pb No Sb2 35 63 Pb Sn Zn 170 / 256 Pb No Poor wetting of aluminium . Poor corrosion rating . 34 63 Pb Cd 310 ? Cd , Pb ? For soldering aluminium . US patent 1,333,666 . 92 8 Sn Bi Pb 140 / 160 Pb No For low - temperature soldering of heat - sensitive parts , and for soldering in the vicinity of already soldered joints without their remelting . 48 20 32 Sn Zn Bi 191 -- 198 -- Prone to corrosion and oxidation due to its zinc content . On copper surfaces forms a brittle Cu - Zn intermetallic layer , reducing the fatigue resistance of the joint ; nickel plating of copper inhibits this . 89 8 Sn Zn In 181 / 187 -- No High dross due to zinc . Covered by U.S. Patent # 5,242,658 . 83.6 8.8 7.6 Sn Zn In Bi 174 / 186 -- No Lead - free . Corrosion concerns and high drossing due to zinc content . 86.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 Sn In Ag 204 / 205 -- Potential use in flip - chip assembly , no issues with tin - indium eutectic phase . 86.9 3.1 10 Sn Ag Zn Cu 221L -- No 95 3.5 0.5 Sn Sb 235 / 240 232 / 240 -- No Sb5 , ASTM95TA . The US plumbing industry standard . It displays good resistance to thermal fatigue and good shear strength . Forms coarse dendrites of tin - rich solid solution with SbSn intermetallic dispersed between . Very high room - temperature ductility . Creeps via viscous glide of dislocations by pipe diffusion . More creep - resistant than SnAg . Antimony can be toxic . Used for sealing chip packagings , attaching I / O pins to ceramic substrates , and die attachment ; a possible lower - temperature replacement of AuSn . High strength and bright finish . Use in air conditioning , refrigeration , some food containers , and high - temperature applications . Good wettability , good long - term shear strength at 100 ° C. Suitable for potable water systems . Used for stained glass , plumbing , and radiator repairs . 95 5 Sn Sb 232 / 238 -- No 97 Sn Sb 232 / 235 -- No 99 Sn Ag Cu -- 99 0.3 0.7 Sn Ag Cu Sb 217 -- 225 217 -- Ag03A . Patented by AIM alliance . 96.2 2.5 0.8 0.5 Sn In Ag Bi 197 -- 208 -- Patented by Matsushita / Panasonic . 88 3.5 0.5 8 Bi Sn Ag 137 / 139 139 / 140 -- Addition of silver improves mechanical strength . Established history of use . Good thermal fatigue performance . Patented by Motorola . 42 57 Bi Sn 138 -- Yes Bi58 . Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties . Combination with lead - tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure . Low - temperature eutectic solder with high strength . Particularly strong , very brittle . Used extensively in through - hole technology assemblies in IBM mainframe computers where low soldering temperature was required . Can be used as a coating of copper particles to facilitate their bonding under pressure / heat and creating a conductive metallurgical joint . Sensitive to shear rate . Good for electronics . Used in thermoelectric applications . Good thermal fatigue performance . Established history of use . Expands slightly on casting , then undergoes very low further shrinkage or expansion , unlike many other low - temperature alloys which continue changing dimensions for some hours after solidification . 42 58 Bi Pb 124 / 126 Pb 42 58 In Pb Ag 142 / 149 149 / 154 Pb No In80 . Compatible with gold , minimum gold - leaching . Resistant to thermal fatigue . Can be used in step soldering . 15 5 80 Pb In 195 / 225 Pb No In40 . Low gold - leaching . Good thermal fatigue properties . 60 40 Pb In 245 / 260 Pb No In30 70 30 Sn Pb In 134 / 181 Pb No In26 37.5 37.5 26 Sn Pb In 130 / 154 140 / 152 Pb No In20 54 26 20 Pb In 270 / 280 260 / 275 Pb No In19 . Low gold - leaching . Good thermal fatigue properties . 81 19 In Sn 118 -- Yes In52 . Suitable for the cases where low - temperature soldering is needed . Can be used for glass sealing . Sharp melting point . Good wettability of glass , quartz , and many ceramics . Good low - temperature malleability , can compensate for different thermal expansion coefficients of joined materials . 48 52 Sn In 118 / 131 -- No very low tensile strength 52 48 Sn In 118 / 145 -- No 58 42 Sn Pb Cd 145 Cd , Pb Yes General - purpose . Maintains creep strength well . Unsuitable for gold . 51.2 30.6 18.2 Sn In Ag 175 / 187 -- No Similar mechanical properties with Sn Pb , Sn Pb Ag and Sn Pb , suitable lead - free replacement . Contains eutectic Sn - In phase with melting point at 118 ° C , avoid use above 100 ° C . 77.2 2.8 20 In Cd 123 Cd Yes 74 26 In Bi Cd 62 Cd Yes 30.8 61.7 7.5 Bi Pb Sn Cd In 57 / 65 Pb , Cd No 12.6 25.4 47.5 5 9.5 Bi Pb Sn Cd In 61 / 65 Cd , Pb No 12.8 25.4 48 9.6 Bi Pb Sn In 58 / 69 Pb No 15 18 49 18 Bi Pb Sn In 58 Pb Yes Cerrolow 136 . Slightly expands on cooling , later shows slight shrinkage in couple hours afterwards . Used as a solder in low - temperature physics . Also the ChipQuik desoldering alloy . 12 18 49 21 Bi Pb Sn Cd 70 / 73 Pb , Cd No 12.4 27.8 50.5 9.3 Bi Pb Sn Cd 70 Pb , Cd Yes Cerrobend . Used in low - temperature physics as a solder . 13.3 26.7 50 10 Bi Pb In Cd Sn 47 Cd , Pb Yes Cerrolow 117 . Used as a solder in low - temperature physics . 8.3 22.6 44.7 19.1 5.3 In Sn 113 / 122 -- No 40 60 In Bi Sn 60.5 -- Yes Field 's metal 16.5 32.5 51 Bi Pb Sn Cd 70.9 Cd , Pb Yes Lipowitz Metal 13.1 27.3 49.5 10.1 Bi Pb Sn Cd 71 Cd , Pb Yes Wood 's metal , mostly used for casting . 12.5 25 50 12.5 Bi Pb Sn 97 Pb No Newton 's metal 18.8 31.2 50 Bi Pb Sn 109 Pb No Rose 's metal . It was used to secure cast iron railings and balusters in pockets in stone bases and steps . Does not contract on cooling . 22 28 50 Bi Sn In 79 / 91 No ChipQuik desoldering alloy , lead - free 30 56 14 Cd Ag 338 / 393 Cd No KappTec General purpose solder that will join all solderable metals except Aluminum . High temperature , high strength solder . It is used in applications where alloys melting higher than soft solders are required , but the cost and strength of Silver - brazing alloys is not necessary . 5 95 Cd Zn 265 Cd Yes Medium temperature alloy that provide strong , corrosion - resistant joints on most metals . Also for soldering aluminium and die - cast zinc alloys . Used in cryogenic physics for attaching electrical potential leads to specimens of metals , as this alloy does not become superconductive at liquid helium temperatures . 17.5 82.5 Cd Zn 265 / 300 Cd No Medium temperature alloy that provide strong , corrosion - resistant joints on most metals . Works especially well on Aluminum - to - Aluminum and Aluminum - to - Copper joints , with excellent corrosion resistance and superior strength in high vibration and high stress applications in electronics , lighting and electrical products . 30 70 Cd Zn 265 / 316 Cd No Medium temperature alloy that provide strong , corrosion - resistant joints on most metals . Works especially well on Aluminum - to - Aluminum and Aluminum - to - Copper joints , with excellent corrosion resistance and superior strength in high vibration and high stress applications in electronics , lighting and electrical products . 40 60 Cd Zn Ag 249 / 316 Cd No KappTecZ High temperature , high strength solder that may be used on most metals , but works extremely well on Aluminum , Copper and Stainless Steel . It has a high tolerance to vibration and stress , and good elongation for use on dissimilar metals . Above its liquidus of 600 ° F , this solder is extremely fluid and will penetrate the closest joints . 5 17 78 Sn Zn Cd 176 / 260 Cd No KappRad Developed specifically to join and repair Aluminum and Aluminum / Copper radiators and heat exchangers . A lower melting point makes delicate repair work easier . 40 27 33 Zn Cd 265 / 399 Cd For soldering aluminium . Good wetting . 90 10 Zn Cd 265 / 335 Cd For soldering aluminium . Very good wetting . 60 40 Cd Sn 140 / 160 Cd No Cd70 , thermal - free solder . Produces low thermal EMF joints in copper , does not form parasitic thermocouples . Used in low - temperature physics . 29.56 70.44 Sn Pb Cd 145 Cd , Pb Cd18 50 32 18 Sn Pb Cd 145 Cd , Pb Low melting temperature allows repairing pewter and zinc objects , including die - cast toys . 40 42 18 Zn Sn 199 / 376 -- No For soldering aluminium . Excellent wetting . Good strength . 30 70 Zn Sn 199 / 341 -- No For soldering aluminium . Good wetting . 40 60 Zn Sn 382 -- yes ? For soldering aluminium . Excellent wetting . 5 95 Sn Au 217 -- Yes 90 10 Au Sn 280 -- Yes Au80 . Good wetting , high strength , low creep , high corrosion resistance , high thermal conductivity , high surface tension , zero wetting angle . Suitable for step soldering . The original flux-less alloy , does not need flux . Used for die attachment and attachment of metal lids to semiconductor packages , e.g. kovar lids to ceramic chip carriers . Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials . Due to zero wetting angle requires pressure to form a void - free joint . Alloy of choice for joining gold - plated and gold - alloy plated surfaces . As some gold dissolves from the surfaces during soldering and moves the composition to non-eutectic state ( 1 % increase of Au content can increase melting point by 30 ° C ) , subsequent desoldering requires higher temperature . Forms a mixture of two brittle intermetallic phases , AuSn and Au Sn . Brittle . Proper wetting achieved usually by using nickel surfaces with gold layer on top on both sides of the joint . Comprehensively tested through military standard environmental conditioning . Good long - term electrical performance , history of reliability . One of the best materials for soldering in optoelectronic devices and components packaging . Low vapor pressure , suitable for vacuum work . Generally used in applications that require a melting temperature over 150 ° C. Good ductility . Also classified as a braze . 20 80 Au Si 370 / 800 -- Au98 . A non-eutectic alloy used for die attachment of silicon dies . Ultrasonic assistance is needed to scrub the chip surface so a eutectic ( 3.1 % Si ) is reached at reflow . 98 Si Au Si 370 363 -- Yes Au97 . AuSi is a eutectic with melting point of 363 ° C. AuSi forms a meniscus at the edge of the chip , unlike AuSn , as AuSi reacts with the chip surface . Forms a composite material structure of submicron silicon plates in soft gold matrix . Tough , slow crack propagation . 96.8 Si Au Ge 361 356 -- Yes Au88 . Used for die attachment of some chips . The high temperature may be detrimental to the chips and limits reworkability . 87.5 Ge Au In 451 / 485 -- No Au82 . High - temperature , extremely hard , very stiff . 18 82 In 157 -- Pure In99 . Used for die attachment of some chips . More suitable for soldering gold , dissolution rate of gold is 17 times slower than in tin - based solders and up to 20 % of gold can be tolerated without significant embrittlement . Good performance at cryogenic temperatures . Wets many surfaces incl . quartz , glass , and many ceramics . Deforms indefinitely under load . Does not become brittle even at low temperatures . Used as a solder in low - temperature physics , will bond to aluminium . Can be used for soldering to thin metal films or glass with an ultrasonic soldering iron . 100 Sn Ag Cu Cr 217 / 1050 -- No C - Solder . Lead - free , low - temperature soldering alloy for joining of various carbon materials including carbon fibres and carbon nanotube fibres in both carbon - carbon and carbon - metal arrangements . Produces mechanically strong and electrically conductive bonds . Provides wetting of carbon and other materials generally considered as difficult to solder , including aluminium , stainless steel , titanium , glass , ceramics . 90.7 3.6 0.7 Cr Notes on the above table ( edit ) Temperature ranges for solidus and liquidus ( the boundaries of the mushy state ) are listed as solidus / liquidus . In the Sn - Pb alloys , tensile strength increases with increasing tin content . Indium - tin alloys with high indium content have very low tensile strength . For soldering semiconductor materials , e.g. die attachment of silicon , germanium and gallium arsenide , it is important that the solder contains style = `` background : # F99 ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` table - no '' No impurities that could cause doping in the wrong direction . For soldering n - type semiconductors , solder may be doped with antimony ; indium may be added for soldering p - type semiconductors . Pure tin and pure gold can be used . Various fusible alloys can be used as solders with very low melting points ; examples include Field 's metal , Lipowitz 's alloy , Wood 's metal , and Rose 's metal . Properties ( edit ) The thermal conductivity of common solders ranges from 32 to 94 W / ( m K ) , and the density from 9.25 to 15.00 g / cm . Material Thermal conductivity ( W / m K ) Melting point ( ° C ) Sn - 37Pb ( eutectic ) 50.9 183 Sn - 2.8 Ag - 20.0 In 53.5 175 -- 186 Sn - 2.5 Ag - 0.8 Cu - 0.5 Sb 57.26 215 -- 217 Pb - 5Sn 63 310 Lead ( Pb ) 35.0 327.3 Tin ( Sn ) 73.0 231.9 Aluminum ( Al ) 240 660.1 Copper ( Cu ) 393 -- 401 1083 FR - 4 1.7 Solidifying ( edit ) The solidifying behavior depends on the alloy composition . Pure metals solidify at a certain temperature , forming crystals of one phase . Eutectic alloys also solidify at a single temperature , all components precipitating simultaneously in so - called coupled growth . Non-eutectic compositions on cooling start to first precipitate the non-eutectic phase ; dendrites when it is a metal , large crystals when it is an intermetallic compound . Such a mixture of solid particles in a molten eutectic is referred to as a mushy state . Even a relatively small proportion of solids in the liquid can dramatically lower its fluidity . The temperature of total solidification is the solidus of the alloy , the temperature at which all components are molten is the liquidus . The mushy state is desired where a degree of plasticity is beneficial for creating the joint , allowing filling larger gaps or being wiped over the joint ( e.g. when soldering pipes ) . In hand soldering of electronics it may be detrimental as the joint may appear solidified while it is not yet . Premature handling of such joint then disrupts its internal structure and leads to compromised mechanical integrity . Alloying element roles ( edit ) Different elements serve different roles in the solder alloy : Antimony is added to increase strength without affecting wettability . Prevents tin pest . Should be avoided on zinc , cadmium , or galvanized metals as the resulting joint is brittle . Bismuth significantly lowers the melting point and improves wettability . In presence of sufficient lead and tin , bismuth forms crystals of Sn Pb Bi with melting point of only 95 ° C , which diffuses along the grain boundaries and may cause a joint failure at relatively low temperatures . A high - power part pre-tinned with an alloy of lead can therefore desolder under load when soldered with a bismuth - containing solder . Such joints are also prone to cracking . Alloys with more than 47 % Bi expand upon cooling , which may be used to offset thermal expansion mismatch stresses . Retards growth of tin whiskers . Relatively expensive , limited availability . Copper lowers the melting point , improves resistance to thermal cycle fatigue , and improves wetting properties of the molten solder . It also slows down the rate of dissolution of copper from the board and part leads in the liquid solder . Forms intermetallic compounds . May promote growth of tin whiskers . Supersaturated ( by about 1 % ) solution of copper in tin may be employed to inhibit dissolution of thin - film under - bump metallization of BGA chips , e.g. as Sn Ag Cu . Nickel can be added to the solder alloy to form a supersaturated solution to inhibit dissolution of thin - film under - bump metallization . Indium lowers the melting point and improves ductility . In presence of lead it forms a ternary compound that undergoes phase change at 114 ° C. Very high cost ( several times of silver ) , low availability . Easily oxidizes , which causes problems for repairs and reworks , especially when oxide - removing flux can not be used , e.g. during GaAs die attachment . Indium alloys are used for cryogenic applications , and for soldering gold as gold dissolves in indium much less than in tin . Indium can also solder many nonmetals ( e.g. glass , mica , alumina , magnesia , titania , zirconia , porcelain , brick , concrete , and marble ) . Prone to diffusion into semiconductors and cause undesired doping . At elevated temperatures easily diffuses through metals . Low vapor pressure , suitable for use in vacuum systems . Forms brittle intermetallics with gold ; indium - rich solders on thick gold are unreliable . Indium - based solders are prone to corrosion , especially in presence of chloride ions . Lead is inexpensive and has suitable properties . Worse wetting than tin . Toxic , being phased out . Retards growth of tin whiskers , inhibits tin pest . Lowers solubility of copper and other metals in tin . Silver provides mechanical strength , but has worse ductility than lead . In absence of lead , it improves resistance to fatigue from thermal cycles . Using SnAg solders with HASL - SnPb - coated leads forms SnPb Ag phase with melting point at 179 ° C , which moves to the board - solder interface , solidifies last , and separates from the board . Addition of silver to tin significantly lowers solubility of silver coatings in the tin phase . In eutectic tin - silver ( 3.5 % Ag ) alloy it tends to form platelets of Ag Sn , which , if formed near a high - stress spot , may serve as initiating sites for cracks ; silver content needs to be kept below 3 % to inhibit such problems . Tin is the usual main structural metal of the alloy . It has good strength and wetting . On its own it is prone to tin pest , tin cry , and growth of tin whiskers . Readily dissolves silver , gold and to less but still significant extent many other metals , e.g. copper ; this is a particular concern for tin - rich alloys with higher melting points and reflow temperatures . Zinc lowers the melting point and is low - cost . However it is highly susceptible to corrosion and oxidation in air , therefore zinc - containing alloys are unsuitable for some purposes , e.g. wave soldering , and zinc - containing solder pastes have shorter shelf life than zinc - free . Can form brittle Cu - Zn intermetallic layers in contact with copper . Readily oxidizes which impairs wetting , requires a suitable flux . Germanium in tin - based lead - free solders influences formation of oxides ; at below 0.002 % it increases formation of oxides . Optimal concentration for suppressing oxidation is at 0.005 % . Impurities in solders ( edit ) Impurities usually enter the solder reservoir by dissolving the metals present in the assemblies being soldered . Dissolving of process equipment is not common as the materials are usually chosen to be insoluble in solder . Aluminium -- little solubility , causes sluggishness of solder and dull gritty appearance due to formation of oxides . Addition of antimony to solders forms Al - Sb intermetallics that are segregated into dross . Antimony -- added intentionally , up to 0.3 % improves wetting , larger amounts slowly degrade wetting Arsenic -- forms thin intermetallics with adverse effects on mechanical properties , causes dewetting of brass surfaces Cadmium -- causes sluggishness of solder , forms oxides and tarnishes Copper -- most common contaminant , forms needle - shaped intermetallics , causes sluggishness of solders , grittiness of alloys , decreased wetting Gold -- easily dissolves , forms brittle intermetallics , contamination above 0.5 % causes sluggishness and decreases wetting . Lowers melting point of tin - based solders . Higher - tin alloys can absorb more gold without embrittlement . Iron -- forms intermetallics , causes grittiness , but rate of dissolution is very low ; readily dissolves in lead - tin above 427 ° C . Nickel -- causes grittiness , very little solubility in Sn - Pb Phosphorus -- forms tin and lead phosphides , causes grittiness and dewetting , present in electroless nickel plating Silver -- often added intentionally , in high amounts forms intermetallics that cause grittiness and formation of pimples on the solder surface Sulfur -- forms lead and tin sulfides , causes dewetting Zinc -- in melt forms excessive dross , in solidified joints rapidly oxidizes on the surface ; zinc oxide is insoluble in fluxes , impairing repairability ; copper and nickel barrier layers may be needed when soldering brass to prevent zinc migration to the surface Intermetallics in solders ( edit ) Many different intermetallic compounds are formed during solidifying of solders and during their reactions with the soldered surfaces . The intermetallics form distinct phases , usually as inclusions in a ductile solid solution matrix , but also can form the matrix itself with metal inclusions or form crystalline matter with different intermetallics . Intermetallics are often hard and brittle . Finely distributed intermetallics in a ductile matrix yield a hard alloy while coarse structure gives a softer alloy . A range of intermetallics often forms between the metal and the solder , with increasing proportion of the metal ; e.g. forming a structure of Cu - Cu Sn - Cu Sn - Sn . Layers of intermetallics can form between the solder and the soldered material . These layers may cause mechanical reliability weakening and brittleness , increased electrical resistance , or electromigration and formation of voids . The gold - tin intermetallics layer is responsible for poor mechanical reliability of tin - soldered gold - plated surfaces where the gold plating did not completely dissolve in the solder . Gold and palladium readily dissolve in solders . Copper and nickel tend to form intermetallic layers during normal soldering profiles . Indium forms intermetallics as well . Indium - gold intermetallics are brittle and occupy about 4 times more volume than the original gold . Bonding wires are especially susceptible to indium attack . Such intermetallic growth , together with thermal cycling , can lead to failure of the bonding wires . Copper plated with nickel and gold is often used . The thin gold layer facilitates good solderability of nickel as it protects the nickel from oxidation ; the layer has to be thin enough to rapidly and completely dissolve so bare nickel is exposed to the solder . Lead - tin solder layers on copper leads can form copper - tin intermetallic layers ; the solder alloy is then locally depleted of tin and form a lead - rich layer . The Sn - Cu intermetallics then can get exposed to oxidation , resulting in impaired solderability . Two processes play a role in a solder joint formation : interaction between the substrate and molten solder , and solid - state growth of intermetallic compounds . The base metal dissolves in the molten solder in an amount depending on its solubility in the solder . The active constituent of the solder reacts with the base metal with a rate dependent on the solubility of the active constituents in the base metal . The solid - state reactions are more complex -- the formation of intermetallics can be inhibited by changing the composition of the base metal or the solder alloy , or by using a suitable barrier layer to inhibit diffusion of the metals . Tin Lead Indium Copper Cu Sn , Cu Sn , Cu Sn , Cu Sn Cu In , Cu In Nickel Ni Sn , Ni Sn , Ni Sn NiSn Ni In , NiIn Ni In , Ni In Iron FeSn , FeSn Indium In Sn , InSn In Pb -- Antimony SbSn Bismuth BiPb Silver Ag Sn , Ag Sn Ag In , AgIn Gold Au Sn , AuSn AuSn , AuSn Au Pb , AuPb AuIn , AuIn Palladium Pd Sn , Pd Sn , Pd Sn , PdSn , PdSn , PdSn Pd In , Pd In , PdIn Pd In Platinum Pt Sn , Pt Sn , PtSn , Pt Sn , PtSn , PtSn Pt Pb , PtPb PtPb Pt In , PtIn , Pt In Cu Sn -- common on solder - copper interface , forms preferentially when excess of tin is available ; in presence of nickel ( Cu , Ni ) Sn compound can be formed Cu Sn -- common on solder - copper interface , forms preferentially when excess of copper is available , more thermally stable than Cu Sn , often present when higher - temperature soldering occurred Ni Sn -- common on solder - nickel interface FeSn -- very slow formation Ag Sn - at higher concentration of silver ( over 3 % ) in tin forms platelets that can serve as crack initiation sites . AuSn -- β - phase -- brittle , forms at excess of tin . Detrimental to properties of tin - based solders to gold - plated layers . AuIn -- forms on the boundary between gold and indium - lead solder , acts as a barrier against further dissolution of gold Glass solder ( edit ) Glass solders are used to join glasses to other glasses , ceramics , metals , semiconductors , mica , and other materials , in a process called glass frit bonding . The glass solder has to flow and wet the soldered surfaces well below the temperature where deformation or degradation of either of the joined materials or nearby structures ( e.g. , metallization layers on chips or ceramic substrates ) occurs . The usual temperature of achieving flowing and wetting is between 450 and 550 ° C . Two types of glass solders are used : vitreous , and devitrifying . Vitreous solders retain their amorphous structure during remelting , can be reworked repeatedly , and are relatively transparent . Devitrifying solders undergo partial crystallization during solidifying , forming a glass - ceramic , a composite of glassy and crystalline phases . Devitrifying solders usually create a stronger mechanical bond , but are more temperature - sensitive and the seal is more likely to be leaky ; due to their polycrystalline structure they tend to be translucent or opaque . Devitrifying solders are frequently `` thermosetting '' , as their melting temperature after recrystallization becomes significantly higher ; this allows soldering the parts together at lower temperature than the subsequent bake - out without remelting the joint afterwards . Devitrifying solders frequently contain up to 25 % zinc oxide . In production of cathode ray tubes , devitrifying solders based on PbO - B O - ZnO are used . Very low temperature melting glasses , fluid at 200 -- 400 ° C , were developed for sealing applications for electronics . They can consist of binary or ternary mixtures of thallium , arsenic and sulfur . Zinc - silicoborate glasses can also be used for passivation of electronics ; their coefficient of thermal expansion must match silicon ( or the other semiconductors used ) and they must not contain alkaline metals as those would migrate to the semiconductor and cause failures . The bonding between the glass or ceramics and the glass solder can be either covalent , or , more often , van der Waals . The seal can be leak - tight ; glass soldering is frequently used in vacuum technology . Glass solders can be also used as sealants ; a vitreous enamel coating on iron lowered its permeability to hydrogen 10 times . Glass solders are frequently used for glass - to - metal seals and glass - ceramic - to - metal seals . Glass solders are available as frit powder with grain size below 60 micrometers . They can be mixed with water or alcohol to form a paste for easy application , or with dissolved nitrocellulose or other suitable binder for adhering to the surfaces until being melted . The eventual binder has to be burned off before melting proceeds , requiring careful firing regime . The solder glass can be also applied from molten state to the area of the future joint during manufacture of the part . Due to their low viscosity in molten state , lead glasses with high PbO content ( often 70 -- 85 % ) are frequently used . The most common compositions are based on lead borates ( leaded borate glass or borosilicate glass ) . Smaller amount of zinc oxide or aluminium oxide can be added for increasing chemical stability . Phosphate glasses can be also employed . Zinc oxide , bismuth trioxide , and copper ( II ) oxide can be added for influencing the thermal expansion ; unlike the alkali oxides , these lower the softening point without increasing of thermal expansion . Glass solders are frequently used in electronic packaging . CERDIP packagings are an example . Outgassing of water from the glass solder during encapsulation was a cause of high failure rates of early CERDIP integrated circuits . Removal of glass - soldered ceramic covers , e.g. , for gaining access to the chip for failure analysis or reverse engineering , is best done by shearing ; if this is too risky , the cover is polished away instead . As the seals can be performed at much lower temperature than with direct joining of glass parts and without use of flame ( using a temperature - controlled kiln or oven ) , glass solders are useful in applications like subminiature vacuum tubes or for joining mica windows to vacuum tubes and instruments ( e.g. , Geiger tube ) . Thermal expansion coefficient has to be matched to the materials being joined and often is chosen in between the coefficients of expansion of the materials . In case of having to compromise , subjecting the joint to compression stresses is more desirable than to tensile stresses . The expansion matching is not critical in applications where thin layers are used on small areas , e.g. , fireable inks , or where the joint will be subjected to a permanent compression ( e.g. , by an external steel shell ) offsetting the thermally introduced tensile stresses . Glass solder can be used as an intermediate layer when joining materials ( glasses , ceramics ) with significantly different coefficient of thermal expansion ; such materials can not be directly joined by diffusion welding . Evacuated glazing windows are made of glass panels soldered together . A glass solder is used , e.g. , for joining together parts of cathode ray tubes and plasma display panels . Newer compositions lowered the usage temperature from 450 to 390 ° C by reducing the lead ( II ) oxide content down from 70 % , increasing the zinc oxide content , adding titanium dioxide and bismuth ( III ) oxide and some other components . The high thermal expansion of such glass can be reduced by a suitable ceramic filler . Lead - free solder glasses with soldering temperature of 450 ° C were also developed . Phosphate glasses with low melting temperature were developed . One of such compositions is phosphorus pentoxide , lead ( II ) oxide , and zinc oxide , with addition of lithium and some other oxides . Conductive glass solders can be also prepared . Preform ( edit ) A preform is a pre-made shape of solder specially designed for the application where it is to be used . Many methods are used to manufacture the solder preform , stamping being the most common . The solder preform may include the solder flux needed for the soldering process . This can be an internal flux , inside the solder preform , or external , with the solder preform coated . See also ( edit ) Body solder RoHS Solderability Solder mask Solder Fatigue References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` solder '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Jump up ^ Oxford American Dictionary Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` solder '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Frank Oberg , Franklin D. Jones , Holbrook L. Horton , Henry H. Ryffel ( ed ) Machinery 's Handbook 23rd Edition Industrial Press Inc. , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 8311 - 1200 - X , page 1203 Jump up ^ Ogunseitan , Oladele A. ( 2007 ) . `` Public health and environmental benefits of adopting lead - free solders '' . Journal of The Minerals , Metals & Materials Society . 59 ( 7 ) : 12 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 007 - 0082 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ganesan and Pecht p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Manko ( 2001 ) . Solders and soldering : materials , design , production , and analysis for reliable bonding . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 134417 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Info on Tin Whiskers '' . nepp.nasa.gov . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Craig Hillman ; Gregg Kittlesen & Randy Schueller . `` A New ( Better ) Approach to Tin Whisker Mitigation '' ( PDF ) . DFR Solutions . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/315929.pdf Jump up ^ `` Title 42 - The Public Health and Welfare '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Needleman , HL ; Schell , A ; Bellinger , D ; Leviton , A ; Allred , EN ( 1990 ) . `` The long - term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood . An 11 - year follow - up report '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 322 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 8 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199001113220203 . PMID 2294437 . Jump up ^ Joseph R. Davis ( 2001 ) . Alloying : understanding the basics . ASM International . p. 538 . ISBN 0 - 87170 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ A.C. Tan ( 1989 ) . Lead finishing in semiconductor devices : soldering . World Scientific . p. 45 . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0679 - 3 . Jump up ^ Madhav Datta ; Tetsuya Ōsaka ; Joachim Walter Schultze ( 2005 ) . Microelectronic packaging . CRC Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31190 - X . ^ Jump up to : Karl J. Puttlitz ; Kathleen A. Stalter ( 2004 ) . Handbook of lead - free solder technology for microelectronic assemblies . CRC Press . p. 541 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 4870 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galvanite '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` KappFree '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kapp Alloy . `` Kapp Eco Babbitt '' . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Charles A. Harper ( 2003 ) . Electronic materials and processes . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 5 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 140214 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alloy information '' ( PDF ) . smarttec.de . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ray P. Prasad ( 1997 ) . Surface mount technology : principles and practice . Springer . p. 385 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 12921 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : SOLDER ALLOYS Selection Chart . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/39-05/Web_Ch4_final.pdf Jump up ^ TR Barnard ( 1959 ) . `` Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes '' . Mechanical Engineering . Coal Mining Series ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virtue . pp. 374 -- 375 . ^ Jump up to : Madara Ogot ; Gul Okudan - Kremer ( 2004 ) . Engineering design : a practical guide . Trafford Publishing . p. 445 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 3850 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kaushish ( 2008 ) . Manufacturing Processes . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 378 . ISBN 81 - 203 - 3352 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kapp GalvRepair '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3439 - 00 - 577 - 7594 Solder , Tin Alloy . Tpub.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : msl747. PDF . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Pajky_vkladanylist_Cze_ang_2010. indd . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Balve Zinn Solder Sn63Pb37 - Balver Zinn '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Balver Zinn Solder Sn63PbP '' ( PDF ) . balverzinn.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : John H. Lau ( 1991 ) . Solder joint reliability : theory and applications . Springer . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 00260 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 228 Pb - Sn - Ag Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 290 In - Ag Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 3 In - Ag Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 204 In - Pb Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill L. Minges ( 1989 ) . Electronic Materials Handbook : Packaging . ASM International . p. 758 . ISBN 0 - 87170 - 285 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 1 Indium - Tin Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guy Kendall White ; Philip J. Meeson ( 2002 ) . Experimental techniques in low - temperature physics . Clarendon . pp. 207 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 851428 - 2 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 13 Indium Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 10 Pb - In Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 9 Sn - Pb - In Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 94.5 Pb - 5.5 Ag Lead - Silver Solder , ASTM Class 5.5 S ; UNS L50180 '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 175 Lead Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 97.5 Pb - 2.5 Ag Lead - Silver Solder , ASTM Class 2.5 S UNS L50132 '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Symposium on Solder . ASTM International . 1957 . p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Balver Zinn Solder SN97C ( SnAg3. 0Cu0. 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . balverzinn.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Balver Zinn Solder SN96C ( SnAg3 , 8Cu0 , 7 ) '' ( PDF ) . balverzinn.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 252 95.5 Sn / 3.9 Ag / 0.6 Cu Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 246 95.5 Sn / 4.0 Ag / 0.5 Cu Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solder selection for photonic packaging '' . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kapp Alloy . `` KappZapp '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ SolderDirect . `` KappZapp7 '' . SolderDirect.com . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ganesan and Pecht p. 404 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fluidity of the Ni - Modified Sn - Cu Eutectic Lead - Free Solder '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Balver Zinn Solder SCA ( SnCu0. 7Ag0. 3 ) '' ( PDF ) . balverzinn.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Balver Zinn Solder Sn97Cu3 Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Manko ( 8 February 2001 ) . Solders and soldering : materials , design , production , and analysis for reliable bonding . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 396 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 134417 - 3 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` KappAloy '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 249 91.8 Sn / 3.4 Ag / 4.8 Bi Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Composition And Physical Properties Of Alloys Archived 2012 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Csudh.edu ( 2007 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Karl J. Puttlitz ; Kathleen A. Stalter ( 2004 ) . Handbook of lead - free solder technology for microelectronic assemblies . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 4870 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 226 Tin Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 231 Sn - Zn - In - Bi Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 254 86.9 Sn / 10.0 In / 3.1 Ag Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 131 97Sn / 3Sb Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 129 99Sn / 1Sb Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 282 57Bi / 42Sn / 1Ag Lead - Free Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 281 Bi-Sn Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 67 Bismuth - Lead Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 2 In - Pb - Ag Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 532 Tin Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 150 Pb - In Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 87 Indium - Tin Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 181 Sn - Pb - Cd Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 227 Sn - In - Ag Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 253 Indium Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 18 Indium Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 140 Bismuth Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 147 Bismuth Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 21 Bismuth Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson Manufacturing Co , MSDS for Chip Quik Alloy w / Lead . Retrieved on February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 22 Bismuth Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Quik - SMD Removal Kit ( Chip Quik Alloy 2.5 ft , flux , alcohol pads ) lead - free '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` KappTec '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kapp Cad / Zinc '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kapp Alloy . `` KappTecZ '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` KappRad '' . Kapp Alloy & Wire , Inc . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Soft Solders . www.cupalloys.co.uk ( 2009 - 01 - 20 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy ® 238 Sn - Au Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.quadsimia.com/ , Quadsimia Internet Solutions - . `` Indium Corporation Global Solder Supplier Electronics Assembly Materials '' . Indium Corporation . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Scale Review Magazine '' . Chipscalereview.com. 2004 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Au / Sn Solder Alloy and Its Applications in Electronics Packaging '' . ametek-ecp.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.quadsimia.com/ , Quadsimia Internet Solutions - . `` High - Temperature Gold Solder & Braze Materials made by Indium Corporation '' ( PDF ) . Indium Corporation . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indium Corp . Indalloy 184 Gold Solder Alloy '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ T.Q. Collier ( May -- Jun 2008 ) . `` Choosing the best bumb for the buck '' . Advanced Packaging. 17 ( 4 ) : 24 . ISSN 1065 - 0555 . Jump up ^ M. Burda ; et al. ( Aug 2015 ) . `` Soldering of carbon materials using transition metal rich alloys '' . ACS Nano. 9 ( 8 ) : 8103 . doi : 10.1021 / acsnano. 5b02176 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Technical Data Sheet , Cametics C - Solder active soldering alloy '' ( PDF ) . cametics.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cametics.com/en/Services/Blog/?id=171/Soldering_of_Carbon Soldering of dissimilar materials Jump up ^ `` Thermal Properties of Metals , Conductivity , Thermal Expansion , Specific Heat - Engineers Edge '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Database for Solder Properties with Emphasis on New Lead - free Solders '' ( PDF ) . metallurgy.nist.gov. 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : King - Ning - Tu -- Solder Joint Technology -- Materials , Properties , and Reliability ( Springer 2007 ) Jump up ^ I.R. Walker ( 31 March 2011 ) . Reliability in Scientific Research : Improving the Dependability of Measurements , Calculations , Equipment , and Software . Cambridge University Press . pp. 160 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85770 - 3 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Balver Zinn Desoxy RSN '' ( PDF ) . balverzinn.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Pecht ( 1993 ) . Soldering processes and equipment . Wiley - IEEE . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 59167 - X . Jump up ^ http://nepp.nasa.gov/wirebond/literatures/na-gsfc-2004-01.pdf GSFC NASA Advisory : Indium solder encapsulating gold bonding wire leads to fragile gold - indium compounds and an unreliable condition that results in wire interconnection rupture Jump up ^ Jennie S. Hwang ( 1996 ) . Modern solder technology for competitive electronics manufacturing . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 397 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 031749 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.R. Frear ; Steve Burchett ; Harold S. Morgan ; John H. Lau ( 1994 ) . The Mechanics of solder alloy interconnects . Springer . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 01505 - 4 . Jump up ^ Merrill L. Minges ( 1989 ) . Electronic Materials Handbook : Packaging . ASM International . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 87170 - 285 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Walter Heinrich Kohl ( 1995 ) . Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices . Springer . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56396 - 387 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brian Caddy ( 2001 ) . Forensic examination of glass and paint : analysis and interpretation . CRC Press . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7484 - 0579 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Messler ( 2004 ) . Joining of materials and structures : from pragmatic process to enabling technology . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 389 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7757 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alexander Roth ( 1994 ) . Vacuum sealing techniques . Springer . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 56396 - 259 - 4 . Jump up ^ Heinz G. Pfaender ( 1996 ) . Schott guide to glass . Springer . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 62060 - X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Beck ( 1998 ) . Integrated circuit failure analysis : a guide to preparation techniques . John Wiley and Sons . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 97401 - 3 . Jump up ^ Norbert Kockmann ( 2006 ) . Micro process engineering : fundamentals , devices , fabrication , and applications . Wiley - VCH . p. 374 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 31246 - 3 . Jump up ^ Shirley Morris ( 2007 ) . Interior Decoration -- A Complete Course . Global Media . p. 96 . ISBN 81 - 89940 - 65 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dagmar Hülsenberg ; Alf Harnisch ; Alexander Bismarck ( 2008 ) . Microstructuring of Glasses . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26245 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.quadsimia.com/ , Quadsimia Internet Solutions - . `` Solder preforms manufactured by Indium Corporation '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preforms '' . Arraysolders . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Sanka Ganesan ; Michael Pecht ( 2006 ) . Lead - free electronics . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78617 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soldering . Phase diagrams of different types of solder alloys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solder&oldid=836633126 '' Categories : Fusible alloys Named alloys Soldering Lead alloys Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi తెలుగు Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder	2,649

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