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where is the honda classic played this year	The Honda Classic Tournament information Location Palm Beach Gardens , Florida Established 1972 , 46 years ago Course ( s ) PGA National Golf Club , Champion Course Par 70 Length 7,140 yards ( 6,529 m ) Organized by IMG Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 6.6 million Month played February Tournament record score Aggregate 264 Justin Leonard ( 2003 ) To par − 24 Justin Leonard ( 2003 ) Current champion Justin Thomas	Palm Beach Gardens , Florida	The Honda Classic	the honda classic	The Honda Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour in south Florida . It was founded 45 years ago in 1972 as Jackie Gleason 's Inverrary Classic , and is usually the first of the Florida events in late winter following the `` West Coast Swing . ''	National Airlines was the sponsor in 1973 with Gleason and American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) backed it in 1981 . Since 1982 , American Honda Motor Company ( Honda ) has been the title sponsor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament history 1.1 Player participation 2 Tournament hosts 3 Winners 3.1 Multiple winners 4 Tournament highlights 5 References 6 External links Tournament history ( edit ) Its predecessor , the National Airlines Open Invitational , ran for just three seasons ( 1969 -- 71 ) ; all at the Country Club of Miami in Hialeah in late March . The Gleason tournament replaced it on the schedule a month earlier in 1972 at the Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill , it was among the richest events on tour with an inaugural purse of $260,000 and a $52,000 winner 's share . The regular event was not played in 1976 , as Inverrary hosted the Tournament Players Championship in late February , won by Jack Nicklaus . Gleason 's nine - year affiliation ended after 1980 , but the event continued at Inverrary through 1983 . It moved to the TPC Eagle Trace in Coral Springs in 1984 for eight editions . From 1992 to 1995 , the event was held at the Weston Hills Golf & Country Club in Weston . It then returned to Coral Springs , first at the TPC at Eagle Trace in 1996 and then at the TPC at Heron Bay from 1997 to 2002 . In 2003 , the event moved to Palm Beach Gardens , first at the Country Club at Mirasol through 2006 , then began its current run at PGA National Golf Club 's Champion Course in 2007 . Since 2007 , the tournament 's main beneficiary is the Nicklaus Children 's Health Care Foundation , chaired by Barbara Nicklaus , wife of golf legend Jack Nicklaus . IMG bought the tournament 's management company in 2013 . Player participation ( edit ) Some celebrated golfers have won this tournament , including Nicklaus in 1977 and 1978 , the only consecutive winner in its history . However , the tournament had acquired a reputation for struggling to attract the top players as it moved from course to course in South Florida . Since 2007 , The Honda Classic has seen a vastly improved player field , largely due to the decision to make PGA National the tournament 's permanent home . The prize money is comparable to other PGA Tour events outside of the `` big nine '' ( the majors , the World Golf Championships individual events , The Players Championship , and The Tour Championship ) . The total purse was $ 6.4 million in 2017 , with a top prize of $1.152 million ( this can be contrasted to the total purse in 1981 of $300,000 ( the equivalent of only $807,540 in 2017 dollars ) . The original winner 's share of $52,000 in 1972 made it one of the richest stops on tour , greater than for any of the four majors ; it was more than double that of the Masters , which had a first prize of $25,000 in 1972 . Tournament hosts ( edit ) Years No . Venue City State 2007 -- 17 11 PGA National Golf Club ( Champion Course ) Palm Beach Gardens Florida 2003 -- 06 Country Club at Mirasol 1997 -- 2002 6 TPC at Heron Bay Coral Springs TPC Eagle Trace 1992 -- 95 Weston Hills Golf and C.C. Weston 1984 -- 91 8 TPC Eagle Trace Coral Springs 1972 -- 83 11 Inverrary Country Club Lauderhill Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) The Honda Classic 2018 Justin Thomas United States 272 − 8 Playoff Luke List 1,188,000 6,600,000 2017 Rickie Fowler United States 268 − 12 4 strokes Morgan Hoffmann Gary Woodland 1,152,000 6,400,000 2016 Adam Scott Australia 271 − 9 1 stroke Sergio García 1,098,000 6,100,000 2015 Pádraig Harrington ( 2 ) Ireland 274 − 6 Playoff Daniel Berger 1,098,000 6,100,000 2014 Russell Henley United States 272 − 8 Playoff Russell Knox Rory McIlroy Ryan Palmer 1,080,000 6,000,000 2013 Michael Thompson United States 271 − 9 2 strokes Geoff Ogilvy 1,080,000 6,000,000 2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 268 − 12 2 strokes Tom Gillis Tiger Woods 1,026,000 5,700,000 2011 Rory Sabbatini South Africa 271 − 9 1 stroke Yang Yong - eun 1,026,000 5,700,000 Camilo Villegas Colombia 267 − 13 5 strokes Anthony Kim 1,008,000 5,600,000 2009 Yang Yong - eun South Korea 271 − 9 1 stroke John Rollins 1,008,000 5,600,000 2008 Ernie Els South Africa 274 − 6 1 stroke Luke Donald 990,000 5,500,000 2007 Mark Wilson United States 275 − 5 Playoff José Cóceres Camilo Villegas Boo Weekley 990,000 5,500,000 2006 Luke Donald England 276 − 12 2 strokes Geoff Ogilvy 990,000 5,500,000 2005 Pádraig Harrington Ireland 274 − 14 Playoff Joe Ogilvie Vijay Singh 990,000 5,500,000 Todd Hamilton United States 276 − 12 1 stroke Davis Love III 900,000 5,000,000 2003 Justin Leonard United States 264 − 24 1 stroke Chad Campbell Davis Love III 900,000 5,000,000 2002 Matt Kuchar United States 269 − 19 2 strokes Brad Faxon Joey Sindelar 630,000 3,500,000 Honda Classic Jesper Parnevik Sweden 270 − 18 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia Geoff Ogilvy Craig Perks 576,000 3,200,000 2000 Dudley Hart United States 269 − 19 1 stroke J.P. Hayes Kevin Wentworth 522,000 2,900,000 1999 Vijay Singh Fiji 277 − 11 2 strokes Payne Stewart 468,000 2,600,000 1998 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2 ) United States 270 − 18 3 strokes Vijay Singh 324,000 1,800,000 Stuart Appleby Australia 274 − 14 1 stroke Michael Bradley Payne Stewart 270,000 1,500,000 Tim Herron United States 271 − 17 4 strokes Mark McCumber 234,000 1,300,000 1995 Mark O'Meara United States 275 − 9 1 stroke Nick Faldo 216,000 1,200,000 Nick Price Zimbabwe 276 − 8 1 stroke Craig Parry 198,000 1,100,000 Fred Couples United States 207 * − 9 Playoff Robert Gamez 198,000 1,100,000 Corey Pavin United States 273 − 15 Playoff Fred Couples 198,000 1,100,000 1991 Steve Pate United States 279 − 9 3 strokes Paul Azinger Dan Halldorson 180,000 1,000,000 John Huston United States 282 − 6 2 strokes Mark Calcavecchia 180,000 1,000,000 Blaine McCallister United States 266 − 22 4 strokes Payne Stewart 144,000 800,000 Joey Sindelar United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Ed Fiori Sandy Lyle Payne Stewart 126,000 700,000 Mark Calcavecchia United States 279 − 9 3 strokes Bernhard Langer Payne Stewart 108,000 600,000 1986 Kenny Knox United States 287 − 1 1 stroke Andy Bean John Mahaffey Jodie Mudd Clarence Rose 90,000 500,000 1985 Curtis Strange United States 275 − 13 Playoff Peter Jacobsen 90,000 500,000 1984 Bruce Lietzke United States 280 − 8 Playoff Andy Bean 90,000 500,000 Honda Inverrary Classic Johnny Miller ( 2 ) United States 278 − 10 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 72,000 400,000 1982 Hale Irwin United States 269 − 19 1 stroke George Burns Tom Kite 72,000 400,000 American Motors Inverrary Classic 1981 Tom Kite United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 54,000 300,000 Jackie Gleason - Inverrary Classic 1980 Johnny Miller United States 274 − 14 2 strokes Charles Coody Bruce Lietzke 54,000 300,000 1979 Larry Nelson United States 274 − 14 3 strokes Grier Jones 54,000 300,000 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States 276 − 12 1 stroke Grier Jones 50,000 250,000 1977 Jack Nicklaus United States 275 − 13 5 strokes Gary Player 50,000 250,000 1976 : Inverrary hosted the Tournament Players Championship Bob Murphy United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Eddie Pearce 52,000 260,000 Leonard Thompson United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Hale Irwin 52,000 260,000 Jackie Gleason Inverrary - National Airlines Classic 1973 Lee Trevino United States 279 − 9 1 stroke Forrest Fezler 52,000 260,000 Jackie Gleason 's Inverrary Classic 1972 Tom Weiskopf United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 52,000 260,000 * Weather - shortened to 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Source : Multiple winners ( edit ) Four men have won the tournament more than once . 2 wins Jack Nicklaus : 1977 , 1978 ( consecutive ) ^ Johnny Miller : 1980 , 1983 Mark Calcavecchia : 1987 , 1998 Pádraig Harrington : 2005 , 2015 ^ Nicklaus also won the 1976 Tournament Players Championship at Inverrary , which displaced the event . Tournament highlights ( edit ) 1972 : Tom Weiskopf outduels Jack Nicklaus to win by one shot in the first edition of the tournament . 1974 : Leonard Thompson wins his first ever PGA Tour title by one shot over Hale Irwin . After his victory , Thompson donated $10,000 of his winnings to the Boys Clubs of America . 1978 : Jack Nicklaus birdies the last five holes to defeat Grier Jones by one shot , for his third consecutive win at Inverrary . 1980 : Johnny Miller wins his first tournament since his 1976 Open Championship triumph . He finishes two shots ahead of Bruce Lietzke and Charles Coody . 1986 : Kenny Knox wins by one - shot over Clarence Rose , Jodie Mudd , Andy Bean , and John Mahaffey in spite of shooting a third round 80 . 1987 : Mark Calcavecchia wins his first Honda Classic title . Only the year before he worked as a caddy at the tournament . 1991 : Steve Pate shoots the worst last - round score by a PGA Tour tournament winner in ten years , a 75 , but still holds on to win by three shots over Paul Azinger and Dan Halldorson . 1992 : Corey Pavin defeats Fred Couples in a sudden - death playoff only after holing a 136 - yard 8 - iron shot for eagle on the 72nd hole to tie for the lead . 1996 : Tim Herron becomes the first PGA Tour rookie in 13 years to win a tournament wire - to - wire . He defeats Mark McCumber by four shots . 2000 : Dudley Hart birdies the last four holes to defeat J.P. Hayes and Kevin Wentworth by one shot . 2004 : Thirty - eight - year - old PGA Tour rookie Todd Hamilton wins by one shot over Davis Love III . Hamilton would go on to win The Open Championship later that same year . 2007 : Mark Wilson wins the biggest playoff in the history of the tournament . His birdie on the third hole of sudden death defeats José Cóceres . Camilo Villegas and Boo Weekley , the other participants in the four - man playoff , had been eliminated on the second playoff hole . 2012 : Rory McIlroy wins and claims the No. 1 spot in the Official World Golf Ranking . Brian Harman shot a second round 61 to set a new course record . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Treglown , Dick ( February 28 , 1972 ) . `` Weiskopf wins Gleason crown '' . Palm Beach Post . p . D1 . Jump up ^ `` Weiskopf no longer the brat '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . February 28 , 1972 . p. 3B . Jump up ^ Global firm IMG buys company that runs Honda Classic in Palm Beach Gardens Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Honda Classic -- Winners -- at golfobserver.com Jump up ^ The Honda Classic -- Winners -- at PGATour.com Jump up ^ `` Weiskopf captures Inverrary golf title '' . Telegraph - Herald . Dubuque , Iowa . Associated Press . February 28 , 1972 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Leonard Thompson Wins Inverrary Classic Jump up ^ Nicklaus rally tops Jones Jump up ^ Miller snaps slump with Inverrary golf win Jump up ^ Longshot Knox Takes Honda Classic Jump up ^ Former Caddy , Calcaveccia wins Honda Golf Classic Jump up ^ Pate Fights Winds , Wins Honda Classic Jump up ^ Eagle helps Pavin eventually win Honda Classic in playoff Jump up ^ Herron shakes off rookie status in Honda Classic win Jump up ^ Hart right at home Jump up ^ Hamilton captures Honda Classic Jump up ^ Wilson wins Honda Classic in playoff Jump up ^ Rory McIlroy takes No. 1 spot Jump up ^ Brian Harman flirts with golf history External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site PGA National Resort & Spa -- Champion course ( hide ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 26 ° 49 ′ 44 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 28 '' W / 26.829 ° N 80.141 ° W / 26.829 ; - 80.141 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Honda_Classic&oldid=827651651 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in Florida Sports competitions in Florida Sports in Palm Beach County , Florida Recurring sporting events established in 1972 1972 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Honda%20Classic	2,741
when is the movie a wrinkle in time coming out	The film is scheduled to be released on March 9 , 2018 , in IMAX .	March 9 , 2018	A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film )	a wrinkle in time ( 2018 film )	A Wrinkle in Time is an upcoming American science - fiction fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee . It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine . Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California .	The film is scheduled to be released on March 9 , 2018 , in IMAX . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) After learning that her astrophysicist father is being held captive on a distant planet deep in the grip of a universe - spanning evil , Meg Murray works with her highly intelligent younger brother Charles Wallace , her classmate Calvin O'Keeffe , and three astral travelers to save him . Cast ( edit ) Storm Reid as Margaret `` Meg '' Murry Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander `` Alex '' Murry Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry Michael Peña as Red André Holland as Principal Jenkins Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack also appear in undisclosed roles . Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained film rights to remake the live - action adaptation of the 1963 novel A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios . Cary Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was supposed to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . Directing this film , DuVernay would be the `` first woman of color '' to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey began final negotiations to join the film to play Mrs. Which , one of the three Mrs. Ws who helps guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were in talks to join the film , where Witherspoon would play Mrs. Whatsit , a former celestial being who looks like a grandmotherly hobo , while Kaling would play Mrs. Who , the literature - quoting supernatural being . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Mr. Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast was announced , which included Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . The producers on the film would be James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Michael Peña also joined the cast to play the character Red . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After filming in Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks . Tobias A. Schliessler was confirmed to be working on the film as cinematographer , along with other production team members including production designer Naomi Shohan , costume designer Paco Delgado , and visual effects supervisor Rich McBride . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 , and ending on December 5 or 6 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . No major actors tied to the movie were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . Filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand , during the last two weeks of February 2017 . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , and shooting took place at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia , by the indigenous peoples of New Zealand . Disney wrapped filming in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and the director has declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand on Instagram . Release ( edit ) The film is scheduled to be released on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film will debut at the 2017 D23 expo . It was then released on July 15 , 2017 , day two of the D23 Expo . After its initial release , the trailer was trending at # 1 for 48 hours on YouTube , surpassing , for a time being , a behind the scenes first look at Star Wars : The Last Jedi . In February 2017 , Walt Disney Studios announced `` Wrinkle In Time Fanart Fridays '' , where fanart for the film would be shared on its social media pages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` The First Woman of Color to Make a $100 M Movie '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4U3TeY2wtM External links ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quartet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Great Ghost Stories ( 1998 ) Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=802352934 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction films American space adventure films Film scores by Jonny Greenwood Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Science fantasy films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Wrinkle%20in%20Time%20%282018%20film%29	2,742
what season of quantico is on tv now	Quantico has received positive reviews from critics , with praise for Chopra 's performance and the diversity of the cast . However , the `` confusing dual timelines '' received some criticism . The series has been nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , with Chopra winning two : Favorite Actress in a New TV Series in 2016 -- making her the first South Asian to win a People 's Choice Award -- and Favorite Dramatic TV Actress in 2017 . ABC renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on April 26 , 2018 . As part of the renewal process , Safran was replaced as primary showrunner by Michael Seitzman . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC cancelled the show after three seasons . The network will air the remaining episodes of the third season on Friday nights .		Quantico ( TV series )	quantico ( tv series )	Quantico is an American television drama thriller series which premiered on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 27 , 2015 . Produced by ABC Studios , the series was created by Joshua Safran , who also served as the showrunner . Mark Gordon , Robert Sertner , Nicholas Pepper and Safran are its executive producers .	Priyanka Chopra stars as Alex Parrish , a bright FBI recruit who joins the agency after graduating from the FBI Academy and becomes a prime suspect of a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal . Quantico initially had two timelines : the present , when Parrish flees from captivity to prove her innocence , and the past , with her and her fellow recruits training at the academy , during which details of their individual lives are learned . The series switched to a single timeline from the middle of the second season onward . In addition to Chopra , the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series , the original cast -- which changed significantly as the series progressed -- included Jake McLaughlin , Yasmine Al Massri , Johanna Braddy , Tate Ellington , and Graham Rogers as her fellow recruits and Josh Hopkins and Aunjanue Ellis as their trainers at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia . The series ' first season was primarily produced in Montreal , with downtown Montreal and Sherbrooke standing in for New York and Quantico ; production moved to New York during the second season . Quantico has received positive reviews from critics , with praise for Chopra 's performance and the diversity of the cast . However , the `` confusing dual timelines '' received some criticism . The series has been nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , with Chopra winning two : Favorite Actress in a New TV Series in 2016 -- making her the first South Asian to win a People 's Choice Award -- and Favorite Dramatic TV Actress in 2017 . ABC renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on April 26 , 2018 . As part of the renewal process , Safran was replaced as primary showrunner by Michael Seitzman . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC cancelled the show after three seasons . The network will air the remaining episodes of the third season on Friday nights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast and distribution 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Ratings 5.2. 1 United States 5.2. 2 International 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) See also : List of Quantico episodes Alex Parrish , a former FBI recruit , becomes a prime suspect after a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal and is arrested for treason . In flashbacks , she and her fellow agents ( each with their own reason for joining the bureau ) train at the FBI Academy . The current time - line focuses on Parrish 's constrained relationship with her friends while she is on the run in an attempt to prove her innocence . In the second season , Parrish has apparently been fired by the FBI ; in flashbacks , she works undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit at The Farm to uncover the AIC , a rogue faction within the agency . In the current time - line , a hostage crisis at a G - 20 summit in New York City is initiated by the Citizens Liberation Front , a terrorist group . Two weeks after the crisis , President Claire Haas and CIA director Matthew Keyes form a covert CIA - FBI task force ( led by Clay Haas ) to expose eight conspirators who were secretly involved in the hostage crisis . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 22 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 55 8.05 22 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 99 4.53 13 April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) TBA TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Quantico characters Priyanka Chopra as Alex Parrish , a promising FBI agent who becomes a prime suspect of the Grand Central bombing case Josh Hopkins as Liam O'Connor , a seasoned FBI agent who was demoted to work at the FBI academy as a teacher Jake McLaughlin as Ryan Booth , an undercover FBI agent tasked with tracking Alex Aunjanue Ellis as Miranda Shaw , former assistant director of the FBI Academy at Quantico Graham Rogers as Caleb Haas , a former FBI agent Yasmine Al Massri as Nimah and Raina Amin , twins recruited by Miranda for the FBI Johanna Braddy as Shelby Wyatt , Alex 's best friend and fellow FBI agent Tate Ellington as Simon Asher , Alex 's former fellow FBI trainee Anabelle Acosta as Natalie Vasquez , a former FBI trainee and Alex 's former rival at the academy Russell Tovey as Harry Doyle , a former MI6 agent and one of the former CIA recruits at The Farm Pearl Thusi as Dayana Mampasi , an attorney and one of the former CIA recruits at The Farm Blair Underwood as Owen Hall , a former CIA lead instructor at The Farm and currently , Deputy Director of the FBI Marlee Matlin as Jocelyn Turner , an ex-FBI agent and undercover expert whose career was derailed after she was rendered deaf from a bombing Alan Powell as Mike McQuigg , an overly assertive and adept FBI operative , with several years of undercover experience Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) To me this series is like those high octane summer blockbuster movies we used to have in the ' 80s and ' 90s with all of the action and stuff , but there 's also like this Trojan horse quality to it as well in that within all the action you get to talk about domestic terrorism , religion , politics , and belief systems . If we go to seasons two and three , that will stay the same , but what the horse is made of will change . -- Safran 's plan for Quantico Series creator Joshua Safran initially wanted a `` straightforward action show '' different from his past work , which included the soapy dramas Gossip Girl and Smash . He revealed that he wanted to do something with a law enforcement theme such as a political thriller about the NYPD after the September 11 attacks . He based protagonist Alex Parrish , whose complex family history haunts her throughout the series , on a relative ; Safran wove his own struggle to understand that family member into Alex 's desire to learn the truth about her father . Safran said `` I have a family member who either is a pathological liar or has been involved with a government agency my whole life . I 've always struggled with knowing that I would never know the truth , because there is no real such thing as the truth with regard to somebody who may or may not be telling the truth . That struggle informed the character of Alex . '' He called the series a sexy romance and a political thriller , adding `` It 's like , what would Die Hard be if Die Hard was weekly and was also a soap '' . Saftran offered the series to ABC . On September 17 , 2014 , the network announced that it had bought the concept for a drama series from ABC Studios and Safran and produced by Mark Gordon , and described it as `` Grey 's Anatomy meets Homeland '' . ABC ordered a pilot on January 23 , 2015 for the 2015 -- 16 television season . The series was picked up from the pilot , with an initial order of 13 episodes for the 2015 network - television season . Good ratings led ABC to pick up Quantico for a full season in October with an additional six episodes ( increasing the episode count to 19 ) , with an option of more episodes . In November , the season was extended to 22 episodes . In March , 2016 , ABC announced that it had renewed Quantico for a second season , also consisting of 22 episodes . The series is produced by the ABC Studios in association with The Mark Gordon Company and Random Acts Productions . Safran , Gordon , Robert Sertner and Nicholas Pepper serve as the executive producers , with Cherien Dabis as one of the producers . Safran served as the head writer of the series . The writing staff of Quantico consists of Justin Brenneman , Cami Delavigne , Cameron Litvack , Logan Slakter , Gideon Yago , Beth Schacter , Jordon Nardino , and Cherien Dabis , all of whom have written multiple episodes for the series . Various directors have worked on several episodes throughout the series notably Patrick Morris , Jennifer Lynch , David McWhirter , Stephen Kay and Steve Robin . Colleen Sharp , Nicholas Erasmus , Daniel A. Valverde , Terilyn A. Shropshire and Shelby Siegel have edited multiple episodes . The Director of Photography is Anthony Wolberg , who has provided cinematography for the maximum episodes . Other cinematographers include Anastas N. Michos and Todd McMullen . Joel J. Richard and Joseph Trapanese have provided the music for Quantico . In May 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a third season of 13 episodes . The renewal was based on the international popularity of star Priyanka Chopra , who has made the show a strong international seller for the ABC Studios . As part of the renewal process , Safran stepped down as showrunner of the show but remained as a consultant . The following month , it was announced that Michael Seitzman would be Quantico 's showrunner and Safran would be credited as an executive producer . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC cancelled the show after three seasons . Casting ( edit ) Like other ABC shows , Quantico has a racially diverse cast ( allowing viewers to relate to at least one character ) as FBI recruits who deal with their individual problems . Safran had wanted the show to be diverse from the beginning , saying : `` You 're not just watching people who have struggled to achieve places of power and they 're there . This show is about the struggle to achieve that . Their politics and their racial makeup and their religious backgrounds are very important to their characterizations and who they are . I really am interested in looking at how every culture handles stress -- and in particular , how people from all these different backgrounds find their place in the FBI , an agency that has historically fraught relationships with gay people and people of color . '' The first actor cast in the series was Tate Ellington , as FBI trainee Simon Asher . Graham Rogers was then cast as another FBI trainee , Caleb Haas . It was announced that Aunjanue Ellis had signed to play Miranda Shaw , assistant director and training supervisor of the academy . Dougray Scott was then cast as Liam O'Connor , Miranda 's former partner and current subordinate . Priyanka Chopra was cast as series protagonist Alex Parrish , the result of a talent holding deal with ABC Studios which required the company to develop a starring project for her or cast her in an existing project for the 2015 television season . ABC casting executive Keli Lee had long tried to persuade Chopra to perform on television in the United States . When the actress began considering U.S. TV , Lee learned that Chopra had been approached by another studio : `` I said ( to Chopra ) , ' No , you ca n't make this deal elsewhere . You 're coming here . And I 'm flying to India ' '' . Lee went to India and convinced Chopra to accept ABC 's offer . The actress said about Lee : `` I told her , the only way I would do it is if you find me a show and a path which first will put me in the same position that I am in India '' . Priyanka Chopra plays series protagonist Alex Parrish . Chopra saw the deal as an opportunity to represent South Asia and challenge Indian stereotypes in Hollywood and the United States , saying : `` When I was in school ( in the U.S. ) , you never saw anyone who looked like us that was on TV . And that was really weird for me because there 's so many people of South Asian descent in America -- in the world . I did n't want to be this stereotype of what Indian people are usually seen as in global pop culture . We do n't just have to be Apu from The Simpsons . '' After being given all 26 pilot scripts which ABC was filming for the 2015 -- 2016 television season , she chose Quantico . The actress , who had appeared in over fifty films at that time , was required to audition for the first time , which she found nerve - wracking . Safran was impressed by Chopra 's audition , which helped him re-envision the character , adding `` She walked into the room , and it was like the molecules shifted in that way that superstars have . I was very confused because I did n't know who she was , but we all sat up straighter . We 're like this is clearly a movie star ; it 's like every hair on the back of your neck stands up watching her act . When I went back home I could n't think about anyone else . '' Chopra became the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series . Jake McLaughlin was chosen to play Ryan Booth , Alex 's love interest , and Johanna Braddy and Yasmine Al Massri were cast in the final co-starring roles of trainees Shelby Wyatt and Nimah and Raina Amin . ABC announced after it picked up the pilot that the Liam O'Connor character would be re-cast , with Josh Hopkins replacing Dougray Scott in July 2015 . That month , it was announced that Anabelle Acosta was cast in a recurring role for a multi-episode story arc as Quantico recruit and former police officer Natalie Vasquez . Rick Cosnett was also signed for a recurring role as Elias Harper , a former defense attorney - analyst recruit . Prior to the premiere , Acosta was promoted to a series regular . In September 2015 , Jacob Artist was cast in a recurring role as Brandon Fletcher , an FBI agent - in - training . Marcia Cross was cast as Claire Haas , Caleb 's mother and the wife of Senator , FBI Deputy Director and vice-presidential candidate Clayton Haas . In November , Jay Armstrong Johnson , Lenny Platt and Li Jun Li were cast as recurring characters who would be added after the mid-season break . Following the season one finale , Safran confirmed that all series regulars would return for the second season , except for Acosta , Ellington and Hopkins , whose characters were killed off . Safran also expressed interest in bringing back Cross 's Claire Haas after it was revealed that she was involved in the bombing plot . Safran also discussed the return of Henry Czerny , who played CIA director Matthew Keyes in the season one finale , since the character was important to the storyline . In July 2016 , Czerny joined the cast in the recurring role . The series added three regulars to the cast : Russell Tovey as Harry Doyle , Blair Underwood as CIA officer Owen Hall and Pearl Thusi as type - A attorney Dayana Mampasi . In July 2016 , Aarón Díaz joined the series in a recurring role as photojournalist León Velez , and it was reported that Tracy Ifeachor and David Lim were cast in recurring roles as Lydia Hall and Sebastian Chen . In early 2017 , Hunter Parrish and Krysta Rodriguez were cast in the recurring roles of Clay Haas and Maxine Griffin . After the third season renewal announcement , it was reported that Al Massri and Thusi would leave the series , and in June 2017 , it was reported that Ellis and Tovey would not return as part of a creative overhaul . However , in August 2017 , it was confirmed that Tovey would in fact be returning as a series regular . In late July 2017 , Marlee Matlin joined the show as a series regular in the third season . She will play the role of ex-FBI agent , Jocelyn Turner . Alan Powell joined the cast as a series regular as Mike McQuigg , an undercover agent , in November 2017 . The next month , Amber Skye Noyes joined the third season in the recurring role of Celine Fox . In January 2018 , Vandit Bhatt joined the cast in the recurring role of Jagdeep Patel . On February 16 , 2018 , it was confirmed that Aunjanue Ellis has exited the series . Writing ( edit ) Although Safran initially intended the series to be an ensemble , with Alex the lead protagonist , this changed after Chopra was cast . As the show 's `` face '' and featuring in its publicity campaign , Alex dominated the storyline and became the main character of the series . Although the character was initially written as Caucasian , Safran completely rewrote her character with Chopra in his mind , tweaking her background as she became half - Indian and spent ten years in Mumbai . Her casting also helped change Alex 's personality ; in one change , the `` jaded and brooding '' Alex became `` fun and warm '' . Safran initially focused on the character 's dark side , saying that he had never imagined a positive side : `` Priyanka came in and played all of that but as a character who was always in control . And still warm and vibrant because she knew no one was going to get through her walls . From that point on , Alex was the kind of character who can have humor , who can have heart '' . Quantico was designed with over a half - dozen core characters , in addition to Alex Parrish , for pacing reasons . It was intended to have a flashback narrative , shifting between `` the present day with Parrish navigating her way through a class of FBI New Agent Trainees to the near future as the truth and repercussions of the attack emerge '' . Safran also used flashforwards to spread out the series ' plot points . He said in a 2015 interview that although the series is `` intricately plotted '' , it does not intend to overwhelm the viewer , saying : `` It is tightly structured and moves quickly between two , sometimes three , time periods , but we made sure that it 's not so complicated that it just feels like too much . I like to say that we have a lot of tributaries , but they all lead to one ocean '' . The series ' diverse cast has helped its writers create a variety of storylines and plot points . According to a Variety article on Safran and Quantico , `` The show delves below the surface into those disparate backgrounds to explore how each character 's personal stories influence their motivations for joining the FBI and in their perspective on the search for truth in the terrorism investigation . That offers a wealth of engaging material for writers to mine '' . Safran modeled Quantico on Buffy the Vampire Slayer in structure , with self - contained story arcs from season to season . Its producers said that each season would have a specific storyline , with Alex the series ' focal point surrounded by a new cast . Safran called the second season more cohesive , mirroring the first season and `` ... keep ( ing ) the two - storyline structure '' . In an interview , he confirmed that the structure would be `` a little bit of flash - forward , but the majority will be what I like to call the present '' . According to Safran , the producers aimed at a more - mature , darker second season which would be `` less confusing '' to viewers . Safran had plotted an upcoming plot point as the first season ended , which saw Alex clearing her name , getting fired by the FBI and receiving a job offer by the CIA director . He revealed that the season - two storyline would focus on the contrasting work ethics of the FBI and the CIA . Safran elaborated about the differences between the FBI and CIA , saying : `` We 're very interested in the fact that the FBI 's so much about being honest , truthful and living up to your badge . And the CIA is the opposite . You succeed if you can deceive . So it 's going to be interesting to see . It 's like a funhouse mirror of what we 've seen '' . He announced that the series would switch to a single timeline after the fourteenth episode . Safran said that the second season always intended to adopt a single timeline after the resolved storyline and the aftermath of the hostage crisis , adding `` When we broke Season 2 , we knew we were going to go to one timeline , because it 's about the ( terrorist ) event , and then it 's about what happens after the event . And you ca n't flashback to the Farm after the crisis is over '' . He said that the change was also due to viewer complaints that the first season 's dual timeline was confusing . Filming ( edit ) Exterior scenes of the FBI Academy were shot at the Université de Sherbrooke . Quantico 's pilot episode was filmed in Atlanta from March 11 to March 26 , 2015 , with two days of filming in New York . It was announced that the series would be filmed in downtown Montreal and Sherbrooke , which stood in for New York and Quantico . The first schedule began in late July and ended in late December 2015 . Quantico Academy exteriors were filmed on the Université de Sherbrooke campus . The series was shot in Mel 's Cité du Cinéma studio and on location . Its second shooting schedule began in January 2016 and continued in Montreal until mid-April . In April 2016 , it was reported that Quantico 's production would move to New York City for its second season ; according to Safran , `` Season 2 is going to be very much more a New York story '' . Second season filming , which began in New York on July 13 , 2016 , was shot at Silvercup Studios and on location . Filming ended in mid-March 2017 . Filming for the third season started on October 10 , 2017 . Certain scenes of the third - season premiere featuring Chopra were shot on location in Italy . The last few episodes of the third season were shot on location in Ireland . Filming for the third season ended on April 21 , 2018 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast and distribution ( edit ) Quantico , initially scheduled to air Tuesdays at 10 : 00 pm , was moved to Sundays at 10 : 00 pm due to a retooling of Of Kings and Prophets . The series premiered on ABC on Sunday , September 27 , 2015 The series debuted in Canada on CTV on the same day as its American premiere . The episodes , about 43 minutes in length , are broadcast in standard and high definition . In Australia , it premiered on the Seven Network on October 11 , 2015 . The series was acquired by Alibi in the United Kingdom . The season - two premiered on September 25 , 2016 . After the mid-season finale , it moved to Mondays at 10 : 00 p.m. on January 23 , 2017 . The third season premiered on April 26 , 2018 . After the cancellation , it was announced that the network will air the remaining episodes of the third season as previously scheduled . Deadline Hollywood reported that the network will finish airing the remainder of the third season on Friday nights . Standard - and high - definition episodes are available for download at the iTunes Store and Amazon Video , and ABC video on demand temporarily releases recent episodes . Season - one episodes were on Hulu , and season - two episodes are available at ABC 's Quantico website and on Xfinity . The first season became available for streaming on Netflix in a number of countries on August 23 , 2016 , and the second season became available in the U.S. on June 15 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) The first season of Quantico was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 13 , 2016 in Region 1 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Quantico received positive reviews , with most critics praising Chopra 's performance . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 82 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval rating , with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 ( based on 56 reviews ) . According to the website consensus , `` Obvious copycatting aside , Quantico provides ludicrously entertaining thrills from a well - balanced cast . '' The series has a score of 70 out of 100 ( based on 25 reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The Newark Star - Ledger 's Vicki Hyman called Quantico the best new show of the season and graded it an `` A '' . Hyman wrote that the show was `` taut and terrifically calibrated ... with at least one deadly effective twist you wo n't see coming . '' Wiegand , David from San Francisco Chronicle also praised the series : `` The plot is intricate and compelling , the characters magnetic and mysterious at the same time . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today rated Quantico three out of four , calling its cast `` an appropriately diverse group , brought to life by generally fine performances , led by Chopra 's and Ellis '' : `` There are times when Quantico feels a shade mechanical , in moments when you can practically hear the plot gears moving . But it accomplishes what the opener of a whodunit needs to do : establish a wide range of plausible suspects and spark our interest in the mystery and the hero . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times called Chopra the series ' `` strongest human asset '' : `` She is immediately charismatic and commanding . '' Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly called Quantico the best Shonda Rhimes drama that Rhimes never touched and wrote that `` Chopra 's bound to be a breakout star . '' Rob Lowman of the Los Angeles Daily News enjoyed the show and Chopra 's performance , saying : `` Although a bit over-frenetic at times , the series seems to take inspiration from a man - on - the run Hitchcock thriller . Only in Quantico 's case it 's a woman , and they have a charismatic star in Chopra . I was immediately struck by her dynamic screen presence . So far it 's one of the most - promising new shows , and Chopra is someone worth keeping an eye on . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter , in a lukewarm review , found its pilot `` just good enough to make you watch another . '' Although TheWrap 's Tim Grierson wrote that the show `` provides sexy fun '' , `` For a show about highly trained , incredibly intelligent agents , Quantico often succumbs to lame - brained plotting and a less - than - convincing portrayal of its specialized milieu . This new show 's fluffy , which does n't fit so well with the darker , somber tones meant to be struck by the introduction of a cataclysmic terrorist attack . '' The second season also received positive reviews . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the premiere episode a rating of three and a half star , writing that it set up its sophomore season `` effectively '' . However , Allison Nichols of TV Fanatic was critical of the opening episode owing to the `` confusing time jumps '' and the `` head - spinning plotlines '' . The episodes following the winter finale when the show 's narrative switched to a single timeline garnered further praise by such critics as Madison Vain of the Entertainment Weekly , especially for its focus on character development . Kelsey McKinney of New York magazine noted that the show had finally found its groove , writing `` For the first time since its first season , Quantico actually seems to know where it is headed . It 's quite a welcome development , and the newfound confidence ... makes Quantico a much more enjoyable show to watch . '' In a five - star review of the sixteenth episode , Kelsey McKinney of New York wrote that `` the show is grappling more and more with the emotions that make us all human , not just the ones that drive the story forward . '' The series ' plot lines , involving current political situations , were also praised . Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) ( show ) 2015 No. 8 People Magazine -- Vanity Fair Ratings ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Quantico 's season one premiere garnered 7.14 million viewers and a 1.9 rating among adults 18 -- 49 , the highest - rated scripted telecast on Sunday night opposite Sunday Night Football . It improved 36 percent on its lead - in , Blood & Oil , which had a 1.4 rating . The pilot episode was also popular for DVR playback ( over five million , a 79 - percent increase , for a total 3.4 rating among adults 18 -- 49 and total viewership of 12.15 million ) . The series , which continued to do well in live viewing , more than doubled several times in DVR playback during the season . Its finale had 3.78 million viewers , with a 1.0 rating among adults 18 -- 49 and a 120 - percent DVR increase , for a 2.2 adult 18 -- 49 rating and a total of 6.7 million viewers . The first season averaged 8.05 million viewers , with a 2.6 rating among adults 18 to 49 . The second - season premiere had 3.64 million viewers and a 1.0 rating among adults 18 to 49 . Its finale attracted 2.72 million viewers , with a 0.6 rating among adults 18 -- 49 . The season averaged 4.53 million viewers , with a 1.3 rating among adults 18 -- 49 . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. 22 September 27 , 2015 7.14 May 15 , 2016 3.78 2015 -- 16 55 8.05 2.6 Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 10 : 00 p.m. ( 9 -- 22 ) 22 September 25 , 2016 3.64 May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 2.72 2016 -- 17 99 4.53 1.3 Thursday 10 : 00 p.m. ( 1 -- 3 ) Friday 8 : 00 p.m. ( 4 -- 13 ) 13 April 26 , 2018 2.66 August 3 , 2018 TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD International ( edit ) Quantico continues to be popular in Australia , Canada , France and India . The premiere episode had 2.6 million viewers in Canada , the largest audience for a new television series that year . It was the most - watched episode , behind The Big Bang Theory ( which had 2.8 million ) . Averaging 2.17 million viewers , Quantico was Canada 's most - watched drama series , most - watched new series and second-most - watched series ( after The Big Bang Theory ) in 2015 . It was the most - watched drama series of 2015 in Australia and the second-most - watched series overall ( after The Big Bang Theory ) . In France , the series premiered to 4.9 million viewers ( a 21 - percent audience share ) and averaged 3.1 million viewers during its first season . According to a Business Insider report ( with 2.1 million views per month ) , Quantico was the 12th-most - popular TV show of 2016 based on ratings , peer - to - peer sharing , social - media chatter and viewer demand . Accolades ( edit ) By winning the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Actress in a New TV Series at the 42nd People 's Choice Awards , Chopra became the first South Asian to win a People 's Choice Award . Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Priyanka Chopra Won Favorite New TV Drama Quantico Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Priyanka Chopra Nominated Choice Breakout Series Quantico Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic TV Actress Priyanka Chopra Won Favorite Network TV Drama Quantico Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Marcia Cross Tapped For ' Quantico ' Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Quantico ' renewed at ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV as New York Growth Industry : ' Quantico ' Is Coming to Town '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Run '' . Quantico . September 27 , 2015 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Quantico Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Renewed For Season 3 By ABC , Josh Safran Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rufino , Giovanni ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Renewed for Abbreviated Season 3 With New Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' : Priyanka Chopra Among 4 Cast Members Returning For Season 3 , Michael Seitzman Set As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Designated Survivor ' and ' Quantico ' Canceled at ABC '' . Hollywood Reporter. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` In ' Quantico , ' 1970s thrillers meet ABC 's rainbow of diversity '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Katie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Bruises , Bond and Bollywood : ' Quantico ' star Priyanka Chopra on her path to stardom '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hemlock Grove 's ' Dougray Scott to Co-Star in ABC 's ' Quantico ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Bollywood star Priyanka Chopra Joins ABC Drama Pilot ' Quantico ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Bollywood Star Priyanka Chopra Inks Talent Deal With ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blas , Lorena ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` India 's Priyanka Chopra masters TV 's ' Quantico ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sulagna , Misra ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Priyanka Chopra , the Bollywood Star Who 's More than Ready for Prime Time '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra 's First - Ever Acting Audition Was for ' Quantico ' '' . ABC News . September 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Upadhyay , Karishma ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra : Pushing boundaries '' . Forbes India . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is what team ' Quantico ' has to say about Priyanka Chopra '' . Daily News and Analysis . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra Breaks New Ground For Indian Actors In America '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cougar Town 's ' Josh Hopkins Joins ABC 's ' Quantico ' as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quantico : Ballers star Anabelle Acosta joins ABC drama '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Rick Cosnett Cast In ABC 's ' Quantico ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ABC 's Quantico Recruits Glee Grad Jacob Artist for Recurring Role '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Adds Three Recurring To Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico EP Talks Choosing a Bomber , ( Spoiler ) 's Fatal Sacrifice , Alex / Ryan Drama and the CIA in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Czerny Returns To ' Quantico ' In Major Recurring Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico : Telenovela Star Aarón Díaz Cast as ' Thrill - Seeking ' Photojournalist '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Taps ' The Originals , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Alums for Recurring Roles ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Quantico ' : Hunter Parrish Set For Major Recurring Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Quantico ' Casts Krysta Rodriguez In Recurring Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` ' Quantico ' Season 3 Shakeup Continues as Original Star Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Quantico : Another Series Regular Leaving Ahead of Season 3 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` ' Quantico ' Taps New Showrunner for Rebooted Season 3 as Additional Regulars Exit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' : Russell Tovey To Return As Series Regular In Season 3 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Amber Skye Noyes Joins ABC 's ' Quantico ' In Third Season Recurring Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Casts Vandit Bhatt ; Seamus Dever Joins ' Titans ' ; Jimmie Saito In ' Sweetbitter ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Quantico : Aunjanue Ellis Officially Out '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Reid ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Why Priyanka Chopra 's ' Quantico ' Casting Was a Game Changer for EP Joshua Safran '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowling , Amber ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` How Priyanka Chopra Surprised the Cast and Creators of ' Quantico ' '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Boss Talks Sunday 's Midseason Return , Diversity and Delivering 22 Episodes '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Frazier ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Creator Joshua Safran Previews Season 2 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Boss on Season 2 `` Reset '' and `` Less Confusing '' Timelines `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico Season 2 : Here 's How the CIA Will Change the Show '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Fall TV Scoop : Babies , Deaths and More '' . TVLine . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico to Switch to Single Timeline '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Starts Shooting for ' Quantico ' '' . India - West . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Wraps ' Quantico ' Shoot in Atlanta '' . India - West . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Filmmakers Explain Why They Love Working in New York '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACTRA Montreal -- What 's Shooting '' . ACTRA Montreal . July 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Begins Shooting for ' Quantico ' in Montreal : 5 Things to Look Forward To '' . India - West . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra back in time to launch ' Jai Gangaajal ' trailer '' . Deccan Chronicle . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Proulx , Geneviève . `` Silence , on tourne à l'Université de Sherbrooke ! '' . Radio - Canada . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brendan ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ABC series Quantico leaving Montreal for New York '' . Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra shoots for ' Quantico ' in − 25 degrees '' . Deccan Chronicle . January 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` It 's a wrap for Priyanka Chopra 's Quantico . Now for season 2 '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV as New York Growth Industry : ' Quantico ' Is Coming to Town '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonali , Kriti ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra starts filming Quantico season 2 , shares day 1 pic from the set '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Rachel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 7 Things We Learned About Quantico 's Priyanka Chopra '' . US Weekly . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka wraps up Quantico season 2 , gets emotional '' . Deccan Chronicle . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra is now in Rome shooting for Quantico season 3 '' . Filmfare . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Heading Abroad in Season 3 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitzman , Michael ( @ michaelseitzman ) ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` For all you @ QuanticoTV fans asking what we 're up to ... we are off to Ireland for the last couple episodes of a epic Season 3 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Quantico ' season 3 finale to be shot in Ireland '' . Business Standard . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Singh , Pallavi ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Quantico 3 : Priyanka Chopra shares a lovely photo with her co-stars on the last day of the shoot '' . Pink Villa . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb , Mitovich ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Moves Quantico to Sunday as Kings and Prophets Gets Retooled '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Of Kings and Prophets ' Pulled From ABC Fall Schedule , ' Quantico ' Goes To Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : ' Wicked City ' Gets October Launch On Tuesday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Week 1 Final Data Confirms CTV 's QUANTICO is the # 1 New Series Premiere This Fall '' . Bell Media . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : Quantico '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Babbage , Rachel ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` New US series Code Black , Quantico and the Criminal Minds spinoff find homes in the UK at Watch and Alibi '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico Moving to Mondays in January '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Slates Midseason Premiere Dates For ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff , ' For the People ' & More , Sets ' American Idol ' Air Pattern '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC cancels Quantico , Designated Survivor '' . Entertainment Weekly . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Quantico ' Moves To Fridays At ABC After Cancellation Announcement '' . Deadline. 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Natalie . `` ' Quantico , ' ' American Crime ' to Stream on Netflix in Exclusive Deal ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce . `` Quantico season 2 is now on Netflix '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Labert , David ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico -- DVD Date for ' The Complete 1st Season ' of the Hit New Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantico : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quantico -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fall 2015 TV reviews : Why ' Quantico ' is the season 's best new show '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` ABC in it to win it with ' Quantico , ' ' Blood & Oil ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Quantico ' presents a clever exercise '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Quantico ' Flips Between Jousting F.B.I. Recruits and a Terrorist Attack '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Fall TV Preview : Best new shows , as chosen by EW critics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Quantico ' gets a running start with a stunning Priyanka Chopra '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Quantico ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Review : Priyanka Chopra Scores in Silly Spy Drama '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vain , Madison ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico recap : ' Resistance ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : Protecting the Asset '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico Season 2 Premiere Review : The Soapy Drama Delivers More of the Same ( Which Is n't Necessarily a Bad Thing ) '' . TVOvermind . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Allison ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Season 2 Episode 1 Review : Kudove '' . TV Fanatic . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Fresh Start '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Kelsey ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : Follow the Money '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : The Hunt Begins '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Little Too Close to Home '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Divided America '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Off To Solid Ratings Start , ' CSI ' Has Respectable Final Bow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : ABC 's ' Quantico ' a Big Gainer in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Delayed - Viewing : ABC 's ' Quantico ' More Than Doubles Its Rating on Busy Sunday Night '' . Variety . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings : DVR - Friendly ' Quantico ' Steady in Fall Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - quantico on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Quantico edges out The Beautiful Lie '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallois , Gallois ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico ( M6 ) : déjà une saison 2 pour la série qui a fait sensation '' . Programme TV . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Top 10 : What Canadians Watched in 2015 '' . Bell Media . December 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Popular U.S. TV Shows in 18 Countries Around the World '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philippe Chesnaud ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico : voici la date de diffusion de la saison 2 sur M6 '' . Programme TV . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Husson , Philippe ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico ( M6 ) : Twitter plébiscite la nouvelle série avec Priyanka Chopra '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lubin , Gus ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Data reveals the 20 most popular TV shows of 2016 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gocobachi , Pamela ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra Is ' Overwhelmed ' After Becoming First South Asian Actress To Win A People 's Choice Award '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eliahou , Maya ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . November 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Quantico on IMDb Quantico at TV Guide ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? 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who voiced red hood in under the red hood	Batman : Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero direct - to - video film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and released by Warner Home Video . It is the eighth feature in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series . It was released on July 27 , 2010 . The film stars Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne / Batman , Jensen Ackles as the Red Hood / Jason Todd , John DiMaggio as the Joker , Neil Patrick Harris as Nightwing / Dick Grayson , Jason Isaacs as Ra 's al Ghul , and Wade Williams as Black Mask . The screenplay was written by Judd Winick , who also wrote the `` Under the Hood '' run in the monthly Batman comic.As in the comic , it focuses on Batman dealing with the return of his former apprentice , the second Robin , Jason Todd , who now goes by the moniker of Red Hood , a murderous vigilante and the former alias of Batman 's archenemy , The Joker , on whom Jason is trying to exact revenge .	Jensen Ackles	Batman : Under the Red Hood	batman : under the red hood	DC Comics characters Batman : Under the Hood by Judd Winick	Doug Mahnke Starring Bruce Greenwood Jensen Ackles John DiMaggio Neil Patrick Harris Jason Isaacs Wade Williams Music by Christopher Drake Edited by Margaret Hou Production companies Warner Premiere DC Comics Warner Bros. Animation Distributed by Warner Home Video Release date July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Batman : Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero direct - to - video film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and released by Warner Home Video . It is the eighth feature in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series . It was released on July 27 , 2010 . The film stars Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne / Batman , Jensen Ackles as the Red Hood / Jason Todd , John DiMaggio as the Joker , Neil Patrick Harris as Nightwing / Dick Grayson , Jason Isaacs as Ra 's al Ghul , and Wade Williams as Black Mask . The screenplay was written by Judd Winick , who also wrote the `` Under the Hood '' run in the monthly Batman comic.As in the comic , it focuses on Batman dealing with the return of his former apprentice , the second Robin , Jason Todd , who now goes by the moniker of Red Hood , a murderous vigilante and the former alias of Batman 's archenemy , The Joker , on whom Jason is trying to exact revenge . The two - disc special edition and Blu - ray also includes an animated short featuring Jonah Hex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Music 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At his manor , Ra 's al Ghul realizes his mistake in allying with the Joker and using him as a distraction for the Dynamic Duo while Ra 's al Ghul himself tried to cripple the economy of Europe by destroying its financial districts . Meanwhile , in Sarajevo , Bosnia , the Joker has kidnapped Jason Todd , the second Robin , and brutally beats him with a crowbar in an abandoned warehouse . The Joker then leaves Jason locked in the warehouse with a bomb . Batman arrives too late as the warehouse explodes , killing Jason . Jason Todd as Red Hood ( left ) and as Robin ( center and right ) Five years later in Gotham City , a criminal called Red Hood assembles a meeting with the city 's most notorious thugs and dealers . He announces his takeover of their drug trade , telling them that he will get only 40 % of the profit , and they will get total protection from both Black Mask , the reigning kingpin of the Gotham underworld , and Batman . Elsewhere , Batman stops an attempted theft of a shipment belonging to Black Mask , revealed to be Amazo . Batman destroys Amazo with the help of Jason 's predecessor , Nightwing / Dick Grayson . Interrogating the thieves , Batman learns they are working for Red Hood before Red Hood himself kills them . Batman chases Red Hood who leads him to Ace Chemicals - the site of the first Red Hood 's transformation into the Joker - and then sets off an explosion that destroys the facility with Batman barely escaping . Batman and Nightwing go to Arkham Asylum to interrogate the Joker about Red Hood . He merely taunts Batman about Jason 's death and denies any involvement . Meanwhile , Black Mask , enraged that Amazo was destroyed , has his assistant Ms. Li put a hit on Red Hood . After learning of Black Mask 's next shipment , Red Hood hijacks the helicopter carrying it , but is stopped by Batman and Nightwing . Red Hood flees and Batman and Nightwing pursue him . During the chase , Red Hood performs maneuvers similar to Batman and Nightwing 's , also cutting one of Batman 's cables with a custom - made knife before it went taut on Red Hood 's leg . The chase ends at a train station , where Red Hood escapes after detonating a bomb that injures Nightwing . In the Batcave , both Batman and Nightwing realize that Red Hood is not only trained but also has knowledge of the former 's tactics and gadgetry . Batman reviews audio footage of the chase , which reveals that Red Hood knows his secret identity . He then recalls Jason performing the same maneuvers he saw Red Hood use . In addition , a flashback reveals that as he got older , Jason grew darker and more violent and brutal , once even going so far as to break a criminal 's collar bone in a fight . In the present day , the Fearsome Hand of Four consisting of their leader , Baton , Bulk , and Shot lure out Red Hood by attacking Tyler Bramford , a criminal under his protection . They nearly overpower him until Batman appears and helps Red Hood battle the group . They incapacitate three , but Batman is horrified when Red Hood kills Shot with a taser . Red Hood explains that he is doing what Batman wo n't by killing the criminals who are n't afraid . Batman tries offering Red Hood help , but Red Hood refuses and leaves . Batman obtains and analyzes a blood sample of Red Hood off one of the assassin 's swords , which shows it is a match for Jason . After exhuming the body and finding it to be a fake , Batman leaves to interrogate Ra 's al Ghul . After surviving an assassination attempt by Red Hood , Black Mask reluctantly decides to set the Joker free from Arkham Asylum and give him the task of killing Red Hood . Meanwhile , Batman confronts Ra 's al Ghul at his mansion and demands to know the truth about Jason . Ra 's al Ghul admits that he felt responsible for Jason 's death , which was not part of his agreement with the Joker , and decided not to make war with Batman anymore ; as a peace offering , he swapped Jason 's body for a fake and revived him in his Lazarus Pit . Following his resurrection however , Jason was seemingly driven insane and escaped by leaping off a cliff . Ra 's and his men believed Jason to have been killed in the fall , but deduces that recent events have since proved otherwise . On his way back to Gotham City , Batman finds that the Joker has abducted Red Hood 's crime bosses as well as Black Mask . As the Joker tries to set his hostages on fire , Red Hood appears and reveals that the Joker is his real target . Batman saves the hostages and tries to take the Joker with him , but Red Hood abducts him first , instructing Batman to come to Crime Alley if he wishes to reclaim him . At an abandoned apartment , Red Hood brutally beats the Joker with a crowbar , in revenge for his own murder , and then later confronts Batman . During the fight , Red Hood removes his helmet , confirming that he truly is Jason . Fleeing back to the apartment , Todd holds Batman at gunpoint and tells him that he forgives him for not saving him , but angrily demands to know why Joker is still alive . Batman confesses that he has always wanted to kill the Joker , but will not allow himself to do it , knowing if he kills once , he will never stop . Jason then tosses Batman a gun and gives him an ultimatum : He will execute the Joker unless Batman shoots Jason to prevent it , much to the Joker 's pleasure . Batman refuses and drops the gun . Angered , Jason shoots at Batman , but Batman dodges the bullet and throws a batarang into the barrel of the gun , causing a small explosion that mangles Jason 's gun hand . Defeated and critically injured , Jason uses his other hand to set off a time bomb he had previously planted in the room . Wanting them all to die together , the Joker maniacally delays Batman long enough to stop him from defusing the bomb . Batman subdues the Joker and leaves him to die in an attempt to rescue Jason . The bomb goes off and while Batman and the Joker survive the explosion , Jason is nowhere to be seen . In the aftermath , the Joker is returned to Arkham Asylum and Black Mask is arrested by the police where he is awaiting trial for his alleged involvement in the Joker 's escape . Back at the Batcave , Alfred asks Batman if he should remove the memorial display case containing Jason 's Robin uniform . Batman replies that nothing has changed and departs in the Batmobile . A flashback is then shown of Jason 's first day in his Robin costume , which he declares is the best day of his life . Cast ( edit ) Top row ( l-r ) : Bruce Greenwood , Jensen Ackles Bottom row ( l-r ) : John DiMaggio , Neil Patrick Harris Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire playboy , philanthropist who is secretly a masked vigilante . Jensen Ackles as Jason Todd / Red Hood : Batman 's former apprentice , the second Robin , who now goes by the moniker of Red Hood , a murderous vigilante . Alexander Martella as young Jason Todd Vincent Martella as teen Jason Todd / Robin John DiMaggio as Joker : Jason 's apparent killer and the Clown Prince of Crime , who is now targeted by his very well alive former victim . Neil Patrick Harris as Dick Grayson / Nightwing : The first Robin , Batman 's former apprentice , who now operates solo as Nightwing , and occasionally helps his former mentor whenever needed . Jason Isaacs as Ra 's al Ghul : The head of the League of Assassins , who was indirectly responsible for Jason 's apparent death and later directly responsible for his descent to increased rage and his eventual adoption of the Red Hood persona . Wade Williams as Roman Sionis / Black Mask : A crime lord and notorious gangster who is used as bait by Red Hood to draw out the Joker in order for the latter to exact his vengeance on him . Gary Cole as Commissioner James Gordon ( uncredited ) , Bobo ( credited ) , Shot ( uncredited ) Jim Piddock as Alfred Pennyworth Carlos Alazraqui as Chi Chi , Thug # 1 ( uncredited ) , Baton ( uncredited ) Robert Clotworthy as Leon Brian George as Ra 's al Ghul 's Assistant Kelly Hu as Ms. Li Phil LaMarr as Rick , Bulk ( uncredited ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Tyler Bramford Dwight Schultz as Freddie , Yurp Fred Tatasciore as Mercenary # 1 , Amazo ( uncredited ) , Guard ( uncredited ) Keri Tombazian as Fearsome Hand Leader ( uncredited ) , Reporter # 2 ( credited ) Andrea Romano as Reporter # 1 Bruce Timm as Riddler Michael Villani as Reporter # 3 Crew ( edit ) Andrea Romano -- Voice Director Music ( edit ) Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie Film score by Christopher Drake Released July 27 , 2010 ( July 27 , 2010 ) Length 57 : 24 Label WaterTower Music The score for Batman : Under the Red Hood was composed by Christopher Drake , who had previously scored several animated films set in the DC Universe . It was inspired by the soundtrack of the 1993 film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm , which features a traditional orchestral score , and the 2008 film The Dark Knight , which features a computer generated , electronic score . Drake said that since Under the Red Hood has a darker tone than previous DC Universe animated films , he chose not to use the music as epic and melodramatic , but instead as a bit more intimate , minimal and restrained . He added that this is the first DC film he has scored that did n't rely on using a large choir to make the fight scenes sound bigger . The music played in action scenes in the film are more percussive and rhythmic , serving the emotion of the scenes without overpowering them . Drake scored the film as a reference to modern minimalistic electronic scores , as the film 's director Brandon Vietti felt that Under the Red Hood needed to go in a different , more modern direction to separate it from previous DC animation 's scores . At that point , Drake started introducing more electronic and ambient elements , like synthesized and processed electronic guitar , while still keeping some orchestral elements . Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie was released by WaterTower Music on July 27 , 2010 and features 18 tracks composed for the film . ( show ) Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie No . Title Length 1 . `` A Death In The Family '' 4 : 51 2 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 42 3 . `` Mob Boss Meeting '' 1 : 47 4 . `` Amazo '' 4 : 21 5 . `` Batwing '' 3 : 15 6 . `` Batmobile To Arkham '' 0 : 50 7 . `` Interrogation '' 1 : 19 8 . `` Rooftop Chase '' 4 : 21 9 . `` Flashback '' 2 : 19 10 . `` Black Mask Strikes Back '' 1 : 17 11 . `` Techno Ninjas '' 5 : 41 12 . `` Break Out '' 2 : 14 13 . `` Deal With The Devil '' 0 : 48 14 . `` Ra 's Story '' 5 : 47 15 . `` The Bridge '' 5 : 12 16 . `` Final Confrontation '' 4 : 44 17 . `` The Choice '' 2 : 16 18 . `` End Titles '' 3 : 34 Total length : 57 : 24 Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood received critical acclaim . Demeter 's review for The World 's Finest stated : `` I have to say this really was a damn good film . '' James Harvey 's review on the same website was even more positive , calling it `` a mature and faithful take on the Batman lore . '' IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10 , calling it `` An interesting peek inside the psyche of Batman and the fine line between good and evil . '' Based on seven reviews collected on Rotten Tomatoes , Batman : Under the Red Hood has 100 % rating with an average of a 7.3 / 10 rating . It was the highest rated direct - to - video Batman film until the release of The Dark Knight Returns which is rated 8.3 / 10 as of October 20 , 2012 . The film grossed $10,249,509 in domestic home video sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Batman : Under the Red Hood '' Trailer `` . Comic Book Resources . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Premiere Formally Announces ' Batman : Under the Red Hood ' - ComicMix news '' . Comicmix.com. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , James ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Complete Cast And Crew , Features Details For `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' `` . worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest - New Cast Details For Upcoming `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' `` . Worldsfinestonline.com . March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest - New Cast Details For Upcoming `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' Animated Feature `` . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Drake '' . IMDb . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage - Christopher Drake Interview ( WF Conducted ) '' . The World 's Finest . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood - Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie '' . iTunes . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood Film Review '' . The World 's Finest . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Batman : Under the Red Hood Blu - ray Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . 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how many monarchs have broadcast the christmas message			Royal Christmas message	royal christmas message	The Queen 's Christmas Message ( also known as The King 's Christmas Message in the reign of a male monarch , formally as Her Majesty 's Most Gracious Speech ) is a broadcast made by the sovereign of the Commonwealth realms to the Commonwealth of Nations each Christmas . The tradition began in 1932 with a radio broadcast by King George V on the British Broadcasting Corporation 's Empire Service . Since 1952 , the message has been read by Elizabeth II ; today , it is broadcast on television , radio , and the Internet via various providers .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Broadcast 3 Messages 3.1 1930s 3.2 1940s 3.3 1950s 3.4 1960s 3.5 1970s 3.6 1980s 3.7 1990s 3.8 2000s 3.9 2010s 4 Similar messages elsewhere 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Messages History ( edit ) George V giving the 1934 Royal Christmas Message The idea for a Christmas message from the sovereign to the British Empire was first proposed by the `` founding father '' of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , John Reith , in 1922 when he approached King George V about making a short broadcast on the newly created radio service . The King declined , however , believing that radio was mainly an entertainment . Reith approached the King again ten years later , in 1932 , as a way to inaugurate the Empire Service ( now the World Service ) and the King finally agreed after being encouraged to do so by Queen Mary and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald . That year , George V read the first Royal Christmas Message ; the King was originally hesitant about using the relatively untested medium of radio , but was reassured after a summertime visit to the BBC and agreed to carry out the concept and read the speech from a temporary studio set up at Sandringham House . The broadcast was introduced from Ilmington Manor by 65 - year - old Walton Handy , a local shepherd , with carols from the church choir and the bells ringing from the town church , and reached an estimated 20 million people in Australia , Canada , India , Kenya , South Africa , and the UK . While his brother , Edward VIII , abdicated just before his first Christmas as king , George VI continued his father 's Christmas broadcasts ; it was in his reading delivered in the opening stages of the Second World War that he uttered the famous lines : `` I said to the man who stood at the Gate of the Year . '' For many years , the King 's speech came at the end of an hour - long broadcast of greeting from various parts of the British Empire and Commonwealth which typically included interviews with ordinary people of many occupations such as an innkeeper in an English village , a minder in South Africa , and a lifeguard in Australia with the King 's speech serving as a bond tying the Commonwealth together . George 's daughter , Elizabeth II , gave her first Christmas message to the Commonwealth of Nations from her study at Sandringham House , at 3 : 07 PM on 25 December 1952 , some 11 months after her father 's death . By 1957 , the broadcast became televised , and , from then until 1996 , was produced by the BBC ; only in 1969 was no message given because a special documentary film -- Royal Family -- had been made during the summer in connection with the Investiture of the Prince of Wales . It was therefore decided not to do a broadcast at Christmas , but the Queen issued a written message instead . The Queen ended this monopoly , however , announcing that the message would , from 1997 , be produced and broadcast alternately by the BBC and its main rival , Independent Television News ( ITN ) , with a biennial rotation . It was reported by The Daily Telegraph that this decision was made after the BBC decided to screen an interview with Diana , Princess of Wales , on its current affairs programme Panorama . This was denied by Buckingham Palace which said the new arrangements `` reflect the composition of the television and radio industries today '' . Beginning in 2011 , Sky News was added to the rotation . Sky News recorded the Queen 's Christmas message for Christmas 2012 , the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee year , and for the first time it has been recorded in 3D . Buckingham Palace are reported to have explained : `` We wanted to do something a bit different and special in this Jubilee year , so doing it for the first time in 3D seemed a good thing , technology wise , to do . '' The themes and direction of the speech are decided by the Queen and the text is largely written by the Queen herself , sometimes with assistance by Prince Philip and her staff . In recent years , the speech has become more personal and religious in tone . Broadcast ( edit ) The message typically combines a chronicle of that year 's major events , with specific focus on the British Empire originally and later the Commonwealth of Nations , with the sovereign 's own personal milestones and feelings on Christmas . It is one of the few instances when the sovereign speaks publicly without advice from any ministers of the Crown in any of the monarch 's realms . Planning for each year 's address begins months earlier , when the monarch establishes a theme and appropriate archival footage is collected and assembled ; the actual speech is recorded a few days prior to Christmas . In the United Kingdom and on the Internet , broadcast of the Queen 's Christmas message is embargoed until 15 : 00 GMT on 25 December . In other parts of the Commonwealth , the message is first broadcast in New Zealand at 18 : 06 local time by Radio New Zealand on RNZ National , then again at 18 : 50 by Television New Zealand on TVNZ1 , in Australia by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation at 15 : 20 local time , and in Canada by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation at noon local time on television , 15 : 50 local time on CBC Radio One and 11 : 50 on CBC Radio Two . Outside of the Commonwealth , C - SPAN in the United States also first airs the broadcast at around 10 : 00 AM EST , around the same time the broadcast is made available to the public . Messages ( edit ) 1930s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes George V 1932 BBC Main article : Wikisource : 1932_Royal_Christmas_Message Written by Rudyard Kipling , the speech touched on the advance of technology that permitted the King to deliver an intimate message to all parts of the world , as well as mentioning the need for work towards peace and counselling listeners to aim for `` prosperity without self - seeking . '' 1933 In his second Christmas address , George V expressed his gratitude to his subjects for their Christmas greetings and reassured listeners that `` the past year has shown much progress towards world recovery ( from the Great Depression ) and the setting in order of our respective communities '' and spoke of his `` hope and confidence '' for the future . He also spoke of the improvements in worldwide communications brought by technology and the benefits that brings in dealing with problems in a timely fashion . 1934 King George V spoke of the British Empire as being `` bound to me and to one another by a spirit of one great family '' and of how he and Queen Mary were moved by the way `` this spirt was manifested '' at the marriage that year of his son , the Duke of Kent and Princess Marina . He added , in reference to the ongoing economic and international political crises of the decade , that he wished this spirit within the Empire would deepen and widen in response to a restless world adding that `` The clouds are lifting , but we have still our own anxieties to meet . I am convinced that if we meet them in the spirit of one family we shall overcome them . '' He also referred to the importance of the emerging Dominions within the Empire asserting that `` Through them the family has become a commonwealth of free nations , and they have carried into their homes the memories and traditions of the Mother Country . '' He also addressed the growing demands for Indian independence by assuring the people of British India `` of my constant care , and I desire that they will all fully realise and value their own place in the unity of the one family . '' 1935 The speech mentioned the King 's 25th anniversary of his accession to the throne and his place as a personal link between his peoples , as well as the marriage of his son , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , and the death of his sister , Princess Victoria . He also referred to his desire for peace and goodwill among all nations saying this will also bring a solution to the Great Depression economic troubles of the period . The King offered his sympathy to all those in the Empire suffering personal distress and also called for hope and cheer united by the bonds of service which would give people the resoluteness needed to overcome their difficulties . George VI 1936 None No Christmas message was broadcast this year as Edward VIII abdicated the throne just weeks prior to Christmas . 1937 BBC In his first broadcast as king , the King recalled his father 's broadcasts to the Empire and the reverence listeners had for him . George VI said he could not aspire to replace his father 's broadcasts but that nevertheless , as this was his first Christmas as King , he thanked the Empire for its support and loyalty during his first year on the throne . He expressed his pledge to be worthy of his subjects ' support . Looking back on 1937 , he noted the `` shadows of enmity and of fear '' hanging over parts of the world and expressed his hope that the spirit of peace and goodwill shall prevail . 1938 None No message was delivered . 1939 BBC Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1939 Delivering his message on the first Christmas of the Second World War the King spoke live from Sandringham House to offer a message of reassurance . He spoke of Christmas as a festival of peace and lamented that it is the tragedy of this time that there are powerful countries whose whole direction and policy are based on aggression and the suppression of all that we hold dear for mankind . '' He continue , saying : `` It is this that has stirred our peoples and given them a unity unknown in any previous war . We feel in our hearts that we are fighting against wickedness , and this conviction will give us strength from day to day to persevere until victory is assured . '' He spoke of his pride in the Royal Navy 's courage and devotion in its battles in the first months of the war as well as the courage of the merchant marine . He also expressed thanks to the British Expeditionary Force and other armies of the Empire saying that `` Their task is hard . They are waiting , and waiting is a trial of nerve and discipline . But I know that when the moment comes for action they will prove themselves worthy of the highest traditions of their great Service . '' He referred to the nations and colonies of the Empire as a `` Family of Nations which is prepared to sacrifice everything that freedom of spirit may be saved to the world '' and referred to the assistance Britain has received from the rest of the Empire . George VI referred to `` the cause of Christian civilisation '' as what unites the Empire and its Allies , adding that `` On no other basis can a true civilisation be built . '' He concluded with words of encouragement from the poem God Knows by Minnie Louise Haskins : ' I said to the man who stood at the Gate of the Year , `` Give me a light that I may tread safely into the unknown . '' And he replied , `` Go out into the darkness , and put your hand into the Hand of God . That shall be to you better than light , and safer than a known way . '' ' 1940s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes George VI 1940 BBC Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1940 King George spoke of separation and unity : the sadness brought by separation during wartime for members of the Armed Forces and their families and for British families whose children were evacuated overseas to Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and the United States and the unity brought by facing common perils and suffering at home and at the front by civilians and military alike and of the fellowship springing up among the British people in the face of adversity and of his hopes that this newfound spirit of unity an fellowship will continue into peacetime and among all the nations of the world . 1941 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1941 The King focused on our `` one great family , '' stating : `` ( it is ) in serving each other and in sacrificing for our common good that we are finding our true life . '' He spoke of `` the men who in every part of the world are serving the Empire and its cause with such valour and devotion by sea , land and in the air '' as well as the women `` who at the call of duty have left their homes to join the services , or to work in factory , hospital or field '' and also remembered the suffering of the wounded , bereaved and prisoners of war and his confidence that the service and sacrifice of the British people for the sake of the common good will win the war and a lasting peace and called on the people to go into the coming year with courage , strength and good heart to overcome the perils that lie ahead . 1942 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1942 The King spoke of the confidence given him by recent Allied military victories and of the contributions by the United States and the Soviet Union in the war against Nazi Germany as well as by Americans and Australians in the Pacific Theatre against Japan . He also spoke to the mobilization of the Indian people against the threat of Japanese invasion and of other outposts of the British Empire , speaking directly to British forces serving there referring to the `` Commonwealth of Nations as a `` family circle , whose ties , precious in peaceful years , have been knit even closer by danger . '' He also spoke to those who have lost loved ones or been parted from them and of his and the Queen 's feelings of sorrow , comfort , and also pride . He referred as well to his visits across the country witnessing the increase in agricultural production for the war effort and his thankfulness to and admiration of those who work the land . He also spoke of the foreign government leaders and officials who have sought refuge in Britain and called on them to be welcomed in the spirit of brotherhood . 1943 On behalf of himself and the Queen , King George sent greetings and good wishes to `` each one of you all the world over '' , to those serving in the military around the world , those wounded lying in hospital , as well as civilians at work or at home and remarked that the thoughts or all are in `` distant places '' and their hearts are with the ones they love . The King also spoke of his thanks for the victories of the past year and his thankfulness for the contribution of the United States , the Soviet Union and China and of the unity of the `` United Nations '' ( the Allies ) as well as his thoughts for France and occupied lands . He also spoke of the spirit of the people saying `` We know that much hard working , and hard fighting -- perhaps harder working and harder fighting than ever before -- are necessary for victory . We shall not rest from our task until it is nobly ended . '' 1944 The King spoke of hope in his message saying that `` the lamps which the Germans had put out all over Europe were being rekindled and were beginning to shine through the fog of war . '' He added that `` at this Christmas time we think proudly and gratefully of our fighting men wherever they may be . May God bless and protect them and bring them victory '' adding as well his good wishes to the sick and wounded in hospital and the medical staff caring for them , and of prisoners of war and the relatives at home waiting for them to return . He also spoke of the hard work and sacrifice of people throughout the Empire who have helped bing victory nearer and of the goal of creating after the war `` a world of free men , untouched by tyranny . '' 1945 The King focused on `` the family of the British Commonwealth and Empire , '' saying : `` Wherever you are , serving in our wide , free Commonwealth of Nations , you will always feel at home . Though severed by the long sea miles of distance , you are still in the family circle . '' He said that although much of great price had been given up to attain victory , that which had been saved was beyond value and that the vision of world peace he had spoken of in previous broadcasts during the war had become a reality . 1946 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1946 The King reviewed the privations of the war years , the difficulties of postwar adjustment , and added words of encouragement to his subjects , and advised patience saying - `` We can not expect the world , so grievously wounded , to recover quickly , but its convalescence can certainly be hastened by our continued endurance and goodwill '' adding that though the previous year due to shortages and the burdens of post-war reconstruction had not been easy `` Better days lie ahead and our task is to mobilise the Christmas spirit and apply its power of healing to our daily life . '' 1947 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1947 The King stated that `` the unity and steadfastness of the British Commonwealth and Empire saved the liberties of the world '' and called on listeners to remember that and not to doubt their `` power and will to win through '' in the face of post-war challenges and adversity . 1948 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1948 King George VI delivered his Christmas message from Buckingham Palace for the first time as he was unable to travel outside London , to his Sandringham retreat , due to ill health . He recalled that the year had seen the silver anniversary of his marriage to his consort as well as the birth of his grandson , Prince Charles . He also spoke of his illness and his regret at having to cancel a planned tour of Australia and New Zealand as a result . He referred to the `` evolution '' of the British Commonwealth and his pride at its `` widening the bounds of freedom wherever our people live . '' 1949 The King reassured people of his recovery from illness and expressed his gratitude to the United States of America for its sympathy and help in Britain 's effort towards recovery ; at the time , Britain was the largest beneficiary of the Marshall Plan . 1950s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes George VI 1950 BBC With the deepening Cold War , the Korean War , Malayan Emergency as well as the risk posed by thermonuclear weapons , the King spoke of `` the grim shadow of war '' hanging over the world . He took as the theme of his message John Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress , its story of going forward , only to fall back while keeping `` our eyes fixed on the far - off , delectable mountains of peace and good will '' as took from the book the motto `` Whatever comes or does not come . I 'll not be afraid '' and the need for each individual to bear his burden , even if it seems insurmountable . The King also expressed his wish for peace saying `` if our world is to survive in any sense that makes survival worthwhile , it must learn to love and not to hate , and to create and not destroy '' warning that mankind must choose between these two paths . 1951 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1951 George VI 's final Christmas message was the only broadcast that he pre-recorded , as he had recently undergone lung surgery . He spoke of his recovery and the goodwill messages he had received : `` From my peoples in these islands and in the British Commonwealth and Empire -- as well as from many other countries -- this support and sympathy has reached me and I thank you now from my heart ... '' Elizabeth II 1952 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1952 In her first Christmas message , from the same desk and chair used by her father and grandfather before her , the Queen spoke of carrying on the tradition of Christmas broadcasts passed on to her by George V and George VI and said she would strive to carry on their work to unite the peoples of the Empire and maintain their ideals and thanked her people for their loyalty and affection in the first months of her reign . She also referred to the British Commonwealth and Empire as an `` immense union of nations '' that was like a family and which `` can be a great power for good -- a force which I believe can be of immeasurable benefit to all humanity '' . This message , and the ones until 1957 , were simulcast on television in sound only in the United Kingdom . 1953 Main article : Wikisource : Christmas Message , 1953 This message was broadcast from Auckland , New Zealand , during the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh 's six month royal tour of the Commonwealth and spoke of her trip so far and what she hoped to learn and accomplish from the tour . The Queen referred to the Crown as a `` personal and loving bond '' between herself and her people and spoke of feeling at home in Auckland despite its distance from London . She spoke of the Commonwealth as a `` fellowship '' which bears no resemblance to the empires of the past and in which Britain is but an equal partner . She finished the broadcast with a note of sympathy to those affected by the Tangiwai disaster the night before . 1954 The Queen broadcast this message from Sandringham House at the end of a year in which she and her husband , The Duke of Edinburgh , had travelled around the world . 1955 Broadcast live from her study at Sandringham House , the Queen 's theme was the opportunities arising from membership of the Commonwealth of Nations . With the launch of ITV in the UK , the sound - only television broadcast was simulcast on both ITV and the BBC Television Service from this year on . 1956 The Duke of Edinburgh spoke from HMY Britannia during a voyage around the Commonwealth before the Queen made her speech live from Sandringham House in which she referred to the Duke 's message as the one that gave her and her children the greatest joy listening to and wished him a good journey before expressing her sadness at being separated from him . She also expressed her sympathies to those who , unlike her , do not enjoy a united family or can not be at home for Christmas or who are alone or have been driven from home and asked listeners to think especially of those who have been driven from their homelands by war or violence , refugees , asking that they be given true refuge and , in a reference to the story of Christ 's birth , be given room at the inn . As in previous messages , she compared the Commonwealth to a family in which , despite its differences , `` for the sake of ultimate harmony , the healing power of tolerance , comradeship and love must be allowed to play its part . '' The broadcast was criticised for the Queen 's continued refusal to have it televised and for having `` too many ponderous platitudes written into it by her officials '' and for presenting `` a false picture of the Commonwealth as one big happy British family -- all Anglo - Saxons under the skin . '' 1957 This year 's message , read from the Long Library at Sandringham House , was the first to be televised and was also the 25th anniversary of the first Christmas broadcast on radio . The Queen noted the milestone and the advance of technology that allowed her message to be viewed in her subjects ' homes . She added that while change might be bewildering , it is important to hold on to ageless ideals and values such as the importance of religion , morality , honesty and self - restraint and spoke of the need for courage to stand up for what is right , true and honest . During this season freak radio conditions caused by sunspots resulted in American police radio transmissions interfering with British television broadcasts . One occasion of interference occurred during the Queen 's speech , causing listeners to hear an American police officer say , `` Joe , I 'm gon na grab a quick coffee . '' 1958 The reading , coming from the Long Library at Sandringham House , focused on the importance of spiritual and family values and some of the journeys soon to be made around the Commonwealth by the Queen and members of the Royal Family . The Queen also responded to requests that her children be shown in the broadcast by saying that after a great deal of thought she and her husband decided against it as they want their children to grow up as naturally as possible . This was the final Christmas message to be delivered live . 1959 The Queen pre-recorded her Christmas message for the first time . The message was filmed in Buckingham Palace a week prior to broadcast and lasted about one minute . It conveyed the Queen 's best wishes and her gratitude for the warm wishes she had received . Being pre-recorded allowed the message to be shipped abroad in advance and to be broadcast in Australia and New Zealand on Christmas Day for the first time as time differences and the International Date Line meant that many previous live broadcasts were actually heard on Boxing Day in Australia and New Zealand . As a result of the success of the recording , all subsequent Christmas messages have also been pre-recorded . 1960s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II 1960 BBC The Queen spoke from Buckingham Palace and described an eventful year in which she gave birth to Prince Andrew ; her sister , Princess Margaret , married Anthony Armstrong - Jones ; and Nigeria gained its independence while remaining part of the Commonwealth . The disasters to which The Queen alluded included that year 's earthquake in Morocco ; the deaths of protesters in Sharpeville , South Africa ; and an explosion in Six Bells Colliery near Aberbeeg , Monmouthshire . 1961 The Queen reflected on her six - week tour of India , Pakistan , Nepal , and Iran , as well as her visit to Vatican City . 1962 The speech from Buckingham Palace referred to recent successes in space , including the launch of Telstar , which made it possible to broadcast television , images , and news around the world almost instantly . 1963 The Queen reverted to a message delivered by radio , as she was pregnant with her fourth child , Prince Edward . She spoke of the importance of the campaign to free the world from hunger and the Commonwealth 's response and spoke of the hope and promise of the future and the need for humanity to be ambitious for the achievement of what is good and honourable . 1964 Elizabeth addressed the important role of the Commonwealth in a year in which anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela was jailed in apartheid South Africa and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru died . 1965 The address from Buckingham Palace took as its theme the family , from the individual unit to the family of man . 1966 The Queen spoke about the increasingly prominent and important role played by women in society . 1967 Elizabeth spoke of Canada 's centenary of its confederation and her five weeks tour of the country to mark the event , and also mentioned her knighting of Sir Francis Chichester . The message , filmed at Buckingham Palace , was the first to be shown in colour . 1968 This year 's Christmas message , which came from Buckingham Palace and had a theme of brotherhood , included mention of civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. 's assassination . 1969 None No Christmas address was given by the Queen , as Elizabeth felt that , between the investiture of her son , Prince Charles , as Prince of Wales and the release of the documentary Royal Family , she had had enough coverage on television ; concern expressed by the public prompted the Queen to issue a statement that assured a return to tradition in 1970 . The Queen 's written message acknowledged the end of the 1960s and the decade 's significance for being the time when men first walked on the moon . She also stated that she was looking forward to her visit the next year to Australia , New Zealand , Fiji , Tonga and northern Canada . She also expressed her concern that `` the lonely , the sick and the elderly '' all feel the warmth and companionship of Christmas . 1970s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II 1970 BBC Once again televised , the speech recounted some of the trips made by the Queen during the year ; it included film shot in Australia , New Zealand and Canada . 1971 Focusing on the theme of families , the television version showed Prince Andrew and Prince Edward looking at a family photograph album . 1972 The production included scenes from the celebration of the Queen 's 25 years of marriage to The Duke of Edinburgh and Elizabeth mentioned the violence in Northern Ireland , as well as the preparations for Britain to join the European Economic Community . 1973 Interspersed with footage of the Queen giving her oration was film shot during the wedding of the Queen 's daughter , Princess Anne , to Captain Mark Phillips . In a more sombre tone , the Christmas message alluded to problems such as the continuing violence in Northern Ireland and the Middle East , that year 's famine in Bangladesh , and the floods in Brisbane , Australia . Broadcast from the gardens of Buckingham Palace , it was the first time the message had been recorded outdoors , and acknowledged a year of record inflation and unemployment in the UK and worldwide . 1976 To mark the United States Bicentennial , the Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh undertook a state visit to the United States of America ; that visit , and the theme of reconciliation after disagreements , formed the focus of the message . 1977 The Queen recalled the year 's celebrations for her Silver Jubilee , and expressed hope for reconciliation in Northern Ireland , where she had visited in August for the first time in 11 years . 1978 The future was the subject selected by the Queen , with the broadcast including footage of her with her new grandson , Peter Phillips , and Princess Anne , as well as recordings of earlier broadcasts going back to George V . 1979 1979 was the Year of the Child , and the Christmas message addressed the theme of children and young people . In this broadcast , Ceefax was used for the first time providing subtitles for the hard of hearing . 1980s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II 1980 BBC The message , which attracted a record 28 million viewers in the United Kingdom , reflected on celebrations for the 80th birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and addressed the theme of service in its many forms . 1981 The speech was broadcast from the terrace behind Buckingham Palace and marked the International Year of Disabled Persons . 1982 Marking the 50th anniversary of the first Christmas message , the Queen delivered this year 's at the library of Windsor Castle , for the first time . The theme was `` the sea '' , in a year in which British troops fought in the Falklands War in the South Atlantic Ocean . The birth and christening of the Queen 's third grandchild Prince William . The Christmas message discussed new possibilities for co-operation within the Commonwealth of Nations permitted by modern technologies . The Queen mentioned a visit to Bangladesh and India that year , in which she met Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , invested Mother Teresa into the Order of Merit , and attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in New Delhi . 1984 The message was the lessons which adults could learn from children , with film featuring the christening of the Queen 's fourth grandchild , Prince Harry . 1985 The Queen spoke of the earthquake that struck Mexico City , the volcanic eruption in Colombia , famine in Africa , and the Air India crash off the coast of Ireland , though the message focused on the good news stories of the year , as the Queen praised remarkable public achievements to footage of investitures and the presentation of awards . 1986 David Attenborough , as he would until 1991 , produced the Christmas message broadcast , which in 1986 was filmed in the Royal Mews at Buckingham Palace and stressed society 's responsibility towards children . The Queen mentioned the Remembrance Day bombing in Enniskillen , Northern Ireland , and stressed the importance of tolerance and forgiveness . Along with added references to the Clapham Junction rail crash , the Lockerbie disaster , and the Armenian earthquake that all occurred after the main broadcast was recorded , the Queen reflected on three important anniversaries : the 400th of the Spanish Armada , the 300th of the arrival in Britain of the future William III and Mary II , and the 200th of the founding of Australia . The Queen read part of her Christmas speech from a podium on the stage at the Royal Albert Hall , recorded at a special gala occasion held there , meaning that , for the first time , an audience heard the speech prior to its international airing . She also spoke to children at the end of the broadcast . 1990s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II BBC Elizabeth paid tribute to the role of the armed services in the context of imminent war in the Persian Gulf . 1991 The message reflected on the enormous changes taking place across Eastern Europe and Russia , which included the dissolution of the Soviet Union , and the importance of democratic traditions . The Christmas speech came one month after fire destroyed part of Windsor Castle ; the Queen addressed the importance of personal fortitude , as embodied by members of the armed services undertaking difficult peacekeeping duties , and Leonard Cheshire , who died that year . The speech was leaked to The Sun prior to broadcast . This was the 60th anniversary of the speech and the 40th year for the Queen . The Queen praised the achievements of volunteers working for peace and the relief of others . Reflecting on past and present peace efforts , Elizabeth remarked on her attendance at the ceremonies marking the 50th anniversary of the Normandy Landings and her state visit to Russia . 1995 Beginning with a reminder of the 50th anniversary of VE - Day and VJ - Day , the Queen stated that remembrance was an important part of life , and paid tribute to those who had served and those who had not returned . She then turned to present - day conflicts , such as the Bosnian War , in which Commonwealth forces were serving , to the full year of peace in Northern Ireland , and referred to her Buckingham Palace invitation to voluntary workers working throughout the world . The work of Sister Ethel , a nun helping children in the townships of South Africa , was picked out by Elizabeth , who ended by paying tribute to peacemakers throughout the world . The Queen spoke of her trips to Poland , the Czech Republic , and Thailand , as well as the visit to the UK by South African President Nelson Mandela , with an overall theme of hope for the future . ITN The first Christmas message produced by Independent Television News , as well as the first to be published on the Internet , and the 40th of the message on television , it opened with contrasting pictures of Westminster Abbey , which the Queen reminded viewers had that year been the scene of the funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales , as well as the celebration of Elizabeth 's golden wedding anniversary , speaking of the joy of her married life . The Queen then reminded viewers of her trips to Canada , India , and Pakistan , and of the return of Hong Kong to China , before paying tribute to that year 's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting . In conclusion , the Queen welcomed the imminent devolution of power to Scotland and Wales , and spoke of the benefits of being a United Kingdom . 1998 The message focused on lessons that could be learnt by different generations from each other , and the broadcast included film of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , visiting the Field of Remembrance at Westminster Abbey , the Queen at Ypres and in Paris , and the reception for the Prince of Wales ' 50th birthday . 1999 BBC The Queen expressed her looking forward to the start of a new century and a new millennium , as well as at the lessons of history . The broadcast , filmed in the White Drawing Room of Windsor Castle , featured footage of a reception for young achievers at Holyrood Palace , and a reception for members of the emergency services at Buckingham Palace . 2000s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II 2000 BBC The Queen used her Christmas broadcast to reflect on the true start of the new millennium and the role of faith in communities . The broadcast included film of that year 's visit to Australia . ITN Elizabeth , in this speech which she described as `` my 50th Christmas message to you , '' ( her 1969 message was in writing and not broadcast ) referred to the unusual number of trials and disasters that year , alluding to the foot - and - mouth disease outbreak and the 11 September attacks ; viewers saw the occasion when the American national anthem was played at the changing of the guard . The Queen then spoke of the importance of faith when drawing strength in troubled times , and paid tribute to those who work for others in the community . 2002 In her 50th Christmas broadcast ( which also marked the 70th year of the royal holiday messages ) , the Queen spoke on the themes of joy and sadness , reflecting on her `` personal loss '' following the deaths of her sister , Princess Margaret , and mother , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , that year in February and March respectively , and the comfort she received from her faith and the tributes of others . Her message was delivered from the White Drawing Room of Buckingham Palace , with photographs of the Queen Mother , King George VI and Princess Margaret by her side . She recalled the joyous celebration of her Golden Jubilee with excerpts being shown along with the sombre Bali memorial service at St Paul 's Cathedral in London . She spoke of reliance on the twin pillars of the `` message of hope '' in the Christian gospel and the support of the public . 2003 BBC The opening of this message was recorded at the Household Cavalry barracks in Windsor . With many members of Commonwealth armed forces on foreign deployments , the Queen encouraged the audience , which included 10 million in the UK , to think of those not with their families at Christmas , and paid tribute to the work they had done to bring peace . She also spoke of the importance of teamwork and of what she had learned when presenting the new Queen 's Golden Jubilee Award for Voluntary Service in the Community . Opening with footage of the Queen handing out presents to her own family , and interlaced with coverage of the Queen , the Duke of Edinburgh , and the Prince of Wales attending various multicultural meetings , the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh visiting a Sikh gurudwara and the Prince of Wales visiting a Muslim school in east London , the theme of the message was cultural and religious diversity and the benefits of tolerance . The message was warmly received by leaders of Britain 's Muslim and Sikh communities , though also denounced by Stuart Millson in Right Now ! In a break from tradition , the Queen also sent a separate radio Christmas message to UK troops , which was broadcast by the British Forces Broadcasting Service . 2005 ITN The Queen reflected on such tragedies as the Indian Ocean tsunami , Hurricane Katrina , the earthquake in Kashmir , and the bombings in London ; she praised as `` quite remarkable '' the humanitarian responses from people of all faiths . 2006 The speech , available for the first time for download as a podcast , was about the relationship between the generations and how young and old could come together to strengthen their communities , with strong references to the inclusion of Muslims and other faiths into mainstream society . 2007 BBC The 2007 message began with the introductory remarks from the 1957 Christmas message shown on a television and the Queen standing beside it . The theme centred on the family , including Jesus ' birth into a family under unfavourable circumstances , and the Queen spoke about the common duty to care for the vulnerable in society . Footage of the Royal Marines in the war in Afghanistan , as well as a military memorial , were shown , accompanied by commentary about the work of troops in Iraq and Afghanistan . The message ended with a black and white clip of `` God Save the Queen '' from the original 1957 broadcast and an image of the British royal standard . 2008 The Queen acknowledged that concerns about the 2008 economic downturn as well as violence around the world have made that year 's Christmas `` a more sombre occasion for many '' and called on people to show courage and not accept defeat and instead struggle for a better future . She also reflected on the 60th birthday of the Prince of Wales and his charitable works and paid tribute to those who lead charitable lives in the service of others . This was the first message broadcast in high - definition . 2009 ITN The Queen reflected on the role of Commonwealth armed forces serving in Afghanistan . 2010s ( edit ) Monarch Year Prod . by Notes Elizabeth II ITN The Queen focused on the importance of the King James Bible ( 400 years old in 2011 ) as a unifying force and of sport in building communities and creating harmony . The Christmas message included footage of Prince William and Prince Harry playing football with orphans in Lesotho . Rather than being recorded at Buckingham Palace as is normally the case , for the first time the Christmas message was filmed in Hampton Court Palace . 2011 Sky Unity and hope in the face of adversity and the importance of family were the themes of this year 's broadcast with royal tours , the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , the wedding of Zara Phillips and the differences between the two , and the Commonwealth also being touched upon in those two contexts , respectively . The message was recorded prior to the hospitalisation of the Duke of Edinburgh for emergency heart surgery . This was the first Christmas message produced by Sky News . 2012 Broadcast for the first time in 3D . This message was the 60th that the Queen delivered to the nation and the Commonwealth , in commemoration of her Diamond Jubilee , as well as of the 80th anniversary of the Christmas messages . 2013 BBC The theme was the importance of reflection in general which segued into specific reflections on the 60th anniversary of the Queen 's coronation and the changes since then , the role of the Commonwealth with reference to the upcoming 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow and the recent Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 in Sri Lanka with a clip of the Prince of Wales ' speech to Commonwealth leaders being included , and the birth and christening of the Queen 's third great - grandchild Prince George . 2014 The Queen spoke of the centenary of the outbreak of World War I and her visit to a ceramic poppy memorial at the Tower of London to commemorate those who lost their lives in the conflict . She recalled the Christmas truce of 1914 , the Northern Ireland peace process and the Scottish independence referendum as she spoke of reconciliation and forgiveness . She also spoke of `` the selflessness of aid workers and medical volunteers who have gone abroad to help victims of conflict or of diseases like Ebola , often at great personal risk '' . There was greater than usual anticipation surrounding the speech due to rumours that the Queen would be announcing her abdication ; however , she made no such announcement . 2015 ITN Addressing a year marked by disasters , terrorist attacks , and a refugee crisis , the Queen encouraged her audience to find hope in `` moments of darkness '' and quoted the Gospel of John in saying ' The light shines in the darkness , and the darkness has not overcome it . ' She also said that Christmas is a `` time to remember all that we have to be thankful for '' and give thanks to `` the people who bring love and happiness into our own lives '' . The Queen also noted that 2015 was the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II and thanked those who served in the conflict . The Queen also noted the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree , and how her great - great grandfather , Prince Albert , brought the tradition of a Christmas tree with him from Germany to Britain . The Queen then noted the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge , and that she would be the newest addition of her family to help her decorate the Christmas tree . The Queen spoke about the Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square , and acknowledged how Norway gives London the tree as a gift for helping them in World War II . The message was recorded in Buckingham Palace 's 18th Century Room . 2016 The theme of the speech was inspiration . The Queen praised the achievements of British Olympian and Paralympian athletes at the Rio Olympic Games and reflected on the 60th anniversary of the Duke of Edinburgh Awards and the 40th anniversary of The Prince 's Trust and spoke of the inspiration provided by ordinary people who do small but great things , saying that : `` On our own , we can not end wars or wipe out injustice , but the cumulative impact of thousands of small acts of goodness can be bigger than we imagine . '' 2017 Sky The theme of the speech was the home . The Queen paid tribute to the survivors of the 2017 London attacks and Manchester terrorist attacks and gave her thoughts and prayers to the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire and those who lost so much in the disaster . She reflected on milestones in her own life , including her 70th wedding anniversary and the Duke of Edinburgh 's decision to step aside from public duties . `` Even Prince Philip has decided it 's time to slow down a little , having , as he economically put it , ' done his bit ' . '' She said she looked forward to welcoming new members into the Royal Family next year , a reference to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge expecting their third child , and to Prince Harry 's engagement to his girlfriend , Meghan Markle . Similar messages elsewhere ( edit ) In 1931 , Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands delivered her first Christmas message on the airwaves , which was also broadcast to the Dutch East Indies , Suriname and the other Dutch West Indies via shortwave radio station PCJJ . During the reign of her daughter Juliana , the Royal Christmas Message was to become an annual tradition . The Pope delivers a Christmas message to the world and heads of state of other countries have adopted the tradition of a message at Christmas , including the King of Sweden , the King of the Belgians , the President of Germany , and the King of Spain . Others have modified the practice by issuing a statement to coincide with the New Year ; this is done by the Governors - General of Canada and New Zealand , the Queen of Denmark , the King of Norway , the King of Thailand , the Presidents of China , Finland , France , Hungary , Italy , the Philippines , Poland , and the Russian Federation , as well as the Chancellor of Germany . The Archbishop of Canterbury , spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion , also gives a New Year 's Day speech . The Yang di - Pertuan Agong of Malaysia makes speeches on his birthday in June and on National Heroes Day in July , while the Prime Minister of Malaysia also makes speeches not only on New Year 's Day but also on the night of Eid ul - Fitr and on the eve of Independence Day . The Prime Minister of Singapore gives his speech on this occasion and on the National Day of Singapore . In the past , the Governor of Hong Kong , as the representative of the British monarch , played this role ; the tradition was carried on by the Chief Executive upon the territory 's handover to China in 1997 . The President of the United States also give out Christmas messages as part of the President 's Weekly Address . Some of these messages come out within a few days before Christmas or on Christmas Day . The opposition party may also give out their Christmas messages as part of their response to the President 's weekly address . In addition , beginning in 1986 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev exchanged televised New Year 's Day addresses to the other 's respective nations . This exchange continued between President George H.W. Bush and Gorbachev until the demise of the Soviet Union . See also ( edit ) Alternative Christmas message Christmas Eve National Speech References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daily Telegraph '' . 24 December 2016 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` A Christmas Day staple '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The BBC Story '' ( PDF ) , BBC , retrieved 30 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's speech : a Christmas tradition worth keeping '' . The Telegraph . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Royal Household . `` Images and Broadcasts > The Queen 's Christmas Broadcasts > A history of Christmas Broadcasts '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Royal Household . `` Christmas Broadcast 1939 '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950s to the present '' . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Message to the Commonwealth from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II '' . Anglican Communion News Service . 29 December 2000 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( 29 January 2006 ) , `` Queen sacked us over Diana interview , says BBC '' , The Daily Telegraph , London , retrieved 30 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Sky News to produce Queen 's Christmas message '' . BBC Online . 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen records Christmas message in 3D format '' . BBC News . 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-christmas-message-that-keeps-giving-z3wb80f5p Jump up ^ Rose , Kenneth ( 1983 ) . King George V. London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 001 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gore , John ( 13 June 2008 ) . King George V : A Personal Memoir . London : Kessinger Publishing , LLC . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4367 - 0170 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` KING 'S BROADCAST Christmas Message . SPLENDID RECEPTION '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 26 December 1933 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KING 'S MESSAGE Members of One Great Family . EMPIRE BROADCAST . Christmas Greetings Around World '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 26 December 1934 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 26 December 1934 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ HM King George V. `` A Message To The Empire , Broadcast On Christmas Day , 1935 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . 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Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ King George VI . `` Christmas Message , 1940 '' . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` King 's Christmas Message to the Empire QUIET CONFIDENCE IN OUTCOME OF WAR '' . Tweed Daily ( Murwillumbah , NSW ) . 26 December 1940 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ King George VI . `` Christmas Message , 1941 '' . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` King 's Christmas Broadcast to the Empire '' . Morning Bulletin ( Rockhampton , Qld ) . 26 December 1941 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HIS MAJESTY 'S MESSAGE CHRISTMAS BROADCAST . Greetings to Empire '' . Townsville Daily Bulletin ( Qld ) . 27 December 1941 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ King George VI . `` Christmas Message , 1942 '' . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` KING 'S CHRISTMAS . MESSAGE CONFIDENT ABOUT FUTURE '' . dvocate ( Burnie , Tas . ) . 26 December 1942 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Christmas Message : Confidence for the Future -- Welcome to US Comrades '' . 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Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1967 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1968 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1969 '' . Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1970 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1971 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . 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The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2003 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 20004url = http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueensChristmasBroadcasts/ChristmasBroadcasts/ChristmasBroadcast2004.aspx '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2005 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen to podcast Christmas speech '' . BBC News . 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2006 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2007 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Falloon , Matt ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth sees a sombre Christmas for many '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2008 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2009 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen focuses on sport in speech '' . BBC . 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2000 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen speaks of hope in 2011 Christmas Day message '' . BBC News . 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2011 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas Message will be in 3D '' . Sky News . 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2012 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas message : Queen reflects on year of Prince George 's birth '' . BBC News . 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2013 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas message : only reaction to ceramic poppies was silence '' ( Daily Telegraph ) . 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas speech emphasises reconciliation '' . BBC News . 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bookies suspend betting on Queen announcing abdication in Christmas broadcast '' . Daily Telegraph . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abdication rumours help Queen claim Christmas Day TV ratings throne '' . The Guardian . 26 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2014 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas message : light will overcome darkness '' . The Guardian . 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas message : Hope in ' moments of darkness ' '' . BBC News . 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . The Telegraph . 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2015 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38427380 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/queen-elizabeth-christmas-speech-1.3912328 Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/queen-christmas-day-message-terror-attacks-prince-phillip-a8127866.html Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-5211095/Queen-hails-powerful-identities-Manchester-London-terror-attacks.html Jump up ^ `` NPO Geschiedenis -- Honderd jaar koninklijke kerstgroeten '' . NPO Geschiedenis . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has several original texts related to : Royal Christmas Message The Royal Family Channel on YouTube Messages ( edit ) Transcript of The Queen 's Christmas Broadcast for 2013 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Christmas messages of the United Kingdom . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Christmas_Message&oldid=822916636 '' Categories : British monarchy Monarchy in Canada Speeches by heads of state 1932 radio programme debuts Canadian traditions Annual television programs Christmas in the United Kingdom Annual events in the United Kingdom Christmas in Canada Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use British English from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Nederlands Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 06 : 53 . 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who fired the first shot at fort sumter	At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort .	Lt. Henry S. Farley	Battle of Fort Sumter	battle of fort sumter		Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army , that started the American Civil War . Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20 , 1860 , its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing increasingly dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . Forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe October 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . Fort Sumter National Monument National Park Service Historical Handbook Battle of Fort Sumter : Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( CWPT ) Crisis at Fort Sumter Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern troops 1861 summary from Charleston Press Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Fort Sumter '' dated 2017 - 11 - 21 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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a league of their own us road trip wiki			List of a League of Their Own episodes	list of a league of their own episodes	A League of Their Own is a British television comedy panel game created by Paul Brassey and hosted by actor and comedian James Corden . It premiered on Sky 1 on 11 March 2010 . A regular episode of A League of Their Own sees two teams of three -- Blue and Red -- competing in a quiz about notable sports along with physical challenges ; since the show 's debut the captains of each team have been retired England cricketer Andrew `` Freddie '' Flintoff ( Blue ) and former Liverpool captain and England midfielder Jamie Redknapp ( Red ) . For the first four series both teams had a regular panellist alongside the captain , journalist and presenter Georgie Thompson ( Blue ) and comedian John Bishop ( Red ) . As of series 5 only the Blue team has a regular panellist with comedian Jack Whitehall joining Flintoff . Special episodes have also been produced where there is no quiz instead they feature compilations of clips either from recordings that have been broadcast in a series ( labelled `` The Best Bits from ... '' ) , material that was not broadcast ( labelled `` The Unseen Bits from ... '' ) or even from a particular challenge from an individual episode ( labelled `` The Best of ... '' ) .	The first series consisted of twelve episodes . The second series consisted of thirteen episodes including a Christmas special . The third series had twelve episodes and saw the first occasion of a regular team captain being unable to attend an individual recording and being replaced by a guest , it also saw the introduction of splitting both `` The Best Bits '' and `` The Unseen Bits '' over two episodes therefore having four episodes of compilation clips ; this technique was used on and off for future series . The fourth series consisted of ten episodes including an End of Year special . For the fifth series there were eleven episodes . The sixth series had ten episodes . The seventh series had twelve episodes including a compilation episode entitled `` Rally Special '' focussing solely on the rally car challenge from the series opener . The eighth series consisted of thirteen episodes . The ninth series had twelve episodes . The tenth series will see ten episodes broadcast . As of 10 March 2016 , 85 regular episodes and 30 compilations have been broadcast across ten series , 115 episodes have been aired in total . Contents Series : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Scores Notes References External links Episode list ( edit ) Key ( edit ) -- Episodes with this background , and when the number on the left in the scores column is greater than the one on the right , were won by the Blue team ( Flintoff with Thompson up to series four and Flintoff with Whitehall from series 5 onwards ) -- Episodes with this background , and when the number on the right in the scores column is greater than the one on the left , were won by the Red team ( Redknapp with Bishop up to series four and Redknapp individually from series 5 onwards ) -- Episodes with this background , and when the numbers on the left and right are equal , ended in a draw When a guest is listed in bold with a dagger symbol ( † ) it means they were team captain for that team in the episode as the regular captain was unable to make the recording No . = The episode 's order in the overall show Series 1 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Georgie 's guest Jamie and John 's guests Scores 01x01 11 March 2010 Neil Morrissey David Haye 9 -- 5 01x02 18 March 2010 Alastair Campbell Ruth Jones 12 -- 9 01x03 25 March 2010 Neil Morrissey Abbey Clancy 7 -- 8 01x04 1 April 2010 Dara Ó Briain Steve Harmison 13 -- 7 5 01x05 8 April 2010 Jack Whitehall Amir Khan 9 -- 8 6 01x06 15 April 2010 Jimmy Carr Karen Pickering 8 -- 5 7 01x07 22 April 2010 Dara Ó Briain Claudia Winkleman 7 -- 8 8 01x08 29 April 2010 Bob Mortimer Tom Daley 4 -- 7 9 01x09 6 May 2010 Ardal O'Hanlon Gabby Logan 6 -- 8 10 01x10 13 May 2010 Stephen Mangan Matthew Le Tissier 9 -- 11 11 01x11 20 May 2010 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 1 '' N / A 12 01x12 27 May 2010 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 1 '' N / A Series 2 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Georgie 's guest Jamie and John 's guests Scores 13 02x01 7 October 2010 Jimmy Carr Lily Allen 11 -- 9 14 02x02 14 October 2010 Chris Evans Tim Henman 9 -- 9 15 02x03 21 October 2010 Rob Brydon Jessica Ennis 4 -- 3 16 02x04 21 October 2010 Jack Whitehall Michael Owen 9 -- 9 17 02x05 28 October 2010 Clare Balding Tinchy Stryder 9 -- 5 18 02x06 28 October 2010 Dermot O'Leary Phillips Idowu 10 -- 11 19 02x07 4 November 2010 Amanda Holden Kevin Pietersen 1 -- 4 20 02x08 4 November 2010 Patrick Kielty Joe Calzaghe 4 -- 10 21 02x09 11 November 2010 Eamonn Holmes David James 9 -- 8 22 02x10 11 November 2010 Jimmy Carr Theo Paphitis 10 -- 9 23 02x11 12 November 2010 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 2 '' N / A 24 02x12 19 December 2010 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 2 '' N / A 25 02x13 23 December 2010 Ruth Jones Ricky Hatton 6 -- 9 Series 3 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Georgie 's guest Jamie and John 's guests Scores 26 03x01 4 March 2011 Jimmy Carr Phil Taylor 4 -- 4 27 03x02 11 March 2011 Dara Ó Briain Gaël Clichy 5 -- 6 28 03x03 25 March 2011 Lee Mack Rio Ferdinand 7 -- 8 29 03x04 1 April 2011 Clare Balding Boris Becker 6 -- 3 30 03x05 8 April 2011 Jimmy Carr Mike Tindall 3 -- 9 31 03x06 15 April 2011 Robbie Fowler Christine Bleakley 7 -- 9 32 03x07 22 April 2011 Jack Whitehall Amy Williams 5 -- 6 33 03x08 29 April 2011 Kevin Bridges Dermot O'Leary † Alastair Cook 7 -- 5 34 03x09 6 May 2011 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 3 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 35 03x10 13 May 2011 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 3 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 36 03x11 20 May 2011 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 3 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A 37 03x12 27 May 2011 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 3 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A Series 4 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Georgie 's guest Jamie and John 's guests Scores 38 04x01 7 October 2011 Jason Manford Andy Murray 8 -- 6 39 04x02 14 October 2011 Lee Mack † Frank Lampard Gabby Logan 5 -- 7 40 04x03 21 October 2011 Jack Whitehall Rory McIlroy 6 -- 7 41 04x04 28 October 2011 Phill Jupitus Peter Crouch 8 -- 6 42 04x05 4 November 2011 Jimmy Carr James Anderson 6 -- 7 43 04x06 11 November 2011 David Walliams Gary Neville 9 -- 9 44 04x07 18 November 2011 Jimmy Carr Mark Webber 9 -- 6 45 04x08 16 December 2011 Stacey Solomon Gabby Logan 7 -- 5 46 04x09 6 January 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 4 '' N / A 47 04x10 13 January 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 4 '' N / A Series 5 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 48 05x01 20 April 2012 Georgie Thompson Steven Gerrard John Bishop 8 -- 8 49 05x02 27 April 2012 Louise Hazel Jimmy Carr Peter Crouch † John Bishop 7 -- 7 50 05x03 4 May 2012 Jessica Ennis Gabby Logan Micky Flanagan 8 -- 6 51 05x04 11 May 2012 Zoë Ball Jermain Defoe John Bishop 4 -- 4 52 05x05 18 May 2012 Mo Farah Clare Balding David Walliams 5 -- 8 53 05x06 25 May 2012 Ronnie O'Sullivan Christine Bleakley Jimmy Carr 12 -- 10 54 05x07 1 June 2012 Gabby Logan Graeme Souness Kevin Bridges 4 -- 4 55 05x08 8 June 2012 Claudia Winkleman Joe Hart John Bishop 14 -- 12 56 05x09 15 June 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 5 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 57 05x10 22 June 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 5 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A 58 05x11 29 June 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 5 '' N / A Series 6 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 59 06x01 26 October 2012 Claudia Winkleman Mo Farah John Bishop 6 -- 3 60 06x02 2 November 2012 Rebecca Adlington Sir Chris Hoy David Walliams 6 -- 10 61 06x03 9 November 2012 Charlotte Jackson Harry Redknapp Johnny Vegas 6 -- 4 62 06x04 16 November 2012 Jimmy Carr Jessica Ennis Micky Flanagan 8 -- 8 63 06x05 23 November 2012 Frank Lampard Shane Warne Gabby Logan † Jason Manford 6 -- 8 64 06x06 30 November 2012 Laura Trott Zara Phillips Micky Flanagan 9 -- 19 65 06x07 7 December 2012 Sarah Millican Victoria Pendleton John Bishop 4 -- 7 66 06x08 14 December 2012 Vincent Kompany Billie Piper Lee Mack 9 -- 4 67 06x09 21 December 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 6 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 68 06x10 28 December 2012 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 6 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A Series 7 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 69 07x01 23 August 2013 Amy Williams Edgar Davids Jimmy Carr 6 -- 11 70 07x02 30 August 2013 Sara Cox Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Niall Horan 13 -- 14 71 07x03 6 September 2013 Sarah Storey Sam Allardyce David Walliams 9 -- 7 72 07x04 13 September 2013 Paula Radcliffe Chris Ashton Richard Ayoade 10 -- 9 73 07x05 20 September 2013 Gabby Logan Joleon Lescott Jon Richardson 9 -- 11 74 07x06 27 September 2013 Matt Smith Kriss Akabusi Perri Shakes - Drayton Jonathan Ross 13 -- 8 75 07x07 4 October 2013 Richard Ayoade Nicola Adams David Walliams 6 -- 11 76 07x08 11 October 2013 Alan Shearer Frankie Sandford Jason Manford 13 -- 12 77 07x09 18 October 2013 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 7 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 78 07x10 25 October 2013 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 7 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A 79 07x11 1 November 2013 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of the Rally Car Special '' N / A 80 07x12 8 November 2013 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 7 '' N / A Series 8 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 81 08x01 29 August 2014 Frank Lampard Judy Murray Kevin Bridges 6 -- 7 82 08x02 5 September 2014 Laura Whitmore Andros Townsend Micky Flanagan 2 -- 9 83 08x03 12 September 2014 Joe Hart Kevin Pietersen Josh Widdicombe 9 -- 11 84 08x04 19 September 2014 Una Foden Kevin Keegan Russell Howard 12 -- 11 85 08x05 26 September 2014 Jamie Carragher Kirsty Gallacher Jimmy Carr 15 -- 14 86 08x06 3 October 2014 Lennox Lewis Christine Ohuruogu Sean Lock 7 -- 7 87 08x07 10 October 2014 Pixie Lott Robbie Fowler David Walliams 13 -- 14 88 08x08 17 October 2014 Jenny Jones Gianfranco Zola Johnny Vegas 8 -- 9 89 08x09 17 October 2014 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 8 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 90 08x10 24 October 2014 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 8 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A 91 08x11 31 October 2014 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 8 ( Part 3 ) '' N / A 92 08x12 31 October 2014 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 8 ( Part 4 ) '' N / A 93 08x13 24 December 2014 Compilation episode -- `` The Best of Series 1 -- 8 '' N / A Series 9 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 94 09x01 15 May 2015 Olivia Wayne Ian Poulter Josh Widdicombe 7 -- 6 95 09x02 22 May 2015 Jennifer Saunders Wojciech Szczęsny Alex Brooker 8 -- 13 96 09x03 29 May 2015 Jenny Jones Robbie Savage Anthony Joshua Jimmy Carr 2 -- 2 97 09x04 5 June 2015 Heather Watson Patrick Kluivert Trevor Noah 10 -- 8 98 09x05 12 June 2015 Peter Schmeichel Jenny Jones Josh Widdicombe 8 -- 4 99 09x06 19 June 2015 Amanda Holden John Barnes Aisling Bea 7 -- 4 100 09x07 26 June 2015 Tom Daley Katarina Johnson - Thompson Romesh Ranganathan 5 -- 6 101 09x08 3 July 2015 Gabby Logan Kevin Nolan Micky Flanagan 6 -- 8 102 09x09 10 July 2015 Compilation episode -- `` The Best Bits from Series 9 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 103 09x10 17 July 2015 Compilation episode -- `` The Best Bits from Series 9 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A 104 09x11 24 July 2015 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 9 ( Part 1 ) '' N / A 105 09x12 31 July 2015 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 9 ( Part 2 ) '' N / A Series 10 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 106 10x01 7 January 2016 Melanie C Andy Carroll David Walliams 7 -- 12 107 10x02 14 January 2016 Aisling Bea Jade Jones Ashley Cole Noel Fielding Aston Merrygold 6 -- 9 108 10x03 21 January 2016 Kate Abdo Aaron Ramsey Romesh Ranganathan 7 -- 14 109 10x04 28 January 2016 Claudia Winkleman Jimmy Carr Micah Richards 8 -- 7 110 10x05 4 February 2016 James DeGale Rob Beckett Denise Lewis 8 -- 7 111 10x06 11 February 2016 Sir Chris Hoy A.P. McCoy Katherine Ryan 12 -- 6 112 10x07 18 February 2016 Ricky Ponting Joel Creasey Jon Richardson 19 -- 11 113 10x08 25 February 2016 Nicole Scherzinger Noel Fielding James Haskell 15 -- 8 114 10x09 3 March 2016 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 10 '' N / A 115 10x10 10 March 2016 Compilation episode -- `` The Best Bits from Series 10 '' N / A US Road Trip ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie 's points Jack 's points Jamie 's points 116 USx01 10 May 2016 7 8 7 117 USx02 17 May 2016 8 11 118 USx03 24 May 2016 12 6 119 USx04 31 May 2016 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits '' Series 11 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 120 11x01 22 September 2016 Anthony Joshua Roisin Conaty Rob Beckett 10 -- 15 121 11x02 29 September 2016 Alesha Dixon John McEnroe Jimmy Carr 4 -- 4 122 11x03 6 October 2016 Johanna Konta Harry Redknapp David Walliams 13 -- 13 123 11x04 13 October 2016 Niall Horan Kirsty Gallacher Nick Grimshaw 9 -- 5 124 11x05 20 October 2016 David Baddiel Tony Adams Aisling Bea 11 -- 9 125 11x06 27 October 2016 Alex Scott Ruud Gullit Kevin Bridges 8 -- 6 126 11x07 3 November 2016 Judy Murray Daniel Ricciardo Rob Beckett 6 -- 8 127 11x08 10 November 2016 Joey Barton Katherine Ryan John Bishop 10 -- 5 128 11x09 17 November 2016 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 11 '' N / A 129 11x10 24 November 2016 Compilation episode -- `` The Best Bits from Series 11 '' N / A 130 11x11 24 December 2016 Compilation episode N / A US Road Trip 2.0 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast 131 US2x01 5 June 2017 132 US2x02 12 June 2017 133 US2x03 19 June 2017 134 US2x04 26 June 2017 135 US2x05 3 July 2017 136 US2x06 10 July 2017 137 US2x07 17 July 2017 Series 12 ( edit ) No . Episode First broadcast Freddie and Jack 's guest Jamie 's guests Scores 138 12x00 10 August 2017 Kelly Cates Thierry Henry Jeff Stelling 139 12x01 14 September 2017 Rob Beckett Dele Alli Stephen Mangan 140 12x02 21 September 2017 Emma Bunton Mo Farah Anthony Joshua 141 12x03 28 September 2017 Sam Quek Tony Bellew Romesh Ranganathan 142 12x04 5 October 2017 Charlotte Dujardin Cesc Fàbregas Romesh Ranganathan 143 12x05 12 October 2017 Piers Morgan Paul Merson Roisin Conaty 144 12x06 19 October 2017 Sara Cox Bradley Wiggins Jimmy Carr 145 12x07 26 October 2017 Jessica Ennis - Hill Robbie Keane Romesh Ranganathan 146 12x08 5 December 2017 Compilation episode -- `` The Unseen Bits from Series 12 '' N / A 147 12x09 12 December 2017 Compilation episode -- `` The Best Bits from Series 12 '' N / A 148 12x10 21 December 2017 Compilation episode N / A Scores ( edit ) Freddie Jamie Series wins ( 2 drawn ) 6 Show wins ( 12 drawn ) 41 40 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christmas special Jump up ^ End of Year special Jump up ^ As the game ended in a draw an arm wrestling tiebreaker was played between Whitehall ( Blue ) and Souness ( Red ) . Souness won making the red team the winners . ^ Jump up to : Jones and Merrigold only joined for the Right Guard Challenge Jump up ^ Whitehall appeared on Redknapp 's team in this episode . ^ Jump up to : Unseen Bits compilation episode Jump up ^ Best Bits compilation episode Jump up ^ Premier League special References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Possessed secures first commission Pick Me '' . ITV Press Centre . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` James Corden wants A League of Their Own to continue FOREVER like A Question of Sport '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A League Of Their Own '' . comedy.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` A League Of Their Own , Series 11 - Christmas Special '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) List of A League of Their Own episodes at TV.com List of A League of Their Own episodes at British Comedy Guide List of A League of Their Own episodes on IMDb A League of Their Own List of episodes A League of Their Own ( Australian version ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A_League_of_Their_Own_episodes&oldid=834226696 '' Categories : Lists of British comedy television series episodes Lists of British non-fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20A%20League%20of%20Their%20Own%20episodes	2,747
who played the mom in lost in space 2018	Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , the 18 - year - old eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . John is not her biological father . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a roughneck mechanical engineer who also smuggles luxury goods . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris . Harris is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Harris steals her sister Jessica 's identity and assumes her place on the colony ship . She later impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , she attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of Dr. Zachary Smith 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie .	Molly Parker	Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series )	lost in space ( 2018 tv series )	Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a re-imagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a re-imagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of pioneering space colonists whose ship veers off - course . It is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless and consists of ten episodes produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world . The Resolute was built after a celestial object , dubbed `` The Christmas Star '' by the media , crashed into Earth a few years earlier , threatening humanity 's survival on Earth . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft . The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , the 18 - year - old eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . John is not her biological father . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a roughneck mechanical engineer who also smuggles luxury goods . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris . Harris is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Harris steals her sister Jessica 's identity and assumes her place on the colony ship . She later impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , she attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of Dr. Zachary Smith 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie . Episodes ( edit ) This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds In The Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of miles from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute ca n't hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they 're spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet gets entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It resumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will get it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Driving back to Jupiter 2 , Don and Judy discuss Smith . When Judy radios home , Smith answers . Judy implies that she knows the truth about Smith , but Don stops her before she reveals more . Smith tries to displace blame for Angela 's rage by supposedly missing the warning signs . Maureen finds a watermark on the gun belonging to their 3D printer , and Will confirms the robot made it and he had hidden the gun under his bed . His parents note that everyone had been through their Jupiter at some time and anyone could 've taken the gun ; Smith directs their suspicions to Victor . While driving , John and Maureen flee a geo - phenomenon and end up stuck in a tar pit into which the vehicle slowly submerges . While trapped inside , John opens up about his choices leading to their departure , and Maureen admits to altering Will 's failed test results to bring him on the mission . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , collecting parts and assuming it will then reassemble and be subservient to her , but the robot does not reassemble . Don 's group detours through a dangerous geyser patch after another quake , but a line between the fuel tanker and the chariot disconnects . Evan manually fixes the problem , but a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . When Judy 's calls for the tanker to be lifted , Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . He orders that they leave Evan in place until another tanker can be retrieved to move the fuel to , but Don reluctantly sides with Judy and the tanker is lifted , dumping most of the fuel . Despite their efforts , Evan dies while en route back to base camp . Back on Jupiter 2 , while Penny helps Will recover from having the robot walk off the cliff and ' die ' , Smith reviews Will 's logs to find a frequency that reactivates the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) As the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 is mid-launch , Maureen radios Victor , urgently warning him that the ship has too little fuel to escape the planet 's atmosphere and will crash . John infiltrates the Jupiter 4 , and activates the emergency shut down . He gathers all survivors to explain the planet 's situation . One ship can be launched using Maureen 's plan to incorporate NASA 's early mission protocols . The Jupiter 4 will be stripped of excess weight and systems , and the launch controlled from the ground , though once aloft needs a pilot . Penny confronts Vijay for betraying her confidence and he says they should no longer spend time together . Don and Judy arrive during the Jupiter 4 preparations and to avoid them Smith offers to take Will back to the Jupiter 2 so he can complete his tasks for the launch . Maureen confronts Victor about giving Angela the gun , which he denies . Then Judy tells Maureen the truth about ' Dr. Smith ' . Don explains to John that Maureen 's calculations are incorrectly assuming that the Jupiter ships match their specs and can run with the excess systems removed , and thus her plan to launch the Jupiter 4 will not work . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen tricks Smith and confines her to a storeroom. Smith recounts partial truths and claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist , and implies she may have sabotaged Jupiter 4 . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . The plan is adapted to remove the life support and pressure systems from the Jupiter 4 and have John pilot it in a suit , because he has the fastest record for reawakening after losing consciousness from extreme g - forces . But John fails to regain necessary cognitive function fast enough in multiple test runs . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . In holding , Smith convinces Will that the robot , whose head is in her bag , is the only one who can survive piloting the Jupiter 4 . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Smith escapes , leaving Will bound , and knocking Maureen out before she can give John the course change information . With everyone else watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Maureen wonders how Earth 's detection network failed to detect the Christmas Star meteor months in advance . Meanwhile , Will is transmitting a radio signal to John , who is on a tour of duty . In the present , Will uses the same radio frequency to try and signal his father , convinced he survived the explosion . Judy and Penny want to focus on figuring out where Dr. Smith took Maureen , who wakes up in the back of the chariot. Smith tells her that she did n't know Maureen needed to help John and Don pilot the ship , so when she knocked her out to kidnap her , the ship exploded and they were killed . She insists that if Maureen helps her with the alien ship , she will get the kids off the planet . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . Hiroki confirms this could work , but warns that an analysis of the waste shows that the creature which has been defecating in that cave is an apex predator . While they decide to gather the others to harvest the material from the cave , Judy leaves to find Maureen. Smith is frustrated when bringing the robots parts to its ship did not cause it to reassemble , feeling sure that the noises the ship was previously making powered the robot . The rest of the group ventures further into the cave than the kids and robot originally did , and find there is enough biomass to power the ships , but they must sneak it out quietly because the winged predators roost in the cave during the day . Back at the robot 's ship , Maureen insists that if anyone can figure out how to restore power to the ship , it 's her . A flashback to a conversation with her supervisor on the Resolute design reveals that the technology to power the ship should 've been decades away just months before they launched . In present time , Smith is standing against a wall inside the ship when Maureen notices strands of Smith 's hair standing up and recalls a similar incident on the Resolute . In the cave , Will 's radio beeps when it receives a signal from John , which awakens the creatures . Angela , Hiroki , Penny , and Vijay are trapped inside with the creatures , who are blind and hunt by sound . Maureen and Smith manage to open the panel in front of the wall , revealing the engine of the ship . When Maureen says she 's never seen anything like it , Smith recalls being on the Resolute after escaping custody during the attack , and overhearing two administrators arguing over its engine , which they reveal was stolen from the aliens whom they always worried would come back for it . Maureen concludes that the Christmas Star was not a meteor but another alien craft that was likely shot down by the U.S. government , who took the engine and used it in the Resolute . The robot was sent to the Resolute to retrieve it . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape , though Penny ends up face - to - face with one creature before Angela throws a rock to distract it . Outside the cave , Will tells Penny that he has had more communication with John , Angela apologizes for attacking the robot and Penny accepts an apology from Vijay but not an offer to restart their relationship . Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen . Using the chicken as a distraction , Judy tranquilizes Smith and frees Maureen . On fleeing , the robot is reactivated and blocks their escape ; it is now linked to Smith . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only 2 hours of air left in their tanks . Having snuck off of Hiroki 's ship to wait for Maureen and Judy to return , Will and Penny are preparing the Jupiter 2 for launch as they watch the other Jupiters leave the planet . They use Will 's transmitter to communicate with John , using Morse code , that they have found fuel . Maureen , Judy , Smith and the robot arrive on the chariot , and Will is very upset to find out that the robot now serves Smith . John responds to Will , revealing for the first time to Maureen and Judy that he and Don are still alive . He sends them a message that he will be signalling them to find he and Don on the ship debris . Maureen persuades Smith to help her rescue him before rendezvousing with Resolute . While prepping the ship for launch , Will tries to reach out to the robot again and is rejected . When the Jupiter 2 reaches orbit they are confused to find there 's still gravity on the ship , which seems to be the result of the robot having attached its ship 's engine to the bottom of the chariot . They receive a call from Victor , informing them that the other Jupiters are safe and they have 63 minutes to dock with Resolute before it leaves . When the computer says they do not have enough fuel for the course correction to find John and Don , Smith , flanked by the robot , orders Maureen to abandon the search and fly to the Resolute . Maureen dives the ship back towards the planet . The Robot 's protection response is triggered , and it forces Smith into the hub , the ship 's strongest section . Maureen locks Smith and the robot inside . While searching for John , Will confronts Maureen about him failing the test and how she manage to get him into the 24th colony group by illegal means . John and Don manage to signal Maureen , but Smith and the robot escape the hub just as they 're about to get close enough to retrieve them with a harpoon gun , which comes up a few feet short of reaching them . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , where she tells the kids to hide in the pressurized chariot while she puts on her helmet . Will also puts on his helmet and stays outside the chariot , where he again tries and fails to reestablish his connection to the robot . Maureen manages to blow it out the garage door . An alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . Will 's robot and the alien one force the garage door open and climb back into Jupiter 2 . When Will 's robot shows the other where the engine is hidden , it shoots the chariot aside and takes its engine . Just as the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , the alien engine is discarded in a corner of the garage . and both robots are flung out into space . Maureen 's helmet and the window of the chariot are cracked and leaking air , they are unable to close the damaged ramp and reseal the garage . Despite Maureens ' protests , Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . He shuts it , but because of his injured shoulder , loses his grip and floats away . He is caught by John , who has grabbed on to the tethered harpoon that Smith re-shot after Maureen 's first attempt failed . With everyone back on the ship , Maureen is grateful to Smith for saving John , but says she will never let Smith out again . The Resolute finds them , but before they can dock , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 takes control of the ship and triggers some form of faster - than - light travel mechanism , instantly sending the Jupiter 2 to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television was developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired Dracula Untold screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the new series . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix officially ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Toby Stephens , speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show : `` It 's a very clever , modern reworking of a great story . Lost In Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space , so it was a story that existed before Lost In Space . The fundamental story is that it 's a family that is lost in a difficult , life - threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together . That is essentially what the story of this is , it 's just the context is a lot more modern . It 's a more modern take on the ' 60s version . If you look at it now , it 's charming , but it seems so innocent . Whereas this is a version that is for our time . I 'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it , but it has obviously got ta be for a modern audience . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in January 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in June 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. , followed by a Q&A session with series executive directors and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.26 / 10 , based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Toby Stephens teases Netflix 's ' modern ' retelling '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . 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how did parliament upset the king prior to the personal rule	In August 1628 , Buckingham was assassinated by a disillusioned soldier , John Felton . Public reaction angered Charles . When Parliament resumed sitting in January 1629 , Charles was met with outrage over the case of John Rolle , an MP who had been prosecuted for failing to pay Tonnage and Poundage . John Finch , the Speaker of the House of Commons , was held down in the Speaker 's Chair in order to allow the House to pass a resolution condemning the king .		History of the Puritans under king Charles I	history of the puritans under king charles i		Part of a series on Puritans The Puritan ( 1887 ) , a statue in Springfield , Massachusetts by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Reformation English Reformation Calvinism Anglicanism Arminianism Arminianism in the Church of England English Dissenters Independents Nonconformism English Presbyterianism Ecclesiastical separatism 17th - century denominations in England Crucial themes ( show ) Definitions of Puritanism Impropriation Puritan Sabbatarianism Millennialism Puritan choir Puritan work ethic Merton thesis History ( show ) under Queen Elizabeth I under King James I under King Charles I Cromwellian era and after in North America Confessions ( show ) Westminster Confession of Faith Savoy Declaration Cambridge Platform England ( show ) Scrooby Congregation Trial of Archbishop Laud Marian exiles Vestments controversy Martin Marprelate Millenary Petition Grand Remonstrance English Civil War English Restoration Act of Uniformity 1662 Great Ejection Elizabethan Religious Settlement America ( show ) Providence Island Company Massachusetts Bay Colony Salem witch trials immigration to New England culture in New England Christmas prohibition Praying town Half - Way Covenant American exceptionalism Elsewhere ( show ) Troubles at Frankfurt Notable individuals ( show ) Peter Bulkley John Bunyan William Bradford Anne Bradstreet John Cotton Oliver Cromwell John Endecott Jonathan Edwards Anne Hutchinson Cotton Mather Increase Mather James Noyes Thomas Parker Roger Williams John Winthrop Robert Woodford Works ( show ) The Godly Man 's Picture The Pilgrim 's Progress Paradise Lost Foxe 's Book of Martyrs Continuing movements ( show ) Congregational churches ( U.S. ) other Reformed churches Under Charles I , the Puritans became a political force as well as a religious tendency in the country . Opponents of the royal prerogative became allies of Puritan reformers , who saw the Church of England moving in a direction opposite to what they wanted , and objected to increased Roman Faithful influence both at Court and ( as they saw it ) within the Church . After the First English Civil War political power was held by various factions of Puritans . The trials and executions of William Laud and then King Charles himself were decisive moves shaping British history . While in the short term Puritan power was consolidated by the Parliamentary armed forces and Oliver Cromwell , in the same years , the argument for theocracy failed to convince enough of the various groupings , and there was no Puritan religious settlement to match Cromwell 's gradual assumption of dictatorial powers . The distinctive formulation of Reformed theology in the Westminster Assembly would prove to be its lasting legacy . In New England , immigration of what were Puritan family groups and congregations was at its peak for the period in the middle years of King Charles 's reign . Contents 1 From the Synod of Dort to the death of Archbishop Abbot ( 1618 - 1633 ) 1.1 Conflict between Charles I and Puritans , 1625 -- 1629 1.2 The King 's personal rule 1.3 Laudianism 2 The foundation of Puritan New England , 1630 -- 1642 3 William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury , 1633 -- 1643 3.1 Silencing of Puritan laymen 3.2 Suppression of the Feoffees for Impropriations 3.3 The Bishops ' Wars , 1638 -- 1640 3.4 The Canons of 1640 and the Et Cetera Oath 3.5 The Long Parliament attacks Laudianism and considers the Root and Branch Petition , 1640 -- 42 4 The Westminster Assembly , 1643 -- 49 4.1 Parties at the Westminster Assembly 4.2 The Independents Controversy , 1644 4.3 The Erastian Controversy , 1645 -- 46 4.4 The creation of the Westminster Standards , 1641 -- 1646 4.5 Oliver Cromwell and the Independent ascendancy in the New Model Army 4.6 The Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 49 ) and the Regicide ( 1649 ) 5 Notes 6 References From the Synod of Dort to the death of Archbishop Abbot ( 1618 - 1633 ) ( edit ) For around a dozen years , before Laudianism in the Church of England became the movement directly opposed by Puritans ( clergy and laymen ) , there was a growing confrontation between Puritanism and `` Arminians '' , a term less easy to define in an English context . Arminians in this sense were moderates on , or even opposed to , some key tenets of Calvinism . In the same period the Twelve Years ' Truce ended , and the Thirty Years ' War broke out , changing the international situation in Western Europe drastically . James I of England generally supported the Counter-Remonstrant position against the Dutch Arminians ( see History of Calvinist -- Arminian debate ) . In fact James had contributed to the hounding of Conrad Vorstius , and sent a strong delegation to the Synod of Dort , making it an important international Protestant council and underlining the condemnation of Vorstius ( successor to Jacobus Arminius ) as a heretic . It was only in the period of the proposed Spanish match that James tried to adopt a less anti-Catholic approach , offending many Puritan figures in so doing . `` Arminian '' in English usage was not such a precise theological term , in fact , and James 's views allowed for some diversity . Charles , Prince of Wales , became king on the death of his father James I in 1625 . Charles was distrustful of Puritans , who began defining themselves against `` Arminian '' moderates on church and foreign policy , simply as an opposition group , believing as he did in the Divine Right of Kings and lacking his father 's deftness in these matters . Charles had no particular interest in theological questions , but preferred the emphasis on order , decorum , uniformity , and spectacle in Christian worship . Whereas James had supported the Canons of the Synod of Dort , Charles forbade preaching on the subject of predestination altogether . Where James had been lenient towards clergy who omitted parts of the Book of Common Prayer , Charles urged the bishops to enforce compliance with the Prayer Book , and to suspend ministers who refused . William Laud ( 1573 -- 1645 ) , Bishop of St David 's ( 1622 -- 1626 ) , Bishop of Bath and Wells ( 1626 -- 1633 ) , and Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1633 -- 1645 ) . Laud was one of King Charles 's closest advisors , and the architect of the Laudian church policies which were deeply distasteful to the Puritans . Besides George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham , Charles 's closest political advisor was William Laud , the Bishop of St David 's , whom Charles translated to the better position of Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1626 . Under Laud 's influence , Charles shifted the royal ecclesiastical policy markedly . Conflict between Charles I and Puritans , 1625 -- 1629 ( edit ) In 1625 , shortly before the opening of the new parliament , Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria of France , the Catholic daughter of Henry IV of France . In diplomatic terms this implied alliance with France in preparation for war against Spain , but Puritan MPs openly claimed that Charles was preparing to restrict the recusancy laws . The king had indeed agreed to do so in the secret marriage treaty he negotiated with Louis XIII of France . John Pym ( 1584 -- 1643 ) , Puritan MP who spoke out against Richard Montagu in 1625 . George Abbot , Archbishop of Canterbury from 1611 , was in the mainstream of the English church , sympathetic with Scottish Protestants , anti-Catholic in a conventional Calvinist way , and theologically opposed to Arminianism . Under Elizabeth I he had associated with Puritan figures . The controversy over Richard Montagu 's anti-Calvinist New Gagg was still open when Parliament met in May 1625 . Puritan MP John Pym launched an attack on Richard Montagu in the House of Commons . As a response , Montagu wrote a pamphlet entitled Appello Caesarem ( Latin `` I Appeal to Caesar '' ) ( a reference to Acts 25 : 10 -- 12 ) , to Charles to protect him against the Puritans . Charles responded by making Montagu a royal chaplain , signaling that he was willing to defend Montagu against Puritan opposition . The Parliament was reluctant to grant Charles revenue , since they feared that it might be used to support an army that would re-impose Catholicism on England . The 1625 Parliament broke the precedent of centuries and voted to allow Charles to collect Tonnage and Poundage only for one year . When Charles wanted to intervene in the Thirty Years ' War by declaring war on Spain ( the Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 ) ) , Parliament granted him an insufficient sum of £ 140,000 . The war with Spain went ahead ( partially funded by tonnage and poundage collected by Charles after he was no longer authorized to do so ) . Buckingham was put in charge of the war effort , but failed . The York House conference of 1626 saw battle lines start to be drawn up . Opponents cast doubt on the political loyalties of the Puritans , equating their beliefs with resistance theory . In their preaching , Arminians began to take a royalist line . Abbot was deprived of effective power in 1627 , in a quarrel with the king over Robert Sibthorpe , one such royalist cleric . Richard Montagu was made Bishop of Chichester in 1628 . The Anglo - French War ( 1627 -- 1629 ) was also a military failure . Parliament called for Buckingham 's replacement , but Charles stuck by him . Parliament went on to pass the Petition of Right , a declaration of Parliament 's rights . Charles accepted the Petition , though this did not lead to a change in his behaviour . The king 's Personal Rule ( edit ) Further information : Personal Rule In August 1628 , Buckingham was assassinated by a disillusioned soldier , John Felton . Public reaction angered Charles . When Parliament resumed sitting in January 1629 , Charles was met with outrage over the case of John Rolle , an MP who had been prosecuted for failing to pay Tonnage and Poundage . John Finch , the Speaker of the House of Commons , was held down in the Speaker 's Chair in order to allow the House to pass a resolution condemning the king . Charles determined to rule without calling a parliament , thus initiating the period known as his Personal Rule ( 1629 -- 1640 ) . This period saw the ascendancy of Laudianism in England . Laudianism ( edit ) Further information : Laudianism The central ideal of Laudianism ( the common name for the ecclesiastical policies pursued by Charles and Laud ) was the `` beauty of holiness '' ( a reference to Psalm 29 : 2 ) . This emphasized a love of ceremony and harmonious liturgy . Many of the churches in England had fallen into disrepair in the wake of the English Reformation : Laudianism called for making churches beautiful . Churches were ordered to make repairs and to enforce greater respect for the church building . A policy particularly odious to the Puritans was the installation of altar rails in churches , which Puritans associated with the Catholic position on transubstantiation : in Catholic practice , altar rails served demarcate the space where Christ became incarnate in the host , with priests , acolytes , and altar boys allowed inside the rail . They also argued that the practice of receiving communion while kneeling at the rail too much resembled Catholic Eucharistic adoration . The Laudians insisted on kneeling at communion and receiving at the rail , denying that this involved accepting Catholic positions . Puritans also objected to the Laudian insistence on calling members of the clergy `` priests '' . In their minds , the word `` priest '' meant `` someone who offers a sacrifice '' , and was therefore related in their minds to Catholic teaching on the Eucharist as a sacrifice . After the Reformation , the term `` minister '' ( meaning `` one who serves '' ) was generally adopted by Protestants to describe their clergy ; Puritans argued in favor of its use , or else for simply transliterating the Koine Greek word presbyter used in the New Testament , without translation . The Puritans were also dismayed when the Laudians insisted on the importance of keeping Lent , a practice which had fallen into disfavor in England after the Reformation . They favored fast days specifically called by the church or the government in response to the problems of the day , rather than days dictated by the ecclesiastical calendar . The Foundation of Puritan New England , 1630 -- 1642 ( edit ) For more information , see History of the Puritans in North America . Some Puritans began considering founding their own colony where they could worship in a fully reformed church , far from King Charles and the bishops . This was a quite distinct view of the church from that held by the Separatists of Plymouth Colony . John Winthrop , a lawyer who had practiced in the Court of Wards , began to explore the idea of creating a Puritan colony in New England . The Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony had proved that such a colony was viable . In 1627 , the existing Dorchester Company for New England colonial expansion went bankrupt , but was succeeded by the New England Company ( the membership of the Dorchester and New England Companies overlapped ) . Throughout 1628 and 1629 , Puritans in Winthrop 's social circle discussed the possibility of moving to New England . The New England Company sought clearer title to the New England land of the proposed settlement than was provided by the Sheffield Patent , and in March 1629 succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter changing the name of the company to the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England and granting them the land to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony . The royal charter establishing the Massachusetts Bay Company had not specified where the company 's annual meeting should be held ; this raised the possibility that the governor of the company could move to the new colony and serve as governor of the colony , while the general court of the company could be transformed into the colony 's legislative assembly . John Winthrop participated in these discussions and in March 1629 , signed the Cambridge Agreement , by which the non-emigrating shareholders of the company agreed to turn over control of the company to the emigrating shareholders . As Winthrop was the wealthiest of the emigrating shareholders , the company decided to make him governor , and entrusted him with the company charter . John Winthrop ( 1587 / 8 - 1649 ) , Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , who led the Puritans in the Great Migration , beginning in 1630 . Winthrop sailed for New England in 1630 along with 700 colonists on board eleven ships known collectively as the Winthrop Fleet . Winthrop himself sailed on board the Arbella . During the crossing , he preached a sermon entitled `` A Model of Christian Charity '' , in which he called on his fellow settlers to make their new colony a City upon a Hill , meaning that they would be a model to all the nations of Europe as to what a properly reformed Christian commonwealth should look like . The context in 1630 was that the Thirty Years ' War was going badly for the Protestants , and Catholicism was being restored in lands previously reformed -- e.g. by the 1629 Edict of Restitution . Emigration was officially restricted to conforming churchmen in December 1634 by the Privy Council . William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury , 1633 -- 1643 ( edit ) In 1633 there died the moderate George Abbot , and Charles I chose William Laud as his successor as Archbishop of Canterbury . Abbot had been in practical terms suspended from his functions in 1617 after he refused to order his clergy to read the Book of Sports . Charles now re-issued the Book of Sports , in a symbolic gesture of October 1633 against sabbatarianism . Laud further ordered his clergy to read it to their congregations , and acted to suspend ministers who refused to do that , an effective shibboleth to root out Puritan clergy . The 1630s saw a renewed concern by bishops of the Church of England to enforce uniformity in the church , by ensuring strict compliance with the style of worship set out in the Book of Common Prayer . The Court of High Commission came to be the primary means for disciplining Puritan clergy who refused to conform . Unlike regular courts , in the Court of High Commission , there was no right against self - incrimination , and the Court could compel testimony . Some bishops went further than the Book of Common Prayer , and required their clergy to conform to levels of extra ceremonialism . As noted above , the introduction of altar rails to churches was the most controversial such requirement . Puritans were also dismayed by the re-introduction of images ( e.g. stained glass windows ) to churches which had been without religious images since the iconoclasm of the Reformation . Silencing of Puritan laymen ( edit ) William Prynne ( 1600 -- 1669 ) , Puritan politician who opposed the policies of William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury , and had his ears cut off as a result ... ... and Henry Burton ( 1578 -- 1648 ) . ... as did John Bastwick ( 1593 -- 1654 ) ... The ejection of non-conforming Puritan ministers from the Church of England in the 1630s provoked a reaction . Puritan laymen spoke out against Charles 's policies , with the bishops the main focus of Puritan ire . The first , and most famous , critic of the Caroline regime was William Prynne . In the late 1620s and early 1630s , Prynne had authored a number of works denouncing the spread of Arminianism in the Church of England , and was also opposed to Charles 's marrying a Catholic . Prynne became a critic of morals at court . Prynne was also a critic of societal morals more generally . Echoing John Chrysostom 's criticism of the stage , Prynne penned a book , Histriomastix , in which he denounced the stage in vehement terms for its promotion of lasciviousness . The book , which represents the highest point of the Puritans ' attack on the English Renaissance theatre , attacked the stage as promoting lewdness . Unfortunately for Prynne , his book appeared at about the same time that Henrietta Maria became the first royal to ever perform in a masque , Walter Montagu 's The Shepherd 's Paradise , in January 1633 . Histriomastix was widely read as a Puritan attack on the queen 's morality . Shortly after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury , William Laud prosecuted Prynne in the Court of Star Chamber on a charge of seditious libel . Unlike the common law courts , Star Chamber was allowed to order any punishment short of the death penalty , including torture , for crimes which were founded on equity , not on law . Seditious libel was one of the `` equitable crimes '' which were prosecuted in the Star Chamber . Prynne was found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment , a £ 5000 fine , and the removal of part of his ears . Prynne continued to publish from prison , and in 1637 , he was tried before Star Chamber a second time . This time , Star Chamber ordered that the rest of Prynne 's ears be cut off , and that he should be branded with the letters SL for `` seditious libeller '' . ( Prynne would maintain that the letters really stood for stigmata Laudis ( the marks of Laud ) . ) At the same trial , Star Chamber also ordered that two other critics of the regime should have their ears cut off for writing against Laudianism : John Bastwick , a physician who wrote anti-episcopal pamphlets ; and Henry Burton . John Lilburne ( 1614 -- 1657 ) , Puritan layman who , in 1638 gained national frame as `` Freeborn John '' for his defense of himself when called before Star Chamber to defend his importing unlicensed publications from Amsterdam . A year later , the trio of `` martyrs '' were joined by a fourth , John Lilburne , who had studied under John Bastwick . Since 1632 , it had been illegal to publish or import works of literature not licensed by the Stationers ' Company , and this allowed the government to view and censor any work prior to publication . Over the course of the 1630s , it became common for Puritans to have their works published in Amsterdam and then smuggled into England . In 1638 , Lilburne was prosecuted in Star Chamber for importing religious works critical of Laudianism from Amsterdam . Lilburne thus began a course which would see him later hailed as `` Freeborn John '' and as the pre-eminent champion of `` English liberties '' . In Star Chamber , he refused to plead to the charges against him on the grounds that the charges had been presented to him only in Latin . The court then threw him in prison and again brought him back to court and demanded a plea . Again , Lilburne demanded to hear in English the charges brought against him . The authorities then resorted to flogging him with a three - thonged whip on his bare back , as he was dragged by his hands tied to the rear of an oxcart from Fleet Prison to the pillory at Westminster . He was then forced to stoop in the pillory where he still managed to distributing unlicensed literature to the crowds . He was then gagged . Finally he was thrown in prison . He was taken back to the court and again imprisoned . Suppression of the feoffees for Impropriations ( edit ) Further information : Impropriations Richard Sibbes ( 1577 -- 1635 ) served as one of the Feoffees for Impropriations , who were organized in 1625 to support Puritanism in the Church of England , and which were dissolved with their assets forfeited to the crown in 1632 . Beginning in 1625 , a group of Puritan lawyers , merchants , and clergymen ( including Richard Sibbes and John Davenport ) organized an organization known as the Feoffees for the Purchase of Impropriations . The feoffees would raise funds to purchase lay impropriations and advowsons , which would mean that the feoffees would then have the legal right to appoint their chosen candidates to benefices and lectureships . Thus , this provided a mechanism both for increasing the number of preaching ministers in the country , and a way to ensure that Puritans could receive ecclesiastical appointments . In 1629 , Peter Heylin , a Magdalen don , preached a sermon in St Mary 's denouncing the Feoffees for Impropriations for sowing tares among the wheat . As a result of the publicity , William Noy began to prosecute feoffees in the Exchequer court . The feoffees ' defense was that all of the men they had had appointed to office conformed to the Church of England . Nevertheless , in 1632 , the Feoffees for Impropriations were dissolved and the group 's assets forfeited to the crown : Charles ordered that the money should be used to augment the salary of incumbents and used for other pious uses not controlled by the Puritans . The bishops ' wars , 1638 -- 1640 ( edit ) As noted above , James had tried to bring the English and Scottish churches closer together . In the process , he had restored bishops to the Church of Scotland and forced the Five Articles of Perth on the Scottish church , moves which upset Scottish Presbyterians . Charles now further angered the Presbyterians by elevating the bishops ' role in Scotland even higher than his father had , to the point where in 1635 , the Archbishop of St Andrews , John Spottiswoode , was made Lord Chancellor of Scotland . Presbyterian opposition to Charles reached a new height of intensity in 1637 , when Charles attempted to impose a version of the Book of Common Prayer on the Church of Scotland . Although this book was drawn up by a panel of Scottish bishops , it was widely seen as an English import and denounced as Laud 's Liturgy . What was worse , where the Scottish prayer book differed from the English , it seemed to be re-introducing old errors which had not yet been re-introduced in England . As a result , when the newly appointed Bishop of Edinburgh , David Lindsay , rose to read the new liturgy in St. Giles ' Cathedral , Jenny Geddes , a member of the congregation , threw her stool at Lindsay , thus setting off the Prayer Book Riot . Jenny Geddes throws her stool at David Lindsay , Bishop of Edinburgh , in 1637 , setting off the Prayer Book Riot which would ultimately lead to the First Bishops ' War . The Scottish prayer book was deeply unpopular with Scottish noblemen and gentry , not only on religious grounds , but also for nationalist reasons : Knox 's Book of Common Order had been adopted as the liturgy of the national church by the Parliament of Scotland , whereas the Scottish parliament was not consulted in 1637 and the new prayer book imposed solely on the basis of Charles ' alleged royal supremacy in the church , a doctrine which had never been accepted by either the Church or Parliament of Scotland . A number of leading noblemen drew up a document known as the National Covenant in February 1638 . Those who subscribed to the National Covenant are known as Covenanters . Later that year , the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ejected the bishops from the church . In response to this challenge to his authority , Charles raised an army and marched on Scotland in the `` First Bishops ' War '' ( 1639 ) . The English Puritans -- who had a longstanding opposition to the bishops ( which had reached new heights in the wake of the Prynne , Burton , Bastwick , and Lilburne cases ) -- were deeply dismayed that the king was now waging a war to maintain the office of bishop . The First Bishops ' War ended in a stalemate , since both sides lacked sufficient resources to defeat their opponents ( in Charles ' case , this was because he did not have enough revenues to wage a war since he had not called a Parliament since 1629 ) , which led to the signing of the Treaty of Berwick ( 1639 ) . The blue banner carried into battle by the Covenanters from 1639 . Charles intended to break the Treaty of Berwick at the next opportunity , and upon returning to London , began preparations for calling a Parliament that could pass new taxes to fund a war against the Scots and to re-establish episcopacy in Scotland . This Parliament -- known as the Short Parliament because it only lasted three weeks -- met in 1640 . Unfortunately for Charles , many Puritan members were elected to the Parliament , and two critics of royal policies , John Pym and John Hampden , emerged as loud critics of the king in the Parliament . These members insisted that Parliament had an ancient right to demand the redress of grievances and insisted that the nation 's grievances with the past ten years of royal policies should be dealt with before Parliament granted Charles the taxes that he wanted . Frustrated , Charles dissolved Parliament three weeks after it opened . In Scotland , the rebellious spirit continued to grow in strength . Following the signing of the Treaty of Berwick , the General Assembly of Scotland met in Edinburgh and confirmed the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland , and then went even further and declared that all episcopacy was contrary to the Word of God . When the Scottish Parliament met later in the year , it confirmed the Church of Scotland 's position . The Scottish Covenanters now determined that Presbyterianism could never be confidently re-established in Scotland so long as episcopacy remained the order of the day in England . They therefore determined to invade England to help bring about the abolition of episcopacy . At the same time , the Scots ( who had many contacts among the English Puritans ) learned that the king was intending to break the Treaty of Berwick and make a second attempt at invading Scotland . When the Short Parliament was dissolved without having granted Charles the money he requested , the Covenanters determined that the time was ripe to launch a preemptive strike against English invasion . As such , in August 1640 , the Scottish troops marched into northern England , beginning the `` Second Bishops ' War '' . Catching the king unawares , the Scots gained a major victory at the Battle of Newburn . The Scottish Covenanters thus occupied the northern counties of England and imposed a large fine of £ 850 a day on the king until a treaty could be signed . Believing that the king was not trustworthy , the Scottish insisted that the Parliament of England be a part of any peace negotiations . Bankrupted by the Second Bishops ' War , Charles had little choice but to call a Parliament to grant new taxes to pay off the Scots . He therefore reluctantly called a Parliament which would not be finally dissolved until 1660 , the Long Parliament . The canons of 1640 and the Et Cetera Oath ( edit ) Title page of the Canons of 1640 , which were passed by the Convocation of the English Clergy at the behest of King Charles and Archbishop Laud and which were detested by the Puritans . The Convocation of the English Clergy traditionally met whenever Parliament met , and was then dissolved whenever Parliament was dissolved . In 1640 , however , Charles ordered Convocation to continue sitting even after he dissolved the Short Parliament because the Convocation had not yet passed the canons which Charles had had Archbishop Laud draw up and which confirmed the Laudian church policies as the official policies of the Church of England . Convocation dutifully passed these canons in late May 1640 . The preamble to the canons claims that the canons are not innovating in the church , but are rather restoring ceremonies from the time of Edward VI and Elizabeth I which had fallen into disuse . The first canon asserted that the king ruled by divine right ; that the doctrine of Royal Supremacy was required by divine law ; and that taxes were due to the king `` by the law of God , nature , and nations . '' This canon led many MPs to conclude that Charles and the Laudian clergy were attempting to use the Church of England as a way to establish an absolute monarchy in England , and felt that this represented unwarranted clerical interference in the recent dispute between Parliament and the king over ship money . Canons against popery and Socinianism were uncontroversial , but the canon against the sectaries was quite controversial because it was clearly aimed squarely at the Puritans . This canon condemned anyone who did not regularly attend service in their parish church or who attended only the sermon , not the full Prayer Book service . It went on to condemn anyone who wrote books critical of the discipline and government of the Church of England . Finally , and most controversially , the Canons imposed an oath , known to history as the Et Cetera Oath , to be taken by every clergyman , every Master of Arts not the son of a nobleman , all who had taken a degree in divinity , law , or physic , all registrars of the Consistory Court and Chancery Court , all actuaries , proctors and schoolmasters , all persons incorporated from foreign universities , and all candidates for ordination . The oath read `` I , A.B. , do swear that I do approve the doctrine , and discipline , or government established in the Church of England as containing all things necessary to salvation : and that I will not endeavour by myself or any other , directly or indirectly , to bring in any popish doctrine contrary to that which is so established ; nor will I ever give my consent to alter the government of this Church by archbishops , bishops , deans , and archdeacons , &c. , as it stands now established , and as by right it ought to stand , nor yet ever to subject it to the usurpations and superstitions of the see of Rome . And all these things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear , according to the plain and common sense and understanding of the same words , without any equivocation , or mental evasion , or secret reservation whatsoever . And this I do heartily , willingly , and truly , upon the faith of a Christian . So help me God in Jesus Christ . '' The Puritans were furious . They attacked the Canons of 1640 as unconstitutional , claiming that Convocation was no longer legally in session after Parliament was dissolved . The campaign to enforce the Et Cetera Oath met with firm Puritan resistance , organized in London by Cornelius Burges , Edmund Calamy the Elder , and John Goodwin . The imposition of the Et Cetera Oath also resulted in the Puritans ' pro-Scottish sympathies becoming even more widespread , and there were rumours -- possible but never proven -- that Puritan leaders were in treasonable communication with the Scottish during this period . Many Puritans refused to read the prayer for victory against the Scottish which they had been ordered to read . The Long Parliament attacks Laudianism and considers the Root and Branch Petition , 1640 -- 42 ( edit ) In the early days of the Long Parliament , Puritans led the charge in the impeachment of both Archbishop Laud and Thomas Wentworth , 1st Earl of Strafford . This 19th - century painting by Paul Delaroche shows Laud reaching his hands from his cell in the Tower of London to offer Strafford a blessing shortly before Strafford 's execution in May 1641 . Laud would subsequently be executed in 1645 . The elections to the Long Parliament in November 1640 produced a Parliament which was even more dominated by Puritans than the Short Parliament had been . Parliament 's first order of business was therefore to move against Thomas Wentworth , 1st Earl of Strafford , who had served as Charles ' Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1632 . In the wake of the Second Bishops ' War , Strafford had been raising an Irish Catholic army in Ireland which could be deployed against the Scottish Covenanters . Puritans were appalled that an army of Irish Catholics ( whom they hated ) would be deployed by the crown against the Scottish Presbyterians ( whom they loved ) , and many English Protestants who were not particularly puritanical shared the sentiment . Having learned that Parliament intended to impeach him , Strafford presented the king with evidence of treasonable communications between Puritans in Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters . Nevertheless , through deft political manoeuvering , John Pym , along with Oliver St John and Lord Saye , managed to quickly have Parliament impeach Strafford on charges of high treason and Strafford was arrested . At his trial before the House of Lords , begun in January 1641 , prosecutors argued that Strafford intended to use the Irish Catholic army against English Protestants . Strafford responded that the army was intended to be used against the rebellious Scots . Strafford was ultimately acquitted in April 1641 on the grounds that his actions did not amount to high treason . As a result , Puritan opponents of Strafford launched a bill of attainder against Strafford in the House of Commons ; in the wake of a revolt by the army , which had not been paid in months , the House of Lords also passed the bill of attainder . Charles , worried that the army would revolt further if they were not paid , and that the army would never be paid until Parliament granted funds , and that Parliament would not grant funds without Strafford 's death , signed the bill of attainder in May 1641 . Strafford was executed before a crowd of 200,000 on 12 May 1641 . The Puritans took advantage of Parliament 's and the public 's mood and organized the Root and Branch Petition , so called because it called for the abolition of episcopacy `` root and branch '' . The Root and Branch Petition signed by 15,000 Londoners was presented to Parliament by a crowd of 1,500 on 11 December 1640 . The Root and Branch Petition detailed many of the Puritans ' grievances with Charles and the bishops . It complained that the bishops had silenced many godly ministers and made ministers afraid to instruct the people about `` the doctrine of predestination , of free grace , of perseverance , of original sin remaining after baptism , of the sabbath , the doctrine against universal grace , election for faith foreseen , freewill against Antichrist , non-residents ( ministers who did not live in their parishes ) , human inventions in God 's worship '' . The Petition condemned the practices of bestowing temporal power on bishops and encouraging ministers to disregard temporal authority . The Petition condemned the regime for suppressing godly books while allowing the publication of popish , Arminian , and lewd books ( such as Ovid 's Ars Amatoria and the ballads of Martin Parker ) . The Petition also restated several of the Puritans ' routine complaints : the Book of Sports , the placing of communion tables altar-wise , church beautification schemes , the imposing of oaths , the influence of Catholics and Arminians at court , and the abuse of excommunication by the bishops . Oliver St John ( c1598 - 1673 ) , who drew up the Root and Branch Bill , which would have finally abolished episcopacy . The bill was introduced in Parliament by Henry Vane the Younger and Oliver Cromwell in May 1641 , and defeated in August 1641 . In December 1640 , the month after it impeached Strafford , Parliament had also impeached Archbishop Laud on charges of high treason . He was accused of subverting true religion , assuming pope - like powers , attempting to reconcile the Church of England with the Roman Catholic Church , persecuting godly preachers , ruining the Church of England 's relations with the Reformed churches on the Continent , promoting the war with Scotland , and a variety of other offenses . During this debate , Harbottle Grimston famously called Laud `` the roote and ground of all our miseries and calamities ... the sty of all pestilential filth that hath infected the State and Government . '' Unlike Strafford , however , Laud 's enemies did not move quickly to secure his execution . He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in February 1641 . In March 1641 , the House of Commons passed the Bishops Exclusion Bill , which would have prevented the bishops from taking their seats in the House of Lords . The House of Lords , however , rejected this bill . In May 1641 , Henry Vane the Younger and Oliver Cromwell introduced the Root and Branch Bill , which had been drafted by Oliver St John and which was designed to root out episcopacy in England `` root and branch '' along the lines advocated in the Root and Branch Petition . Many moderate MPs , such as Lucius Cary , 2nd Viscount Falkland and Edward Hyde , were dismayed : although they believed that Charles and Laud had gone too far in the 1630s , they were not prepared to abolish episcopacy . The debate over the Root and Branch Bill was intense -- the Bill was finally rejected in August 1641 . The division of MPs over this bill would form the basic division of MPs in the subsequent war , with those who favoured the Root and Branch Bill becoming Roundheads and those who defended the bishops becoming Cavaliers . Edmund Calamy the Elder ( 1600 -- 1666 ) , the `` E.C. '' in Smectymnuus , a group of Puritans who wrote in response to Bishop Hall 's defense of episcopacy in 1641 . Unsurprisingly the debate surrounding the Root and Branch Bill occasioned a lively pamphlet controversy . Joseph Hall , the Bishop of Exeter , wrote a spirited defense of episcopacy entitled An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament . This drew forth a response from five Puritan authors , who wrote under the name Smectymnuus , an acronym based on their names ( Stephen Marshall , Edmund Calamy , Thomas Young , Matthew Newcomen , and William Spurstow ) . Smectymnuus 's first pamphlet , An Answer to a booke entituled , An Humble Remonstrance . In Which , the Original of Liturgy and Episcopacy is Discussed , was published in March 1641 . It is believed that one of Thomas Young 's former students , John Milton , wrote the postscript to the reply . ( Milton published several anti-episcopal pamphlets in 1640 -- 41 ) . A prolonged series of answers and counter-answers followed . Worried that the king would again quickly dissolve Parliament without redressing the nation 's grievances , John Pym pushed through an Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent ; desperately in need of money , Charles had little choice but to consent to the Act . The Long Parliament then sought to undo the more unpopular aspects of the past eleven years . Star Chamber , which had been used to silence Puritan laymen , was abolished in July 1641 . The Court of High Commission was also abolished at this time . Parliament ordered Prynne , Burton , Bastwick , and Lilburne released from prison , and they returned to London in triumph . In October 1641 , Irish Catholic gentry launched the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , throwing off English domination and creating Confederate Ireland . English parliamentarians were terrified that an Irish army might rise to massacre English Protestants . In this atmosphere , in November 1641 , Parliament passed the Grand Remonstrance , detailing over 200 points which Parliament felt that the king had acted illegally in the course of the Personal Rule . The Grand Remonstrance marked a second moment at which a number of the more moderate , non-Puritan members of Parliament ( e.g. Viscount Falkland and Edward Hyde ) felt that Parliament had gone too far in its denunciations of the king and was showing too much sympathy for the rebellious Scots . When the bishops attempted to take their seats in the House of Lords in late 1641 , a pro-Puritan , anti-episcopal mob , probably organized by John Pym , prevented them from doing so . The Bishops Exclusion Bill was re-introduced in December 1641 , and this time , the mood of the country was such that neither the House of Lords nor Charles felt strong enough to reject the bill . The Bishops Exclusion Act prevented those in holy orders from exercising any temporal jurisdiction or authority after 5 February 1642 ; this extended to taking a seat in Parliament or membership of the Privy Council . Any acts carried out with such authority after that date by a member of the clergy were to be considered void . In this period , Charles became increasingly convinced that a number of Puritan - influenced members of Parliament had treasonously encouraged the Scottish Covenanters to invade England in 1640 , leading to the Second Bishops ' War . As such , when he heard that they were planning to impeach the Queen for participation in Catholic plots , he determined to arrest Lord Mandeville as well as five MPs , known to history as the Five Members : John Pym , John Hampden , Denzil Holles , Sir Arthur Haselrig , and William Strode . Charles famously entered the House of Commons personally on 4 January 1642 , but the members had already fled . Following his failed attempt to arrest the Five Members , Charles realized that he was not only immensely unpopular among parliamentarians , he was also in danger of London 's pro-Puritan , anti-episcopal , and increasingly anti-royal mob . As such , he and his family retreated to Oxford and invited all loyal parliamentarians to join him . He began raising an army under George Goring , Lord Goring . Puritans in Parliament were now in a sticky situation : on the one hand , they wanted to raise an army to defend England against the Irish Catholics who were rebelling ; on the other hand , they were worried that the king could not be trusted and that if he were given control of the army , he would use it against the Scots , not the Irish . To avoid this problem , Parliament began appointing Lord Lieutenants , a function traditionally done only by the king . Then , Parliament passed a Militia Ordinance which raised a militia , but provided that the militia should be controlled by Parliament . The king , of course , refused to sign this bill . A major split between Parliament and the king occurred on 15 March 1642 , when Parliament declared that `` the People are bound by the Ordinance for the Militia , though it has not received the Royal Assent '' , the first time a Parliament had declared its acts to operate without receiving royal assent . Under these circumstances , the political nation began to divide itself into Roundheads and Cavaliers . The first clash between the royalists and the parliamentarians came in the April 1642 Siege of Hull , which began when the military governor appointed by Parliament , Sir John Hotham refused to allow Charles ' forces access to military material in Kingston upon Hull . In August , the king officially raised his standard at Nottingham and the First English Civil War was underway . The Westminster Assembly , 1643 -- 49 ( edit ) Main article : Westminster Assembly William Twisse ( 1578 -- 1646 ) , who was elected as the first Prolocutor of the Westminster Assembly in 1643 , and who held that position until his death . In 1642 , the most ardent defenders of episcopacy in the Long Parliament left to join King Charles on the battlefield . However , although Civil War was beginning , Parliament was initially reluctant to pass legislation without it receiving royal assent . Thus , between June 1642 and May 1643 , Parliament passed legislation providing for a religious assembly five times , but these bills did not receive royal assent and thus died . By June 1643 , however , Parliament was willing to defy the king and call a religious assembly without the king 's assent . This assembly , the Westminster Assembly , had its first meeting in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey on 1 July 1643 . ( In later sessions , the Assembly would meet in the Jerusalem Chamber . ) The Assembly was charged with drawing up a new liturgy to replace the Book of Common Prayer and with determining what manner of church polity was appropriate for the Church of England . In both cases , it was assumed that the Westminster Assembly would only make recommendations and that Parliament would have the final word . The Long Parliament appointed 121 divines to the Westminster Assembly ( at the time `` divine '' , i.e. theologian , was used as a synonym for `` clergyman '' ) . Of these , approximately 25 never showed up -- mainly because King Charles ordered all loyal subjects not to participate in the Assembly . To replace the divines who had failed to show up , Parliament later added 21 additional divines , known as the `` Superadded Divines '' . The Assembly also included 30 lay assessors ( 10 nobles and 20 commoners ) . Although the Westminster Divines were mainly Puritan , they were broadly representative of all positions ( except Laudianism ) then on offer in the Church of England . James Ussher ( 1581 -- 1656 ) , Archbishop of Armagh , who pushed for a moderate form of episcopacy at the Westminster Assembly . Samuel Rutherford ( c1600 - 1661 ) , Scottish Commissioner to the Westminster Assembly , who played a crucial role in ensuring that the Assembly ultimately came out in favour of presbyterianism . Thomas Goodwin ( 1600 -- 1680 ) , one of the `` Five Dissenting Brethren '' and a leader of the Independents in the Westminster Assembly . John Lightfoot ( 1602 -- 1675 ) believed that ecclesiastical polity was not a matter of a divine law and that the church should be subordinate to the state , a position known as Erastianism at the Westminster Assembly . For its first ten weeks , the Westminster Assembly 's only task was to revise the Thirty - Nine Articles . However , in summer 1643 , shortly after the calling of the Westminster Assembly , the Parliamentary forces , under the leadership of John Pym and Henry Vane the Younger concluded an agreement with the Scots known as the Solemn League and Covenant . As noted above , one of the main reasons why the Scots had launched the Second Bishops War in 1640 was because they hoped to bring about an end to episcopacy in England . They therefore insisted as a term of the agreement that the English agree to fight to extirpate `` popery and prelacy '' . Since the Puritans were also interested in fighting these things , they readily agreed , and the Long Parliament agreed to swear to the Scottish National Covenant . Six Commissioners representing the Church of Scotland were now sent to attend the Westminster Assembly and on 12 October 1643 , the Long Parliament ordered the Assembly to `` confer and treat among themselves of such a discipline and government as may be most agreeable to God 's holy word , and most apt to procure and preserve the peace of the church at home , and nearer agreement with the Church of Scotland and other Reformed Churches abroad . '' Parties at the Westminster Assembly ( edit ) The Westminster Assembly 's discussions on church polity mark a definitive turning point in Puritan history . Whereas Puritans had hitherto been united in their opposition to royal and episcopal ecclesiastical policies , they now became divided over the form that reforms to the Church of England should take . The Westminster Divines divided into four groups : The Episcopalians , who supported a moderate form of episcopal polity and who were led by James Ussher , Archbishop of Armagh ; The Presbyterians , who favoured presbyterian polity -- this position was pushed hard by the Scottish Commissioners , especially George Gillespie and Samuel Rutherford , while the most influential Englishman taking this position was probably Edward Reynolds ; The Independents , who favoured congregationalist polity and who were led by Thomas Goodwin ; and The Erastians , who believed that ecclesiastical polity was adiaphora , a matter indifferent , which ought to be determined by the state , and who were led by John Lightfoot . Many issues divided the groups from each other : Was the matter of ecclesiastical polity jure divino ( established by divine law ) or adiaphora ( a matter indifferent , with each national church free to establish its own polity ) ? The Erastians were the most vocal party in arguing that polity was not fixed by divine law , while the other groups were more likely to believe that their positions were dictated by the Scriptures . What amount of hierarchy was proper in the church ? The Episcopalians believed that the church should be hierarchically organized , with the bishops providing a supervisory role over other clergy . The Presbyterians believed that the church should be organized hierarchically only in the sense that the church should be governed by a series of hierarchically ordered assemblies ( Sessions , Presbyteries , Synods , and at the top the General Assembly ) . While the Presbyterian scheme involved hierarchical ordering in the church , its proponents stressed that it did not involve a hierarchical ordering among individuals in the church , since at each level , the governing body represented the church as a whole . The Independents opposed all forms of hierarchy in the church and argued that ministers should be accountable only to their own local congregations . What was the proper relationship of church and state ? All parties at the Westminster Assembly rejected what was held to be the `` papist '' position , that church and state should be unified , but with the state subordinate to the church . The Erastians and many of the Episcopalian party maintained that church and state should be unified , but with the church subordinate to the state , a position traditionally known as caesaropapism ( and expressed , for example , in the doctrine of the royal supremacy ) . The Presbyterians argued for complete separation of church and state , but nevertheless felt that the state should enforce religious uniformity in the country . The Independents went furthest of all , arguing that there should be not only separation of church and state , but also religious liberty . How uniform should the church 's liturgy be ? Those inclined to episcopalianism were most inclined to favour a liturgy similar to the Book of Common Prayer , just revised to make it acceptable to more extreme Puritans , but still containing set forms of prayers that would be used uniformly throughout the country . Those inclined to presbyterianism were more likely to favour something akin to Knox 's Book of Discipline , which set out the general form of worship , but which left individual ministers free to compose their own prayers , and even to offer extemporaneous prayer . The Independents were more likely to oppose all set forms of worship , were okay with local variation in the form of worship , and felt that almost all prayer should be extemporaneous , offered spontaneously by the minister as he was moved by the Holy Spirit at the time of service . The Independents controversy , 1644 ( edit ) Even after the Royalists failed to turn up for the Westminster Assembly , the Episcopalians were probably in the majority or at least the plurality . However , the Episcopalian members of the Assembly proved less than zealous in their defense of episcopacy : when the Assembly scheduled debates and votes for the late afternoon and early evening , the Episcopalian members failed to attend , allowing the Presbyterians and Independents to dominate the Assembly 's debates . In a famous bon mot , Lord Falkland observed that `` those that hated the bishops hated them worse than the devil and those that loved them loved them not so well as their dinner . '' Upon their arrival , the Scottish Commissioners -- Alexander Henderson , George Gillespie , Samuel Rutherford , and Robert Baillie -- organized a campaign to have the Church of England adopt a presbyterian system similar to the Church of Scotland . It initially appeared that the Scottish Commissioners might be able to push through their presbyterian scheme with only minimal resistance . Jeremiah Burroughs ( c1600 - 1646 ) , one of the Five Dissenting Brethren who supported the Independent position at the Westminster Assembly . However , in February 1644 , five members of the Assembly -- known to history as the Five Dissenting Brethren -- published a pamphlet entitled `` An Apologetical Narration , humbly submitted to the Honorable Houses of Parliament , by Thomas Goodwin , Philip Nye , Sidrach Simpson , Jeremiah Burroughs , & William Bridge . '' This publication laid out the case for the Independent position forcefully , and made it impossible for the Scottish Commissioners to succeed in quickly creating an amicable consensus around the presbyterian position . Instead , in 1644 , the Westminster Assembly became the sight of a series of heated debate between the Presbyterians and the Independents . The Independents were the party most committed to experimental predestinariaism , the position that one can have assurance of election in this life . Experimental predestinarians tended to undergo dramatic conversion experiences . With the rise of experimental predestinarianism , there was a concomitant call among some of the godly for gathered churches . Unlike the Church of England -- which theoretically encompassed everybody in England -- a gathered church was made up only of those who had undergone a conversion experience . Following the suppression of Separatism in the late Elizabethan period , calls for gathered churches could only be whispered about . However , the social process of separating `` the godly '' from the rest of the congregation continued throughout the early seventeenth century . When the Puritans in New England set up their own congregations , in order to be admitted to the church , one had to be examined by the elders of the church , and then make a public profession of faith before the assembled congregation before being admitted to membership . The Independents supported the New England way and argued for its adoption in England . The result would be a situation where not all English people would be members of the church , but only those who had undergone a conversion experience and made a public confession of faith . Under these circumstances , one of the major reasons why the Independents favored congregational polity was that they argued that only other godly members of the congregation could identify who else was elect . The Independents condemned the suppression of the Separatists -- why should the state be used to suppress the godly ? They accused the Presbyterian party of wanting to continued the barbarous , `` popish '' persecutions of the Laudian bishops . For the first time , the Independents began to advocate a theory of religious liberty . Since they saw only a small minority of the community as actually `` saved '' , they argued that it made no sense to have a uniform national church . Rather , each gathered church should be free to organize itself as it saw fit . They were therefore opposed not only to the Book of Common Prayer , but also to any attempt to reform the liturgy -- they argued that in fact there should n't be any national liturgy at all , but that each minister and each congregation should be free to worship God in the way they saw fit . `` The Assertion of Liberty of Conscience By the Independents at the Westminster Assembly of Divines '' by John Rogers Herbert ( 1810 -- 1890 ) . The Presbyterians responded that the Independents were engaged in faction . The Presbyterians were Calvinists just like the Independents , but they spoke of predestination in a different way than the Independents . Some argued that England was an elect nation , that divine providence had chosen England as a special called nation , just as he had chosen the Israelites to be a chosen people in the Old Testament . Others argued that , while it is true that God has chosen some as elect and some as reprobate , it is really impossible in this life for any individual to know whether he or she was among the elect , and that life should therefore simply be lived in as close of conformity to the will of God as possible . They certainly did not approve of the Independents who thought that they were the only members of the elect in England : true , many members of the Church of England may have engaged in many open and notorious sins , but for the Presbyterians , that was a sign that the state needed to step in to punish those sins , lest God visit punishments on the nation in the same way that He visited punishments on Old Testament Israel when He found them sinning . The Independent position was clearly in the minority at the Westminster Assembly -- there were , after all , only Five Dissenting Brethren in an Assembly of roughly 120 divines -- making it impossible for the Independents in the Assembly to get their position passed . The Erastian controversy , 1645 -- 46 ( edit ) During the next two years , a second controversy occupied a great deal of time and attention of the Westminster Assembly : the controversy over Erastianism . The issue of the proper relationship of church and state -- which was a part of the Independents Controversy -- was at the heart of the Erastian Controversy . During the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , two great Acts of Parliament had established the place of the Church of England in English life ( 1 ) the Act of Supremacy , which declared the monarch to be the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and which imposed an oath on all subjects requiring them to swear that they recognized the royal supremacy in the church ; and ( 2 ) the Act of Uniformity , which established religious uniformity throughout the country by requiring all churches to conduct services according to the Book of Common Prayer . The events of the 1640s caused the English legal community to worry that the Westminster Assembly was preparing to illegally alter the church in a way that overrode the Act of Supremacy . As such , John Selden , arguably the foremost jurist in England since the death of Edward Coke in 1634 , led a campaign against altering the Church of England in a way that would undermine the Act of Supremacy . Thus , just as the Presbyterian party in the Assembly was dominated by non-members ( the Scottish Commissioners ) , the Erastian party was dominated by Selden and the other lawyers . Selden argued that not only English law , but the Bible itself required that the church be subordinate to the state : he cited the relationship of Zadok to King David and Romans 13 in support of this view . Bulstrode Whitelocke ( 1605 -- 1675 ) , MP who attended the Westminster Assembly as a lay assessor and who played a crucial role in ensuring that when the Long Parliament adopted presbyterianism for the Church of England , it did so in an Erastian way . Beginning in April 1645 , the Assembly shifted its attention from the Independents Controversy to the Erastian Controversy . Besides John Lightfoot , the most zealous proponent of the Erastian position was Bulstrode Whitelocke , one of the MPs serving as a lay assessor to the Assembly . Whitelock maintained that only the state -- and not the church -- could lawfully exercise the power of excommunication . In October 1645 , the Scottish Commissioners got their way when the Long Parliament voted in favour of an ordinance erecting a presbyterian form of church government in England . However , they were appalled that the Parliament also adopted the Erastian argument and made any final decision of the church on the question of excommunication appealable from the General Assembly to the Parliament of England . This decision provoked protests from the Presbyterian party . The Parliament of Scotland , worried that the Long Parliament was failing to live up to its commitments under the Solemn League and Covenant , protested the Erastian nature of the ordinance . The ministers of London organized a petition to the Parliament . The Westminster Assembly responded by sending a delegation , led by Stephen Marshall , a fiery preacher who had delivered several sermons to the Long Parliament , to protest the Erastian nature of the ordinance . ( Some MPs argued that the Assembly by this action committed a praemunire and should be punished . ) Parliament responded by sending a delegation which included Nathaniel Fiennes to the Westminster Assembly , along with a list of interrogatories related to the jure divino nature of church government . The Assembly responded by flatly rejecting the Erastian position -- with John Lightfoot and Thomas Coleman being the lone members speaking in favour of Erastianism . George Gillespie ( 1613 -- 1648 ) , Scottish Commissioner to the Westminster Assembly who wrote Aaron 's Rod Blossoming , one of the most important defenses of Presbyterian polity . The Presbyterian party now initiated a massive public relations campaign and it was during 1646 that many of the major defenses of Presbyterianism were published , beginning with Jus Divinum Regiminis Ecclesiastici ; or , The Divine Right of Church Government Asserted and Evidenced by the Holy Scriptures . By sundry Ministers of Christ within the City of London , published in December 1646 . One of the Scottish Commissioners , Samuel Rutherford , published a book entitled The Divine Right of Church Government and Excommunication . A second Scottish Commissioner , George Gillespie engaged in a pamphlet debate with Coleman : in response to a sermon which Coleman published advocating the Erastian position , Gillespie published A Brotherly Examination of some Passages of Mr. Coleman 's late printed Sermon ; Coleman responded with A Brotherly Examination Re-examined ; Gillespie responded with Nihil Respondes ; Coleman replied with Male Dicis Maledicis ; and Gillespie responded with Male Audis . Gillespie also had words for William Prynne , who had written in favour of the Parliament 's ordinance ; Prynne was a special target of attack when Gillespie produced his magnum opus , Aaron 's Rod Blossoming ; or , The Divine Ordinance of Church Government Vindicated , a work which partially incorporated material from the controversy with Coleman . The Presbyterian party also used their strength in London to petition the Parliament in favour of their position . John Milton ( 1608 -- 1674 ) , an Independent who wrote a famous poem `` On the New Forcers of Conscience under the Long Parliament '' denouncing the Long Parliament for not adopting religious liberty in 1645 . Although in August 1645 , Parliament had passed an ordinance expressing its intent to set up elders throughout the country , it had not actually provided how this should be done . On 14 March 1646 , Parliament passed the `` Ordinance for keeping scandalous persons from the Sacrament of the Lord 's Supper , for the choice of elders , and for supplying defects in former Ordinances concerning church government . '' This Ordinance provided mechanisms for selecting elders throughout the country , and generally established a Presbyterian system of church governance for the country . However , this Ordinance again contained an Erastian element . The Ordinance created a new office of `` commissioners to judge of scandalous offenses '' : these commissioners were granted jurisdiction to determine if a `` scandalous offense '' warranted excommunication and sessions were forbidden from excommunicating any church member without a commissioner first having signed off on the excommunication . The Presbyterian party was furious at the inclusion of the office of commissioner in the act that created Presbyterian polity in England . The Independent party was angry that Parliament remained in the business of enforcing religious conformity at all . The most famous expression of the Independents ' despondency at the Long Parliament 's actions was John Milton 's poem `` On the New Forcers of Conscience under the Long Parliament '' . Milton argued that the Long Parliament was imitating popish tyranny in the church ; violating the biblical principle of Christian liberty ; and engaging in a course of action that would punish godly men . He concluded the poem with the famous line , `` New Presbyter is but old Priest writ large '' ( a play on words since in English , the word `` Priest '' emerged as a contraction of the Greek word `` Presbyter '' , but also claiming that the Presbyters under the Long Parliament 's plan would be even worse than the Catholic and Laudian priests whom all Puritans abhorred ) . The creation of the Westminster Standards , 1641 -- 1646 ( edit ) At the same time that the Westminster Assembly had been debating ecclesiology , they had also been reviewing worship and doctrine . These aspects generated less controversy amongst the divines . Tasked with reforming the English liturgy , the Assembly first considered simply adopting John Knox 's Book of Common Order , but this possibility was rejected by the Assembly in 1644 , and the work of drawing up a new liturgy entrusted to a committee . This committee drafted the Directory of Public Worship , which was passed by the Westminster Assembly in 1645 . Unlike the Book of Common Prayer , which had contained detailed rubrics regulating in minute detail how clergymen were supposed to conduct service , the Directory of Public Worship is basically a loose agenda for worship , and expected the minister to fill in the details . Under the Directory , the focus of the service was on preaching . The service opened with a reading of a passage from the Bible ; followed by an opening prayer ( selected or composed by the minister , or offered extemporaneously by the minister ) ; followed by a sermon ; and then ended with a closing prayer . The Directory provides guidelines as to what the prayers and sermon ought to contain , but does not contain any set forms of prayers . The Directory encouraged the public singing of psalms , but left it to the minister 's discretion which psalms should be used in the service and where in the service ( contrast this with the Book of Common Prayer , which set out the precise order for singing psalms for every day of the year in a way that ensured that the entire Book of Psalms is sung once a month ) . The sections dealing with baptism , communion , marriage , funerals , days of public fasting and days of public thanksgiving all have a similar character . In 1643 , the Long Parliament had ordered the Westminster Assembly to draw up a new Confession of Faith and a new national catechism . The result was the production of the Westminster Confession of Faith and two catechisms , the Westminster Larger Catechism ( designed to be comprehensive ) and the Westminster Shorter Catechism ( designed to be easier for children to memorize ) . The Long Parliament approved the Directory of Public Worship in 1645 . The Westminster Confession was presented to Parliament in 1646 , but the House of Commons returned the Confession to the Assembly with the instruction that proof texts from Scripture should be added to the Confession . This version was resubmitted to Parliament in 1648 , and , after a long a rigorous debate ( during the course of which some chapters and sections approved by the Assembly were deleted ) , the Confession was ratified by the Long Parliament . The Larger Catechism was completed in 1647 , and the Shorter Catechism in 1648 , and both received the approval of both the Westminster Assembly and the Long Parliament . Since the Westminster Standards had been produced under the watchful eye of the Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly , the Scottish had no problem ratifying the Westminster Standards in order to keep Scotland 's commitment to England under the Solemn League and Covenant . Since the Directory set up a type of ecclesiology already practiced in the Church of Scotland , it was quickly ratified by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and then by the Parliament of Scotland in 1646 . The Larger and Shorter Catechisms were ratified by General Assembly in 1648 and the Westminster Confession in 1649 . The Westminster Standards are the general standards of the Church of Scotland and of nearly all Presbyterian denominations to this day . Its work being completed , the Westminster Assembly was dissolved in 1649 . Oliver Cromwell and the Independent ascendancy in the New Model army ( edit ) In 1646 , the Presbyterian party committed themselves to a fateful course of action . As background , we need to briefly consider the course of the First English Civil War . Parliamentary forces had initially fared poorly against royalist forces : the first major battle of the war , the Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642 , was inconclusive , as was the First Battle of Newbury of 20 September 1643 . As noted above , as a result of their failure to defeat the king on the battlefield , in the wake of the First Battle of Newbury , the Long Parliament decided to enter into an alliance with the Scottish , which resulted in the Solemn League and Covenant ( by which the Long Parliament agreed to establish presbyterianism in England ) , and with the war being entrusted to a joint committee of Scottish and English known as the Committee of Both Kingdoms . With the addition of the Scottish forces , the parliamentarians now won a decisive victory at the Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644 . Oliver Cromwell ( 1599 -- 1658 ) , parliamentary commander who came to favor the Independents , and who brilliantly convinced the Long Parliament to pass the Self - denying Ordinance , as a result of which he was able to ensure that when the New Model Army was organized in 1645 , it was dominated by Independents . The most successful parliamentary cavalry commander had been Oliver Cromwell , and Cromwell now approached the Committee of Both Kingdoms with a proposal . Cromwell had come to the conclusion that the current military system was untenable because it relied on local militias defending local areas . Cromwell proposed that Parliament create a new army that would be deployable anywhere in the kingdom and not tied to a particular locality . After the Second Battle of Newbury of 27 October 1644 , where parliamentary forces greatly outnumbered royalist forces and yet parliamentary forces were barely able to defeat the royalist forces , Cromwell redoubled his arguments in favor of creating a new army . At this point , most of the leaders in the parliamentary army were Presbyterians who supported the Presbyterians at the Westminster Assembly . Cromwell , however , had also been following the goings - on of the Westminster Assembly and he sided with the Independents . Cromwell thought that the Presbyterians in the army -- notably his superior , Edward Montagu , 2nd Earl of Manchester -- opposed his proposal to create a new and more effective army mainly because they wanted to make peace with the king . He also thought that the army 's supreme commander , Robert Devereux , 3rd Earl of Essex , shared Manchester 's views . Cromwell , however , felt that parliamentary forces should seek total victory over the royalists , and since he distrusted Charles immensely , he felt that Charles should have no role in any post-war government . Cromwell , who was an MP as well as a military commander , now devised a brilliant way to outmaneuver his enemies in the army . In Parliament , Cromwell suddenly proposed a dramatic way to resolve his differences with Manchester and Essex . On 9 December 1644 , Cromwell introduced a bill in Parliament saying that no member of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords could retain his position as a military commander while serving as a member of Parliament . Members would have to choose : either resign from Parliament or resign from the army . Cromwell 's bill was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords in January 1645 , who were worried that this would mean that no nobleman could serve as a commander in the army . To assuage this worry , Cromwell re-introduced his bill with a provision saying that , if Parliament wished , it could re-appoint any parliamentarian who resigned from the army to the army if it so chose . The Lords were ultimately persuaded by Cromwell , and on 13 January 1645 passed this bill , known to history as the Self - denying Ordinance . At roughly the same time , on 6 January 1645 , the Committee of Both Kingdoms finally approved Cromwell 's request and authorized the creation of the New Model Army . In the wake of the Self - denying Ordinance , Essex and Manchester both resigned from the army in order to retain their positions in the House of Lords . Cromwell , instead , resigned from the House of Commons rather than forfeit his position in the army . Thus , when the New Model Army was organized under Sir Thomas Fairfax , Cromwell was the most senior army commander left in the army . Fairfax therefore leaned on Cromwell as his number - two during the organization of the New Model Army . Cromwell did everything in his power to ensure that no Presbyterians were recruited to the New Model Army , and that Independents were encouraged to join the New Model Army . Cromwell had thus created a situation where the Presbyterians dominated the Long Parliament , but the Independents dominated the New Model Army . The Soldier 's Catechism , which set out the rules and regulations of the New Model Army . At the Battle of Naseby on 16 June 1645 , the New Model Army achieved a decisive victory over royalist forces . A number of subsequent battles were needed to finally defeat the royalist forces . In May 1646 , Charles surrendered himself over to Scottish forces at Southwell , Nottinghamshire . So , to summarize the situation as we move into 1647 : On the one hand , you have the leaders of the Long Parliament and the Scottish favoring peace with Charles and a restoration of Charles to power as a constitutional monarch , while Oliver Cromwell , the Independent leader of the New Model Army , wants to get rid of Charles . On the other hand , you have the Scottish and the Presbyterian party at the Westminster Assembly pushing for a pure form of Presbyterian polity for the Church of England , while the Long Parliament has enacted a form of presbyterianism which contains Erastian elements which the Westminster Presbyterian party and the Scottish find deeply distasteful . Under these circumstances , the Scottish , and the Presbyterian party at the Westminster Assembly ( a party which had been dominated by the Scottish Commissioners ) decided to approach the king in order to seek his support against the Independents and the Erastians . The Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 49 ) and the regicide ( 1649 ) ( edit ) In summer and fall 1647 , Henry Ireton and John Lambert negotiated with both houses of parliament and eventually the Army and Parliament reached agreement on a set of proposals , known as the Heads of Proposals , which were presented to Charles in November 1647 . The main propositions were Royalists had to wait five years before running for or holding an office . The Book of Common Prayer was allowed to be read but not mandatory , and no penalties should be made for not going to church , or attending other acts of worship . The sitting Parliament was to set a date for its own termination . Thereafter , biennial Parliaments were to be called ( i.e. every two years ) , which would sit for a minimum of 120 days and maximum of 240 days . Constituencies were to be reorganized . Episcopacy would be retained in church government , but the power of the bishops would be substantially reduced . Parliament was to control the appointment of state officials and officers in the army and navy for 10 years . Charles , however , rejected the Heads of Proposals . Instead , Charles negotiated with a faction of Scottish Covenanters and on 26 December 1647 , signed The Engagement , a secret treaty with the group of Scottish Covenanters who became known as the Engagers . Under the Engagement , Charles agreed that episcopacy should be suppressed in the Church of England , and he agreed to support presbyterianism for three years , after which a permanent solution to the question of the church 's polity could be worked out . In exchange , the Engagers agreed to bring an army of 20,000 into England in order to suppress the New Model Army and restore Charles to his throne . This led to the Second English Civil War . The royalist forces were defeated decisively at the Battle of Preston on 17 -- 19 August 1648 . Print depicting the trial of Charles I ( 1600 -- 1649 ) in 1649 . While opposition to putting Charles on trial was strong , the Independents in the New Model Army insisted on a trial , and then an execution , and purged the Long Parliament so that the trial and execution could go ahead . The Independents in the Army now argued that the King was `` Charles Stuart , that man of blood '' who deserved to be punished , and that the outcome of the First English Civil War had been proof of God 's judgment against Charles . Taking up arms after that judgment had been rendered resulted in the shedding of innocent blood . The leaders of the army therefore drafted The Remonstrance of the Army in November 1648 , calling on the Long Parliament to execute Charles and to replace hereditary monarchy in England with an elective monarchy . When the Long Parliament rejected the Army 's Remonstrance , the Army Council decided that they would take decisive action . On Wednesday 6 December Colonel Thomas Pride 's Regiment of Foot took up position on the stairs leading to the House . Pride stood at the top of the stairs . As MPs arrived , he checked them against the list provided to him ; Lord Grey of Groby helped to identify those to be arrested and those to be prevented from entering . Pride 's Purge excluded all but about 200 members of the about the 500 member who had been entitled to sit before the purge . After the Purge , the remaining members ( who were sympathetic to the Independent party and the Army Council ) -- henceforth known as the Rump Parliament -- proceeded to do what the Long Parliament had refused to do : put Charles on trial for high treason . The House of Commons passed an act on 3 January 1649 creating a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I . This Act was rejected by the House of Lords , but the Army insisted that the trial should go ahead anyway . It began on 20 January 1649 in Westminster Hall and ended on 27 January 1649 with a guilty verdict . 59 Commissioners signed Charles ' death warrant , and he was subsequently beheaded on 30 January 1649 . Frontispiece of Eikon Basilike , a book purportedly by King Charles ( 1600 -- 1649 ) , but likely ghost - written by John Gauden ( 1605 -- 1662 ) and which appeared immediately after Charles ' execution in January 1649 . Eikon Basilike portrayed Charles as a Christian saint who had been martyred for defending episcopacy in the Church of England against Puritan fanatics . The execution of Charles I would be the lens through which the Puritan movement was viewed for generations . For its opponents , the outcome confirmed that Puritanism ultimately led to violent rebellion , and that there was a straight line from religious fanaticism to regicide . The largest single group of Puritans , the Presbyterians , had in fact opposed the regicide , but to the supporters of the king and of episcopacy , this seemed like too fine a distinction . On the other hand , for many Independents , the regicide was entirely justified : Charles was a man who had been a tyrant and who defied the will of God and therefore had to be punished . Literary exchanges over the regicide occurred after royalists published Eikon Basilike immediately upon Charles 's execution . Eikon Basilike purported to be written by Charles during his time in captivity , but was almost certainly ghost - written , likely by John Gauden . In this book , Charles is presented as a `` devout son of the Church of England '' who was unjustly hounded by Puritan persecutors and ultimately martyred for defending the Church of England against fanatics . John Milton , now the most important Independent polemicist , responded later in 1649 in a book he entitled Eikonoklastes , which was a point - by - point response to Eikon Basilike 's flattering portrait of Charles and its unflattering portrait of the Parliamentarians and the Army . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patterson 1997 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1892 , pp. 185 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lee 1885 , pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ A reference to Matthew 5 : 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Gardiner 1891 , pp. 167,172 ( fn 1 ) . Jump up ^ Anonymous 1911 . Jump up ^ Firth 1898 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1890 , p. 206 . References ( edit ) Anonymous ( 1911 ) . `` Pride , Thomas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 ( 11th ed . ) . p. 315 . Bradley , Emily Tennyson ( 1890 ) . `` Grey , Thomas ( 1623 ? - 1657 ) '' . In Stephen , Leslie ; Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography. 23 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. pp. 206 , 207 . Firth , Charles Harding ( 1898 ) . `` Pride , Thomas '' . In Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography. 56 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 349 . Gardiner , Samuel Rawson ( 1892 ) . `` Laud , William '' . In Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography. 32 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. pp. 185 -- 194 . Gardiner , Samuel Rawson ( 1891 ) . History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War , 1603 - 1642 . 8 ( 1635 -- 1639 ) ( New ed . ) . London , New York , Longmans , Green , and Co. pp. 167 , 172 . Lee , Sidney ( 1885 ) . `` Abbot , George ( 1562 - 1633 ) '' . In Stephen , Leslie . Dictionary of National Biography. 1 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. pp. 5 -- 20 . Patterson , W.B. ( 1997 ) . King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom . p. 291 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I&oldid=859169273 '' Categories : Puritanism in England Charles I of England 17th century in England 17th - century Calvinism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2017 All articles with style issues Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 06 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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most news stories should be written from what point of view			News style	news style	News style , journalistic style , or news - writing style is the prose style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers , radio and television .	News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence structure , but also the way in which stories present the information in terms of relative importance , tone , and intended audience . The tense used for news style articles is past tense . News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event -- who , what , when , where and why ( the Five Ws ) and also often how -- at the opening of the article . This form of structure is sometimes called the `` inverted pyramid '' , to refer to the decreasing importance of information in subsequent paragraphs . News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience : proximity , prominence , timeliness , human interest , oddity , or consequence . The related term journalese is sometimes used , usually pejoratively , to refer to news - style writing . Another is headlinese . Contents 1 Overview 2 Terms and structure 2.1 Kicker 2.2 Headline 2.3 Subhead 2.4 Billboard 2.5 Lead 2.6 Nutshell paragraph 2.7 Paragraphs 2.8 Inverted pyramid structure 3 Feature style 4 Other countries 4.1 Japan 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing style . Over time and place , journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity or sensationalism they incorporate . It is considered unethical not to attribute a scoop to the journalist ( s ) who broke a story , even if they are employed by a rival organization . Definitions of professionalism differ among news agencies ; their reputations , according to both professional standards and reader expectations , are often tied to the appearance of objectivity . In its most ideal form , news writing strives to be intelligible to the majority of readers , engaging , and succinct . Within these limits , news stories also aim to be comprehensive . However , other factors are involved , some stylistic and some derived from the media form . Among the larger and more respected newspapers , fairness and balance is a major factor in presenting information . Commentary is usually confined to a separate section , though each paper may have a different overall slant . Editorial policies dictate the use of adjectives , euphemisms , and idioms . Newspapers with an international audience , for example , tend to use a more formal style of writing . The specific choices made by a news outlet 's editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide ; common style guides include the AP Stylebook and the US News Style Book . The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism : accuracy , brevity , and clarity . Terms and structure ( edit ) Look up Glossary of article components in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Journalistic prose is explicit and precise and tries not to rely on jargon . As a rule , journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do . They use subject - verb - object construction and vivid , active prose ( see Grammar ) . They offer anecdotes , examples and metaphors , and they rarely depend on generalizations or abstract ideas . News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph ( sometimes called an `` echo '' or `` word mirror '' ) . Kicker ( edit ) The last story in the news broadcast ; a `` happy '' story to end the show . A short , catchy word or phrase over a major headline . Headline ( edit ) Main article : Headline The headline ( also heading , head or title , or hed in journalism jargon ) of a story is typically a complete sentence ( e.g. , `` Pilot Flies Below Bridges to Save Divers '' ) , often with auxiliary verbs and articles removed ( e.g. , `` Remains at Colorado camp linked to missing Chicago man '' ) . However , headlines sometimes omit the subject ( e.g. , `` Jumps From Boat , Catches in Wheel '' ) or verb ( e.g. , `` Cat woman lucky '' ) . Subhead ( edit ) A subhead ( also sub-headline , subheading , subtitle or deck ; subhed or dek in journalism jargon ) can be either a subordinate title under the main headline , or the heading of a subsection of the article . It is a heading that precedes the main text , or a group of paragraphs of the main text . It helps encapsulate the entire piece , or informs the reader of the topic of part of it . Long or complex articles often have more than one subhead . Subheads are thus one type of entry point that help readers make choices , such as where to begin ( or continue ) reading . Billboard ( edit ) An article billboard is capsule summary text , often just one sentence or fragment , which is put into a sidebar or text box ( reminiscent of an outdoor billboard ) on the same page to grab the reader 's attention as they are flipping through the pages to encourage them to stop and read that article . When it consists of a ( sometimes compressed ) sample of the text of the article , it is known as a call - out or callout , and when it consists of a quotation ( e.g. of an article subject , informant , or interviewee ) , it is referred to as a pulled quotation or pull quote . Additional billboards of any of these types may appear later in the article ( especially on subsequent pages ) to entice further reading . Journalistic websites sometimes use animation techniques to swap one billboard for another ( e.g. a slide of a call - out may be replaced by a photo with pull quote after some short time has elapsed ) . Such billboards are also used as pointers to the article in other sections of the publication or site , or as advertisements for the piece in other publication or sites . Lead ( edit ) See also : Lead paragraph The most important structural element of a story is the lead ( also intro or lede in journalism jargon ) , including the story 's first , or leading , sentence or two , which may or may not form its own paragraph . The spelling lede ( / ˈliːd / , from Early Modern English ) is used in American English , originally to avoid confusion with the printing press type formerly made from the metal lead or the related typographical term `` leading '' . Charney states that `` an effective lead is a ' brief , sharp statement of the story 's essential facts . ' '' The lead is usually the first sentence , or in some cases the first two sentences , and is ideally 20 -- 25 words in length . A lead must balance the ideal of maximum information conveyed with the constraint of the unreadability of a long sentence . This makes writing a lead an optimization problem , in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence , given the material with which he or she has to work . While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the five Ws , few leads can fit all of these . To `` bury the lead '' is to begin the article with background information or details of secondary importance to the readers , forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential point ( s ) . Burying the lead is a characteristic of an academic writing style . It is also a common mistake in press releases . Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads . A hard lead aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover . A soft lead introduces the topic in a more creative , attention - seeking fashion , and is usually followed by a nutshell paragraph ( or nut graf ) , a brief summary of facts . Example of a hard - lead paragraph NASA is proposing another space project . The agency 's budget request , announced today , included a plan to send another mission to the moon . This time the agency hopes to establish a long - term facility as a jumping - off point for other space adventures . The budget requests approximately $10 billion for the project . Example of a soft - lead sentence Humans will be going to the moon again . The NASA announcement came as the agency requested $10 billion of appropriations for the project . Nutshell paragraph ( edit ) Main article : Nut graph A nutshell paragraph ( also simply nutshell , or nut ' graph , nut graf , nutgraf , etc. , in journalism jargon ) is a brief paragraph ( occasionally there can be more than one ) that summarizes the news value of the story , sometimes bullet - pointed and / or set off in a box . Nut - shell paragraphs are used particularly in feature stories ( see `` Feature style '' below ) . Paragraphs ( edit ) Main article : Paragraph Paragraphs ( shortened as ' graphs , graphs , grafs or pars in journalistic jargon ) form the bulk of an article . Inverted pyramid structure ( edit ) Main article : Inverted pyramid ( journalism ) Journalists usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid . The essential and most interesting elements of a story are put at the beginning , with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance . This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with the essence of a story . It allows people to explore a topic to only the depth that their curiosity takes them , and without the imposition of details or nuances that they could consider irrelevant , but still making that information available to more interested readers . The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout , to fit in the space available . Writers are often admonished `` Do n't bury the lead ! '' to ensure that they present the most important facts first , rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them . Some writers start their stories with the `` 1 - 2 - 3 lead '' , yet there are many kinds of lead available . This format invariably starts with a `` Five Ws '' opening paragraph ( as described above ) , followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of the first paragraph , and then a direct quote to support the indirect quote . Feature style ( edit ) News stories are not the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines . Longer articles , such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper , are known as features . Feature stories differ from straight news in several ways . Foremost is the absence of a straight - news lead , most of the time . Instead of offering the essence of a story up front , feature writers may attempt to lure readers in . While straight news stories always stay in third person point of view , it is common for a feature article to slip into first person . The journalist often details interactions with interview subjects , making the piece more personal . A feature 's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event , as in an `` anecdotal lead '' . From the particulars of a person or episode , its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story 's subject . The section that signals what a feature is about is called the nut graph or billboard . Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top , and may be up to two paragraphs long . Unlike a lead , a billboard rarely gives everything away . It reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers ' attention to the end , which requires engendering curiosity and offering a `` payoff . '' Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories , with smoother transitions between them . Feature writers use the active - verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news but often put more personality in their prose . Feature stories often close with a `` kicker '' rather than simply petering out . Other countries ( edit ) There are broadly similar formats in other cultures , with some characteristics particular to individual countries . Japan ( edit ) Written Japanese in general , and news writing in particular , places a strong emphasis on brevity , and features heavy use of Sino - Japanese vocabulary and omission of grammar that would be used in speech . Most frequently , two - character kanji compounds are used to concisely express concepts that would otherwise require a lengthy clause if using spoken language . Nominalization is also common , often compacting a phrase into a string of kanji . Abbreviations are also frequent , reducing a term or kanji compound to just initial characters ( as in acronyms in alphabetic writing systems ) ; these abbreviated terms might not be used in spoken language , but are understandable from looking at the characters in context . Furthermore , headlines are written in telegram style , yielding clipped phrases that are not grammatical sentences . Larger articles , especially front - page articles , also often have a one - paragraph summary at the beginning . See also ( edit ) Article ( publishing ) Journalese References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` News values : what makes a story newsworthy ? '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York City : Columbia University Press / MJF Books . `` JOURNALESE '' entry , p. 260 . ISBN 1 - 56731 - 267 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bill Parks . `` Basic News Writing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Malone , Robert , Cindy . The Broadcast Journalism Handbook : A Television News Survival Guide . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2506 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Andrew . Broadcast Journalism : Techniques of Radio and Television News . Taylor & Francis . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Alexander , Peter , Ray . Broadcast Journalism : Techniques of Radio and Television News . Routledge . p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` What the Heck Is a Hed / Dek ? Learning the Lingo in Periodical Publishing By Janene Mascarella '' . WritersWeekly.com . July 20 , 2005 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Daniel . `` How to Write Headlines and Decks ( Heds and Deks ) '' . Info - Truck : A blog about delivering information -- by the truckload . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary Jump up ^ `` The Mavens ' Word of the Day '' . Random House . November 28 , 2000 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charney 1966 : 166 Jump up ^ `` Bury the lede '' . Wiktionary . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cotter , Colleen ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . News Talk : Investigating the Language of Journalism . Cambridge University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 9781139486941 . Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas Perret ; Dunsford , Deborah Williams ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . Working the Story : A Guide to Reporting and News Writing for Journalists and Public Relations Professionals . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 122 . ISBN 9780810889125 . Jump up ^ Kensler , Chris . Unzipped ! Newswriting . Bibliography ( edit ) Linda Jorgensen . Real - World Newsletters ( 1999 ) Mark Levin . The Reporter 's Notebook : Writing Tools for Student Journalists ( 2000 ) Buck Ryan and Michael O'Donnell . The Editor 's Toolbox : A Reference Guide for Beginners and Professionals , ( 2001 ) Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage : The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World 's Most Authoritative Newspaper , ( 2002 ) M.L. Stein , Susan Paterno , and R. Christopher Burnett , The Newswriter 's Handbook Introduction to Journalism ( 2006 ) Bryan A. Garner . The Winning Brief : 100 Tips for Persuasive Briefing in Trial and Appellate Court ( 1999 ) Philip Gerard , Creative Nonfiction : Researching and Crafting Stories of Real Life ( 1998 ) Steve Peha and Margot Carmichael Lester , Be a Writer : Your Guide to the Writing Life ( 2006 ) Andrea Sutcliffe . New York Public Library Writer 's Guide to Style and Usage , ( 1994 ) Bill Walsh , The Elephants of Style : A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English ( 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Look up lead or lede in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Basic News Writing Chart -- Real and Fake News ( 2014 ) ( 2016 ) / Pew Research Center Journalism Roles Journalist Reporter Editor Columnist Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Political commentator Blogger Profession News News writing style Ethics Objectivity Values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Areas Arts Business Data - driven Entertainment Environment Fashion Global Medicine Politics Science Sports Technical Trade Traffic Video games Weather World Genres Access Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Community Data Database Embedded Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative New Journalism Non-profit journalism Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Freedom of the press Hostile media effect Infotainment Media bias Public relations Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media List of journalism articles Journalism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=News_style&oldid=862709934 '' Categories : Journalism Journalism standards Newswriting Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with incomplete citations from October 2014 All articles with incomplete citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Español فارسی Հայերեն Қазақша Português Русиньскый Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 05 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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what was the song played in shawshank redemption	May ( 0 : 33 ) Shawshank Prison ( Stoic Theme ) ( 1 : 53 ) New Fish ( 1 : 50 ) Rock Hammer ( 1 : 51 ) An Inch of His Life ( 2 : 48 ) `` If I Did n't Care '' by The Ink Spots ( 3 : 03 ) Brooks was Here ( 5 : 06 ) His Judgement Cometh ( 2 : 00 ) Suds on the Roof ( 1 : 36 ) Workfield ( 1 : 10 ) Shawshank Redemption ( 4 : 26 ) `` Lovesick Blues '' by Hank Williams ( 2 : 42 ) Elmo Blatch ( 1 : 08 ) Sisters ( 1 : 18 ) Zihuatanejo ( 4 : 43 ) `` The Marriage of Figaro : Duettino - Sull'aria '' performed by Edith Mathis , Gundula Janowitz , Orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin , Karl Böhm ( dir . ) ( 3 : 32 ) Lovely Raquel ( 1 : 55 ) And That Right Soon ( 1 : 08 ) Compass and Guns ( 3 : 53 ) So was Red ( 2 : 44 ) End Title ( 4 : 05 )		The Shawshank Redemption ( Soundtrack )	the shawshank redemption ( soundtrack )	The Shawshank Redemption is the original soundtrack of the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption starring Morgan Freeman , Tim Robbins , Bob Gunton , William Sadler , Clancy Brown , and others .	The original score was composed by Thomas Newman and released via Sony BMG label on September 20 , 1994 . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Credits 3 Recognition 4 References Track listing ( edit ) May ( 0 : 33 ) Shawshank Prison ( Stoic Theme ) ( 1 : 53 ) New Fish ( 1 : 50 ) Rock Hammer ( 1 : 51 ) An Inch of His Life ( 2 : 48 ) `` If I Did n't Care '' by The Ink Spots ( 3 : 03 ) Brooks was Here ( 5 : 06 ) His Judgement Cometh ( 2 : 00 ) Suds on the Roof ( 1 : 36 ) Workfield ( 1 : 10 ) Shawshank Redemption ( 4 : 26 ) `` Lovesick Blues '' by Hank Williams ( 2 : 42 ) Elmo Blatch ( 1 : 08 ) Sisters ( 1 : 18 ) Zihuatanejo ( 4 : 43 ) `` The Marriage of Figaro : Duettino - Sull'aria '' performed by Edith Mathis , Gundula Janowitz , Orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin , Karl Böhm ( dir . ) ( 3 : 32 ) Lovely Raquel ( 1 : 55 ) And That Right Soon ( 1 : 08 ) Compass and Guns ( 3 : 53 ) So was Red ( 2 : 44 ) End Title ( 4 : 05 ) Credits ( edit ) Artwork -- Castle Rock Entertainment Music By -- Thomas Newman Photography By -- Castle Rock Entertainment Producer -- Bill Bernstein , Thomas Newman Recognition ( edit ) The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and a Grammy Award : `` Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television '' but lost both to The Lion King . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Shawshank Redemption ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) at AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Shawshank Redemption ( soundtrack ) '' . filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Shawshank Redemption Epic Soundtrack '' . soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Newman -- The Shawkshank Redemption - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shawshank_Redemption_(soundtrack)&oldid=794963679 '' Categories : Film soundtracks 1994 soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shawshank%20Redemption%20%28soundtrack%29	2,750
who is the dancer in thinking out loud music video	Unlike Sheeran 's earlier videos , where he assume a low profile , he took the lead role on `` Thinking Out Loud '' . In the video , Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry , a contestant from the televised American dance competition , So You Think You Can Dance . The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan . While on concert tour , Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry .	Sheeran\|Brittany Cherry	Thinking Out Loud	thinking out loud	`` Thinking Out Loud '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran , recorded for his second studio album , × ( 2014 ) . It was written by Sheeran and Amy Wadge and was produced by frequent collaborator Jake Gosling . It was released in the US on 24 September 2014 , serving as the third single from the album .	In the UK , the song spent 19 weeks within the top 40 before it peaked at number - one in early November 2014 ; it became Sheeran 's second number - one single there . The single has also reached the top spot in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Denmark , the Netherlands , Slovakia and South Africa , and peaking at number two on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , was the Sheeran 's highest charting single in North America until `` Shape of You '' topped the charts in both countries in 2017 . In June 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' became the first single to spend a full year in the UK top 40 . In September 2015 , it also became the seventh single to have achieved triple platinum in the UK during the 21st century . In October 2015 , the song became the first to be streamed over 500 million times on Spotify , is also one of the most streamed songs in the UK and has been viewed more than 1.8 billion times on YouTube as of September 11 , 2017 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' received nominations for Grammy Award for Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 58th Grammy Awards , winning the latter two . Wikinews has related news : Ed Sheeran wins Song of Year Grammy for Thinking Out Loud On 10 August 2016 , it was announced that Sheeran was getting sued by the family of Ed Townsend for copyright infringement , who claim that `` Thinking Out Loud '' plagiarises elements of Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Lyrics and music 3 Single release 4 Music video 5 Live performances 5.1 Translations 6 Critical reception 7 Chart performance 7.1 On streaming services 8 Parodies 9 Plagiarism allegation 10 Usage in media 11 Formats and track listings 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications and sales 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge ( pictured ) , an English singer - songwriter based in Wales . Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge , a Wales - based singer - songwriter . He met Wadge when he was 17 years old and they had since written several songs together . Of these , five songs composed the extended play Songs I Wrote with Amy , which Sheeran independently released on 4 April 2010 . Wadge also co-wrote the song `` Gold Rush '' , a track on the deluxe version of Sheeran 's debut album , + ( 2011 ) . In February 2014 , Wadge visited Sheeran in his house for a `` chilling - out time '' . Around that time , Sheeran 's second studio album , × , was nearly completed . Wadge revealed that her visit was not supposed to be a songwriting session . While Sheeran was taking a shower , Wadge played a few chords on a guitar . The tune caught the attention of Sheeran and he ran downstairs . Sheeran suggested working with the tune , but only after returning home from dinner , work began . The melody developed from a simple riff . According to Sheeran , he composed the melody on a guitar in a manner which was `` very Van - like '' , referring to Van Morrison . The Irish musician has been an inspiration to Sheeran since a young age , and Sheeran wanted to capture that vibe when he composed the song . In the kitchen , Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2 : 00 am on 4 February 2014 , and completed it in 20 minutes . According to Wadge , the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran 's talking about `` everlasting love '' , inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time . Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then - girlfriend , Athina Andrelos , whom Sheeran met in early 2014 . Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song `` in a relationship at a really , really happy point '' . Immediately after writing , Sheeran recorded the song on his phone . He was keen to include `` Thinking Out Loud '' on the second album . He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios , a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham , and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album . It became the last song recorded for the album . For `` Thinking Out Loud '' , Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling , who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks , four of which appear on the standard version of the second album . Lyrics and Music ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) A 28 - second sample of `` Thinking Out Loud '' , a romantic blue - eyed soul ballad . Its composition has a strong influence of Marvin Gaye 's 1973 hit `` Let 's Get It On '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is a romantic ballad with blue - eyed soul influences . Sheeran referred to it as a `` walking down the aisle song '' . In the lyrics , Sheeran reflects on `` getting older and fidelity and love in a fairly conventional context '' , according to Eric Clarke , professor of music at University of Oxford . The song was composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 78 beats per minute . Sheeran 's vocals range from A to B. In the mix , Sheeran 's voice is `` unusually '' loud over the instruments , which , for Mike Senior of the music technology magazine , Sound on Sound , is `` surprisingly rare '' in contemporary records . Senior analysed the vocal elements in which he found that , in spite of several notes sung off pitch , `` the overall framework of the vocal remains fundamentally in tune '' . Journalists noted similarities between `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Let 's Get It On '' , a 1973 single by soul musician , Marvin Gaye . Andrew Unterberger of Spin wrote that `` the gently loping four - note bass pattern and crisp ' 70s soul drums absolutely smack of the Gaye classic , as do the embrace - insistent lyrics and general candlelit - bedroom feel '' . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called it a `` sleek update '' of the classic . Single release ( edit ) Prior to the album release , Sheeran debuted `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 24 May 2014 by performing it live on the British music television show , Later ... with Jools Holland . The debut followed the release of the video accompaniment to `` Sing '' , the album 's lead single . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was immediately perceived as having contrast to `` Sing '' , which is a `` high - energy funk / R&B - infused song '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' became available on 18 June 2014 as an `` instant grat '' download for consumers who pre-ordered × on the iTunes Store . It served as a promotional single from × , which was released two days later . On the standard version of the album , `` Thinking Out Loud '' is the next - to - last track , the last being `` Afire Love '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was initially serviced to Australian radio on 14 August 2014 and later released on 24 September 2014 . It served as the third of five singles released from the album ; it followed the songs , `` Sing '' and `` Do n't '' , the first and second single respectively . According to Sheeran , no one from his record label wanted to release `` Thinking Out Loud '' as a single , favouring over `` Photograph '' as the `` big song '' . `` Photograph '' was supposed to be the main single , but when `` Thinking Out Loud '' spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not receiving rotation , the latter song was kept as the third single . `` Photograph '' was later released as the fifth and final single . The song was issued on 7 '' vinyl exclusively as part of the Black Friday Record Store Day , which was celebrated on 28 November 2014 . The vinyl record included , as a B - side , the live version of `` I 'm A Mess '' which Sheeran performed at the Lightship 95 studio . Music video ( edit ) Filming of the video took place at the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles Emil Nava directed the video accompaniment to the single . Most of it was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . The video was shot continuously using a 16 mm film camera . Unlike Sheeran 's earlier videos , where he assume a low profile , he took the lead role on `` Thinking Out Loud '' . In the video , Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry , a contestant from the televised American dance competition , So You Think You Can Dance . The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan . While on concert tour , Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry . The video was released on October 8 , 2014 . After first 24 hours , the video had over 2.7 million views on video - sharing website , YouTube . As of September 18 , 2017 , it has over 1.8 billion views , making it the 21st most viewed video on the site . The music video received four nominations at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year and Best Male Video . Live performances ( edit ) On 26 October 2014 , Sheeran performed the song on third live results show of series 11 of The X Factor . He also performed it on 9 November 2014 in the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards . Sheeran also performed the song as a special guest at The Voice 's live finale on 16 December 2014 . Furthermore , Sheeran performed the track on the Christmas Special of The Jonathan Ross Show on 20 December 2014 . He also performed the song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015 along with John Mayer , Questlove , Adam Blackstone , and Herbie Hancock . Sheeran performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 13 April 2015 results show of the second series of The X Factor in New Zealand . Sheeran also performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2014 . Translations ( edit ) On 26 December 2015 , Sheeran released a Gaelic version of `` Thinking Out Loud '' for the upcoming Irish album , CEOL 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times noted that the `` injection of blue - eyed soul '' on the song is `` enjoyable '' , and that it `` makes Sheeran 's aptitude for melody difficult to dismiss '' . Jim Beviglia of the American Songwriter thought that although `` tidy '' , `` Thinking Out Loud '' comes `` toothless '' compared with the `` daring confessionals '' Sheeran made on the other songs . The Washington Post writer , Allison Stewart , has hailed the song as `` a blatant and mercilessly effective bid for ' I 'll Be ' - style wedding - song immortality '' . Billboard magazine 's Jason Lipshutz , commented that Sheeran `` pushes this bold stab at romance past its sappiest moments , and ends the album on a likable note '' . Jamieson Cox of Time wrote that `` the album 's greatest moment by a country mile is relegated to its penultimate slot '' , referring to `` Thinking Out Loud '' . Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped several charts in Europe , Oceania and South Africa , and reached the top ten in several other countries in the Northern America ( see Weekly charts below ) . Upon the album 's release , the single debuted at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . On 2 November 2014 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped the UK Singles Chart in its 19th week in the Top 40 , breaking the record for the longest ascent to number one . In the week ending 27 June 2015 , it had spent a record consecutive 52 weeks ( or a full year ) inside the top 40 . Around the same time , the single had accumulated 1.65 million combined sales and streams ; it became one of the 161 million - selling singles and the 26th best - selling of the 2010s in the UK . On 18 September 2015 , the British Phonographic Industry certified the single triple platinum for combined sales ( including streaming points ) of 1,800,000 units . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 1,219,000 copies with 130 million stream , making a total of 2,521,000 units sold in the United Kingdom . In the US , `` Thinking Out Loud '' peaked at number two on the all - encompassing chart Billboard Hot 100 ; the single became Sheeran 's highest charting single until the release of `` Shape of You '' in 2017 . It remained the runner - up spot for eight consecutive weeks , a chart feat last held in 2004 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was kept off the top spot by `` Uptown Funk '' , although it outperformed the latter song for a week in February 2015 on the Billboard Digital Songs . On other specific US charts , `` Thinking Out Loud '' reached number one on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs for the week ending 21 February 2015 , marking Sheeran 's first . For the week ending 21 March 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' held the top position on the Billboard Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Adult Contemporary charts , becoming the fourth song in history to lead all three adult charts simultaneously . In celebration of Google Play 's 5th anniversary , Google announced `` Thinking Out Loud '' as the top selling song on the platform . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is Sheeran 's best - selling song in the United States , with 5,622,000 copies sold as of September 2017 . On streaming services ( edit ) In the UK , Sheeran 's native country , `` Thinking Out Loud '' claimed the record for the most streams in a single week in December 2014 . The track accumulated over 1,638,000 streams , and subsequently achieved a personal best of 1,850,000 streams in the week ending 21 December 2014 . This record has since been broken by several songs . In April 2015 , the song ranked as the most popular based on the 2.8 million sleep - themed playlists created by Spotify users . Sleep is one of the company 's most popular categories that , according to Spotify , `` people also use for general relaxation and to help themselves unwind '' . The Guardian columnist Tim Dowling suggested that the report indicated `` very popular , slightly mellow songs that keep cropping up on sleep playlists '' but not a list of a `` carefully curated journey to unconsciousness '' . In October 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' set the record of most streams of a song on Spotify , having accumulated over 500 million streams . The company created the `` Sheerio Index '' , an interactive graphic map which showed where Sheeran was most popular . The color - based map indicated that Sheeran was most popular in Denmark . It was surpassed a month later by `` Lean On '' , a song by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ . Parodies ( edit ) On 28 April 2015 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , actor Jeremy Renner , known for his role as Hawkeye in the Avengers movies , performed on piano and sang a song captioned by Fallon 's show on YouTube as `` Hawkeye Sings About His Super Powers '' . While not parodying Sheeran 's lyrics , it is sung to the same tune . The lyrics suggest that Hawkeye feels defensive compared with the other Avengers : `` But listen , I 've got powers too ; they 're pretty sweet . / I promise I can do so much more than just archery ... / I can open a pickle jar . / I 'm friggin ' Hawkeye . / Maybe I 'm as super as they are . '' The song and video were also parodied in the CW series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Titled `` Let 's Have Intercourse '' , the song was sung by Scott Michael Foster with Rachel Bloom appearing in the scene dancing with Foster in the same manner as Sheeran and Cherry . The lyrics are an appeal by Foster 's character , Nathaniel Plimpton III , to series protagonist Rebecca Bunch ( Bloom ) to have sex whilst trapped in an elevator . Plagiarism allegation ( edit ) On 10 August 2016 , it was revealed that the family of Ed Townsend , who wrote Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' was suing Ed Sheeran saying `` the melodic , harmonic , and rhythmic compositions of ' Thinking ' are substantially and / or strikingly similar to the drum composition of ' Let 's ' . '' Usage in Media ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2016 film Me Before You . It was also covered in the film Bridget Jones 's Baby . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) CD single `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) Digital download ( Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) -- 3 : 02 EP ( Australian Exclusive ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Do n't '' ( Sable Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Trippy Turtle Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) `` Do n't '' ( X Ambassadors Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Syn Cole Remix ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 22 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 14 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) India ( Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 23 Venezuela Top Anglo ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 100 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 52 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 43 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 69 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 26 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 30 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 9 × Platinum 720,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 90,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,219,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 5,622,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 2014 List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of best - selling singles in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Farragher , Mike ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Irish Central - Ed Sheeran X '' . 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Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201448 into search . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angrezi Top 20 '' . The Times of India - Radio Mirchi . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 44 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 49 , 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . 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CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Stream TOP 100 - 2014 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2014 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2015 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Thinking Out Loud in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Music Canada . 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . IFPI Denmark . 5 April 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recorded Music NZ. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud '' . ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud - Elportaldemusica.es : Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Video ) on YouTube `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Fan Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2010s ) Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' 2011 Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott -- `` Need You Now '' 2012 Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' 2013 Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess -- `` We Are Young '' 2014 Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor -- `` Royals '' 2015 James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith -- `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) 2016 Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge -- `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2017 Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin -- `` Hello '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thinking_Out_Loud&oldid=802618548 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles 2010s ballads Ed Sheeran songs Song recordings produced by Jake Gosling Songs written by Ed Sheeran Dutch Top 40 number - 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uncle boonmee who can recall his past life			Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives	uncle boonmee who can recall his past lives	Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( Thai : ลุง บุญ มี ระลึก ชาติ ; RTGS : Lung Bunmi Raluek Chat ) is a 2010 Thai art drama film written , produced , and directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul . The film , which explores the theme of reincarnation , won the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , becoming the first Thai film to do so .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2010 ) The film centers on the last days in the life of its title character . Together with his loved ones -- including the spirit of his dead wife and his lost son who has returned in a non-human form -- Boonmee explores his past lives as he contemplates the reasons for his illness . Cast ( edit ) Thanapat Saisaymar as Uncle Boonmee Jenjira Pongpas as Jen Sakda Kaewbuadee as Tong Natthakarn Aphaiwong as Huay , Boonmee 's wife Jeerasak Kulhong as Boonsong , Boonmee 's son Kanokporn Thongaram as Roong , Jen 's friend Samud Kugasang as Jai , Boonmee 's chief worker Wallapa Mongkolprasert as the princess Sumit Suebsee as the soldier Vien Pimdee as the farmer Themes ( edit ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives is the final installment in a multi-platform art project `` Primitive '' . The project deals with the Isan region in Thailand 's northeast , and in particular the village of Nabua in Nakhon Phanom , near the Laos border . Previous installments include a seven - part video installation and the two short films A Letter to Uncle Boonmee and Phantoms of Nabua , both of which premiered in 2009 . The project deals with themes of memories , transformation and extinction , and touches on a violent 1965 crackdown on communist sympathisers in Nabua by the Thai army . Regarding the feature film 's place within the overarching project , Apichatpong has said that it `` echoes other works in the ' Primitive ' installation , which is about this land in Isan with a brutal history . But I 'm not making a political film - it 's more like a personal diary . '' According to Weerasethakul , the film is primarily about `` objects and people that transform or hybridise '' . A central theme is the transformation and possible extinction of cinema itself . The film consists of six reels each shot in a different cinematic style . The styles include , by the words of the director , `` old cinema with stiff acting and classical staging '' , `` documentary style '' , `` costume drama '' and `` my kind of film when you see long takes of animals and people driving '' . Weerasethakul further explained in an interview with Bangkok Post : `` When you make a film about recollection and death , you realise that cinema is also facing death . Uncle Boonmee is one of the last pictures shot on film - now everybody shoots digital . It 's my own little lamentation '' . Production ( edit ) Apichatpong Weerasethakul says that a man named Boonmee approached Phra Sripariyattiweti , the abbot of a Buddhist temple in his home town , claiming he could clearly remember his own previous lives while meditating . The abbot was so impressed with Boonmee 's ability that he published a book called A Man Who Can Recall His Past Lives in 1983 . By the time Apichatpong read the book , Boonmee had died . The original idea was to adapt the book into a biographical film about Boonmee . However , that was soon abandoned to make room for a more personal film , while still using the book 's structure and content as inspiration . The stories and production designs were inspired by old television shows and Thai comic books , which often used simple plots and were filled with supernatural elements . The film was an international co-production between Weerasethakul 's company Kick the Machine , Britain 's Illuminations Films , France 's Anna Sanders Films , Germany 's The Match Factory and Geissendörfer Film - und Fernsehproduktion and Spain 's Eddie Saeta . It received 3.5 million Baht in support from the Royal Thai Ministry of Culture . Filming took place between October 2009 and February 2010 , as the weather conditions allowed , both in Bangkok and the northeast of Thailand , Isan . The movie was shot with 16 mm film instead of digital video both for budgetary reasons and to give the film a look similar to that of classic Thai cinema . `` I was old enough to catch the television shows that used to be shot on 16 mm film . They were done in studio with strong , direct lighting . The lines were whispered to the actors , who mechanically repeated them . The monsters were always in the dark to hide the cheaply made costumes . Their eyes were red lights so that the audience could spot them . '' -- Apichatpong Weerasethakul Release ( edit ) The film premiered in competition at the Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2010 . Theatrical distribution in Thailand was at first uncertain . `` Every time I release a movie , I lose money because of the advertising and promotion , so I 'm not sure if it 's worth it , even though I would love to show it at home '' , Apichatpong said in an interview . On 25 June , however , Kick the Machine released it in a month - long run , limited to one theater in Bangkok . It passed uncut by the Thai censorship board , despite featuring scenes similar to those cut from the director 's past two feature films . Distribution rights for the United States were acquired by Strand Releasing and it was released on 2 March 2011 . Cartoonist Chris Ware created the poster for the U.S. release . Reception ( edit ) Uncle Boonmee has received near universal acclaim from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film currently holds an 88 % approval rating based on 93 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 out of 10 , with the consensus stating : `` Languorous and deeply enigmatic , Palme d'Or winner Uncle Boonmee represents an original take on the ghosts that haunt us . '' On Metacritic the film currently has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 based on 21 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a perfect score of five stars in an early festival review . Sandhu wrote : `` It 's barely a film ; more a floating world . To watch it is to feel many things -- balmed , seduced , amused , mystified , '' and continued : `` There are many elements of this film that remain elusive and secretive . But that 's a large part of its appeal : Weerasethakul , without ever trading in stock images of Oriental inscrutability , successfully conveys the subtle but important other - worldliness of this part of Thailand '' . In Screen International , Mark Adams called the film `` a beautifully assembled affair , with certain scenes staged with painterly composure , and also increasingly moving as the subtle story develops . Plus Apichatpong Weerasethakul is not afraid of adding in moments of surreal humour -- often laugh - out - loud moments for that -- which helps the pacing of the film . '' Willis Wong of Intermedias Review acclaimed director 's achievement : `` ' Uncle Boonmee ' is a slow , meditative and often baffling journey visually gorgeous and worth taking . '' Les Cahiers du cinéma featured Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives on the cover of the June issue and listed it first on their famous annual Top Ten of 2010 . The film received a score of 2.4 / 4 at Screen International 's annual Cannes Jury Grid , which polls international film critics from publications such as Sight & Sound , The Australian , Positif , L'Unita , Der Tagesspiegel among others . It was listed second on Film Comment magazine 's Best Films of 2011 list . In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics ' poll , 8 critics voted for it as one of their 10 greatest films ever made ; this ranked it at # 202 in the finished list . Five directors also voted , making the film ranked at # 132 in the directors ' poll . In a 2016 BBC poll , critics voted the film the 37th greatest since 2000 . Accolades ( edit ) The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival . It became the first Asian film to win the award since 1997 . Apichatpong Weerasethakul became the first Thai director to receive the award . The film was selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did n't make the final shortlist . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Asian Film Awards 21 March 2011 Best Film Apichatpong Weerasethakul Won Cannes Film Festival 12 -- 23 May 2010 Palme d'Or Won Chicago Film Critics Association 19 December 2011 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated Chicago International Film Festival 2011 International Film Poster Silver Plaque Chris Ware Won Dubai International Film Festival Best Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom and Yukontorn Mingmongkon Won Independent Spirit Awards 26 February 2011 Best Foreign Language Film Apichatpong Weerasethakul Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle 11 February 2011 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated Best Director Nominated Online Film Critics Society 2 January 2012 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated Toronto Film Critics Association 14 December 2010 Best Picture Runner - up Best Foreign Language Film Won See also ( edit ) List of submissions to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Thai submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Lisa ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` Remembrances of Lives Past '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` English press kit Lung Boonmee raluek chat '' ( PDF ) . Illuminations films . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kwai , Wise ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` The late , great Apichatpong '' . The Nation . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rithdee , Kong ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Of monkey ghosts and men '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mayorga , Emilio ( 20 January 2010 ) . `` Eddie Saeta joins ' Uncle Boonmee ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rithdee , Kong ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Multiple avatars '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The screenings guide '' ( PDF ) . festival-cannes.com . Cannes Film Festival . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Landreth , Jonathan ( 18 May 2010 ) . `` Q&A : Apichatpong Weerasethakul '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Uncle Boonmee set for uncut release '' . Film Business Asia . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Wendy ( 6 July 2010 ) . `` Strand strikes US deal for Uncle Boonmee with Match Factory '' . Screen . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Stories '' . The New York Times . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vulture Premieres the Poster for Cannes Hit Uncle Boonmee , Designed by Chris Ware '' . Vulture . New York . 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mark ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives '' . Screen . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wong , Willis ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Ghost Country '' . Intermedias Review . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apichatpong , une Palme de rêve '' . Les Cahiers du cinéma . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten 2010 '' . Les Cahiers du cinéma . Jump up ^ Cannes Jury Grid 2010 . Screen International Jump up ^ http://www.filmcomment.com/article/film-comments-end-of-year-critics-poll-2011 Film Comment , January / February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives '' . BFI. 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , Tom ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Quelle surprise ! ' Uncle Boonmee ' nabs Palme d'Or at Cannes '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` ' Uncle Boonmee ' wins Palme d'Or '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` And the Hopefuls for Best Foreign Oscar Are ... '' thewrap . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Foreign Language Films Continue to Oscar Race '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Stephen ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Boonmee claims AFA crown '' . Film Business Asia . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` ' The Tree of Life ' Leads Chicago Critics Awards '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHICAGO TOP AWARDS GO TO THE BEST OF WHAT THE WORLD IS WATCHING '' . Chicago International Film Festival . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOONG BOONMEE RALEUK CHAAT ( UNCLE BOONMEE WHO CAN RECALL HIS PAST LIVES ) '' . Dubai International Film Festival . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` ' Winter 's Bone ' Dominates Independent Spirit Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` ' Social Network , ' ' King 's Speech ' Lead London Critics Circle Winners '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` ' The Tree of Life ' Leads Online Film Critics Society Awards '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` The Social Network wins critical friends '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives on IMDb Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives at Box Office Mojo Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives at Metacritic Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives at Rotten Tomatoes Films of Apichatpong Weerasethakul Mysterious Object at Noon ( 2000 ) Blissfully Yours ( 2002 ) The Adventure of Iron Pussy ( 2003 ) Tropical Malady ( 2004 ) Syndromes and a Century ( 2006 ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( 2010 ) Mekong Hotel ( 2012 ) Cemetery of Splendour ( 2015 ) Palme d'Or winning films Union Pacific ( 1939 ) Torment ( Hets ) ( 1946 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1946 ) The Red Meadows ( 1946 ) Brief Encounter ( 1946 ) María Candelaria ( 1946 ) Neecha Nagar ( 1946 ) The Turning Point ( 1946 ) La Symphonie pastorale ( 1946 ) The Last Chance ( 1946 ) Men Without Wings ( 1946 ) Rome , Open City ( 1946 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Miss Julie ( 1951 ) Miracle in Milan ( 1951 ) The Tragedy of Othello : The Moor of Venice ( 1951 ) Two Cents Worth of Hope ( 1952 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1953 ) Gate of Hell ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) The Silent World ( 1956 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1957 ) The Cranes Are Flying ( 1958 ) Black Orpheus ( 1959 ) La Dolce Vita ( 1960 ) The Long Absence ( 1961 ) Viridiana ( 1961 ) O Pagador de Promessas ( 1962 ) The Leopard ( 1963 ) The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( 1964 ) The Knack ... and How to Get It ( 1965 ) A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) The Birds , the Bees and the Italians ( 1966 ) Blowup ( 1967 ) if ... ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) The Go - Between ( 1971 ) The Working Class Goes to Heaven ( 1972 ) The Mattei Affair ( 1972 ) The Hireling ( 1973 ) Scarecrow ( 1973 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) Chronicle of the Years of Fire ( 1975 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) Padre Padrone ( 1977 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) The Tin Drum ( 1979 ) All That Jazz ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Man of Iron ( 1981 ) Missing ( 1982 ) Yol ( 1982 ) The Ballad of Narayama ( 1983 ) Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) When Father Was Away on Business ( 1985 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) Under the Sun of Satan ( 1987 ) Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Best Intentions ( 1992 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Underground ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) The Eel ( 1997 ) Eternity and a Day ( 1998 ) Rosetta ( 1999 ) Dancer in the Dark ( 2000 ) The Son 's Room ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( 2004 ) The Child ( 2005 ) The Wind That Shakes the Barley ( 2006 ) 4 Months , 3 Weeks and 2 Days ( 2007 ) The Class ( 2008 ) The White Ribbon ( 2009 ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( 2010 ) The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( 2013 ) Winter Sleep ( 2014 ) Dheepan ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) The Square ( 2017 ) Asian Film Award for Best Film The Host ( 2007 ) Secret Sunshine ( 2008 ) Tokyo Sonata ( 2009 ) Mother ( 2010 ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Mystery ( 2013 ) The Grandmaster ( 2014 ) Blind Massage ( 2015 ) The Assassin ( 2016 ) I Am Not Madame Bovary ( 2017 ) Youth ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Boonmee_Who_Can_Recall_His_Past_Lives&oldid=833842549 '' Categories : 2010 films Thai films Thai - language films 2010s drama films Films directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul Palme d'Or winners Films about reincarnation Magic realism films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles containing Thai - language text Articles to be expanded from December 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . 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what does the name chelsea mean in hebrew			Chelsea ( name )	chelsea ( name )	Chelsea was first a place name of Old English origin , and the most common theory of its meaning is chalk landing place , Cealc - hyð = `` chalk wharf '' .	The Synod of Chelsea at Chelchith in 787 is often identified with Chelsea , London ; but the first firm record is of a manor at Chelsea just before the Norman conquest . Today this original Chelsea is part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and is pronounced / ˈtʃɛlsi / CHEL - see . From this origin other usages and places have arisen . For example , Chelsea , Manhattan , takes its name from a Federal - style house in the area which had been named after the manor of Chelsea , London . The personal name Chelsea is a 20th - century coinage and is also pronounced / ˈtʃɛlsi / , / tʃ ɛlˈseɪ / or / ˈtʃɛlsiə / , and sometimes spelled Chelsie or Chelsey . In the United States , the spelling `` Chelsea '' first entered the Social Security Administration baby naming data chart in 1969 at position 708 . It rose in popularity among names for girls after 1980 , peaking in 1992 at # 15 . As of 2009 it was ranked # 231 . This name is possibly linked with British pop culture of the late 1960s and Joni Mitchell 's song `` Chelsea Morning '' ( named after the Manhattan district ) . For example , Chelsea Clinton , daughter of former U.S. president Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , is named after the song as performed by Judy Collins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable people with the given name Chelsea 2 Fictional entities 3 See also 4 References Notable people with the given name Chelsea ( edit ) Chelsea Brown ( born 1942 ) , American actress Chelsea Chen ( born 1983 ) , American organist Chelsea Clinton ( born 1980 ) , the daughter of former U.S. President Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Chelsea Cooley ( born 1983 ) , former Miss USA ( 2005 ) Chelsea Field ( born 1957 ) , American actress Chelsea Georgeson ( born 1983 ) , surfer Chelsey Goldberg ( born 1993 ) , American ice hockey player Chelsea Green ( born 1991 ) , Canadian professional wrestler Chelsea Grin , American progressive deathcore band Chelsea Handler ( born 1975 ) , American comedian Chelsee Healey ( born 1988 ) , English actress Chelsea Hobbs ( born 1985 ) , actress Chelsea Kane ( born 1988 ) , actress and singer Chelsea Manning ( born 1987 ) , former U.S. soldier convicted for violations of the Espionage Act of 1917 Chelsea Marriner , dog handler and trainer from New Zealand Chelsea Newton ( born 1983 ) , American basketball player Chelsea Noble ( born 1964 ) , American actress Chelsea Peretti ( born 1978 ) , writer and comedian Chelsea Quealey ( born 1905 ) , jazz trumpeter Chelsea Quinn Yarbro ( born 1942 ) , writer Chelsea Wolfe ( born 1983 ) , American singer - songwriter , musician Fictional entities ( edit ) Chelsea Benson , a character from the US soap opera Days of our Lives Chelsea Daniels , a character from the US sitcom That 's So Raven Chelsea Fox , a character from the UK soap opera EastEnders See also ( edit ) Chellsie Memmell , Olympic gymnast Chelsi Smith , former Miss USA ( 1995 ) and Miss Universe ( 1995 ) Chelsie Hightower , professional ballroom dancer Chelsy Davy , on and off girlfriend of Prince Harry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Social Security Administration Popular Baby Names Database Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2008 ) . `` ' Chelsea Morning ' - Joni Mitchell '' , AllMusic . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_(name)&oldid=836185494 '' Categories : Given names English feminine given names Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 05 : 29 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20%28name%29	2,753
who does the voice for peter rabbit movie	James Corden as Peter Rabbit	James Corden	Peter Rabbit ( film )	peter rabbit ( film )	Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live - action / computer - animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Rob Lieber and Gluck , based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter . The film stars Rose Byrne , Domhnall Gleeson , Sam Neill , Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki , Margot Robbie , and James Corden . The film was released on February 9 , 2018 , received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $229 million worldwide , making it the 9th highest - grossing film of 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Trailer criticism 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 `` Allergy bullying '' controversy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In England 's Lake District Peter Rabbit , his cousin Benjamin , and his triplet sisters Flopsy , Mopsy and Cottontail , spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden . They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature . Bea takes on a mother - like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their mother and father . One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket in McGregor 's garden and goes back to retrieve it . McGregor spots and catches him , but suddenly dies of a heart attack . Enthralled , Peter invites all of the woodland critters , and then takes over McGregor 's old house . Meanwhile in London , McGregor 's nephew Thomas works at Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion . He coldly accepts the news about his uncle 's death , but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired . When he learns that his uncle 's house is valuable , he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrods . He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden , despite Bea 's objections . When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden , Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin . Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier . Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances . Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more . Peter soon angers Bea when he unintentionally ruins her paintings during one excursion , and soon she also turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show . This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter 's burrow , and uses it to attack Peter in the garden , before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive . When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it , he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow , which crushes Bea 's art studio . Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation , Bea breaks up with him , and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again . Peter feels bad for what he has done , and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood , he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods . They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator , and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting . Thomas discovers that he can not go home because a snobbish couple , whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior , had just bought the house . Peter and his friends use their tricks to kick the couple out of the house . During the end credits , it is shown that Bea , Thomas , and the rabbits eventually moved to London together where Thomas has his own toy shop and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends . Cast ( edit ) Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor Rose Byrne as Bea Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Harrods General Manager Felix Williamson as Derek Voice cast ( edit ) James Corden as Peter Rabbit Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher Sam Neill as Tommy Brock Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle - Duck Christian Gazal as Felix D'eer Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit David Wenham as Johnny Town - Mouse Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II Jensen Karp as Rap Bird The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman , Shana Halligan , Katharine Hoye , Chris Mann , Chad Reisser , and Fletcher Sheridan Production ( edit ) The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack . The official announcement of the film came that December . On August 4 , 2016 , it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live - action / computer - animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber , with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live - action roles . The report also said Gluck would produce the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic , which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film . On September 26 , 2016 , Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast , with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney , Australia in January 2017 . On October 18 , Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Mr McGregor , known for chasing rabbits out of his vegetable garden , and on October 24 , Margot Robbie joined the cast , expected to voice a bunny . On November 7 , Sia was cast to join the film as Mrs Tiggy - Winkle . Filming ( edit ) On December 18 , 2016 , a first image of the title character , along with the movie 's logo , had been revealed . Production began in December 2016 . Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney . In March 2017 , filming took place at Central railway station , Sydney which was depicted as London Paddington station . In April 2017 , a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District . A local toy shop on Compston Road , Ambleside , was adapted to be Mr McGregor 's . Release ( edit ) Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23 , 2018 , but it was moved up to February 9 , 2018 . Trailer criticism ( edit ) The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character , many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter 's works . Collider slammed the trailer as `` garbage '' and a `` low brow ' comedy ' cringe fest '' . Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that `` the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling ( ... ) there 's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit -- gentle , Edwardian Peter Rabbit -- thoughtlessly injuring some birds , or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club , or literally twerking '' and argued `` there is no way on Earth that ( Beatrix Potter would ) have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this . '' Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was `` so gut wrenchingly bad '' and that `` if the movie lives up to its two minute preview -- ( it ) is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie . '' He finished by writing `` Listen carefully , and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter , turning furiously in her grave . '' On November 7 , a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of April 3 , 2018 , Peter Rabbit has grossed $111.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $117.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $229.5 million , against a production budget of $50 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates as high as $25 million . It ended up making $25 million over the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ( $38.8 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 62 % based on 110 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter 's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . `` Allergy bullying '' controversy ( edit ) In the first week after the film 's release , groups in multiple countries criticized it for `` allergy bullying '' and called for an apology from Sony . The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor -- whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries -- is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth , causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen . In response , Sony published a statement saying `` We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue , and we truly apologise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dominic Lewis to Score ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . Film Music Reporter . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT ( PG ) '' . BBFC . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney '' . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked Sony emails reveal ' Peter Rabbit ' feature film is in the works '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony 's ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Live - Action / Animated Pic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Lou ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wish ' list : Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson 's shoes '' . Burlington County Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live - Action ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ sia . `` The new UK trailer for # PeterRabbitMovie has arrived ! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation - Screen Rant '' . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Byrne , look alike body double , Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out Smoothfm March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First ' Peter Rabbit ' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden '' . Collider . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden 's Peter Rabbit : another kids ' classic wrecked forever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie -- and it 's a total disaster '' . Metro . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying '' . The Guardian . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seselja , Edwina ; Dawes , Samantha ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit : Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene '' . BBC News . February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set , Centennial Park . Official website Peter Rabbit on IMDb Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit ( television series ) Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends Peter Rabbit ( film ) People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Slappy Halloween ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Films directed by Will Gluck Fired Up ! ( 2009 ) Easy A ( 2010 ) Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rabbit_(film)&oldid=834501209 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Peter Rabbit 2018 3D films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Australian films Australian animated films Australian animated fantasy films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films directed by Will Gluck Films scored by Dominic Lewis Films set in London Films shot in Sydney Films with live action and animation Sony Pictures Animation films 2018 computer - animated films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Тоҷикӣ Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Rabbit%20%28film%29	2,754
what is the premium amount for the pradhan mantri suraksha bima yojana	Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 70 years of age with bank accounts . It has an annual premium of ₹ 12 ( 19 ¢ US ) exclusive of taxes . The Service tax is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana . The amount will be automatically debited from the account . The accident insurance scheme will have one year cover from June 1 to May 31 and would be offered through banks and administered through public sector general insurance companies .	annual premium of ₹ 12 ( 19 ¢ US ) exclusive of taxes	Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana	pradhan mantri suraksha bima yojana	Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is a government - backed accident insurance scheme in India . It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in February 2015 . It was formally launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May in Kolkata . As of May 2015 , only 20 % of India 's population has any kind of insurance , this scheme aims to increase the number .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 2 Criticism 3 Results 4 See also 5 References Provisions ( edit ) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 70 years of age with bank accounts . It has an annual premium of ₹ 12 ( 19 ¢ US ) exclusive of taxes . The Service tax is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana . The amount will be automatically debited from the account . The accident insurance scheme will have one year cover from June 1 to May 31 and would be offered through banks and administered through public sector general insurance companies . In case of accidental death or full disability , the payment to the nominee will be ₹ 2 lakh ( US $3,100 ) and in case of partial Permanent disability ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,600 ) . Full disability has been defined as loss of use in both eyes , hands or feet . Partial Permanent disability has been defined as loss of use in one eye , hand or foot . This scheme will be linked to the bank accounts opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana scheme . Most of these account had zero balance initially . The government aims to reduce the number of such zero balance accounts by using this and related schemes . Now all Bank account holders can avail this facility through their net - banking service facility at any time of the year . Criticism ( edit ) A rising loss ratio has forced general insurers to urge the government to hike the premium for the scheme . Results ( edit ) As of 24th April 2017 , 10 crore people have already enrolled for this scheme . 9,705 claims have been disbursed against 12,975 claims received . In April 2017 , Haryana Government has announced that all Haryana residents in the age group of 18 - 70 years will be covered by PMSBY , wherein the state government would reimburse the premium to the beneficiary . See also ( edit ) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Atal Pension Yojana References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jan Suraksha : Social security for masses , pricing woes for insurers '' , Business Standard , 8 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Banks advertise Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojana ahead of the roll out '' , Live Mint , 8 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jan Suraksha schemes to help eliminate Jan Dhan 's zero balance accounts ' '' . Business Standard . 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana : Accidental death , disability cover@Rs 12 p.a ' '' . Economic Times . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State - run insurers seek to increase PMSBY premium '' . The Financial Express ( India ) . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana stats '' . Jan Suraksha . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana extends accidental insurance cover to all residents '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ( hide ) Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY DELP HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY Midday Meal Scheme NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY PMMY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Jyotigram Yojana Make in Maharashtra Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya MPLADS NLM NPS NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Swavalamban Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradhan_Mantri_Suraksha_Bima_Yojana&oldid=790324811 '' Categories : Modi administration initiatives Government schemes in India Social security in India Insurance in India 2015 introductions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox project with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 00 : 33 . 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who has the most assists in the nhl			List of NHL players with 1000 assists	list of nhl players with 1000 assists	The following is a list of ice hockey players who have recorded 1,000 assists in the National Hockey League , as of the completion of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . All of the players listed below are honoured in the Hockey Hall of Fame , except Joe Thornton , who is active with the San Jose Sharks , and Jaromir Jagr , who is active in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League . Jagr is also the only non-Canadian player with 1,000 career assists .	Wayne Gretzky Ray Bourque Steve Yzerman Player Team ( at time of 1,000 th assist ) GP Pts Wayne Gretzky Edmonton Oilers 1487 894 1963 2857 Ron Francis Pittsburgh Penguins 1731 549 1249 1798 Mark Messier Vancouver Canucks 1756 694 1193 1887 Ray Bourque Boston Bruins 1612 410 1169 1579 Jaromir Jagr Dallas Stars 1733 766 1155 1921 Paul Coffey Detroit Red Wings 1409 396 1135 1531 Adam Oates Washington Capitals 1337 341 1079 1420 Steve Yzerman Detroit Red Wings 1514 692 1063 1755 Gordie Howe Detroit Red Wings 1767 801 1049 1850 Marcel Dionne Los Angeles Kings 1348 731 1040 1771 Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 915 690 1033 1723 Joe Thornton San Jose Sharks 1493 397 1030 1427 Joe Sakic Colorado Avalanche 1378 625 1016 1641 Retired players within 100 assists ( edit ) These are players who are now retired that came within 100 assists of reaching 1,000 for their career . They are listed with the NHL team for which they played the most games . Player Team Final season GP Pts Doug Gilmour Toronto Maple Leafs 2002 -- 03 1474 450 964 1414 Mark Recchi Philadelphia Flyers 2010 -- 11 1652 577 956 1533 Al MacInnis Calgary Flames 2003 -- 04 1416 340 934 1274 Larry Murphy Washington Capitals 2000 -- 01 1615 287 929 1216 Stan Mikita Chicago Black Hawks 1979 -- 80 1394 541 926 1467 Bryan Trottier New York Islanders 1993 -- 94 1279 524 901 1425 List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_players_with_1000_assists&oldid=840259574 '' Categories : Lists of National Hockey League players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Magyar Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 18 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NHL%20players%20with%201000%20assists	2,756
who played elizabeth in when calls the heart	Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher	Erin Krakow	When Calls the Heart	when calls the heart	When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West Series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada .	The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season in February 2018 . The season will premiere with a 2 - hour Christmas special , to be broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas season , and continue for a 10 - episode season , beginning in February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Cast 4.1 Main cast 4.2 Recurring cast 5 Characters 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 44 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) Special December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Special December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) As of April 23 , 2017 , 39 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired , concluding the fourth season . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premier on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a one - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux - Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring cast ( edit ) Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Thatcher is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of a Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a landslide . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired the second and third seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . `` Deadline '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Related List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=800054739 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian television series Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows American romance television series Canadian romance television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 34 . 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name the coin that was in circulation in delhi			Coin	coin	A coin is a small , flat , ( usually ) round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender . They are standardized in weight , and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade . They are most often issued by a government .	Coins are usually metal or alloy , or sometimes made of synthetic materials . They are usually disc shaped . Coins made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins . Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions , circulating alongside banknotes . Usually the highest value coin in circulation ( i.e. excluding bullion coins ) is worth less than the lowest - value note . In the last hundred years , the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain , for example due to inflation . If the difference becomes significant , the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation , possibly issuing new equivalents with a different composition , or the public may decide to melt the coins down or hoard them ( see Gresham 's law ) . Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value also occur for some bullion coins made of copper , silver , or gold ( and , rarely , other metals , such as platinum or palladium ) , intended for collectors or investors in precious metals . Examples of modern gold collector / investor coins include the British sovereign minted by the United Kingdom , the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States , the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada , and the Krugerrand , minted by South Africa . While the Eagle , Maple Leaf , and Sovereign coins have nominal ( purely symbolic ) face values ; the Krugerrand does not . Historically , a great quantity of coinage metals ( including alloys ) and other materials ( e.g. porcelain ) have been used to produce coins for circulation , collection , and metal investment : bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Iron Age 1.2 Classical antiquity 1.3 Philippines 1.4 Middle Ages 2 Value 2.1 Currency 2.2 Collector 's item 2.3 Medium of expression 3 Debasement 4 Other uses 5 Features of modern coins 6 Physics and chemistry 6.1 Flipping 6.2 Spinning 6.3 Odor 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Spade money from the Zhou Dynasty , circa 650 - 400 BC . A Kuru punch - marked coin , circa 350 - 315 BC , one of the earliest example of coinage in India . An original Celtic Biatec coin and its replica on a former Slovak 5 - koruna coin ( 1993 - 2008 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first coins were developed independently in Iron Age Anatolia and Archaic Greece , India and China around the 7th and 6th centuries BC . Coins spread rapidly in the 6th and 5th centuries BC , throughout Greece and Persia , and further to the Balkans . Standardized Roman currency was used throughout the Roman Empire . Important Roman gold and silver coins were continued into the Middle Ages ( see Gold dinar , Solidus , Aureus , Denarius ) . Ancient and early medieval coins in theory had the value of their metal content , although there have been many instances throughout history of the metal content of governments inflating their currencies by debasing their coinage , so that the inferior coins were worth less in metal than their face value . Fiat money first arose in medieval China , with the jiaozi paper money . Early paper money was introduced in Europe in the later Middle Ages , but some coins continued to have the value of the gold or silver they contained throughout the Early Modern period . The penny was minted as a silver coin until the 17th century . The first circulating United States coins were cents ( pennies ) , produced in 1793 , and made entirely from copper . Silver content was reduced in many coins in the 19th century ( use of billon ) , and the first coins made entirely of base metal ( e.g. nickel , cupronickel , aluminium bronze ) , representing values higher than the value of their metal , were minted in the mid 19th century . An oxhide ingot from Crete . Late Bronze Age metal ingots were given standard shapes , such as the shape of an `` ox - hide '' , suggesting that they represented standardized values . Coins were an evolution of `` currency '' systems of the Late Bronze Age , where standard - sized ingots , and tokens such as knife money , were used to store and transfer value . In the late Chinese Bronze Age , standardized cast tokens were made , such as those discovered in a tomb near Anyang . These were replicas in bronze of earlier Chinese currency , cowrie shells , so they were named Bronze Shell . Iron Age ( edit ) Further information : Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage 1 / 3rd stater from Lydia , 6th century BC Electrum coin from Ephesus , 620 - 600 BC . Obverse : Forepart of stag . Reverse : Square incuse punch Anatolian gold coin from 4th century BC Mysia Greek drachma of Aegina . Obverse : Land Chelone / Reverse : ΑΙΓ ( INA ) and dolphin . The oldest Aegina Chelone coins depicted sea turtles and were minted c. 700 BC . According to Aristotle ( fr. 611 , 37 , ed . V. Rose ) and Pollux ( Onamastikon IX. 83 ) , the first issuer of coins was Hermodike of Kyme The earliest coins are mostly associated with Iron Age Anatolia , especially with the kingdom of Lydia . Early electrum coins were not standardized in weight , and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects , such as badges or medals , issued by priests . Many early Lydian and Greek coins were minted under the authority of private individuals and are thus more akin to tokens or badges than to modern coins , though due to their numbers it is evident that some were official state issues , with King Alyattes of Lydia , 619 -- 560 BC , being a frequently mentioned originator of coinage . The first Lydian coins were made of electrum , a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold that was further alloyed with added silver and copper . Most of the early Lydian coins include no writing ( `` legend '' or `` inscription '' ) , only an image of a symbolic animal . Therefore , the dating of these coins relies primarily on archaeological evidence , with the most commonly cited evidence coming from excavations at the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , also called the Ephesian Artemision ( which would later evolve into one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ) . Because the oldest lion head `` coins '' were discovered in that temple , and they do not appear to have been used in commerce , these objects may not have been coins but badges or medals issued by the priests of that temple . Anatolian Artemis was the Πὀτνια Θηρῶν ( Potnia Thêrôn , `` Mistress of Animals '' ) , whose symbol was the stag . Ionia , Uncertain city 600 - 550 BCE , Hemiobol . Horse head , rough incuse It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade . Even the smallest - denomination electrum coins , perhaps worth about a day 's subsistence , would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread . The first coins to be used for retailing on a large - scale basis were likely small silver fractions , Hemiobol , Ancient Greek coinage minted by the Ionian Greeks in the late sixth century BC . A small percentage of early Lydian / Greek coins have a legend . A famous early electrum coin , the most ancient inscribed coin at present known , is from nearby Caria . This coin has a Greek legend reading phaenos emi sema interpreted variously as `` I am the badge of Phanes '' , or `` I am the sign of light '' , or `` I am the tomb of light '' , or `` I am the tomb of Phanes '' . The coins of Phanes are known to be amongst the earliest of Greek coins , a hemihekte of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos ( the oldest deposit of electrum coins discovered ) . One assumption is that Phanes was a wealthy merchant , another that this coin is associated with Apollo - Phanes and , due to the Deer , with Artemis ( twin sister of the god of light Apollo - Phaneos ) . Although only seven Phanes type coins were discovered , it is also notable that 20 % of all early electrum coins also have the lion of Artemis and the sun burst of Apollo - Phaneos . Alternatively , Phanes may have been the Halicarnassian mercenary of Amasis mentioned by Herodotus , who escaped to the court of Cambyses , and became his guide in the invasion of Egypt in 527 or 525 BC . According to Herodotus , this Phanes was buried alive by a sandstorm , together with 50,000 Persian soldiers , while trying to conquer the temple of Amun -- Zeus in Egypt . The fact that the Greek word `` Phanes '' also means light ( or lamp ) , and the word `` sema '' also means tomb makes this coin a famous and controversial one . Another candidate for the site of the earliest coins is Aegina , where Chelone ( `` turtle '' ) coins were first minted circa 700 BC . Coins from Athens and Corinth appeared shortly thereafter , known to exist at least since the late 6th century BC . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Greek coinage , Achaemenid coinage , Illyrian coinage , Roman currency , Coinage of India , Aureus , Solidus ( coin ) , Denarius , Antoninianus , and Sestertius Set of three Roman aurei depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty . Top to bottom : Vespasian , Titus and Domitian . AD 69 - 96 Coinage followed Greek colonization and influence first around the Mediterranean and soon after to North Africa ( including Egypt ) , Syria , Persia , and the Balkans . Coins were minted in the Achaemenid Empire , including the gold darics and silver sigloi . With the Achemenid conquest of Gandhara under Darius the Great c. 520 BC , the practice spread to the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The coins of this period were called Puranas , Karshapanas or Pana . These earliest Indian coins , however , are unlike those circulated in Persia , which were derived from the Greek / Anatolian type ; they not disk - shaped but rather stamped bars of metal , suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age . Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara , Kuntala , Kuru , Panchala , Shakya , Surasena and Surashtra . In China , early round coins appeared in the 4th century BC . The first Roman coins , which were crude , heavy cast bronzes , were issued c. 289 BC . Persian Achaemenid Daric , c. 350 BC Reverse of a silver Tetradrachm from Athens , c. 480 - 420 BC Bronze coin issued by Antiochus IV Epiphanes , 2nd century BC . Coin edges are curled to prevent swindlers from stealing metal by scraping the edges . Bactrian Drachm minted c. 185 - 170 BC A bronze coin of the Chinese Han Dynasty , c. 1st century BC Sestertius of Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus , AD 238 Silver Drachma of Mehrdad ( Mithridates I ) of Persian Empire of Parthia , 165 BC Coins of Early Gandhara Janapada : Very probably the earliest Indian coin : a large Philippines ( edit ) The Piloncitos are tiny engraved gold coins found in the Philippines , along with the barter rings , which are gold ring - like ingots . These barter rings are bigger than doughnuts in size and are made of pure gold from the Archaic period ( c. 10th to 16th century ) . In the Philippines , gold , which was plentiful in many parts of the islands , invariably found its way into these objects that included the Piloncitos , small bead - like gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of ancient Filipinos , and gold barter rings . Piloncitos are so small -- some are of the size of a corn kernel -- and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold . Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass . Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong , Bataan , the banks of the Pasig River , Batangas , Marinduque , Samar , Leyte and some areas in Mindanao . They have been found in large numbers in Indonesian archeological sites leading to questions of origin . Were Piloncitos made in the Philippines or imported ? That gold was mined and worked here is evidenced by many Spanish accounts , like one in 1586 that said : `` The people of this island ( Luzon ) are very skillful in their handling of gold . They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen . The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it , for there is no other money among them . '' Middle Ages ( edit ) Further information : Byzantine mints , Visigothic coinage , Coinage in Anglo - Saxon England , Medieval Bulgarian coinage , Gold dinar , Coinage of the Republic of Venice , Portuguese dinheiro , Sceat , and Pfennig Further information : History of the English penny ( c. 600 -- 1066 ) , Japanese mon ( currency ) , and Reichsmünzordnung The first European coin to use Arabic numerals to date the year in which the coin was minted was the St. Gall silver Plappart of 1424 . Lombardic Tremissis depicting Saint Michael , AD 688 - 700 Silver coin of Boran of Persian Sassanian Empire , AD 629 Silver Dirham of the Umayyad Caliphate , 729 ; minted by using Persian Sassanian framework Abbasid coin , c. 1080s Almoravid coin , 1138 -- 1139 Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Thaler minted in 1629 Japanese local currency Genbun Inari Koban Kin , c. 1736 -- 1741 1768 silver Spanish Dollar , or eight reales coin ( the `` piece of eight '' of pirate fame ) , minted throughout the Spanish Empire Ottoman coin , 1818 One Rupee coin issued by the East India Company , 1835 Value ( edit ) Five million mark coin ( Weimar Republic , 1923 ) . Despite its high denomination , this coin 's monetary value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923 , substantially less than the value of its metallic content . An unusual copper coin of King George IV of Georgia with Georgian inscriptions , 1210 A silver coin made during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II Currency ( edit ) Main article : Currency Most coins presently are made of a base metal , and their value comes from their status as fiat money . This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat ( law ) , and thus is determined by the free market only in as much as national currencies are used in domestic trade and also traded internationally on foreign exchange markets . Thus , these coins are monetary tokens , just as paper currency is : they are usually not backed by metal , but rather by some form of government guarantee . Some have suggested that such coins not be considered to be `` true coins '' ( see below ) . Thus , there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value . Coins may be in circulation with fiat values lower than the value of their component metals , but they are never initially issued with such value , and the shortfall only arises over time due to inflation , as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin . Examples are the pre-1965 US dime , quarter , half dollar , and dollar ( nominally containing slightly less than a tenth , quarter , half , and full ounce of silver , respectively ) , US nickel , and pre-1982 US penny . As a result of the increase in the value of copper , the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny . Since mid-1982 , United States pennies are made of 97.5 % zinc , with the remaining 2.5 % being a coating of copper . Extreme differences between fiat values and metal values of coins cause coins to be hoarded or removed from circulation by illicit smelters in order to realise the value of their metal content . This is an example of Gresham 's law . The United States Mint , in an attempt to avoid this , implemented new interim rules on December 14 , 2006 , subject to public comment for 30 days , which criminalized the melting and export of pennies and nickels . Violators can be fined up to $10,000 and / or imprisoned for up to five years . Collector 's item ( edit ) Main article : Numismatics A coin 's value as a collector 's item or as an investment generally depends on its condition , specific historical significance , rarity , quality , beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors . If a coin is greatly lacking in all of these , it is unlikely to be worth much . The value of bullion coins is also influenced to some extent by those factors , but is largely based on the value of their gold , silver , or platinum content . Sometimes non-monetized bullion coins such as the Canadian Maple Leaf and the American Gold Eagle are minted with nominal face values less than the value of the metal in them , but as such coins are never intended for circulation , these face values have no relevance . Medium of expression ( edit ) Coins can be used as creative medium of expression -- from fine art sculpture to the penny machines that can be found in most amusement parks . In the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) in the United States there are some regulations specific to nickels and pennies that are informative on this topic . 31 CFR § 82.1 forbids unauthorized persons from exporting , melting , or treating any 5 or 1 cent coins . This has been a particular problem with nickels and dimes ( and with some comparable coins in other currencies ) because of their relatively low face value and unstable commodity prices . For a while , the copper in US pennies was worth more than one cent , so people would hoard pennies and then melt them down for their metal value . It cost more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels , so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the US Treasury . This was more of a problem when coins were still made of precious metals like silver and gold , so strict laws against alteration make more sense historically . 31 CFR § 82.2 goes on to state that : `` ( b ) The prohibition contained in § 82.1 against the treatment of 5 - cent coins and one - cent coins shall not apply to the treatment of these coins for educational , amusement , novelty , jewelry , and similar purposes as long as the volumes treated and the nature of the treatment makes it clear that such treatment is not intended as a means by which to profit solely from the value of the metal content of the coins . '' Debasement ( edit ) Main article : Debasement Throughout history , monarchs and governments have often created more coinage than their supply of precious metals would allow if the coins were pure metal . By replacing some fraction of a coin 's precious metal content with a base metal ( often copper or nickel ) , the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced ( thereby `` debasing '' the money ) , allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible . Debasement occasionally occurs in order to make the coin physically harder and therefore less likely to be worn down as quickly , but the more usual reason is to profit from the difference between face value and metal value . Debasement of money almost always leads to price inflation . Sometimes price controls are at the same time also instituted by the governing authority , but historically these have generally proved unworkable . The United States is unusual in that it has only slightly modified its coinage system ( except for the images and symbols on the coins , which have changed a number of times ) to accommodate two centuries of inflation . The one - cent coin has changed little since 1856 ( though its composition was changed in 1982 to remove virtually all copper from the coin ) and still remains in circulation , despite a greatly reduced purchasing power . On the other end of the spectrum , the largest coin in common circulation is valued at 25 cents , a very low value for the largest denomination coin compared to many other countries . Increases in the prices of copper , nickel , and zinc meant that both the US one - and five - cent coins became worth more for their raw metal content than their face ( fiat ) value . In particular , copper one - cent pieces ( those dated prior to 1982 and some 1982 - dated coins ) contained about two cents ' worth of copper . Some denominations of circulating coins that were formerly minted in the United States are no longer made . These include coins with a face value of a half cent , two cents , three cents , and twenty cents . ( The half dollar and dollar coins are still produced , but mostly for vending machines and collectors . ) In the past , the US also coined the following denominations for circulation in gold : One dollar , $2.50 , three dollars , five dollars , ten dollars , and twenty dollars . In addition , cents were originally slightly larger than the modern quarter and weighed nearly half an ounce , while five - cent coins ( known then as `` half dimes '' ) were smaller than a dime and made of a silver alloy . Dollar coins were also much larger , and weighed approximately an ounce . One - dollar gold coins are no longer produced and rarely used . The US also issues bullion and commemorative coins with the following denominations : 50 ¢ , $1 , $5 , $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 . Other uses ( edit ) See also : Exonumia Some convicted criminals from the British Isles who were sentenced to transportation to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries used coins to leave messages of remembrance to loved ones left behind in Britain . The coins were defaced , smoothed and inscribed , either by stippling or engraving , with sometimes touching words of loss . These coins were called `` convict love tokens '' or `` leaden hearts '' . A number of these tokens are in the collection of the National Museum of Australia . Features of modern coins ( edit ) Coins can be stacked . 1884 United States trade dollar French 1992 twenty Franc Tri-Metallic coin Bimetallic Egyptian one pound coin featuring King Tutankhamen Circulating coins commonly suffered from `` shaving '' or `` clipping '' : the public would cut off small amounts of precious metal from their edges to sell it and then pass on the mutilated coins at full value . Unmilled British sterling silver coins were sometimes reduced to almost half their minted weight . This form of debasement in Tudor England was commented on by Sir Thomas Gresham , whose name was later attached to Gresham 's law . The monarch would have to periodically recall circulating coins , paying only the bullion value of the silver , and reminting them . This , also known as recoinage , is a long and difficult process that was done only occasionally . Many coins have milled or reeded edges , originally designed to make it easier to detect clipping . The side of a coin carrying an image of a monarch or other authority , or a national emblem , is usually called the obverse , or colloquially , heads ; see also List of people on coins . The other side , which may carry the denomination , is usually called the reverse , or colloquially , tails . The year of minting is usually shown on the obverse , although some Chinese coins , most Canadian coins , the pre-2008 British 20p coin , the post-1999 American quarter , and all Japanese coins , are exceptions . In cases where a correctly oriented coin is flipped about its horizontal axis to show the other side correctly oriented , the coin is said to have coin orientation . In cases where a coin is flipped about its vertical axis to show the other side correctly oriented , it is said to have medallic orientation . While coins of the United States dollar display coin orientation , those of the Euro and pound sterling have medallic orientation . Bimetallic coins are sometimes used for higher values and for commemorative purposes . In the 1990s , France used a tri-metallic coin . Common circulating bimetallic examples include the € 1 , € 2 , British £ 1 , £ 2 and Canadian $2 and several peso coins in Mexico . The exergue is the space on a coin beneath the main design , often used to show the coin 's date , although it is sometimes left blank or containing a mint mark , privy mark , or some other decorative or informative design feature . Many coins do not have an exergue at all , especially those with few or no legends , such as the Victorian bun penny . 3 Russian rubles coin minted in 2008 Not all coins are round . The Australian 50 - cent coin , for example , has twelve flat sides . Some coins have wavy edges , e.g. the $2 and 20 - cent coins of Hong Kong and the 10 - cent coins of Bahamas . Some are square - shaped , such as the 15 - cent coin of the Bahamas and the 50 - cent coin from Aruba . During the 1970s , Swazi coins were minted in several shapes , including squares , polygons , and wavy edged circles with 8 and 12 waves . scalloped coin of Israel 1996 one cent coin from Belize 2005 Bahamas 15 cent coin is square with rounded corners Decagonal two Piso Philippine coin 1990 Some other coins , like the British 20 and 50 pence coins and the Canadian Loonie , have an odd number of sides , with the edges rounded off . This way the coin has a constant diameter , recognisable by vending machines whichever direction it is inserted . A triangular coin with a face value of £ 5 ( produced to commemorate the 2007 / 2008 Tutankhamun exhibition at The O2 Arena ) was commissioned by the Isle of Man : it became legal tender on 6 December 2007 . Other triangular coins issued earlier include : Cabinda coin , Bermuda coin , 2 Dollar Cook Islands 1992 triangular coin , Uganda Millennium Coin and Polish Sterling - Silver 10 - Zloty Coin . Some mediaeval coins , called bracteates , were so thin they were struck on only one side . Many coins over the years have been manufactured with integrated holes such as Chinese `` cash '' coins , Japanese coins , Colonial French coins , etc . This may have been done to permit their being strung on cords , to facilitate storage and being carried . 1917 French coin with integrated hole Chinese cash coin , 1102 -- 1106 1941 Palestine coin Modern - day Japanese 5 - yen coin 1924 East African coin Holographic coin from Liberia The Royal Canadian Mint is now able to produce holographic - effect gold and silver coinage . However , this procedure is not limited to only bullion or commemorative coinage . The 500 yen coin from Japan was subject to a massive amount of counterfeiting . The Japanese government in response produced a circulatory coin with a holographic image . The Royal Canadian Mint has also released several coins that are coloured , the first of which was in commemoration of Remembrance Day . The subject was a coloured poppy on the reverse of a 25 - cent piece minted through a patented process . An example of non-metallic composite coins ( sometimes incorrectly called plastic coins ) was introduced into circulation in Transnistria on 22 August 2014 . Most of these coins are also non-circular , with different shapes corresponding to different coin values . For a list of many pure metallic elements and their alloys which have been used in actual circulation coins and for trial experiments , see coinage metals . Physics and chemistry ( edit ) Flipping ( edit ) Main article : Coin flipping Coins are popularly used as a sort of two - sided dice ; in order to choose between two options with a random possibility , one choice will be labeled heads and the other tails , and a coin will be flipped or tossed to see whether the heads or tails side comes up on top -- see coin flipping . Mathematically , this is known as a Bernoulli trial : a fair coin is defined to have the probability of heads ( in the parlance of Bernoulli trials , a `` success '' ) of exactly 0.5 . Spinning ( edit ) Further information : Euler 's Disk Coins can also be spun on a flat surface such as a table . This results in the following phenomenon : as the coin falls over and rolls on its edge , it spins faster and faster ( formally , the precession rate of the symmetry axis of the coin , i.e. , the axis passing from one face of the coin to the other ) before coming to an abrupt stop . This is mathematically modeled as a finite - time singularity -- the precession rate is accelerating to infinity , before it suddenly stops , and has been studied using high speed photography and devices such as Euler 's Disk . The slowing down is predominantly caused by rolling friction ( air resistance is minor ) , and the singularity ( divergence of the precession rate ) can be modeled as a power law with exponent approximately − 1 / 3 . Odor ( edit ) Iron and copper coins have a characteristic metallic smell that is produced upon contact with oils in the skin . Perspiration is chemically reduced upon contact with these metals , which causes the skin oils to decompose , forming with iron the volatile molecule 1 - octen - 3 - one . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Economy portal Bi-metallic coin Coin collecting Coin counter Coin counterfeiting Coin magic Coin sorter Currency Hanukkah gelt -- Chocolate coin History of coins Legal tender List of currencies List of circulating currencies List of mints List of most expensive coins Mint Money Seigniorage Token coin Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tony Clayton . `` Comprehensive list of metals and their alloys which have been used at various times , in coins for all types of purposes '' . Tclayton.demon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cent '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the United States Mint '' . US Mint website . US Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . 1793 - The first coins struck are ' half dimes ' , believed to be made from silverware provided by George and Martha Washington . The first circulating coins are copper cents . Jump up ^ `` 中國最早金屬鑄幣商代晚期鑄造銅貝 - 河南概況 '' . Big5.henan.gov.cn . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Giedroyc , Richard ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . The Everything Coin Collecting Book : All You Need to Start Your Collection ... Books.google.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ YK Kwan . `` A snap shot view of The history of China by YK Kwan '' . Chinesechinese.net . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Attica XXIII image Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://books.google.gr/books?id=5AOw0GB0zHsC&pg=PA705&lpg=PA705&dq=demodike+of+kyme&source=bl&ots=jijVqB_7EZ&sig=zQAkTk1jE8FGbmBTRBh50uwjGmI&hl=el&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlwYvpxt3JAhWL2BoKHccqBhUQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=demodike Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . of kyme Jump up ^ M. Kroll , review of G. Le Rider 's La naissance de la monnaie , Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 80 ( 2001 ) , p. 526 . D. Sear , Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2 , Seaby , London , 1979 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ `` The Types of Greek Coins '' An Archaeological Essay by Percy Gardner 1883 p. 42 `` Considering these and other facts it may be held to be probable , if not absolutely proved , that priests first issued stamped coin , and that the first mints were in Greek temples . '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ G. Hanfmann , pp. 73 , 77 . R. Seaford , p. 128 , points out , `` The nearly total lack of ... coins in the excavated commercial - industrial areas of Sardis suggests that they were concentrated in the hands of the king and possibly wealthy merchants . '' Jump up ^ A. Ramage , `` Golden Sardis '' , King Croesus ' Gold : Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining , edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , 2000 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Case for the World 's Oldest Coin : Lydian Lion '' . Rg.ancients.info. 2003 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hoards , Small Change , and the Origin of Coinage , '' Journal of the Hellenistic Studies 84 ( 1964 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ M. Mitchiner , Ancient Trade and Early Coinage , Hawkins Publications , London , 2004 , p. 214 Jump up ^ `` Inscriptions and Titles on ancient Greek coins '' . Snible.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Electrum stater inscribed with the name of Phanes '' . British Museum . 2011 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Newton Num . Chron. , 1870 , p. 238 Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` The numismatic chronicle and journal of the Royal Numismatic Society '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 ... Herodotus third book ( ch . iv . ) . Jump up ^ `` Ancient coinage of Ionia '' . Snible.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ British Museum Catalogue 11 - Attica Megaris Aegina , 700 - 550 BCE , plate XXIII Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ C. Kraay , Archaic and Classical Greek Coins , University of California Press , Berkeley , 1976 . Jump up ^ Howgego , C.J. ( 1995 ) . Ancient history from coins . Psychology Press . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08993 - 7 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ See P.L. Gupta : Coins , New Delhi , National Book Trust , 1996 , Chapter II . Jump up ^ `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Gandhara Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Kuntala Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Kuru Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Panchala Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Shakya Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Shurasena Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Surashtra Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ W. Sayles , Ancient Coin Collecting III : The Roman World -- Politics and Propaganda , Krause Publications , Iola , Wisconsin , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Early Dated Coins , http://www.medievalcoinage.com/earlydated , Accessed December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins '' . The United States Mint . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Convict tokens , National Museum of Australia '' . Nma.gov.au. 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cooper , George ( 2008 ) . The Origin of Financial Crises . New York : Random House . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 47345 - 5 . Jump up ^ Denis R. Cooper The Art and Craft of Coinmaking . A History of Minting Technology . London : Spink , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 907605 - 27 - 3 p. 47 Jump up ^ It is unlikely to be spent as it costs 15 GBP to buy -- article Pyramid coin a nightmare for pockets , article by Gary Jump up ^ Smith , Marie - Danielle ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` Royal Canadian Mint sues Royal Australian Mint in row over poppy coin printing '' . The National Post . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Composite coins '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tony Clayton . `` Metals Used in Coins and Medals '' . Tclayton.demon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Easwar , K. ; Rouyer , F. ; Menon , N. ( 2002 ) . `` Speeding to a stop : The finite - time singularity of a spinning disk '' . Physical Review E. 66 ( 4 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhRvE ... 66d5102E . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevE. 66.045102 . Jump up ^ A ' metallic ' smell is just body odour Archived 2016 - 05 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography ( edit ) Angus , Ian . Coins & Money Tokens . London : Ward Lock , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 7063 - 1811 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Coins at Wikimedia Commons LCCN : sh85027797 GND : 4040629 - 5 HDS : 13663 NDL : 01197979 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coin&oldid=825329020 '' Categories : Coins Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 19 : 55 . 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why is the advent wreath made of evergreen branches	Advent wreaths are circular , representing God 's infinite love , and are usually made of evergreen leaves , which `` represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ . '' Within the Advent wreath are candles that generally represent the four weeks of the Advent season as well as `` the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ '' although each of the candles has its own significance as well ; individually , the candles specifically symbolize the Christian concepts of hope ( week one ) , peace ( week two ) , joy ( week three ) and love ( week four ) in many traditions . Many Advent wreaths also have a white candle in the centre to symbolize the arrival of Christmastide , sometimes known as the `` Christ candle . '' It is lit on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day . The Christ candle is coloured white because this is the traditional festal colour in the Western Church .	evergreen leaves , which `` represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ	Advent wreath	advent wreath	The Advent wreath , or Advent crown , is a Christian tradition that symbolizes the passage of the four weeks of Advent in the liturgical calendar of the Western church . It is traditionally a Lutheran practice , although it has spread to many other Christian denominations .	It is usually a horizontal evergreen wreath with four candles , sometimes with a fifth , white candle in the center . Beginning with the First Sunday of Advent , the lighting of a candle can be accompanied by a Bible reading , devotional time and prayers . An additional candle is lit during each subsequent week until , by the last Sunday before Christmas , all four candles are lit . Many Advent wreaths include a fifth , Christ candle which is lit at Christmas Eve or Christmas Day . The custom is observed both in family settings and at public church services . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Forms of the Advent wreath 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The concept of the Advent wreath originated among German Lutherans in the 16th Century . However , it was not until three centuries later that the modern Advent wreath took shape . Advent wreath as designed by Wichern Research by Prof. Haemig of Luther Seminary , St. Paul , points to Johann Hinrich Wichern ( 1808 -- 1881 ) , a Protestant pastor in Germany and a pioneer in urban mission work among the poor as the inventor of the modern Advent wreath in the 19th century . During Advent , children at the mission school Rauhes Haus , founded by Wichern in Hamburg , would ask daily if Christmas had arrived . In 1839 , he built a large wooden ring ( made out of an old cartwheel ) with 20 small red and 4 large white candles . A small candle was lit successively every weekday and Saturday during Advent . On Sundays , a large white candle was lit . The custom gained ground among Protestant churches in Germany and evolved into the smaller wreath with four or five candles known today . Roman Catholics in Germany began to adopt the custom in the 1920s , and in the 1930s it spread to North America . Professor Haemig 's research also indicates that the custom did not reach the United States until the 1930s , even among German Lutheran immigrants . In Medieval times Advent was a fast during which people 's thoughts were directed to the expected second coming of Christ ; but in modern times it has been seen as the lead up to Christmas , and in that context Advent Wreath serves as a reminder of the approach of the feast . In 1964 , an Advent crown made at home from wire coathangers and tinsel , appeared on the bi-weekly children 's TV program Blue Peter . This ' make ' became one of the program 's most iconic , repeated each year , and was the introduction of this tradition to most of the broadly Anglican audience . In later years , the candles were replaced by baubles , out of concern over fire . More recently , some Eastern Orthodox families have adopted an Advent wreath with six candles symbolizing the longer Christmas fast in Orthodox tradition , which corresponds to Advent in Western Christianity . Forms of the Advent wreath ( edit ) Further information : Advent § Liturgical colors Advent wreaths are circular , representing God 's infinite love , and are usually made of evergreen leaves , which `` represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ . '' Within the Advent wreath are candles that generally represent the four weeks of the Advent season as well as `` the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ '' although each of the candles has its own significance as well ; individually , the candles specifically symbolize the Christian concepts of hope ( week one ) , peace ( week two ) , joy ( week three ) and love ( week four ) in many traditions . Many Advent wreaths also have a white candle in the centre to symbolize the arrival of Christmastide , sometimes known as the `` Christ candle . '' It is lit on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day . The Christ candle is coloured white because this is the traditional festal colour in the Western Church . In many Catholic and Protestant churches , the most popular colours for the four surrounding Advent candles are violet and rose , corresponding with the colors of the liturgical vestments for the Sundays of Advent . For denominations of the Western Christian Church , violet is the historic liturgical color for three of the four Sundays of Advent : Violet is the traditional color of penitential seasons . Blue is also a popular alternative color for both Advent vestments and Advent candles , especially in some Anglican and Methodist churches , which use a blue shade associated with the Sarum rite , in addition to Lutheran churches that also implement this practice . One interpretation holds that blue means hope and waiting , which aligns with the seasonal meaning of Advent . Rose is the liturgical color for the Third Sunday of Advent , known as Gaudete Sunday from the Latin word meaning `` to rejoice '' -- also from the first line of the traditional entrance prayer ( called the Introit ) for the Mass or Worship Service of the third Sunday of Advent ; it is a pause from the penitential spirit of Advent . As such , the third candle , representing joy , is often a different color from the other three . In other Protestant churches , especially in the United Kingdom , it is more common for Advent wreaths to have four red candles ( reflecting their traditional use in Christmas decorations ) . The Advent wreath used by Pope Benedict XVI of the Catholic Church also had four red candles . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Christmas portal Germany portal Advent calendar Chrismon tree Christingle Daily devotional References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship . Office of Theology and Worship , Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . It apparently emanated from the Lutheran tradition , but it has been appropriated by almost all other traditions . Jump up ^ John Trigilio , Kenneth Brighenti . The Catholicism Answer Book : The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions . Sourcebooks . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Historically , the Advent wreath is a Lutheran custom dating back three hundred years ago . Jump up ^ Carl Seaburg . Celebrating Christmas : An Anthology . Unitarian Universalist Ministers Association . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . The use of an Advent Wreath originated a few hundred years ago among Lutherans in Germany . Jump up ^ Geddes , Gordon ; Griffiths , Jane ( 2001 ) . Christianity . Heinemann . p. 96 . ISBN 9780435306953 . Every day during Advent , the candle is lit and burnt down to the next number . In many homes , a reading from the Bible and a prayer accompanies the lighting of the candle . Jump up ^ Bradner , John ( 1977 ) . Symbols of Church Seasons and Days . Morehouse - Barlow Company . ISBN 9780819212283 . The Advent wreath usually rests on a horizontal surface . This is especially appropriate when it is used in the home as the center for daily Advent devotions . Jump up ^ Dennis Bratcher . The Season of Advent : Anticipation and Hope . Christian Research Institute . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Finally , the light that has come into the world is plainly visible as the Christ candle is lighted at Christmas , and worshippers rejoice over the fact that the hope and promise of long ago have been realized . Jump up ^ Colbert , Teddy ( 1996 ) . The Living Wreath . Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9780879057008 . It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century . Jump up ^ Mosteller , Angie ( 2010 - 05 - 15 ) . Christmas , Celebrating the Christian History of Classic Symbols , Songs and Stories . Holiday Classics Publishing . p. 167 . ISBN 098456490X . The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century . However , another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape . Specifically , a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern ( 1808 - 1881 ) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached . Jump up ^ BAYERN TOURISMUS Marketing GmbH ( 2013 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Bavaria - Christmas customs and recipes - Christmas customs - Tradition - About Bavaria '' . BAYERN TOURISMUS Marketing GmbH . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Johann Hinrich Wichern biography ( in German ) '' . Medienwerkstatt-online.de. 2008 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ An Advent Crown for Christmas . Blue Peter annual . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Orthodoxy Today '' . Orthodoxy Today . 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Geddes , Gordon ; Griffiths , Jane ( 2002 ) . Christian Belief and Practice . Heinemann . p. 97 . ISBN 9780435306915 . The wreath 's circle reminds Christians of God 's endless love and mercy . The evergreen leaves represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ . The candles symbolize the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ . ^ Jump up to : `` Advent Wreath Prayers '' ( PDF ) . St. Robert Bellarmine Parish : A Roman Catholic Faith Community . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . The first week of Advent we remember the gift of hope we have in Christ ... The second week of Advent we remember the gift of Peace we have in Christ ... The third week of Advent we remember the gift of Joy we have in Christ ... The fourth week of Advent we remember the gift of Love we have in Christ . Jump up ^ Howe , Heath ( 2013 ) . `` The Gifts of Hope , Peace , Joy and Love '' . Episcopal Church of the Holy Comforter . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Week one of Advent we light one candle on the Advent wreath and reflect on the gift of Hope . Week two we dedicate to Peace . Week three honors Joy . Week four , Love . ^ Jump up to : `` What do the candles in our Advent wreath mean ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . The Advent wreath , four candles on a wreath of evergreen , is shaped in a perfect circle to symbolize the eternity of God . In some churches , four purple candles , one for each week in Advent , are used with one larger white candle in the middle as the Christ candle . Other churches prefer three purple or blue candles with one candle being rose or pink , to represent joy ... During each Sunday of the Advent season , we focus on one of the four virtues Jesus brings us : Hope , Love , Joy and Peace . Jump up ^ `` Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) - Resources - Lighting the Advent Wreath in the Tradition of Hope , Peace , Joy , and Love '' . 2016 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Greg ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . An Advent wreath is traditionally made of evergreens in a circle , symbolizing God 's unending love . It includes three purple candles , and the candle for the third week of Advent is pink in most Advent wreaths . It signifies the hope of the coming of Christ , Baker said . `` Hope is needed in our culture , '' Baker said . `` People are struggling economically . People are in dire need of hope . '' For Christians , that hope comes from the birth of Jesus , he said . For the first week , there is one purple candle lit on the Advent wreath every day . Another is added the second week . A pink candle is lit the third week , another purple candle the fourth week . The three purple candles and the pink candle are all lit on the last Sunday before Christmas and throughout that week . A white candle at the center of most Advent wreaths , the Christ candle , is lit on Christmas day , Baker said . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Advent '' . Newadvent.org. 1907 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` What Color is Lent ? '' . Adoremus.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ BBC News , `` Christian celebration of Advent '' ( BBC Mobile , 16 November 2010 , accessed December 19 , 2010 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Manning , Kathleen ( 2015 ) . `` Why are Advent candles pink and purple ? '' . U.S. Catholic Magazine . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . In 2006 photographers snapped a few shots of the Advent wreath in Benedict XVI 's office . The German pontiff 's wreath featured four red candles . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Advent wreaths . Advent wreath FAQ at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America web site Advent hymns including two examples of Advent Wreath carols Advent Bible Themes Advent Liturgy Advent Sunday Angelus Ave Maria Christmas Eve Ember days Gaudete Sunday Magnificat Saint Nicholas Day Narratives Fall of man Christian messianic prophecies Isaiah 9 : 6 Isaiah 53 Davidic dynasty in Bible prophecy Genealogy of Jesus John 1 : 1 John the Baptist Saint Joseph 's dreams Tree of Jesse Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Christingle Hanging of the greens Christmas markets List Stir - up Sunday Advent wreath Moravian star Songs and hymns `` Adam lay ybounden '' `` Advent är mörker och kyla '' Advent song Adventstid Angelus ad virginem `` Bereden väg för Herran '' `` Come , thou Redeemer of the earth '' `` Conditor alme siderum '' `` The Cherry - Tree Carol '' `` Come , Thou Long Expected Jesus '' `` Det är advent '' `` Es ist ein Ros entsprungen '' Gabriel 's Message `` The Holly and the Ivy '' `` Hosianna , Davids son '' `` Jesus Christ the Apple Tree '' `` Lo ! He comes with clouds descending '' `` Long Ago , Prophets Knew '' `` Macht hoch die Tür '' `` Maria durch ein Dornwald ging '' `` Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen '' `` Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland '' O Antiphons `` O Come , O Come , Emmanuel '' `` O Heiland , reiß die Himmel auf '' `` Of the Father 's Heart Begotten '' Rorate Coeli `` Sei uns willkommen , Herre Christ '' `` Night of Silence '' `` There is no rose of such virtue '' `` Vi tänder ett ljus i advent '' `` Wachet auf , ruft uns die Stimme '' Cantatas and music Ärgre dich , o Seele , nicht , BWV 186a Bereitet die Wege , bereitet die Bahn , BWV 132 Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben , BWV 147a Handel 's Messiah ( Part I ) Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 61 Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 This Is the Record of John Unser lieben Frauen Traum Virga Jesse ( Bruckner ) Wachet auf , ruft uns die Stimme , BWV 140 Wachet ! betet ! betet ! wachet ! BWV 70a List of Advent Cantatas Music publications Carols for Choirs New English Hymnal The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones English Hymnal Hymns Ancient and Modern The Hymnal 1982 Related topics Anglican church music Catholic music Lutheran hymns Carol service Christmastide Liturgical year Category Commons Christianity portal Christian music Portal Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advent_wreath&oldid=832164248 '' Categories : Christmas in Germany Christian religious objects Floristry Advent Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Кырык мары Lëtzebuergesch Malti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська Walon 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 06 : 28 . 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what is the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction			Sarcoplasmic reticulum	sarcoplasmic reticulum	The sarcoplasmic reticulum ( SR ) is a membrane - bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells . The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions ( Ca ) . Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant , with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell . This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes ( the calcium is said to be a second messenger ; see calcium in biology for more details ) . Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate ( found in chalk ) and calcium phosphate , two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones . This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening ( calcification ) of certain intracellular structures , including the mitochondria , leading to cell death . Therefore , it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly , and can be released into the cell when necessary and then removed from the cell .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Calcium absorption 3 Calcium storage 4 Calcium release 5 Role in rigor mortis 6 References Structure ( edit ) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells , wrapping around ( but not in direct contact with ) the myofibrils ( contractile units of the cell ) . Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules ( T - tubules ) , which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell . T - tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR , known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle , with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers , separating them . This is the primary site of calcium release . The longitudinal SR are thinner projects , that run between the terminal cisternae / junctional SR , and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant . These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation - contraction coupling in skeletal , cardiac and smooth muscle . Calcium absorption ( edit ) The SR contains ion channel pumps , within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca into the SR . As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell , the calcium ions wo n't freely flow into the SR , and therefore pumps are required , that use energy , which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . These calcium pumps are called Sarco ( endo ) plasmic reticulum ATPases ( SERCA ) . There are a variety of different forms of SERCA , with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle . SERCA consists of 13 subunits ( labelled M1 - M10 , N , P and A ) . Calcium ions bind to the M1 - M10 subunits ( which are located within the membrane ) , whereas ATP binds to the N , P and A subunits ( which are located outside the SR ) . When 2 calcium ions , along with a molecule of ATP , bind to the cytosolic side of the pump ( i.e the region of the pump outside the SR ) , the pump opens . This occurs because ATP ( which contains three phosphate groups ) releases a single phosphate group ( becoming adenosine diphosphate ) . The released phosphate group then binds to the pump , causing the pump to change shape . This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open , allowing the two Ca to enter . The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens , releasing the Ca into the SR . A protein found in cardiac muscle , called phospholamban ( PLB ) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working . It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction ( affinity ) to calcium , therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR . Failure to remove Ca from the cytosol , prevents muscle relaxation and therefore means that there is a decrease in muscle contraction too . However , molecules such as adrenaline and noradrenaline , can prevent PLB from inhibiting SERCA . When these hormones bind to a receptor , called a beta 1 adrenoceptor , located on the cell membrane , they produce a series of reactions ( known as a cyclic AMP pathway ) that produces an enzyme called protein kinase A ( PKA ) . PKA can add a phosphate to PLB ( this is known as phosphorylation ) , preventing it from inhibiting SERCA and allowing for muscle relaxation . Calcium storage ( edit ) Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin . This protein can bind to around 50 Ca , which decreases the amount of free Ca within the SR ( as more is bound to calsequestrin ) . Therefore , more calcium can be stored ( the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer ) . It is primarily located within the junctional SR / terminal cisternae , in close association with the calcium release channel ( described below ) . Calcium release ( edit ) Calcium ion release from the SR , occurs in the junctional SR / terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor ( RyR ) and is known as a calcium spark . There are three types of ryanodine receptor , RyR1 ( in skeletal muscle ) , RyR2 ( in cardiac muscle ) and RyR3 ( in the brain ) . Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles . In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse ( action potential ) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L - type calcium channel located in the cell membrane ( smooth muscle ) or T - tubule membrane ( cardiac muscle ) . These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR , producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium . In skeletal muscle , however , the L - type calcium channel is bound to the RyR . Therefore activation of the L - type calcium channel , via an action potential , activates the RyR directly , causing calcium release ( see calcium sparks for more details ) . Also , caffeine ( found in coffee ) can bind to and stimulate RyR . Caffeine works by making the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential ( skeletal muscle ) or calcium ( cardiac or smooth muscle ) therefore producing calcium sparks more often ( this can result in increased heart rate , which is why we feel more awake after coffee ) . Triadin and Junctin are proteins found within the SR membrane , that are bound to the RyR . The main role of these proteins is to anchor calsequestrin ( see above ) to the ryanodine receptor . At ' normal ' ( physiological ) SR calcium levels , calsequestrin binds to the RyR , Triadin and Junctin , which prevents the RyR from opening . If calcium concentration within the SR falls too low , there will be less calcium bound to the calsequestrin . This means that there is more room on the calsequestrin , to bind to the junctin , triadin and ryanodine receptor , therefore it binds tighter . However , if calcium within the SR rises too high , more calcium binds to the calsequestrin and therefore it binds to the junctin - triadin - RyR complex less tightly . The RyR can therefore open and release calcium into the cell . In addition to the effects that PKA had on phospholamban ( see above ) that resulted in increased relaxation of the cardiac muscle , PKA ( as well as another enzyme called calmodulin kinase II ) can also phosphorylate ryanodine receptors . When phosphorylated , RyRs are more sensitive to calcium , therefore they open more often and for longer periods of time . This increases calcium release from the SR , increasing the rate of contraction . Therefore , in cardiac muscle , activation of PKA , through the cyclic AMP pathway , results in increased muscle contraction ( via RyR2 phosphorylation ) and increased relaxation ( via phospholamban phosphorylation ) , which increases heart rate . The mechanism behind the termination of calcium release through the RyR is still not fully understood . Some researchers believe it is due to the random closing of ryanodine receptors ( known as stochastic attrition ) , or the ryanodine receptors becoming inactive after a calcium spark , while others believe that a decrease in SR calcium , triggers the receptors to close ( see calcium sparks for more details ) . Role in rigor mortis ( edit ) The breakdown of the sarcoplasmic reticulum , along with the resultant release of calcium , is an important contributor to rigor mortis , the stiffening of muscles after death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronner , F. ( 2003 ) ' Extracellular and intracellular regulation of calcium homeostasis ' , TheScientificWorldJournal. , 1 , pp. 919 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Trump , B. , Berezesky , I. , Laiho , K. , Osornio , A. , Mergner , W. and Smith , M. ( 1980 ) ' The role of calcium in cell injury . A review ' , Scanning electron microscopy. , , pp. 437 -- 62 . Jump up ^ The anatomy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vertebrate skeletal muscle : Its implications for excitation contraction coupling ' , Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung . Section C , Biosciences. , 37 , pp. 665 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Arai , M. ; Matsui , H. ; Periasamy , M. ( 1994 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure '' . Circulation Research . 74 ( 4 ) : 555 -- 564 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. RES. 74.4. 555 . ISSN 0009 - 7330 . PMID 8137493 . Jump up ^ Periasamy , M. and Kalyanasundaram , A. ( 2007 ) ' SERCA pump isoforms : Their role in calcium ion transport and disease ' , Muscle & nerve. , 35 ( 4 ) , pp. 430 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Kekenes - Huskey , P.M. , Metzger , V.T. , Grant , B.J. and McCammon , A.J. ( 2012b ) ' Calcium binding and allosteric signaling mechanisms for the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase ' , 21 ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Akin , B. , Hurley , T. , Chen , Z. and Jones , L. ( 2013 ) ' The structural basis for phospholamban inhibition of the calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum ' , The Journal of Biological Chemistry. , 288 ( 42 ) , pp. 30181 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Beard , N.A. ; Laver , D.R. ; Dulhunty , A.F. ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Calsequestrin and the calcium release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscle '' . Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology . 85 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2003.07. 001 . ISSN 0079 - 6107 . PMID 15050380 . Jump up ^ MacLennan , DH ; Wong , PT ( 1971 ) . `` Isolation of a calcium - sequestering protein from sarcoplasmic reticulum '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 68 ( 6 ) : 1231 -- 1235 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 68.6. 1231 . PMC 389160 . Jump up ^ Cheng , H. ; Lederer , W.J. ; Cannell , M.B. ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Calcium sparks : elementary events underlying excitation - contraction coupling in heart muscle '' . Science . 262 ( 5134 ) : 740 -- 744 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8235594 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 8235594 . Jump up ^ Lanner , J.T. , Georgiou , D.K. , Joshi , A.D. and Hamilton , S.L. ( 2010b ) ' Ryanodine receptors : Structure , expression , molecular details , and function in calcium release ' , 2 ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Cheng , H. and Lederer , W. ( 2008 ) ' Calcium sparks ' , Physiological Reviews. , 88 ( 4 ) , pp. 1491 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Sitsapesan R , Williams AJ . Mechanisms of caffeine activation of single calcium - release channels of sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum . J Physiol ( Lond ) 1990 ; 423 : 425 -- 439 ) Jump up ^ Zhang , L ; Kelley , J ; Schmeisser , G ; Kobayashi , YM ; Jones , LR ( 1997 ) . `` Complex formation between junctin , triadin , calsequestrin , and the ryanodine receptor : proteins of the cardiac junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane '' . J Biol Chem. 272 ( 37 ) : 23389 -- 23397 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.37. 23389 . Jump up ^ Györke , I. , Hester , N. , Jones , L.R. and Györke , S. ( 2004 ) ' The role of Calsequestrin , Triadin , and Junctin in conferring cardiac Ryanodine receptor responsiveness to Luminal calcium ' , 86 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Bers , D.M. ( 2006 ) ' Cardiac ryanodine receptor phosphorylation : Target sites and functional consequences ' , 396 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Sham , J.S.K. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Termination of Ca2+ release by a local inactivation of ryanodine receptors in cardiac myocytes '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 95 ( 25 ) : 15096 -- 15101 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.25. 15096 . PMC 24581 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcoplasmic_reticulum&oldid=845170667 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 22 : 35 . 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who won the first super bowl in 1967	Super Bowl I Kansas City Chiefs ( AFL ) Green Bay Packers ( NFL ) 10 35 Total KC 0 10 0 0 10 GB 7 7 14 7 35 Date January 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 15 ) Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California MVP Bart Starr , Quarterback Favorite Packers by 14 Referee Norm Schachter Attendance 61,946 Future Hall of Famers Chiefs : Lamar Hunt ( owner ) , Hank Stram ( coach ) , Bobby Bell , Buck Buchanan , Len Dawson , Emmitt Thomas Packers : Vince Lombardi ( coach ) , Herb Adderley , Willie Davis , Forrest Gregg , Paul Hornung , Henry Jordan , Ray Nitschke , Dave Robinson , Bart Starr , Jim Taylor , Willie Wood Ceremonies National anthem The marching bands from the University of Arizona and the University of Michigan Coin toss Norm Schachter Halftime show Al Hirt , and the marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University TV in the United States Network CBS and NBC Announcers CBS : Ray Scott , Jack Whitaker and Frank Gifford NBC : Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman Nielsen ratings CBS : 18.5 ( est . 24.43 million viewers ) NBC : 22.6 ( est . 26.75 million viewers ) ( Total : 51.18 million viewers ) Market share CBS : 46 NBC : 49 Cost of 30 - second commercial $42,000 ( Both CBS and NBC ) Super Bowl II →	Green Bay Packers	Super Bowl I	super bowl i	The first AFL - NFL World Championship Game in professional American football , known retroactively as Super Bowl I and referred to in some contemporaneous reports , including the game 's radio broadcast , as the Super Bowl , was played on January 15 , 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California . The National Football League ( NFL ) champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League ( AFL ) champion Kansas City Chiefs by the score of 35 -- 10 .	The Packers and the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Coming into this game , considerable animosity remained between the AFL and NFL , thus the teams representing the two rival leagues ( Kansas City and Green Bay , respectively ) felt pressure to win . The Chiefs posted an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record during the 1966 AFL season , and defeated the Buffalo Bills , 31 -- 7 , in the 1966 AFL Championship Game . The Packers finished the 1966 NFL season at 12 -- 2 , and defeated the Dallas Cowboys , 34 -- 27 , in the 1966 NFL Championship Game . Still , many sports writers and fans believed any team in the older NFL was vastly superior to any club in the upstart AFL , and so expected Green Bay would blow out Kansas City . The first half of Super Bowl I was competitive , as the Chiefs out - gained the Packers in total yards , 181 -- 164 , to come within 14 -- 10 at halftime . Early in the third quarter , Green Bay safety Willie Wood intercepted a pass and returned it 50 yards to the five - yard line . The turnover sparked the Packers to score 21 unanswered points in the second half . Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr , who completed 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns , with 1 interception , was named MVP . It remains the only Super Bowl to have been simulcast in the United States by two networks : NBC had the rights to nationally televise AFL games , while CBS held the rights to broadcast NFL games ; both networks were allowed to televise the game . The first Super Bowl 's entertainment consisted of college marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University , instead of featuring popular singers and musicians as in more recent Super Bowls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origins 1.2 Kansas City Chiefs 1.3 Green Bay Packers 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news and notes 2 Weather 3 Television 3.1 Simulcast 3.2 Game footage 4 Ceremonies and entertainment 5 Game summary 5.1 First Quarter 5.2 Second Quarter 5.3 Third Quarter 5.4 Fourth Quarter 5.5 Box score 6 Final statistics 6.1 Statistical comparison 6.2 Individual leaders 6.3 Records established 7 Starting lineups 8 Officials 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Main article : AFL -- NFL merger SuperBowl I -- Los Angeles Coliseum When the NFL began its 40th season in 1960 , it had a new and unwanted rival : the American Football League . The NFL had successfully fended off several other rival leagues in the past , and so the older league initially ignored the new upstart and its eight teams , figuring it would be made up of nothing but NFL rejects , and that fans were unlikely to prefer it to the NFL . But unlike the NFL 's prior rivals , the AFL survived and prospered , in part by signing `` NFL rejects '' who turned out to be highly talented players the older league had badly misjudged . Soon the NFL and AFL found themselves locked in a massive bidding war for the top free agents and prospects coming out of college . Originally , there was a tacit agreement between the two not to raid each other by signing players who were already under contract with a team from an opposing league . This policy broke down in early 1966 when the NFL 's New York Giants signed Pete Gogolak , a placekicker who was under contract with the AFL 's Buffalo Bills . The AFL owners considered this an `` act of war '' and immediately struck back , signing several contracted NFL players , including eight of their top quarterbacks . Eventually the NFL had enough and started negotiations with the AFL in an attempt to resolve the issue . As a result of the negotiations , the leagues signed a merger agreement on June 9 , 1966 . Among the details , both leagues agreed to share a common draft in order to end the bidding war for the top college players , as well as merge into a single league after the 1969 season . In addition , an `` AFL - NFL World Championship Game '' was established , in which the AFL and NFL champions would play against each other in a game at the end of the season to determine which league had the best team . Los Angeles was not awarded the first AFL - NFL World Championship Game until December 1 , 1966 six weeks prior to the kickoff ; likewise , the date of the game was not set until December 13 . Since the AFL Championship Game originally was scheduled for Monday , December 26 , and the NFL Championship Game for Sunday , January 1 ( the reverse of the situation following the 1960 season ) , the `` new '' championship game was suggested to be played Sunday , January 8 . Eventually , an unprecedented TV doubleheader was held on January 1 , with the AFL Championship Game telecast from Buffalo starting at 1 p.m. and the NFL Championship Game telecast from Dallas starting at 4 p.m. ( 3 p.m. CST ) . Coming into this `` first '' game , considerable animosity still existed between the two rival leagues , with both of them putting pressure on their respective champions to trounce the other and prove each league 's dominance in professional football . Still , many sports writers and fans believed the game was a mismatch , and any team from the long - established NFL was far superior to the best team from the upstart AFL . The Green Bay Packers played the Kansas City Chiefs , with the Packers winning 35 -- 10 . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Main article : 1966 Kansas City Chiefs season The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11 -- 2 -- 1 mark during the regular season . In the AFL Championship Game , they beat the Buffalo Bills , 31 -- 7 . Kansas City 's high - powered offense led the AFL in points scored ( 448 ) and total rushing yards ( 2,274 ) . Their trio of running backs , Mike Garrett ( 801 yards ) , Bert Coan ( 521 yards ) , and Curtis McClinton ( 540 yards ) all ranked among the top - ten rushers in the AFL . Quarterback Len Dawson was the top - rated passer in the AFL , completing 159 of 284 ( 56 % ) of his passes for 2,527 yards and 26 touchdowns . Wide receiver Otis Taylor provided the team with a great deep threat by recording 58 receptions for 1,297 yards and eight touchdowns . Receiver Chris Burford added 58 receptions for 758 yards and eight touchdowns , and tight end Fred Arbanas , who had 22 catches for 305 yards and four touchdowns , was one of six Chiefs offensive players who were named to the All - AFL team . The Chiefs also had a strong defense , with All - AFL players Jerry Mays and Buck Buchanan anchoring their line . Linebacker Bobby Bell , who was also named to the All - AFL team , was great at run stopping and pass coverage . The strongest part of their defense , though , was their secondary , led by All - AFL safeties Johnny Robinson and Bobby Hunt , who each recorded 10 interceptions , and defensive back Fred Williamson , who recorded four . Their head coach was Hank Stram . Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Main article : 1966 Green Bay Packers season The Packers were an NFL dynasty turning around what had been a losing team just eight years earlier . The team had posted an NFL - worst 1 -- 10 -- 1 record in 1958 before legendary head coach Vince Lombardi was hired in January 1959 . `` Their offense was like a conga dance , '' one sportswriter quipped. `` 1 , 2 , 3 and kick . '' Lombardi was determined to build a winning team . During the preseason , he signed Fred `` Fuzzy '' Thurston , who had been cut from three other teams , but ended up becoming an All - Pro left guard for Green Bay . In addition Lombardi also made a big trade with the Cleveland Browns that brought three players to the team who would become cornerstones of the defense : linemen Henry Jordan , Willie Davis , and Bill Quinlan . Lombardi 's hard work paid off , and the Packers improved to a 7 -- 5 regular season record in 1959 . They surprised the league during the following year by making it all the way to the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Although the Packers lost 17 -- 13 to the Philadelphia Eagles , they had sent a clear message that they were no longer losers . Green Bay went on to win NFL Championships in 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , and 1966 . Packers veteran quarterback Bart Starr was the top - rated quarterback in the NFL for 1966 , and won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award , completing 156 of 251 ( 62.2 % ) passes for 2257 yards ( 9.0 per attempt ) , 14 touchdowns , and only 3 interceptions . His top targets were wide receivers Boyd Dowler and Carroll Dale , who combined for 63 receptions for 1,336 yards . Fullback Jim Taylor was the team 's top rusher with 705 yards , adding 4 touchdowns , and caught 41 passes for 331 yards and 2 touchdowns . ( Before the season , Taylor had informed the team that instead of returning to the Packers in 1967 , he would become a free agent and sign with the expansion New Orleans Saints . Lombardi , infuriated at what he considered to be Taylor 's disloyalty , refused to speak to Taylor the entire season . ) The team 's starting halfback , Paul Hornung , was injured early in the season , but running back Elijah Pitts , a replacement , gained 857 all purpose yards . The Packers ' offensive line was also a big reason for the team 's success , led by All - Pro guards Jerry Kramer , and Fuzzy Thurston , and tackle Forrest Gregg . Green Bay also had an excellent defense that displayed their talent in the NFL championship game , stopping the Dallas Cowboys on four consecutive plays starting from the Packers 2 - yard line on the final drive to win the game . Lionel Aldridge had replaced Quinlan , but Jordan and Davis still anchored the defensive line ; linebacker Ray Nitschke excelled at run stopping and pass coverage , while the secondary was led by defensive backs Herb Adderley and Willie Wood . Wood was another example of how Lombardi found talent in players that nobody else could see . Wood had been a quarterback in college and was not drafted by an NFL team . When Wood joined the Packers in 1960 , he was converted to a free safety , and went on to make the All - Pro team 9 times in his 12 - year career . Super Bowl pregame News and notes ( edit ) Many people considered it fitting that the Chiefs and the Packers would be the teams to play in the first ever AFL - NFL World Championship Game . Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had founded the AFL , while Green Bay was widely considered one of the better teams in NFL history ( even if they could not claim to be founding members of their own league , as the Packers joined the NFL in 1921 , a year after the league 's formation ) . Lombardi was under intense pressure from the entire NFL to make sure the Packers not only won the game , but preferably won big to demonstrate the superiority of the NFL . CBS announcer Frank Gifford , who interviewed Lombardi prior to the game , said Lombardi was so nervous , `` he held onto my arm and he was shaking like a leaf . It was incredible . '' The Chiefs saw this game as an opportunity to show they were good enough to play against any NFL team . One player who was really looking forward to competing in this game was Len Dawson , who had spent three years as a backup in the NFL before joining the Chiefs . However , the Chiefs were also nervous . Linebacker E.J. Holub said , `` the Chiefs were scared to death . Guys in the tunnel were throwing up . '' In the week prior to the game , Chiefs cornerback Fred `` The Hammer '' Williamson garnered considerable publicity by boasting he would use his `` hammer '' -- forearm blows to the head -- to destroy the Packers ' receivers , stating , `` Two hammers to ( Boyd ) Dowler , one to ( Carroll ) Dale should be enough . '' His prediction turned out to be partially correct as Dowler was knocked out of the game early in the first quarter ( although it was because of an exacerbation of an injury he had previously received during the NFL Championship game in Dallas on January 1 ) . However , Willamson himself was knocked out cold and carried off the field on a stretcher near the end of the game . The two teams played with their respective footballs from each league ; the Chiefs used the AFL ball , the slightly narrower and longer J5V by Spalding , and the Packers played with the NFL ball , `` The Duke '' by Wilson . The AFL 's two - point conversion rule was not in force ; the NFL added the two - point conversion in 1994 and it was first used in the Super Bowl that same season , Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995 . This is also the only Super Bowl where the numeric yard markers were 5 yards apart , rather than 10 as is customary today . Justin Peters of Slate watched all the Super Bowls over a two - month period in 2015 before Super Bowl 50 . He mentioned about the first Super Bowl having `` two dudes in rocket packs who flew around the stadium . I can forgive a lot of bad football as long as the game features two dudes in honest - to - God rocket packs . '' Weather ( edit ) The game was played in an outdoor stadium . The temperature was mild with clear skies . Television ( edit ) Simulcast ( edit ) This game is the only Super Bowl to have been broadcast in the United States by two television networks simultaneously ( no other NFL game was subsequently carried nationally on more than one network until December 29 , 2007 , when the New England Patriots faced the New York Giants on NBC , CBS , and the NFL Network ) . At the time , NBC held the rights to nationally televise AFL games while CBS had the rights to broadcast NFL games . Both networks were allowed to cover the game . During the week , tensions flared between the staffs of the two networks ( longtime arch - rivals in American broadcasting ) , who each wanted to win the ratings war , to the point where a fence was built between the CBS and NBC trucks . Each network used its own announcers : Ray Scott ( doing play - by - play for the first half ) , Jack Whitaker ( doing play - by - play for the second half ) and Frank Gifford provided commentary on CBS , while Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman were on NBC . While Rozelle allowed NBC to telecast the game , he decreed it would not be able to use its cameramen and technical personnel , instead forcing it to use the feed provided by CBS , since the Coliseum was home to the NFL 's Rams . Super Bowl I was the only Super Bowl in history that was not a sellout in terms of attendance , despite a TV blackout in the Los Angeles area ( at the time , NFL games were required to be blacked out in the market of origin , even if it was a neutral site game and if it sold out ) . Of the 94,000 - seat capacity in the Coliseum , 33,000 went unsold . Days before the game , local newspapers printed editorials about what they viewed as a then - exorbitant $12 price for tickets , and wrote stories about how viewers could pull in the game from stations in distant markets such as Bakersfield , Santa Barbara and San Diego . Game footage ( edit ) All known broadcast tapes of the game in its entirety were subsequently wiped by both NBC and CBS to save costs , a common practice at the time . This has prevented studies comparing each network 's respective telecast . For many years , only two small samples of the telecasts were known to have survived , showing Max McGee 's opening touchdown and Jim Taylor 's first touchdown run . Both were shown in 1991 on HBO 's Play by Play : A History of Sports Television and on the Super Bowl XXV pregame show . In January 2011 , a partial recording of the CBS telecast was reported to have been found in a Pennsylvania attic and restored by the Paley Center for Media in New York . The two - inch color videotape is the most complete version of the broadcast yet discovered , missing only the halftime show and most of the third quarter . The NFL owns the broadcast 's copyright and has blocked its sale or distribution . After remaining anonymous and only communicating with the media through his lawyer , the owner of the recording , Troy Haupt , came forward to The New York Times in 2016 to tell his side of the story . NFL Films had a camera crew present , and retains a substantial amount of film footage in its archives , some of which has been released in its film productions . One such presentation was the NFL 's Greatest Games episode about this Super Bowl , entitled The Spectacle of a Sport ( also the title of the Super Bowl I highlight film ) . On January 11 , 2016 , the NFL announced that , `` in an exhaustive process that took months to complete , NFL Films searched its enormous archives of footage and were able to locate all 145 plays from Super Bowl I from more than a couple dozen disparate sources . Once all the plays were located , NFL Films was able to put the plays in order and stitch them together while fully restoring , re-mastering , and color correcting the footage . Finally , audio from the NBC Sports radio broadcast featuring announcers Jim Simpson and George Ratterman was layered on top of the footage to complete the broadcast . The final result represents the only known video footage of the entire action from Super Bowl I . '' It then announced that NFL Network would broadcast the newly pieced together game footage in its entirety on January 15 , 2016 -- the 49th anniversary of the contest . This footage was nearly all on film with the exception of several player introductions and a post game locker room chat between Pat Summerall and Pete Rozelle Ceremonies and Entertainment ( edit ) The Los Angeles Ramettes , majorettes who had performed at all Rams home games , entertained during pregame festivities and after each quarter . Also during the pregame , the University of Arizona band created a physical outline of the continental United States at the center of the field , with the famed Anaheim High School drill team placing banners of each NFL and AFL team at each team 's geographical location . The halftime show featured trumpeter Al Hirt , the marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University , 300 pigeons , 10,000 balloons and a flying demonstration by the hydrogen - peroxide - propelled Bell Rocket Air Men . The postgame trophy presentation ceremony was handled by CBS ' Pat Summerall and NBC 's George Ratterman . Summerall and Ratterman were forced to share a single microphone . Game summary ( edit ) During the game , the official balls from both leagues were used -- when the Chiefs were on offense , the official AFL football ( Spalding JV - 5 ) was used , and when the Packers were on offense , the official NFL ball ( Wilson 's `` The Duke '' ) was used . Even the officiating crew was made up of a combination of AFL and NFL referees , with the NFL 's Norm Schachter as the head referee . First quarter ( edit ) After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game , the Packers jumped out to an early 7 -- 0 lead , driving 80 yards in six plays . The drive was highlighted by Starr 's passes , to Marv Fleming for 11 , to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble , and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards . On the last play , Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee , who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive . ( Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown ; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly . ) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell , made a one - handed catch at the 23 - yard line , and then took off for a 37 - yard touchdown reception ( McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game ) . On their ensuing drive , the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay 's 33 - yard line , but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40 - yard field goal . Second quarter ( edit ) Early in the second quarter , Kansas City marched 66 yards in six plays , featuring a 31 - yard reception by receiver Otis Taylor , to tie the game on a seven - yard pass to Curtis McClinton from quarterback Len Dawson , but the Packers responded on their next drive , advancing 73 yards down the field and scoring on fullback Jim Taylor 's 14 - yard touchdown run with the team 's famed `` Power Sweep '' play . Taylor 's touchdown run was the first in Super Bowl history . This drive was again highlighted by Starr 's key passes . He hit McGee for 10 yards on third and five ; Dale for 15 on third and ten ; Fleming for 11 on third and five ; and Pitts for 10 yards on third and seven to set up Taylor 's TD on the next play . Packers ' defensive linemen Willie Davis ( left ) and Henry Jordan ( right ) sack Chiefs ' quarterback Len Dawson ( middle ) during the game . Dawson was sacked for an eight - yard loss on the first play of the Chiefs ' next drive , but he followed it up with four consecutive completions for 58 yards , including a 27 - yarder to Chris Burford . This set up Mercer 's 31 - yard field goal to make the score 14 -- 10 at the end of the half . At halftime , the Chiefs appeared to have a chance to win . Many people watching the game were surprised how close the score was and how well the AFL 's champions were playing . Kansas City actually outgained Green Bay in total yards , 181 -- 164 , and had 11 first downs compared to the Packers ' 9 . The Chiefs were exuberant at halftime . Hank Stram said later , `` I honestly thought we would come back and win it . '' The Packers were disappointed with the quality of their play in the first half . `` The coach was concerned '' , said defensive end Willie Davis later . Lombardi told them the game plan was sound , but that they had to tweak some things and execute better . Third quarter ( edit ) On their first drive of the second half , the Chiefs advanced to their own 49 - yard line . But on a third - down pass play , a heavy blitz by linebackers Dave Robinson and Lee Roy Caffey collapsed the Chief pocket . Just as Packer end Lionel Aldridge was about to hit him Dawson threw weakly toward tight end Fred Arbanas , but the ball was intercepted by Willie Wood . Wood raced 50 yards to Kansas City 's five - yard line where Mike Garrett dragged him down from behind . This was `` the biggest play of the game , '' wrote Starr later . On their first play after the turnover , running back Elijah Pitts scored on a five - yard touchdown run to give the Packers a 21 -- 10 lead . Stram agreed that it was the critical point of the game . The Packers defense then dominated the Chiefs offense for the rest of the game , only allowing them to cross midfield once , and for just one play . The Chiefs were forced to deviate from their game plan , and that hurt them . The Kansas City offense totaled only 12 yards in the third quarter , and Dawson was held to five of 12 second - half pass completions for 59 yards . Meanwhile , Green Bay forced Kansas City to punt from their own two - yard line after sacking Dawson twice and got the ball back with good field position on their own 44 . McGee subsequently caught three passes for 40 yards on a 56 - yard drive that ended with his 13 - yard touchdown reception . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Midway through the fourth quarter , Starr completed a 25 - yard pass to Carroll Dale and a 37 - yard strike to McGee , moving the ball to the Chiefs 18 - yard line . Four plays later , Pitts scored his second touchdown on a one - yard run to close out the scoring , giving the Packers the 35 -- 10 win . Also in the fourth quarter , Fred Williamson , who had boasted about his `` hammer '' prior to the game , was knocked out when his head collided with running back Donny Anderson 's knee , and then suffered a broken arm when Chiefs linebacker Sherrill Headrick fell on him . Williamson had three tackles for the game . Hornung was the only Packer not to see any action . Lombardi had asked him in the fourth quarter if he wanted to go in , but Hornung declined , not wanting to aggravate a pinched nerve in his neck . McGee , who caught only four passes for 91 yards and one touchdown during the season , finished Super Bowl I with seven receptions for 138 yards and two touchdowns . After the game was over , a reporter asked Vince Lombardi about if he thought Kansas City was a good team . Lombardi responded that though the Chiefs were an excellent , well - coached club , he thought several NFL teams such as Dallas were better . The Green Bay Packers were each paid a salary of $15,000 as the winning team . The Chiefs were paid $7,500 each . Box score ( edit ) Total Chiefs 0 10 0 0 10 Packers 7 7 14 7 35 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Date : January 15 , 1967 Game time : 1 : 15 p.m. PST Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny Quarter Time Team Drive Scoring Information Score Length Plays Time KC GB 6 : 04 GB 80 6 3 : 06 TD : Max McGee 37 - yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick ) 0 7 10 : 40 KC 66 6 3 : 44 TD : Curtis McClinton seven - yard pass from Len Dawson ( Mike Mercer kick ) 7 7 4 : 37 GB 73 13 6 : 03 TD : Jim Taylor 14 - yard run ( Don Chandler kick ) 7 14 0 : 54 KC 50 7 3 : 43 FG : Mike Mercer 31 yards 10 14 12 : 33 GB 5 0 : 09 TD : Elijah Pitts five - yard run ( Don Chandler kick ) 10 21 0 : 51 GB 56 10 5 : 25 TD : Max McGee 13 - yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick ) 10 28 6 : 35 GB 80 8 4 : 13 TD : Elijah Pitts one - yard run ( Don Chandler kick ) 10 35 Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl I , Super Bowl Play Finder GB , Super Bowl Play Finder KC Statistical comparison ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs Green Bay Packers First downs 17 21 First downs rushing 10 First downs passing 12 11 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 3 / 13 11 / 15 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 72 133 Rushing attempts 19 34 Yards per rush 3.8 3.9 Passing -- Completions / attempts 17 / 32 16 / 24 Times sacked - total yards 6 -- 61 3 -- 22 Interceptions thrown Net yards passing 167 228 Total net yards 239 361 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 19 4 -- 23 Kickoff returns - total yards 6 -- 130 3 -- 65 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 0 1 -- 50 Punts - average yardage 7 -- 45.3 4 -- 43.3 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - total yards 4 -- 26 4 -- 40 Time of possession 28 : 35 31 : 25 Turnovers Note : According to NBC Radio announcer Jim Simpson 's report at halftime of the game , Kansas City led 11 to 9 in first downs at halftime , 181 to 164 in total yards , and 142 to 113 in passing yards ( Green Bay led 51 to 39 in rushing yards ) . Bart Starr completed eight of 13 with no interceptions , while Len Dawson was 11 of 15 with no interceptions . Green Bay led 14 -- 10 at halftime . Green Bay had the ball five times , although only for a minute or so on the last possession ; they punted on their first possession , scored a touchdown on their second , punted on their third , scored a touchdown on their fourth , and had the ball when the half ended on their fifth . Kansas City had the ball four times -- punting on their first possession , driving to a missed field goal on their second possession , scoring a touchdown on their third , and kicking a field goal on their fourth . This means , in the second half , Green Bay led 12 to six in first downs , 197 to 58 in total yards , 115 to 25 in passing yards , and 82 to 33 in rushing yards ( the Packers won the second half , 21 -- 0 ) . Starr and his late - game replacement , Zeke Bratkowski , were eight for 11 with one interception ; Dawson and his late - game replacement , Pete Beathard , were just six for 17 , also with one interception . Each team had the ball seven times in the second half , although Green Bay 's first possession was just one play and their seventh possession was abbreviated because the game ended . Green Bay scored a touchdown on their first ( one play ) possession , punted on their second , scored a touchdown on their third , was intercepted at KC 's 15 - yard line on their fourth ( just Starr 's fourth interception of the year ) , scored a touchdown on their fifth , punted on their sixth , and had the ball when the game ended on their seventh possession . Kansas City was intercepted on their first possession -- Wood 's return to the five set up Pitts ' touchdown that made the score 21 -- 10 -- and then punted on each of their next six possessions . Individual leaders ( edit ) Chiefs passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Len Dawson 16 / 27 211 80.9 Pete Beathard 1 / 5 17 0 0 41.3 Chiefs rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Len Dawson 24 0 15 8.00 Mike Garrett 6 17 0 9 2.83 Curtis McClinton 6 16 0 6 2.67 Pete Beathard 14 0 14 14.00 Bert Coan 0 0.33 Chiefs receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Chris Burford 67 0 27 10 Otis Taylor 57 0 31 9 Mike Garrett 28 0 17 5 Curtis McClinton 34 27 Fred Arbanas 30 0 18 Reg Carolan 7 0 7 Bert Coan 5 0 5 Packers passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Bart Starr 16 / 23 250 116.2 Zeke Bratkowski 0 / 1 0 0 0 39.6 Packers rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Jim Taylor 17 56 14 3.29 Elijah Pitts 11 45 12 4.09 Donny Anderson 30 0 13 7.50 Jim Grabowski 0 1.00 Packers receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Max McGee 7 138 37 10 Carroll Dale 59 0 25 8 Elijah Pitts 32 0 22 Marv Fleming 22 0 11 Jim Taylor − 1 0 − 1 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Records established ( edit ) Because this was the first Super Bowl , a new record was set in every category . All categories are listed in the 2016 NFL Fact book . The following records were set in Super Bowl I , according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary . Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized . The minimums are shown ( in parenthesis ) . Player records established Most points scored , game 12 Max McGee Elijah Pitts Most points scored , career 12 Most touchdowns , game Most touchdowns , career Longest scoring play 37 yd pass Max McGee Passing records Most attempts , game 27 Len Dawson Most attempts , career 27 Most completions , game 16 Len Dawson Bart Starr Most completions , career 16 Most interceptions thrown , game Most interceptions thrown , career Highest passer rating , game 116.2 Bart Starr Highest completion percentage , game , ( 20 attempts ) 69.6 % Most passing yards , game 250 yds Most passing yards , career 250 yds Longest pass 37 yds Highest average gain , game ( 20 attempts ) 10.87 yds ( 23 -- 250 ) Most touchdown passes , game Most touchdown passes , career Rushing records Most yards , game 56 yds Jim Taylor 000 ( GB ) Most yards , career 56 yds Most attempts , game 17 Most attempts , career 17 Longest Touchdown Run 14 yds Longest run from scrimmage 15 yards Len Dawson Most rushing yards , game , Quarterback 24 yds Most touchdowns , game Elijah Pitts Most touchdowns , career Highest average gain , game ( 10 attempts ) 4.0 yds ( 11 -- 45 ) Receiving records Most yards , game 138 yds Max McGee Most yards , career 138 yds Most receptions , game 7 Most receptions , career 7 Longest reception 37 yds Longest touchdown reception 37 yds Highest average gain , game ( 3 receptions ) 19.7 yds ( 7 -- 138 ) Most touchdowns , game Most touchdowns , career Combined yardage records Most attempts , game 18 Jim Taylor Most Attempts , career 18 Most yards gained , game 138 Max McGee Most yards gained , career 138 Fumbles Most fumbles , game Jim Grabowski 000 ( GB ) Curtis McClinton 000 ( Kan ) Most fumbles , career Defense Most interceptions , game Willie Wood 000 ( GB ) Willie Mitchell 000 ( Kan ) Most interceptions , career Most interception yards gained , game 50 yds Willie Wood Most interception yards gained , career 50 yds Longest interception return 50 yds Most sacks , game 1.5 Henry Jordan 000 ( GB ) Willie Davis 000 ( GB ) Most sacks , career 1.5 Special Teams Longest kickoff return 31 yds Bert Coan 000 ( Kan ) Most kickoff returns , game Most kickoff returns , career Most kickoff return yards , game 87 yds Most kickoff return yards , career 87 yds Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) 21.8 yds ( 4 -- 87 ) Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) 21.8 yds ( 4 -- 87 ) Longest punt 61 yds Jerrel Wilson 000 ( Kan ) Most punts , game 7 Most punts , career 7 Highest punting average , game ( 4 punts ) 43.3 ( 7 -- 317 ) Most punt returns , game Donny Anderson 000 ( GB ) Most punt returns , career Most punt return yards gained , game 25 Most punt return yards gained , career 25 Longest punt return 15 Highest average , punt return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) 8.3 yds ( 3 -- 25 ) Most field goals attempted , game Mike Mercer 000 ( Kan ) Most field goals attempted , career Most field goals made , game Most field goals made , career Longest field goal 31 Most ( one point ) extra points , game 5 Don Chandler 000 ( GB ) Most ( one point ) extra points , career 5 † This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . ‡ Sacks an official statistic since Super Bowl XVII by the NFL . Sacks are listed as `` Tackled Attempting to Pass '' in the official NFL box score for Super Bowl I . Team records established Most Super Bowl appearances Packers Chiefs Most Super Bowl victories Packers Most Super Bowl losses Chiefs Super Bowl win with no home playoff games 2 games Packers Points Most points , game 35 pts Packers Fewest points , game 10 pts Chiefs Largest margin of victory 25 pts Packers Most points scored , first half 14 pts Most points scored , second half 21 pts Most points scored in any quarter of play 14 pts ( 3rd ) Most points , first quarter 7 pts Most points , second quarter 10 pts Chiefs Most points , third quarter 14 pts Packers Most points , fourth quarter 7 pts Largest lead , end of first quarter 7 pts Largest halftime margin 4 pts Largest lead , end of 3rd quarter 18 pts Fewest points , first half 10 pts Chiefs Fewest points , second half 0 pts Touchdowns , PATs , field goals Most touchdowns , game 5 Packers Fewest touchdowns , game Chiefs Longest touchdown scoring drive 80 yds Packers Most ( one point ) PATs 5 Packers Most field goals attempted Chiefs Most field goals made Chiefs Net yards Most net yards , rushing and passing 361 yds Packers Fewest net yards , rushing and passing 239 yds Chiefs Rushing Most rushing attempts 34 Packers Fewest rushing attempts 19 Chiefs Most rushing yards ( net ) 133 yds Packers Fewest rushing yards ( net ) 72 yds Chiefs Highest average gain per rush attempt 3.9 yds Packers ( 133 -- 34 ) Lowest average gain per rush attempt 3.8 yds Chiefs ( 72 -- 19 ) Most rushing touchdowns Packers Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Chiefs Passing Most passing attempts 32 Chiefs Fewest passing attempts 23 Packers Most passes completed 17 Chiefs Fewest passes completed 16 Packers Highest completion percentage ( 20 attempts ) 69.6 % Packers ( 16 -- 23 ) Lowest completion percentage ( 20 attempts ) 53.1 % Chiefs ( 17 -- 32 ) Most yards passing ( net ) 228 yds Packers Fewest yards passing ( net ) 167 yds Chiefs Highest average yards gained per pass attempt 9.9 yds Packers ( 228 -- 23 ) Lowest average yards gained per pass attempt 5.2 yds Chiefs ( 167 -- 32 ) Most times intercepted Packers Chiefs Most times sacked 6 Chiefs Fewest times sacked Packers Most passing touchdowns Packers Fewest passing touchdowns Chiefs First Downs Most first downs 21 Packers Fewest first downs 17 Chiefs Most first downs rushing 10 Packers Fewest first downs rushing Chiefs Most first downs , passing 12 Chiefs Fewest first downs passing 11 Packers Most first downs , penalty Chiefs Fewest first downs penalty 0 Packers Defense Most Interceptions by Packers Chiefs Most yards gained by interception return 50 yds Packers Most sacks , game 6 Packers Fewest sacks , game Chiefs Fewest yards allowed 239 yds Packers Most yards allowed 358 yds Chiefs Most yards allowed in a win 239 yds Packers Fumbles Most fumbles , game Packers Chiefs Most fumbles lost , game 0 Most fumbles recovered , game Turnovers Most turnovers , game Packers Chiefs Fewest turnovers , game Kickoff returns Most kickoff returns , game 6 Chiefs Fewest kickoff returns , game Packers Most yards gained , game 130 yds Chiefs Fewest yards gained , game 65 yds Packers Highest average gain , game ( 3 returns ) 21.7 yds Packers ( 65 -- 3 ) Chiefs ( 130 -- 6 ) Punting Most punts , game 7 Chiefs Fewest punts , game Packers Highest average , game ( 4 punts ) 45.3 yds Chiefs Punt returns Most punt returns , game Packers Fewest punt returns , game Chiefs Most yards gained , game 23 yds Packers Fewest yards gained , game 19 yds Chiefs Highest average return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) 6.3 yds Chiefs ( 19 -- 3 ) Penalties Most penalties , game Packers Chiefs Most yards penalized , game 40 yds Packers Fewest yards penalized , game 26 yds Chiefs Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Records established , both team totals Total Green Bay Kansas City Points , both teams Most points 45 pts 35 10 Most points scored , first half 24 pts 14 10 Most points scored , second half 21 pts 21 0 Most points , first quarter 7 pts 7 0 Most points , second quarter 17 pts 7 10 Most points , third quarter 14 pts 14 0 Most points , fourth quarter 7 pts 7 0 Touchdowns , PATs , field goals , both teams Most touchdowns 6 5 Most ( one point ) PATs 6 ( 5 -- 5 ) ( 1 -- 1 ) Most field goals attempted 0 Most field goals made 0 Net yards , both teams Most net yards , rushing and passing 600 yds 361 229 Rushing , both teams Most rushing attempts 53 34 19 Most rushing yards ( net ) 205 yds 133 72 Most rushing touchdowns 0 Passing , both teams Most passing attempts 55 23 32 Most passes completed 33 16 17 Most passing yards ( net ) 395 yds 228 167 Most times sacked 9 6 Most times interceptioned Most passing touchdowns First downs , both teams Most first downs 38 21 17 Most first downs rushing 14 10 Most first downs , passing 23 11 12 Most first downs , penalty 0 Defense , both teams Most interceptions by Most yards gained by interception return 50 yds 50 0 Most sacks , game 9 6 Fumbles , both teams Most fumbles Most fumbles lost 0 0 0 Turnovers , both teams Most Turnovers Kickoff returns , both teams Most kickoff returns 9 6 Most yards gained 195 yds 65 130 Punting , both teams Most punts , game 11 7 Punt returns , both teams Most punt returns , game 7 Most yards gained , game 42 yds 23 19 Penalties , both teams Most penalties , game 8 Most yards penalized 66 yds 40 26 Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Kansas City Position Green Bay Offense Chris Burford SE Carroll Dale Jim Tyrer LT Bob Skoronski Ed Budde LG Fuzzy Thurston Wayne Frazier Bill Curry Curt Merz RG Jerry Kramer Dave Hill RT Forrest Gregg ‡ Fred Arbanas TE Marv Fleming Otis Taylor FL Boyd Dowler Len Dawson ‡ QB Bart Starr ‡ Mike Garrett HB Elijah Pitts Curtis McClinton FB Jim Taylor ‡ Defense Jerry Mays LE Willie Davis ‡ Andy Rice LT Ron Kostelnik Buck Buchanan ‡ RT Henry Jordan ‡ Chuck Hurston RE Lionel Aldridge Bobby Bell ‡ LLB Dave Robinson ‡ Sherrill Headrick MLB Ray Nitschke ‡ E.J. Holub RLB Lee Roy Caffey Fred Williamson LCB Herb Adderley ‡ Willie Mitchell RCB Bob Jeter Bobby Hunt LS Tom Brown Johnny Robinson RS Willie Wood ‡ Special Teams Mike Mercer Don Chandler Jerrel Wilson Don Chandler Officials ( edit ) Referee : Norm Schachter ( NFL ) Umpire : George Young ( AFL ) Head linesman : Bernie Ulman ( NFL ) Line judge : Al Sabato ( AFL ) Back Judge : Jack Reader ( AFL ) Field judge : Mike Lisetski ( NFL ) Alternate Referee : Art McNally ( NFL ) Alternate Umpire : Paul Trepinsky ( AFL ) Alternate Head linesman : Burl Toler ( NFL ) Alternate Line judge : Harry Kessel ( AFL ) Alternate Back judge : Charley Musser ( AFL ) Alternate Field judge : Herman Rohring ( NFL ) Note : A six - official system was used by the NFL from 1965 through the 1977 season . Since officials from the NFL and AFL wore different uniform designs , a `` neutral '' uniform was designed for this game . These uniforms had the familiar black and white stripes , but the sleeves were all black with the official 's uniform number . This design was also worn in Super Bowl II , but was discontinued after that game when AFL officials began wearing uniforms identical to those of the NFL during the 1968 season , in anticipation of the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . See also ( edit ) 1966 NFL season 1966 AFL season American Football League playoffs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beschloss , Michael ( 24 Jan 2015 ) . `` Before the Bowl Was Super '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Five myths about the Super Bowl '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Felser , Larry ( 2008 ) . Birth of the New NFL : How the 1966 NFL / AFL Merger Transformed Pro Football . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 762 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - Year History , 1960 -- 1969 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kuechle , Oliver E. ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Interception vital '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 15 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wood 's steal changed our plans : Stram '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . UPI . January 16 , 1967 . p. 1 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Frank ( August 3 , 1989 ) . `` Wood shrugs off interception '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 6C . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , Ken ( 2010 ) . The Little League That Could : A History of the American Football League . Lanham , MD : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1589794627 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Kansas City Chiefs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Complete Super Bowl Story . ISBN 978 - 0943403311 . Jump up ^ Bart Starr , `` Super Bowl I , '' Super Bowl : The Game of Their Lives , Danny Peary , Editor . Macmillan , 1997 ISBN 0 - 02 - 860841 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mickey Herskowitz , `` Winning the Big I , '' The Super Bowl : Celebrating a Quarter - Century of America 's Greatest Game . Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72798 - 2 Jump up ^ Kevin Jackson , Jeff Merron & David Schoenfield. `` 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments '' . espn.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` The Biggest Super Bowl Goats '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : San Francisco 49ers 49 vs. San Diego Chargers 26 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/football-super-bowl-i-overall-view-of-stadium-and-field-before-bay-picture-id139021040 Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl , Ranked '' . Slate . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://farmersalmanac.com/weather-history/90037/1967/01/15/ Jump up ^ Myslenski , Skip ( January 26 , 1986 ) . `` Super Bowl I : CBS vs. NBC '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Deninger , Dennis ( 2012 ) . Sports on Television : The how and why Behind what You See . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0415896757 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-first-super-bowl Jump up ^ Evan Weiner ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vince Lombardi wanted no part of the Super Bowl '' . The Sports Digest . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David Roth ; Jared Diamond ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Found at Last : A Tape of the First Super Bowl '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Out of a Rare Super Bowl I Recording , a Clash With the N.F.L. Unspools '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jeffrey ( 3 February 2008 ) . `` Winning Is Gut Pride : A Look at the NFL Super Bowl Films '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network to re-air Super Bowl I for first time '' . National Football League . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story-super-bowl/story?id=36689661 Jump up ^ Total Super Bowl ^ Jump up to : Glazer , Jay ( August 7 , 2008 ) . `` Packers trade Favre to Jets '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of AFL Inferior , Says Lombardi '' . Chicago Tribune . January 16 , 1967 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Winning Super Bowl All About the Ring '' . CNBC . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NFL Factbook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl I boxscore '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl I statistics '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl definitiona '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Neft , David S. , Cohen , Richard M. , and Korch , Rick . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present. 1994 ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 Jump up ^ `` List officials for big pro game today '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . January 15 , 1967 . p. 2 , sec. 2 . Jump up ^ `` `` . The Terre - Haute Tribune from Terre Haute , Indiana on 15 January 1967 , page 56 . The Terre - Haute Tribune . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Football League : On Field Officials '' . remembertheafl.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brulia , Tim ( February 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl Trivia Answers '' . The Gridiron Uniform Database . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Official NFL Encyclopedia Pro Football . NAL Books . ISBN 0 - 453 - 00431 - 8 . The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 523 - X . http://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed February 5 , 2006 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Opening of CBS Radio 's coverage as recorded from WCCO - AM in Minneapolis Links to related articles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse 1966 NFL season Eastern Conference Atlanta Philadelphia Baltimore Los Angeles Western Conference Cleveland Pittsburgh Chicago Minnesota Dallas St. Louis Detroit San Francisco NY Giants Washington Green Bay 1966 NFL Draft NFL Championship Pro Bowl Super Bowl I Related : 1966 AFL Season 1966 AFL season Eastern Division Boston Miami Denver Oakland Western Division Buffalo NY Jets Kansas City San Diego Houston 1966 AFL draft 1966 AFL Championship Game 1966 AFL All - Star game Super Bowl I Related : 1966 NFL season Green Bay Packers Super Bowl I champions 5 Paul Hornung 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Red Mack 31 Jim Taylor 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 37 Phil Vandersea 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 Dave Hathcock 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson Head coach : Vince Lombardi Coaches : Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Red Cochran Dave Hanner Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . 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historical development of the modern model of the atom			Atomic theory	atomic theory	In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms .	The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning `` indivisible '' . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so - called `` uncuttable atom '' was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term `` elementary particles '' to describe the `` uncuttable '' , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Philosophical atomism 1.2 John Dalton 1.3 Avogadro 1.4 Brownian Motion 1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles 1.6 Discovery of the nucleus 1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom 1.8 Discovery of isotopes 1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles 1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Philosophical atomism ( edit ) Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . John Dalton ( edit ) Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen or 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen ; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they can not be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules -- e.g. pure oxygen exists as O. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H O ) . Avogadro ( edit ) The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . Brownian motion ( edit ) In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . Discovery of subatomic particles ( edit ) Main articles : Electron and Plum pudding model The cathode rays ( blue ) were emitted from the cathode , sharpened to a beam by the slits , then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates . Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called `` corpuscles '' ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass - to - charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . Discovery of the nucleus ( edit ) Main article : Rutherford model The Geiger - Marsden experiment Left : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Right : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom ( edit ) Main article : Bohr model The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . The Bohr model of the atom Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it could n't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model could n't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still could n't explain more complex atoms . Discovery of isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotope While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . Discovery of nuclear particles ( edit ) Main articles : Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously - unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed `` neutrons '' . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high - energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious `` beryllium radiation '' , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . Quantum physical models of the atom ( edit ) Main article : Atomic orbital The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right , with the last three orbitals being equal in energy . Each orbital holds up to two electrons , which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles . Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones , shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles -- particularly subatomic particles such as electrons -- exhibit a degree of wave - like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave -- particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes - sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc. - with the nucleus in the middle . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Spectroscopy History of the molecule Discoveries of the chemical elements Introduction to quantum mechanics Kinetic theory of gases Atomism The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) '' . scienceworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proust , Joseph Louis . `` Researches on Copper '' , excerpted from Ann . chim. 32 , 26 - 54 ( 1799 ) ( as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein , A Source Book in Chemistry , 1400 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , 1952 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , John . `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids '' , in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 1803 . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris . `` Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke ( 1984 ) . Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century . Columbus : Ohio State University Press . Jump up ^ Avogadro , Amedeo ( 1811 ) . `` Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies , and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds '' . Journal de Physique. 73 : 58 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1905 ) . `` Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen '' . Annalen der Physik. 322 ( 8 ) : 549 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . hdl : 10915 / 2785 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1897 ) . `` Cathode rays '' ( ( facsimile from Stephen Wright , Classical Scientific Papers , Physics ( Mills and Boon , 1964 ) ) ) . Philosophical Magazine . 44 ( 269 ) : 293 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786449708621070 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1904 ) . `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . 7 ( 39 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107 . Jump up ^ Geiger , H ( 1910 ) . `` The Scattering of the α - Particles by Matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 83 : 492 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . ^ Jump up to : Bohr , Niels ( 1913 ) . `` On the constitution of atoms and molecules '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Soddy , The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1913 ) . `` Rays of positive electricity '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 89 ( 607 ) : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 1T . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0057 . ( as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz , The World of the Atom , Vol. 1 ( New York : Basic Books , 1966 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1919 ) . `` Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV . An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 ( 222 ) : 581 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635919 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Schrödinger , Erwin ( 1926 ) . `` Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem '' . Annalen der Physik. 81 ( 18 ) : 109 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1926AnP ... 386 ... 109S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19263861802 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Erwin Schrödinger : The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Max Born : Founder of Lattice Dynamics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter . `` Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) . `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . Jump up ^ Milton Orchin ; Roger Macomber ; Allan Pinhas ; R. Wilson . `` The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry , Second Edition , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Bernard Pullman ( 1998 ) The Atom in the History of Human Thought , trans . by Axel Reisinger . Oxford Univ . Press . Eric Scerri ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York . Charles Adolphe Wurtz ( 1881 ) The Atomic Theory , D. Appleton and Company , New York . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Atomic theory Atomism by S. Mark Cohen . Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in liquids Liquid helium Atoms in gases Noble gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Drude Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. 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where are the 10 lost tribes of israel now			Ten Lost Tribes	ten lost tribes	The ten lost tribes were the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE . These are the tribes of Reuben , Simeon , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Issachar , Zebulun , Manasseh and Ephraim . Claims of descent from the `` lost '' tribes have been proposed in relation to many groups , and some religions espouse a messianic view that the tribes will return .	In the 7th and 8th centuries CE , the return of the lost tribes was associated with the concept of the coming of the messiah . The Jewish historian Josephus ( 37 -- 100 CE ) wrote that `` the ten tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now , and are an immense multitude and not to be estimated in numbers . '' Historian Tudor Parfitt has declared that `` the Lost Tribes are indeed nothing but a myth '' , and he writes that `` this myth is a vital feature of colonial discourse throughout the long period of European overseas empires , from the beginning of the fifteenth century , until the later half of the twentieth '' . Zvi Ben - Dor Benite states : `` The fascination with the tribes has generated , alongside ostensibly nonfictional scholarly studies , a massive body of fictional literature and folktale . '' Anthropologist Shalva Weil has documented differing tribes and peoples claiming affiliation to the Lost Tribes throughout the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 The twelve tribes 1.1 Biblical apocrypha 1.2 New Testament 2 Religious beliefs 2.1 Judaism 2.2 Christianity 2.2. 1 Mormonism 3 Ethnology and anthropology 4 Groups which claim descent from lost tribes 4.1 Bene Israel 4.2 Bnei Menashe 4.3 Beta Israel of Ethiopia 4.4 Igbo Jews 4.5 Pakhtun / Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan 5 Speculation regarding other ethnic groups 5.1 Scythian / Cimmerian theories 5.2 Native Americans 5.3 Japanese 5.4 Lemba 5.5 British Israelism 5.6 Brit - Am 5.7 Other variants 6 See also 7 Bibliography 7.1 Documentaries 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 External links The twelve Tribes ( edit ) See also : Assyrian captivity The scriptural basis for the idea of `` 10 Lost Tribes '' is 2 Kings 17 : 6 : `` In the ninth year of Hoshea , the king of Assyria captured Samaria and deported the Israelites to Assyria . He settled them in Halah , in Gozan on the Habor River and in the towns of the Medes . '' According to the Hebrew Bible , Jacob ( who was later named Israel ; Gen 35 : 10 ) had 12 sons and at least one daughter ( Dinah ) by two wives and two concubines . The twelve sons fathered the twelve Tribes of Israel . When the land of Israel was apportioned among the tribes in the days of Joshua , the Tribe of Levi , being chosen as priests , did not receive land ( Joshua 13 : 33 , 14 : 3 ) . However , the tribe of Levi were given cities . Six cities were to be refuge cities for all men of Israel , which were to be controlled by the Levites . Three of these cities were located on each side of the Jordan River . In addition , 42 other cities ( and their respective open spaces ) , totaling 48 cities , were given to the Tribe of Levi . ( Numbers 35 ) Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh ( the two sons of Joseph by his Egyptian wife Asenath ) ( Genesis 41 : 50 ) to the status of full tribes in their own right , replacing the Tribe of Joseph ( Genesis 48 : 5 ) . Each tribe received its own land and had its own encampment during the 40 years of wandering in the desert . Thus , the two divisions of the tribes are : Traditional division : Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Issachar Zebulun Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Joseph Benjamin Division according to apportionment of land in Israel : Reuben Simeon Judah Issachar Zebulun Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Benjamin Ephraim ( son of Joseph ) Manasseh ( son of Joseph ) Levi ( no territorial allotment , except a number of cities located within the territories of the other tribes ) According to the Bible , the Kingdom of Israel ( or Northern Kingdom ) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy ( also called the Kingdom of Israel ) , which came into existence in about the 930s BCE after the northern Tribes of Israel rejected Solomon 's son Rehoboam as their king . Nine landed tribes formed the Northern Kingdom : the tribes of Reuben , Issachar , Zebulun , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Ephraim , and Manasseh . In addition , some members of the Tribe of Levi , who had no land allocation , were found in the Northern Kingdom . The Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam , and formed the Kingdom of Judah ( or Southern Kingdom ) . Members of Levi and the remnant of Simeon were also found in the Southern Kingdom . According to 2 Chronicles 15 : 9 , members of the tribes of Ephraim , Manasseh , and Simeon `` fled '' to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah ( c. 911 -- 870 BCE ) . Whether these groups were absorbed into the population or remained distinct groups , or returned to their tribal lands is not indicated . In c. 732 BCE , the Assyrian king Tiglath - Pileser III sacked Damascus and Israel , annexing Aramea and territory of the tribes of Reuben , Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur , Naphish , and Nodab . People from these tribes , including the Reubenite leader , were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system in Assyria / Mesopotamia . Tiglath - Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim , and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali . According to 2 Kings 16 : 9 and 15 : 29 , the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria . Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom subject to Assyria until around 725 - 720 BCE , when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported . The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled , leaving only the Tribe of Judah , the Tribe of Simeon ( that was `` absorbed '' into Judah ) , the Tribe of Benjamin , and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelite tribes in the southern Kingdom of Judah . However , Israel Finkelstein estimated that only a fifth of the population ( about 40,000 ) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath - Pileser III , Shalmaneser V , and Sargon II . Many also fled south to Jerusalem , which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period , requiring a new wall to be built , and a new source of water ( Siloam ) to be provided by King Hezekiah . Furthermore , 2 Chronicles 30 : 1 - 11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians -- in particular , members of Dan , Ephraim , Manasseh , Asher , and Zebulun -- and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem at that time . 2 Kings 17 : 34 says , `` To this day they persist in their former practices . They neither worship Yahweh nor adhere to the decrees and regulations , the laws and commands that Yahweh gave the descendants of Jacob , whom he named Israel . '' The medieval rabbi and biblical commentator David Kimhi explains that this is in reference to the tribes that were exiled , and that they remained in their ways , neither accepting a monotheistic God nor in adhering to any of the laws and regulations that were common to all Jews . The Hebrew Bible does not use the phrase `` ten lost tribes '' , leading some to question the number of tribes involved . 1 Kings 11 : 31 states that the kingdom would be taken from Solomon and ten tribes given to Jeroboam : And he said to Jeroboam , Take thee ten pieces : for thus saith the LORD , the God of Israel , Behold , I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon , and will give ten tribes to thee . -- 1 Kings 11 : 31 But I will take the kingdom out of his son 's hand , and will give it unto thee , even ten tribes . -- 1 Kings 11 : 35 Biblical Apocrypha ( edit ) According to Zvi Ben - Dor Benite : Centuries after their disappearance , the ten lost tribes sent an indirect but vital sign ... In 2 Esdras , we read about the ten tribes and `` their long journey through that region , which is called Arzareth '' ... The book of the `` Vision of Ezra '' , or Esdras , was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Palestinian Jew sometime before the end of the first century CE , shortly after the destruction of the temple by the Romans . It is one of a group of texts later designated as the so - called Apocrypha -- pseudoepigraphal books attached to but not included in the Hebrew biblical canon . New Testament ( edit ) Some evidence exists of a continuing identification in later centuries of individual Israelites to the Lost Tribes . For example , in Luke 2 : 36 of the New Testament , an individual is identified with the tribe of Asher . Religious beliefs ( edit ) In Ezekiel 37 : 16 - 17 , the prophet is told Son of man , take a stick and write on it , ' For Judah , and the people of Israel associated with him ' ; then take another stick and write on it , ' For Joseph ( the stick of Ephraim ) and all the house of Israel associated with him . ' 17 And join them one to another into one stick , that they may become one in your hand . -- Ezekiel 37 : 16 - 17 Judaism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2014 ) There are discussions in the Talmud as to whether the ten lost tribes will eventually be reunited with the Tribe of Judah , that is , with the Jewish people . Christianity ( edit ) The increased currency of tales relating to lost tribes that occurred in the 17th century was due to the confluence of several factors . According to Parfitt : ... As Michael Pollack shows , Menassah 's argument was based on , ' three separate and seemingly unrelated sources : a verse from the book of Isaiah , Matteo Ricci 's discovery of an old Jewish community in the heart of China and Antonio Montezinos ' reported encounter with members of the Lost Tribes in the wilds of South America . ' In 1605 , Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci discovered a small community consisting of approximately ten to twelve families of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng , China , the Kaifeng Jews . According to historical records , a Jewish community in Kaifaeng built a synagogue in 1163 during the Southern Song Dynasty , which existed until the late nineteenth century . The Portuguese traveler and Marrano Sephardic Jew Antonio de Montezinos returned to Europe with accounts that some of the Lost Tribes were living as Native Americans of the Andes in South America . Menasseh ben Israel , a noted rabbi and printer in Amsterdam , was excited by this news . He believed that a Messianic age was approaching , and that having Jewish people settled around the world was necessary for it . In 1649 Menassah published his book , The Hope of Israel , in Spanish and in Latin in Amsterdam ; it included Montezinos ' account of the Lost Tribes in the New World . An English translation was published in London in 1650 . In it Menasseh argued , and for the first time tried to give learned support in European thought and printing , to the theory that the native inhabitants of America at the time of the European discovery were actually descendants of the ( lost ) Ten Tribes of Israel . Menasseh noted how important Montezinos ' account was , `` ... for the Scriptures do not tell what people first inhabited those Countries ; neither was there mention of them by any , til Christop . Columbus , Americus , Vespacius , Ferdinandus , Cortez , the Marquesse Del Valle , and Franciscus Pizarrus went thither ... '' He wrote on 23 December 1649 : ... I think that the Ten Tribes live not only there ... but also in other lands scattered everywhere ; these never did come back to the Second Temple and they keep till this day still the Jewish Religion ... In 1655 , Menasseh ben Israel petitioned Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews to return to England in furtherance of the Messianic goal . ( Since the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 , Jews had been prohibited by law from living in England . ) With the approach of 1666 , considered a significant date , Cromwell was allegedly interested in the return of the Jews to England because of the many theories circulating related to millennial thinking about the end of the world . Many of these ideas were fixed upon the year 1666 and the Fifth Monarchy Men who were looking for the return of Jesus as the Messiah ; he was expected to establish a final kingdom to rule the physical world for a thousand years . Messianic believers supported Cromwell 's Republic in the expectation that it was a preparation for the fifth monarchy -- that is , the monarchy that should succeed the Babylonian , Persian , Greek , and Roman world empires . Apocryphal accounts concerning the Lost Tribes , based to varying degrees on biblical accounts , have been produced by both Jews and Christians since at least the 17th century . An Ashkenazi Jewish tradition speaks of these tribes as Die Roite Yiddelech , `` The little red Jews '' , cut off from the rest of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation , `` whose foaming waters raise high up into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through '' . Historians generally concluded that the groups referred to as the Lost Tribes merged with the local population . For instance , the New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia states : In historic fact , some members of the Ten Tribes remained in Palestine , where apart from the Samaritans some of their descendants long preserved their identity among the Jewish population , others were assimilated , while others were presumably absorbed by the last Judean exiles who in 597 - 586 BC were deported to Assyria ... Unlike the Judeans of the southern Kingdom , who survived a similar fate 135 years later , they soon assimilated ... Mormonism ( edit ) Main article : Mormon view of the House of Joseph The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) believes in the literal gathering of Israel , and the LDS Church actively preaches the gathering of people from the twelve tribes . `` Today Israelites are found in all countries of the world . Many of these people do not know that they are descended from the ancient house of Israel , '' the church teaches in its basic Gospel Principles manual . `` The Lord promised that His covenant people would someday be gathered ... God gathers His children through missionary work . As people come to a knowledge of Jesus Christ , receiving the ordinances of salvation and keeping the associated covenants , they become ' the children of the covenant ' ( 3 Nephi 20 : 26 ) . '' The church also teaches that `` The power and authority to direct the work of gathering the house of Israel was given to Joseph Smith by the prophet Moses , who appeared in 1836 in the Kirtland Temple ... The Israelites are to be gathered spiritually first and then physically . They are gathered spiritually as they join The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and make and keep sacred covenants ... The physical gathering of Israel means that the covenant people will be `` gathered home to the lands of their inheritance , and shall be established in all their lands of promise '' ( 2 Nephi 9 : 2 ) . The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will be gathered in the Americas . The tribe of Judah will return to the city of Jerusalem and the area surrounding it . The ten lost tribes will receive from the tribe of Ephraim their promised blessings ( see D&C 133 : 26 -- 34 ) ... The physical gathering of Israel will not be complete until the Second Coming of the Savior and on into the Millennium ( see Joseph Smith -- Matthew 1 : 37 ) . '' One of their main Articles of Faith , written by Joseph Smith , is as follows : `` We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes ; that Zion ( the New Jerusalem ) will be built upon the American continent ; that Christ will reign personally upon the earth ; and , that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory . '' ( LDS Articles of Faith # 10 ) Regarding the Ezekiel 37 prophecy , the LDS Church teaches that the Book of Mormon is the stick of Ephraim ( or Joseph ) mentioned and that the Bible is the stick of Judah , thus comprising two witnesses for Jesus Christ . The LDS Church believes the Book of Mormon to be a collection of records by prophets of the ancient Americas , written on plates of gold and translated by Joseph Smith c. 1830 . The LDS Church considers the Book of Mormon one of the main tools for the spiritual gathering of Israel . Ethnology and anthropology ( edit ) Expanded exploration and study of groups throughout the world through archeology and the new field of anthropology in the late 19th century led to a revival or reworking of accounts of the Lost Tribes . For instance , because archeological finds of the Mississippian culture 's complex earthwork mounds seemed beyond the skills of the Native American cultures known to European Americans at the time of their discovery , it was theorized that the ancient civilizations involved in the mounds ' construction were linked to the Lost Tribes . They tried to fit new information into a biblical construct . However , the earthworks across North America have been conclusively linked to various Native groups , and most archaeologists now consider the theory of non-Native origin to be pseudo-science . Groups which claim descent from Lost Tribes ( edit ) Bene Israel ( edit ) Main article : Bene Israel After learning about normative Judaism in the 19th century , the Bene Israel often migrated from villages in Konkan to nearby cities , which included Mumbai , Pune , Ahmedabad , and Karachi . Based on Bene Israel tradition , after centuries of traveling through Western Asia from Israel , their ancestors migrated to India and slowly assimilated into the surrounding community , while maintaining particular Jewish traditions . David Rahabi , an Indian Jew , found the Bene Israel in the 18th century and took note of their Jewish customs . Some historians note that the ancestors of the Bene Israel belonged to one of the Lost Tribes of Israel ; however , Jewish authorities have not officially recognized the Bene Israel as one of the Lost Tribes . Bnei Menashe ( edit ) Main article : Bnei Menashe Since the late 20th century , some tribes in the Indian North - Eastern states of Mizoram and Manipur claim they are Lost Israelites and have been studying Hebrew and Judaism . Beta Israel of Ethiopia ( edit ) Main article : Beta Israel The Beta Israel ( `` House of Israel '' ) are Ethiopian Jews , who were also called `` Falashas '' in the past . Some members of the Beta Israel , as well as several Jewish scholars , believe that they are descended from the lost Tribe of Dan , as opposed to the traditional story of their descent from the Queen of Sheba . They have a tradition of being connected to Jerusalem . Early DNA studies showed that they were descended from Ethiopians , but in the 21st century , new studies have shown their possible descent from a few Jews who lived in either the 4th or 5th century , possibly in Sudan . The Beta Israel made contacts with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century . After Halakhic and constitutional discussions , Israeli officials decided on March 14 , 1977 that the Israeli Law of Return applied to the Beta Israel . Igbo Jews ( edit ) Main article : Igbo Jews The Igbo Jews of Nigeria claim descent variously from the tribes of Ephraim , Naphtali , Menasseh , Levi , Zebulun and Gad . The theory , however , does not hold up to historical scrutiny . Historians have examined the historical literature on West Africa from the colonial era and they have elucidated diverse functions which such theories served for the writers who proposed them . Pakhtun / Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites The Pashtuns are a predominantly Muslim people , native to Afghanistan and Pakistan , who adhere to a pre-Islamic indigenous religious code of honor and culture , Pashtunwali . The myth about Pashtuns being from the lost tribes of Israel has never been substantiated through concrete historical evidence . Many members of the Taliban hail from the Pashtun tribes and they do not necessarily disclaim their alleged `` Israelite '' descent . The tribal name ' Yusef Zai ' in Pashto translates as the `` sons of Joseph '' , as described in Makhzan - i - Afghani , a historical work from the 17th century by Nehamtullah , an official in the royal court of Mughal Emperor Jehangir . A similar story is told by the Iranian historian Ferishta . A number of genetic studies refute the possibility of a connection , whereas others maintain a link . In 2010 , The Guardian reported that the Israeli government was planning to fund a genetic study in order to test the veracity of a genetic link between the Pashtuns and the lost tribes of Israel . The article stated `` Historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggests a connection , but definitive scientific proof has never been found . Some leading Israeli anthropologists believe that , of all the many groups in the world who claim a connection to the 10 lost tribes , the Pashtuns , or Pathans , have the most compelling case . '' Speculation regarding other Ethnic groups ( edit ) Scythian / Cimmerian theories ( edit ) A depiction of either King Jehu , or Jehu 's ambassador , kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III on the Black Obelisk . Several theories claim that the Scythians and / or Cimmerians were in whole or in part the Lost Tribes of Israel . These are generally based on the belief that the Northern Kingdom of Israel , which had been deported by the Assyrians , became known in history as the Scythians and / or Cimmerians . Various points of view exist as to their modern descendants . The Behistun Inscription is often cited as a link between the deported Israelites , the Cimmerians and the Scythians ( Saka ) . The 19th - century British scholar George Rawlinson wrote : We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri , or Cimmerians , who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C. , and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock , nearly two centuries later , as identical with the Beth - Khumree of Samaria , or the Ten Tribes of the House of Israel . Adherents point out that the Behistun Inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka , Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian . It should be made clear from the start that the terms ' Cimmerian ' and ' Scythian ' were interchangeable : in Akkadian the name Iskuzai ( Asguzai ) occurs only exceptionally . Gimirrai ( Gamir ) was the normal designation for ' Cimmerians ' as well as ' Scythians ' in Akkadian . E. Raymond Capt , a British Israelite , claimed similarities between King Jehu 's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription . He also posited that the Assyrian word for the House of Israel , Khumri , which was named after Israel 's King Omri of the 8th century BC , is connected phonetically to Gimirri ( Cimmerian ) . Dimont ( 1933 ) says of the Israel / Scythian theory that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians differ from those of the Ancient Israelites . Native Americans ( edit ) In 1650 , a British divine named Thomas Thorowgood , who was a preacher in Norfolk , published a book entitled Jewes in America or Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race , which he had prepared for the New England missionary society . Tudor Parfitt writes : The society was active in trying to convert the Indians but suspected that they might be Jews and realized they better be prepared for an arduous task . Thorowgood 's tract argued that the native population of North America were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes . In 1652 Sir Hamon L'Estrange , an English author writing on topics such as history and theology published an exegetical tract called Americans no Jews , or improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race in response to the tract by Thorowgood . In response to L'Estrange , Thorowgood published a second edition of his book in 1660 with a revised title and included a foreword written by John Eliot , a Puritan missionary to the Indians who had translated the Bible into an Indian language . Japanese ( edit ) Main article : Japanese - Jewish Common Ancestor Theory Some writers have speculated that the Japanese people may be the direct descendants of some of the Ten Lost Tribes . Tudor Parfitt writes that `` the spread of the fantasy of Israelite origin ... forms a consistent feature of the Western colonial enterprise '' : It is in fact in Japan that we can trace the most remarkable evolution in the Pacific of an imagined Judaic past . As elsewhere in the world , the theory that aspects of the country were to be explained via an Israelite model was introduced by Western agents . In 1878 , Scottish immigrant to Japan Nicholas McLeod published Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan . McLeod drew correlations between his observations of Japan and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy : The civilized race of the Aa . Inus , the Tokugawa and the Machi No Hito of the large towns , by dwelling in the tent or tabernacle shaped houses first erected by Jin Mu Tenno , have fulfilled Noah 's prophecy regarding Japhet , `` He shall dwell in the tents of Shem . '' ( McLeod , 1878 . p. 7 ) Several other authors have followed McLeod in speculating about parallels between Japanese and Israelite rituals , culture and language in an attempt to support the hypothesis . Arimasa Kubo , an ordained Christian minister , has translated McLeod 's book into Japanese , and has published a number of works on the topic . In his article , `` Mystery of the Ten Lost Tribes : Japan , '' he asserts that many traditional customs and ceremonies in Japan are very similar to those of ancient Israel . He postulates that perhaps these rituals came from the Jews through members of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel , who might have come to ancient Japan . Jon Entine emphasizes that DNA evidence shows that there are no genetic links between Japanese and Israelite people . Emperor Jimmu ( 神武天皇 Jinmu - tennō ) was the first Emperor of Japan , according to legend . His accession is traditionally dated as 660 BC . In the reign of Emperor Kanmu ( 737 -- 806 ) , the eighth - century scholar Ōmi no Mifune designated rulers before Ōjin as tennō ( 天皇 , `` heavenly sovereign '' ) , a Japanese pendant to the Chinese imperial title Tiān - dì ( 天帝 ) , and posthumusly gave several of them including Emperor Jimmu their canonical names . Prior to this time , these rulers had been known as sumera no mikoto / ōkimi . The - no - mikoto ending is a common honorific suffix for the names of gods , of similar meaning to `` the grand , the great , the exalted '' . It is possible that the name sumera is a variant of Sumer . If so , the translation of sumera no mikoto ( the tile of all Japanese rulers prior to the Taika Reforms ) would roughly be `` the noble one of / from Sumer '' . The pronunciation of the word `` Sumer '' in Japanese language is ( sū - me - da ) . Lemba ( edit ) Main article : Lemba people The Lemba people ( Vhalemba ) from Southern Africa claim to be the descendants of several Jewish men who traveled from what is now Yemen to Africa in search of gold , where they took wives and established new communities . Recent research published in the South African Medical Journal studied Y - chromosomes variations in two groups of Lemba , one South African and the other Zimbabwean ( the Remba ) . It concluded that `` While it was not possible to trace unequivocally the origins of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba and Remba , this study does not support the earlier claims of their Jewish genetic heritage . '' The researcher suggested `` a stronger link with Middle Eastern populations , probably the result of trade activity in the Indian Ocean . '' They have specific religious practices similar to those in Judaism and a tradition of being a migrant people , with clues pointing to an origin in West Asia or North Africa . According to the oral history of the Lemba , their ancestors were Jews who came from a place called Sena several hundred years ago and settled in East Africa . Sena is an abandoned ancient town in Yemen , located in the eastern Hadramaut valley , which history indicates Jews inhabited in past centuries . Some research suggests that `` Sena '' may refer to Wadi Masilah ( near Sayhut ) in Yemen , often called Sena , or alternatively to the city of Sana'a , also located in Yemen . British Israelism ( edit ) Main article : British Israelism British Israelism ( also known as ' Anglo - Israelism ' ) espouses the theory that people of northwestern European descent , especially those who live in the United Kingdom and the United States , are descended from the lost tribes of Israel . Adherents believe that the deported Israelites became Scythians / Cimmerians who they say are ancestors of the Celts / Anglo - Saxons of Western Europe . The theory arose in England , from whence it spread to the United States . During the 20th century , British Israelism was promoted by Herbert W. Armstrong , founder of the Worldwide Church of God . The Worldwide Church of God no longer teaches the theory , but some offshoot churches such as the Philadelphia Church of God , the Church of God , an International Community , the Church of God , a Worldwide Association , United Church of God and the Living Church of God continue to teach it . One notable adherent of British Israelism was Alberta premier `` Bible Bill '' Aberhart . Tudor Parfitt , author of The Lost Tribes : The History of a Myth , states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is `` of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre . '' ( Parfitt , 2003 . p. 61 . ) Brit - Am ( edit ) Brit - Am , sometimes confused with British Israelism , is an organization centered in Jerusalem , and composed of Jews and non-Jews . Brit - Am , like British Israel , identifies the Lost Ten Tribes with peoples of West European descent , but does so from a Jewish perspective , quoting both biblical and Rabbinical sources . It uses Rabbinical Commentary supplemented by secular theories that posit the Lost Tribes / Scythian / Cimmerian connection , which are believed to have been ancestors of current Western European cultures and nations . An example of Brit - Am scholarship may be seen from its treatment of Obadiah 1 : 20 in Hebrew . Obadiah mentions `` Galut HaHail HaZeh '' i.e. `` this First Exile '' being in `` Tsarafath '' , where the original Hebrew was understood by Rabbinical commentators such as Rashi and Don Isaac Abrabanel as referring to the Lost Ten Tribes in France and England . Brit - Am also believes that `` Other Israelite Tribes gave rise to elements within Finland , Switzerland , Sweden , Norway , Ireland , Wales , France , Holland , and Belgium '' and that `` The Tribe of Dan is to be found amongst part of the Danish , Irish , and Welsh . '' Brit - Am also believes that the Khazars were descended from the Ten Tribes and quotes Jewish and non-Jewish sources that were contemporaneous with them . Other variants ( edit ) Other organizations teach other variants of the theory , including the claim that the Scythians / Cimmerians represented in whole or in part the Ten Lost Tribes . One such theory posits that the lost Israelites can be defined by the Y - DNA haplogroup R , which makes up much of the population of Europe and Russia , which is in conjunction to British Israelism and Brit - Am , which believe that the Israelites crossed the Bosphorus into modern day Turkey , from there they made their way to Odessa on the Black Sea ( formerly in Russia ) and over a period of time travelled through Eastern Europe , then into Western Europe through France and onto the British Isles , including Ireland . See also ( edit ) Assyria and Germany in Anglo - Israelism Black Hebrew Israelites , groups of African Americans who believe that they are descendents of the ancient Israelites British Israelism Christian Identity Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites History of the Jews in China History of the Jews in India Jewish diaspora Shavei Israel , an organization which seeks to find `` lost Jews . '' Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel Timeline of Jewish history United States in Prophecy Joseph Wolff -- the so - called `` Eccentric Missionary '' , the son of a rabbi who converted to Christianity , who in 1828 set off on extensive travels through Asia in search of the Ten Lost Tribes Bibliography ( edit ) Bruder , Édith : Black Jews of Africa , Oxford 2008 . Halkin , Hillel : Across the Sabbath River , Houghton Mifflin , 2002 Hewitt , Richard ( Risbek ) : Manas -- Lost & Found : A Bridge Linking Kyrgyzstan 's Epic to Ancient Oracles , Bishkek ( 2012 ) Jones , Erik , `` The United States , Britain and the Commonwealth in Prophecy '' , 2016 . Lange , Dierk : `` Yoruba origins and the ' Lost Tribes of Israel ' '' , Anthropos 106 ( 2011 ) , 579 -- 595 . Parfitt , Tudor : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth , London 2002 . Parfitt , Tudor : The Black Jews of Africa and the Americas , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , 2012 . Weil , Shalva : Beyond the Sambatyon : The Myth of the Ten Tribes , Tel Aviv , 1991 . Zvi Ben - Dor Benite : The Ten Lost Tribes , Oxford University Press , 2009 . Documentaries ( edit ) Jacobovici , Simcha , Quest for the Lost Tribes , 2003 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josephus , The Antiquities of the Jews , Book 11 chapter 1 and II Esdras 13 : 39 - 45 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2012 ' Tribes , Ten Lost ' , in Jewish Folklore and Traditions : A Multicultural Encyclopedia , ( Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak eds . ) ABC - CLIO , Inc. , 2 : 542 - 543 . Jump up ^ Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , The Ten Lost Tribes , Oxford University Press , pp. 58 - 62 Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius . Antiquites . p. 11 : 133 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . pp. 1 , 225 . Jump up ^ Benite , p. 11 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 1991 ' Beyond the Sambatyon : the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes ' . Tel - Aviv : Beth Hatefutsoth , the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora . Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe , Ancient Israel : What Do We Know and How Do We Know It ? ( New York : T&T Clark , 2007 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2001 , The Bible Unearthed . Jump up ^ Broshi , Maguen ( 2001 ) . Bread , Wine , Walls and Scrolls . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 1841272019 . Jump up ^ David Kimhi . Commentary on 2 Kings 17 : 34 Jump up ^ The Ten Lost Tribes : A World History , Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , Oxford University Press , p. 57 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 1991 ' Beyond the Sambatyon : the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes ' , in Ariel , 85 - 86 : 25 - 31 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 69 . Jump up ^ De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , p. 108 in Gallagher 's English translation ( 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Méchoulan , Henry , and Nahon , Gérard ( eds . ) , Menasseh Ben Israel . The Hope of Israel , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1987 - ISBN 0 - 19 - 710054 - 6 , p. 101 and passim . Jump up ^ Wilensky M. ( 1951 ) . `` The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England '' , The Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series , Vol. 41 , No. 4 , pp. 397 -- 409 Jump up ^ Menassah ben Israel , The Hope of Israel ( London , 1650 , English translation ) , scanned text online at Oliver 's Bookshelf , accessed 10 May 2013 Jump up ^ Moses Rosen . `` The Recipe '' ( published as epilogue to The Face of Survival , 1987 ) . Nathan Ausubel . Pictorial History of the Jewish People , Crown , 1953 . Jump up ^ The Ten Lost Tribes : A World History , Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , Oxford University Press , p. 59 Jump up ^ Moses Rosen . `` The Recipe '' ( published as epilogue to The Face of Survival , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Stanford M Lyman , `` The Lost Tribes of Israel as a Problem in History and Sociology , '' International Journal of Politics , Culture , and Society , Volume 12 , Number 1 / September 1998 Jump up ^ Part of the Lyman article and a similar article can be read online in the book , Roads to Dystopia , at Roads to Dystopia Jump up ^ Nelson , Russell M. ( November 2006 ) . `` The Gathering of Scattered Israel '' . Liahona . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gospel Principles , chapter 42 , `` The Gathering of the House of Israel '' . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2013 ' Ten Lost Tribes ' , in Judith Baskin ( ed . ) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture , New York : Cambridge University Press , 616 . Jump up ^ Stephen Conn , Ohio State University Jump up ^ Neusius , Sarah W. , and G. Timothy Gross ( 2014 ) Seeking Our Past : An Introduction to North American Archaeology ( second edition ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 1981 The Jews from the Konkan : the Bene IsraelCommunity of India . Tel - Aviv : Beth Hatefutsoth , the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2010 ' Bombay ' in Norman A. Stillman ( ed . ) Encyclopediaof Jews in the Islamic World , Leiden : Brill . ( http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=ejiw_COM-0004450 ) ; Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2008 ' The Jews of Pakistan ' ( 3 : 1228 - 1230 ) , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara , USA : ABC CLIO Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva ( 2009 ) ( 2002 ) . `` Bene Israel Rites and Routines '' . In Weil , Shalva . India 's Jewish Heritage : Ritual , Art and Life - Cycle ( 3rd ed . ) . Mumbai : Marg Publications . pp. 78 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva ( 1994 ) . `` Yom Kippur : the Festival of Closing the Doors '' . In Goodman , Hananya . Between Jerusalem & Benares : Comparative Studies in Judaism & Hinduism . New York : State University of New York Press . pp. 85 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2013 `` Jews of India '' ( 1 : 255 - 258 ) ; `` Ten Lost Tribes '' ( 2 : 542 - 543 ) , in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak ( eds . ) Jewish Folklore and Traditions : A Multicultural Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , Inc Jump up ^ Bene Israel Jump up ^ Weil , S ( 2004b ) . `` Lost Israelites from North - East India : Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo - Burmese Borderlands '' . The Anthropologist. 6 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2011 ' Via India to Israel : The Migrations of the Bnei Menashe ' , International Relations and Security Network ( ISN ) . Web . http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=133889 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2013 ' Ethiopian Jews ' , in Judith Baskin ( ed . ) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture , New York : Cambridge University Press , 165 - 166 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2008a ' Jews in Ethiopia ' ; ' Jews in India ' ; ' The Jews of Pakistan ' ; ' The Pathans of Afghanistan and their Israelite Status ' , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara : ABC CLIO , 2 : 467 - 475 ; 3 : 1204 - 1212 , 1228 - 1230 , 1230 - 1231 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2012b `` Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia '' , in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt ( eds . ) African Zion : Studies in Black Judaism , Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , pp. 204 - 217 . Jump up ^ Jon Entine , Abraham 's Children : Race , Identity , and the DNA of the Chosen People , Grand Central Publishing , 2007 . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lucotte , G ; Smets , P ( 1999 ) . `` Origins of Falasha Jews studied by haplotypes of the Y chromosome '' . Human Biology . 71 ( 6 ) : 989 -- 93 . PMID 10592688 . Jump up ^ Zoossmann - Diskin , A ; Ticher , A ; Hakim , I ; Goldwitch , Z ; Rubinstein , A ; Bonne - Tamir , B ( 1991 ) . `` Genetic affinities of Ethiopian Jews '' . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences . 27 ( 5 ) : 245 -- 51 . PMID 2050504 . Jump up ^ Hammer , M.F. , Redd , A.J. , Wood , E.T. , Bonner , M.R. , Jarjanazi , H. , Karafet , T. , Santachiara - Benerecetti , S. , Oppenheim , A. , Jobling , M.A. , Jenkins , T. , Ostrer , H. , Bonné - Tamir , B. `` Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y - chromosome biallelic haplotypes '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 6 June 2000 , vol. 97 , no . 12 , 6769 -- 6774 . Jump up ^ Shen , Peidong ; Lavi , Tal ; Kivisild , Toomas ; Chou , Vivian ; Sengun , Deniz ; Gefel , Dov ; Shpirer , Issac ; Woolf , Eilon ; Hillel , Jossi ( 2004 ) . `` Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y - Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation '' . Human Mutation. 24 ( 3 ) : 248 -- 60 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 20077 . PMID 15300852 . Jump up ^ Michael Corinaldi , Ethiopian Jewry : Identity and Tradition , Rubin Mass , 1988 , p. 186 -- 188 ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Edith ( 1963 ) . `` The Hamitic Hypothesis : Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective '' . Journal of African History . 10 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 532 . JSTOR 179896 . Jump up ^ Zachernuk , Philip ( 1994 ) . `` Of Origins and Colonial Order : Southern Nigerians and the ' Hamitic Hypothesis ' c. 1870 - 1970 '' . Journal of African History . 35 ( 3 ) : 427 -- 55 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700026785 . JSTOR 182643 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Groups '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . 1997 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The People - The Pashtuns '' . Center for Applied Linguistics ( CAL ) . June 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2011 . `` The Israelite Connections of the Taliban '' , International Relations and Security Network ( ISN ) . Web . http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=132724 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2008 `` The Pathans of Afghanistan and their Israelite Status '' , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara : ABC CLIO , 3 : 1230 - 1231 . Jump up ^ Introduction : Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah , History Of The Mohamedan Power In India , The Packard Humanities Institute Persian Texts in Translation ( retrieved 10 January 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Haber , M. ; Platt , D.E. ; Ashrafian Bonab , M. ; Youhanna , S.C. ; Soria - Hernanz , D.F. ; Martínez - Cruz , B.A. ; Douaihy , B. ; Ghassibe - Sabbagh , M. ; Rafatpanah , H. ; Ghanbari , M. ; Whale , J. ; Balanovsky , O. ; Wells , R.S. ; Comas , D. ; Tyler - Smith , C. ; Zalloua , P.A. ; Genographic , C. ( 2012 ) . Kayser , Manfred , ed . `` Afghanistan 's Ethnic Groups Share a Y - Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e34288 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0034288 . PMC 3314501 . PMID 22470552 . Jump up ^ Abraham 's children : race , identity , and the DNA of the chosen people Jon Entine Jump up ^ McCarthy , Rory . 17th January , 2010 ' Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel ' . Web . https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/israel-lost-tribes-pashtun Jump up ^ Jones , Erik ( 2016 ) , pp. 55 - 69 . `` The United States , Britain and the Commonwealth in Prophecy '' http://cdn.lifehopeandtruth.com/downloads/Life_Hope_Truth_Booklet_The_United_States_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth_in_Prophecy.pdf Jump up ^ George Rawlinson , noted in his translation of History of Herodotus , Book VII , p. 378 Jump up ^ Maurits Nanning Van Loon . Urartian Art . Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations , Istanbul , 1966 . p. 16 ^ Jump up to : E. Raymond Capt , Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets , Artisan Pub , 1985 ISBN 0 - 934666 - 15 - 6 Jump up ^ Dimont , C ( 1933 ) . The Legend of British - Israel . Jump up ^ Oliver 's Bookshelf , The Premier Web - Site for Early Mormon History Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . pp. 66 , 76 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the ancient history of Japan N. McLeod Jump up ^ Kubo , Arimasa . Israelites Came to Ancient Japan . Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , chapters : 2 Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . 3 Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . 4 Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 久保有政 - Wikipedia , 2013 - 01 - 23 , Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 Jump up ^ Israelites Came To Ancient Japan , Arimasa Kubo . Jump up ^ Jon Entine , Abraham 's Children : Race , Identity , and the DNA of the Chosen People Jump up ^ Transcript , INSIDE AFRICA : Current Events on the African Continent , CNN , 11 September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Lemba , The Black Jews of Southern Africa '' , NOVA episode , PBS . Jump up ^ The Story of the Lemba People by Dr. Rudo Mathivha , 15 October 1999 . Jump up ^ Soodyal , H ( 2013 ) . `` Lemba origins revisited : Tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba '' . South African Medical Journal . 103 ( 12 ) . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tudor Parfitt 's Remarkable Journey Part 2 , NOVA , PBS website . ^ Jump up to : Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` The United States and Britain in Bible Prophecy '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Weil , S. 1989 Beta Israel : A House Divided , Binghamton State University of NewYork . Jump up ^ Parfitt , T : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth , London , 2002 , p. 52 - 65 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , T : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The history of a myth , London , 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Transformed by Christ : A Brief History of the Worldwide Church of God '' Jump up ^ Davidiy , Yair ( 1996 ) . `` The Cimmerians , Scythians , and Israel '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brit - Am Commentary '' by Yair Davidiy , Brit - Am website , accessed 10 / 3 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Locations of the Lost Ten Tribes : Scriptural Proof , '' by Yair Davidiy , Brit - Am website , accessed 7 / 15 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Khazars and the Scottish , '' by Yair Davidiy , britam website , accessed 10 / 3 / 08 . Jump up ^ Hanok . `` Israelite and Noahic Haplogroup Hypotheses '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Michael Riff . The Face of Survival : Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present . Valentine Mitchell , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85303 - 220 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The History of the Ten `` Lost '' Tribes : Anglo - Israelism Examined by David Baron Menassah ben Israel , The Hope of Israel ( London , 1650 , English translation ) , scanned text online at Oliver 's Bookshelf Biblical History , The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Database of Jewish communities at Beit Hatefutsot in Tel Aviv . Overview of many hypotheses about the Ten Lost Tribes . Brit Am Israel Christian , Messianic , and Jewish research on the Ten Lost Tribes Bnei Menashe Website What happened to the 10 lost tribes ? video feature from Jerusalem Quest of the lost tribes Documentary about different groups associated with the lost tribes United Israel Lost Tribes Research British - Israel basics Where Are the United States and Britain in Prophecy ? 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where is the caloris basin located on mercury	Caloris Mosaic of the Caloris basin based on photographs by the MESSENGER orbiter . Planet Mercury Coordinates 30 ° 30 ′ N 189 ° 48 ′ W / 30.5 ° N 189.8 ° W / 30.5 ; - 189.8 Coordinates : 30 ° 30 ′ N 189 ° 48 ′ W / 30.5 ° N 189.8 ° W / 30.5 ; - 189.8 Diameter 1,550 km ( 963 mi ) Eponym Latin for `` heat ''	30 ° 30 ′ N 189 ° 48 ′ W / 30.5 ° N 189.8 °	Caloris Planitia	caloris planitia	Caloris Planitia is a plain within a large impact basin on Mercury , informally named Caloris , about 1,550 km ( 960 mi ) in diameter . It is one of the largest impact basins in the Solar System . `` Calor '' is Latin for `` heat '' and the basin is so - named because the Sun is almost directly overhead every second time Mercury passes perihelion . The crater , discovered in 1974 , is surrounded by a ring of mountains approximately 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) tall .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Formation 3 Antipodal chaotic terrain and global effects 4 Emissions of gas 5 Gallery 6 References 7 See also Appearance ( edit ) MESSENGER 's first image of the unseen side of Mercury from a distance of about 27,000 kilometres ( 17,000 mi ) cropped to highlight Caloris . The rim is hard to discern as the Sun is directly overhead , preventing shadows . Caloris was discovered on images taken by the Mariner 10 probe in 1974 . Its name was suggested by Brian O'Leary , astronaut and member of the Mariner 10 imagery team . It was situated on the terminator -- the line dividing the daytime and nighttime hemispheres -- at the time the probe passed by , and so half of the crater could not be imaged . Later , on January 15 , 2008 , one of the first photos of the planet taken by the MESSENGER probe revealed the crater in its entirety . The basin was initially estimated to be about 810 mi ( 1,300 km ) in diameter , though this was increased to 960 mi ( 1,540 km ) based on subsequent images taken by MESSENGER . It is ringed by mountains up to 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) high . Inside the crater walls , the floor of the crater is filled by lava plains , similar to the maria of the Moon . These plains are superposed by explosive vents associated with pyroclastic material . Outside the walls , material ejected in the impact which created the basin extends for 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) , and concentric rings surround the crater . In the center of the basin is a region containing numerous radial troughs that appear to be extensional faults , with a 40 km ( 25 mi ) crater located near the center of the pattern . The exact cause of this pattern of troughs is not currently known . The feature is named Pantheon Fossae . Formation ( edit ) Comparison of the original estimated size of the Caloris basin ( yellow ) with that based on images from the MESSENGER probe ( blue ) . The impacting body is estimated to have been at least 100 km ( 62 miles ) in diameter . Bodies in the inner Solar System experienced a heavy bombardment of large rocky bodies in the first billion years or so of the Solar System . The impact that created Caloris must have occurred after most of the heavy bombardment had finished , because fewer impact craters are seen on its floor than exist on comparably - sized regions outside the crater . Similar impact basins on the Moon such as the Mare Imbrium and Mare Orientale are believed to have formed at about the same time , possibly indicating that there was a ' spike ' of large impacts towards the end of the heavy bombardment phase of the early Solar System . Based on MESSENGER 's photographs , Caloris ' age has been determined to be between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years . Antipodal chaotic terrain and global effects ( edit ) Hilly , lineated terrain at the antipode of Caloris . Close up of the chaotic terrain . The giant impact believed to have formed Caloris may have had global consequences for the planet . At the exact antipode of the basin is a large area of hilly , grooved terrain , with few small impact craters that are known as chaotic terrain ( also `` weird terrain '' ) . It is thought by some to have been created as seismic waves from the impact converged on the opposite side of the planet . Alternatively , it has been suggested that this terrain formed as a result of the convergence of ejecta at this basin 's antipode . This hypothetical impact is also believed to have triggered volcanic activity on Mercury , resulting in the formation of smooth plains . Surrounding Caloris is a series of geologic formations thought to have been produced by the basin 's ejecta , collectively called the Caloris Group . Emissions of gas ( edit ) Mercury has a very tenuous and transient atmosphere , containing small amounts of hydrogen and helium captured from the solar wind , as well as heavier elements such as sodium and potassium . These are thought to originate within the planet , being `` out - gassed '' from beneath its crust . The Caloris basin has been found to be a significant source of sodium and potassium , indicating that the fractures created by the impact facilitate the release of gases from within the planet . The weird terrain is also a source of these gases . Gallery ( edit ) Mosaic of half of Caloris basin photographed by Mariner 10 in 1974 -- 75 . Pantheon Fossae in Caloris Enhanced color image of craters amid plains near Caloris basin Perspective view of Caloris -- high ( red ) ; low ( blue ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shiga , David ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Bizarre spider scar found on Mercury 's surface '' . NewScientist.com news service . Jump up ^ Morrison D. ( 1976 ) . `` IAU nomenclature for topographic features on Mercury '' . Icarus . 28 : 605 -- 606 . Bibcode : 1976Icar ... 28 ... 605M . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 76 ) 90134 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Rebecca J. ; Rothery , David A. ; Conway , Susan J. ; Anand , Mahesh ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Long - lived explosive volcanism on Mercury '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 41 ( 17 ) : 6084 -- 6092 . Bibcode : 2014GeoRL ... 41.6084 T . doi : 10.1002 / 2014GL061224 . Jump up ^ Mercury 's First Fossae Archived 2014 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... MESSENGER . May 5 , 2008 . Accessed on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Jerry ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Caloris Basin '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gault , D.E. ; Cassen , P. ; Burns , J.A. ; Strom , R.G. ( 1977 ) . `` Mercury '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 : 97 -- 126 . Bibcode : 1977ARA&A ... 15 ... 97G . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 15.090177. 000525 . Jump up ^ Schultz , P.H. ; Gault , D.E. ( 1975 ) . `` Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury '' . The Moon . 12 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 177 . Bibcode : 1975Moon ... 12 ... 159S . doi : 10.1007 / BF00577875 . Jump up ^ Wieczorek , Mark A. ; Zuber , Maria T. ( 2001 ) . `` A Serenitatis origin for the Imbrian grooves and South Pole - Aitken thorium anomaly '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 106 ( E11 ) : 27853 -- 27864 . Bibcode : 2001JGR ... 10627853W . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JE001384 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , W.S. ; Murray , B.C. ( 1987 ) . `` The formation of Mercury 's smooth plains '' . Icarus . 72 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1987Icar ... 72 ... 477K . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 87 ) 90046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sprague , A.L. ; Kozlowski , R.W.H. ; Hunten , D.M. ( 1990 ) . `` Caloris Basin : An Enhanced Source for Potassium in Mercury 's Atmosphere '' . Science . 249 ( 4973 ) : 1140 -- 1142 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 249.1140 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 249.4973. 1140 . PMID 17831982 . See also ( edit ) Geology of Mercury Skinakas basin Mercury Outline of Mercury Geography General Albedo features Atmosphere Features Magnetic field Regions Quadrangles Quadrangles Bach Beethoven Borealis Debussy Derain Discovery Eminescu Hokusai Kuiper Michelangelo Neruda Shakespeare Raditladi Tolstoj Victoria Mountains and volcanoes Caloris Montes Plains and plateaus Borealis Planitia Budh Planitia Caloris Planitia Odin Planitia Sobkou Planitia Suisei Planitia Tir Planitia Canyons and valleys Arecibo Catena Arecibo Vallis Goldstone Catena Goldstone Vallis Haystack Catena Haystack Vallis Simeiz Vallis Ridges and rupes Antoniadi Dorsum Adventure Rupes Beagle Rupes Discovery Rupes Enterprise Rupes Hero Rupes Resolution Rupes Santa María Rupes Victoria Rupes Basins and fossae Caloris Basin Pantheon Fossae Raditladi Basin Rembrandt Basin Skinakas ( hypothetical basin ) Craters Abedin Abu Nuwas Africanus Horton Ahmad Baba Ailey Aksakov Al - Akhtal Al - Hamadhani Al - Jāhiz Alencar Amaral Amru Al - Qays Andal Apollodorus Aristoxenes Aśvaghosa Atget Bach Balagtas Balanchine Balzac Bartók Barma Bashō Beckett Beethoven Bek Belinskij Bello Benoit Berkel Bernini Bjornson Boccaccio Boethius Botticelli Brahms Bramante Brontë Bruegel Brunelleschi Burns Byron Callicrates Camoes Carducci Calvino Cervantes Cézanne Chaikovskij Chao Meng - Fu Chekov Chiang K'ui Chong Ch'ol Chopin Chu Ta Coleridge Copland Copley Couperin Crater of eternal darkness Cunningham Dali Dario De Graft Debussy Degas Delacroix Derain Derzhavin Desprez Dickens Dominici Donne Dostoevskij Dowland Durer Dvorak Eastman Eitoku Eminescu Enwonwu Equiano Fet Firdousi Flaubert Futabatei Gainsborough Gauguin Geddes Ghiberti Gibran Giotto Glinka Gluck Goethe Gogol Goya Grieg Guido d'Arezzo Hals Han Kan Handel Harunobu Hauptmann Hawthorne Haydn Heine Hemingway Hesiod Hiroshige Hitomaro Hodgkins Hokusai Holbein Holberg Holst Homer Horace Hovnatanian Hugo Hun Kal Ibsen Ictinus Imhotep Ives Izquierdo Janáček Jokai Judah Ha - Levi Kalidasa Keats Kenko Kertész Khansa Kipling Kōshō Kuan Han - ch'ing Kuiper Kunisada Kurosawa Lange Leopardi Lermontov Lessing Li Ch'ing - Chao Li Po Liang K'ai Liszt Lu Hsun Lysippus Ma Chih - Yuan Machaut Mahler Mansart Mansur March Mark Twain Marti Martial Matabei Matisse Melville Mena Mendes Pinto Michelangelo Mickiewicz Milton Mistral Mofolo Molière Monet Monteverdi Moody Mozart Munch Munkácsy Murasaki Mussorgskij Myron Nampeyo Navoi Nawahi Neruda Nervo Neumann Nizami Okyo Oskison Ovid Petrarch Phidias Picasso Poe Polygnotus Praxiteles Prokofiev Qi Baishi Rachmaninoff Raden Saleh Raditladi Rameau Raphael Rembrandt Renoir Rodin Rudaki Sander Scarlatti Schubert Shakespeare Sholem Aleichem Sinan Stravinsky Sullivan Sveinsdóttir Titian To Ngoc Van Tolstoj Verdi Vivaldi Vyasa Xiao Zhao Yeats Zola Other Geology Ghost craters Inter-crater plains Moons Mercury 's `` moon '' Astronomy Transits Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroids Mercury - crossing asteroids Exploration Current and past Mariner 10 ( 1973 -- 1975 ) MESSENGER ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Planned BepiColombo ( 2018 ) Proposed Mercury - P ( ~ 2031 ) See also Colonization of Mercury Related Fiction Sub-Earth Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caloris_Planitia&oldid=824286604 '' Categories : Raditladi quadrangle Impact craters on Mercury Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 13 : 09 . 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where does the new it movie take place	It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries .	Derry , Maine	It ( 2017 film )	it ( 2017 film )	It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries .	The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Sophia Lillis , Jeremy Ray Taylor , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and grossed $700 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film and the third highest - grossing R - rated film of all - time ( after Deadpool and The Matrix Reloaded ) , as well as the most profitable horror film of all - time with a net profit of $293 million . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry , and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer , who introduces himself as Pennywise the Dancing Clown . The clown entices Georgie to come closer , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer . The following summer , Bill and his friends -- Richie Tozier , Eddie Kaspbrak , and Stan Uris -- run afoul of older bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to investigate , believing his brother may still be alive . Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries . He is targeted by Bowers ' gang , after which he flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise while searching the sewers for Ben . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , also joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include the same menacing clown who attacked Georgie , a headless boy , a fountain of blood , a diseased and rotting man , a creepy painting come to life , Mike 's parents burning alive , and a phantom Georgie . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that `` It '' assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines , which all lead to a well currently under the abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . After the encounter , the group begins to splinter , with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her sexually abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Bowers down the well to his apparent death . The Losers descend into the sewers and find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . The Losers reject this and reaffirm their friendship , overcoming their various fears . After a brief battle , they defeat Pennywise and it retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Bill finally accepts his brother 's death and is comforted by his friends . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting the creature as adults . The Losers create a blood oath by cutting each other 's hands and forming a circle , swearing to return to Derry in adulthood if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group part ways . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . As she leaves , Bill runs up to her and they kiss . Cast See also : It ( novel ) § Characters Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly over false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as she is being abused physically and sexually by her father . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Ben Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richie Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . As for the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stan Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Chosen Jacobs as Mike Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Eddie Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense number of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of older teenage thugs attending Derry High School , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as Georgie Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Vic Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command . Additionally , It 's other forms include ; Javier Botet as the leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; and Tatum Lee as Judith , a disturbing woman from an abstract painting that haunts Stan . Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Molly Atkinson appears as Sonia Kaspbrak , the overprotective mother of Eddie Kaspbrak ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Joe Bostick and Megan Charpentier appear as Mr. Keene and Gretta Keene , the pharmacist at Derry , and his teenage daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule , respectively . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter said that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also said that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hockstetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 1980s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , and numerous shops had their frontage changed . A statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman and Lethal Weapon 2 , confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance , as seen in this portrait of Francis , Duke of Anjou , by Nicholas Hilliard . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music The film 's score was composed by British composer , Benjamin Wallfisch . A soundtrack album was released in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . show Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Home Media The film was released on digital download on December 19 , 2017 , and was released on 4K , Blu - ray and DVD on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer was viewed 197 million times in the first 24 hours after it was released , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day ( later surpassed by Avengers : Infinity War ) . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office It has grossed $327.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $372.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $700.4 million , against a production budget of $35 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $293.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the 5th most profitable release of 2017 and highest for any horror all - time . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 311 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 85 % overall positive score and a 64 % `` definite recommend '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Acting Ensemble It Nominated Best Youth Performance Sophia Lillis Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga , Gary Dauberman and Stephen King Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Poster It Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie It Nominated MTV Movie Awards June 18 , 2018 Best Movie It Nominated Best Villain Bill Skarsgard ( Pennywise ) Nominated Most Frightened Performance Sophia Lillis ( Beverly Marsh ) Nominated Best On - Screen Team Finn Wolfhard ( Richie ) , Sophia Lillis ( Beverly ) , Jaeden Lieberher ( Bill ) , Jack Dylan Grazer ( Eddie ) , Wyatt Oleff ( Stanley ) , Jeremy Ray Taylor ( Ben ) , Chosen Jacobs ( Mike ) Won Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Horror Film It Pending Best Supporting Actor Bill Skarsgard Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor Sophia Lillis Pending Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider , mentioned a second film , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with Gary Dauberman writing the script . Later in December 2017 , Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter . As of February 2018 , Jessica Chastain was in negotiations to star as the adult Beverly Marsh . In April 2018 , James McAvoy and Bill Hader entered negotiations to play the adult Bill Denbrough and Richie Tozier . In May 2018 , James Ransone revealed on Twitter that he would play the adult Eddie Kaspbrak . Shortly afterwards , Andy Bean and Jay Ryan had joined the cast to play the adult Stanley Uris and Ben Hanscom respectively . In June 2018 , Isaiah Mustafa signed on to play the adult Mike Hanlon . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise in various interviews , most notably with Collider . In addition , Pennywise introduces himself to Georgie Denbrough as Pennywise the Dancing Clown ; the term It is not used in either of these cases . See also List of horror films about clowns References Jump up ^ `` IT ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Let 's Talk About that ' IT ' Ending and How It Sets up The Next Chapter '' . Collider . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Director 's Cut Of It : Chapter One On The Way '' . Empire . 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Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ `` IT - 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Blu - ray Will Contain 11 Deleted and Extended Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` No. 5 ' It ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards : ' Get Out ' Is In with D.C. Film Critics '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darling , Cary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards : Full Winners List -- Updated Live '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Are You Afraid Of The Dark ? Movie Gets October 2019 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Chastain to Play Adult Beverly in IT : Chapter Two , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` James McAvoy , Bill Hader in Talks for ' It : Chapter 2 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` James Ransone signs on to play Eddie Kaspbrak in It : Chapter Two '' . Consequence of Sound . 2018 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' It : Chapter 2 ' Taps Andy Bean to Play Stanley ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/it-chapter-2-mike-hanlon-isaiah-mustafa-1202838872/ External links Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) Pet Sematary ( 2019 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=846502722 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s horror thriller films 2017 horror films American coming - of - age films American films American horror films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Dark fantasy films Demons in film Films about bullying Films about children Films about psychopaths Films about shapeshifting Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films produced by Dan Lin Horror films about clowns Maine in fiction Patricide in fiction New Line Cinema films Films shot in Toronto Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the national anthem for the detroit red wings	Karen Newman is a professional singer based in Detroit , Michigan and the anthem singer of the Detroit Red Wings .	Karen Newman	Karen Newman	karen newman	Karen Newman is a professional singer based in Detroit , Michigan and the anthem singer of the Detroit Red Wings .	Biography ( edit ) Newman was raised in the Michigan towns of Rochester and Grand Blanc , and studied music at Oakland University . She is best known for being `` the voice '' of the National Hockey League 's Detroit Red Wings , regularly performing the national anthem before the team 's home games , dating back to when they played at Joe Louis Arena . She has been uniquely known as The Red Wings ' Own . She has toured with Bob Seger and Kid Rock . Newman has five previously released CDs including the patriotic EP , How Far We 've Come , which is available through CDBABY.com and electronically through iTunes . This CD includes both the U.S. National anthem as well as the Canadian anthem . The single `` Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue '' has become a traditional favorite for many Detroit radio stations , and has been included for many years as part of the Detroit Thanksgiving Parade . This hometown favorite can be found on her first Christmas CD , What Christmas Means to Me and NOW ... On her newly released full length holiday CD , Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue , a collection of traditional favorites with a contemporary flair . Karen is also very well known for her annual Christmas concerts which began with the regional hit `` Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue '' , a tribute to her hometown Detroit . Karen will perform her Christmas show for the fifth year at the fabulous Fox Theater in downtown Detroit on December 15 , 2015 . Karen has done numerous television commercials for local and national companies and has served as celebrity spokesperson for John Bowman Chevrolet , Evola Music , Discount Tire Company , Sargent Appliance , Hanson Windows , Diabetes Care Education Association , St , John Providence Health Systems `` Because We Care '' campaign and many other others . She works with and supports numerous local children 's and animal charities in and around Michigan . Karen and her family live in a suburb of Detroit . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OU alumna joins Kid Rock 's national tour - News at OU - Oakland University '' . www.oakland.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Karen Newman 's official website Karen Newman 's Twitter site Karen Newman 's Facebook site Detroit Red Wings Founded in 1926 Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Ilitch Holdings ( Christopher Ilitch , chairman ) General manager Ken Holland Head coach Jeff Blashill Team captain Henrik Zetterberg Current roster Arenas Windsor Arena Detroit Olympia Joe Louis Arena Little Caesars Arena Rivalries Chicago Blackhawks Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Grand Rapids Griffins ECHL Toledo Walleye Media TV Fox Sports Detroit Ken Daniels Mickey Redmond Radio WXYT WXYT - FM Ken Kal Paul Woods Culture and lore Victoria Cougars Al the Octopus Grind Line Hockeytown Legend of the Octopus Production Line Red Wings -- Avalanche brawl Hakan Andersson `` Stanley 's Cup '' ( South Park ) Russian Five Karen Newman Budd Lynch Al Sobotka London Lions Do n't Stop Believin ' 1938 European tour 1954 prison game 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series NHL Centennial Classic MusicBrainz : ce728676 - 1b17 - 4e03 - a3fb - 02e244fc5d02 This article about a United States singer is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Newman&oldid=821070085 '' Categories : Detroit Red Wings personnel Oakland University alumni People from Rochester , Michigan Living people People from Grand Blanc , Michigan American singer stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Newman	2,764
the king is in love full movie download			The King in Love	the king in love	The King in Love ( Hangul : 왕 은 사랑한다 ; RR : Wangeun Saranghanda ; lit . The King Loves ) is a South Korean historical drama directed by Kim Sang - hyeop with screenplay by Song Ji - na , Park Chan - kyung and No Sun - jae , based on the novel of the same name by Kim Yi - ryung . It stars Im Si - wan , Im Yoon - ah and Hong Jong - hyun . The pre-produced drama aired on MBC from July 17 , 2017 to September 19 , 2017 on Mondays and Tuesdays .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Royal Family 2.2. 2 Wang Won 's side 2.2. 3 Wang Rin 's side 2.2. 4 Eun San 's side 2.2. 5 Song In 's side 2.2. 6 Others 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 4.6 OST Part 6 4.7 OST Part 7 5 Ratings 6 International broadcast 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in the Goryeo dynasty , it tells the story of a young and ambitious monarch Won ( Im Si - wan ) with a desire to conquer , and two people who shape his destiny ; childhood friend Wang Rin ( Hong Jong - hyun ) and a beautiful young woman named San ( Im Yoon - ah ) . These three gets to know each other and became the closest of friends but feelings of affection and love aroses between these three . The young Crown Prince , falls inlove with the young woman San and would do anything to save her . He came to love her more than himself . But on the other hand , is his childhood friend Wang Rin which also fell inlove with San at first sight . Even though he loves her so much , he still hid his affection for her because of his duty to his Crown Prince and because he doesnt want to hurt his best friend 's feelings . But the time came when San realizes her feelings for Rin and vice versa . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Im Si - wan as Wang Won Nam Da - reum as young Wang Won The crown prince of Goryeo ; Korea 's first royalty of mixed heritage ; grandson of Kublai Khan . Im Yoon - ah as Eun San / So - hwa Lee Seo - yeon as young Eun San The strong - willed daughter of a wealthy nobleman , who possesses striking beauty and deadly charm . She hides her identity in order to survive . She started to return Wang Rin 's feelings Hong Jong - hyun as Wang Rin Yoon Chan - young as young Wang Rin Won 's childhood friend and bodyguard ; an elegant and refined man with an upright nature . He started to fall in love with Eun San . Oh Min - suk as Song In Supporting ( edit ) Royal Family ( edit ) Jeong Bo - seok as King Chungnyeol , 25th king of Goryeo , Wang Won 's father Jang Young - nam as Princess Wonseong ( Qutlugh Kelmysh Beki ) , Kublai Khan 's daughter ; Chungnyeol 's wife & Wang Won 's mother Kim Byung - chun as Choi Se - yeon , Princess Wonseong 's eunuch Kim Jae - woon as Hulatai Min Young - won as Lady Jo , Princess Wonseong 's court lady Baek Song - yi as Princess Wonseong 's female bodyguard Wang Won 's side ( edit ) Kim Jeong - wook as Eunuch Kim , Wang Won 's attending eunuch Bang Jae - ho as Jin - kwan , Wang Won 's bodyguard Ki Do - hoon as Jang - ui , Wang Won 's bodyguard Wang Rin 's side ( edit ) Kim Ho - jin as Wang Young , Wang Rin 's father Park Hwan - hee as Wang Dan , Wang Rin 's younger sister who has a crush on Wang Won Yoon Jong - hoon as Wang Jeon , Wang Rin 's elder brother Eun San 's side ( edit ) Lee Ki - young as Eun Young - baek , Eun San 's father Um Hyo - sup as Lee Seung - hyu , Eun San 's teacher Park Ji - hyun as Bi-yeon , Eun San 's personal maid Song Soo - hyun as young Bi-yeon Kim Jung - hak as Goo Hyung Song In 's side ( edit ) Choi Jong - hwan as Song Bang - young , Song In 's cousin Choo Soo - hyun as Moo Bi , masquerades as kisaeng `` Ok Boo - yong '' Park Young - woon as Moo Suk , the man with the snake tattoo Others ( edit ) Ahn Se - ha as Gae - won Kim Kyung - jin as Yum Bok Moon Jeong - soo as Dol - bae Jeon Heon - tae Yeom Jae - wook Kim Hwa - Yeon Lee Han - wi Yeom Jae - wook Jeong Ji - hoon Kim Ki - tak Park Hye - jin Production ( edit ) The series is one of a handful of youth sageuk set in production after the success of Love in the Moonlight ( 2016 ) starring Park Bo - gum and Kim Yoo - jung . Its first script reading took place on December 21 , 2016 at MBC in Sangam , Seoul , South Korea . Filming commenced in late 2016 and concluded on June 2017 . It is invested by Chinese company Tencent . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The King in Love OST Album Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 2017 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Language Korean Label U-Story9 , CJ E&M Music OST Part 1 ( edit ) ( Released July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Starlight '' December 32nd Taebong Roy Kim 03 : 27 2 . `` Starlight '' ( Inst . ) Taebong 03 : 27 Total length : 06 : 54 OST Part 2 ( edit ) ( Released July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` But '' Sim Eun - ji LEL Sim Eun - ji LEL Lee Hae - ri ( Davichi ) 04 : 15 2 . `` But '' ( Inst . ) Sim Eun - ji LEL 04 : 15 Total length : 08 : 30 OST Part 3 ( edit ) ( Released August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Do You Know '' Kim Yeon - ji 04 : 15 2 . `` Do You Know '' ( Inst . ) 04 : 15 Total length : 08 : 30 OST Part 4 ( edit ) ( Released August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` My Heart '' Im Si - wan 04 : 11 2 . `` My Heart '' ( Inst . ) 04 : 11 Total length : 08 : 22 OST Part 5 ( edit ) ( Released August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Could You Tell Me '' Luna ( f ( x ) ) 04 : 01 2 . `` Could You Tell Me '' ( Inst . ) 04 : 01 Total length : 08 : 02 OST Part 6 ( edit ) ( Released August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Stay '' Jung Joon - young 04 : 14 2 . `` Stay '' ( Inst . ) 04 : 14 Total length : 08 : 28 OST Part 7 ( edit ) ( Released August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Hidden Time '' SE O ( 세오 ) 03 : 51 2 . `` Hidden Time '' ( Inst . ) 03 : 51 Total length : 07 : 42 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date . Episode # Date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area July 17 , 2017 8.0 % ( 18th ) 8.0 % ( 16th ) 7.8 % ( 20th ) 9.0 % ( 10th ) 8.6 % ( 16th ) 9.3 % ( 10th ) 8.1 % ( 18th ) 9.1 % ( 9th ) July 18 , 2017 6.0 % ( NR ) 6.4 % ( NR ) 6.1 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( 20th ) 6.8 % ( NR ) 6.4 % ( NR ) 6.6 % ( NR ) 5 July 24 , 2017 6.9 % ( NR ) 7.6 % ( NR ) 7.2 % ( NR ) 7.9 % ( 18th ) 6 7.0 % ( NR ) 7.2 % ( NR ) 7.0 % ( NR ) 7.3 % ( 18th ) 7 July 25 , 2017 7.1 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 19th ) 7.0 % ( 19th ) 7.5 % ( 13th ) 8 7.6 % ( 17th ) 8.0 % ( 16th ) 7.2 % ( 17th ) 7.6 % ( 12th ) 9 July 31 , 2017 6.5 % ( NR ) 6.7 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( NR ) 7.1 % ( NR ) 10 7.3 % ( 18th ) 7.8 % ( NR ) 7.8 % ( 12th ) 8.3 % ( 11th ) 11 August 01 , 2017 6.5 % ( 20th ) 6.7 % ( NR ) 7.1 % ( 20th ) 7.6 % ( 19th ) 12 6.7 % ( 19th ) 6.9 % ( 20th ) 6.9 % ( 17th ) 7.1 % ( 16th ) 13 August 07 , 2017 6.6 % ( NR ) 6.7 % ( 20th ) 6.6 % ( NR ) 6.7 % ( NR ) 14 7.0 % ( 19th ) 7.6 % ( NR ) 6.3 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( 17th ) 15 August 08 , 2017 7.0 % ( 18th ) 7.2 % ( 19th ) 7.2 % ( 20th ) 7.4 % ( 18th ) 16 7.5 % ( 17th ) 7.8 % ( 15th ) 7.2 % ( 15th ) 7.5 % ( 13th ) 17 August 14 , 2017 7.0 % ( NR ) 7.8 % ( 13th ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 15th ) 18 7.0 % ( 19th ) 7.9 % ( 13th ) 6.6 % ( NR ) 7.6 % ( 15th ) 19 August 15 , 2017 6.6 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 20th ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 7.3 % ( 19th ) 20 6.5 % ( NR ) 7.6 % ( 13th ) 7.4 % ( 17th ) 7.5 % ( 19th ) 21 August 21 , 2017 7.1 % ( 19th ) 7.3 % ( 13th ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 15th ) 22 7.1 % ( 17th ) 7.8 % ( 11th ) 7.0 % ( 20th ) 7.4 % ( 16th ) 23 August 22 , 2017 7.5 % ( 18th ) 7.6 % ( 17th ) 7.2 % ( 16th ) 7.3 % ( 15th ) 24 8.1 % ( 17th ) 8.2 % ( 11th ) 7.7 % ( 12th ) 8.6 % ( 10th ) 25 August 28 , 2017 7.4 % ( 18th ) 7.8 % ( 15th ) 7.4 % ( 17th ) 7.6 % ( 20th ) 26 7.3 % ( 17th ) 7.4 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 18th ) 7.8 % ( 20th ) 27 August 29 , 2017 8.3 % ( 18th ) 9.0 % ( 10th ) 7.9 % ( 18th ) 7.9 % ( 17th ) 28 8.4 % ( 15th ) 7.9 % ( 18th ) 8.1 % ( 14th ) 8.2 % ( 12th ) 29 September 04 , 2017 7.3 % ( 18th ) 8.0 % ( 14th ) 6.7 % ( NR ) 7.4 % ( 20th ) 30 6.6 % ( NR ) 7.3 % ( 18th ) 7.0 % ( 20th ) 7.7 % ( 15th ) 31 September 05 , 2017 7.5 % ( 15th ) 8.0 % ( 13th ) 7.6 % ( 14th ) 8.8 % ( 12th ) 32 7.3 % ( 18th ) 8.8 % ( 14th ) 8.6 % ( 17th ) 8.7 % ( 14th ) 33 September 11 , 2017 5.6 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 5.8 % ( NR ) 6.8 % ( NR ) 34 6.3 % ( NR ) 6.7 % ( NR ) 6.4 % ( NR ) 7.0 % ( NR ) 35 September 12 , 2017 6.6 % ( 18th ) 5.9 % ( 19th ) 6.6 % ( 15th ) 7.0 % ( 15th ) 36 6.2 % ( NR ) 5.8 % ( 20th ) 7.2 % ( 12th ) 7.4 % ( 14th ) 37 September 18 , 2017 6.1 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( NR ) 5.8 % ( NR ) 6.6 % ( NR ) 38 6.2 % ( NR ) 6.3 % ( NR ) 6.8 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( 19th ) 39 September 19 , 2017 7.3 % ( 18th ) 6.9 % ( 16th ) 7.2 % ( 16th ) 7.4 % ( 14th ) 40 7.6 % ( 17th ) 7.3 % ( 14th ) 7.6 % ( 14th ) 7.7 % ( 12th ) Average 6.6 % % 6.6 % % International broadcast ( edit ) The drama streamed internationally on Viki with English subtitles . The drama has been pre-sold to 6 exclusive countries including China , Taiwan ( by Fox Networks Group ) , Japan ( by Shochiku Broadcasting ) , Thailand , Indonesia , America , and Australia . In Southeast Asia , it premiered exclusively on One TV Asia , the same time as its Korean broadcast . In early 2018 , the drama is confirmed to broadcast in 10 countries . Two first countries confirmed are Philippines and Thailand . In the Philippines , the series aired on ABS - CBN from January 22 to March 2 , 2018 , dubbed in Filipino under the title of The King is in Love . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2017 10th Korea Drama Awards Top Excellence Award , Actress Im Yoon - ah Nominated 2nd Asia Artist Awards Best Artist Award , Actress Won MBC Drama Awards Popularity Award , Actress Nominated Drama of the Year The King in Love Nominated Golden Acting Award , Actor in a Special Project Drama Jeong Bo - seok Won Best Young Actor Nam Da - reum Won Yoon Chan - young Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Monday - Tuesday Drama Im Si - wan Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Monday - Tuesday Drama Im Yoon - ah Nominated Excellence Award , Actor in a Monday - Tuesday Drama Hong Jong - hyun Nominated Oh Min - suk Nominated Excellence Award , Actress in a Monday - Tuesday Drama Jang Young - nam Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In order to circumvent Korean laws that prevent commercial breaks in the middle of an episode , what would previously have been aired as single 70 minute episodes are now being repackaged as two 35 minute episodes , with two episodes being shown each night with a commercial break between the two . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chung , Jin - hong . `` Yoona and Siwan to star in ' King '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . JoongAng Ilbo . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 19 , R. Jun June ; 2017 ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` '' The King Loves '' Revealed To Be Written By Song Ji Na , The Writer Of `` Healer '' `` . soompi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 단독 ) 임시완 X 윤아 X 홍종현 ' 왕사 ' , ' 화려한 유혹 ' PD 연출 '' ( Im Siwan x Yoona x Hong Jonghyun ' The King Loves ' working together with Glamorous Temptation PD ) . OSEN ( in Korean ) . 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Park , Jin - hai ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Viewers angry over commercial breaks '' . The Korea Times . Hankook Ilbo . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 왕 은 사랑한다 제작사 (주) 유 스토리 나인 조은영 대표 이사 ( PHOTO : Cho Eun - young , CEO of The King in Love producer U-Story9 ) '' . theleader.mt.co.kr. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( NEW ) The King in Love 1st Teaser , 왕 은 사랑한다 첫 티저 . MBC Drama via Youtube. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' The King Loves ' delves into destructive desire of Goryeo King '' . The Korea Herald . Jump up ^ `` ' The King Loves ' : Coming - of - age show on Goryeo 's forgotten mix - blooded king '' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` Oh Min Seok Proves Himself As Charismatic Villain For `` The King Loves '' `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` Daum 요청 하신 페이지 의 사용 권한 이 없습니다 '' ( in Korean ) . Media Daum . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' 왕 은 사랑한다 ' 장영남 , 임시완 母 로 출연 확정 ... 정보석 과 대립 ( 공식 ) 다음 연예 '' ( in Korean ) . Media Daum. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Im Siwan 's Handsome Bodyguard In `` The King Loves '' Gains Attention For His Korean Acting Debut `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` '' The King Loves '' To Introduce New Female Character And Raise Tensions In Upcoming Episodes `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` Park Ji Hyun Joins YoonA And More In `` The King Loves '' `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BXkZVU5lPXx/ . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( SC 초점 ) ' 군주 엽녀 왕사 ' 청춘 사극 의 습격 , 제 2 의 ' 구르미'는 ? '' ( `` Monarch '' , `` Sassy Girl '' , `` King in Love '' : Which will be the second `` Love in the Moonlight '' ) . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ( 이슈 와치 ) 유승호 X 여진구 X 임시완 , 王 이 몰려 온다 '' . Newsen ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy period dramas dominate small screen '' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` ' 왕 은 사랑한다 ' 임시완 임윤아 홍종현 , 케미 걱정 없는 대본 인증 샷 '' . Naver . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mi - young . `` 임윤아 `` ' 왕 은 사랑한다 ' 임시완 과 호흡 , 기대 크다 '' `` . Joy News 24 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cho , Hyun - joo . `` ' 더 케이투 ' → ' 왕 은 사랑한다 ' , 윤아 의 열연 은 계속 된다 '' . 10Asia ( in Korean ) . 10Asia . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ G. Lee . `` '' The King Loves '' Cast Shares Thoughts After Wrapping Up Filming `` . Soompi . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Baek , Sol - mi. `` 중국 서 인지도 쌓은 윤아 임시완 ' 멜로 사극 ' 호흡 '' . Sports DongA ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The King Loves '' . viki.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.eigeki.com/series?id=14380&category_id=5&ym=201711 Jump up ^ 기사 입력 2017.05. 12 오후 3 : 35 . `` ( 단독 ) 임시완 X 윤아 ' 왕 은 사랑한다 ' , 중국 미국 일본 선 판매 확정 : : 네이버 TV 연예 '' . Naver . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' The King In Love ' Airs Exclusively on ONE at the Same Time as Korea '' . onetvasia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ ABS - CBN Kapamilyanovelas official Twitter Jump up ^ `` New Kapamilya shows for 2018 '' . philstar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 한석규 김상중 차인표 김영철 최민수 , ' 2017 KDA ' 대상 후보 5 人 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/11/check-out-the-winners-of-the-2017-asia-artist-awards External links ( edit ) Official website The King in Love at Daum ( in Korean ) The King in Love at HanCinema The King in Love at MyDramaList MBC : Monday - Tuesday dramas Previous program The King in Love ( July 17 -- September 19 , 2017 ) Next program The Guardians ( May 22 -- July 11 , 2017 ) 20th Century Boy and Girl ( October 9 -- November 28 , 2017 ) ( hide ) MBC 's Monday -- Tuesday dramas 1990s Star in My Heart Hur Jun 2000 -- 2004 My Love Patzzi Love Letter Rooftop Room Cat Damo Dae Jang Geum Phoenix 2005 -- 2009 Wonderful Life The Secret Lovers Sweet Spy Which Star Are You From Jumong H.I.T The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince Legend of Hyang Dan Yi San East of Eden Queen of Housewives Queen Seondeok 2010 -- 2014 Pasta Dong Yi Queen of Reversals The Duo Miss Ripley Gyebaek Lights and Shadows Golden Time The King 's Doctor Gu Family Book Goddess of Fire Empress Ki Triangle The Night Watchman 's Journal Pride and Prejudice 2015 -- 2019 Shine or Go Crazy Splendid Politics Glamorous Temptation Monster Woman with a Suitcase Night Light The Rebel The Guardians The King in Love Children of the 20th Century Two Cops The Great Seducer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_King_in_Love&oldid=830011842 '' Categories : South Korean historical television series Television series set in Goryeo Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas 2010s South Korean television series 2017 South Korean television series debuts Television programs based on South Korean novels South Korean pre-produced television series Screenplays by Song Ji - na Television series set in the 13th century 2017 South Korean television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles with Korean - language external links MyDramaList title ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 05 : 09 . 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which mountains would you cross to travel from northern italy to switzerland	The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km ( 500 mi ) arc from east to west and is 200 km ( 120 mi ) in width . The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) . The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin , extending through France from Grenoble , and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland . The range continues onward toward Vienna , Austria , and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia . To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the southern border of Bavaria in Germany . In areas like Chiasso , Switzerland , and Allgäu , Bavaria , the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear ; in other places such as Geneva , the demarcation is less clear . The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland , France , Austria and Italy .	The Alps	Alps	alps	The Alps ( / ælps / ; French : Alpes ( alp ) ; German : Alpen ( ˈalpn̩ ) ; Italian : Alpi ( ˈalpi ) ; Romansh : Alps ; Slovene : Alpe ( ˈáːlpɛ ) ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe , stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) across eight Alpine countries ( from west to east ) : France , Switzerland , Italy , Monaco , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , and Slovenia . The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided . Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn . Mont Blanc spans the French -- Italian border , and at 4,810 m ( 15,781 ft ) is the highest mountain in the Alps . The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4000 metres ( just over 13,000 feet ) .	The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe ; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones . Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m ( 11,155 ft ) , and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations . Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Palaeolithic era . A mummified man , determined to be 5,000 years old , was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian -- Italian border in 1991 . By the 6th century BC , the Celtic La Tène culture was well established . Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants , and the Romans had settlements in the region . In 1800 , Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000 . The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists , writers , and artists , in particular the Romantics , followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks . In World War II , Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war . The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity . The traditional culture of farming , cheesemaking , and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages , although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century . The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss , French , Italian , Austrian and German Alps . At present , the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and toponymy 2 Geography 3 Passes 4 Orogeny and geology 5 `` Four - thousanders '' and ascents 6 Minerals 7 Glaciers 8 Rivers and lakes 9 Climate 10 Ecology 10.1 Flora 10.2 Fauna 11 History 11.1 Prehistory to Christianity 11.2 Christianity , feudalism , and Napoleonic wars 11.3 Exploration 11.4 The Romantics 11.5 The Nazis 12 Alpine people and culture 13 Tourism 14 Transportation 15 Notes 15.1 References 16 External links Etymology and toponymy ( edit ) See also : Albion § Etymology An `` Alp '' refers to a high mountain pasture , often with a structure , such as this one on the south side of the Alps , where cows are taken for grazing . The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes ( through French ) . Maurus Servius Honoratus , an ancient commentator of Virgil , says in his commentary ( A. X 13 ) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts . The term may be common to Italo - Celtic , because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp . This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo - European origin ( which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region ) . According to the Old English Dictionary , the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo - European word * alb `` hill '' ; `` Albania '' is a related derivation . Albania , a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania , has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe . In Roman times , `` Albania '' was a name for the eastern Caucasus , while in the English languages `` Albania '' ( or `` Albany '' ) was occasionally used as a name for Scotland , although many scholars point out this is more likely derived from the Latin albus , the color white . In modern languages the term alp , alm , albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers , not the peaks . An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found , and the term `` the Alps '' , referring to the mountains , is a misnomer . The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language : words such as Horn , Kogel , Kopf , Gipfel , Spitze , Stock , and Berg are used in German speaking regions ; Mont , Pic , Tête , Pointe , Dent , Roche , and Aiguille in French speaking regions ; and Monte , Picco , Corno , Punta , Pizzo , or Cima in Italian speaking regions . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the Alps The Alps extend in an arc from France in the south and west to Slovenia in the east , and from Monaco in the south to Germany in the north . The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km ( 500 mi ) arc from east to west and is 200 km ( 120 mi ) in width . The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) . The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin , extending through France from Grenoble , and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland . The range continues onward toward Vienna , Austria , and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia . To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the southern border of Bavaria in Germany . In areas like Chiasso , Switzerland , and Allgäu , Bavaria , the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear ; in other places such as Geneva , the demarcation is less clear . The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland , France , Austria and Italy . The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhône valley , with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side , and the Bernese Alps on the northern . The peaks in the easterly portion of the range , in Austria and Slovenia , are smaller than those in the central and western portions . The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult , but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid , near the Splügen Pass . The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , respectively , are Mont Blanc , at 4,810 m ( 15,780 ft ) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres ( 13,284 ft ) . The second - highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m ( 15,200 ft ) and Ortler at 3,905 m ( 12,810 ft ) , respectively Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps , including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France . The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald , passing over many of the highest and most well - known peaks in the Alps . From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards , before turning to the northwest and then , near the Colle della Maddalena , to the north . Upon reaching the Swiss border , the line of the main chain heads approximately east - northeast , a heading it follows until its end near Vienna . Passes ( edit ) Teufelsbrücke ( Devil 's Bridge ) at the Gotthard Pass ; the currently used bridge from 1958 over the first drivable bridge from 1830 . See also : Principal passes of the Alps The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce , and by pilgrims , students and tourists . Crossing routes by road , train or foot are known as passes , and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones . In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes . The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran ( the highest ) , the Brenner Pass , the Mont - Cenis , the Great St. Bernard Pass , the Col de Tende , the Gotthard Pass , the Semmering Pass , the Simplon Pass , and the Stelvio Pass . Crossing the Italian - Austrian border , the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century . The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m ( 3,232 ft ) , the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria ; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use . A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century . With a summit of 2,469 m ( 8,100 ft ) , the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps , crossing the Italian - Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc . The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800 . The col du Mont - Cenis ( 2081m ) at the centre left of the picture gives access to a large alpine lake , and further away to the Italian peninsula 10 kilometres beyond the pass . The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial and military road between Western Europe and Italy . The pass was crossed by many troops on their way to the Italian peninsula . From Constantine I , Pepin the Short and Charlemagne to Henry IV , Napoléon and more recently the German Gebirgsjägers during World War II . Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Road ( opened 1980 ) and Rail Tunnel ( opened 1871 ) . The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino ; in 1882 the 15 km ( 9 mi ) long Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne in Switzerland , with Milan in Italy . 98 years later followed Gotthard Road Tunnel ( 16.9 km ( 11 mi ) long ) connecting the A2 motorway in Göschenen on the German - Swiss side with Airolo on the Italian - Swiss side , exactly like the railway tunnel . On 1 June 2016 the world 's longest railway tunnel , the Gotthard Base Tunnel was opened , which connects Erstfeld in canton of Uri with Bodio in canton of Ticino by two single tubes of 57.09 kilometres ( 35.47 mi ) . It is the first tunnel , which traverses the Alps on ground level . From 11 December 2016 it will be part of the official railway timetable for 2017 and be used hourly as standard way to ride between Basel / Luzern / Zurich and Bellinzona / Lugano / Milano . The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy ( France ) at 2,770 m ( 9,088 ft ) , followed by the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy at 2,756 m ( 9,042 ft ) ; the road was built in the 1820s . Orogeny and geology ( edit ) Main articles : Alpine orogeny and Geology of the Alps Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century . In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of `` folded '' mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted . The geologic folding seen at the Arpanaz waterfall , shown here in a mid-18th century drawing , was noted by 18th - century geologists . The formation of the Alps ( the Alpine orogeny ) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago . In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate ; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period . The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt , from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia -- a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present . The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process , caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period . Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure , marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted , creating characteristic recumbent folds , or nappes , and thrust faults . As the rising peaks underwent erosion , a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin , and the sediments became involved in younger nappes ( folds ) as the orogeny progressed . Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse . The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well - developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch . The crystalline basement of the Mont Blanc Massif The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures , with a late - stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains . A series of tectonic events in the Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions . The Alps are subdivided by different lithology ( rock composition ) and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them . The geological subdivision differentiates the Western , Eastern Alps and Southern Alps : the Helveticum in the north , the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the centre and , south of the Periadriatic Seam , the Southern Alpine system . Compressed metamorphosed Tethyan sediments and their oceanic basement are sandwiched between the tip of the Matterhorn , which consists of gneisses originally part of the African plate , and the base of the peak , which is part of the Eurasian plate . According to geologist Stefan Schmid , because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations . Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later . Peaks in France , Italy and Switzerland lie in the `` Houillière zone '' , which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era . High `` massifs '' with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin - skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs . Similarly the peaks in eastern Switzerland extending to western Austria ( Helvetic nappes ) consist of thin - skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock . In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European , African and oceanic ( Tethyan ) origin . The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin , above which are stacked marine sediment nappes , topped off by nappes derived from the African plate . The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding . The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate ; the base of the peak , below the glaciated area , consists of European basement rock . The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates . Haute Maurienne ( Ambin and Vanoise massifs ) and its exposed crystalline basement made of high - pressure subduction rocks such as blueschist and metaquartzite ( picture taken at 2400 metres ) The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas . Peaks such as Mont Blanc , the Matterhorn , and high peaks in the Pennine Alps , the Briançonnais , and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock . `` Four - thousanders '' and ascents ( edit ) See also : List of Alpine four - thousanders The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme ( UIAA ) has defined a list of 82 `` official '' Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m ( 13,123 ft ) . The list includes not only mountains , but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives . Below are listed the 22 `` four - thousanders '' with at least 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) of prominence . While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , most of the Alpine four - thousanders were climbed during the second half of the 19th century ; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism . Karl Blodig ( 1859 -- 1956 ) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks . He completed his series of ascents in 1911 . The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788 ; the first female ascent in 1819 . By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides . Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 ( after seven attempts ) , and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand ( north face of the Eiger ) . The 22 Alpine four - thousanders with at least 500 metres of topographic prominence Name Height Range Name Height Range Mont Blanc 4,810 m ( 15,781 ft ) Graian Alps Dent d'Hérens 4,171 m ( 13,684 ft ) Pennine Alps Monte Rosa 4,634 m ( 15,203 ft ) Pennine Alps Jungfrau 4,158 m ( 13,642 ft ) Bernese Alps Dom 4,545 m ( 14,911 ft ) Pennine Alps Aiguille Verte 4,122 m ( 13,524 ft ) Graian Alps Weisshorn 4,506 m ( 14,783 ft ) Pennine Alps Mönch 4,107 m ( 13,474 ft ) Bernese Alps Matterhorn 4,478 m ( 14,692 ft ) Pennine Alps Barre des Écrins 4,102 m ( 13,458 ft ) Dauphiné Alps Dent Blanche 4,357 m ( 14,295 ft ) Pennine Alps Schreckhorn 4,078 m ( 13,379 ft ) Bernese Alps Grand Combin 4,314 m ( 14,154 ft ) Pennine Alps Ober Gabelhorn 4,063 m ( 13,330 ft ) Pennine Alps Finsteraarhorn 4,273 m ( 14,019 ft ) Bernese Alps Gran Paradiso 4,061 m ( 13,323 ft ) Graian Alps Grandes Jorasses 4,208 m ( 13,806 ft ) Graian Alps Piz Bernina 4,049 m ( 13,284 ft ) Bernina Range Rimpfischhorn 4,199 m ( 13,776 ft ) Pennine Alps Weissmies 4,017 m ( 13,179 ft ) Pennine Alps Aletschhorn 4,193 m ( 13,757 ft ) Bernese Alps Lagginhorn 4,010 m ( 13,156 ft ) Pennine Alps A view from the Männlichen of the Eiger , Mönch and Jungfrau ( left to right ) Minerals ( edit ) The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years . In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture , Celtic tribes mined copper ; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area . Erzberg in Styria furnishes high - quality iron ore for the steel industry . Crystals are found throughout much of the Alpine region such as cinnabar , amethyst , and quartz . The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments . Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years , and began to be classified in the 18th century . Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals , and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions . David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented . In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well - known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps ; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals . Glaciers ( edit ) See also : List of glaciers in Switzerland In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation , which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals -- a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland . Because of his work he came to be known as the `` father of the ice - age concept '' although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas . Louis Agassiz 's studies of the Unteraar Glacier in the 1840s showed that it moved at 100 m ( 328 ft ) per year . Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m ( 328 ft ) per year , more rapidly in the middle than at the edges . His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch , devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers . Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow . This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time . The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion . Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages . Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls ( reliefs ) ; valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys . Moraines , piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier , accumulate at edges , centre and the terminus of glaciers . Inside a glacier at the top of the train station at the Jungfraujoch Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice , long sweeping rivers , spread in a fan - like shape ( Piedmont glaciers ) , and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks . The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly , perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period . The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous crevasses , often invisible under new snowfall , which cause the greatest danger to mountaineers . Glaciers end in ice caves ( the Rhône Glacier ) , by trailing into a lake or river , or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow . Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding , property damage and loss of life . In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French - Italian border ; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche . High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other , more arid regions , glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m ( 11,483 ft ) level . The 1,817 square kilometres ( 702 sq mi ) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km ( 518 sq mi ) by 1973 , resulting in decreased river run - off levels . Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850 , and 30 % of that in Switzerland . Rivers and lakes ( edit ) The St. Bartholomew 's chapel on the Königssee in Bavaria is a popular tourist destination . The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water , irrigation , and hydroelectric power . Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe , the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe , particularly to arid areas and during the summer months . Cities such as Milan depend on 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff . Water from the rivers is used in over 500 hydroelectricity power plants , generating as much as 2900 GWh of electricity . Major European rivers flow from Switzerland , such as the Rhine , the Rhône , the Inn , the Ticino and the Po , all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries , finally emptying into the North Sea , the Mediterranean Sea , the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea . Other rivers such as the Danube have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps . The Rhône is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea ; the river begins as glacial meltwater , flows into Lake Geneva , and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants . The Rhine originates in a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland and represents almost 60 percent of water exported from the country . Tributary valleys , some of which are complicated , channel water to the main valleys which can experience flooding during the snow melt season when rapid runoff causes debris torrents and swollen rivers . The rivers form lakes , such as Lake Geneva , a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian - les - Bains on the French side . In Germany , the medieval St. Bartholomew 's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee , accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks . Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use . For example , each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts , the effect of which is yet unknown . Furthermore , the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower - than - expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands . Climate ( edit ) Main articles : Climate of the Alps and High Alps The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher - elevation terrain . Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine . A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease ( see adiabatic lapse rate ) . The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone , where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature , often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain . The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks . The Aletsch Glacier with pine trees growing on the hillside ( 2007 , the surface is 180 m ( 590 ft ) lower than 150 years ago ) The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century ; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind . Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century , providing continuous data for climatologists . Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy , the Maurienne in France , the Valais in Switzerland , and northern Tyrol . The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff . The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm ( 100 in ) per year to 3,600 mm ( 140 in ) per year , with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes . At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m ( 3,281 and 9,843 ft ) , snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins . Snow lines vary from 2,400 to 3,000 m ( 7,874 to 9,843 ft ) , above which the snow is permanent and the temperatures hover around the freezing point even July and August . High - water levels in streams and rivers peak in June and July when the snow is still melting at the higher altitudes . The Alps are split into five climatic zones , each with different vegetation . The climate , plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains . The lowest zone is the colline zone , which exists between 500 and 1,000 m ( 1,640 and 3,281 ft ) , depending on the location . The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m ( 2,625 to 5,577 ft ) , followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m ( 5,249 to 7,874 ft ) . The Alpine zone , extending from tree line to snow line , is followed by the glacial zone , which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain . Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones ; for example , weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley , extending directly from the peaks , are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall . Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps , with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall , snowpack , glaciation , and river runoff . Significant changes , of both natural and anthropogenic origins , have already been diagnosed from observations . Ecology ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Main article : Flora of the Alps Stemless gentian ( Gentiana acaulis ) Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions . Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcareous . The habitats range from meadows , bogs , woodland ( deciduous and coniferous ) areas to soil-less scree and moraines , and rock faces and ridges . A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees -- oak , beech , ash and sycamore maple . These do not reach exactly to the same elevation , nor are they often found growing together ; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation . This limit usually lies about 1,200 m ( 3,940 ft ) above the sea on the north side of the Alps , but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m ( 4,920 ft ) , sometimes even to 1,700 m ( 5,580 ft ) . Above the forestry , there is often a band of short pine trees ( Pinus mugo ) , which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen , dwarf shrubs , typically Rhododendron ferrugineum ( on acid soils ) or Rhododendron hirsutum ( on alkaline soils ) . Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil , the plants are found throughout the region . Above the tree line is the area defined as `` alpine '' where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures , aridity , and high altitudes . The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines . Edelweiss ( Leontopodium alpinum ) Alpine plants such as the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental . Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius , and 40 species of the early - spring blooming flower grow in the Alps , in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m ( 4,921 to 7,874 ft ) . Writing about the gentians in Switzerland D.H. Lawrence described them as `` darkening the day - time , torch - like with the smoking blueness of Pluto 's gloom . '' Gentians tend to `` appear '' repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates , moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys . On the highest rocky ledges the spring flowers bloom in the summer . At these higher altitudes , the plants tend to form isolated cushions . In the Alps , several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m ( 13,120 ft ) , including Ranunculus glacialis , Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora . Eritrichium nanum , commonly known as the King of the Alps , is the most elusive of the alpine flowers , growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m ( 8,530 to 12,303 ft ) . Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,200 m ( 3,937 ft ) and as high as 3,400 m ( 11,155 ft ) . The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds . The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes . Origanum vulgare , Prunella vulgaris , Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps . Preserved internal alpine forest and meadow , Vanoise National Park Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas , and , except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps , forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries . The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century , as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest . In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life can not recover during the non-skiing months , whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers . Fauna ( edit ) The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife , ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears , many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line . Young alpine ibex . When fully grown its horns will be about one metre wide . The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex , which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m ( 9,843 ft ) . The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses . Classified as antelopes , chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps , living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range . Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears . In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald . Many rodents such as voles live underground . Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m ( 8,858 ft ) . They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth , and can be found in all areas of the Alps , in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures . Golden eagles and bearded vultures are the largest birds to be found in the Alps ; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m ( 7,874 ft ) . The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber 's huts or at the Jungfraujoch , a high altitude tourist destination . The alpine Apollo butterfly has adapted to alpine conditions . Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line ; because they can not bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges . The high - altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs . Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line . Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line . Popularly gathered as food , the snails are now protected . A number of species of moths live in the Alps , some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago , long before the Alps were created . Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt ; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m ( 5,906 ft ) . The butterflies tend to be large , such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family , with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m ( 5,906 ft ) . Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line ; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is Rosalia alpina . Spiders , such as the large wolf spider , live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) . Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps . Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny . In Emosson in Valais , Switzerland , dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s , dating probably from the Triassic Period . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Alps Prehistory to christianity ( edit ) Pre-historic petroglyphs from Valcamonica About 10,000 years ago , when the ice melted after the last glacial period , late Palaeolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems . Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors , close to Grenoble ; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry . Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy . The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old ; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site . In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body , known as Ötzi the Iceman , was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier . His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community , while the location and manner of his death -- an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder -- suggests he was travelling from one place to another . Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi , has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which can not be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade . The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi . Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 and 1500 BC . The Raetians lived in the eastern regions , while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhône valley and in Savoy . Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century . By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region , and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewellery . The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes -- they had warriors that were strong , tall and fair skinned , and skilled with iron weapons , which gave them an advantage in warfare . During the Second Punic War in 218 BC , the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry , 8,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants . This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare , although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing . The Romans , however , had built roads along the mountain passes , which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes . Château de Chillon , an early medieval castle on the north shore of Lake Geneva , is shown here against the backdrop of the Dents du Midi The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii . The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes . The Romans built settlements in the Alps ; towns such as Aosta ( named for Augustus ) in Italy , Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland , and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths , villas , arenas and temples . Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes , ( Lombards , Alemanni , Bavarii , and Franks ) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes . Christianity , feudalism , and Napoleonic Wars ( edit ) Christianity was established in the region by the Romans , and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions . The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms . Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento , Italy , still has intricate frescoes , excellent examples of Gothic art , in a tower room . In Switzerland , Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture . Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy , the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia . In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs , four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter that is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighbouring kingdoms . After a series of battles fought in the 13th , 14th and 15th centuries , more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well - established as a separate state . Russian troops under Suvorov crossing the Alps in 1799 During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century , Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys . In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland ; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions . Built from 1300 to 1500 metres high on a rock of quartzite and surrounded by deep cliffs , those forts prevented any invasion After the fall of Napoléon , many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion . Thus , Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes , such as the col du Mont - Cenis that was even crossed by Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombards . The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napoléon Bonaparte . The Barrière de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries , built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley , a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side . In the 19th century , the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travellers and as places of pilgrimage , became tourist destinations . The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne , Switzerland , and Oberammergau ; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance ; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the centre of Interlaken , Switzerland . The Great St Bernard Hospice , built in the 9th or 10th centuries , at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travellers and place for pilgrims since its inception ; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of the High Alps The first ascent of the Matterhorn ( 1865 ) , lithograph by Gustave Doré Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch ( Dragon 's Hole ) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen , proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people . Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people . The peaks , however , were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples , and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys . The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying , the abode of dragons and demons , to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes . The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons . Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356 . The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses , a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice . In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille , without reaching the summit , an experience he described as `` horrifying and terrifying . '' Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes , and climbed a mountain -- scholars are uncertain which one ; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa . From his description of a `` blue like that of a gentian '' sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude . In the 18th century four Chamonix men almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness . Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century , to study them , writing that in the mountains he found the `` theatre of the Lord '' . By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore , study and conquer the high peaks . Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace - Bénédict de Saussure ( 1740 -- 1799 ) in the Pennine Alps , and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha ( 1752 -- 1833 ) . Born in Geneva , Saussure was enamoured with the mountains from an early age ; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland , the Savoy , the Piedmont and Valais , studying the glaciers and the geology , as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval . Saussure , in 1787 , was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc -- today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed . The Romantics ( edit ) Wanderer above the Sea of Fog , Caspar David Friedrich ( 1818 ) Albrecht von Haller 's poem Die Alpen ( 1732 ) described the mountains as an area of mythical purity . Jean - Jacques Rousseau was another writer who presented the Alps as a place of allure and beauty , in his novel Julie , or the New Heloise ( 1761 ) , Later the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery ; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790 , writing of his experiences in The Prelude ( 1799 ) . Schiller later wrote the play William Tell ( 1804 ) , which tells the story the legendary Swiss marksman William Tell as part of the greater Swiss struggle for independence from the Habsburg Empire in the early 14th century . At the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets , artists , and musicians , as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature . In 1816 Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings . During these visits Shelley wrote the poem `` Mont Blanc '' , Byron wrote `` The Prisoner of Chillon '' and the dramatic poem Manfred , and Mary Shelley , who found the scenery overwhelming , conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm . When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix , he declaimed , in defiance of Shelley , who had signed himself `` Atheos '' in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers , `` Who would be , who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders '' . By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region . The Nazis ( edit ) The Nazis hid looted art in salt mines at Altaussee , such as the Early Netherlandish Ghent Altarpiece which sustained significant damage . Austrian - born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden . His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life . At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Obersalzberg , to prevent Hitler from retreating with the Wehrmacht into the mountains . By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries . Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich ; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime . Switzerland was the only country to avoid invasion . The Swiss Confederation mobilized its troops -- the country follows the doctrine of `` armed neutrality '' with all males required to have military training -- a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000 . The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country with explosives , and threatened to destroy bridges , railway tunnels and roads across passes in the event of a Nazi invasion ; and if there was an invasion the Swiss army would then retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks , where conditions were harsher , and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles . German Ski troops were trained for the war , and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy , where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945 . At the end of the war , a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria , where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close . The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area , where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine , were used to store looted art , jewels , and currency ; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners . Alpine people and culture ( edit ) Further information : Transhumance in the Alps and Swiss folklore The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries . On the rim of the mountains , on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy . Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture , industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology . Hallstatt is known for its production of salt , dating back to prehistoric times . Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays , leading to strong traditions of carpentry , woodcarving , baking and pastry - making , and cheesemaking . Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries , although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism . Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps . In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline , where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers . Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September . The Almabtrieb , Alpabzug , Alpabfahrt , Désalpes ( `` coming down from the alps '' ) is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes . In the summers the cows are brought up to the high mountain meadows for grazing . Small summer villages such as this one shown in this photograph taken in Savoie are used . Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries . A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg ( 100 lb ) , and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kg ( 150 lb ) . Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows ' milk from the summer months in the high alps . Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years , although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass . Hay is normally brought in twice a year , often also on festival days . Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten , the playing of Alpenhorns , wrestling matches , some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and , in many areas , Carnival is celebrated before Lent . In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters . The kitchen is separated from the living area ( called the stube , the area of the home heated by a stove ) , and second - floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat . The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland . Chalets often face south or downhill , and are built of solid wood , with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily . Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside , and balconies are sometimes enclosed . Herding sheep in Austria Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube , where the dining room table is placed . Some meals are communal , such as fondue , where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into . Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates . Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation . Alpine chalet being built in Haute - Maurienne ( Savoy ) , the use of thick pieces of orthogneiss ( 4 -- 7 cm ) is in accordance with the strict architural regulations in the region bordering the national parks of Vanoise - Grand Paradis . Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist , gneiss or slate . Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys , as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy , where the amount of snow during the cold months is important . The inclination of the roof can not exceed 40 % , allowing the snow to stay on top , thereby functioning as insulation from the cold . In the lower areas where the forests are widespread , wooden tiles are traditionally used . Commonly made of Norway spruce , they are called `` tavaillon '' . The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse . Dialects are common , and vary from valley to valley and region to region . In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified . Some of the French dialects spoken in the French , Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan , while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal ; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages . Romansh , spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland , is an ancient Rhaeto - Romanic language derived from Latin , remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan . Tourism ( edit ) Further information : Tourism in Austria , Tourism in France , Tourism in Italy , Tourism in Slovenia , and Tourism in Switzerland The ski resort in Speikboden , South Tyrol The Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf , in Bavaria , Saalbach in Austria , Davos in Switzerland , Chamonix in France , and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors . With over 120 million visitors a year , tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports , although summer visitors are also an important component . The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps , travelled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery , and stayed at the spa - resorts . Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque ; cog - railways , built early in the 20th century , brought tourists to ever higher elevations , with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch , well above the eternal snow - line , after going through a tunnel in Eiger . During this period winter sports were slowly introduced : in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz , and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century , as the first ski - lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald . Karl Schranz running the Lauberhorn in 1966 In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues : the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany . During World War II the winter games were cancelled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz ( 1948 ) , Cortina d'Ampezzo ( 1956 ) , Innsbruck , Austria ( 1964 and 1976 ) , Grenoble , France , ( 1968 ) , Albertville , France , ( 1992 ) , and Torino ( 2006 ) . In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen ( Lauberhorn Race ) , was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen ; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl , Austria . Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends . The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km ( 2.8 mi ) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) within seconds of leaving the start gate . During the post-World War I period ski - lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors , but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing , such as Les Menuires . Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports , but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century , France , Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors . From 1980 to the present , ski - lifts have been modernized and snow - making machines installed at many resorts , leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline . Transportation ( edit ) Zentralbahn Interregio train following the Lake Brienz shoreline , near Niederried in Switzerland . The region is serviced by 4,200 km ( 2,600 mi ) of roads used by 6 million vehicles . Train travel is well established in the Alps , with , for instance 120 km ( 75 mi ) of track for every 1,000 km ( 390 sq mi ) in a country such as Switzerland . Most of Europe 's highest railways are located there . On 2007 the new 34.57 km - long ( 21 mi ) Lötschberg Base Tunnel has been opened , which circumvents the 100 years older Lötschberg Tunnel . With the opening of the 57.1 km - long ( 35 mi ) Gotthard Base Tunnel on 1 June 2016 it bypasses the Gotthard Tunnel built in the 19th century and realizes the first flat route through the Alps . Some high mountain villages , such as Avoriaz ( in France ) , Chamois ( in Italy ) , Wengen , and Zermatt ( in Switzerland ) are accessible only by cable car or cog - rail trains , and are car free . Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain . The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well - served by motorways and main roads , but higher mountain passes and byroads , which are amongst the highest in Europe , can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes . Many passes are closed in winter . A number of airports around the Alps ( and some within ) , as well as long - distance rail links from all neighbouring countries , afford large numbers of travellers easy access . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Caucasus Mountains are higher , and the Urals longer , but both lie partly in Asia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Le Mont - Blanc passe de 4.810 mètres à 4.808 , 7 mètres '' . Jump up ^ `` Alps '' . The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide . Abington , United Kingdom : Helicon. 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Alpine Convention '' . Alpine Conferences . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Chatré , Baptiste , et al. ( 2010 ) , 8 Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . May 14 , 1955 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schmid et al. ( 2004 ) , 93 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , ( 2012 ) , 43 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Fleming ( 2000 ) , 4 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 117 -- 119 ^ Jump up to : Ceben ( 1998 ) , 22 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Chatré , Baptiste , et al. ( 2010 ) , 9 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 1 ^ Jump up to : Beattie ( 2006 ) , xii -- xiii Jump up ^ Shoumtoff ( 2001 ) , 23 Jump up ^ Excluding the Piz Zupò and Piz Roseg located in the Bernina range , close to Piz Bernina . Jump up ^ Knox 1911 , p. 740 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopedia Online Academic Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wer hat die grösste Röhre ? '' ( Who has the longest tube ? ) . Tages - Anzeiger ( graphical animation ) ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland . 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Was die Tunnelbauer im Gotthard antrafen '' . Tages - Anzeiger ( graphical animation ) ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Official Timetable '' ( in English , German , French , Italian , and Rumantsch ) . Bern , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Office for Transport . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Graciansky ( 2011 ) , 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Graciansky ( 2011 ) , 5 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 35 ^ Jump up to : Gerrard , ( 1990 ) , 9 ^ Jump up to : Gerrard , ( 1990 ) , 16 Jump up ^ Earth ( 2008 ) , 142 ^ Jump up to : Schmid ( 2004 ) , 102 ^ Jump up to : Schmid ( 2004 ) , 97 ^ Jump up to : Schmid , 99 Jump up ^ Schmid ( 2004 ) , 103 Jump up ^ Graciansky ( 2011 ) , 29 Jump up ^ Graciansky ( 2011 ) , 31 Jump up ^ Beattie ( 2006 ) , 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` The 4000ers of the Alps : Official UIAA List '' ( PDF ) . UIAA - Bulletin ( 145 ) . March 1994 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Huxley , The Geographical magazine : Volume 59 , Geographical Press , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 197 -- 200 Jump up ^ `` 4000 m Peaks of the Alps '' . Bielefeldt.de . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 49 -- 53 Jump up ^ Roth , 10 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 63 -- 68 Jump up ^ Gerrard , ( 1990 ) , 132 ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Gerrard , ( 1990 ) , 78 Jump up ^ Gerrard , ( 1990 ) , 108 Jump up ^ Ceben ( 1998 ) , 38 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 31 Jump up ^ Chatré , Baptiste , et al. ( 2010 ) , 5 ^ Jump up to : Benniston et al. ( 2011 ) , 1 Jump up ^ Price , Martin . Mountains : Globally Important Eco-systems . University of Oxford ^ Jump up to : Benniston et al. ( 2011 ) , 3 ^ Jump up to : Ceben ( 1998 ) , 31 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 24 , 31 Jump up ^ Chatré , Baptiste , et al. ( 2010 ) , 13 Jump up ^ Knox 1911 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 3 Jump up ^ Ceben ( 1998 ) , 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Viazzo ( 1980 ) , 17 Jump up ^ Benniston ( 2011 ) , 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Huss , Matthias ; Hock , Regine ; Bauder , Andreas ; Funk , Martin ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` 100 - year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 37 ( 10 ) : L10501 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GL042616 . Jump up ^ Zampieri , Matteo ; Scoccimarro , Enrico ; Gualdi , Silvio ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 3 ) : 034026 . ISSN 1748 - 9326 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 3 / 034026 . Jump up ^ Zampieri , Matteo ; Scoccimarro , Enrico ; Gualdi , Silvio ; Navarra , Antonio ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Observed shift towards earlier spring discharge in the main Alpine rivers '' . Science of The Total Environment . Towards a better understanding of the links between stressors , hazard assessment and ecosystem services under water scarcity. 503 -- 504 : 222 -- 232 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2014.06. 036 . hdl : 2122 / 9055 . Jump up ^ Knox 1911 , p. 738 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 75 Jump up ^ Beattie ( 2006 ) , 17 Jump up ^ Körner ( 2003 ) , 9 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 85 Jump up ^ qtd in Beattie ( 2006 ) , 17 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 87 ^ Jump up to : Sharp ( 2002 ) , 14 Jump up ^ Kala , C.P. and Ratajc , P. 2012. `` High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas : ethnobotany , plant distribution and conservation perspective '' . Biodiversity and Conservation , 21 ( 4 ) : 1115 -- 1126 . Jump up ^ Gerrard ( 1990 ) , 225 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 90 , 96 , 101 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 104 Jump up ^ Rupicapra rupicapra ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 101 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 97 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 96 ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 93 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 91 Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 2012 ) , 75 ^ Jump up to : Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 25 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 21 Jump up ^ Luca Ermini et al. , `` Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman , '' Current Biology , vol. 18 , no . 21 ( 30 October 2008 ) , pp. 1687 -- 1693 . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 2 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 131 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 110 Jump up ^ Lancel , Serge , ( 1999 ) , 71 Jump up ^ Prevas ( 2001 ) , 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 27 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 28 -- 31 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 31 , 34 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 32 , 34 , 37 , 43 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 41 , 46 , 48 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 56 , 66 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 73 , 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 108 Jump up ^ Knox 1911 , p. 748 . ^ Jump up to : Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 188 -- 191 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 6 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 12 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 5 Jump up ^ qtd in Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 193 Jump up ^ Shoumatoff ( 2001 ) , 192 -- 194 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 8 ^ Jump up to : Fleming ( 2000 ) , vii Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 27 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2000 ) , 12 -- 13 , 30 , 27 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 121 -- 123 ^ Jump up to : Fleming ( 2000 ) , 83 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hartman , `` Gods , Ghosts , and Shelley 's ' Atheos ' '' , Literature and Theology , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , pp. 4 -- 18 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 127 -- 133 Jump up ^ Beattie , ( 2006 ) , 139 Jump up ^ Mitchell ( 2007 ) , 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Halbrook ( 1998 ) , 1 Jump up ^ Halbrook ( 2006 ) , 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Feuer ( 2006 ) , viii Jump up ^ Mitchell ( 2007 ) , 10 , 151 Jump up ^ Chartes et . el. ( 2010 ) , 14 Jump up ^ Chartes et . el. ( 2010 ) , 5 ^ Jump up to : Shoumataff ( 2001 ) , 123 -- 126 Jump up ^ Shoumataff ( 2001 ) , 129 , 135 Jump up ^ Shoumataff ( 2001 ) , 134 Jump up ^ Shoumataff ( 2001 ) , 131 , 134 Jump up ^ Cahier d'architecture Haute Maurienne / Vanoise ^ Jump up to : Shoumataff ( 2001 ) , 114 -- 166 ^ Jump up to : Bartaletti , Fabrizio. `` What Role Do the Alps Play within World Tourism ? '' . Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Alpes . CIRPA.org . Retrieved 9 August 2012 Jump up ^ Beattie ( 2006 ) , 198 Jump up ^ `` 21 Past Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lauberhorn History . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hahenkamm Races Kitzbuhel '' . HKR.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lauberhorn Downhill . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rail '' . Swissworld.org . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the AlpTransit Portal '' . Bern , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Archives SFA . Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2000 ) , 107 Works cited Allaby , Michael et al . The Encyclopedia of Earth . ( 2008 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25471 - 8 Beattie , Andrew . ( 2006 ) . The Alps : A Cultural History . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530955 - 3 Benniston , Martin , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Impact of Climatic Change on Water and Natural Hazards in the Alps '' . Environmental Science and Policy . Volume 30 . 1 -- 9 Cebon , Peter , et al. ( 1998 ) . Views from the Alps : Regional Perspectives on Climate Change . Cambridge MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 03252 - 0 Chatré , Baptiste , et al. ( 2010 ) . The Alps : People and Pressures in the Mountains , the Facts at a Glance . Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention ( alpconv.org ) . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 905158 - 2 - 8 De Graciansky , Pierre - Charles et al. ( 2011 ) . The Western Alps , From Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53724 - 9 Feuer , A.B. ( 2006 ) . Packs On ! : Memoirs of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3289 - 5 Fleming , Fergus. ( 2000 ) . Killing Dragons : The Conquest of the Alps . New York : Grove . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3867 - 5 Gerrard , AJ. ( 1990 ) Mountain Environments : An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains . Boston : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 07128 - 4 Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Target Switzerland : Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II . Rockville Center , NY : Sarpedon . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885119 - 53 - 7 Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2006 ) . The Swiss and the Nazis : How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich . Havertown , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932033 - 42 - 7 Hudson , Simon . ( 2000 ) . Snow Business : A Study of the International Ski Industry . New York : Cengage ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 70471 - 2 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Knox , Howard Vincent ( 1911 ) . `` Alps '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 737 -- 754 . Körner , Christian . ( 2003 ) . Alpine Plant Life . New York : Springer Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00347 - 2 Lancel , Serge. ( 1999 ) . Hannibal . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21848 - 7 Mitchell , Arthur H. ( 2007 ) . Hitler 's Mountain . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2458 - 0 Prevas , John . ( 2001 ) . Hannibal Crosses The Alps : The Invasion Of Italy And The Punic Wars . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81070 - 1 Reynolds , Kev. ( 2012 ) The Swiss Alps . Cicerone Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 465 - 3 Roth , Philipe. ( 2007 ) . Minerals first Discovered in Switzerland . Lausanne , CH : Museum of Geology . ISBN 978 - 3 - 9807561 - 8 - 1 Schmid , Stefan M. ( 2004 ) . `` Regional tectonics : from the Rhine graben to the Po plain , a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their forelands '' . Basel : Geologisch - Paläontologisches Institut Sharp , Hilary. ( 2002 ) . Trekking and Climbing in the Western Alps . London : New Holland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 2954 - 3 Schmid , Stefan M.et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen '' . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae . Volume 97 . 93 -- 117 Shoumatoff , Nicholas and Nina. ( 2001 ) . The Alps : Europe 's Mountain Heart . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11111 - 4 Viazzo , Pier Paolo. ( 1980 ) . Upland Communities : Environment , Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 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where is the heart of the ocean located			Heart of the Ocean	heart of the ocean		The Heart of the Ocean is the name of a fictional blue diamond featured prominently in the 1997 film Titanic . In the story , the 56 carat diamond was originally owned by Louis XVI and cut into a heart shape after the French Revolution . In the film the necklace was purchased by Pittsburgh steel tycoon Caledon Hockley , played by Billy Zane , a week before he sailed on the ill - fated ocean liner RMS Titanic . The necklace was meant to be given as an engagement present to his fiancée Rose DeWitt Bukater , played by Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart . It is believed that both Rose and the necklace went down with the sinking of the ship , leading some treasure salvagers to believe the necklace lies somewhere within the wreck of the Titanic . Contents 1 Origin 2 1997 film 3 Design 3.1 The Original Necklace 3.2 The J. Peterman Necklace 3.3 The Asprey & Garrard Necklace 4 Reproductions 5 References Origin ( edit ) The story of the Hope Diamond bears many similarities to the story of the Heart of the Ocean with the obvious exception of the Hope Diamond not actually having been on board the Titanic . In the 1953 film Titanic , a blue diamond plays an important role in a love affair as well . A primary plot point in this earlier film is the theft of the diamond , which creates a dramatic break in a romantic relationship which is similar to the 1997 film . 1997 film ( edit ) In the 1997 film a fictional treasure hunter , Brock Lovett ( Bill Paxton ) , searches for a priceless blue diamond necklace which he believes lies within the wreck of the RMS Titanic . Lovett explains that the necklace was fashioned from a large blue diamond worn by Louis XVI in his royal crown . Shortly after the King 's execution in 1793 , the diamond was cut into a heart shape and became known as the Heart of the Ocean . The story of the Heart of the Ocean is similar to the story of the Hope Diamond , except the Hope Diamond was worn by Louis XIV in a royal necklace . Lovett 's hunch about the diamond 's whereabouts seems to be confirmed when his team salvages a drawing in which a nude woman is wearing the necklace . The drawing is dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the Titanic sank . Later on an elderly woman ( Gloria Stuart ) watches Lovett 's discovery on the news and immediately contacts the salvage team . Claiming to be both the woman in the picture and Rose Dewitt Bukater she is immediately flown out to Lovett 's salvage ship . Rose requests to view the recovered drawing and Lovett shows her some artifacts salvaged from the wreck , specifically those recovered from her stateroom on Titanic . During this scene Lovett reveals the origins of the diamond and that if it is recovered the Heart of the Ocean would be worth more than the Hope Diamond . While examining an ornate butterfly comb , Rose becomes emotional and begins detailing her time aboard the Titanic . During the film the audience 's perspective alternates between the past and present as Rose shares her memories . Rose divulges the intimate details of her relationship with the artist of the drawing , Jack Dawson ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) , which leads up to the night of the sinking . On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack , resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose 's fiancé Cal . As the ship starts to list dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink . With this in mind Rose 's fiancé , Cal , returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat . Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat , forgetting about the diamond in its pocket . It is not thoroughly stated whether or not Rose ( Gloria Stuart ) tells Brock Lovett about Cal emptying his safe along with the diamond , it is assumed she does n't as Lovett does n't have any follow up questions . At the end of the film , Rose walks alone to the stern of the salvage ship and opens her hands revealing both the necklace and Rose 's identity as Rose Dewitt Bukater . While examining the necklace , Rose has a flashback to 1912 on her arrival in New York and discovers the necklace in the overcoat . Returning to the present , Rose , with a smile , drops the necklace from her hand into the water presumably above the Titanic wreck site . Design ( edit ) London - based jewelers Asprey & Garrard used cubic zirconias set in white gold to create an Edwardian - style necklace to be used as a prop in the film . Asprey & Garrard produced and designed the necklaces : the result was three different and unique designs . Two of their designs were used in the film while the other went unused until after the film had been released . The three necklaces are commonly known as the original prop , the J. Peterman necklace , and the Asprey necklace . The three necklaces are all very similar but have distinguishable differences . The original necklace ( edit ) The original necklace was the necklace seen throughout the film . This necklace has a large London - blue stone cut into a trillion / cleftless heart surrounded by white round cut cubic zirconias set in white gold . The chain is composed of a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white cubic zirconias . The bail on this necklace was a heart cut white cubic zirconia attached to a white round cut stone which was attached to the cage on the main stone . The J. Peterman necklace ( edit ) Due to The J. Peterman Company 's acquisition of this particular necklace through the sale of props from the film , this design is often referred to as the J. Peterman design , though officially the necklace does not hold this designation . This particular design is another blue cubic zirconia ; however , it is cut into the shape of a heart rather than a trillion cut . The main stone is surrounded by round cut cubic zirconias and features a white round cut stone at the top where it attaches to the chain . The chain is composed of white round cut cubic zirconias , with a larger inverted pear cut cubic zirconia as the bail . This particular design is featured in the film for a brief moment when Caledon retrieves the necklace from his safe during the sinking , this is the only time the necklace is seen on screen . This particular necklace is believed to still be in the possession of the J. Peterman Company . The Asprey & Garrard necklace ( edit ) The third and final design was not used in the film . After the film 's success , Asprey & Garrard were commissioned to create an authentic Heart of the Ocean necklace using the original design . The result was a platinum - set , 171 - carat ( 34.2 g ) heart - shaped Ceylon sapphire surrounded by 103 diamonds . This design featured a much larger inverted pear shaped Ceylon sapphire with a subtle cleft to resemble a heart . The chain for this necklace also featured a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white diamonds . The bail also featured a heart cut white diamond with another round cut diamond attached to an inverted pear shape diamond which was then attached to the cage of the main stone . The necklace was donated to Sotheby 's auction house in Beverly Hills for an auction benefiting the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Southern California 's Aid For AIDS . It was sold to an unidentified Asprey client for $1.4 million , under the agreement that Celine Dion would wear it two nights later at the 1998 Academy Awards ceremony . This necklace has since not been made available for public viewing . Reproductions ( edit ) An example of one of the many replicas made by the J. Peterman Company back in 1998 . After the release of the film in 1998 , The J. Peterman Company sold less expensive reproductions . Their necklace consisted of 137 Austrian crystals and a detachable , inauthentic `` blue diamond '' pendant packaged in a navy blue , hinged presentation box . This is the only officially licensed reproduction of the necklace . This particular replica can still be found on the secondary market , although likely in used condition . There are many other unofficial inspired reproductions available on the secondary market ranging from as little as five dollars to thousands of dollars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarke , James ( 14 May 2014 ) . The Cinema of James Cameron : Bodies in Heroic Motion . Columbia University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 85062 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Terry ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` Real ' Titanic ' Necklace to Benefit Diana 's Trust : Movie 's Paste Necklace Recreated with Real Jewels '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Diane Sawyer . Jump up ^ Van Der Voort , Jane ( February 11 , 2001 ) . `` Heart Of The Matter '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` J. Peterman Co . Finds Merchandising ' Jewel ' in ' Titanic ' ; ' Heart of the Ocean ' Necklace To Be Sold Through Company 's Catalog '' . Business Wire . March 23 , 1998 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_the_Ocean&oldid=855255591 '' Categories : Fictional gemstones and jewelry Titanic ( 1997 film ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Íslenska Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 00 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20of%20the%20Ocean	2,767
which of the following is an example of foreign direct investment in china			Foreign direct investment	foreign direct investment	A foreign direct investment ( FDI ) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country . It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct control .	The origin of the investment does not impact the definition , as an FDI : the investment may be made either `` inorganically '' by buying a company in the target country or `` organically '' by expanding the operations of an existing business in that country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Theoretical background 3 Methods 3.1 Forms of FDI incentives 4 Importance and barriers to FDI 4.1 Developing world 4.2 China 4.3 India 4.4 United States 4.5 Canada 4.6 United Kingdom 4.7 Russian Federation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) Broadly , foreign direct investment includes `` mergers and acquisitions , building new facilities , reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations , and intra company loans '' . In a narrow sense , foreign direct investment refers just to building new facility , and a lasting management interest ( 10 percent or more of voting stock ) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor . FDI is the sum of equity capital , long - term capital , and short - term capital as shown in the balance of payments . FDI usually involves participation in management , joint - venture , transfer of technology and expertise . Stock of FDI is the net ( i.e. , outward FDI minus inward FDI ) cumulative FDI for any given period . Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares . FDI , a subset of international factor movements , is characterized by controlling ownership of a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country . Foreign direct investment is distinguished from foreign portfolio investment , a passive investment in the securities of another country such as public stocks and bonds , by the element of `` control '' . According to the Financial Times , `` Standard definitions of control use the internationally agreed 10 percent threshold of voting shares , but this is a grey area as often a smaller block of shares will give control in widely held companies . Moreover , control of technology , management , even crucial inputs can confer de facto control . '' Theoretical background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to Grazia Ietto - Gillies ( 2012 ) , prior to Stephen Hymer 's theory regarding direct investment in the 1960s , the reasons behind Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Corporations were explained by neoclassical economics based on macro economic principles . These theories were based on the classical theory of trade in which the motive behind trade was a result of the difference in the costs of production of goods between two countries , focusing on the low cost of production as a motive for a firm 's foreign activity . For example , Joe S. Bain only explained the internationalization challenge through three main principles : absolute cost advantages , product differentiation advantages and economies of scale . Furthermore , the neoclassical theories were created under the assumption of the existence of perfect competition . Intrigued by the motivations behind large foreign investments made by corporations from the United States of America , Hymer developed a framework that went beyond the existing theories , explaining why this phenomenon occurred , since he considered that the previously mentioned theories could not explain foreign investment and its motivations . Facing the challenges of his predecessors , Hymer focused his theory on filling the gaps regarding international investment . The theory proposed by the author approaches international investment from a different and more firm - specific point of view . As opposed to traditional macroeconomics - based theories of investment , Hymer states that there is a difference between mere capital investment , otherwise known as portfolio investment , and direct investment . The difference between the two , which will become the cornerstone of his whole theoretical framework , is the issue of control , meaning that with direct investment firms are able to obtain a greater level of control than with portfolio investment . Furthermore , Hymer proceeds to criticize the neoclassical theories , stating that the theory of capital movements can not explain international production . Moreover , he clarifies that FDI is not necessarily a movement of funds from a home country to a host country , and that it is concentrated on particular industries within many countries . In contrast , if interest rates were the main motive for international investment , FDI would include many industries within fewer countries . Another observation made by Hymer went against what was maintained by the neoclassical theories : foreign direct investment is not limited to investment of excess profits abroad . In fact , foreign direct investment can be financed through loans obtained in the host country , payments in exchange for equity ( patents , technology , machinery etc . ) , and other methods . The main determinants of FDI is side as well as growth prospectus of the economy of the country when FDI is made . Hymer proposed some more determinants of FDI due to criticisms , along with assuming market and imperfections . These are as follows : Firm - specific advantages : Once domestic investment was exhausted , a firm could exploit its advantages linked to market imperfections , which could provide the firm with market power and competitive advantage . Further studies attempted to explain how firms could monetize these advantages in the form of licenses . Removal of conflicts : conflict arises if a firm is already operating in foreign market or looking to expand its operations within the same market . He proposes that the solution for this hurdle arose in the form of collusion , sharing the market with rivals or attempting to acquire a direct control of production . However , it must be taken into account that a reduction in conflict through acquisition of control of operations will increase the market imperfections . Propensity to formulate an internationalization strategy to mitigate risk : According to his position , firms are characterized with 3 levels of decision making : the day to day supervision , management decision coordination and long term strategy planning and decision making . The extent to which a company can mitigate risk depends on how well a firm can formulate an internationalization strategy taking these levels of decision into account . Hymer 's importance in the field of International Business and Foreign Direct Investment stems from him being the first to theorize about the existence of Multinational Enterprises ( MNE ) and the reasons behind Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) beyond macroeconomic principles , his influence on later scholars and theories in International Business , such as the OLI ( Ownership , Location and Internationalization ) theory by John Dunning and Christos Pitelis which focuses more on transaction costs . Moreover , `` the efficiency - value creation component of FDI and MNE activity was further strengthened by two other major scholarly developments in the 1990s : the resource - based ( RBV ) and evolutionary theories '' ( Dunning & Pitelis , 2008 ) In addition , some of his predictions later materialized , for example the power of supranational bodies such as IMF or the World Bank that increases inequalities ( Dunning & Piletis , 2008 ) . Types of FDI Horizontal FDI arises when a firm duplicates its home country - based activities at the same value chain stage in a host country through FDI . Platform FDI Foreign direct investment from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country . Vertical FDI takes place when a firm through FDI moves upstream or downstream in different value chains i.e. , when firms perform value - adding activities stage by stage in a vertical fashion in a host country . Methods ( edit ) The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods : by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise Forms of FDI incentives ( edit ) Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms : low corporate tax and individual income tax rates tax holidays other types of tax concessions preferential tariffs special economic zones EPZ -- Export Processing Zones Bonded warehouses Maquiladoras investment financial subsidies free land or land subsidies relocation & expatriation infrastructure subsidies R&D support Energy derogation from regulations ( usually for very large projects ) Governmental Investment Promotion Agencies ( IPAs ) use various marketing strategies inspired by the private sector to try and attract inward FDI , including diaspora marketing . by excluding the internal investment to get a profited downstream . Importance and barriers to FDI ( edit ) The rapid growth of world population since 1950 has occurred mostly in developing countries . This growth has been matched by more rapid increases in gross domestic product , and thus income per capita has increased in most countries around the world since 1950 . An increase in FDI may be associated with improved economic growth due to the influx of capital and increased tax revenues for the host country . Host countries often try to channel FDI investment into new infrastructure and other projects to boost development . Greater competition from new companies can lead to productivity gains and greater efficiency in the host country and it has been suggested that the application of a foreign entity 's policies to a domestic subsidiary may improve corporate governance standards . Furthermore , foreign investment can result in the transfer of soft skills through training and job creation , the availability of more advanced technology for the domestic market and access to research and development resources . The local population may benefit from the employment opportunities created by new businesses . In many instances , the investing company is simply transferring its older production capacity and machines , which might still be appealing to the host country because of technological lags or under - development , in order to avoid competition against its own products by the host country / company . Developing world ( edit ) A 2010 meta - analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) on local firms in developing and transition countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth . The Commitment to Development Index ranks the `` development - friendliness '' of rich country investment policies . China ( edit ) FDI in China , also known as RFDI ( renminbi foreign direct investment ) , has increased considerably in the last decade , reaching $19.1 billion in the first six months of 2012 , making China the largest recipient of foreign direct investment and topping the United States which had $17.4 billion of FDI . In 2013 the FDI flow into China was $24.1 billion , resulting in a 34.7 % market share of FDI into the Asia - Pacific region . By contrast , FDI out of China in 2013 was $8.97 billion , 10.7 % of the Asia - Pacific share . During the global financial crisis FDI fell by over one - third in 2009 but rebounded in 2010 . FDI into the Chinese mainland maintained steady growth in 2015 despite the economic slowdown in the world 's second - largest economy . FDI , which excludes investment in the financial sector , rose 6.4 percent year on year to $126.27 billion in 2015 . During the first nine months of 2016 , China reportedly surpassed the US to become the world 's largest assets acquirer , measured by the value of corporate takeovers . As part of the transition by Chinese investors from an interest in developing economies to high - income economies , Europe has become an important destination for Chinese outward FDI . In 2014 and 2015 , the EU was estimated to be the largest market for Chinese acquisitions , in terms of value . The rapid increase in Chinese takeovers of European companies has fueled concerns among political observers and policymakers over a wide range of issues . These issues include potential negative strategic implications for individual EU member states and the EU as a whole , links between the Chinese Communist Party and the investing enterprises , and the lack of reciprocity in terms of limited access for European investors to the Chinese market . ( 1 ) Similarly , concerns among low - income households within Australia have prompted several non formal inquiries into direct foreign investment activities from china . As a result numerous Australian political representatives have been investigated , Sam Dastyari has resigned as a result . India ( edit ) Main article : Foreign Direct Investment in India Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under Foreign Exchange Management Act ( FEMA ) , driven by then finance minister Manmohan Singh . As Singh subsequently became the prime minister , this has been one of his top political problems , even in the current times . India disallowed overseas corporate bodies ( OCB ) to invest in India . India imposes cap on equity holding by foreign investors in various sectors , current FDI in aviation and insurance sectors is limited to a maximum of 49 % . Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990 , a 2012 UNCTAD survey projected India as the second most important FDI destination ( after China ) for transnational corporations during 2010 -- 2012 . As per the data , the sectors that attracted higher inflows were services , telecommunication , construction activities and computer software and hardware . Mauritius , Singapore , US and UK were among the leading sources of FDI . Based on UNCTAD data FDI flows were $10.4 billion , a drop of 43 % from the first half of the last year . Nine from 10 largest foreign companies investing in India ( from April 2000 - January 2011 ) are based in Mauritius . List of the ten largest foreign companies investing in India ( from April 2000 - January 2011 ) are as follows -- TMI Mauritius Ltd . - > Rs 7200 crore / $1600 million Cairn UK Holding - > Rs6666 crores / $1492 million Oracle Global ( Mauritius ) Ltd . - > Rs 4805 crore / $1083 million Mauritius Debt Management Ltd. - > Rs 3800 crore / $956 million Vodafone Mauritius Ltd . -- Rs 4000 crore / $801 million Etisalat Mauritius Ltd . -- Rs 3228 crore CMP Asia Ltd . -- Rs 2638.25 crore / $653.74 million Oracle Global Mauritius Ltd . -- Rs 2575.88 crore / $563.94 million Merrill Lynch ( Mauritius ) Ltd . -- Rs 2230.02 crore / $483.55 million Name of the company not given ( but the Indian company which got the FDI is Dhabol Power company Ltd . ) In 2015 , India emerged as top FDI destination surpassing China and the US . India attracted FDI of $31 billion compared to $28 billion and $27 billion of China and the US respectively . India received $63 billion in FDI in 2015 . India also allowed 100 % FDI in many sectors on 2016 United States ( edit ) Broadly speaking , the United States has a fundamentally `` open economy '' and low barriers to FDI . U.S. FDI totaled $194 Billion in 2010 . 84 % of FDI in the United States in 2010 came from or through eight countries : Switzerland , the United Kingdom , Japan , France , Germany , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Canada . A major source of investment is real estate ; the foreign investment in this area totaled $92.2 billion in 2013 , under various forms of purchase structures ( considering the U.S. taxation and residency laws ) . A 2008 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco indicated that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets , an effect whose magnitude decreases with income per capita . Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United States also invest more in U.S. equity and bond markets . White House data reported in 2011 found that a total of 5.7 million workers were employed at facilities highly dependent on foreign direct investors . Thus , about 13 % of the American manufacturing workforce depended on such investments . The average pay of said jobs was found as around $70,000 per worker , over 30 % higher than the average pay across the entire U.S. workforce . President Barack Obama said in 2012 , `` In a global economy , the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs and industries of the future . Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people . '' In September 2013 , the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 ( H.R. 2052 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill which would direct the United States Department of Commerce to `` conduct a review of the global competitiveness of the United States in attracting foreign direct investment '' . Supporters of the bill argued that increased foreign direct investment would help job creation in the United States . Canada ( edit ) Foreign direct investment by country and by industry are tracked by Statistics Canada . Foreign direct investment accounted for CAD $634 billion in 2012 , eclipsing the United States in this economic measure . Global FDI inflows and outflows are tabulated by Statistics Canada . United Kingdom ( edit ) The UK has a very free market economy and is open to foreign investment . Prime Minister Theresa May has sought investment from emerging markets and from the Far East in particular and some of Britain 's largest infrastructure including energy and skyscrapers such as The Shard have been built with foreign investment . Russian Federation ( edit ) History of Foreign Investment Law In 1991 , for the first time , Russia regulated the form , range and favorable policy of FDI in Russia . In 1994 , a consulting council of FDI was an established in Russia , which was responsible for setting tax rate and policies for exchange rate , improving investment environment , mediating relationship between central and local government , researching and improving images of FDI work , and increasing the right and responsibility of Ministry of Economic in appealing FDI and enforcing all kinds of policies . In 1997 , Russia starts to enact policies appealing for FDI on particular industries , for example , fossil fuel , gas , woods , transportation , food reprocessing , etc . In 1999 , Russia announced a law named ' FDI of the Russian Federation ' , which aimed at providing a basic guarantee for foreign investors on investing , running business , earnings . In 2008 , Russia banned FDI on strategic industries , such as military defense and country safety . In 2014 , president Putin announced that once abroad Russian investment inflows legally , it would not be checked by tax or law sector . This is a favorable policy of Putin to appeal Russian investment to come back . Structure of foreign investment in Russia Direct investment : Investing directly with cash . Basically , investment more than 10 % of the item is called Direct investment . Portfolio investment : Investing indirectly with company loans , financial loans , stocks , etc . Basically , investment less than 10 % of the item is called Portfolio investment . Other investment : Except for direct and portfolio investment , including international assistance and loans for original country . FDI of RF 1994 - 2012 Main item of inflow investment in Russian Federation See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Investment promotion agency Bilateral investment treaty Foreign exchange controls List of countries by FDI abroad List of countries by received FDI Foreign direct investment and the environment References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FT Lexicon Jump up ^ `` Foreign direct investment , net inflows ( BoP , current US $ ) Data Table '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ietto - Gillies , Grazia ( 2012 ) Transnational corporations and international production : Concepts , Theories and Effects . Second Edition . Edward Elgar : Cheltenham , UK . Jump up ^ Dunning , John & Pitelis , C.N. ( 2008 ) . Stephen Hymer 's contribution to international business scholarship : and assessment and extension . Journal of International Business Studies , 39 ( 1 ) , pp. 167 - 173 ^ Jump up to : `` What is Foreign Direct Investment , Horizontal and Vertical `` Knowledge Base '' . Guidewhois.com . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Slaughter and May ( 2012 ) . `` Legal regimes governing Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in host countries '' . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 ... Advocates for International Development . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. States regularly offer tax incentives to inbound investors . See , for example , an excellent summary , written by Sidney Silhan , of state tax incentives offered to FDI businesses at : BNA Portfolio 6580 , U.S. Inbound Business Tax Planning , at A-71 . Jump up ^ ≥ Jump up ^ Healthmetrics . Jump up ^ UNCTAD ( 2010 ) . `` Foreign direct investment , the transfer and diffusion of technology , and sustainable development ( 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Slaughter And May ( 2012 ) . `` Legal Regimes Governing Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) In Host Countries '' ( PDF ) . Advocates for International Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Tomas Havranek & Zuzana Irsova ( 30 April 2011 ) . `` Which Foreigners are Worth Wooing ? A Meta - Analysis of Vertical Spillovers from FDI '' . Ideas.repec.org . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China tops U.S. as investment target in 1st half 2012 : U.N. agency '' . Reuters. 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The fDi Report 2014 - Asia Pacific '' . fDi Magazine . 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FDI by Country '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.scio.gov.cn/32618/Document/1462528/1462528.htm ^ Jump up to : Hellström , Jerker ( 2016 ) . `` China 's Acquisitions in Europe : European Perceptions of Chinese Investments and their Strategic Implications '' -- via Swedish Defence Research Agency . Jump up ^ `` Sam Dastyari resigns '' . ABC . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathon , Devitt ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Direct Foreign Investment - Doing Business In China '' . http://merchantchannels.co/doing-business-in-china/ . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Why do you become ' Singham ' for US , not for India ? Narendra Modi asks Manmohan Singh '' . The Times Of India . 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BJP will break recordsssss '' . The Times Of India . 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Derecognition of overseas corporate bodies ( OCBs ) '' ( PDF ) . rbidocs.rbi.org.in. 8 December 2003 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Airlines : Govt OK 's 49 % FDI stake buy . Indian Express ( 14 September 2012 ) . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FDI Limit in Insurance sector increased from 26 % to 49 % '' . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China Edges Out U.S. as Top Foreign - Investment Draw Amid World Decline '' . Wall Street Journal . 23 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOP 10 FDI EQUITY INFLOW CASES FROM APRIL 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` India pips US , China as No. 1 foreign direct investment destination '' . The Times of India . Times News Network . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India Pips China , US to Emerge as Favourite Foreign Investment Destination '' . Profit.ndtv.com . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India pips China as top FDI destination in 2015 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Touts Growing Foreign Direct Investment In The U.S. accepted ngp '' . ABC News . 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/.../fdiesaissuebriefno2061411final_0.pdf Jump up ^ `` U.S. FDI and site selection '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China buys $22 bn worth of US homes , leads global pack '' . Russia Today . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do Foreigners Invest in the United States ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . October 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2052 - Text '' . United States Congress . p . Section 4 ( a ) . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kasperowcz , Pete ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` House passes bill aimed at boosting foreign direct investments in the U.S. '' The Hill . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.international.gc.ca/economist-economiste/assets/pdfs/Data/investments-investissements/FDI_by_Country/FDIC_stocks_by_Country-ENG.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.international.gc.ca/economist-economiste/assets/pdfs/Data/investments-investissements/FDI_by_NAICS/FDI-Inward-Stocks-by-NAICS-Industry-ENG.pdf Jump up ^ `` Canada 's State of Trade : Trade and Investment Update 2012 '' . International.gc.ca . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 張玹誠 ( 2006 ). 外國直接投資俄羅斯之研究. 國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文 , 未出版 , 台北 . Jump up ^ 2014 Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию . Website : http://kremlin.ru/news/47173 檢閱日期 : 2015 / 01 / 16 Jump up ^ 徐牧群 ( 2012 ). 俄羅斯外人直接投資與貧窮改善之研究. 國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文 , 未出版 , 台北 . External links ( edit ) FDI Magnet maintains a list of FDI resources , including a list of IPAs active on Twitter The Dollar Business Hellström , Jerker ( 2016 ) China 's Acquisitions in Europe : European Perceptions of Chinese Investments and their Strategic Implications , ( Stockholm : Swedish Defence Research Agency ) . Ott , Mack ( 2002 ) . `` Foreign Investment in the United States '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Foreign Direct Investment in the United States . Transactions . Foreign Direct Investment in the United States Department of Commerce and Council of Economic Advisers Interactive Historical Data : Foreign Direct Investment in the United States -- Flow Federal Reserve Board of Governors OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment ( 2008 ) IMF : How Countries Measure FDI ( 2001 ) Tracking cross-border investments using applied onomastics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&oldid=837216043 '' Categories : Foreign direct investment Economic geography International business International macroeconomics International factor movements Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20direct%20investment	2,768
what are the 4 climate zones of africa	Due to Africa 's position across equatorial and subtropical latitudes in both the northern and southern hemisphere , several different climate types can be found on the continent of Africa . Africa mainly lies within the intertropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn . Only the northernmost and the southernmost fringes of the continent have a Mediterranean climate . Because of this geographical situation , Africa is a hot continent as the solar radiation intensity is always high . Thus , warm and hot climates prevails all over Africa but the northern part is the most marked part by aridity and high temperatures . The climate of Africa is a range of climates such as the equatorial climate , the tropical wet and dry climate , the tropical monsoon climate , the semi-desert climate ( semi-arid ) , the desert climate ( hyper - arid and arid ) , the subtropical highland climate etc . Temperate climates remain rare through the continent except at very high elevations and along the fringes . In fact , the climate of Africa is more dependent to rainfall amount than to temperatures as they are consistently high . African deserts are the sunniest and the driest parts of the continent due to the prevailing presence of the subtropical ridge with subsiding , hot , dry air masses . Africa holds many heat - related records : the continent has the hottest extended region year - round , the areas with the hottest summer climate , the highest sunshine duration etc .	equatorial climate\|tropical wet and dry climate\|tropical monsoon climate\|semi-desert climate\|desert climate\|subtropical highland climate	Climate of Africa	climate of africa	Due to Africa 's position across equatorial and subtropical latitudes in both the northern and southern hemisphere , several different climate types can be found on the continent of Africa . Africa mainly lies within the intertropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn . Only the northernmost and the southernmost fringes of the continent have a Mediterranean climate . Because of this geographical situation , Africa is a hot continent as the solar radiation intensity is always high . Thus , warm and hot climates prevails all over Africa but the northern part is the most marked part by aridity and high temperatures . The climate of Africa is a range of climates such as the equatorial climate , the tropical wet and dry climate , the tropical monsoon climate , the semi-desert climate ( semi-arid ) , the desert climate ( hyper - arid and arid ) , the subtropical highland climate etc . Temperate climates remain rare through the continent except at very high elevations and along the fringes . In fact , the climate of Africa is more dependent to rainfall amount than to temperatures as they are consistently high . African deserts are the sunniest and the driest parts of the continent due to the prevailing presence of the subtropical ridge with subsiding , hot , dry air masses . Africa holds many heat - related records : the continent has the hottest extended region year - round , the areas with the hottest summer climate , the highest sunshine duration etc .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperatures 2 Wind 3 Precipitation 4 Snow and glaciers 5 See also 6 References Temperatures ( edit ) See also : Subtropical ridge Monthly mean and minimum outdoor and indoor temperatures throughout Africa Globally , heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough or Intertropical convergence zone . The divergence over the near - equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft . As it moves towards the Mid-Latitudes , the air cools and sinks , which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres . This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high - pressure areas , including the Sahara Desert . Mali , and coolest across the south and at elevation within the topography across the eastern and northwest sections of the continent . The hottest average temperature on Earth is Dallol , Ethiopia , which averages a temperature of 33.9 ° C ( 93.0 ° F ) throughout the year . The hottest temperature recorded within Africa , which was also the world record , was 57.8 ° C ( 136.0 ° F ) at ' Aziziya , Libya ' on September 13 , 1922 . This has since been proven to be false , due to an inaccurate reading of a thermometer . The world 's hottest place is in fact Death Valley , in California . Apparent temperatures , combining the effect of the temperature and humidity , along the Red sea coast of Eritrea and Gulf of Aden coast of Somalia range between 57 ° C ( 135 ° F ) and 63 ° C ( 145 ° F ) during the afternoon hours . The lowest temperature measured within Africa was − 24 ° C ( − 11 ° F ) at Ifrane , Morocco on February 11 , 1935 . Nevertheless , the major part of Africa experiences extreme heat during a good part of the year , especially deserts , steppes and savannas which possesses the highest temperatures . The African deserts are arguably the hottest places on Earth , especially the Sahara Desert and the Danakil Desert , located in the Horn of Africa . Wind ( edit ) Main article : African easterly jet The low - level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa , and helps form the tropical waves which march across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season . The jet exhibits both barotropic and baroclinic instability , which produces synoptic scale , westward propagating disturbances in the jet known as African easterly waves , or tropical waves . A small number of mesoscale storm systems embedded in these waves develop into tropical cyclones after they move from west Africa into the tropical Atlantic , mainly during August and September . When it lies south of normal during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season , tropical cyclone formation is suppressed . Precipitation ( edit ) Mean precipitation map See also : Wet season Great parts of North Africa and Southern Africa as well as the whole Horn of Africa mainly have a hot desert climate , or a hot semi-arid climate for the wetter locations . The Sahara Desert at the north is the largest hot desert in the world and is one of the hottest , driest and sunniest places on Earth . The part just located at the south of the desert is a narrow steppe ( a semi-arid region ) and is called the Sahel , while its most southern areas contain both savanna plains , and its central portion contains very dense jungle ( rainforest ) regions . The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the wettest portion of the continent . Annually , the rain belt across the country marches northward into Sub-Saharan Africa by August , then moves back southward into south - central Africa by March . Areas with a savannah climate in Sub-Saharan Africa , such as Ghana , Burkina Faso , Darfur , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Botswana have a distinct rainy season . El Nino results in drier than normal conditions in Southern Africa from December to February , and wetter than normal conditions over equatorial East Africa over the same period . Within of Madagascar , trade winds bring moisture up the eastern slopes of the island , which is deposited as rainfall , and brings drier downsloped winds to areas south and west leaving the western sections of the island in a rain shadow . This leads to significantly more rainfall over northeast sections of the island than the southwestern portions of Madagascar . Southern Africa receives most of its rainfall from summer convective storms and with extratropical cyclones moving through the Westerlies . Once a decade , tropical cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region . Snow and glaciers ( edit ) Snow in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco . Snow is an almost annual occurrence on some of the mountains of South Africa , including those of the Cedarberg and around Ceres , Western Cape in the South - Western Cape , and on the Drakensberg in Natal and Lesotho . Tiffendell Resort in the Drakensberg is the only commercial skiing that takes place in South Africa , and has `` advanced snow - making capability '' allowing skiing for three months of the year . The Mountain Club of South Africa ( MCSA ) and the Mountain and Ski Club ( MSC ) of the University of Cape Town both have equipped ski huts in the Hex River mountains . Skiing including snowboarding in the Cape is a hit - and - miss affair , both in terms of timing of snowfalls , and whether there is sufficient snow to cover the rocks . Table mountain gets a light dusting of snow on the Front Table and also at Devil 's Peak every few years . Snowfalls on Table Mountain took place on the 20 September 2013 ; 30 Aug 2013 ; 5 August 2011 ; and on 15 June 2010 . In Johannesburg , snow is a rare occurrence , and snowfall took place in May 1956 , August 1962 , June 1964 , September 1981 , August 2006 , and on 27 June 2007 , accumulating up to 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) in the southern suburbs . Additionally , snow regularly falls in the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb . Snowfall is also a regular occurrence at Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania . There have been permanent glaciers on the Rwenzori Mountains , on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . However , by the 2010s , the glaciers are in retreat , and they are under threat of disappearing , due to rising temperatures . See also ( edit ) Effects of global warming on Africa Climate of South Africa Earth rainfall climatology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dr. Owen E. Thompson ( 1996 ) . Hadley Circulation Cell. Archived 2009 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Channel Video Productions . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ ThinkQuest team 26634 ( 1999 ) . The Formation of Deserts . Africa rains because sometimes the sun does n't hit the African surface. like Kenya and Lagos ( one of the countries in Africa ) are rains a lot as people that do live there say so . Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher C. Burt ( 2004 ) . Extreme Weather : a guide & record book . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . pp. 24 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32658 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Wagner ; Bill Adler , Jr. ( 1997 ) . The Weather Sourcebook . Adler & Robin Books , Inc. p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 76270 - 080 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ El Fadli , KI ; et al. ( September 2012 ) . `` World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 ° C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia , Libya ( 13 September 1922 ) '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 ( 2 ) : 199 . Bibcode : 2013BAMS ... 94 ... 199E . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - D - 12 - 00093.1 . ( The 136 ° F ( 57.8 ° C ) , claimed by ' Aziziya , Libya , on September 13 , 1922 , has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization . ) Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kerry H. Cook . Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation . Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea . AOML Frequently Asked Questions . Subject : A4 ) What is an easterly wave ? Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center ( November 1997 ) . `` Figure 7 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Todd Mitchell ( October 2001 ) . `` Africa Rainfall Climatology '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Patrick Laux et al. ( 2008 ) : Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa . International Journal of Climatology , 28 ( 3 ) , 329 - 342 . Jump up ^ Patrick Laux et al. ( 2009 ) : Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa . International Journal of Climatology , 29 ( 7 ) , 937 - 954. , Jump up ^ David Vandervort ( 2009 ) . Darfur : getting ready for the rainy season . International Committee of the Red Cross . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu , M. Tsubo , and Sue Walker ( 2004 ) . A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea . New directions for a diverse planet : Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alex Wynter ( 2009 ) . Ethiopia : March rainy season `` critical '' for southern pastoralists . Thomson Reuters Foundation . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Voice ( 2009 ) . Botswana : Rainy Season Fills Up Dams . allAfrica.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1010/S00173/la-nina-weather-likely-to-last-for-months.htm Jump up ^ T. Andry Arivelo ; Professeur A. Ratiarison ; Professeur M. Bessafi ; Rodolphe Ramiharijafy ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Madagascar rainfall climatology : Extreme Phenomena '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pearl Mngadi ; Petrus JM Visser ; Elizabeth Ebert ( October 2006 ) . `` Southern Africa Satellite Derived Rainfall Estimates Validation '' ( PDF ) . International Precipitation Working Group . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Skiing and Snowboarding '' . Tiffendell . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UCT Mountain and Ski Club '' . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow on Table Mountain '' . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow Doubt ... There 's Snow on Table Mountain Today '' . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow on Table Mountain : August Chill Sets In '' . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Icy Weather Brings Snow to Table Mountain '' . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ SABCnews.com . `` Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dalsy Carrington , CNN , April , 3 , 2014 `` Last chance to see : Disappearing glaciers in the ' Mountains of the Moon ' '' http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/03/world/africa/last-chance-disappearing-glaciers/ ( hide ) Climate of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Africa&oldid=805952574 '' Categories : Climate of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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measures of interior angles of a triangle sum to 180°			Sum of angles of a triangle	sum of angles of a triangle	In several geometries , a triangle has three vertices and three sides , where three angles of a triangle are formed at each vertex by a pair of adjacent sides . In a Euclidean space , the sum of measures of these three angles of any triangle is invariably equal to the straight angle , also expressed as 180 ° , π radians , two right angles , or a half - turn .	It was unknown for a long time whether other geometries exist , where this sum is different . The influence of this problem on mathematics was particularly strong during the 19th century . Ultimately , the answer was proven to be positive : in other spaces ( geometries ) this sum can be greater or lesser , but it then must depend on the triangle . Its difference from 180 ° is a case of angular defect and serves as an important distinction for geometric systems . Equivalence of the parallel postulate and the `` sum of the angles equals to 180 ° '' statement Contents 1 Cases 1.1 Euclidean geometry 1.2 Hyperbolic geometry 1.3 Spherical geometry 2 Exterior angles 3 In differential geometry 4 References 5 See also Cases ( edit ) Euclidean geometry ( edit ) In Euclidean geometry , the triangle postulate states that the sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles . This postulate is equivalent to the parallel postulate . In the presence of the other axioms of Euclidean geometry , the following statements are equivalent : Triangle postulate : The sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles . Playfair 's axiom : Given a straight line and a point not on the line , exactly one straight line may be drawn through the point parallel to the given line . Proclus ' axiom : If a line intersects one of two parallel lines , it must intersect the other also . Equidistance postulate : Parallel lines are everywhere equidistant ( i.e. the distance from each point on one line to the other line is always the same . ) Triangle area property : The area of a triangle can be as large as we please . Three points property : Three points either lie on a line or lie on a circle . Pythagoras ' theorem : In a right - angled triangle , the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides . Hyperbolic geometry ( edit ) Main article : Hyperbolic triangle The sum of the angles of a hyperbolic triangle is less than 180 ° . The relation between angular defect and the triangle 's area was first proven by Johann Heinrich Lambert . One can easily see how hyperbolic geometry breaks Playfair 's axiom , Proclus ' axiom ( the parallelism , defined as non-intersection , is intransitive in an hyperbolic plane ) , the equidistance postulate ( the points on one side of , and equidistant from , a given line do not form a line ) , and Pythagoras ' theorem . A circle can not have arbitrarily small curvature , so the three points property also fails . The sum of the angles can be arbitrarily small ( but positive ) . For an ideal triangle , a generalization of hyperbolic triangles , this sum is equal to zero . Spherical geometry ( edit ) See also : Triangle § Non-planar triangles For a spherical triangle , the sum of the angles is greater than 180 ° and can be up to 540 ° . Specifically , the sum of the angles is 180 ° × ( 1 + 4f ) , where f is the fraction of the sphere 's area which is enclosed by the triangle . Note that spherical geometry does not satisfy several of Euclid 's axioms ( including the parallel postulate . ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2013 ) Exterior angles ( edit ) The picture shows exterior angles along with interior ones , for the rightmost vertex it is shown as = / ) Main article : Internal and external angle Angles between adjacent sides of a triangle are referred to as interior angles in Euclidean and other geometries . Exterior angles can be also defined , and the Euclidean triangle postulate can be formulated as the exterior angle theorem . One can also consider the sum of all three exterior angles , that equals to 360 ° in the Euclidean case ( as for any convex polygon ) , is less than 360 ° in the spherical case , and is greater than 360 ° in the hyperbolic case . In differential geometry ( edit ) In the differential geometry of surfaces , the question of a triangle 's angular defect is understood as a special case of the Gauss - Bonnet theorem where the curvature of a closed curve is not a function , but a measure with the support in exactly three points -- vertices of a triangle . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2013 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eric W. Weisstein ( 2003 ) . CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 2147 . ISBN 1 - 58488 - 347 - 2 . The parallel postulate is equivalent to the Equidistance postulate , Playfair axiom , Proclus axiom , the Triangle postulate and the Pythagorean theorem . Jump up ^ Keith J. Devlin ( 2000 ) . The Language of Mathematics : Making the Invisible Visible . Macmillan . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7254 - 3 . Jump up ^ Essentially , the transitivity of parallelism . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , John ( 2006 ) , Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds , Graduate Texts in Mathematics , 149 , Springer , p. 99 , ISBN 9780387331973 , That the area of a hyperbolic triangle is proportional to its angle defect first appeared in Lambert 's monograph Theorie der Parallellinien , which was published posthumously in 1786 . Jump up ^ Defined as the set of points at the fixed distance from its centre . Jump up ^ Defined in the differentially - geometrical sense . Jump up ^ From the definition of an exterior angle , its sums up to the straight angle with the interior angles . So , the sum of three exterior angles added to the sum of three interior angles always gives three straight angles . See also ( edit ) Euclid 's Elements Foundations of geometry Hilbert 's axioms Saccheri quadrilateral ( considered earlier than Saccheri by Omar Khayyám ) Lambert quadrilateral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sum_of_angles_of_a_triangle&oldid=847743407 '' Categories : Geometry Triangle geometry Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from November 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Հայերեն Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%20of%20angles%20of%20a%20triangle	2,770
when did the cubs win the world series last	The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116 -- 36 and posting a modern - era record winning percentage of . 763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( `` The Hitless Wonders '' ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71 - year National League pennant drought and a 108 - year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108 - year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season .	2016	Chicago Cubs	chicago cubs	The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , was a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 .	The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116 -- 36 and posting a modern - era record winning percentage of . 763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( `` The Hitless Wonders '' ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71 - year National League pennant drought and a 108 - year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108 - year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season . The Cubs are known as `` the North Siders '' , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side . The Cubs have multiple rivalries . There is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers . There is also an interleague rivalry with the White Sox . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early club history 1.1. 1 1876 -- 1902 : A National League 1.1. 2 1902 -- 1920 : A Cubs dynasty 1.2 The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1.2. 1 1929 -- 1938 : Every three years 1.2. 2 1945 : Curse of the Billy Goat 1.2. 3 1969 : Fall of ' 69 1.2. 4 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon 1.3 Tribune Company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1.3. 1 1984 : Heartbreak 1.3. 2 1989 : NL East division championship 1.3. 3 1998 : Wild card race and home run chase 1.3. 4 2001 : Playoff push 1.3. 5 2003 : Five more outs 1.3. 6 2004 -- 2006 1.3. 7 2007 -- 2008 : Back to back division titles 1.4 The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) 1.4. 1 2010 - 2014 : The decline and rebuild 1.4. 2 2015 : The arrival of Joe Maddon 1.4. 3 2016 : World Series Champions 2 Ballpark 2.1 Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville 2.2 Bleacher Bums 3 Culture 3.1 Cubs Win Flag 3.2 Mascots 3.3 Music 3.4 Popular culture 3.5 Tinker to Evers to Chance 4 Playoffs / Championships 5 Distinctions 5.1 Forbes ' value rankings 6 Team 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Hall of Famers 6.4 Minor league affiliations 6.5 Spring training history 7 Media 7.1 Radio 7.2 Print 7.3 Television 7.4 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the Chicago Cubs Early club history 1876 -- 1902 : a National League The 1876 White Stockings won the N.L. championship The Cubs began play in 1876 as the Chicago White Stockings , joining the National League ( NL ) as a charter member . Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players , such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes , Deacon White , and Adrian `` Cap '' Anson , to join the team prior to the N.L. 's first season . The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new league 's top teams . Spalding won forty - seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at . 429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant , which at the time was the game 's top prize . After back - to - back pennants in 1880 and 1881 , Hulbert died , and Spalding , who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods , assumed ownership of the club . The White Stockings , with Anson acting as player - manager , captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882 , and Anson established himself as the game 's first true superstar . In 1885 and ' 86 , after winning N.L. pennants , the White Stockings met the champions of the short - lived American Association in that era 's version of a World Series . Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings , with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886 . This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports . In all , the Anson - led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886 . As a result , Chicago 's club nickname transitioned , and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts , or sometimes `` Anson 's Colts '' , referring to Cap 's influence within the club . Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits . After a disappointing record of 59 -- 73 and a ninth - place finish in 1897 , Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager . Due to Anson 's absence from the club after 22 years , local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the `` Orphans '' . After the 1900 season , the American Base - Ball League formed as a rival professional league , and incidentally the club 's old White Stockings nickname ( eventually shortened to White Sox ) would be adopted by a new American League neighbor to the south . 1902 -- 1920 : a Cubs dynasty The 1906 Cubs won a record 116 of 154 games . They then won back - to - back World Series titles in 1907 -- 08 In 1902 , Spalding , who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century , sold the club to Jim Hart . The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902 , although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season . During this period , which has become known as baseball 's dead - ball era , Cub infielders Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance were made famous as a double - play combination by Franklin P. Adams ' poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon . The poem first appeared in the July 18 , 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail . Mordecai `` Three - Finger '' Brown , Jack Taylor , Ed Reulbach , Jack Pfiester , and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period . With Chance acting as player - manager from 1905 to 1912 , the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five - year span . Although they fell to the `` Hitless Wonders '' White Sox in the 1906 World Series , the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (. 763 ) in Major League history . With mostly the same roster , Chicago won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice . However , the Cubs would not win another World Series until 2016 ; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports . 1913 Chicago Cubs The next season , veteran catcher Johnny Kling left the team to become a professional pocket billiards player . Some historians think Kling 's absence was significant enough to prevent the Cubs from also winning a third straight title in 1909 , as they finished 6 games out of first place . When Kling returned the next year , the Cubs won the pennant again , but lost to the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1910 World Series . In 1914 , advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club 's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise . Lasker brought in a wealthy partner , Charles Weeghman , the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short - lived Federal League . As principal owners , the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park , which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier , where they remain to this day . The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war - shortened season of 1918 , where they played a part in another team 's curse : the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander 's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series , Boston 's last Series championship until 2004 . Beginning in 1916 , Bill Wrigley of chewing - gum fame acquired an increasing quantity of stock in the Cubs . By 1921 he was the majority owner , maintaining that status into the 1930s . Meanwhile , the year 1919 saw the start of the tenure of Bill Veeck , Sr. as team president . Veeck would hold that post throughout the 1920s and into the 30s . The management team of Wrigley and Veeck came to be known as the `` double - Bills . '' The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1929 -- 1938 : every three years Club logo 1927 -- 1936 Near the end of the first decade of the double - Bills ' guidance , the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years , following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932 , 1935 , and 1938 . Unfortunately , their success did not extend to the Fall Classic , as they fell to their AL rivals each time . The ' 32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth 's `` called shot '' at Wrigley Field in game three . There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well ; In 1930 , Hack Wilson , one of the top home run hitters in the game , had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history , hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs - batted - in record of 191 . That 1930 club , which boasted six eventual hall of fame members ( Wilson , Gabby Hartnett , Rogers Hornsby , George `` High Pockets '' Kelly , Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy ) established the current team batting average record of . 309 . In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion , winning a record 21 games in a row in September . The ' 38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team 's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late - season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk - off home run by Gabby Hartnett , which became known in baseball lore as `` The Homer in the Gloamin ' '' . After the `` double - Bills '' ( Wrigley and Veeck ) died in 1932 and 1933 respectively , P.K. Wrigley , son of Bill Wrigley , took over as majority owner . He was unable to extend his father 's baseball success beyond 1938 , and the Cubs slipped into years of mediocrity , although the Wrigley family would retain control of the team until 1981 . 1945 : curse of the Billy goat Main article : Curse of the Billy Goat The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II , finishing 98 -- 56 . Due to the wartime travel restrictions , the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit , where the Cubs won two games , including a one - hitter by Claude Passeau , and the final four were played at Wrigley . In game four of the series , the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis , who had come to game four with two box seat tickets , one for him and one for his goat . They paraded around for a few innings , but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor . Upon his ejection , Sianis uttered , `` The Cubs , they ai n't gon na win no more . '' The Cubs lost game four , lost the series , and did not return until the 2016 World Series . It has also been said by many that Sianis put a curse on the Cubs , apparently preventing the team from playing in the World Series . After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers , the Cubs finished with a respectable 82 - 71 record in the following year , but this was only good enough for third place . In the following two decades after Sianis ' ill will , the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball , finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis . From 1947 to 1966 , they only notched one winning season . Longtime infielder - manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the 1945 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place . Although shortstop Ernie Banks would become one of the star players in the league during the next decade , finding help for him proved a difficult task , as quality players such as Hank Sauer were few and far between . This , combined with poor ownership decisions such as the College of Coaches , and the ill - fated trade of future Hall of Fame member Lou Brock to the Cardinals for pitcher Ernie Broglio ( who won only seven games over the next three seasons ) , hampered on - field performance . 1969 : Fall of ' 69 Main article : 1969 Chicago Cubs season The late - 1960s brought hope of a renaissance , with third baseman Ron Santo , pitcher Ferguson Jenkins , and outfielder Billy Williams joining Banks . After losing a dismal 103 games in 1966 , the Cubs brought home consecutive winning records in ' 67 and ' 68 , marking the first time a Cub team had accomplished that feat in over two decades . In 1969 the Cubs , managed by Leo Durocher , built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August . Ken Holtzman pitched a no - hitter on August 19 , and the division lead grew to 8 ⁄ games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 ⁄ games over the New York Mets . After the game of September 2 , the Cubs record was 84 - 52 with the Mets in second place at 77 - 55 . But then a losing streak began just as a Mets winning streak was beginning . The Cubs lost the final game of a series at Cincinnati , then came home to play the resurgent Pittsburgh Pirates ( who would finish in third place ) . After losing the first two games by scores of 9 - 2 and 13 - 4 , the Cubs led going into the ninth inning . A win would be a positive springboard since the Cubs were to play a crucial series with the Mets the next day . But Willie Stargell drilled a two - out , two - strike pitch from the Cubs ' ace reliever , Phil Regan , onto Sheffield Avenue to tie the score in the top of the ninth . The Cubs would lose 7 - 5 in extra innings. ( 6 ) Burdened by a four - game losing streak , the Cubs traveled to Shea Stadium for a short two - game set . The Mets won both games , and the Cubs left New York with a record of 84 - 58 just 1 ⁄ 2 game in front . More of the same followed in Philadelphia , as a 99 loss Phillies team nonetheless defeated the Cubs twice , to extend Chicago 's losing streak to eight games . In a key play in the second game , on September 11 , Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo , who was nowhere near the bag or the ball . Selma 's throwing error opened the gates to a Phillies rally . After that second Philly loss , the Cubs were 84 - 60 and the Mets had pulled ahead at 85 - 57 . The Mets would not look back . The Cubs ' eight - game losing streak finally ended the next day in St. Louis , but the Mets were in the midst of a ten - game winning streak , and the Cubs , wilting from team fatigue , generally deteriorated in all phases of the game. ( 1 ) The Mets ( who had lost a record 120 games 7 years earlier ) , would go on to win the World Series . The Cubs , despite a respectable 92 - 70 record , would be remembered for having lost a remarkable 171⁄2 games in the standings to the Mets in the last quarter of the season . 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon Main article : 1977 Chicago Cubs season Following the 1969 season , the club posted winning records for the next few seasons , but no playoff action . After the core players of those teams started to move on , the 70s got worse for the team , and they became known as `` the Loveable Losers . '' In 1977 , the team found some life , but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses . The Cubs hit a high - water mark on June 28 at 47 -- 22 , boasting an 8 ⁄ game NL East lead , as they were led by Bobby Murcer ( 27 HR / 89 RBI ) , and Rick Reuschel ( 20 -- 10 ) . However , the Philadelphia Phillies cut the lead to two by the All - star break , as the Cubs sat 19 games over . 500 , but they swooned late in the season , going 20 -- 40 after July 31 . The Cubs finished in fourth place at 81 -- 81 , while Philadelphia surged , finishing with 101 wins . The following two seasons also saw the Cubs get off to a fast start , as the team rallied to over 10 games above . 500 well into both seasons , only to again wear down and play poorly later on , and ultimately settling back to mediocrity . This trait became known as the `` June Swoon '' . Again , the Cubs ' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team 's inconsistent late season play . Wrigley died in 1977 . The Wrigley family sold the team to the Chicago Tribune in 1981 , ending a 65 - year family relationship with the Cubs . Tribune company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1984 : heartbreak Main article : 1984 Chicago Cubs season Ryne Sandberg set numerous league and club records in his career and was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2005 . After over a dozen more subpar seasons , in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise . Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title . One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor - league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg , along with Larry Bowa for Iván DeJesús . The 1983 Cubs had finished 71 -- 91 under Lee Elia , who was fired before the season ended by Green . Green continued the culture of change and overhauled the Cubs roster , front - office and coaching staff prior to 1984 . Jim Frey was hired to manage the 1984 Cubs , with Don Zimmer coaching 3rd base and Billy Connors serving as pitching coach . Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions . In December , 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three - team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez . Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (. 333 BA in 1984 ) was signed as a free - agent . In spring training , moves continued : LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26 , for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer . Reliever Tim Stoddard ( 10 -- 6 3.82 , 7 saves ) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer ; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released . The team 's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel ( 5 -- 5 ) and Sanderson . The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians . Joe Carter ( who was with the Triple - A Iowa Cubs at the time ) and right fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back - up catcher Ron Hassey (. 333 with Cubs in 1984 ) . Sutcliffe ( 5 -- 5 with the Indians ) immediately joined Sanderson ( 8 -- 5 3.14 ) , Eckersley ( 10 -- 8 3.03 ) , Steve Trout ( 13 -- 7 3.41 ) and Dick Ruthven ( 6 -- 10 5.04 ) in the starting rotation . Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16 -- 1 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award . The Cubs 1984 starting lineup was very strong . It consisted of LF Matthews (. 291 14 -- 82 101 runs 17 SB ) , C Jody Davis (. 256 19 -- 94 ) , RF Keith Moreland (. 279 16 -- 80 ) , SS Larry Bowa (. 223 10 SB ) , 1B Leon `` Bull '' Durham (. 279 23 -- 96 16SB ) , CF Dernier (. 278 45 SB ) , 3B Ron Cey (. 240 25 -- 97 ) , Closer Lee Smith ( 9 -- 7 3.65 33 saves ) and 1984 NL MVP Ryne Sandberg (. 314 19 -- 84 114 runs , 19 triples , 32 SB ) . Reserve players Hebner , Thad Bosley , Henry Cotto , Hassey and Dave Owen produced exciting moments . The bullpen depth of Rich Bordi , George Frazier , Warren Brusstar and Dickie Noles did their job in getting the game to Smith or Stoddard . At the top of the order , Dernier and Sandberg were exciting , aptly coined `` the Daily Double '' by Harry Caray . With strong defense -- Dernier CF and Sandberg 2B , won the NL Gold Glove - solid pitching and clutch hitting , the Cubs were a well balanced team . Following the `` Daily Double '' , Matthews , Durham , Cey , Moreland and Davis gave the Cubs an order with no gaps to pitch around . Sutcliffe anchored a strong top to bottom rotation and Smith was one of the top closers in the game . The shift in the Cubs ' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the `` NBC Saturday Game of the Week '' contest against the St. Louis Cardinals ; it has since been dubbed simply `` The Sandberg Game . '' With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed , Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one , but two game - tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter . With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East . No one would catch them , except the Padres in the playoffs . In early August the Cubs swept the Mets in a 4 - game home series that further distanced them from the pack . An infamous Keith Moreland - Ed Lynch fight erupted after Lynch hit Moreland with a pitch , perhaps forgetting Moreland was once a linebacker at the University of Texas . It was the second game of a double header and the Cubs had won the first game in part due to a three run home run by Moreland . After the bench - clearing fight the Cubs won the second game , and the sweep put the Cubs at 68 -- 45 . In 1984 , each league had two divisions , East and West . The divisional winners met in a best - of - 5 series to advance to the World Series , in a `` 2 -- 3 '' format , first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage . Then the last three games were played at the home of the team , with home field advantage . Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents , San Diego . A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West . In fact , home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded . In even numbered years , the NL West had home field advantage . In odd numbered years , the NL East had home field advantage . Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983 , the NL West winners were entitled to it . The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that , should the Cubs make it to the World Series , the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights . Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park , home of the American League 's Chicago White Sox . Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park , the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch , owner of the St. Louis Cardinals , to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs `` home field '' for the World Series . This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2 , along with games 6 and 7 if necessary . At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league . Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage . Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage . In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage . In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage . In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres . The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey , Tony Gwynn , Eric Show , Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins . With wins of 13 -- 0 and 4 -- 2 , the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series . After being beaten in Game 3 7 -- 1 , the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith , with the game tied 5 -- 5 , allowed a game - winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning . In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 6th inning , and a 3 -- 2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe ( who won the Cy Young Award that year ) still on the mound . Then , Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove . This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6 -- 3 , with a 4 - run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers . The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs , one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans . The Padres would be defeated in 5 games by Sparky Anderson 's Tigers in the World Series . Baseball experts felt the Cubs would have better represented the National League and would have won at least two World Series games . Shawon Dunston was the Cubs shortstop for 10 years . The 1985 season brought high hopes . The club started out well , going 35 -- 19 through mid-June , but injuries to Sutcliffe and others in the pitching staff contributed to a 13 - game losing streak that pushed the Cubs out of contention . 1989 : NL East division championship Main article : 1989 Chicago Cubs season In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner - Up Dwight Smith . The Cubs won the NL East once again that season winning 93 games . This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS . After splitting the first two games at home , the Cubs headed to the Bay Area , where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games , bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses . The Cubs could n't overcome the efforts of Will Clark , whose home run off Maddux , just after a managerial visit to the mound , led Maddux to think Clark knew what pitch was coming . Afterward , Maddux would speak into his glove during any mound conversation , beginning what is a norm today . Mark Grace was 11 -- 17 in the series with 8 RBI . Eventually , the Giants lost to the `` Bash Brothers '' and the Oakland A 's in the famous `` Earthquake Series . '' 1998 : Wild Card race and home run chase Sammy Sosa was the captain of the Chicago Cubs during his tenure with the team . Main articles : 1998 Chicago Cubs season and 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase The 1998 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray . After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston , the Cubs had holes to fill , and the signing of Henry Rodríguez to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup , as Rodriguez slugged 31 round - trippers in his first season in Chicago . Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins while Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons . The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998 , and the team 's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood . Wood 's signature performance was one - hitting the Houston Astros , a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings . His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname `` Kid K , '' and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award . Sosa caught fire in June , hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month , and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks . McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs , but Sosa 's . 308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award . After a down - to - the - wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants , Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied , and thus squared off in a one - game playoff at Wrigley Field . Third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer in the playoff game . The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason for the first time since 1989 with a 90 -- 73 regular season record . Unfortunately , the bats went cold in October , as manager Jim Riggleman 's club batted . 183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta in the National League Division Series . The home run chase between Sosa , McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike . The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in 1998 , but , after a fast start in 1999 , they collapsed again ( starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June ) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons . 2001 : playoff push Main article : 2001 Chicago Cubs season Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley , skipper Don Baylor 's Cubs put together a good season in 2001 . The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach `` positive thinking . '' One of the biggest stories of the season transpired as the club made a midseason deal for Fred McGriff , which was drawn out for nearly a month as McGriff debated waiving his no - trade clause . The Cubs led the wild card race by 2.5 games in early September , but crumbled when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom `` Flash '' Gordon , which halted the team 's momentum . The team was unable to make another serious charge , and finished at 88 -- 74 , five games behind both Houston and St. Louis , who tied for first . Sosa had perhaps his finest season and Jon Lieber led the staff with a 20 - win season . 2003 : five more outs Main articles : 2003 Chicago Cubs season and Steve Bartman incident The Cubs had high expectations in 2002 , but the squad played poorly . On July 5 , 2002 , the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position . The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in 2003 . Most notably , they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramírez , and rode dominant pitching , led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior , as the Cubs led the division down the stretch . Mark Prior , along with Kerry Wood , led the Cubs ' rotation in 2003 . Chicago halted St. Louis ' run to the playoffs by taking four of five games from the Cardinals at Wrigley Field in early September , after which they won their first division title in 14 years . They then went on to defeat the Atlanta Braves in a dramatic five - game Division Series , the franchise 's first postseason series win since beating the Detroit Tigers in the 1908 World Series . After losing an extra-inning game in Game 1 , the Cubs rallied and took a three - games - to - one lead over the Wild Card Florida Marlins in the National League Championship Series . Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5 , but the Cubs returned home to Wrigley Field with young pitcher Mark Prior to lead the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 8th inning . It was at this point when a now - infamous incident took place . Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo . A Chicago Cubs fan by the name of Steve Bartman , of Northbrook , Illinois , reached for the ball and deflected it away from the glove of Moisés Alou for the second out of the eighth inning . Alou reacted angrily toward the stands and after the game stated that he would have caught the ball . Alou at one point recanted , saying he would not have been able to make the play , but later said this was just an attempt to make Bartman feel better and believing the whole incident should be forgotten . Interference was not called on the play , as the ball was ruled to be on the spectator side of the wall . Castillo was eventually walked by Prior . Two batters later , and to the chagrin of the packed stadium , Cubs shortstop Alex Gonzalez misplayed an inning - ending double play , loading the bases . The error would lead to eight Florida runs and a Marlin victory . Despite sending Kerry Wood to the mound and holding a lead twice , the Cubs ultimately dropped Game 7 , and failed to reach the World Series . The `` Steve Bartman incident '' was seen as the `` first domino '' in the turning point of the era , and the Cubs did not win a playoff game for the next eleven seasons . 2004 -- 2006 Main articles : 2004 Chicago Cubs season , 2005 Chicago Cubs season , and 2006 Chicago Cubs season In 2004 , the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series . The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee ( who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee - seop Choi ) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectations . Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra , misfortune struck the Cubs again . They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25 . On that day , both teams lost , giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season , but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets , and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings . The defeat seemingly deflated the team , as they proceeded to drop six of their last eight games as the Astros won the Wild Card . Dempster emerged in 2004 and became the Cubs ' regular closer . Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games , this fallout was decidedly unlovable , as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season 's final game early and then lied about it publicly . Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked - bat incident , Sammy 's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him , ( many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room ) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs ' lore for years to come . The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood . Additionally , the 2004 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone , who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker . Things were no better in 2005 , despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster . The club struggled and suffered more key injuries , only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant . In 2006 , bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66 -- 96 , last in the NL Central . 2007 -- 2008 : back to back division titles Alfonso Soriano signed with the club in 2007 Main articles : 2007 Chicago Cubs season and 2008 Chicago Cubs season After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006 , the Cubs re-tooled and went from `` worst to first '' in 2007 . In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at eight years for $136 million , and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella . After a rough start , which included a brawl between Michael Barrett and Carlos Zambrano , the Cubs overcame the Milwaukee Brewers , who had led the division for most of the season . The Cubs traded Barrett to the Padres , and later acquired catcher Jason Kendall from Oakland . Kendall was highly successful with his management of the pitching rotation and helped at the plate as well . By September , Geovany Soto became the full - time starter behind the plate , replacing the veteran Kendall . Winning streaks in June and July , coupled with a pair of dramatic , late - inning wins against the Reds , led to the Cubs ultimately clinching the NL Central with a record of 85 -- 77 . They met Arizona in the NLDS , but controversy followed as Piniella , in a move that has since come under scrutiny , pulled Carlos Zambrano after the sixth inning of a pitcher 's duel with D - Backs ace Brandon Webb , to `` ... save Zambrano for ( a potential ) Game 4 . '' The Cubs , however , were unable to come through , losing the first game and eventually stranding over 30 baserunners in a three - game Arizona sweep . Carlos Zambrano warming up before a game . The Tribune company , in financial distress , was acquired by real - estate mogul Sam Zell in December 2007 . This acquisition included the Cubs . However , Zell did not take an active part in running the baseball franchise , instead concentrating on putting together a deal to sell it . The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008 , going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906 -- 08 . The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts , as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome . The team recorded their 10,000 th win in April , while establishing an early division lead . Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July . The Cubs headed into the All - Star break with the N.L. 's best record , and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All - Star game , including catcher Geovany Soto , who was named Rookie of the Year . The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four - game series in Milwaukee . On September 14 , in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike , Zambrano pitched a no - hitter against the Astros , and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley . The club ended the season with a 97 -- 64 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS . The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1 , but James Loney 's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series ' momentum . Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20 -- 6 in a Dodger sweep , which provided yet another sudden ending . The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009 , ending the Tribune years . Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune 's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts siblings , led by chairman Thomas S. Ricketts , the Cubs ' quest for a NL Central three - peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years . Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see - saw battle for first place into August 2009 , but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20 -- 6 pace that month , designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race , from which they were eliminated in the season 's final week . The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009 , and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season . Third baseman Aramis Ramírez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers , sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles . Additionally , key players like Derrek Lee ( who still managed to hit . 306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season ) , Alfonso Soriano , and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries . The Cubs posted a winning record ( 83 -- 78 ) for the third consecutive season , the first time the club had done so since 1972 , and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts family was approved by MLB owners in early October . 2010 - 2014 : the decline and rebuild Main articles : 2010 Chicago Cubs season , 2011 Chicago Cubs season , 2012 Chicago Cubs season , 2013 Chicago Cubs season , and 2014 Chicago Cubs season Starlin Castro during his 2010 rookie season . Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May ( 2010 ) as the starting shortstop . However , the club played poorly in the early season , finding themselves 10 games under . 500 at the end of June . In addition , long - time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee , and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry , who called the conduct `` unacceptable . '' On August 22 , Lou Piniella , who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season , announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother . Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year . Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24 -- 13 under Quade , the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch , earning Quade the manager position going forward on October 19 . On December 3 , 2010 , Cubs broadcaster and former third baseman , Ron Santo , died due to complications from bladder cancer and diabetes . He spent 13 seasons as a player with the Cubs , and at the time of his death was regarded as one of the greatest players not in the Hall of Fame . He was posthumously elected to the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free - agent slugger Carlos Peña , the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under . 500 with a record of 71 -- 91 . Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five - year contract worth over $18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade . Epstein , a proponent of sabremetrics and one of the architects of the 2004 and 2007 World Series championships in Boston , brought along Jed Hoyer from the Padres to fill the role of GM and hired Dale Sveum as manager . Although the team had a dismal 2012 season , losing 101 games ( the worst record since 1966 ) , it was largely expected . The youth movement ushered in by Epstein and Hoyer began as longtime fan favorite Kerry Wood retired in May , followed by Ryan Dempster and Geovany Soto being traded to Texas at the All - Star break for a group of minor league prospects headlined by Christian Villanueva , but also included little thought of Kyle Hendricks . The development of Castro , Anthony Rizzo , Darwin Barney , Brett Jackson and pitcher Jeff Samardzija , as well as the replenishing of the minor - league system with prospects such as Javier Baez , Albert Almora , and Jorge Soler became the primary focus of the season , a philosophy which the new management said would carry over at least through the 2013 season . One of two Cubs building blocks , Anthony Rizzo , swinging in the box . The 2013 season resulted in much as the same the year before . Shortly before the trade deadline , the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt , Carl Edwards Jr , Neil Ramirez , and Justin Grimm . Three days later , the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black . The mid season fire sale led to another last place finish in the NL Central , finishing with a record of 66 - 96 . Although there was a five - game improvement in the record from the year before , Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro seemed to take steps backward in their development . On September 30 , 2013 , Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs . The regression of several young players was thought to be the main focus point , as the front office said Sveum would not be judged based on wins and losses . In two seasons as skipper , Sveum finished with a record of 127 -- 197 . The 2013 season was also notable as the Cubs drafted future Rookie of the Year and MVP Kris Bryant with the second overall selection . On November 7 , 2013 , the Cubs hired San Diego Padres bench coach Rick Renteria to be the 53rd manager in team history . The Cubs finished the 2014 season in last place with a 73 - 89 record in Rentería 's first and only season as manager . Despite the poor record , the Cubs improved in many areas during 2014 , including rebound years by Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro , ending the season with a winning record at home for the first time since 2009 , and compiling a 33 -- 34 record after the All - Star Break . However , following unexpected availability of Joe Maddon , the Cubs relieved Rentería of his managerial duties on October 31 , 2014 . During the season , the Cubs drafted Kyle Schwarber with the fourth overall selection . Hall of Famer Ernie Banks died of a heart attack on January 23 , 2015 , shortly before his 84th birthday . The 2015 uniform carried a commemorative # 14 patch on both its home and away jerseys in his honor . 2015 : the arrival of Joe Maddon Main article : 2015 Chicago Cubs season On November 2 , 2014 , the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five - year contract to be the 54th manager in team history . On December 10 , 2014 , Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a six - year , $155 million contract . Many other trades and acquisitions occurred during the off season . The opening day lineup for the Cubs contained five new players including center fielder Dexter Fowler . Rookies Kris Bryant and Addison Russell were in the starting lineup by mid-April , and rookie Kyle Schwarber was added in mid-June . On August 30 , Jake Arrieta threw a no hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Cubs finished the 2015 season in third place in the NL Central , with a record of 97 -- 65 , the third best record in the majors and earned a wild card berth . On October 7 , in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game , Arrieta pitched a complete game shutout and the Cubs defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 . The Cubs defeated the Cardinals in the NLDS three - games - to - one , qualifying for a return to the NLCS for the first time in 12 years , where they faced the New York Mets . This was the first time in franchise history that the Cubs had clinched a playoff series at Wrigley Field . However , they were swept in four games by the Mets and were unable to make it to their first World Series since 1945 . 2016 : World Series champions Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs celebrate after winning the 2016 World Series Before the season , in an effort to shore up their lineup , free agents Ben Zobrist , Jason Heyward and John Lackey were signed . To make room for the Zobrist signing , Starlin Castro was traded to the Yankees for Adam Warren and Brendan Ryan , the latter of whom was released a week later . 2016 Champions visit the White House in June 2017 In a season that included a no - hitter on April 21 by Jake Arrieta , the Cubs finished with the best record in Major League Baseball and won their first National League Central title since the 2008 season , winning by 17.5 games . The team also reached the 100 - win mark for the first time since 1935 and won 103 total games , the most wins for the franchise since 1910 . The Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series and returned to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row , where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games . This was their first NLCS win since the series was created in 1969 . The win earned the Cubs their first World Series appearance since 1945 and a chance for their first World Series win since 1908 . Coming back from a three - games - to - one deficit , the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series , They were the first team to come back from a three - games - to - one deficit since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 . On November 4 , the city of Chicago held a victory parade and rally for the Cubs that began at Wrigley Field , headed down Lake Shore Drive , and ended in Grant Park . The city estimated that over five million people attended the parade and rally , which made it one of the largest recorded gatherings in history . Ballpark Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville Wrigley Field ( exterior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Wrigley Field ( interior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Further information : Wrigley Rooftops and Wrigley Field renovations The Cubs have played their home games at Wrigley Field , also known as `` The Friendly Confines '' since 1916 . It was built in 1914 as Weeghman Park for the Chicago Whales , a Federal League baseball team . The Cubs also shared the park with the Chicago Bears of the NFL for 50 years . The ballpark includes a manual scoreboard , ivy - covered brick walls , and relatively small dimensions . Located in Chicago 's Lake View neighborhood , Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues . The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville . There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area , most with baseball inspired themes , including Sluggers , Murphy 's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear . Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement . One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says `` Eamus Catuli ! '' which is Latin for `` Let 's Go Cubs ! '' and another chronicles the time since the last Division title , pennant , and World Series championship . The 00 denotes the 2016 NL Central title , NL pennant , and the World Series championship . On game days , many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots . The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood , and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events , such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings , as well as a 2010 NCAA men 's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini . In 2013 , Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five - year , $575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field . Called the 1060 Project , the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium 's facade , infrastructure , restrooms , concourses , suites , press box , bullpens , and clubhouses , as well as a 6,000 - square - foot ( 560 m ) t jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers , batting tunnels , a 3,000 - square - foot ( 280 m ) video board in right field , and , eventually , an adjacent hotel , plaza , and office - retail complex . In previously years mostly all efforts to conduct any large - scale renovations to the field had been opposed by the city , former mayor Richard M. Daley ( a staunch White Sox fan ) , and especially the rooftop owners . Months of negotiations between the team , a group of rooftop properties investors , local Alderman Tom Tunney , and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel followed with the eventual endorsements of the city 's Landmarks Commission , the Plan Commission and final approval by the Chicago City Council in July 2013 . The project began at the conclusion of the 2014 season . Bleacher bums The `` Bleacher Bums '' is a name given to fans , many of whom spend much of the day heckling , who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field . Initially , the group was called `` bums '' because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games , and since those games were all day games , it was assumed they did not work . Many of those fans were , and are still , students at Chicago area colleges , such as DePaul University , Loyola , Northwestern University , and Illinois - Chicago . A Broadway play , starring Joe Mantegna , Dennis Farina , Dennis Franz , and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club 's games . The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl , Tom Nall and `` mad bugler '' Mike Murphy , who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago - based WSCR AM 670 `` The Score '' . Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams ' home run balls . The current group is headed by Derek Schaul ( Derek the Five Dollar Kid ) . Prior to the 2006 season , they were updated , with new shops and private bar ( The Batter 's Eye ) being added , and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section , dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers . Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission , except during the playoffs . The bleachers have been referred to as the `` World 's Largest Beer Garden . '' A popular T - shirt ( sold inside the park and licensed by the club ) which says `` Wrigley Bleachers '' on the front and the phrase `` Shut Up and Drink Your Beer '' on the reverse fuels this stereotype . Culture Cubs win flag Cubs Win Flag Cubs Lose Flag Main article : Cubs Win Flag Beginning in the days of P.K. Wrigley and the 1937 bleacher / scoreboard reconstruction , and prior to modern media saturation , a flag with either a `` W '' or an `` L '' has flown from atop the scoreboard masthead , indicating the day 's result ( s ) when baseball was played at Wrigley . In case of a split doubleheader , both the `` W '' and `` L '' flags are flown . Past Cubs media guides show that originally the flags were blue with a white `` W '' and white with a blue `` L '' . In 1978 , consistent with the dominant colors of the flags , blue and white lights were mounted atop the scoreboard , denoting `` win '' and `` loss '' respectively for the benefit of nighttime passers - by . The flags were replaced by 1990 , the first year in which the Cubs media guide reports the switch to the now familiar colors of the flags : White with blue `` W '' and blue with white `` L '' . In addition to needing to replace the worn - out flags , by then the retired numbers of Banks and Williams were flying on the foul poles , as white with blue numbers ; so the `` good '' flag was switched to match that scheme . This long - established tradition has evolved to fans carrying the white - with - blue - W flags to both home and away games , and displaying them after a Cub win . The flags have become more and more popular each season since 1998 , and are now even sold as T - shirts with the same layout . In 2009 , the tradition spilled over to the NHL as Chicago Blackhawks fans adopted a red and black `` W '' flag of their own . During the early and mid-2000s , Chip Caray usually declared that a Cubs win at home meant it was `` White flag time at Wrigley ! '' More recently , the Cubs have promoted the phrase `` Fly the W ! '' among fans and on social media . Mascots Clark ( left ) with the Oriole Bird See also : Clark ( mascot ) The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub , named Clark , described by the team 's press release as a young and friendly Cub . Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13 , 2014 , the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club 's first ever official physical mascot . The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team 's name to the Chicago Bears , because the Cubs allowed the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s . The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark , though a man in a ' polar bear ' looking outfit , called `` The Bear - man '' ( or Beeman ) , which was mildly popular with the fans , paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s . There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club . Through the 2013 season , there were `` Cubbie - bear '' mascots outside of Wrigley on game day , but none were employed by the team . They pose for pictures with fans for tips . The most notable of these was `` Billy Cub '' who worked outside of the stadium for over six years until July 2013 , when the club asked him to stop . Billy Cub , who is played by fan John Paul Weier , had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot . Another unofficial but much more well - known mascot is Ronnie `` Woo Woo '' Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area . He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games , generally punctuated with an exclamatory `` Woo ! '' ( e.g. , `` Cubs , woo ! Cubs , woo ! Big - Z , woo ! Zambrano , woo ! Cubs , woo ! '' ) Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers `` Leather Lungs '' for his ability to shout for hours at a time . He is not employed by the team , although the club has on two separate occasions allowed him into the broadcast booth and allow him some degree of freedom once he purchases or is given a ticket by fans to get into the games . He is largely allowed to roam the park and interact with fans by Wrigley Field security . Music During the summer of 1969 , a Chicago studio group produced a single record called `` Hey Hey ! Holy Mackerel ! ( The Cubs Song ) '' whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch - phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs , Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd . Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song . The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer , associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season . It was played much less frequently thereafter , although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after . For many years , Cubs radio broadcasts started with `` It 's a Beautiful Day for a Ball Game '' by the Harry Simeone Chorale . In 1979 , Roger Bain released a 45 rpm record of his song `` Thanks Mr. Banks '' , to honor `` Mr. Cub '' Ernie Banks . The song `` Go , Cubs , Go ! '' by Steve Goodman was recorded early in the 1984 season , and was heard frequently during that season . Goodman died in September of that year , four days before the Cubs clinched the National League Eastern Division title , their first title in 39 years . Since 1984 , the song started being played from time to time at Wrigley Field ; since 2007 , the song has been played over the loudspeakers following each Cubs home victory . The Mountain Goats recorded a song entitled `` Cubs in Five '' on its 1995 EP Nine Black Poppies which refers to the seeming impossibility of the Cubs winning a World Series in both its title and Chorus . In 2007 , Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder composed a song dedicated to the team called `` All the Way '' . Vedder , a Chicago native , and lifelong Cubs fan , composed the song at the request of Ernie Banks . Pearl Jam has played this song live multiple times several of which occurring at Wrigley Field . Eddie Vedder has played this song live twice , at his solo shows at the Chicago Auditorium on August 21 and 22 , 2008 . An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008 . It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team , including Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' on September 21 , 1997 , the Steve Goodman song mentioned above , and a newly recorded rendition of `` Talkin ' Baseball '' ( subtitled `` Baseball and the Cubs '' ) by Terry Cashman . The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs ' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field . Popular culture The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series , ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues . In 2015 , the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs but the Cubs were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21 , 2015 , the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film . However , it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS . The 1993 film Rookie of the Year , directed by Daniel Stern , centers on the Cubs as a team going nowhere into August when the team chances upon 12 - year - old Cubs fan Henry Rowengartner ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) , whose right ( throwing ) arm tendons have healed tightly after a broken arm and granted him the ability to regularly pitch at speeds in excess of 100 mph . Following the Cubs ' win over the Indians in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series , Nicholas , in celebration , tweeted the final shot from the movie : Henry holding his fist up to the camera to show a Cubs World Series ring . Tinker to Evers to Chance `` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams . The poem is presented as a single , rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker , second baseman Johnny Evers , and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play . The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902 , and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912 . The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910 , often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series . Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance are the three Cubs described in the poem . These are the saddest of possible words : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' Trio of bear cubs , and fleeter than birds , Tinker and Evers and Chance . Ruthlessly pricking our gonfalon bubble , Making a Giant hit into a double -- Words that are heavy with nothing but trouble : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' The poem was first published in the New York Evening Mail on July 12 , 1912 . Popular among sportswriters , numerous additional verses were written . The poem gave Tinker , Evers , and Chance increased popularity and has been credited with their elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 . Playoffs / championships See also : National League Division Series , Major League Baseball division winners , List of National League pennant winners , and List of World Series champions Season Manager Record Wild Card / Division National League Division Series National League Championship Series World Series Runners - up GA Opponent Series Opponent Series Opponent Series 1876 Albert Spalding 52 -- 14 Nonexistent Nonexistent Clinched pennant No series 1880 Cap Anson 67 -- 17 1881 56 -- 28 1882 55 -- 29 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1 -- 1 1885 87 -- 25 St. Louis Browns 3 -- 3 1886 90 -- 34 St. Louis Browns 2 -- 4 1906 Frank Chance 116 -- 36 Chicago White Sox 2 -- 4 1907 107 -- 45 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 1908 99 -- 55 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 1 1910 104 -- 50 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1918 Fred Mitchell 84 -- 45 Boston Red Sox 2 -- 4 1929 Joe McCarthy 98 -- 54 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1932 Rogers Hornsby Charlie Grimm 90 -- 64 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1935 Charlie Grimm 100 -- 54 Detroit Tigers 2 -- 4 1938 Charlie Grimm Gabby Hartnett 89 -- 63 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1945 Charlie Grimm 98 -- 56 Detroit Tigers 3 -- 4 1984 Jim Frey 96 -- 65 New York Mets 61⁄2 San Diego Padres 2 -- 3 Eliminated 1989 Don Zimmer 93 -- 69 New York Mets 6 San Francisco Giants 1 -- 4 1998 Jim Riggleman 90 -- 73 Wild Card N / A Atlanta Braves 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2003 Dusty Baker 88 -- 74 Houston Astros Atlanta Braves 3 -- 2 Florida Marlins 3 -- 4 2007 Lou Piniella 85 -- 77 Milwaukee Brewers Arizona Diamondbacks 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2008 97 -- 64 Milwaukee Brewers 71⁄2 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 -- 3 2015 Joe Maddon 97 -- 65 Wild Card Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 3 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 4 2016 103 -- 58 St. Louis Cardinals 171⁄2 San Francisco Giants 3 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians 4 -- 3 Total Wild Cards Division titles 6 Division Series titles NL pennants 17 World Series titles Prior to 1969 , divisions did not exist in MLB . The Chicago Cubs played in the National League East between 1969 -- 1993 before moving to the newly created National League Central in 1994 . Prior to 1995 , only two divisions existed in each league . With the realignment into three divisions and the institution of the wild card in 1995 , the Division Series was added . Division Series . Prior to 1969 , the National League champion was determined by the best win -- loss record at the end of the regular season . See League Championship Series . None of the World Series contested before 1903 are recognized by MLB . See List of pre-World Series baseball champions . Distinctions See also : List of Chicago Cubs seasons , Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders , Chicago Cubs team records , and List of Chicago Cubs no - hitters Throughout the history of the Chicago Cubs ' franchise , fifteen different Cubs pitchers have pitched no - hitters ; however , no Cubs pitcher has thrown a perfect game . Forbes ' value rankings See also : Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams As of 2017 , the Chicago Cubs are ranked as the 18th most valuable sports team in the world , 14th in the United States , fourth in MLB behind the New York Yankees , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Boston Red Sox , and second in the city of Chicago behind the Bears . Year World US MLB CHI Value Ref . 46 37 5 $726,000,000 2011 42 34 $773,000,000 2012 36 29 $879,000,000 2013 31 25 $1,000,000,000 2014 21 16 $1,200,000,000 2015 17 13 $1,800,000,000 2016 21 17 5 $2,200,000,000 2017 18 14 $2,680,000,000 Team Further information : Chicago Cubs all - time roster , List of Chicago Cubs first - round draft picks , List of Chicago Cubs managers , and List of Chicago Cubs owners and executives Current roster Chicago Cubs roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 49 Jake Arrieta 28 Kyle Hendricks 41 John Lackey 34 Jon Lester 38 Mike Montgomery 62 José Quintana 39 Jen - Ho Tseng Bullpen 32 Brian Duensing 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 52 Justin Grimm 36 Dillon Maples 60 Félix Peña 56 Héctor Rondón 46 Pedro Strop 19 Koji Uehara 37 Justin Wilson 29 Rob Zastryzny Closer 71 Wade Davis Catchers 13 Alex Avila 20 Víctor Caratini 40 Willson Contreras 43 Taylor Davis 7 René Rivera Infielders 9 Javier Báez 17 Kris Bryant 15 Mike Freeman 8 Ian Happ 2 Tommy La Stella 44 Anthony Rizzo 18 Ben Zobrist Outfielders 5 Albert Almora 22 Jason Heyward 30 Jon Jay 24 Leonys Martín 12 Kyle Schwarber Pitchers 33 Eddie Butler 24 Alec Mills 74 Duane Underwood Infielders 27 Addison Russell Outfielders 21 Mark Zagunis Manager 70 Joe Maddon Coaches 64 Henry Blanco ( quality assurance ) 58 Mike Borzello ( catching ) 25 Chris Bosio ( pitching ) -- Doug Dascenzo ( outfield ) 77 Eric Hinske ( assistant hitting ) 16 Brandon Hyde ( first base ) 1 Gary Jones ( third base ) 11 John Mallee ( hitting ) 4 Dave Martinez ( bench ) 95 Chad Noble ( bullpen catcher ) 35 Lester Strode ( bullpen ) 31 active , 9 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 11 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Chicago Cubs retired numbers are commemorated on pinstriped flags flying from the foul poles at Wrigley Field , with the exception of Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers player whose number 42 was retired for all clubs . The first retired number flag , Ernie Banks ' number 14 , was raised on the left field pole , and they have alternated since then . 14 , 10 and 31 ( Jenkins ) fly on the left field pole ; and 26 , 23 and 31 ( Maddux ) fly on the right field pole . Ron Santo 3B Retired September 28 , 2003 Ernie Banks SS , 1B Retired August 22 , 1982 Ryne Sandberg 2B Retired August 28 , 2005 Billy Williams LF Retired August 13 , 1987 Ferguson Jenkins Retired May 3 , 2009 Greg Maddux Retired May 3 , 2009 Jackie Robinson * 2B Honored April 15 , 1997 There is also a movement to retire numbers for other players , most notably the uniform shirt of Gabby Hartnett . The Cubs first wore numbers on their shirts in 1932 , and Hartnett wore # 7 initially but switched to # 9 for the next four seasons . From 1937 to 1940 he wore # 2 , which is the number considered for retirement . Petitions have been sent in to the team for Cap Anson ( shirt ) , Hack Wilson ( shirt ) , Phil Cavarretta ( 3 ) , Andre Dawson ( 8 ) and , as well as more recent departures Kerry Wood ( 34 ) , Sammy Sosa ( 21 ) , and Mark Grace ( 17 ) . * Robinson 's number was retired by all MLB clubs . Hall of famers See also : Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Chicago Cubs / White Stockings Grover Cleveland Alexander Cap Anson * Richie Ashburn Ernie Banks Lou Boudreau Roger Bresnahan Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Frank Chance John Clarkson Kiki Cuyler Andre Dawson Hugh Duffy Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Johnny Evers * Jimmie Foxx Frankie Frisch Goose Gossage Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Monte Irvin Ferguson Jenkins George Kelly King Kelly * Ralph Kiner Chuck Klein Tony La Russa Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Rabbit Maranville Greg Maddux Joe McCarthy Hank O'Day Robin Roberts Ryne Sandberg Ron Santo Frank Selee Albert Spalding Bruce Sutter * * Joe Tinker * Rube Waddell Deacon White Hoyt Wilhelm Billy Williams Hack Wilson Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Cubs , Orphans , Colts , or White Stockings cap insignia . * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with no cap or cap insignia , or with cap insignia area obscured ; Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' * * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with different team 's cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as an Executive / Pioneer due in part to his contributions to baseball as an executive with the Cubs ; depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap -- inducted as player ; managed Cubs / White Stockings / Colts or was player - manager -- inducted as manager or executive ; played for Cubs or was player - manager Minor League affiliations Main article : List of Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates See also : Chicago Cubs minor league players Level Team League Location AAA Iowa Cubs Pacific Coast League Des Moines , Iowa AA Tennessee Smokies Southern League Sevierville , Tennessee Advanced A Myrtle Beach Pelicans Carolina League Myrtle Beach , South Carolina South Bend Cubs Midwest League South Bend , Indiana Short Season A Eugene Emeralds Northwest League Eugene , Oregon Rookie AZL Cubs Arizona League Mesa , Arizona DSL Cubs 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Cubs 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012 , the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs ( 1985 -- 1995 and 2004 -- 2012 ) . Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010 . In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts . The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as `` Steve Stone 's favorite team . '' The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx . On September 16 , 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season . Two days later , the Cubs signed a four - year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League , ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs . Spring training history The Chicago White Stockings , ( today 's Chicago Cubs ) , began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 . President Albert Spalding ( founder of Spalding Sporting Goods ) and player / manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds . The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season , utilizing the bath houses of Hot Springs after practices . After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886 , winning the National League Pennant , other teams began bringing their players to Hot Springs for `` spring training '' . The Chicago Cubs , St. Louis Browns , New York Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals , Cleveland Spiders , Detroit Tigers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Cincinnati Reds , New York Highlanders , Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive . Whittington Park ( 1894 ) and later Majestic Park ( 1909 ) and Fogel Field ( 1912 ) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams . The Cubs ' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in Mesa , Arizona , where they play in the Cactus League . The park seats 15,000 , making it Major League baseball 's largest spring training facility by capacity . The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road . Before Sloan Park opened in 2014 , the team played games at HoHoKam Park -- Dwight Patterson Field from 1979 . `` HoHoKam '' is literally translated from Native American as `` those who vanished . '' The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952 . In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas ( 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 ) , ( 1909 -- 1910 ) New Orleans ( 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 ) ; Champaign , Illinois ( 1901 -- 02 , 1906 ) ; Los Angeles ( 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 ) , Santa Monica , California ( 1905 ) ; French Lick , Indiana ( 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 ) ; Tampa , Florida ( 1913 -- 1916 ) ; Pasadena , California ( 1917 -- 1921 ) ; Santa Catalina Island , California ( 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 ) ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa ( 1952 -- 1965 ) ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California ( 1966 ) ; and Scottsdale , Arizona ( 1967 -- 1978 ) . The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr. 's then - majority interest in the island in 1919 . Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training : it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field . The ballpark was called Wrigley Field of Avalon . ( The ballpark is long gone , but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club . ) However , by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa , Arizona . The Cubs ' 30 - year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book , The Cubs on Catalina , by Jim Vitti , which was named International ' Book of the Year ' by The Sporting News . The Cubs left Catalina after some bad weather in 1951 , choosing to move to Mesa , a city where the Wrigleys also had interests . Today , there is an exhibit at the Catalina Museum dedicated to the Cubs ' spring training on the island . The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park ; the first was built in 1976 as the spring - training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979 . Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park , this complex provides 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) of team facilities , including major league clubhouse , four practice fields , one practice infield , enclosed batting tunnels , batting cages , a maintenance facility , and administrative offices for the Cubs . Media Radio Cubs radio rights are held by CBS Radio ; its acquisition of the radio rights effective 2015 ended the team 's 90 - year association with 720 WGN . During the first season of the contract , Cubs games aired on WBBM , taking over as flagship of the Chicago Cubs Radio Network . On November 11 , 2015 , CBS announced that the Cubs would move to WBBM 's all - sports sister station , WSCR , beginning in the 2016 season . The move was enabled by WSCR 's end of their rights agreement for the White Sox , who moved to WLS . The play - by - play voice of the Cubs is Pat Hughes , who has held the position since 1996 , joined by Ron Coomer . Former Cubs third baseman and fan favorite Ron Santo had been Hughes ' long - time partner until his death in 2010 . Keith Moreland replaced Hall of Fame inductee Santo for three seasons , followed by Coomer for the 2014 season . Print The club also produces its own print media ; the Cubs ' official magazine Vineline , which has 12 annual issues , is in its third decade , and spotlights players and events involving the club . The club also publishes a traditional media guide . Television Main article : List of Chicago Cubs broadcasters As of September 1 , 2016 , Cubs games air locally on the following outlets : Comcast SportsNet Chicago , a cable network owned in part by NBCUniversal and the Ricketts family . It broadcasts all Cubs games not broadcast over-the - air , or nationally by Major League Baseball 's television partners . WGN - TV ( channel 9.1 ) , a Tribune Media - owned over-the - air station that has aired Cubs telecasts since its inception in 1948 ; WGN - TV 's Cubs telecasts are produced by the station 's sports department , WGN Sports . In November 2013 , the team exercised an option to terminate its existing deal with WGN - TV after the 2014 season , requesting a higher - valued contract lasting through the 2019 season ( which would be aligned with the end of its contract with CSN Chicago ) . WGN - TV announced on January 7 , 2015 that it would maintain broadcast rights to 45 Cubs games through the 2019 season within the Chicago market only . WLS - TV ( channel 7.1 ) , an ABC owned - and - operated station . It was announced on December 12 , 2014 that the station would acquire rights to 25 games per season through 2019 . Prior to September 1 , 2016 , when WGN - TV ended their CW affiliation to return to being an independent station , several games in the WGN package since 2015 were sub-licensed to Fox Television Stations - owned MyNetworkTV station WPWR - TV ( channel 50.1 ) , due to CW pre-emption limits which precluded airing on WGN - TV . These games returned full - time to WGN - TV upon that date , when WPWR assumed the market 's CW affiliation and WGN was no longer limited by a network . In previous years , the sublicensed games were carried by WCIU - TV ( channel 26.1 ) under the branding of `` CubsNet '' . WGN 's Cubs games formerly aired nationally on WGN America ; however , prior to the 2015 season , the Cubs , as well as all other Chicago sports programming , was dropped from the channel as part of its re-positioning as a general entertainment cable channel . To compensate , all games carried by over-the - air channels are syndicated to a network of other television stations within the Cubs ' region , which includes Illinois and parts of Indiana and Iowa . All of the team 's current television contracts end after the 2019 season . The Chicago Tribune reported that following the end of these contracts , the team may consider launching its own regional sports network . These goals were confirmed by president of business operations Crane Kenney on November 16 , 2015 in an interview with WSCR radio . Len Kasper has been the Cubs ' television play - by - play announcer since 2005 and was joined by Jim Deshaies in 2013 . Bob Brenly ( analyst , 2005 -- 12 ) , Chip Caray ( play - by - play , 1998 -- 2004 ) , Steve Stone ( analyst , 1983 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 ) , Joe Carter ( analyst for WGN - TV games , 2001 -- 02 ) and Dave Otto ( analyst for FSN Chicago games , 2001 -- 02 ) also have spent time broadcasting from the Cubs booth since the death of Harry Caray in 1998 . Ford C frick Award recipients Chicago Cubs Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Elson Jack Brickhouse Harry Caray Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Cubs . See also Baseball portal Chicago portal Brewers -- Cubs rivalry Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry Cubs -- White Sox rivalry Curse of the Billy Goat Grant DePorter Lee Elia List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Major League Baseball uniforms Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada Old Style Beer The Bleacher Preacher West Side Park References Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/mlb/story/chicago-cubs-world-series-parade-boston-red-sox-fans-will-miss-lovable-losers-110416 Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers vs. Cubs - 10 / 22 / 16 '' . Jump up ^ Helyar , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Lovable losers ? Not at this sale price '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nadel , John ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Wait ' til next year , again : Cubs eliminated by LA '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Chicago Colts '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 365 Oddball Days in Chicago Cubs History . Clerisys Press . 2010 . ISBN 9781578603435 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1898 Chicago Orphans '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Chicago Cubs '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Cindy ; Brown , Scott . Three Finger . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4448 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Logos '' . Jump up ^ Zarefsky , Marc ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` ' Homer in the Gloamin ' most memorable '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil ( 1981 - 06 - 17 ) . `` CHICAGO CUBS ARE SOLD BY WRIGLEY TO TRIBUNE CO . FOR $20.5 MILLION '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1984 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 marked banner year for Cubs '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sosa discusses future , McGwire 's Hall chances '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs still waiting for McGriff 's OK '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 14 , 2001 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Chicago Cubs Statistics and Roster '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Alou initially said he would have caught the Bartman ball '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball fan feels Chicago 's fury '' . bbcnews.com . BBC News . October 17 , 2003 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 2004 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Sosa 's legacy could be broken beyond repair '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( 2004 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Cubs , Sosa at odds '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs shocked by Stone 's comments '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muscat , Carrie ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Cubs complete blockbuster with Soriano '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , David ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cleveland ... And Lou Piniella 's bold / idiotic move '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks Sweep Chicago Cubs in 3 - Game Series '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Lucy ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Cubs Sign Fukudome '' . Chicagoist.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs trade four players to A 's for pitchers Harden , Gaudin '' . ESPN . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Mike ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Marquis ' slam leads Cubs over stumbling Mets '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Cubs ' season ends with Game 3 in LA '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul . `` Done deal : Cubs land Epstein from Red Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers trade for Matt Garza of Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt EhaltESPN New York contributorArchive ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Soriano traded to New York Yankees from Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs fire manager Dale Sveum after two years '' . ESPN . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs name Rick Renteria manager '' . Major League Baseball . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jesse . `` Cubs fire manager Rick Renteria after one season '' . ESPN Chicago . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs Notes : Arrieta Does It All Against Cards , Cubs End Year With Winning Record at Wrigley '' . cubsinsider.com. 2014 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Mark ; Ziezulewicz , Geoff ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs legend Ernie Banks died of heart attack '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs bring in Maddon , let Rentería go '' . MLB.com . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs ' Jake Arrieta throws no - hitter vs. Dodgers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chc vs Pit 10 / 07 / 2015 Boxscore '' . mlb.mlb.com . MLB.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Andrew ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs win NL Division Series , beat Cardinals 6 - 4 in Game 4 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Met - Amorphosis complete early : NY wins NL '' . MLB.com . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kruth , Cash . `` J - Hey officially joins Cubs ' young core '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Yankees solidify second base with Cubs ' Castro '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrieta claims second no - no in 16 - 0 rout of Reds '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photos Of Planned Wrigley Renovation Revealed '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ben ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs Hint at Paying for Renovations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Selling of Wrigley Field Renovation Plan Begins '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spielman , Fran . `` City Plan Commission approves Wrigley Field revamp '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Patrick . `` The 1060 Project : World Series Dreaming '' . Chicago Now . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Santo '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Miracle Collapse : The 1969 Chicago Cubs '' . Chitownradio.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Jim ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago Cubs fan tradition a throwback to 1969 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 -- via Chitownradio.com . Jump up ^ Curtis , Charles ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Mets ' Noah Syndergaard mocks Cubs ' ' Fly the W ' on Twitter after NLCS win '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt . `` Cubs announce new mascot , Clark , a ' young , friendly cub ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs tell unofficial ' Billy Cub ' mascot to stop abc7chicago.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hageman , William ( February 27 , 2004 ) . `` A Fan in Winter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kelly , Maura ( May 28 , 2001 ) . `` ' Leather Lungs ' a hit at Wrigley , wooing fans with schtick and song '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` RogerBaindemo.com '' . rogerbaindemo.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All The Way '' . Pearl Jam . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All the Way by Eddie Vedder Song Statistics setlist.fm '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out to a Cubs Game Chicago cubs music CD '' . Takemeouttoacubsgame.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Take Me Out To A Cubs Game ' Music CD '' . Amazon.com , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out To A Cubs Game CD '' . CubHub.net. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Reminder : The Cubs won the 2015 World Series in ' Back to the Future 2 ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Thomas Ian ( @ TinBAND ) ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amazing ! @ Cubs win the # WorldSeries 2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ; Simon , Andrew ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Arrieta is 3rd Cubs pitcher to throw multiple no - nos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No - hitters by club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 36 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 17 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs moving Class A affiliate to Myrtle Beach '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leventhal , Josh . `` Tracking the Affiliation Shuffle '' . Baseball America . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` School Days in Arkansas '' . Jump up ^ `` arlington hotel , oaklawn , gangster museum , hot springs baseball trail , historical landmarks - Hot Springs , Arkansas '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=6221 Jump up ^ `` 1886 Chicago White Stockings Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Ban Johnson Park - Whittington Park / Majestic Park / Fogel Field -- Hot Springs Arkansas -- Major League Spring Training grounds '' . Jump up ^ `` Avalon 's Wrigley Field - Catalina Island California - Former Spring Home of the Chicago Cubs '' . Jump up ^ ' + relative_time ( twitters ( i ). created_at ) + ' . `` Spring Training Online History '' . Springtrainingonline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Training History Articles '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Catalina Island Museum '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WBBM to be Cubs ' new radio home '' . Chicago Tribune . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WSCR - AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs ' New Flagship Station '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coomer scores Cubs radio job '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs reach deal with WGN - TV for remaining 45 broadcasts '' . Chicago Business Journal . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs exercise option to end WGN - TV contract after next season '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official : WLS - Ch. 7 to air 25 Cubs games '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs TV affiliates for 24 games on ABC7 in 2015 '' . ABC7Chicago.com . Chicago : WLS - TV . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox add WPWR - Ch. 50 to station rotation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marek , Lynne ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America to drop Chicago sports '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elbert , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` WHO - TV to air select White Sox , Cubs games at Channel 13.3 '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WQAD picking up 45 Cubs , 55 Sox games '' . Quad - City Times . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - WNDY To Carry Cubs , White Sox '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - TV and MyINDY - TV the new home of Chicago Blackhawks hockey '' . WISH - TV . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs aim to launch own TV network by 2020 '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . Chicago Cubs . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Further reading Murphy , Cait ( 2007 ) . Crazy ' 08 : How a Cast of Cranks , Rogues , Boneheads , and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History . New York : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088937 - 1 . Wright , Marshall ( 2000 ) . The National Association of Base Ball Players , 1857 -- 1870 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0779 - 4 . Lund , John ( 2008 ) . 1908 : A Look at the World Champion 1908 Chicago Cubs . Scotts Valley , CA . ISBN 1 - 4382 - 5018 - 5 . Stone , Steve ; Rozner , Barry ( 1999 ) . Where 's Harry ? . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 233 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Cubs . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 59500 - 6 . Vitti , Jim ( 2010 ) . Chicago Cubs : Baseball on Catalina Island . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 7795 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Cubs . Chicago Cubs official website Chicago Cubs at Chicago Tribune Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field ( renovations ) Spring training : Whittington Park Plant Field Rendezvous Park Blair Field HoHoKam Park Sloan Park Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ex-Cubs Factor Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident Game 163 Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Brewers Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East 1984 1989 Central 2003 2007 2008 2016 Wild Card 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Radio Cubs Radio Network WSCR WJMK - HD2 Personnel : Pat Hughes ( play - by - play ) Ron Coomer ( color / analysis ) Television Comcast SportsNet Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Personnel : Len Kasper ( play - by - play ) Jim Deshaies ( color / analysis ) Seasons ( 146 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles ( show ) Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Sox 1906 World Series Champions Chicago Cubs 1907 and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent ( show ) Achievements Preceded by None National League Champions Chicago White Stockings 1876 Succeeded by Boston Red Caps 1877 Preceded by Providence Grays 1879 National League Champions Chicago White Stockings 1880 -- 1882 Succeeded by Boston Beaneaters 1883 Preceded by Providence Grays 1884 National League Champions Chicago Colts 1885 -- 1886 Succeeded by Detroit Wolverines 1887 Preceded by New York Giants 1905 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1906 , 1907 , and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1910 Succeeded by New York Giants 1911 and 1912 Preceded by New York Giants 1917 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1918 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1919 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1928 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1929 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1932 Succeeded by New York Giants 1933 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1935 Succeeded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 Preceded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1938 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1939 and 1940 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1945 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1946 Preceded by New York Mets 2015 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent Chicago Cubs managers Albert Spalding ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Bob Ferguson ( 1878 ) Cap Anson ( 1879 ) Silver Flint ( 1879 ) Cap Anson ( 1880 -- 1897 ) Tom Burns ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Tom Loftus ( 1900 -- 1901 ) Frank Selee ( 1902 -- 1905 ) Frank Chance ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Johnny Evers ( 1913 ) Hank O'Day ( 1914 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1915 ) Joe Tinker ( 1916 ) Fred Mitchell ( 1917 -- 1920 ) Johnny Evers ( 1921 ) Bill Killefer ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Rabbit Maranville ( 1925 ) George Gibson ( 1925 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1926 -- 1930 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1932 -- 1938 ) Gabby Hartnett ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Jimmy Wilson ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Roy Johnson ( 1944 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1944 -- 1949 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Phil Cavarretta ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Stan Hack ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Bob Scheffing ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1960 ) Lou Boudreau ( 1960 ) College of Coaches : Vedie Himsl ( 1961 ) , Harry Craft ( 1961 ) , El Tappe ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , Lou Klein ( 1961 -- 1962 , 1965 ) , Charlie Metro ( 1962 ) , Bob Kennedy ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Leo Durocher ( 1966 -- 1972 ) Whitey Lockman ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Jim Marshall ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Herman Franks ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Joey Amalfitano ( 1979 ) Preston Gómez ( 1980 ) Joey Amalfitano ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Lee Elia ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Charlie Fox ( 1983 ) Jim Frey ( 1984 -- 1986 ) John Vukovich ( 1986 ) Gene Michael ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Frank Lucchesi ( 1987 ) Don Zimmer ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1991 ) Jim Essian ( 1991 ) Jim Lefebvre ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Tom Trebelhorn ( 1994 ) Jim Riggleman ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Don Baylor ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Rene Lachemann ( 2002 ) Bruce Kimm ( 2002 ) Dusty Baker ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lou Piniella ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Mike Quade ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dale Sveum ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Rick Renteria ( 2014 ) Joe Maddon ( 2015 -- ) Championship Navigation Boxes Chicago White Stockings 1876 National League Champions Bob Addy Cap Anson Ross Barnes Oscar Bielaski John Glenn Paul Hines Cal McVey John Peters Albert Spalding Deacon White Manager : Albert Spalding Chicago White Stockings 1880 National League Champions Cap Anson Tommy Beals Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1881 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Hugh Nicol Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1882 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Hugh Nicol Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1885 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns John Clarkson Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint George Gore King Kelly Ted Kennedy Jim McCormick Fred Pfeffer Billy Sunday Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1886 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns John Clarkson Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Jocko Flynn George Gore King Kelly Jim McCormick Fred Pfeffer Jimmy Ryan Billy Sunday Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago Cubs 1907 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Pat Moran Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Jimmy Slagle Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season Chicago Cubs 1908 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Chick Fraser Solly Hofman Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions 3 David Ross 5 Albert Almora 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 8 Chris Coghlan 9 Javier Báez ( NLCS MVP ) 12 Kyle Schwarber 17 Kris Bryant ( NL MVP ) 18 Ben Zobrist ( World Series MVP ) 22 Jason Heyward 24 Dexter Fowler 27 Addison Russell 28 Kyle Hendricks 34 Jon Lester ( NLCS MVP ) 37 Travis Wood 38 Mike Montgomery 40 Willson Contreras 41 John Lackey 44 Anthony Rizzo 46 Pedro Strop 47 Miguel Montero 49 Jake Arrieta 52 Justin Grimm 54 Aroldis Chapman 56 Héctor Rondón 68 Jorge Soler Manager 70 Joe Maddon Bench Coach 4 Dave Martinez First Base Coach 16 Brandon Hyde Third Base Coach 1 Gary Jones Pitching Coach 25 Chris Bosio Hitting Coach 11 John Mallee Assistant Hitting Coach 77 Eric Hinske Bullpen Coach 35 Lester Strode Bullpen Catcher 95 Chad Noble Catching Coach 58 Mike Borzello Quality Control Coach 64 Henry Blanco Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Chicago Cubs retired numbers 10 Ron Santo 14 Ernie Banks 23 Ryne Sandberg 26 Billy Williams 31 Ferguson Jenkins & Greg Maddux Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles 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uncle fester with a lightbulb in his mouth			Uncle Fester	uncle fester	Uncle Fester , also known as Fester Addams , is a member of the fictional Addams Family . He was played by Jackie Coogan in the original television series , by Christopher Lloyd in the two feature films , and by Patrick Thomas in the direct - for - video film Addams Family Reunion . Finally , Michael Roberds played Fester in The New Addams Family . In the Broadway musical , the part was originated by Kevin Chamberlin , with Brad Oscar taking over on March 8 , 2011 .	Uncle Fester is incorrigible and except for the good nature of the family and the ignorance of the police , would ordinarily be under lock and key ... the eyes are pig - like and deeply embedded ... he likes to fish , but usually employs dynamite ... he keeps falcons on the roof which he uses for hunting ... his one costume ... summer and winter ... is a black great coat with an enormous collar ... he is fat with pudgy little hands and feet . -- Charles Addams Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 Live action TV series 3 Animated TV series 4 Film 5 Musical 6 Video games 7 References Character ( edit ) Uncle Fester is a completely hairless , hunched , and barrel - shaped man with dark , sunken eyes and often a deranged smile . He always wears a heavy , full - length fur coat . Fester was derived from a character drawn by cartoonist Charles Addams , although these were single page cartoons , with no stories or character names . Nevertheless , the character is recognizable in a number of cartoons , both by his appearance ( bald , stooping , sunken eyes ) and behavior ( e.g. turning the shower to a special `` scalding '' setting , feeding his garden plants blood plasma , and releasing an eagle on the neighbor 's homing pigeons ) . While he is occasionally seen with the rest of the family , particularly on anthology covers , he is also seen on his own more often than the others . He is sometimes indicated to live in a small shack surrounded by wrought - iron fence . Fester has a strange ability to generate electricity . He would often demonstrate this by putting a light bulb in his mouth , which would illuminate , accompanied by a loud , crackling noise . He claims to possess 110 volts of power in one episode of the sitcom , while in another episode he demonstrated his `` magnetic '' quality by levitating a metal paperweight up to his hand . When struck directly on the head by a fired cannonball , he appears only mildly dazed , while the cannonball bounces off his head . Uncle Fester at times has severe migraines , but appears to enjoy them . Fester relieves his migraines by placing his head in a large screw press and tightening it to levels that normal people would not be able to withstand . At times , Fester uses the screw press on his head simply for enjoyment . Despite Uncle Fester 's menacing look and bizarre behavior , he is gentle and caring to everyone . He shows great respect to Gomez and Morticia . He has always exhibited love and great care to his niece and nephews , despite their frequent naughtiness . In the original sitcom of the 1960s , Fester is said to be Morticia 's maternal uncle , but in all other filmed and animated content he is Gomez 's brother , making him uncle to Wednesday and Pugsley . He is known as `` Tío Fétido '' in Spain , `` Tío Lucas '' in Spanish - speaking countries and `` Fétide '' in France . In Brazil , he has three names : `` Tio Chico '' ( original series and cartoon ) , `` Tio Funéreo '' ( movies ) and `` Tio Fester '' ( Broadway Musical ) . Live action tv series ( edit ) In the 1960s television series , Fester ( played by Jackie Coogan ) is uncle to Morticia Addams . In one episode , he became perplexed when asked his last name , suggesting he has somehow forgotten it . In several episodes , Fester refers to the Addams lineage as if it were his own , but the flashbacks in the episodes `` Morticia 's Romance , Parts 1 and 2 , '' clearly establish him as Morticia 's uncle , brother of her mother , Hester Frump , a.k.a. Granny Frump ( Margaret Hamilton ) , whose maiden name was similarly unrevealed . Perhaps , lacking a last name of his own , Fester was all the more dedicated to upholding the honor of another . In various episodes , he was a partner in typical sitcom schemes with Gomez , Morticia , or Grandmama Addams , indicating no real preference for any family member over others . Fester 's known ancestry dates back to his Great - Grandfather Blob ( not to be confused with Gomez 's Cousin Blob , a two - headed ghost ) , who received the gift of a sacred ruby after he had pried it from the head of a Hindu ( whom it was giving a terrible headache ) . The ruby remained in the family until Fester unthinkingly used his slingshot to hurl it at a yowling stray cat . `` Well , it was the only rock in the house ! '' he said in his defense . Per the 1960s sitcom , little is known of Fester 's childhood , save that his father ( Morticia 's maternal grandfather ) was an excruciatingly strict man who severely disciplined him , paddling him even when he was good and paying him to stay out of public ( Fester considered this to be experience in `` public relations '' ) . He refused to allow Fester to even touch a battleaxe ( a treasured toy among people with the Addams 's macabre tastes ) until he was eight . As an adult , Fester defended his father 's strictness , pointing to his own character as proof of its effectiveness : `` I did n't become what I am by accident ! I had upbringing like no other ! '' Some time prior to Morticia 's marriage to Gomez , Fester worked as a newspaper columnist , writing advice for the lovelorn , but left that job because people kept suing him . Fester has also offered contradictory information about his educational background . In the sitcom 's first episode , he notes that he never went to school ( `` And look how ( well ) I turned out ! '' ) , but he later claims to have failed recess three times . As an adult , Fester took correspondence courses in various subjects , and his educational endeavors occasionally formed an episode 's main plot . It may be from one such course that he obtained his fraternity paddle , which he once threatened to use on Wednesday in imitation of his father 's punishment style ; however , like many an uncle , Fester proved to have more bark than bite in dealing with the children . When he suspects someone of maligning , cheating , or otherwise mistreating anyone in the family , Fester is ever ready with his blunderbuss `` Genevieve '' , eager to `` shoot ' em in the back ! '' However , he is far less eager in meeting a malefactor in a face - to - face duel ; he was briefly enthusiastic about a pistol duel with an enemy until he asked , somewhat timidly , `` Does he get one too ? ... Loaded ? '' Another prized possession was his cannon , `` Old Reliable '' , which he normally kept in his bedroom . Fester maintained a treehouse in the Addams yard and frequently retreated to his closet to think . After receiving the gift of a motorcycle in the episode `` The Addams Family Meets a Beatnik '' , Fester often drove it through the living room , inevitably crashing in the conservatory ( Several episodes used identical footage of this scenario . ) . Fester also collects three - dollar bills . The 1998 live - action series continues the tradition of having Fester ( played by Canadian actor Michael Roberds ) as Gomez 's biological brother , yet between this version and the 1960s series this is the only visible difference . In a furtherance on the original series running gag of Uncle Fester being able to store electricity one - joke episode has Uncle Fester nearly kidnapped by aliens so as to be used to power their spaceship ; the Aliens leave Uncle Fester behind - but only after `` cloning '' him for their spaceship journey home . Animated tv series ( edit ) In the first animated series by Hanna - Barbera , Jackie Coogan reprised his role as Fester . He also voiced that same character on an episode of The New Scooby - Doo Movies . In the second animated series by Hanna - Barbera , Fester was voiced by Rip Taylor . In this series , Fester is perhaps the most loving of self - inflicted injury . He would allow other members ( usually Lurch ) to harm him anyway they can , but his greatest fondness was blowing himself up . As a running gag , Fester would never believe Grandmama 's predictions until she predicts something that causes him great harm ( or in his case , great joy ) . Fester also is very fond of the Addamses ' next door neighbour , Norman Normanmayer , a boring person controlling an underwear empire , who hates Fester ( and the whole Addams family ) for his strangeness ( on an occasion , Fester comes on a visit through the sewer pipes ) . Fester seems quite oblivious of the fact that Norman hates him and , possibly due to the Addams family nature , thinks that all the angry and aggressive outbreaks are a sign of affection . This Fester also introduces himself , through his self - made comic books , as `` Festerman '' , a gothic hero with a weakness to chimneys , who gives his flying cape to enemies upon request -- so as to fall and would bring villains to their knees ... simply by enjoying all the harm they would give him to the point of wearing them out . During this series , he is given a musical - type episode about the `` Fester Way '' , his own , strange way of life . Film ( edit ) In the movie , The Addams Family , Fester ( played by Christopher Lloyd ) is the long - lost brother of Gomez Addams . He was believed to have been lost in the Bermuda Triangle for twenty - five years . A loan shark named Abigail Craven ( Elizabeth Wilson ) conspires to steal the Addams ' fortune using her son , Gordon , who displays an eerie resemblance to the missing Fester . On the night that the Addams ' hold a séance to contact Fester 's spirit , Gordon shows up at their door , posing as Fester . Although he is baffled and horrified by the Addams ' at first , Gordon begins to take a liking to the family and their strange ways . In the end , he disobeys his mother and helps Gomez and his family get their house back . It is later discovered that Gordon is actually Fester , and that Abigail found him after his accident in the Bermuda Triangle , suffering from amnesia . In Gomez 's home movies from their childhood , Fester is shown to be hairless as a child ( although , as Gordon Craven , he is seen shaving his head ) . At the end of the movie , it is revealed that Fester acquires his ability to conduct electricity after being electrocuted by lightning , which also restores his memory . Fester also appears in the film 's sequel ( again played by Lloyd ) , Addams Family Values . This film centers around Fester 's marriage to Debbie ( Joan Cusack ) , the recently hired nanny who wishes to murder Fester and inherit his share of the Addams fortune . Fester again appears in the direct - to - video film Addams Family Reunion , here played by Patrick Thomas . He is portrayed as a mad scientist reminiscent of old Grade - B horror films . He creates a dog named `` Butcher '' as a birthday present for Pugsley -- a dog that mutates into a hair - devouring brute whenever someone says `` good boy . '' At the end , Butcher attacks Cousin Itt -- who is , understandably , quite nervous around him . Musical ( edit ) In the musical , Uncle Fester was played by Kevin Chamberlin in the original broadway cast . Chamberlain received a Tony Nomination for the role . He was later played by Brad Oscar , Blake Hammond , Russell Dykstra and Shaun Rice . This incarnation of Fester serves as the Musical 's narrator , and is in love with the moon . The subject of love is apparently his `` specialty , '' and he is able to play the ukulele , when he sings a love song to the moon . He also seems to communicate with the ancestors throughout the show more than the other characters . Video games ( edit ) Uncle Fester has appeared in several Addams Family video games , frequently as the player character or a playable character . He is the star of his own Nintendo Entertainment System game titled Fester 's Quest and the main playable character in the Addams Family Values Super Nintendo Entertainment System game . He is also the main character in `` Electrifying '' arcade machine , where simulated `` electrical shocks '' are passed through the player as they hold on to 2 handles . He also appeared as an antagonist to Heavy Metal 2000 : The Videogame . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charlesaddams.com ( hide ) The Addams Family Characters Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt Television The Addams Family ( episodes ) 1973 animated series Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 TV film ) 1992 animated series The New Addams Family Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Theatre The Addams Family ( musical ) Games Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) The Addams Family pinball ( 1991 ) The Addams Family handheld ( 1991 ) The Addams Family The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) Music `` The Addams Family Theme '' `` When You 're an Addams '' `` Addams Groove '' The Addams Family soundtrack Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture Addams Family Values : The Original Orchestral Score Books The Addams Family : An Evilution Creator Charles Addams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Fester&oldid=815460903 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1938 The Addams Family characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 23 : 32 . 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which of the following is the largest religion in the world based on number of adherents			List of Religious populations	list of religious populations		Main category : Religious demographics This is a list of religious populations by number of adherents and countries . Contents 1 Adherent estimates in 2012 1.1 Notes 2 By proportion 2.1 Christians 2.2 Muslims 2.3 Irreligious and atheist 2.4 Hindus 2.5 Buddhists 2.6 Taoists / Confucianists / Chinese traditional religionists 2.7 Ethnic and indigenous 2.8 Sikhism 2.9 Spiritism 2.10 Judaism 2.11 Bahá'ís 2.12 Jainism 3 By population 3.1 Christians 3.2 Hindus 3.3 Muslims 3.4 Buddhists 3.5 Sikhs 3.6 Jews 3.7 Bahá'ís 3.8 Jainism 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Adherent estimates in 2012 Size of Major Religious Groups , 2012 Religion Percent Christianity 33 % Islam 24.1 % Unaffiliated 16 % Hinduism 16 % Buddhism 7 % Folk Religion 5.9 % Other 0.8 % Pew Research Center , 2015 Adherents.com says `` Sizes shown are approximate estimates , and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups , not providing a definitive number '' . Religion Adherents Percentage Christianity 7009240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 billion 6999330000000000000 ♠ 33 % Islam 7009180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 billion 6999241000000000000 ♠ 24.1 % Secular / Nonreligious / Agnostic / Atheist 7009120000000000000 ♠ ≤ 1.2 billion 6999160000000000000 ♠ 16 % Hinduism 7009115000000000000 ♠ 1.15 billion 6999150000000000000 ♠ 15 % Buddhism 7008521000000000000 ♠ 521 million 6998700000000000000 ♠ 7 % Chinese traditional religion 7008394000000000000 ♠ 394 million 6998550000000000000 ♠ 5.50 % Ethnic religions excluding some in separate categories 7008300000000000000 ♠ 300 million 6998419000000000000 ♠ 4.19 % African traditional religions 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 million 6998139999999999999 ♠ 1.40 % Sikhism 7007300000000000000 ♠ 30 million 6997320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 % Spiritism 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15 million 6997210000000000000 ♠ 0.21 % Judaism 7007140000000000000 ♠ 14 million 6997200000000000000 ♠ 0.20 % Bahá'í 7006700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 million 6997100000000000000 ♠ 0.10 % Jainism 7006420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 million 6996600000000000000 ♠ 0.06 % Shinto 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4.0 million 6996600000000000000 ♠ 0.06 % Cao Dai 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4.0 million 6996600000000000000 ♠ 0.06 % Zoroastrianism 7006260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 million 6996400000000000000 ♠ 0.04 % Tenrikyo 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 million 6996200000000000000 ♠ 0.02 % Neo-Paganism 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 million 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 % Unitarian Universalism 7005800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 million 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 % Rastafari 7005600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 million 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 % total 7009716700000000000 ♠ 7.167 billion 7000100000000000000 ♠ 100 % Notes Jump up ^ These figures may incorporate populations of secular / nominal adherents as well as syncretist worshipers , although the concept of syncretism is disputed by some . Jump up ^ Nonreligious includes agnostic , atheist , secular humanist , and people answering ' none ' or no religious preference . Half of this group is theistic but nonreligious . According to a 2012 study by Gallup International `` 59 % of the world said that they think of themselves as religious person , 23 % think of themselves as not religious whereas 13 % think of themselves as convinced atheists '' . Jump up ^ Chinese traditional religion is described as `` the common religion of the majority Chinese culture : a combination of Confucianism , Buddhism , and Taoism , as well as the traditional non-scriptural / local practices and beliefs . '' By proportion Christians Countries with the greatest proportion of Christians from Christianity by country ( as of 2010 ) : Christian population by country , June 2014 . Vatican City 100 % ( 100 % Roman Catholic ) Pitcairn Islands 100 % ( 100 % Seventh - day Adventist ) Samoa ~ 99 % ( mostly Protestant ) Romania 99 % ( mostly Romanian Orthodox ) American Samoa 98.3 % ( mostly Protestant ) Malta 98.1 % ( mostly Roman Catholic ) Venezuela 98 % ( 71 % Roman Catholic ) Greece 98 % ( 95 % Greek Orthodox ) Marshall Islands 97.2 % ( mostly Protestant ) Tonga 97.2 % ( mostly Protestant ) San Marino 97 % ( ~ 97 % Roman Catholic ) Paraguay 96.9 % ( mostly Roman Catholic ) Peru 96.5 % ( mostly Roman Catholic ) El Salvador 96.4 % ( mostly Roman Catholic ) Kiribati 96 % ( mostly Protestant ) Federated States of Micronesia ~ 96 % ( mostly Protestant ) Barbados 95.1 % ( mostly Protestant ) Papua New Guinea 94.8 % ( mostly Protestant ) East Timor 94.2 % ( mostly Roman Catholic ) Armenia 93.5 % ( mostly Armenian Orthodox ) Muslims See also : Muslim World Countries with the greatest proportion of Muslims from Islam by country ( as of 2010 ) ( figures excluding foreign workers in parenthesis ) : Muslim population by country , 2014 . Maldives 100 % ( mostly Sunni ) Mauritania 100 % ( mostly Sunni ) Saudi Arabia Reported to be 100 % ( 90 -- 95 % Sunni , 5 -- 10 % Shi'a ) Turkey 99.8 % ( 75 % Sunni , 25 % Shi'a ) Somalia 99.8 % ( mostly Sunni ) Afghanistan ~ 99 % ( mostly Sunni , 20 % Shi'a ) Yemen 99.1 % ( 99.9 % ) ( 53 % Sunni , 47 % Shi'a ) Morocco 98.7 % ( mostly Sunni ) Algeria 98.3 % ( mostly Sunni ) Iran 98 % ( mostly Shi'a ) Tunisia 98 % ( mostly Sunni ) Comoros 98 % ( mostly Sunni ) Pakistan 97 % ( 85 % Sunni , 15 % Shi'a ) Sudan 97 % ( mostly Sunni ) Libya 96.6 % ( 99 % ) ( Sunni ) Iraq 95 % ( Mostly Shi'a ) Kuwait 95 % ( Mostly Sunni ) Djibouti 94 % ( mostly Sunni ) Niger 93 % ( mostly Sunni ) Azerbaijan 91.6 ( mostly Shi'a ) Bangladesh 89.4 % ( Sunni ) Egypt 89.3 % ( Sunni ) Indonesia 87.18 % ( 99 % Sunni ) Bahrain 79 % ( Mostly Shi'a ) Remarks : Saudi Arabia does not include other religious beliefs in their census , the figures for these other religious groups could be higher than reported in the nation . While conversion to Islam is among its most supported tenets , conversion from Islam to another religion is considered to be the sin of apostasy and could be subject to the penalty of death in the country . Irreligious and atheist See also : Irreligion by country Nonreligious population by country , 2006 . Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion ( including agnostics and atheists ) from Irreligion by country ( as of 2007 ) : Estonia 71 -- 82 % ( 77 % ) Czech Republic 70 - 81 % ( 76 % ) Japan 64 -- 88 % ( 76 % ) Denmark 72 % Sweden 46 -- 82 % ( 64 % ) Vietnam 44 -- 81 % ( 63 % ) Macau 62 % Hong Kong 57 % France 43 -- 64 % ( 54 % ) Norway 31 -- 72 % ( 52 % ) China 47 % ( details ) Netherlands 39 -- 55 % ( 47 % ) Finland 28 -- 60 % ( 44 % ) New Zealand 42 % United Kingdom 31 -- 52 % ( 42 % ) England and Wales 25 % South Korea 30 -- 52 % ( 41 % ) Germany 25 -- 55 % ( 40 % ) Hungary 32 -- 46 % ( 39 % ) Belgium 42 -- 43 % ( 39 % ) Bulgaria 34 -- 40 % ( 37 % ) Slovenia 35 -- 38 % ( 37 % ) Russia 13 -- 48 % ( 31 % ) Remarks : Ranked by mean estimate which is in brackets . Irreligious includes agnostic , atheist , secular believer , and people having no formal religious adherence . It does not necessarily mean that members of this group don ′ t belong to any religion . Some religions have harmonized with local cultures and can be seen as a cultural background rather than a formal religion . Additionally , the practice of officially associating a family or household with a religious institute while not formally practicing the affiliated religion is common in many countries . Thus , over half of this group is theistic and / or influenced by religious principles , but nonreligious / non-practicing and not true atheists or agnostics . See Spiritual but not religious . Hindus Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus from Hinduism by country ( as of 2010 ) : Hindu population by country , 2013 . Nepal 81.3 % India 79.8 % Mauritius 54 % Fiji 33.7 % Guyana 28 % Bhutan 25 % Suriname 22.3 % Trinidad and Tobago 18.2 % United Arab Emirates 15 % Sri Lanka 12.6 % Kuwait 12 % Bangladesh 9.6 % Bahrain 8.1 % Réunion 6.7 % Malaysia 6.3 % Singapore 5.1 % Oman 3 % Seychelles 2.1 % New Zealand 2.0 % Pakistan 1.8 % Indonesia 1.7 % USA 0.7 % Buddhists Countries with the greatest proportion of Buddhists from Buddhism by country ( as of 2010 ) : Buddhist population by country , 2010 . Cambodia 96.9 % Thailand 93.2 % Myanmar 80.1 % Bhutan 74.70 % Sri Lanka 69.3 % Laos 66.0 % Mongolia 55.1 % Japan 36.2 % Taiwan 35.1 % Singapore 33.2 % South Korea 22.9 % Malaysia 19.8 % China 18.2 % Macau 17.3 % Vietnam 16.4 % Hong Kong 13.2 % Nepal 10.3 % Taoists / confucianists / Chinese traditional religionists As a spiritual practice , Taoism has made fewer inroads in the West than Buddhism and Hinduism . Despite the popularity of its great classics the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching , the specific practices of Taoism have not been promulgated in America with much success ; these religions are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of bigger world religions are , and they remain primarily an ethnic religion . Nonetheless , Taoist ideas and symbols such as Taijitu have become popular throughout the world through Tai Chi Chuan , Qigong , and various martial arts . Taiwan 33 -- 80 % China 30 % Hong Kong 28 % Macau 13.9 % Singapore 8.5 % Malaysia 2.6 % South Korea 0.2 -- 1 % Vietnam Philippines 0.01 -- 0.05 % Indonesia 0.05 % The Chinese traditional religion has 184,000 believers in Latin America , 250,000 believers in Europe , and 839,000 believers in North America as of 1998 . Ethnic and indigenous All of the below come from the U.S. Department of State 2009 International Religious Freedom Report , based on the highest estimate of people identified as indigenous or followers of indigenous religions that have been well - defined . Due to the syncretic nature of these religions , the following numbers may not reflect the actual number of practitioners . Haiti 50 % Guinea - Bissau 50 % Cameroon 40 % Togo 33 % Côte d'Ivoire 25 % Sudan 25 % Benin 23 % Burundi 20 % Burkina Faso 15 % New Zealand 15 % South Africa 15 % Democratic Republic of the Congo 12 % Central African Republic 10 % Gabon 10 % Lesotho 10 % Nigeria 10 % Sierra Leone 10 % Indonesia 9 % Kenya 9 % Palau 9 % Ghana 8.5 % Guinea 5 % Sikhism Countries with the greatest proportion of Sikhs : India 1.9 % United Kingdom 1.2 % Canada 0.9 % Malaysia 0.5 % Fiji 0.3 % Singapore 0.3 % United States 0.2 % New Zealand 0.2 % Australia 0.1 % Italy 0.1 % The Sikh homeland is the Punjab state , in India , where today Sikhs make up approximately 61 % of the population . This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority . Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world -- especially to English - speaking and East Asian nations . In doing so they have retained , to an unusually high degree , their distinctive cultural and religious identity . Sikhs are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are , and they remain primarily an ethnic religion . But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada . Spiritism Cuba 10.3 % Jamaica 10.2 % Brazil 4.8 % Suriname 3.6 % Haiti 2.7 % Dominican Republic 2.2 % The Bahamas 1.9 % Nicaragua 1.5 % Trinidad and Tobago 1.4 % Guyana 1.3 % Venezuela 1.1 % Colombia 1.0 % Belize 1.0 % Honduras 0.9 % Puerto Rico 0.7 % Panama 0.5 % Iceland 0.5 % Guadeloupe 0.4 % Argentina 0.2 % Guatemala 0.2 % Note that all these estimates come from a single source . However , this source gives a relative indication of the size of the Spiritist communities within each country . Judaism Jewish population by country , 2010 . Countries with the greatest proportion of Jews ( as of 2010 ) : Israel 75.4 % Palestine ( West Bank only ) 12 -- 14 % Monaco 2.9 % United States 2.1 % Gibraltar 2.1 % Cayman Islands 1.7 % Netherlands Antilles ^ 1.3 % Canada 1.1 % France 0.8 % Argentina 0.6 % Uruguay 0.5 % Australia 0.5 % Hungary 0.5 % U.S. Virgin Islands 0.5 % Latvia 0.3 % Germany 0.25 % Netherlands 0.2 % New Zealand 0.2 % Ukraine 0.2 % Russia 0.09 % Bahá'ís Main article : Bahá'í statistics Countries with the greatest proportion of Bahá'ís ( as of 2010 ) with a national population ≥ 200,000 : Belize 2.5 % ( The 2010 Belize Population Census recorded 202 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 304,106 , yielding a proportion of 0.066 % ) Bolivia 2.2 % Zambia 1.8 % Mauritius 1.8 % ( The 2011 Mauritius census recorded 639 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 1,236,817 yielding a proportion of 0.05 % ) Guyana 1.6 % ( The 2002 Guyana census recorded 500 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 751,223 yielding a proportion of 0.067 % ) Vanuatu 1.4 % Barbados 1.2 % ( The 2010 Barbados census recorded 178 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 250,010 yielding a proportion of 0.07 % ) Trinidad and Tobago 1.2 % Panama 1.2 % Kenya 1.0 % Lesotho 0.9 % Papua New Guinea 0.9 % Réunion 0.9 % Chad 0.9 % Botswana 0.8 % Gambia 0.8 % Suriname 0.8 % Congo , Republic of the 0.6 % Solomon Islands 0.6 % Venezuela 0.6 % Remarks and sources : `` Most Baha'i Nations ( 2010 ) '' . QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions . The Association of Religion Data Archives . 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . which used the `` World Christian Database '' for adherents estimates based on information provided by the World Christian Encyclopedia and `` World Christian Trends '' . A source whose only systematic flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than other cross-national data sets . See `` The Largest Baha'i Communities '' . Largest Religious Communities . Adherents.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . for 2000 estimates among all nations . Various census figures of some of these countries vary significantly . See Bahá'í statistics . Jainism This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India 0.3 % Suriname 0.3 % Fiji 0.2 % Kenya 0.2 % By Population Christians Largest Christian populations ( as of 2011 ) : United States 229,157,250 ( details ) Brazil 169,213,130 Russia 114,198,444 Mexico 106,204,560 Nigeria 80,510,000 Philippines 78,790,000 China 67,070,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,150,000 France 55,948,600 Italy 55,832,000 Ethiopia 51,477,950 Germany 50,752,580 Colombia 44,502,000 Ukraine 41,973,000 South Africa 40,243,000 Spain 38,568,000 Poland 36,526,000 Kenya 33,625,790 Argentina 33,497,100 United Kingdom 33,200,417 Uganda 29,943,000 India 28,436,000 Venezuela 28,340,790 Peru 27,365,100 Indonesia 24,123,000 Hindus Largest Hindu populations ( as of 2010 ) : India 957,636,314 Nepal 21,354,570 Bangladesh 14,274,430 Indonesia 4,012,470 Pakistan 2,603,895 Sri Lanka 2,554,606 Malaysia 1,700,100 United States 1,543,730 United Arab Emirates 1,239,610 South Africa 749,870 Mauritius 665,820 United Kingdom 630,000 Canada 497,960 Tanzania 403,570 Kuwait 328,440 Australia 275,500 Singapore 264,370 Fiji 261,097 Trinidad and Tobago 240,100 Myanmar 203,000 Bhutan 177,100 Germany 120,000 Muslims Muslim population by country , 2009 . Largest Muslim populations ( as of 2017 ) : Indonesia 245,000,000 Pakistan 203,000,000 India 182,000,000 Bangladesh 142,937,800 Nigeria 90,000,000 Iran 73,238,340 Egypt 70,056,000 Turkey 70,036,838 Algeria 36,092,810 Morocco 31,351,800 Afghanistan 30,112,680 Sudan 30,064,180 Iraq 29,767,300 Ethiopia 28,120,050 Saudi Arabia 26,624,560 Uzbekistan 25,628,240 Yemen 23,836,523 China 20,095,870 Syria 19,601,750 Malaysia 17,085,402 Buddhists Largest Buddhist populations China 244,130,000 Thailand 64,420,000 Japan 45,820,000 Burma 38,410,000 South Korea 10,500,000 India 9,250,000 Malaysia 5,010,000 Sri Lanka 4,450,000 Vietnam 4,380,000 Cambodia 3,690,000 Indonesia 1,710,000 Sikhs Largest Sikh populations India 22,892,600 UK 853,000 Canada 620,200 USA 500,010 Malaysia 120,000 Bangladesh 100,000 Australia 72,300 Italy 70,000 Thailand 70,000 Myanmar 70,000 United Arab Emirates 50,000 Germany 40,000 Mauritius 37,700 Australia 72,300 Pakistan 50,000 Kenya 20,000 Kuwait 20,000 Philippines 20,000 New Zealand 17,400 Indonesia 15,000 Singapore 14,500 Jews Largest Jewish populations ( as of 2011 ) : United States 6,588,065 Israel 5,907,500 France 493,600 Canada 375,000 United Kingdom 291,000 Russia 194,000 Argentina 181,800 Germany 119,000 Australia 97,300 Brazil 95,300 Ukraine 70,200 South Africa 67,000 Hungary 48,200 Mexico 39,200 Belgium 30,000 Italy 28,200 Chile 18,500 Turkey 17,400 Uruguay 17,300 Belarus 12,000 Bahá'ís Largest Bahá'í populations ( as of 2010 ) in countries with a national population ≥ 200,000 : India 1,897,651 ( The 2011 Census of India recorded 4,572 Bahá'ís ) United States 512,864 Kenya 422,782 Vietnam 388,802 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 282,916 Philippines 275,069 Iran 251,127 Zambia 241,112 South Africa 238,532 Bolivia 215,359 Tanzania 190,419 Venezuela 169,811 Uganda 95,098 Chad 94,499 Pakistan 87,259 Burma ( Myanmar ) 78,915 Colombia 70,504 Malaysia 67,549 Thailand 65,096 Papua New Guinea 59,898 Jainism As of 2005 : India 5,146,697 United States 79,459 Kenya 68,848 United Kingdom 16,869 Canada 12,101 Tanzania 9,002 Nepal 6,800 Uganda 2,663 Burma 2,398 Malaysia 2,052 South Africa 1,918 Fiji 1,573 Japan 1,535 Australia 1,449 Suriname 1,217 Réunion 981 Belgium 815 Yemen 229 See also Major religious groups Importance of religion by country Religions : Religions by country Bahá'í Faith by country Buddhism by country Christianity by country Roman Catholicism by country Protestantism by country Orthodoxy by country Hinduism by country Islam by country Ahmadiyya by country Judaism by country Sikhism by country References Jump up ^ `` The Global Religious Landscape '' . The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Pew Research center . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com. 2005 . Retrieved 19 Jun 2010 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/ Jump up ^ `` Global Index of Religion and Atheism : Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbookk '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Church '' . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- National Profiles '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbookk '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbookk '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . 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Retrieved 23 May 2015 . 91.6 % Jump up ^ `` Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs '' . Georgetown University . July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- National Profiles '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut '' . Sensus Penduduk 2010 . Jakarta , Indonesia : Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being . Religion can be divided into Muslim , Christian , Catholic , Hindu , Buddhist , Hu Khong Chu , and Other Religion . Muslim 207176162 ( 87.18 % ) , Christian 16528513 ( 6.96 ) , Catholic 6907873 ( 2.91 ) , Hindu 4012116 ( 1.69 ) , Buddhist 1703254 ( 0.72 ) , Confucianism 117091 ( 0.05 ) , Other 299617 ( 0.13 ) , Not Stated 139582 ( 0.06 ) , Not Asked 757118 ( 0.32 ) , Total 237641326 Jump up ^ `` General Tables '' . Bahraini Census 2010 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari . `` Sahih Bukhari : Book of `` Dealing with Apostates '' `` . Sahih-bukhari.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 図録 ▽ 世界各国の宗教 '' . 2.ttcn.ne.jp . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adherents.com : Atheist Statistics - Agnostic '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atheism : Contemporary Rates and Patterns - Phil Zuckerman '' . Web.archive.org. 21 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . 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External links Asian - Nation : Religious Affiliation among Asian Americans International Religious Freedom Report 2007 of U.S. Department of State Background Notes of U.S. Department of State The World Factbook of CIA Adherents.com Religious Freedom page Religious Intelligence World Statesmen BBC News -- Muslims in Europe : Country guide Vipassana Foundation -- Buddhists around the world Religion Major religious groups and religious denominations Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Samaritanism Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Christianity Catholic Church Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Assyrian Church Ancient Church Protestantism Waldensians Moravian Church Lutheranism Calvinism / Presbyterianism Anabaptism Anglicanism Methodism Baptists Quakerism Evangelicalism Restorationism Adventism Pentecostalism ( Charismatic ) Independent Catholicism Nontrinitarianism Unitarianism Swedenborgianism Mormonism Christadelphians Jehovah 's Witnesses Spiritual Esoteric Nondenominational Islam Sunni Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Salafism Wahhabism Ahl al - Hadith Shia Twelver Zaidiyyah Isma'ilism Alawis Sufism Khawarij Ibadi Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavia Quranism Non-denominational Others Bábism Azali Bahá'í Druze Ali - Illahism Yarsanism Mandaeism Rastafarianism Dharmic Hinduism Vaishnavism Srivaishnavism Krishnaism Ramaism Mahanubhava Varkari Shaivism Siddhantism Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Shaktism Smartism Tantrism Bhakti Ayyavazhi Balinese Neohinduism Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism Others Jainism Digambara Śvētāmbara Sikhism Kalash Iranian Zoroastrianism Yazidis Ossetian European Armenian Baltic Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism Italo - Roman Romanian Slavic Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Mordvin Sami Udmurt Siberian Turkic - Mongolic Tengrism Burkhanism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Manchu Evenki Nivkh Chinese Confucianism Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Nuo Salvationist Yiguandao Luoism Tibetic Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi - Polo Kiratism Sanamahism Korean Sindoism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Japanese Shinto Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Austroasiatic Vietnamese Caodaism Đạo Mẫu Hoahaoism Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Javanese Kejawèn Karo Pemena Malaysian Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan African Traditional Akan Akamba Baluba Bantu Berber Bushongo Dinka Efik Fon and Ewe Guanche Igbo Isoko Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti San Serer Tumbuka Waaq Yoruba Zulu Diasporic Candomblé Kumina Obeah Quimbanda Palo Santería Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other groups Circassian Dravidian Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Inuit Native American Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Aboriginal Australian Papuan Recent Agni Yoga Anthroposophy Discordianism Eckankar Falun Gong Fourth Way Goddess movement Japanese Jediism Modekngei Neopaganism Neoshamanism New Acropolis New Age New Thought Osho Raëlism Satanism Scientology Spiritism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Transcendental Meditation UFO religion Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Wicca Historical religions Paleolithic Harappan Egyptian Atenism Mesopotamian Sumerian Semitic Canaanite Yahwism Arabian Somali Hurrian Urartu Etruscan Basque Georgian Vainakh Proto - Indo - European Proto - Indo - Iranian Vedic Mazdaism Hittite Armenian Albanian Thracian Greek Mysteries Orphism Gnosticism Hermeticism Greco - Buddhism Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Manichaeism Mazdakism Scythian Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Celtic Baltic Slavic Finnish Hungarian Rapa Nui Ainu Inca Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Clergy Conversion Deities Entheogens Ethnic religion Denomination Faith Fire Folk religion God Meditation Monasticism monk nun Mysticism Mythology Nature Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Prayer Prophesy Religious experience Ritual liturgy sacrifice Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Truth Water Worship Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Development Evolutionary origin Evolutionary psychology History Philosophy Neurotheology Psychology Sociology Theology Theories Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy monasticism ordination Conversion evangelism missionary proselytism Education Fanaticism Freedom pluralism syncretism toleration universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Religiocentrism Political science Populations Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence persecution terrorism war Wealth Secularism and irreligion Antireligion Deism Agnosticism Atheism Criticism LaVeyan Satanism Deconstruction Humanistic Judaism Irreligion by country Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Index Outline Timeline Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Mass gatherings New religious movements Organizations Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_religious_populations&oldid=855030794 '' Categories : Religion Religion - 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what's the difference between an android and a robot	An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to resemble a human , especially one with a body with a flesh - like look . Historically , androids were completely within the domain of science fiction and frequently seen in film and television , but recent advances in robot technology now allow the design of functional and realistic humanoid robots .		Android ( robot )	android ( robot )	An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to resemble a human , especially one with a body with a flesh - like look . Historically , androids were completely within the domain of science fiction and frequently seen in film and television , but recent advances in robot technology now allow the design of functional and realistic humanoid robots .	Contents 1 Etymology 2 Projects 2.1 Japan 2.2 Singapore 2.3 South Korea 2.4 United States 3 Use in fiction 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word was coined from the Greek root ἀνδρ - , `` man '' ( male , as opposed to anthrop - , human being ) and the suffix - oid , `` having the form or likeness of '' . In Greek , however , ανδροειδής is an adjective . While the term `` android '' is used in reference to human - looking robots in general , a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a `` gynoid '' . The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use ( as `` Androides '' ) to Ephraim Chambers ' Cyclopaedia , in reference to an automaton that St. Albertus Magnus allegedly created . The term `` android '' appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human - like toy automatons . The term android was used in a more modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de l'Isle - Adam in his work Tomorrow 's Eve ( 1886 ) . This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly . As said by the officer in the story , `` In this age of Realien advancement , who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls . '' The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson 's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton 's Captain Future ( 1940 -- 1944 ) . Although Karel Čapek 's robots in R.U.R. ( Rossum 's Universal Robots ) ( 1921 ) -- the play that introduced the word robot to the world -- were organic artificial humans , the word `` robot '' has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans , animals , and other beings . The term `` android '' can mean either one of these , while a cyborg ( `` cybernetic organism '' or `` bionic man '' ) would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts . The term `` droid '' , popularized by George Lucas in the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction , originated as an abridgment of `` android '' , but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot , including distinctly non-human form machines like R2 - D2 . The word `` android '' was used in Star Trek : The Original Series episode `` What Are Little Girls Made Of ? '' The abbreviation `` andy '' , coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? , has seen some further usage , such as within the TV series Total Recall 2070 . Authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg . In some fictional works , the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance , with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot - like internal mechanics . In other stories , authors have used the word `` android '' to mean a wholly organic , yet artificial , creation . Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between . Eric G. Wilson , who defines androids as a `` synthetic human being '' , distinguishes between three types of androids , based on their body 's composition : the mummy type - where androids are made of `` dead things '' or `` stiff , inanimate , natural material '' , such as mummies , puppets , dolls and statues the golem type - androids made from flexible , possibly organic material , including golems and homunculi the automaton type - androids which are a mix of dead and living parts , including automatons and robots Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots , the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts : simulacra ( devices that exhibit likeness ) and automata ( devices that have independence ) . Projects ( edit ) Several projects aiming to create androids that look , and , to a certain degree , speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway . Japan ( edit ) DER 01 , a Japanese actroid Japanese robotics have been leading the field since the 1970s . Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967 , and in 1972 completed the WABOT - 1 , the first android , a full - scale humanoid intelligent robot . Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs , and to grip and transport objects with hands , using tactile sensors . Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors , artificial eyes and ears . And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese , with an artificial mouth . In 1984 , WABOT - 2 was revealed , and made a number of improvements . It was capable of playing the organ . Wabot - 2 had 10 fingers and two feet , and was able to read a score of music . It was also able to accompany a person . In 1986 , Honda began its humanoid research and development program , to create humanoid robots capable of interacting successfully with humans . The Intelligent Robotics Lab , directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University , and Kokoro Co. , Ltd. have demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture , Japan and released the Telenoid R1 in 2010 . In 2006 , Kokoro Co. developed a new DER 2 android . The height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm . There are 47 mobile points . DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet and twist its body . The `` air servosystem '' which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator . As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem , the movement is very fluid and there is very little noise . DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder . Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion . Compared to the previous model , DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions . Once programmed , it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice . The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab , directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science , has developed an android head called Saya , which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama , Japan . There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time , which will hopefully introduce a broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future . Now Saya is working at the Science University of Tokyo as a guide . The Waseda University ( Japan ) and NTT Docomo 's manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape - shifting robot WD - 2 . It is capable of changing its face . At first , the creators decided the positions of the necessary points to express the outline , eyes , nose , and so on of a certain person . The robot expresses its face by moving all points to the decided positions , they say . The first version of the robot was first developed back in 2003 . After that , a year later , they made a couple of major improvements to the design . The robot features an elastic mask made from the average head dummy . It uses a driving system with a 3DOF unit . The WD - 2 robot can change its facial features by activating specific facial points on a mask , with each point possessing three degrees of freedom . This one has 17 facial points , for a total of 56 degrees of freedom . As for the materials they used , the WD - 2 's mask is fabricated with a highly elastic material called Septom , with bits of steel wool mixed in for added strength . Other technical features reveal a shaft driven behind the mask at the desired facial point , driven by a DC motor with a simple pulley and a slide screw . Apparently , the researchers can also modify the shape of the mask based on actual human faces . To `` copy '' a face , they need only a 3D scanner to determine the locations of an individual 's 17 facial points . After that , they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards . In addition , the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual 's hair style and skin color if a photo of their face is projected onto the 3D Mask . Singapore ( edit ) Prof Nadia Thalmann , a Nanyang Technological University scientist , directed efforts of the Institute for Media Innovation along with the School of Computer Engineering in the development of a social robot , Nadine . Nadine is powered by software similar to Apple 's Siri or Microsoft 's Cortana . Nadine may become a personal assistant in offices and homes in future , or she may become a companion for the young and the elderly . Assoc Prof Gerald Seet from the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and the BeingThere Centre led a three - year R&D development in tele - presence robotics , creating EDGAR . A remote user can control EDGAR with the user 's face and expressions displayed on the robot 's face in real time . The robot also mimics their upper body movements . South Korea ( edit ) EveR - 2 , the first android that has the ability to sing KITECH researched and developed EveR - 1 , an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial `` musculature '' and capable of rudimentary conversation , having a vocabulary of around 400 words . She is 160 cm tall and weighs 50 kg , matching the average figure of a Korean woman in her twenties . EveR - 1 's name derives from the Biblical Eve , plus the letter r for robot . EveR - 1 's advanced computing processing power enables speech recognition and vocal synthesis , at the same time processing lip synchronization and visual recognition by 90 - degree micro-CCD cameras with face recognition technology . An independent microchip inside her artificial brain handles gesture expression , body coordination , and emotion expression . Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face , neck , and lower body ; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing . In South Korea , the Ministry of Information and Communication has an ambitious plan to put a robot in every household by 2020 . Several robot cities have been planned for the country : the first will be built in 2016 at a cost of 500 billion won ( 440 million USD ) , of which 50 billion is direct government investment . The new robot city will feature research and development centers for manufacturers and part suppliers , as well as exhibition halls and a stadium for robot competitions . The country 's new Robotics Ethics Charter will establish ground rules and laws for human interaction with robots in the future , setting standards for robotics users and manufacturers , as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots to prevent human abuse of robots and vice versa . United states ( edit ) Walt Disney and a staff of Imagineers created Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln that debuted at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . Hanson Robotics , Inc. , of Texas and KAIST produced an android portrait of Albert Einstein , using Hanson 's facial android technology mounted on KAIST 's life - size walking bipedal robot body . This Einstein android , also called `` Albert Hubo '' , thus represents the first full - body walking android in history ( see video at ) . Hanson Robotics , the FedEx Institute of Technology , and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci - fi author Philip K. Dick ( creator of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? , the basis for the film Blade Runner ) , with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author 's works . In 2005 , the PKD android won a first place artificial intelligence award from AAAI . Use in fiction ( edit ) See also : List of fictional robots and androids Androids are a staple of science fiction . Isaac Asimov pioneered the fictionalization of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence , notably in his 1950s series I , Robot . One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real - life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human - like robots -- such as the creation of strong artificial intelligence -- are assumed to have been solved . Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans -- moving , thinking and speaking as fluidly as them . The tension between the nonhuman substance and the human appearance -- or even human ambitions -- of androids is the dramatic impetus behind most of their fictional depictions . Some android heroes seek , like Pinocchio , to become human , as in the films Bicentennial Man , Hollywood , Enthiran and A.I. Artificial Intelligence , or Data in Star Trek : The Next Generation . Others , as in the film Westworld , rebel against abuse by careless humans . Android hunter Deckard in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? and its film adaptation Blade Runner discovers that his targets appear to be , in some ways , more `` human '' than he is . Android stories , therefore , are not essentially stories `` about '' androids ; they are stories about the human condition and what it means to be human . One aspect of writing about the meaning of humanity is to use discrimination against androids as a mechanism for exploring racism in society , as in Blade Runner . Perhaps the clearest example of this is John Brunner 's 1968 novel Into the Slave Nebula , where the blue - skinned android slaves are explicitly shown to be fully human . More recently , the androids Bishop and Annalee Call in the films Aliens and Alien Resurrection are used as vehicles for exploring how humans deal with the presence of an `` Other '' . Female androids , or `` gynoids '' , are often seen in science fiction , and can be viewed as a continuation of the long tradition of men attempting to create the stereotypical `` perfect woman '' . Examples include the Greek myth of Pygmalion and the female robot Maria in Fritz Lang 's Metropolis . Some gynoids , like Pris in Blade Runner , are designed as sex - objects , with the intent of `` pleasing men 's violent sexual desires '' , or as submissive , servile companions , such as in The Stepford Wives . Fiction about gynoids has therefore been described as reinforcing `` essentialist ideas of femininity '' , although others have suggested that the treatment of androids is a way of exploring racism and misogyny in society . The 2015 Japanese film Sayonara , starring Geminoid F , was promoted as `` the first movie to feature an android performing opposite a human actor '' . See also ( edit ) Robotics portal Agalmatophilia Android science Animatronic Audio - Animatronics Automaton ASIMO Cylon Domestic robot Gynoid HUBO Humanoid robot Justin ( robot ) MAHRU Neurorobotics RealDoll REEM - B Replicant Robot fetishism RoboTurk Synthoid The Turk Three Laws of Robotics TOPIO Transhumanism Uncanny valley Kryten References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Riper , A. Bowdoin ( 2002 ) . Science in popular culture : a reference guide . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31822 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Prucher ( 7 May 2007 ) . Brave new words : the Oxford dictionary of science fiction . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530567 - 8 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brian M. Stableford ( 2006 ) . Science fact and science fiction : an encyclopedia . CRC Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97460 - 8 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eric G. Wilson ( 10 August 2006 ) . The melancholy android : on the psychology of sacred machines . SUNY Press . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6846 - 3 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishiguro , Hiroshi . `` Android science . '' , Cognitive Science Society , Osaka , 2005 . Retrieved on 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Draft Revision , December 2008 Jump up ^ OED at `` android '' citing Ephraim Chambers , Cyclopædia ; or , a universal dictionary of arts and sciences . 1728 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , Patent # 40891 , Toy Automation '' . Google Patents . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Levin , Drew S. ( exec . prod . ) ( 23 February 1999 ) . `` Rough Whimper of Insanity '' . Total Recall 2070 . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Toronto . 2 : 10 minutes in . Channel Zero . CHCH - TV . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Zeghloul , Saïd ; Laribi , Med Amine ; Gazeau , Jean - Pierre ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Robotics and Mechatronics : Proceedings of the 4th IFToMM International Symposium on Robotics and Mechatronics '' . Springer -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Humanoid History - WABOT - '' . www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Android Projects '' . androidworld.com . Jump up ^ Robots : From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution , page 130 Jump up ^ Duffy , Vincent G. ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Handbook of Digital Human Modeling : Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering '' . CRC Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 2history '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` P3 '' . Honda Worldwide . Retrieved 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NTU scientists unveil social and telepresence robots '' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Robot in Every Home by 2020 , South Korea Says '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea set to build `` Robot Land '' `` . Engadget . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse , Protect Humans '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pavilions & Attractions - Illinois - Page Two '' . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( no title ) '' . www.hansonrobotics.wordpress.com . Jump up ^ `` FIT - FedEx Institute of Technology - The University of Memphis '' . www.fedex.memphis.edu . horizontal tab character in title = at position 14 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` about `` PKD Android '' . www.pkdandroid.org . Jump up ^ Jonathan Barra , Roger Caille ; et al . `` The Android Generation '' . West Coast Midnight Run / Citadel Consulting Group LLC . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Van Riper , op. cit. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Dinello , Daniel ( 2005 ) . Technophobia ! : Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology . University of Texas Press . p. 76 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Ammassa , Don ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . Facts on File . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5924 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nishime , LeiLani ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Mulatto Cyborg : Imagining a Multiracial Future '' ( PDF ) . Cinema Journal . University of Texas Press . 44 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 49 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2005.0011 . Retrieved 10 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Melzer , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Alien Constructions : Science Fiction and Feminist Thought . University of Texas Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Melzer , p. 204 Jump up ^ Grebowicz , Margret ; L. Timmel Duchamp ; Nicola Griffith ; Terry Bisson ( 2007 ) . SciFi in the mind 's eye : reading science through science fiction . Open Court . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9630 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dinello , op . cit. , p 77 . Jump up ^ James Hadfield ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Tokyo : ' Sayonara ' Filmmakers Debate Future of Robot Actors '' . variety.com . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Kerman , Judith B. ( 1991 ) . Retrofitting Blade Runner : Issues in Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? Bowling Green , OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 509 - 5 . Perkowitz , Sidney ( 2004 ) . Digital People : From Bionic Humans to Androids . Joseph Henry Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09619 - 7 . Shelde , Per ( 1993 ) . Androids , Humanoids , and Other Science Fiction Monsters : Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 7930 - 1 . Ishiguro , Hiroshi . `` Android science . '' Cognitive Science Society . 2005 . Glaser , Horst Albert and Rossbach , Sabine : The Artificial Human , Frankfurt / M. , Bern , New York 2011 `` The Artificial Human '' TechCast Article Series , Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix , `` Public Attitudes to Androids : Robot Gender , Tasks , & Pricing '' An - droid , `` Similar to the Android name '' Carpenter , J. ( 2009 ) . Why send the Terminator to do R2D2s job ? : Designing androids as rhetorical phenomena . Proceedings of HCI 2009 : Beyond Gray Droids : Domestic Robot Design for the 21st Century . Cambridge , UK . 1 September . Telotte , J.P. Replications : A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film . University of Illinois Press , 1995 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAndroid ( robot ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Androids and gynoids Gynoids Actroid EveR HRP - 4C Meinü robot Repliee Q1Expo ( Hiroshi Ishiguro ) Male ( androids ) Ibn Sina Robot Geminoid ( Hiroshi Ishiguro ) Babies and children iCub See also Fictional robots and androids Fictional gynoids Android science Humanoids Cyborgs Humanoid robots Legged Mini ASRA C1 Bioloid Choromet Coco Evolta FemiSapien RoboSapien Robosapien v2 Ropid RS Media HOAP JO - ZERO KHR - 1 Kirobo & Mirata KT - X Manav Nao PALRO PERSIA PINO PLEN QRIO Robovie - PC RX SIGMO Small / medium Archie ASIMO Athlete Robot AR - 600 E-nuvo Flame GuRoo HUBO iCub J4 Lara Murata Boy and Murata Girl REEM Toyota Partner Robot Xianxingzhe Human - sized Atlas ATOM - 7xp Dr. Motor E series Eric George HRP - 4 IsaacRobot Johnnie Kiyomori Kobian Leonardo 's robot Manny MAHRU / AHRA Musa P series PETMAN Robot Man of Szeged SAM10 SURALP Surena TOPIO Wabian Wabot WASUBOT WHL - 11 Big Elektro Land Walker Wheeled GuRoo EMIEW Enon Hadaly - 2 i - SOBOT Justin Nexi Pepper RI - MAN ROBINA Sanbot Seropi TOPIO Dio TWENDY - ONE Wakamaru With tracks BEAR Upper torso Domo Gakutensoku Geoff Peterson Greenman Junior LUDWIG Robonaut Saika Simon Sota Telenoid R1 See also Androids Cyborgs Robot fetishism Mobile robots and uncrewed vehicles Aerial Unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) Unmanned aircraft system Aerobot Helicam List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications Unmanned combat air vehicle ( UCAV ) Unmanned Aircraft Ornithopter Ground Walking Humanoid ( list ) Android ( list ) Hexapod ( list ) Other Unmanned ground vehicle ( UGV ) Automated guided vehicle ( AGV ) Unmanned ground combat vehicle ( UGCV ) Driverless car Automatic train operation ( ATO ) ( list ) Underwater Unmanned underwater vehicle ( UUV ) Autonomous underwater vehicle ( AUV ) Intervention AUV ( I - AUV ) Remotely operated underwater vehicle ( ROUV ) Underwater glider Surface Unmanned surface vehicle ( USV ) Space Unmanned space vehicle ( USV ) Robotic spacecraft ( list ) Robotic telescope Space probe Unmanned resupply spacecraft ( list ) Other Domestic Military Rescue Medical Disability Agricultural BEAM robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics See also Uncrewed vehicle Robotics Robot locomotion Autonomous robot Autonomous logistics Radio - controlled model Remote control vehicle Remote control animal Categories Radio control Unmanned vehicles Robotics Main articles Outline Glossary Index History Future Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws AI competitions Types Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Claytronics Companion Animatronic Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Entertainment Juggling Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retailing BEAM robotics Soft robotics Uncrewed vehicle Classifications Aerial vehicle Ground vehicle Mobile robot navigation Microbotics Nanorobotics Robotic spacecraft Space probe Swarm Underwater Locomotion Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Self - balancing unicycle Research Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open - source Software Adaptable Developmental Paradigms Ubiquitous Related Technological unemployment Fictional robots Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_(robot)&oldid=857127967 '' Categories : Android ( robot ) Japanese inventions South Korean inventions Osaka University research Science fiction themes Human -- machine interaction Robots Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29	2,774
man is to woman as earl is to what	In modern Britain , an earl is a member of the peerage , ranking below a marquess and above a viscount . A feminine form of earl never developed ; instead , countess is used .		Earl	earl		Imperial , royal , noble and chivalric ranks Emperor / Empress King / Queen Archduke / Archduchess Grand Prince / Grand Princess Grand Duke / Grand Duchess Prince / Princess / Infante / Infanta / Królewicz / królewna Duke / Duchess Sovereign Prince / Sovereign Princess / Fürst / Fürstin Marquess / Marquis / Marchioness / Margrave / Landgrave / Count palatine Count / Countess / Earl Burgrave / Châtelain / Castellan Viscount / Viscountess / Vidame Baron / Baroness Baronet / Baronetess Hereditary Knight / Lady / Ritter / Ridder Knight / Dame Chevalier Esquire / Laird / Edler / Jonkheer / Junker Gentleman / Younger / Maid An earl ( / ɜːr l / ) is a member of the nobility . The title is Anglo - Saxon in origin , akin to the Scandinavian form jarl , and meant `` chieftain '' , particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king 's stead . In Scandinavia , it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke ( hertig / hertug / hertog ) . In later medieval Britain , it became the equivalent of the continental count ( in England in the earlier period , it was more akin to a duke ; in Scotland it assimilated the concept of mormaer ) . However , earlier in Scandinavia , jarl could also mean a sovereign prince . For example , the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of jarl and in many cases they had no less power than their neighbours who had the title of king . Alternative names for the rank equivalent to `` Earl / Count '' in the nobility structure are used in other countries , such as the hakushaku of the post-restoration Japanese Imperial era . In modern Britain , an earl is a member of the peerage , ranking below a marquess and above a viscount . A feminine form of earl never developed ; instead , countess is used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Earls in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth 2.1 Forms of address 2.2 England 2.2. 1 Changing power of English earls 2.2. 2 Earls , land and titles 2.3 Ireland 2.4 Scotland 2.5 Wales 2.6 Coronet 2.7 Former Prime Ministers 3 Scandinavia 3.1 Norway 3.2 Sweden 3.3 Iceland 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also : Ríg ( Norse god ) for the account in Norse mythology of the warrior Jarl or Ríg - Jarl presented as the ancestor of the class of warrior - nobles . The term earl has been compared to the name of the Heruli , and to runic erilaz . Proto - Norse eril , or the later Old Norse jarl , came to signify the rank of a leader . The Norman - derived equivalent count ( from Latin comes ) was not introduced following the Norman conquest of England though countess was and is used for the female title . Geoffrey Hughes writes , `` It is a likely speculation that the Norman French title ' Count ' was abandoned in England in favour of the Germanic ' Earl ' ( ... ) precisely because of the uncomfortable phonetic proximity to cunt '' . In the other languages of Britain and Ireland , the term is translated as : Welsh iarll , Irish and Scottish Gaelic iarla , Scots yarl or yerl , Cornish yurl . Earls in the United Kingdom and the commonwealth ( edit ) See also : List of earldoms The royal procession to Parliament at Westminster , 4 February 1512 . Left to right : The Marquess of Dorset , Earl of Northumberland , Earl of Surrey , Earl of Shrewsbury , Earl of Essex , Earl of Kent , Earl of Derby , Earl of Wiltshire . From : Parliament Procession Roll of 1512 . An earl 's coronation robes . Part of a series on Peerage Ranks ( show ) Duke Duchess Marquess Marchioness Earl Countess Viscount Viscountess Baron Baroness Types ( show ) Hereditary Life Representative Divisions ( show ) England Scotland Ireland Great Britain United Kingdom History ( show ) Overview Privileges Robes House of Lords British politics portal United Kingdom portal Forms of address ( edit ) An earl has the title Earl of ( X ) when the title originates from a placename , or Earl ( X ) when the title comes from a surname . In either case , he is referred to as Lord ( X ) , and his wife as Lady ( X ) . A countess who holds an earldom in her own right also uses Lady ( X ) , but her husband does not have a title ( unless he has one in his own right ) . The eldest son of an earl , though not himself a peer , is entitled to use a courtesy title , usually the highest of his father 's lesser titles ( if any ) , for instance the eldest son of The Earl Of Wessex is styled as James , Viscount Severn . Younger sons are styled The Honourable ( Forename ) ( Surname ) , and daughters , The Lady ( Forename ) ( Surname ) ( Lady Diana Spencer being a well - known example ) . In the peerage of Scotland , when there are no courtesy titles involved , the heir to an earldom , and indeed any level of peerage , is styled Master of ( X ) , and successive sons as younger of ( X ) . England ( edit ) Changing power of English earls ( edit ) In Anglo - Saxon England , earls had authority over their own regions and right of judgment in provincial courts , as delegated by the king . They collected fines and taxes and in return received a `` third penny '' , one - third of the money they collected . In wartime they led the king 's armies . Some shires were grouped together into larger units known as earldoms , headed by an ealdorman or earl . Under Edward the Confessor earldoms like Wessex , Mercia , East Anglia and Northumbria -- names that represented earlier independent kingdoms -- were much larger than any shire . Earls originally functioned essentially as royal governors . Though the title of Earl was nominally equal to the continental duke , unlike them , earls were not de facto rulers in their own right . After the Norman Conquest , William the Conqueror tried to rule England using the traditional system but eventually modified it to his own liking . Shires became the largest secular subdivision in England and earldoms disappeared . The Normans did create new earls like those of Herefordshire , Shropshire , and Cheshire but they were associated with only a single shire at most . Their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman counts . There was no longer any administrative layer larger than the shire , and shires became `` counties '' . Earls no longer aided in tax collection or made decisions in country courts and their numbers were small . King Stephen increased the number of earls to reward those loyal to him in his war with his cousin Empress Matilda . He gave some earls the right to hold royal castles or control the sheriff and soon other earls assumed these rights themselves . By the end of his reign , some earls held courts of their own and even minted their own coins , against the wishes of the king . It fell to Stephen 's successor Henry II to again curtail the power of earls . He took back the control of royal castles and even demolished castles that earls had built for themselves . He did not create new earls or earldoms . No earl was allowed to remain independent of royal control . The English kings had found it dangerous to give additional power to an already powerful aristocracy , so gradually sheriffs assumed the governing role . The details of this transition remain obscure , since earls in more peripheral areas , such as the Scottish Marches and Welsh Marches and Cornwall , retained some viceregal powers long after other earls had lost them . The loosening of central authority during the Anarchy also complicates any smooth description of the changeover . By the 13th century , earls had a social rank just below the king and princes , but were not necessarily more powerful or wealthier than other noblemen . The only way to become an earl was to inherit the title or marry into one -- and the king reserved a right to prevent the transfer of the title . By the 14th century , creating an earl included a special public ceremony where the king personally tied a sword belt around the waist of the new earl , emphasizing the fact that the earl 's rights came from him . Earls still held influence and , as `` companions of the king '' , were regarded as supporters of the king 's power . They showed that power for the first time in 1327 when they deposed Edward II . They would later do the same with other kings of whom they disapproved . In 1337 Edward III declared that he intended to create six new earldoms . Earls , land and titles ( edit ) A loose connection between earls and shires remained for a long time after authority had moved over to the sheriffs . An official defining characteristic of an earl still consisted of the receipt of the `` third penny '' , one - third of the revenues of justice of a shire , that later became a fixed sum . Thus every earl had an association with some shire , and very often a new creation of an earldom would take place in favour of the county where the new earl already had large estates and local influence . Also , due to the association of earls and shires , the medieval practice could remain somewhat loose regarding the precise name used : no confusion could arise by calling someone earl of a shire , earl of the county town of the shire , or earl of some other prominent place in the shire ; these all implied the same . So there were the `` earl of Shrewsbury '' ( Shropshire ) , `` earl of Arundel '' , `` earl of Chichester '' ( Sussex ) , `` earl of Winchester '' ( Hampshire ) , etc . In a few cases the earl was traditionally addressed by his family name , e.g. the `` earl Warenne '' ( in this case the practice may have arisen because these earls had little or no property in Surrey , their official county ) . Thus an earl did not always have an intimate association with `` his '' county . Another example comes from the earls of Oxford , whose property largely lay in Essex . They became earls of Oxford because earls of Essex and of the other nearby shires already existed . Eventually the connection between an earl and a shire disappeared , so that in the present day a number of earldoms take their names from towns , mountains , or simply surnames . Ireland ( edit ) The first Irish earldom was the Earl of Ulster , granted to the Norman knight Hugh de Lacy in 1205 by Henry II , King of England and Lord of Ireland . Other early earldoms were Earl of Carrick ( 1315 ) , Earl of Kildare ( 1316 ) , Earl of Desmond ( 1329 ) and Earl of Waterford ( 1446 , extant ) . After the Tudor reconquest of Ireland ( 1530s -- 1603 ) , native Irish kings and clan chiefs were encouraged to submit to the English king ( now also King of Ireland ) and were , in return , granted noble titles in the Peerage of Ireland . Notable among those who agreed to this policy of `` surrender and regrant '' were Ulick na gCeann Burke , 1st Earl of Clanricarde , Murrough O'Brien , 1st Earl of Thomond , Donald McCarthy , 1st Earl of Clancare , Rory O'Donnell , 1st Earl of Tyrconnell , Randal MacDonnell , 1st Earl of Antrim and Hugh O'Neill , Earl of Tyrone . The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell later rebelled against the crown and were forced to flee Ireland in 1607 ; their departure , along with about ninety followers , is famed in Irish history as the Flight of the Earls , seen as the ultimate demise of native Irish monarchy . Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801 , and the last Irish earldom was created in 1824 . The Republic of Ireland does not recognise titles of nobility . Notable later Irish earls include Jacobite leader Patrick Sarsfield , 1st Earl of Lucan ; Postmaster General Richard Trench , 2nd Earl of Clancarty ; Prime Minister William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne ( later made a marquess ) and the murderer John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan . Scotland ( edit ) The oldest earldoms in Scotland ( with the exception of the Earldom of Dunbar and March ) originated from the office of mormaer , such as the Mormaer of Fife , of Strathearn , etc. ; subsequent earldoms developed by analogy . The principal distinction between earldom and mormaer is that earldoms were granted as fiefs of the King , while mormaers were virtually independent . The earl is thought to have been introduced by the anglophile king David I. While the power attached to the office of earl was swept away in England by the Norman Conquest , in Scotland earldoms retained substantial powers , such as regality throughout the Middle Ages . It is important to distinguish between the land controlled directly by the earl , in a landlord - like sense , and the region over which he could exercise his office . Scottish use of Latin terms provincia and comitatus makes the difference clear . Initially these terms were synonymous , like in England , but by the 12th century they were seen as distinct concepts , with comitatus referring to the land under direct control of the earl , and provincia referring to the province ; hence , the comitatus might now only be a small region of the provincia . Thus , unlike England , the term county , which ultimately evolved from the Latin comitatus , was not historically used for Scotland 's main political subdivisions . Sheriffs were introduced at a similar time to earls , but unlike England , where sheriffs were officers who implemented the decisions of the shire court , in Scotland they were specifically charged with upholding the king 's interests in the region , thus being more like a coroner . As such , a parallel system of justice arose , between that provided by magnates ( represented by the earls ) , and that by the king ( represented by sheriffs ) , in a similar way to England having both Courts Baron and Magistrates , respectively . Inevitably , this led to a degree of forum shopping , with the king 's offering - the Sheriff - gradually winning . As in England , as the centuries wore on , the term earl came to be disassociated from the office , and later kings started granting the title of earl without it , and gradually without even an associated comitatus . By the 16th century there started to be earls of towns , of villages , and even of isolated houses ; it had simply become a label for marking status , rather than an office of intrinsic power . In 1746 , in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising , the Heritable Jurisdictions Act brought the powers of the remaining ancient earldoms under the control of the sheriffs ; earl is now simply a noble rank . Wales ( edit ) Some of the most significant Earls ( Welsh : ieirll , singular iarll ) in Welsh history were those from the West of England . As Wales remained independent of any Norman jurisdiction , the more powerful Earls in England were encouraged to invade and establish effective `` buffer states '' to be run as autonomous lordships . These Marcher Lords included the earls of Chester , Gloucester , Hereford , Pembroke and Shrewsbury ( see also English Earls of March ) . The first Earldoms created within Wales were the Lordship of Glamorgan ( a comital title ) and the Earldom of Pembroke . Tir Iarll ( English : Earl 's land ) is an area of Glamorgan , which has traditionally had a particular resonance in Welsh culture . Coronet ( edit ) A coronet of a British earl . A British earl is entitled to a coronet bearing eight strawberry leaves ( four visible ) and eight silver balls ( or pearls ) around the rim ( five visible ) . The actual coronet is mostly worn on certain ceremonial occasions , but an Earl may bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms above the shield . Former Prime Ministers ( edit ) An earldom became , with a few exceptions , the default peerage to which a former Prime Minister was elevated . However the last Prime Minister to accept an earldom was Harold Macmillan , who became Earl of Stockton in 1984 . In the 1970s life peerages ( baronies ) became the norm for former Prime Ministers , though none has accepted any peerage since Margaret Thatcher in 1992 . Scandinavia ( edit ) Norway ( edit ) In later medieval Norway , the title of jarl was the highest rank below the king . The jarl was the only one , beside the king himself , who was entitled to have a hird ( large armed retinue ) . There was usually no more than one jarl in mainland Norway at any one time , sometimes none . The ruler of the Norwegian dependency of Orkney held the title of jarl , and after Iceland had acknowledged Norwegian overlordship in 1261 , a jarl was sent there , as well , as the king 's high representative . In mainland Norway , the title of jarl was usually used for one of two purposes : To appoint a de facto ruler in cases where the king was a minor or seriously ill ( e.g. Håkon galen in 1204 during the minority of king Guttorm , Skule Bårdsson in 1217 during the illness of king Inge Bårdsson ) . To appease a pretender to the throne without giving him the title of king ( e.g. Eirik , the brother of king Sverre ) . In 1237 , jarl Skule Bårdsson was given the rank of duke ( hertug ) . This was the first time this title had been used in Norway , and meant that the title jarl was no longer the highest rank below the king . It also heralded the introduction of new noble titles from continental Europe , which were to replace the old Norse titles . The last jarl in mainland Norway was appointed in 1295 . Some Norwegian jarls : Skagul Toste Skule Tostesson , killed by peasants near Haverö church in the 12th century . Erling Skakke , father of king Magnus V Alv Erlingsson , earl of Sarpsborg and governor of Borgarsyssel . Haakon the Crazy Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Swedish jarls The usage of the title in Sweden was similar to Norway 's . Known as jarls from the 12th and 13th century were Birger Brosa , Jon Jarl , Folke Birgersson , Charles the Deaf , Ulf Fase , and the most powerful of all jarls and the last to hold the title , Birger Jarl . Iceland ( edit ) Only one person ever held the title of Earl ( or Jarl ) in Iceland . This was Gissur Þorvaldsson , who was made Earl of Iceland by King Haakon IV of Norway for his efforts in bringing Iceland under Norwegian kingship during the Age of the Sturlungs . See also ( edit ) List of earldoms Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Earl '' . Collins Dictionary . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Angus , ed. ( 2007 ) . Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . 1 A-M ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920687 - 2 . Jump up ^ e.g. Järsberg Runestone ( 6th century ) ek erilaz ( ... ) runor waritu ... Jump up ^ Lindström ( 2006 : 113 -- 115 ) . Jump up ^ Hughes , Geoffrey ( 1998 - 03 - 26 ) . Swearing : A Social History of Foul Language , Oaths and Profanity in English . Penguin Books . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crouch p108 Jump up ^ Davies , John ; Jenkins , Nigel ; Menna , Baines ; Lynch , Peredur I. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1953 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jesse L. Byock ( 2001 ) , Viking Age Iceland , Penguin Books , ISBN 0141937653 p. 350 References ( edit ) Crouch , David ( 2002 ) . The Normans . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 387 - 5 . Morris , Marc ( December 2005 ) . `` The King 's Companions '' . History Today . Lindström , Fredrik ; Lindström , Henrik ( 2006 ) . Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse . Albert Bonniers förlag . ISBN 9789100107895 . ( in Swedish ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Earls at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl&oldid=848884496 '' Categories : Counts Earldoms Earls Medieval Norway Medieval Sweden Men 's social titles Noble titles Norwegian noble titles Peerage Swedish nobility Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with Swedish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Hrvatski ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 01 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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when was albuquerque new mexico founded and by whom	Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque . Present - day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage .		Albuquerque , New Mexico	albuquerque, new mexico		City in New Mexico , United States Albuquerque City Balloon Fiesta , Downtown Albuquerque Alvarado Center , Sandia Peak Tramway San Felipe de Neri Church , Rio Grande Wetlands Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : ABQ , The Duke City , Burque , The 505 , The Big A Location in the state of New Mexico Albuquerque Location in the contiguous United States Albuquerque Albuquerque ( the US ) Show map of New Mexico Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 35 ° 06 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 36 '' W / 35.11083 ° N 106.61000 ° W / 35.11083 ; - 106.61000 Coordinates : 35 ° 06 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 36 '' W / 35.11083 ° N 106.61000 ° W / 35.11083 ; - 106.61000 Country United States State New Mexico County Bernalillo County Founded 1706 ( as Alburquerque ) Incorporated 1891 ( as Albuquerque ) Named for Francisco Fernández de la Cueva , Duke of Alburquerque Government Type Mayor - council government Mayor Tim Keller ( D ) City Council Councilors ( show ) 5 Democrats , 4 Republicans Ken Sanchez ( D ) Diane G. Gibson ( D ) Isaac Benton ( D ) Cynthia Borrego ( I ) Bradley Winter ( R ) Patrick Davis ( D ) Klarissa J. Peña ( D ) Trudy Jones ( R ) Don Harris ( R ) State House Representatives ( show ) 13 Democrats , 11 Republicans G. Andres Romero ( D ) Javier Martínez ( D ) Patricio Ruiloba ( D ) Eleanor Chavez ( D ) Patricia Roybal Caballero ( D ) Miguel Garcia ( D ) Sarah Maestas Barnes ( R ) Antonio Maestas ( D ) Deborah Armstrong ( D ) Gail Chasey ( D ) Sheryl M. Williams - Stapleton ( D ) Jim Dines ( R ) Stephanie Maez ( D ) James Smith ( R ) Paul Pacheco ( R ) Conrad James ( R ) Christine Trujillo ( D ) Georgene Louis ( D ) Larry Larranaga ( R ) Jimmie C. Hall ( R ) David Adkins ( R ) Nathaniel Gentry ( R ) William Rehm ( R ) Monica Youngblood ( R ) State Senate State senators ( show ) 7 Republicans , 6 Democrats John Ryan ( R ) Linda Lopez ( D ) Jerry Ortiz y Pino ( D ) Dede Feldman ( D ) Eric Griego ( D ) H. Diane Snyder ( R ) Cisco McSorley ( D ) Mark Boitano ( R ) Sue Wilson Beffort ( R ) William H. Payne ( R ) Kent L. Cravens ( R ) Joseph J. Carraro ( R ) Bernadette Sanchez ( D ) U.S. House Representative ( show ) Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) Area City 189.5 sq mi ( 490.9 km ) Land 187.7 sq mi ( 486.2 km ) Water 1.8 sq mi ( 4.7 km ) Elevation 5,312 ft ( 1,619.1 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 545,852 Estimate ( 2017 ) 558,545 Rank US : 32nd Density 2,900 / sq mi ( 1,100 / km ) Metro 909,906 ( 60th ) 1,171,991 ( Albuquerque -- Santa Fe -- Las Vegas CSA ) Ethnicities 69.7 % White 4.6 % Multiracial 4.6 % American Indian 3.3 % Black 2.6 % Asian 46.7 % Hispanic Demonym ( s ) Albuquerquean , Burqueño Time zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) Summer ( DST ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) ZIP code ( s ) 87101 -- 87125 , 87131 , 87151 , 87153 , 87154 , 87158 , 87174 , 87176 , 87181 , 87184 , 87185 , 87187 , 87190 -- 87199 Area code ( s ) 505 , 575 FIPS code 35 - 02000 GNIS feature ID 0928679 Primary Airport Albuquerque International Sunport ABQ ( Major / International ) Secondary Airport Double Eagle II Airport - KAEG ( Public ) Website www.cabq.gov Albuquerque ( / ˈælbəˌkɜːrki / ( listen ) AL - bə - kur - kee ; Navajo : Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil ( pèːʔèltíːl tɑ̀xsɪ̀nɪ̀l ) ; Eastern Keres : Arawageeki ; Jemez : Vakêêke ; Jicarilla Apache : Gołgéeki ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico . The city serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County , and it is situated in the north central part of the state , straddling the Rio Grande . The city population is 558,545 as of the July 1 , 2017 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau , and ranks as the 32nd - largest city in the U.S. The Albuquerque metropolitan statistical area ( or MSA ) has a population of 909,906 according to the United States Census Bureau 's most recently available estimate for 2016 . Albuquerque is the 60th - largest United States metropolitan area . The Albuquerque MSA population includes the city of Rio Rancho , Bernalillo , Placitas , Corrales , Los Lunas , Belen , Bosque Farms , and forms part of the larger Albuquerque -- Santa Fe -- Las Vegas combined statistical area , with a total population of 1,171,991 as of the July 1 , 2016 , Census Bureau estimates . Albuquerque is home to the University of New Mexico ( UNM ) , Kirtland Air Force Base , Sandia National Laboratories , the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History , Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Central New Mexico Community College ( CNM ) , Presbyterian Medical Services ( PMS ) , Presbyterian Health Services , New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science , Albuquerque Biological Park , and Petroglyph National Monument . The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque , and the Rio Grande flows through the city , north to south . Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta , the world 's largest such gathering of hot - air balloons from around the globe . The event takes place during October . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Native American presence 2.2 Early European settlers 2.3 Early 20th century 2.4 Decades of growth 2.5 New millennium 2.6 Urban trends and issues 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Landscape 3.3 Climate 3.4 Hydrology 3.5 Quadrants 3.5. 1 Northeast Quadrant 3.5. 2 Northwest Quadrant 3.5. 3 Southeast Quadrant 3.5. 4 Southwest Quadrant 4 Demographics 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Points of interest 5.2 International Balloon Fiesta 5.3 Architecture 5.3. 1 Tallest buildings 6 Sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8.1 Police department 9 Economy 10 Education 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Transportation 11.1. 1 Main highways 11.1. 2 Bridges 11.1. 3 Rail 11.1. 4 Freight service 11.1. 5 Intercity rail 11.1. 6 Commuter rail 11.1. 7 Local mass transit 11.1. 8 Bicycle transit 11.1. 9 Walkability 11.1. 10 Airports 11.2 Utilities 11.2. 1 Energy 11.2. 2 Sanitation 11.3 Healthcare 12 Media 12.1 In popular culture 12.1. 1 In film 12.1. 2 In music 12.1. 3 In television 13 Notable people 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology ( edit ) Francisco , Duke of Alburquerque Albuquerque was named in honor of Francisco Fernández de la Cueva , 10th Duke of Alburquerque who was Viceroy of New Spain from 1702 to 1711 . The growing village was named by provincial governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés . The Duke 's title referred to the Spanish town of Alburquerque , in the province of Badajoz , near the border with Portugal . The name has two theories of origin , which denote either Latin or Arabic roots . Under the Latin theory , the name derives from albus quercus meaning `` white oak '' . The name was probably in reference to the prevalence of cork oaks in the region , which have a white wood when the bark is removed . Alburquerque is still a center of the Spanish cork industry , and the town coat - of - arms features a white cork oak . Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic Abu al - Qurq , which means `` father of the cork ( oak ) '' . The first `` r '' in Alburquerque was later dropped , probably due to association with the prominent Portuguese general Alfonso de Albuquerque , whose family title ( among others ) and then name originated from the presently Spanish town , which was once a dominion of the Kings of Portugal and used the Portuguese variant spelling of its name . The change was also in part because citizens found the original name difficult to pronounce . History ( edit ) See also : History of Albuquerque , New Mexico and Timeline of Albuquerque , New Mexico Native American presence ( edit ) Petroglyphs carved into basalt in the west part of the city bear testimony to early Native American presence in the area , now preserved in the Petroglyph National Monument . The Tanoan and Keresan peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque . By the 1500s , there were around 20 Tiwa pueblos along a 60 - mile ( 97 km ) stretch of river from present - day Algodones to the Rio Puerco confluence south of Belen . Of these , 12 -- 13 were densely clustered near present - day Bernalillo and the remainder were spread out to the south . Two Tiwa pueblos lie specifically on the outskirts of the present - day city , both of which have been continuously inhabited for many centuries : Sandia Pueblo , which was founded in the 14th century , and the Pueblo of Isleta , for which written records go back to the early 17th century , when it was chosen as the site of the San Agustín de la Isleta Mission , a Catholic mission . The Navajo , Apache and Comanche peoples were also likely to have set camps in the Albuquerque area , as there is evidence of trade and cultural exchange between the different Native American groups going back centuries before European conquest . Early European settlers ( edit ) Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque . Present - day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage . Old Town Albuquerque Plaza Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real . The town was also the sheep - herding center of the West . Spain established a presidio ( military garrison ) in Albuquerque in 1706 . After 1821 , Mexico also had a military garrison there . The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern : a central plaza surrounded by government buildings , homes , and a church . This central plaza area has been preserved and is open to the public as a museum , cultural area , and center of commerce . It is referred to as `` Old Town Albuquerque '' or simply `` Old Town . '' Historically it was sometimes referred to as `` La Placita '' ( little plaza in Spanish ) . On the north side of Old Town Plaza is San Felipe de Neri Church . Built in 1793 , it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the city . After the American occupation of New Mexico , Albuquerque had a federal garrison and quartermaster depot , the Post of Albuquerque , from 1846 to 1867 . During the Civil War Albuquerque was occupied in February 1862 by Confederate troops under General Henry Hopkins Sibley , who soon afterward advanced with his main body into northern New Mexico . During his retreat from Union troops into Texas he made a stand on April 8 , 1862 , at Albuquerque and fought the Battle of Albuquerque against a detachment of Union soldiers commanded by Colonel Edward R.S. Canby . This daylong engagement at long range led to few casualties . Downtown Albuquerque in the 1880s When the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad arrived in 1880 , it bypassed the Plaza , locating the passenger depot and railyards about 2 miles ( 3 km ) east in what quickly became known as New Albuquerque or New Town . The railway company built a hospital for its workers that was later a juvenile psychiatric facility and has now been converted to a hotel . Many Anglo merchants , mountain men , and settlers slowly filtered into Albuquerque creating a major mercantile commercial center which is now Downtown Albuquerque . Due to a rising rate of violent crime , gunman Milt Yarberry was appointed the town 's first marshal that year . New Albuquerque was incorporated as a town in 1885 , with Henry N. Jaffa its first mayor , and it was incorporated as a city in 1891 . Old Town remained a separate community until the 1920s when it was absorbed by the city of Albuquerque . Old Albuquerque High School , the city 's first public high school , was established in 1879 . Congregation Albert , a Reform synagogue established in 1897 , is the oldest continuing Jewish organization in the city . Early 20th century ( edit ) Old Albuquerque High , built in 1914 ( Victorian and Gothic styles were used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ) By 1900 , Albuquerque boasted a population of 8,000 inhabitants and all the modern amenities , including an electric street railway connecting Old Town , New Town , and the recently established University of New Mexico campus on the East Mesa . In 1902 , the famous Alvarado Hotel was built adjacent to the new passenger depot , and it remained a symbol of the city until it was razed in 1970 to make room for a parking lot . In 2002 , the Alvarado Transportation Center was built on the site in a manner resembling the old landmark . The large metro station functions as the downtown headquarters for the city 's transit department . It also serves as an intermodal hub for local buses , Greyhound buses , Amtrak passenger trains , and the Rail Runner commuter rail line . New Mexico 's dry climate brought many tuberculosis patients to the city in search of a cure during the early 20th century , and several sanitaria sprang up on the West Mesa to serve them . Presbyterian Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital , two of the largest hospitals in the Southwest , had their beginnings during this period . Influential New Deal -- era governor Clyde Tingley and famed Southwestern architect John Gaw Meem were among those brought to New Mexico by tuberculosis . This is the Albuquerque 's Alvarado Hotel ( Fred Harvey Hotel ) , Native American Building , Laundry Building , Santa Fe Train Station and Tourist Shopping Area . This Campus was built in 1902 and was torn down in 1970 . This drawing captures its Mission Revival Style appearance in east elevation . The raised train track platform from the later period is not shown as it would hide many details . Decades of growth ( edit ) Depiction of downtown Central Avenue , circa 1940s The McCanna - Hubbell Building , built in 1915 , is one of Downtown Albuquerque 's many historic buildings The first travelers on Route 66 appeared in Albuquerque in 1926 , and before long , dozens of motels , restaurants , and gift shops had sprung up along the roadside to serve them . Route 66 originally ran through the city on a north - south alignment along Fourth Street , but in 1937 it was realigned along Central Avenue , a more direct east - west route . The intersection of Fourth and Central downtown was the principal crossroads of the city for decades . The majority of the surviving structures from the Route 66 era are on Central , though there are also some on Fourth . Signs between Bernalillo and Los Lunas along the old route now have brown , historical highway markers denoting it as Pre-1937 Route 66 . The establishment of Kirtland Air Force Base in 1939 , Sandia Base in the early 1940s , and Sandia National Laboratories in 1949 , would make Albuquerque a key player of the Atomic Age . Meanwhile , the city continued to expand outward into the Northeast Heights , reaching a population of 201,189 by 1960 . In 1990 , it was 384,736 and in 2007 it was 518,271 . In June 2007 , Albuquerque was listed as the sixth fastest - growing city in America . In 1990 , the Census Bureau reported Albuquerque 's population as 34.5 % Hispanic and 58.3 % non-Hispanic white . Albuquerque 's downtown entered the same phase and development ( decline , `` urban renewal '' with continued decline , and gentrification ) as nearly every city across the United States . As Albuquerque spread outward , the downtown area fell into a decline . Many historic buildings were razed in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for new plazas , high - rises , and parking lots as part of the city 's urban renewal phase . As of 2010 , only recently has downtown come to regain much of its urban character , mainly through the construction of many new loft apartment buildings and the renovation of historic structures such as the KiMo Theater , in the gentrification phase . New millennium ( edit ) During the 21st century , the Albuquerque population has continued to grow rapidly . The population of the city proper was estimated at 528,497 in 2009 , up from 448,607 in the 2000 census . During 2005 and 2006 , the city celebrated its tricentennial with a diverse program of cultural events . Urban trends and issues ( edit ) Albuquerque Plaza The passage of the Planned Growth Strategy in 2002 -- 2004 was the community 's strongest effort to create a framework for a more balanced and sustainable approach to urban growth . A critical finding of the study is that many of the ' disconnects ' between the public 's preferences and what actually is taking place are caused by weak or non-existent implementation tools -- rather than by inadequate policies , as contained in the City / County Comprehensive Plan and other already adopted legislation . Urban sprawl is limited on three sides -- by the Sandia Pueblo to the north , the Isleta Pueblo and Kirtland Air Force Base to the south , and the Sandia Mountains to the east . Suburban growth continues at a strong pace to the west , beyond Petroglyph National Monument , once thought to be a natural boundary to sprawl development . Aerial view of Albuquerque core Because of less - costly land and lower taxes , much of the growth in the metropolitan area is taking place outside of the city of Albuquerque itself . In Rio Rancho to the northwest , the communities east of the mountains , and the incorporated parts of Valencia County , population growth rates approach twice that of Albuquerque . The primary cities in Valencia County are Los Lunas and Belen , both of which are home to growing industrial complexes and new residential subdivisions . The mountain towns of Tijeras , Edgewood , and Moriarty , while close enough to Albuquerque to be considered suburbs , have experienced much less growth compared to Rio Rancho , Bernalillo , Los Lunas , and Belen . Limited water supply and rugged terrain are the main limiting factors for development in these towns . The Mid Region Council of Governments ( MRCOG ) , which includes constituents from throughout the Albuquerque area , was formed to ensure that these governments along the middle Rio Grande would be able to meet the needs of their rapidly rising populations . MRCOG 's cornerstone project is currently the New Mexico Rail Runner Express . In October 2013 , the `` Albuquerque Journal '' reported Albuquerque as the third best city to own an investment property . Geography ( edit ) Satellite image of Albuquerque taken by NASA According to the United States Census Bureau , Albuquerque has a total area of 189.5 square miles ( 490.9 km ) , of which 187.7 square miles ( 486.2 km ) is land and 1.8 square miles ( 4.7 km ) , or 0.96 % , is water . Albuquerque lies within the northern , upper edges of the Chihuahuan Desert ecoregion , based on long - term patterns of climate , associations of plants and wildlife , and landforms , including drainage patterns . Located in central New Mexico , the city also has noticeable influences from the adjacent Colorado Plateau semi-desert , Arizona -- New Mexico Mountains , and Southwest plateaus and plains steppe ecoregions , depending on where one is located . Its main geographic connection lies with southern New Mexico , while culturally , Albuquerque is a crossroads of most of New Mexico . Albuquerque has one of the highest elevations of any major city in the United States , though the effects of this are greatly tempered by its southwesterly continental position . The elevation of the city ranges from 4,900 feet ( 1,490 m ) above sea level near the Rio Grande ( in the Valley ) to over 6,700 feet ( 1,950 m ) in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights and Glenwood Hills . At the airport , the elevation is 5,352 feet ( 1,631 m ) above sea level . The Rio Grande is classified , like the Nile , as an `` exotic '' river because it flows through a desert . The New Mexico portion of the Rio Grande lies within the Rio Grande Rift Valley , bordered by a system of faults , including those that lifted up the adjacent Sandia and Manzano Mountains , while lowering the area where the life - sustaining Rio Grande now flows . Geology ( edit ) Sandia Peak Ski Area in the Sandia Mountains Aerial view of the Rio Grande flowing through Albuquerque in 2016 Albuquerque lies in the Albuquerque Basin , a portion of the Rio Grande rift . The Sandia Mountains are the predominant geographic feature visible in Albuquerque . `` Sandía '' is Spanish for `` watermelon '' , and is popularly believed to be a reference to the brilliant coloration of the mountains at sunset : bright pink ( melon meat ) and green ( melon rind ) . The pink is due to large exposures of granodiorite cliffs , and the green is due to large swaths of conifer forests . However , Robert Julyan notes in The Place Names of New Mexico , `` the most likely explanation is the one believed by the Sandia Pueblo Indians : the Spaniards , when they encountered the Pueblo in 1540 , called it Sandia , because they thought the squash growing there were watermelons , and the name Sandia soon was transferred to the mountains east of the pueblo . '' He also notes that the Sandia Pueblo Indians call the mountain Bien Mur , `` big mountain . '' The Sandia foothills , on the west side of the mountains , have soils derived from that same rock material with varying sizes of decomposed granite , mixed with areas of clay and caliche ( a calcium carbonate deposit common in the arid southwestern USA ) , along with some exposed granite bedrock . Below the foothills , the area usually called the `` Northeast Heights '' consists of a mix of clay and caliche soils , overlaying a layer of decomposed granite , resulting from long - term outwash of that material from the adjacent mountains . This bajada is quite noticeable when driving into Albuquerque from the north or south , due to its fairly uniform slope from the mountains ' edge downhill to the valley . Sand hills are scattered along the I - 25 corridor and directly above the Rio Grande Valley , forming the lower end of the Heights . The Rio Grande Valley , due to long - term shifting of the actual river channel , contains layers and areas of soils varying between caliche , clay , loam , and even some sand . It is the only part of Albuquerque where the water table often lies close to the surface , sometimes less than 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . The last significant area of Albuquerque geologically is the West Mesa : this is the elevated land west of the Rio Grande , including `` West Bluff '' , the sandy terrace immediately west and above the river , and the rather sharply defined volcanic escarpment above and west of most of the developed city . The west mesa commonly has soils often referred to as `` blow sand '' , along with occasional clay and caliche and even basalt , nearing the escarpment . Landscape ( edit ) Panoramic view of the city of Albuquerque Climate ( edit ) Albuquerque has a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk in the Köppen climate classification ) . Albuquerque is in the northern tip of the Chihuahuan Desert , near the edge of the Colorado Plateau . The average annual precipitation is less than half of evaporation , and no month averages below freezing . Albuquerque 's climate is usually sunny and dry , with an average of 3,415 sunshine hours per year . Brilliant sunshine defines the region , averaging 278 days a year ; periods of variably mid and high - level cloudiness temper the sun at other times . Extended cloudiness is rare . The city has four distinct seasons . Downtown Albuquerque after a snowstorm Winter consists of chilly / mild days and cold nights . December , the coolest month , averages 36.3 ° F ( 2.4 ° C ) , although low temperatures bottom out in January , and the coldest temperature of the year is typically around 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) . Most nights in December , January , and February will be below freezing . Spring is windy , sometimes unsettled with some rain , though spring is usually the driest part of the year in Albuquerque . March and April tend to see many days with the wind blowing at 20 to 30 mph ( 32 to 48 km / h ) , and afternoon gusts can produce periods of blowing sand and dust . In May , the winds tend to subside . The summer heat is relatively tolerable for most because of low humidity , except for some days during the North American Monsoon . There are 2.7 days of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) + highs annually , mostly in June and July and rarely in August due in part to the monsoon ; an average 60 days see 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs . Fall sees less rain than summer , though the weather can be more unsettled closer to winter . Albuquerque averages around 9 inches of snow per winter , and experiences several accumulating snow events each season . Locations in the Northeast Heights and Eastern Foothills tend to receive more snowfall due to each region 's higher elevation and proximity to the mountains . The city was one of several in the region experiencing a severe winter storm on December 28 -- 30 , 2006 , with locations in Albuquerque receiving between 10.5 and 26 inches ( 27 and 66 cm ) of snow . More recently , a major winter storm in late February 2015 dropped up to a foot ( 30 cm ) of snow on most of the city . The mountains and highlands beyond the city create a rain shadow effect , due to the drying of air ascending the mountains ; the city usually receives very little rain or snow , averaging 8 -- 9 inches ( 216 mm ) of precipitation per year . Valley and west mesa areas , farther from the mountains are drier , averaging 6 -- 8 inches of annual precipitation ; the Sandia foothills tend to lift any available moisture , enhancing precipitation to about 10 -- 17 inches annually . Traveling to the west , north and east of Albuquerque , one quickly rises in elevation and leaves the sheltering effect of the valley to enter a noticeably cooler and slightly wetter environment . One such area is still considered part of metro Albuquerque , commonly called the `` East Mountain '' area ; it is covered in savannas or woodlands of low juniper and piñon trees , reminiscent of the lower parts of the southern Rocky Mountains , which do not actually contact Albuquerque proper . Most rain occurs during the summer monsoon season ( also called a chubasco in Mexico ) , typically starting in early July and ending in mid-September . hide Climate data for Albuquerque ( Albuquerque International Sunport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1891 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 79 ( 26 ) 85 ( 29 ) 89 ( 32 ) 98 ( 37 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 100 ( 38 ) 91 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 72 ( 22 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) 99.4 ( 37.4 ) 95.7 ( 35.4 ) 91.3 ( 32.9 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 88.3 ( 31.3 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 78.3 ( 25.7 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 44.9 ( 7.2 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 30.3 ( − 0.9 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 34.1 ( 1.2 ) 26.5 ( − 3.1 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 14.1 ( − 9.9 ) 16.7 ( − 8.5 ) 22.3 ( − 5.4 ) 29.4 ( − 1.4 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 50.3 ( 10.2 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 46.3 ( 7.9 ) 31.9 ( − 0.1 ) 20.3 ( − 6.5 ) 12.1 ( − 11.1 ) 9.6 ( − 12.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 17 ( − 27 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 46 ( 8 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 19 ( − 7 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 17 ( − 27 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.38 ( 9.7 ) 0.48 ( 12.2 ) 0.57 ( 14.5 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.66 ( 16.8 ) 1.50 ( 38.1 ) 1.58 ( 40.1 ) 1.08 ( 27.4 ) 1.02 ( 25.9 ) 0.57 ( 14.5 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 9.45 ( 240 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.1 ( 5.3 ) 1.8 ( 4.6 ) ( 2.8 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 2.7 ( 6.9 ) 9.6 ( 24.4 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.1 3.8 4.9 3.2 4.2 4.4 8.3 9.2 5.9 5.1 3.9 4.2 61.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 2.4 1.7 1.5 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.0 2.4 9.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 56.3 49.8 39.7 32.5 31.1 29.8 41.9 47.1 47.4 45.3 49.9 56.8 44.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 234.2 225.3 270.2 304.6 347.4 359.3 335.0 314.2 286.7 281.4 233.8 223.3 3,415.4 Percent possible sunshine 75 74 73 78 80 83 76 75 77 80 75 73 77 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) show Climate data for Albuquerque South Valley ( elevation 4,955 ft ( 1,510.3 m ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1991 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 73 ( 23 ) 79 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 89 ( 32 ) 101 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 101 ( 38 ) 96 ( 36 ) 89 ( 32 ) 76 ( 24 ) 70 ( 21 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 50.3 ( 10.2 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 80.1 ( 26.7 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 82.4 ( 28 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 49.3 ( 9.6 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 35.6 ( 2 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 55.4 ( 13 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 76.7 ( 24.8 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 20.9 ( − 6.2 ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 31.7 ( − 0.2 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 28.5 ( − 1.9 ) 21.7 ( − 5.7 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 4 ( − 20 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 41 ( 5 ) 47 ( 8 ) 44 ( 7 ) 36 ( 2 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 9 ( − 13 ) ( − 17 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 1.44 ( 36.6 ) 1.72 ( 43.7 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 1.13 ( 28.7 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.63 ( 16 ) 10.21 ( 259.3 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.7 ( 4.3 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 7.2 ( 18.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.9 4.0 4.5 3.2 3.7 4.3 8.2 8.9 5.3 4.9 3.0 3.9 57.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 1.3 4.5 Source : NOAA show Climate data for Albuquerque Foothills ( elevation 6,120 ft ( 1,865.4 m ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 46.0 ( 7.8 ) 51.5 ( 10.8 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 54.9 ( 12.7 ) 64.0 ( 17.8 ) 73.1 ( 22.8 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 35.6 ( 2 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 30.0 ( − 1.1 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 41.0 ( 5 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) 33.1 ( 0.6 ) 26.5 ( − 3.1 ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.76 ( 19.3 ) 0.82 ( 20.8 ) 1.36 ( 34.5 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 0.82 ( 20.8 ) 0.71 ( 18 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 1.29 ( 32.8 ) 1.21 ( 30.7 ) 16.30 ( 414 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 4.7 ( 11.9 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) 5.0 ( 12.7 ) 2.0 ( 5.1 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 3.0 ( 7.6 ) 7.3 ( 18.5 ) 26.5 ( 67.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 5.6 6.0 6.3 4.6 5.6 4.9 11.8 10.7 7.5 6.5 5.0 6.3 80.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.9 3.2 3.1 1.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.7 4.3 18.2 Source : NOAA Hydrology ( edit ) See also : Kirtland Air Force Base § Environmental contamination due to jet fuel spill Albuquerque 's drinking water presently comes from a combination of Rio Grande water ( river water diverted from the Colorado River basin through the San Juan - Chama Project ) and a delicate aquifer that was once described as an `` underground Lake Superior '' . The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority ( ABCWUA ) has developed a water resources management strategy , which pursues conservation and the direct extraction of water from the Rio Grande for the development of a stable underground aquifer in the future . Tingley Beach in Old Town , Albuquerque , a pond in a former watercourse by the Rio Grande The aquifer of the Rio Puerco is too saline to be cost - effectively used for drinking purposes . Much of the rainwater that Albuquerque receives does not recharge its aquifer . It is diverted through a network of paved channels and arroyos , and emptied into the Rio Grande . Of the 62,780 acre feet ( 77,440,000 m ) per year of the water in the upper Colorado River basin entitled to municipalities in New Mexico by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact , Albuquerque owns 48,200 . The water is delivered to the Rio Grande by the San Juan -- Chama Project . The project 's construction was initiated by legislation enacted by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 , and completed in 1971 . This diversion project transports water under the continental divide from Navajo Lake to Lake Heron on the Rio Chama , a tributary of the Rio Grande . In the past much of this water was resold to downstream owners in Texas . These arrangements ended in 2008 with the completion of the ABCWUA 's Drinking Water Supply Project . The ABCWUA 's Drinking Water Supply Project uses a system of adjustable height dams to skim water from the Rio Grande into sluices which lead to water treatment facilities for direct conversion to potable water . Some water is allowed to flow through central Albuquerque , mostly to protect the endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow . Treated effluent water is recycled into the Rio Grande to the south of the city . The ABCWUA expects river water to comprise up to seventy percent of its water budget in 2060 . Groundwater will constitute the remainder . One of the policies of the ABCWUA 's strategy is the acquisition of additional river water . Quadrants ( edit ) Albuquerque is geographically divided into four quadrants which are officially part of the mailing address . They are NE ( northeast ) , NW ( northwest ) , SE ( southeast ) , and SW ( southwest ) . The north - south dividing line is Central Avenue ( the path that Route 66 took through the city ) and the east - west dividing line is the Rail Runner tracks . Northeast quadrant ( edit ) This quadrant has been experiencing a housing expansion since the late 1950s . It abuts the base of the Sandia Mountains and contains portions of the foothills neighborhoods , which are significantly higher , in elevation and price range , than the rest of the city . Running from Central Avenue and the railroad tracks to the Sandia Peak Aerial Tram , this is the largest quadrant both geographically and by population . The University of New Mexico , the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology , Nob Hill , the Uptown area which includes two shopping malls ( Coronado Center and ABQ Uptown ) , Hoffmantown , Journal Center , and Balloon Fiesta Park are all located in this quadrant . Some of the most affluent neighborhoods in the city are located here , including : High Desert , Tanoan , Sandia Heights , and North Albuquerque Acres . ( Parts of Sandia Heights and North Albuquerque Acres are outside the city limits proper ) . A few houses in the farthest reach of this quadrant lie in the Cibola National Forest , just over the line into Sandoval County . Northwest quadrant ( edit ) KiMo Theatre in Downtown This quadrant contains historic Old Town Albuquerque , which dates back to the 18th century , as well as the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center . The area has a mixture of commercial districts and low - to middle - income neighborhoods . Northwest Albuquerque includes the largest section of downtown , Rio Grande Nature Center State Park and the Bosque ( `` woodlands '' ) , Petroglyph National Monument , Double Eagle II Airport , Martineztown , the Paradise Hills neighborhood , Taylor Ranch , and Cottonwood Mall . Additionally , the North Valley settlement , outside the city limit , which has some expensive homes and small ranches along the Rio Grande , is located here . The city of Albuquerque engulfs the village of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque . A small portion of the rapidly developing area on the west side of the river south of the Petroglyphs , known as the `` West Mesa '' or `` Westside '' , consisting primarily of traditional residential subdivisions , also extends into this quadrant . The city proper is bordered on the north by the North Valley , the village of Corrales , and the city of Rio Rancho . Southeast quadrant ( edit ) Lobo Theater in Nob Hill Kirtland Air Force Base , Sandia National Laboratories , Sandia Science & Technology Park , Albuquerque International Sunport , Eclipse Aerospace , American Society of Radiologic Technologists , Central New Mexico Community College , Albuquerque Veloport , University Stadium , Isotopes Park , The Pit , Mesa del Sol , The Pavilion , Albuquerque Studios , Isleta Resort & Casino , National Museum of Nuclear Science & History , New Mexico Veterans ' Memorial , and Talin Market are all located in the Southeast ( SE ) quadrant . The upscale neighborhood of Four Hills is located in the foothills of Southeast Albuquerque . Other neighborhoods include Nob Hill , Ridgecrest , Willow Wood , and Volterra . Southwest quadrant ( edit ) Traditionally consisting of agricultural and rural areas and suburban neighborhoods , the Southwest quadrant comprises the south end of downtown Albuquerque , the Barelas neighborhood , the rapidly - growing west side , and the community of South Valley , New Mexico , often referred to as `` The South Valley '' . Although the city limits of Albuquerque do not include the South Valley , the quadrant extends through it all the way to the Isleta Indian Reservation . Newer suburban subdivisions on the West Mesa near the southwestern city limits join homes of older construction , some dating back as far as the 1940s . This quadrant includes the old communities of Atrisco , Los Padillas , Huning Castle , Kinney , Westgate , Westside , Alamosa , Mountainview , and Pajarito . The Bosque ( `` woodlands '' ) , the National Hispanic Cultural Center , the Rio Grande Zoo , and Tingley Beach are also located here . A new adopted development plan , the Santolina Master Plan , will extend development on the west side past 118th Street SW to the edge of the Rio Puerco Valley , and house 100,000 by 2050 . It is unclear at this time whether the Santolina development will be annexed into the City of Albuquerque or incorporated into its own city when its development does occur . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 2,315 -- 1890 3,785 63.5 % 1900 6,238 64.8 % 1910 11,020 76.7 % 1920 15,157 37.5 % 1930 26,570 75.3 % 1940 35,449 33.4 % 1950 96,815 173.1 % 1960 201,189 107.8 % 1970 244,501 21.5 % 1980 332,920 36.2 % 1990 384,736 15.6 % 2000 448,607 16.6 % 545,852 21.7 % Est. 2017 558,545 2.3 % U.S. Decennial Census hide Demographic profile 1990 1970 1950 White 69.7 % 78.2 % 95.7 % 98.0 % -- Non-Hispanic 42.1 % 58.3 % 63.3 % N / A Black or African American 3.3 % 3.0 % 2.2 % 1.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 46.7 % 34.5 % 33.1 % N / A Asian 2.6 % 1.7 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Map of racial distribution in Albuquerque , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) As of the United States census of 2010 , there were 545,852 people , 239,166 households , and 224,330 families residing in the city . The population density was 3010.7 / mi2 ( 1162.6 / km2 ) . There were 239,166 housing units at an average density of 1,556.7 per square mile ( 538.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 69.7 % White ( Non-Hispanic white 42.1 % ) 4.6 % Native American 3.3 % Black or African American 2.6 % Asian 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 4.6 % Multiracial ( two or more races ) The ethnic makeup of the city was : 46.7 % of the population were Hispanics or Latinos ( of any race ) Median Household Income by Census Tract Block Group across Albuquerque metro . There were 239,116 households out of which 33.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.6 % were married couples living together , 12.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.5 % were non-families. 30.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.02 . The age distribution was 24.5 % under 18 , 10.6 % from 18 to 24 , 30.9 % from 25 to 44 , 21.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.0 % who were 65 or older . The median age was 35 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $38,272 , and the median income for a family was $46,979 . Males had a median income of $34,208 versus $26,397 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,884 . About 10.0 % of families and 13.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.4 % of those under age 18 and 8.5 % of those age 65 or over . Arts and culture ( edit ) One of the major art events in the state is the summertime New Mexico Arts and Crafts Fair , a non-profit show exclusively for New Mexico artists and held annually in Albuquerque since 1961 . Albuquerque is home to over 300 other visual arts , music , dance , literary , film , ethnic , and craft organizations , museums , festivals and associations . Points of interest ( edit ) See also : List of landmarks in Albuquerque and List of historic landmarks in Albuquerque Albuquerque Botanical Gardens Some of the local museums , galleries , shops and other points of interest include the Albuquerque Biological Park , Albuquerque Museum , Museum of Natural History and Science , and Old Town Albuquerque . Albuquerque 's live music / performance venues including ; Isleta Amphitheater , Tingley Coliseum , Sunshine Theater and the KiMo Theater . The local cuisine prominently features green chile , which is widely available in restaurants , including national fast - food chains . The restaurant scene of Albuquerque is quite prominent throughout the city , and local restaurants receive statewide attention , alongside several of them becoming chains throughout the state . The Sandia Peak Tramway , located adjacent to Albuquerque , is the world 's second - longest passenger aerial tramway . It also has the world 's third - longest single span . It stretches from the Northeast edge of the city to the crestline of the Sandia Mountains . Elevation at the top of the tramway is roughly 10,300 ft ( 3,100 m ) . above sea level . International Balloon Fiesta ( edit ) Main article : Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta is an event that takes place at Balloon Fiesta Park the first week of October . The Balloon Fiesta is one of Albuquerque 's biggest attractions . Hundreds of hot air balloons are able to be seen everyday . In addition to balloons , there is live music , arts and crafts , and food . Architecture ( edit ) Bank of the West Tower , West Gold Building John Gaw Meem , credited with developing and popularizing the Pueblo Revival style , was based in Santa Fe but received an important Albuquerque commission in 1933 as the architect of the University of New Mexico . He retained this commission for the next quarter - century and developed the university 's distinctive Southwest style . Meem also designed the Cathedral Church of St. John in 1950 . Albuquerque boasts a unique nighttime cityscape . Many building exteriors are illuminated in vibrant colors such as green and blue . The Wells Fargo Building is illuminated green . The DoubleTree Hotel and the Compass Bank building are illuminated blue . The rotunda of the county courthouse is illuminated yellow , while the tops of the Bank of Albuquerque and the Bank of the West are illuminated reddish - yellow . Due to the nature of the soil in the Rio Grande Valley , the skyline is lower than might be expected in a city of comparable size elsewhere . Albuquerque has expanded greatly in area since the mid-1940s . During those years of expansion , the planning of the newer areas has considered that people drive rather than walk . The pre-1940s parts of Albuquerque are quite different in style and scale from the post 1940s areas . These older areas include the North Valley , the South Valley , various neighborhoods near downtown , and Corrales . The newer areas generally feature four to six lane roads in a 1 mile ( 1.61 km ) grid . Each 1 square mile ( 2.59 km2 ) is divided into four 160 - acre ( 0.65 km ) neighborhoods by smaller roads set 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) between major roads . When driving along major roads in the newer sections of Albuquerque , one sees strip malls , signs , and cinderblock walls . The upside of this planning style is that neighborhoods are shielded from the worst of the noise and lights on the major roads . The downside is that it is virtually impossible to go anywhere from home without driving . Tallest buildings ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Albuquerque Rank Building Height Floors Built Albuquerque Plaza 351 feet ( 107 m ) 22 1990 Hyatt Regency Albuquerque 256 feet ( 78 m ) 21 1990 Compass Bank Building 240 feet ( 73 m ) 18 1966 500 Marquette 235 feet ( 72 m ) 15 1986 5 Bank of the West Tower 213 feet ( 65 m ) 17 1963 6 New Mexico Bank & Trust Building 203 feet ( 62 m ) 14 1961 7 Dennis Chavez Federal Building 197 feet ( 60 m ) 13 1965 8 PNM Building 184 feet ( 56 m ) 12 1968 9 Simms Building 180 feet ( 55 m ) 13 1954 10 Pete V. Domenici U.S. Courthouse 176 feet ( 54 m ) 7 Sports ( edit ) Isotopes Baseball Park The Albuquerque Isotopes are a minor league affiliate of the Colorado Rockies , having derived their name from The Simpsons season 12 episode `` Hungry , Hungry Homer '' , which involves the Springfield Isotopes baseball team considering relocating to Albuquerque . Prior to 2002 , the Albuquerque Dukes served as the city 's minor league team , having played at the Albuquerque Sports Stadium . The stadium was torn down to make room for the current Isotopes Park . The Albuquerque Sol soccer club began play in the Premier Development League in 2014 . On June 6 , 2018 , the United Soccer League announced its latest expansion club with USL New Mexico , headquartered in Albuquerque . Albuquerque is also home to Jackson -- Winkeljohn gym , a mixed martial arts ( MMA ) gym . Several MMA world champions and fighters , including Holly Holm and Jon Jones , train in that facility . Roller sports are finding a home in Albuquerque as they hosted USARS Championships in 2015 , and are home to Roller hockey , and Roller Derby teams . Team Sport League Venue capacity Albuquerque Isotopes Baseball AAA PCL Isotopes Park 13,279 USL New Mexico Soccer United Soccer League Isotopes Park 13,279 Albuquerque Sol Soccer Premier Development League Ben Rios Field 1,500 Duke City Gladiators Indoor Football Champions Indoor Football Tingley Coliseum 11,571 New Mexico Lobos NCAA Division I FBS Football Mountain West Conference University Stadium 42,000 New Mexico Lobos ( men and women ) NCAA Division I Basketball Mountain West Conference The Pit 15,411 Albuquerque Roller Derby Roller Derby Wells Park Community Center Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Roosevelt Park is a historic park in central Albuquerque This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) According to the Trust for Public Land , Albuquerque has 291 public parks as of 2017 , most of which are administered by the city Parks and Recreation Department . The total amount of parkland is 42.9 square miles ( 111 km ) , or about 23 % of the city 's total area -- one of the highest percentages among large cities in the U.S. About 82 % of city residents live within walking distance of a park . Albuquerque has a botanical and zoological complex called the Albuquerque Biological Park , consisting of the Rio Grande Botanic Garden , Albuquerque Aquarium , Tingley Beach , and the Rio Grande Zoo . Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Albuquerque , New Mexico Albuquerque registered voters as of July , 2016 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 123,594 40.03 % Republican 104,662 34.13 % Unaffiliated and third party 78,404 25.57 % Albuquerque is a charter city . City government is divided into an executive branch , headed by a Mayor and a nine - member Council that holds the legislative authority . The form of city government is therefore mayor - council government . The mayor is Tim Keller a former state auditor and senator , who was elected in 2017 . The Mayor of Albuquerque holds a full - time paid elected position with a four - year term . Albuquerque City Council members hold part - time paid positions and are elected from the nine districts for four - year terms , with four or five Councilors elected every two years . Elections for Mayor and Councilor are nonpartisan . Each December , a new Council President and Vice-President are chosen by members of the Council . Each year , the Mayor submits a city budget proposal for the year to the Council by April 1 , and the Council acts on the proposal within the next 60 days . The Albuquerque City Council is the legislative authority of the city , and has the power to adopt all ordinances , resolutions , or other legislation . The Council meets two times a month , with meetings held in the Vincent E. Griego Council Chambers in the basement level of Albuquerque / Bernalillo County Government Center . Ordinances and resolutions passed by the Council are presented to the Mayor for his approval . If the Mayor vetoes an item , the Council can override the veto with a vote of two - thirds of the membership of the Council . The judicial system in Albuquerque includes the Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court . Police Department ( edit ) The Albuquerque Police Department ( APD ) is the police department with jurisdiction within the city limits , with anything outside of the city limits being considered the unincorporated area of Bernalillo County and policed by the Bernalillo County Sheriff 's Department . It is the largest municipal police department in New Mexico , and in September 2008 the US Department of Justice recorded the APD as the 49th largest police department in the United States . In November 2012 , the United States Department of Justice launched an investigation into APD 's policies and practices to determine whether APD engages in a pattern or practice of use of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , 42 U.S.C. § 14141 ( `` Section 14141 '' ) . As part of its investigation , the Department of Justice consulted with police practices experts and conducted a comprehensive assessment of officers ' use of force and APD policies and operations . The investigation included tours of APD facilities and Area Commands ; interviews with Albuquerque officials , APD command staff , supervisors , and police officers ; a review of numerous documents ; and meetings with the Albuquerque Police Officers Association , residents , community groups , and other stakeholders . When the Department of Justice concluded its investigation , it issued a scathing report that uncovered a `` culture of acceptance of the use of excessive force '' involving significant harm or injury by APD officers against people who posed no threat and which was not justified by the circumstances . The DOJ recommended a nearly complete overhaul of the department 's use - of - force policies . Among several systematic problems at APD were an aggressive culture that undervalued civilian safety and discounted the importance of crisis intervention . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of New Mexico Largest employers in Albuquerque Kirtland Air Force Base University of New Mexico Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque Public Schools 5 Presbyterian Health Services 6 City of Albuquerque ( Government ) 7 Lovelace -- Sandia Health System 8 Presbyterian Medical Services 9 Intel Corporation 10 State of New Mexico ( Government ) 11 Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . Albuquerque lies at the center of the New Mexico Technology Corridor , a concentration of high - tech private companies and government institutions along the Rio Grande . Larger institutions whose employees contribute to the population are numerous and include Sandia National Laboratories , Kirtland Air Force Base , and the attendant contracting companies which bring highly educated workers to a somewhat isolated region . Intel operates a large semiconductor factory or `` fab '' in suburban Rio Rancho , in neighboring Sandoval County , with its attendant large capital investment . Northrop Grumman is located along I - 25 in northeast Albuquerque , and Tempur - Pedic is located on the West Mesa next to I - 40 . The solar energy and architectural - design innovator Steve Baer located his company , Zomeworks , to the region in the late 1960s ; and Los Alamos National Laboratory , Sandia , and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cooperate here in an enterprise that began with the Manhattan Project . In January 2007 , Tempur - Pedic opened an 800,000 - square - foot ( 74,000 m ) mattress factory in northwest Albuquerque . SCHOTT Solar , Inc. , announced in January 2008 they would open a 200,000 - square - foot ( 19,000 m ) facility manufacturing receivers for concentrated solar thermal power plants ( CSP ) and 64MW of photovoltaic ( PV ) modules . The facility closed in 2012 . Forbes magazine rated Albuquerque as the best city in America for business and careers in 2006 and as the 13th best ( out of 200 metro areas ) in 2008 . The city was rated seventh among America 's Engineering Capitals in 2014 by Forbes magazine . Albuquerque ranked among the Top 10 Best Cities to Live by U.S. News & World Report in 2009 and was recognized as the fourth best place to live for families by the TLC network . It was ranked among the Top Best Cities for Jobs in 2007 and among the Top 50 Best Places to Live and Play by National Geographic Adventure magazine . Education ( edit ) Further information : List of middle schools in Albuquerque , List of high schools in Albuquerque , and List of colleges and universities in Albuquerque Albuquerque is home to the University of New Mexico , the largest public flagship university in the state . UNM includes a School of Medicine which was ranked in the top 50 primary care - oriented medical schools in the country . Central New Mexico Community College is a county - funded junior college serving new high school graduates and adults returning to school . Zimmerman Library at University of New Mexico Albuquerque is also home to the following programs and non-profit schools of higher learning : Southwest University of Visual Arts , Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute , Trinity Southwest University , the University of St. Francis College of Nursing and Allied Health Department of Physician Assistant Studies , and the St. Norbert College Master of Theological Studies program . The Ayurvedic Institute , one of the first Ayurveda colleges specializing in Ayurvedic medicine outside of India was established in the city in 1984 . Other state and not - for - profit institutions of higher learning have moved some of their programs into Albuquerque . These include : New Mexico State University , Highlands University , Lewis University , Wayland Baptist University , and Webster University . Several for - profit technical schools including Brookline College , Pima Medical Institute , National American University , Grand Canyon University , the University of Phoenix and several barber / beauty colleges have established their presence in the area . Albuquerque Public Schools ( APS ) , one of the largest school districts in the nation , provides educational services to almost 100,000 children across the city . Schools within APS include both public and charter entities . Numerous accredited private preparatory schools also serve Albuquerque students . These include various pre-high school religious ( Christian , Jewish , Islamic ) affiliates and Montessori schools , as well as Menaul School , Albuquerque Academy , St. Pius X High School , Sandia Preparatory School , the Bosque School , Evangel Christian Academy , Hope Christian School , Hope Connection School , Shepherd Lutheran School , Temple Baptist Academy , and Victory Christian . Accredited private schools serving students with special education needs in Albuquerque include : Desert Hills , Pathways Academy , and Presbyterian Ear Institute Oral School . The New Mexico School for the Deaf runs a preschool for children with hearing impairments in Albuquerque . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Main highways ( edit ) Some of the main highways in the metro area include : Pan-American Freeway : More commonly known as Interstate 25 or `` I - 25 '' , it is the main north -- south highway on the city 's eastern side of the Rio Grande . It is also the main north -- south highway in the state ( by connecting Albuquerque with Santa Fe and Las Cruces ) and a plausible route of the eponymous Pan American Highway . Since Route 66 was decommissioned in the 1980s , the only remaining US highway in Albuquerque , unsigned US - 85 , shares its alignment with I - 25 . US - 550 splits off to the northwest from I - 25 / US - 85 in Bernalillo . Aerial view of Interstate 40 Coronado Freeway : More commonly known as Interstate 40 or `` I - 40 '' , it is the city 's main east -- west traffic artery and an important transcontinental route . The freeway 's name in the city is in reference to 16th century conquistador and explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado . Paseo del Norte : ( aka ; State Highway 423 ) : This 6 - lane controlled - access highway is approximately five miles north of Interstate 40 . It runs from Tramway Blvd ( at the base of the Sandia Mountains ) to Interstate 25 , through Los Ranchos de Albuquerque , over the Rio Grande River to North Coors Boulevard . Paseo Del Norte then continues west through the Petroglyph National Monument until it reaches Atrisco Vista Blvd and the Double Eagle II Airport . The interchange with Interstate 25 was reconstructed in 2014 to improve traffic flow . Coors Boulevard : Coors is the main north - south artery to the west of the Rio Grande in Albuquerque . There is one full interchange where it connects with Interstate 40 ; The rest of the route has stoplights . The Interstate 25 underpass has no access to Coors . Parts of the highway have sidewalks , bike lanes , and medians , but most sections have only dirt shoulders and a center turn lane . To the north of Interstate 40 , part of the route is numbered as State Highway 448 , while to the south , part of the route is numbered as State Highway 45 . Rio Bravo Boulevard : The main river crossing between Westside Albuquerque and the Sunport , Rio Bravo is a four - lane divided highway that runs from University Boulevard in the east , through the South Valley , to Coors Boulevard in the west where it is contiguous with Dennis Chaves Blvd . It follows NM - 500 for its entire route . Central Avenue : Central is one of the historical routings of Route 66 , it is no longer a main through highway , its usefulness having been supplanted by Interstate 40 . Alameda Boulevard : The main road between Rio Rancho and North Albuquerque , Alameda Blvd . stretches from Tramway Rd. to Coors . Blvd . The route is designated as the eastern portion of NM - 528 . Tramway Boulevard : Serves as a bypass around the northeastern quadrant , the route is designated as NM - 556 . Tramway Boulevard starts at I - 25 near Sandia Pueblo , and heads east as a two - lane road . It turns south near the base of the Sandia Peak Tramway and becomes an expressway - type divided highway until its terminus near I - 40 and Central Avenue by the western entrance to Tijeras Canyon . The interchange between I - 40 and I - 25 is known as the `` Big I '' . Originally built in 1966 , it was rebuilt in 2002 . The Big I is the only five - level stack interchange in the state of New Mexico . Bridges ( edit ) There are six road bridges that cross the Rio Grande and serve the municipality on at least one end if not both . The eastern approaches of the northernmost three all pass through adjacent unincorporated areas , the Village of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque , or the North Valley . In downstream order they are : Alameda Bridge Paseo del Norte Bridge Montaño Bridge I - 40 Bridge Central at Old Town Bridge Barelas Bridge Two more bridges serve urbanized areas contiguous to the city 's perforated southern boundary . Rio Bravo Bridge ( NM - 500 ) I - 25 Bridge ( near Isleta Pueblo ) Rail ( edit ) Rail Runner Express Downtown Albuquerque station train platform The state owns most of the city 's rail infrastructure which is used by a commuter rail system , long distance passenger trains , and the freight trains of the BNSF Railway . Freight service ( edit ) BNSF Railway operates a small yard operation out of Abajo yard , located just south of the Cesar E. Chavez Ave . overpass and the New Mexico Rail Runner Express yards . Most freight traffic through the Central New Mexico region is processed via a much larger hub in nearby Belen , New Mexico . Intercity Rail ( edit ) Amtrak 's Southwest Chief , which travels between Chicago and Los Angeles , serves the Albuquerque area daily with one stop in each direction at the Alvarado Transportation Center in downtown . Commuter Rail ( edit ) The New Mexico Rail Runner Express , a commuter rail line , began service between Sandoval County and Albuquerque in July 2006 using an existing BNSF right - of - way which was purchased by New Mexico in 2005 . Service expanded to Valencia County in December 2006 and to Santa Fe on December 17 , 2008 . Rail Runner now connects Santa Fe , Sandoval , Bernalillo , and Valencia Counties with thirteen station stops , including three stops within Albuquerque . The trains connect Albuquerque to downtown Santa Fe with eight roundtrips per weekday . The section of the line running south to Belen is served less frequently . Local mass transit ( edit ) Alvarado Transportation Center , an intermodal transportation hub in downtown Albuquerque Albuquerque was one of two cities in New Mexico to have had electric street railways . Albuquerque 's horse - drawn streetcar lines were electrified during the first few years of the 20th century . The Albuquerque Traction Company assumed operation of the system in 1905 . The system grew to its maximum length of 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) during the next ten years by connecting destinations such as Old Town to the west and the University of New Mexico to the east with the town 's urban center near the former Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railway depot . The Albuquerque Traction Company failed financially in 1915 and the vaguely named City Electric Company was formed . Despite traffic booms during the first world war , and unaided by lawsuits attempting to force the streetcar company to pay for paving , that system also failed later in 1927 , leaving the streetcar 's `` motorettes '' unemployed . Today , Alvarado Station provides convenient access to other parts of the city via the city bus system , ABQ RIDE . ABQ RIDE operates a variety of bus routes , including the Rapid Ride express bus service . ART logo In 2006 the City of Albuquerque under the mayorship of Martin Chavez had planned and attempted to `` fast track '' the development of a `` Modern Streetcar '' project . Funding for the US $270 million system was not resolved as many citizens vocally opposed the project . The city and its transit department maintain a policy commitment to the streetcar project . The project would run mostly in the southeast quadrant on Central Avenue and Yale Boulevard . As of 2011 , the city is working on a study to develop a bus rapid transit system through the Central Ave . corridor . This corridor carried 44 % of all bus riders in the ABQ Ride system , making it a natural starting point for enhanced service . In 2017 , the city moved forward with the plans , and began construction on Albuquerque Rapid Transit , or ART , including dedicated bus lanes between Coors and Louisiana Boulevards . Bicycle transit ( edit ) Albuquerque has a well - developed bicycle network . In and around the city there are trails , bike routes , and paths that provide the residents and visitors with alternatives to motorized travel . In 2009 , the city was reviewed as having a major up and coming bike scene in North America . The same year , the City of Albuquerque opened its first Bicycle Boulevard on Silver Avenue . There are plans for more investment in bikes and bike transit by the city , including bicycle lending programs , in the coming years . Walkability ( edit ) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Albuquerque below average at 28th most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities . Airports ( edit ) Albuquerque International Sunport Albuquerque is served by two airports , the larger of which is Albuquerque International Sunport . It is located 3 miles ( 5 km ) southeast of the central business district of Albuquerque . The Albuquerque International Sunport served 5,888,811 passengers in 2009 . Double Eagle II Airport is the other airport . It is primarily used as an air ambulance , corporate flight , military flight , training flight , charter flight , and private flight facility . Utilities ( edit ) Energy ( edit ) PNM Resources , New Mexico 's largest electricity provider , is based in Albuquerque . They serve about 487,000 electricity customers statewide . New Mexico Gas Company provides natural gas services to more than 500,000 customers in the state , including the Albuquerque metro area . Sanitation ( edit ) The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority is responsible for the delivery of drinking water and the treatment of wastewater . Trash and recycling in the city is managed by the City of Albuquerque Solid Waste Management Department . Further information : § Hydrology South Side Water Reclamation Plant . Healthcare ( edit ) Albuquerque is the medical hub of New Mexico , hosting numerous state - of - the - art medical centers . Some of the city 's top hospitals include the VA Medical Center , Presbyterian Hospital , Presbyterian Medical Services , Heart Hospital of New Mexico , and Lovelace Women 's Hospital . The University of New Mexico Hospital is the primary teaching hospital for the state 's only medical school and provides the state 's only residency training programs , children 's hospital , burn center and level I pediatric and adult trauma centers . The University of New Mexico Hospital is also the home of a certified advanced primary stroke center as well as the largest collection of adult and pediatric specialty and subspecialty programs in the state . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media in Albuquerque , New Mexico The city is served by one major newspaper , the Albuquerque Journal , and several smaller daily and weekly papers , including the alternative Weekly Alibi . Albuquerque is also home to numerous radio and television stations that serve the metropolitan and outlying rural areas . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) In film ( edit ) Many Bugs Bunny cartoon shorts feature Bugs traveling around the world by burrowing underground ; he gets lost quite often while traveling and remarks , while consulting a map , `` I knew I should have made a left toin at Albukoykee '' . ( Bugs first uses that line in 1945 's Herr Meets Hare . ) Some parts of the 1999 movie Pirates of the Silicon Valley were shot in Albuquerque . Albuquerque has been featured in Hollywood movies such as Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) , Sunshine Cleaning ( 2008 ) , and Brothers ( 2009 ) . Marvel Studios ' film The Avengers ( 2012 ) was mostly ( > 75 % ) filmed at the Albuquerque Studios . A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , directed by Seth MacFarlane , was filmed in various areas in and around Albuquerque and Santa Fe . The 2013 film Force of Execution starring Steven Seagal is set and filmed in Albuquerque . The escape scene from the film The Last Stand starring Arnold Schwarzenegger was filmed in downtown Albuquerque . The zip line sequence occurred between the Old City Hall Building at 400 Marquette Ave NW and the BBVA Compass building at 505 Marquette Ave NW . In music ( edit ) Musicians who have lived in Albuquerque include Jim Morrison , Glen Campbell , Bo Diddley , Demi Lovato , Eric McFadden , Rahim Al - Haj , and Bernadette Seacrest . Music groups based in Albuquerque include A Hawk and A Hacksaw , Beirut , The Echoing Green , The Eyeliners , Hazeldine , Leiahdorus , Scared of Chaka , and The Shins . Neil Young 's song `` Albuquerque '' can be found on the album Tonight 's the Night . `` Weird '' Al Yankovic 's song , `` Albuquerque '' is on his album Running with Scissors . In television ( edit ) Albuquerque is the setting for the television shows In Plain Sight and Breaking Bad , with the latter significantly boosting tourism in the area . Better Call Saul , a spinoff of Breaking Bad , is also set and shot in Albuquerque . Ethel Mertz , a character on the 1950s sitcom I Love Lucy , refers to Albuquerque as her hometown . Vivian Vance , the actress who played Ethel , actually was from Albuquerque . `` Hungry , Hungry Homer '' , the 15th episode of the twelfth season of The Simpsons , features Albuquerque as the location where the owners of the Springfield Isotopes baseball team wish to relocate . The real Albuquerque Isotopes Minor League team 's name was inspired by the episode . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Albuquerque Sister Cities ( edit ) Banner at the Albuquerque International Sunport listing Albuquerque 's sister cities Albuquerque has ten sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Alburquerque , Spain Aşgabat , Turkmenistan Chihuahua , Chihuahua , Mexico Gijón , Spain Guadalajara , Mexico Helmstedt , Germany Hualien City , Taiwan Lanzhou , Gansu , People 's Republic of China Rehovot , Israel Sasebo , Nagasaki , Japan See also ( edit ) National Old Trails Road Geography portal North America portal United States portal New Mexico portal New Spain portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for Albuquerque kept December 1891 to 22 January 1933 at the Weather Bureau Office and at Albuquerque Int'l since 23 January 1933 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ State & County QuickFacts Archived April 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Census.gov Jump up ^ `` ABQ Trolley Co . -- BURQUEÑOS '' . Abqtrolley.com . March 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan and Micropolitan -- Data -- People and Households '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Marc ( 2003 ) . Hispanic Albuquerque , 1706 - 1846 . Albuquerque : UNM Press . p. 66 . ISBN 9780826331601 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Julyan , Robert Hixson ( 1996 ) . The Place Names of New Mexico . Albuquerque : UNM Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 9780826316899 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ James J. Parsons . The Cork Oak Forests and the Evolution of the Cork Industry in Southern Spain and Portugal . 1962 . Clark University Jump up ^ Brochure `` Alburquerque : Villa Medieval '' Excmo . Ayuntamiento de Alburquerque and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya. 2006 Jump up ^ Eddie Pells , If in Doubt , You Can Just Call It Albuquirky , Los Angeles Times , May 21 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Elinore M. ( 2002 ) . Conquest and Catastrophe : Changing Rio Grande Pueblo Settlement Patterns in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries . Albuquerque : UNM Press . ISBN 9780826324139 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` History of Sandia Pueblo '' . Sandia Pueblo website . Pueblo of Sandia. 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Deni ( 2012 ) . From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest . University of Utah Press . Jump up ^ `` About - Albuquerque Historical Society '' . Albuquerque Historical Society . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Nmallstar.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs , Historic Preservation Division . `` San Felipe de Neri Church Historical Marker '' . Jump up ^ Galloway , Lindsey . `` A hospital turned hotel in New Mexico '' . BBC Travel . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Marc ( 1982 ) . Albuquerque . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0627 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . congregationalbert.org . Jump up ^ Les Christie , CNNMoney.com staff writer ( June 28 , 2007 ) . `` The fastest growing U.S. cities -- June 28 , 2007 '' . CNN . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siermers , Erick ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` Managing Albuquerque 's growth '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Growth Strategy '' . Cabq.gov . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Petroglyph National Monument '' . Nps.gov . June 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Richard . `` ABQ third - best metro for making money owning rental housing . '' Albuquerque Journal . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Albuquerque city , New Mexico '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Laura Calabrese . `` Vegetation & The Environment in NM '' . University of New Mexico . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Ausherman ( 2012 ) . 60 Hikes Within 60 Miles : Albuquerque : Including Santa Fe , Mount Taylor , and San Lorenzo Canyon ( 2nd ed . ) . Menasha Ridge Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780897326001 . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque Basin '' . The New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Julyan , The Place Names of New Mexico ( revised edition ) , UNM Press , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for ALBUQUERQUE / INT'L ARPT NM 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC : U.S. Climate Normals '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/300dpi/NM.jpg Jump up ^ `` Preliminary total snowfall reports across central and northern New Mexico from the December 28 -- 30 winter storm '' . National Weather Service Albuquerque , NM . December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NM ALBUQUERQUE INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NM ALBUQUERQUE VALLEY '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NM ALBUQUERQUE FOOTHILLS '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Your Drinking Water http://www.abcwua.org/Your_Drinking_Water.aspx Accessed August 1 , 2013 Albuquerque Bernalillo Water Authority Jump up ^ Odenwald , Arlene Cinelli ( April 1993 ) . `` Protecting the aquifer : Albuquerque reacting '' . New Mexico Business Journal . 17 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 39 . ISSN 0164 - 6796 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority : Water Resource Management Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority . January 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The project 's page at the United States Bureau of Reclamation 's website `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority '' . Abcwua.org . December 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adopted Santolina Level A Master Plan - Bernalillo County , New Mexico '' . bernco.gov . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque ( city ) , New Mexico '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque ( city ) , New Mexico '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Susan A. ; Roberts , Calvin A. ( 1998 ) . A History of New Mexico . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . p. 387 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1792 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Arts and Crafts Fair '' . Nmartsandcraftsfair.org . New Mexico Arts and Crafts Fair . 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.balloonfiesta.com/guest-guide Jump up ^ `` History of the Diocese '' . Diocese of the Rio Grande . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doh ! Go Isotopes ! '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . May 13 , 2003 . p . C8 . Jump up ^ Latta , Dennis ( September 5 , 2002 ) . `` Team President Throws Isotopes Name Into Play '' . Albuquerque Journal . Albuquerque Publishing Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque Sol FC Joins PDL ( press release ) '' . USLSoccer.com . December 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raimondi , Marc ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` UFC 's first Albuquerque show is a long time coming for Jackson 's MMA '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright , Rick ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Duke City a dominant force in MMA '' . Albuquerque Journal . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Star , Kevin Abourezk Lincoln Journal . `` Roller skating champions to return to Lincoln in 2016 : Lincoln , NE Journal Star '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Club Hockey ( Aztecs ) '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dewing , Sonja . `` Hell on Skates : Roller derby enters the new millennium '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 City park facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . April 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albuquerque Registered Voter Enrollment : 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the City of Albuquerque '' . American Legal Publishing Corporation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . this link should work after going to http://www.amlegal.com/ home page ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the City of Albuquerque ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Council -- Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) -- City of Albuquerque '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albuquerque City Council '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Council Meetings Schedule '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice ( 2008 ) . `` Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States V. City Of Albuquerque '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department Of Justice . U.S. Department Of Justice . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States V. City Of Albuquerque '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department Of Justice . U.S. Department Of Justice . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Gallagher , `` Scathing Report on APD Use of Force , '' Albuquerque Journal , April 11 , 2014 . Page A1 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places For Business And Careers 2006 '' . Forbes . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places For Business And Careers '' . Forbes . March 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Engineering Capitals '' . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Cities for Families '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Cities For Jobs 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live + Play : Cities '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Graduate Schools 2008 '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Howard . `` SNC Master of Theological Studies '' . 2012 . St. Norbert College . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shepherd Lutheran School '' . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Howard ( 1989 ) . Albuquerque Remembered . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3782 - 1 . OCLC 62109913 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Paseo del Norte at I - 25 Interchange Reconstruction Project - City of Albuquerque Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Rail Runner Express : Stations listed North to South '' . New Mexico Rail Runner . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Rail Runner Express Monday -- Friday Schedule '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Rail Runner Express . December 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Myrick , David F ( 1970 ) . New Mexico 's Railroads -- - An Historical Survey . Golden , Colorado : Colorado Railroad Museum . Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70 - 116915 . Jump up ^ Gisick , Michael ( December 4 , 2006 ) . `` Council : Streetcar project rushed '' . Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Planning for the Future : Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) Service on Central Avenue '' . CABQ.gov . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.brtabq.com/ Albuquerque Rapid Transit Jump up ^ `` Biking in Albuquerque '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eric Smillie ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sorry , Portland '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Jojola ; Joshua Panas ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bike Boulevard to run through ABQ '' . KOB New Mexico . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque To Launch Bike - Sharing Program '' . abqjournal.com . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunport Facts & Figures '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Double Eagle II Airport '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Herr Meets Hare '' . BCDB . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : `` The Avengers '' in Albuquerque , NM `` . May 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gomez , Millions of eyeballs on New Mexico as movie opens , Albuquerque Journal , May 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Janela , Mike . `` Breaking Bad Cooks Up Record - Breaking Formula for Guinness World Records 2014 Edition '' . Guinness World Records 2014 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Faust , Chris Gray ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' has been very good for Albuquerque '' . U.S.A. Today . Gannett Company , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Tourism Boost Will Last Long After Series Leaves Albuquerque '' . Los Angeles Times . MCT Information Services . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` ' Breaking Bad ' brings tourists to Albuquerque for ' meth ' treats like blue rock candy , bath salts '' . New York Daily News . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thoren , Laura . `` Buzz surrounds ' burial ' for Walter White ' Breaking Bad ' character to have services in ABQ cemetery '' . KOAT - TV 7 News report . Hearst . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul in Albuquerque '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Jump up ^ James M. Keller , We love Ethel : Vivian Vance in Albuquerque , Santa Fe New Mexican , January 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Heather Draper , Colorado Rockies drop Sky Sox , pick up Albuquerque Isotopes , Denver Business Journal , September 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities , Public Relations '' . Guadalajara municipal government . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Albuquerque , New Mexico Ciotola , Nicholas P. `` Italian immigrants in Albuquerque , 1880 to 1930 : A study in Western distinctiveness . '' Journal of the West 43.4 ( 2004 ) : 41 - 48 . Luckingham , Bradford . The urban southwest : a profile history of Albuquerque , El Paso , Phoenix , Tucson ( Texas Western Press , 1982 ) Simmons , Marc . Albuquerque : a narrative history ( University of New Mexico Press , 1982 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAlbuquerque , New Mexicoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official government website 1905 Magazine Article with historical photos Albuquerque , New Mexico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Albuquerque , New Mexico '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . March 2013 . 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when was the hollywood tower of terror built	Site - clearing and prep began early 1992 . A sinkhole led to the site 's being moved slightly . The tower 's interior and exterior design took inspiration from existing Southern California landmarks , including the Biltmore Hotel and Mission Inn . The distinctive Spanish Colonial Revival architectural features on and around the attraction 's roof were designed so that the rear facade , which is visible from Epcot , would blend seamlessly with the skyline of the Morocco Pavilion in Epcot 's World Showcase Lagoon . After construction ended , the ride was set to open on July 4 , 1994 ; but the Tower of Terror opened on July 22 , 1994 , along with the Sunset Boulevard thoroughfare .		The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror	the twilight zone tower of terror	The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , also known as Tower of Terror , is an accelerated drop tower dark ride located at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Tokyo DisneySea , Walt Disney Studios Park , and formerly located at Disney California Adventure Park . Except for the Tokyo DisneySea version , the attractions are inspired by Rod Serling 's anthology television series , The Twilight Zone , and take place in the fictional Hollywood Tower Hotel in Hollywood , California . The Tokyo version , which features an original story line not related to The Twilight Zone , takes place in the fictional Hotel Hightower . All three versions place riders in a seemingly ordinary hotel elevator , and present the riders with a fictional backstory in which people have mysteriously disappeared from the elevator under the influence of some supernatural element many years prior .	The original version of the attraction opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in July 1994 , and was the basis of the 1997 television film of the same name , several scenes of which being shot at the attraction . A decade later , Disney began plans to add similar versions of the attraction to their newest parks at the Disneyland Resort in California , Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan , and Disneyland Paris . In California and Paris , Disney sought to use the popular attraction to boost attendance at the respective resorts ' struggling new theme parks . The California and Tokyo versions of Tower of Terror opened in 2004 and 2006 , respectively , while financial problems delayed the opening of the Paris version until 2008 . The California version closed in January 2017 . The Tower of Terror buildings are among the tallest structures found at their respective Disney resorts . At 199 feet ( 60.7 m ) , the Florida version is the second tallest attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort , with only Expedition Everest 199.5 feet ( 60.8 m ) being taller . At the Disneyland Resort , the 183 - foot ( 55.8 m ) structure ( which now houses Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! ) is the tallest building at the resort , as well as one of the tallest buildings in Anaheim . At Disneyland Paris , it is the second tallest attraction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Queue and preshow 2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios version 2.1 History 2.2 Technical details 2.3 Ride experience 2.3. 1 Corridor scene 2.3. 2 Fifth Dimension scene 2.3. 3 Drop sequence 2.3. 4 Ride exit and shop 2.4 Summer Nightastic update 3 Disney California Adventure version 3.1 New ride operation system 3.2 Ride experience 3.3 Closure 4 Tokyo DisneySea version 4.1 Queue and preshow 4.2 Ride experience 5 Walt Disney Studios Park version 6 The Twilight Zone references and design information 6.1 References in the Disney California Adventure version 7 Soundtrack 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Queue and preshow ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the American and European versions of the attraction , guests make their way to the Hollywood Tower Hotel through the front gate . Guests then walk along a cracked , curved pathway that leads to the hotel . The pathway goes past overgrown gardens , signs pointing to the stables , a bowling green , tennis courts , swimming pools , and a vine - covered pavilion . In most parks , 1930s jazz music plays in the queue area . Entering through the hotel 's front doors , guests encounter an interior designed to give the impression that the Hollywood Tower Hotel has been left untouched since the night of its closure . The lobby is covered in dust and draped with cobwebs , and throughout there are other signs of the hotel 's abrupt closure . Past the front desk , the main elevators are in a dilapidated state , and a sign reads `` Out of Order '' . Guests are informed by bellhops that their rooms are not ready yet , and they are then ushered into the hotel library , which houses the hotel 's collection of books , antiques , an old television set , and various pieces of Twilight Zone memorabilia scattered about the room . Through the library window , guests can observe a severe thunderstorm raging outside . With a crash of thunder and lightning , the power suddenly goes out , except for the television set which crackles into life and plays the opening sequence from the fourth and fifth seasons of The Twilight Zone , hosted by Rod Serling . The episode goes on to depict the events of a stormy night in 1939 when a lightning bolt struck the tower and caused five people -- a celebrity couple , a rising child star , her nanny , and a hotel bellhop -- to vanish from the elevator . The television then turns off and the guests are directed through to the boiler room , where they await the maintenance service elevator 's arrival . Disney 's Hollywood Studios version ( edit ) The original Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios History ( edit ) In the late 1980s , a second phase of development was being designed for Disneyland Paris ( then Euro Disney ) . Included was a free - fall type ride in Frontierland that was to be named Geyser Mountain . It would have been part roller coaster , part free - fall ride that shot guests up a vertical shaft . The plan was scrapped , but was picked up by Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( then Disney - MGM Studios ) as part of a massive expansion to their U.S. park . Several attractions had already been proposed , including `` Dick Tracy 's Crimestoppers '' , which would be later made into Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland . Still needing a major `` E-ticket '' attraction , the idea of a drop - shaft ride came up and was chosen . There had been several proposed ideas for haunted attractions , including a ride based on Stephen King 's novels , a Vincent Price ghost tour , a Mel Brooks - narrated ride , a real hotel , and a whodunit murder mystery , but none progressed into development . Walt Disney Imagineering eventually took inspiration from Rod Serling 's anthology stories featured in The Twilight Zone , as a foundation for their original story . Imagineers mused that the attraction would be able to take guests into the Fifth Dimension that Serling always described as unlocking in every episode of the series . With the project in firm development , Disney licensed the rights to use The Twilight Zone intellectual property from CBS Inc ... The Imagineering team settled on a 1930s - era Hollywood hotel with a Twilight Zone theme , but a new ride system had to be built , which would allow both more capacity inside the ride and make the drop fast . Otis Elevator Company created the vertical ride system , and Eaton - Kenway a ride vehicle that could drive itself horizontally . Joe Dante directed the ride 's short preshow film . The archival footage of Rod Serling used in the preshow was taken from the episode , `` It 's a Good Life '' . Mark Silverman provided the voice for Serling in the attraction ; Serling 's wife , Carol Serling , approved Silverman 's casting after several auditions . Site - clearing and prep began early 1992 . A sinkhole led to the site 's being moved slightly . The tower 's interior and exterior design took inspiration from existing Southern California landmarks , including the Biltmore Hotel and Mission Inn . The distinctive Spanish Colonial Revival architectural features on and around the attraction 's roof were designed so that the rear facade , which is visible from Epcot , would blend seamlessly with the skyline of the Morocco Pavilion in Epcot 's World Showcase Lagoon . After construction ended , the ride was set to open on July 4 , 1994 ; but the Tower of Terror opened on July 22 , 1994 , along with the Sunset Boulevard thoroughfare . Technical details ( edit ) The ride system of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios employs specialized technology developed by Walt Disney Imagineering , particularly the ability to move the vehicle in and out of the vertical motion shaft . The elevator cabs are self - propelled automated ride vehicles , also known as automated guided vehicles , which lock into separate vertical motion cabs . The cabs can move into and out of elevators horizontally , move through the `` Fifth Dimension '' scene , and on to the drop shaft . In order to achieve the weightless effect the Imagineers desired , cables attached to the bottom of the elevator car pull it down at a speed slightly faster than what a free fall would provide . Two enormous motors are located at the top of the tower , measuring 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , 35 feet ( 11 m ) long , and weighing 132,000 pounds ( 60,000 kg ) . They are able to accelerate 10 short tons ( 9.1 t ) at 15 times the speed of normal elevators . They generate torque equal to that of 275 Corvette engines and reach top speeds in 1.5 seconds . The ride 's slogan , `` Never the Same Fear Twice ! '' , refers to the drop pattern being randomly selected by a computer before the ride begins . The drop reaches a top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . After the elevator cab has completed the ride , it propels itself to the unload dock and then back to the show shaft . The Florida ride runs on a unique loop system different from the versions used in California , Paris and Tokyo . Ride experience ( edit ) Corridor scene ( edit ) In this version of the attraction , Rod Serling 's voice greets passengers the moment the elevator doors close , saying : You are the passengers on a most uncommon elevator about to ascend into your very own episode of The Twilight Zone . The elevator rises for a few seconds before coming to its first stop . The doors open to reveal a long , dimly lit hotel corridor , with overgrown plants and doors to guest rooms , with morning newspapers and room - service trays outside , along its length . There is a single window at the opposite end of the corridor . A violent thunderstorm is raging and lightning flashes outside the window . The five missing passengers from 1939 appear for several moments , turning to face the elevator and beckoning the guests to join them . Then they disappear in a burst of electricity . The corridor fades away , but the window remains until it appears to be floating in a dark field of stars . The window morphs into the window from the Season 5 opening sequence , and breaks . Fifth Dimension scene ( edit ) The lobby of The Hollywood Tower Hotel at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , May 2010 The elevator doors close and the car continues its ascent . Serling 's narration goes on , saying : One stormy night long ago , five people stepped through the door of an elevator and into a nightmare . That door is opening once again , and this time , it 's opening for you . The elevator stops once more . The doors open to what at first looks like a maintenance room , but slowly transforms into a field of stars . The elevator car emerges horizontally from the lift shaft and enters a section of the ride called `` The Fifth Dimension '' , which is a collection of sights and sounds and star fields , again in the style of the television show 's opening sequence . A rendition of The Twilight Zone theme plays throughout . The scene ends as the elevator reaches another star field which splits and opens much like elevator doors . The elevator enters another vertical shaft , this one pitch black . Serling 's voice is heard again , saying : You are about to discover what lies beyond the fifth dimension , beyond the deepest , darkest corner of the imagination , in the Tower of Terror . Drop sequence ( edit ) On the last word of Serling 's narration , the elevator starts its drop sequence . Rather than a simple gravity - powered drop , however , the elevator is pulled downwards , causing most riders to rise off their seats , held down by a seat belt . At least once during the drop sequence , wide elevator doors in front of the riders open to reveal a view of the park from a height of 157 ft ( 48 m ) , however the drop is only 130 ft ( 40 m ) , the height of a 13 - story building . The elevator drops at a top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . In the Hollywood Studios version , the back of the `` Hollywood Tower Hotel '' sign partially obstructs the view ( the on - ride camera is located here , recording the ride for video or a photograph to be purchased later ) . Randomized patterns of drops and lifts have been added , where the ride vehicle will drop or rise various distances at different intervals . Other added effects include projected images of the breaking window , wind effects , lightning flashes , and ominous blue - lit figures of the five ghostly original riders . These changes were made so that each trip on The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is a slightly different experience . The ride was reprogrammed most recently , in its fourth conversion , so that the ride system allows for any number of randomized drops and lifts . When guests enter the drop shaft , a computer randomly chooses one of four drop profiles , one of which is a modified version of the ride 's third incarnation . Regardless of the number of randomized drops and lifts , each drop sequence always features one `` faux drop '' meant to startle the riders , and one complete drop through the entire tower at the top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . After a series of these drops have been made , the elevator returns to the basement of the decrepit Hollywood Tower Hotel , past a curious array of abandoned items . A short clip plays , showing elements from the Season 5 opening sequence , along with the 1939 elevator passengers and Rod Serling falling into the `` vortex '' seen in the Season 3 opening sequence . Serling 's voice says : A warm welcome back to those of you who made it , and a friendly word of warning , something you wo n't find in any guidebook . The next time you check into a deserted hotel on the dark side of Hollywood , make sure you know just what kind of vacancy you 're filling . Or you may find yourself a permanent resident ... of the Twilight Zone . Guests then exit the elevator , leaving the hotel through the gift shop . Ride exit and shop ( edit ) On leaving the elevator , guests are led through a hotel corridor towards what would appear to be the old `` Lost & Found '' desk of the hotel ; however , it is now where photos taken on the ride may be purchased . Beyond this desk , guests pass a cracked fountain to the left and on the right can be seen the Hollywood Tower Hotel 's dining room , previously called The Sunset Room . The menu , placed outside the closed double - doors , is dated October 31 , 1939 . Guests then enter the shop which is called Tower Merchandise . The shop , in keeping with the theme of the hotel , has cracked walls and is dimly lit . There , guests may purchase Twilight Zone merchandise and Hollywood Tower Hotel - themed souvenirs , including hotel bathrobes and slippers . On August 13 , 2014 , the ride 's on - ride camera began recording video , so that riders could purchase a photograph or video of their ride . This was the first ride at Walt Disney World to offer on - ride videos . On September 18 , 2014 , the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ride at the Magic Kingdom began offering on - ride videos and pictures as well , making these the only two rides at Walt Disney World to offer videos and pictures . Summer Nightastic update ( edit ) In February 2010 , Disney announced that the Tower of Terror would receive `` new lighting effects and a new addition '' as part of a summer entertainment package called `` Summer Nightastic ! '' . The Fifth Dimension scene is changed , mostly covered by black tarps with fiber - optic stars , and Serling 's voice is removed from just before the drop profile . Replacing it is music played in the drop shaft , along with a projected picture of the riders just before they enter the drop shaft . Similar to the Disney California Adventure and Walt Disney Studios Park versions of the ride , the riders disappear , leaving an empty elevator . A new drop profile was created for `` Summer Nightastic ! '' , and replaces the other drop profiles on all rides . The profile mainly consisted of utilizing the entire tower for the drop sequences , as compared to the numerous faux and shortened drops in the randomized version . The changes were implemented on June 5 , 2010 , but were officially introduced the day after . All changes were temporary , and lasted until August 14 , 2010 . Disney California Adventure version ( edit ) Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure in 2006 . While similar in concept and theme to the original attraction in Florida , the attraction at Disney California Adventure , which opened in 2004 and closed in 2017 , featured some significant differences . The exterior of Disney California Adventure 's tower had architectural features reminiscent of Pueblo Deco styles found throughout Southern California during the Golden Age of Hollywood . The California version also had a slightly different queue area . The boiler room scene in the queue area had two floors , instead of the one floor in the original Florida version . The two floors allowed for one elevator in one shaft to have guests on ride , while the other elevator of the same shaft was loading guests . There were three elevator shafts in the Disney California Adventure version , with two elevators per shaft , for a total of six elevators operating at once . New ride operation system ( edit ) Imagineers redesigned the ride system for the attraction at Disney California Adventure and made some changes to the show scenes . The attraction featured three elevator shafts . Each shaft was its own separate ride with its own separate operating system . This made it easier to repair individual areas of the attraction without causing the entire attraction to go down . Each shaft had the capacity to accommodate two vehicles operating from two load levels , each vehicle loading and unloading at the same point . The ride was designed so that one vehicle could be in its ride profile while the other was at its loading level , giving each ride shaft the ability to accommodate more riders . Disney used this ride system again for Walt Disney Studios Park 's version of the ride , and for Tokyo DisneySea 's Hotel Hightower . Ride experience ( edit ) Instead of the autonomous vehicle found in the original incarnation , the Disney California Adventure attraction limited a car to a single shaft . As the elevator doors closed , the lights of the service elevator flickered out . The redesigned , multiple - cars - per - shaft , multilevel - boarding ride system for the California version of the tower required that one elevator load while another be in the drop shaft progressing through the ride cycle . As such , the first movement guests experienced is horizontal , as the elevator itself was pulled back from the doors as Rod Serling 's voice was heard : You are the passengers on a most uncommon elevator ... With a flash of lightning , the walls of the basement disappeared altogether , leaving only a starfield around the service doors with a rotating purple spiral . ... about to take the strangest journey of your lives . Your destination ? Unknown . But this much is clear : a reservation has been made in your name for an extended stay . The elevator rose quickly to the fifth floor . Because the dark - ride portion of California 's tower took place in the drop shaft , the physical vertical vehicle conveyance system moved more quickly and nimbly than Florida 's ( in which the first tower functions only as a dark ride and is not built for the quick movements that the drop portion requires ) . As such , visitors felt a moment of weightlessness as the elevator quickly ascended and then stopped on the fifth floor , where when the doors opened , an ornate , wood - framed mirror stood in a brightly lit hallway of the hotel and riders saw their reflection in its glass . Serling then said : Wave goodbye to the real world . Suddenly , lightning struck the hotel and the lights of both the hallway and elevator flickered out . A ghostly wind blows through a window and the reflection of riders in the elevator became distorted . With another blast , the elevator rumbled and shook and with a final blast of lightning the electrified reflection disappeared , leaving only the image of the empty elevator in the mirror as the doors closed . For you have just entered the Twilight Zone . The elevator descended and opened to reveal the `` hallway '' scene with an image of another elevator at the other end of the hallway , unlike Florida 's version which shows a window . Serling delivered his next narration : What happened here to dim the lights of Hollywood 's brightest showplace is about to unfold once again . The five missing guests appeared in the hallway , crackling with electricity and beckoning riders to follow them . They disappeared , and the walls of the hotel became a starfield , leaving just the other elevator , as Serling said : One stormy night long ago , five people stepped through the door of an elevator and into a nightmare . The other elevator doors opened to reveal the lost passengers inside as both elevators appeared to float through space . That door is opening once again , but this time it 's opening for you . The distant guests fell , then the distant elevator , followed immediately by the ride elevator . California 's version did not have a randomized drop sequence . The ride experience was identical in every drop shaft , regardless of which floor passengers boarded on . Two small drops occurred in pitch - black darkness , followed by a rise to the top of the tower as in - cabin lights flickered . The doors then opened out to reveal the view from the top floor before the ride drops briefly , pauses , and drops along the remainder of the shaft . The elevator then raised and immediately dropped without stopping , in complete darkness . The elevator then was raised to the top of the tower , shuddered , and fell to the bottom of the shaft , to the area in between the two loading floors ( to assure each ride is identical ) , with the elevator being finally returned to its load level and horizontally pushed back into place at the boiler room service doors . The height of the ride is 130 feet ( 40 m ) and the elevator drop 124 feet ( 38 m ) in total . As the elevator was pushed back into place , Serling delivered his final narration : The next time you check into a deserted hotel on the dark side of Hollywood , make sure you know just what kind of vacancy you 're filling . Or you may find yourself a permanent resident ... of the Twilight Zone . After which , the service doors opened and guests exited the hotel through the basement and the gift shop . Closure ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , at San Diego Comic - Con , Disney announced that the California version would be replaced by an attraction based on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy film series , titled Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! , which opened in May 2017 and utilizes the same structure and ride system . This is the first American Disney attraction to be based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( Marvel Entertainment having been wholly acquired by Disney in 2009 ) . The Tower of Terror 's final day of operation was January 2 , 2017 ; the ride then closed January 3 . In preparation for the closure , Disney began a `` farewell '' promotion of the ride on September 9 , 2016 , which featured a `` Late Check Out '' option to experience the drop portion of the ride in total darkness . On the night of September 19 and early morning of September 20 , the `` Hollywood Tower Hotel '' sign was removed to prepare for the new attraction . The other three Disney parks with versions of the Tower of Terror are unaffected , and Disney has stated that there are no plans to change the ride in its other locations . Tokyo DisneySea version ( edit ) Tower of Terror at Tokyo DisneySea The attraction at Tokyo DisneySea omits any connection or tie - in whatsoever with The Twilight Zone , as the television series is not well known in Japan . Instead , the attraction is themed as the fictional Hotel Hightower . The ride tower , its facade an example of Moorish Revival architecture , is located in the American Waterfront area of the park , close to the S.S. Columbia cruise liner . The ride system for this version is similar to that of the Disney California Adventure and Walt Disney Studios Park versions . The story line of the attraction is more complex than that of its American and European counterparts . The scenario involves the adventures of the hotel 's famous builder and owner , Harrison Hightower III ( modeled after Walt Disney Imagineering executive Joe Rohde ) , who went on many expeditions throughout the world and collected thousands of priceless artifacts . Most of these artifacts were stolen for personal gain and stored in his hotel . After one such expedition to Africa , he brought home an idol with the name of Shiriki Utundu . Hightower claimed that the natives were angry to have their beloved god taken , and that they threatened that the idol would curse him . On New Year 's Eve , 1899 , Hightower held a press conference about his expedition to Africa , followed by a huge party . Hightower boasted about how he acquired the idol and denied claims of it being cursed . Just as he left the party , he mocked the idol , using its head to put out his cigar . Around midnight , he entered the elevator to retire to his private apartments in the hotel penthouse . As the elevator neared the top , the idol came to life . The idol 's immense rage and power caused the elevator to plummet and crash on the ground floor . When the doors were pried open , only Hightower 's hat and the idol were recovered . The hotel was abruptly closed and condemned for more than a decade , rumored by locals to be haunted . In 1912 , following pressure to demolish the hotel , a New York restoration company reopened it because of its historical significance . The company now offers paid tours of the building . It is on these `` tours '' that guests embark when they enter the hotel . Queue and preshow ( edit ) The queue area winds through gardens filled with statues from many different countries up to the Hotel Hightower , where guests can see that the windows are almost completely shattered . Signs are posted all over the hotel front advertising the tour . Guests then enter the lobby , an elaborate and well - decorated room filled with plush furniture and beautiful art . On each ceiling arch is painted a mural of Hightower on one of his adventures , showing him escaping native people with a valuable artifact or item in his possession . At the end of the lobby is the elevator in its destroyed state , its doors left open with only a single plank of wood holding them together , a broken cable visible inside . Guests are then ushered into a room filled with many pictures of Hightower , his expeditions , and his hotel . Guests enter one of two rooms , either his office or the library , and in each room a large stained glass window depicts a confident Hightower with Shiriki Utundu sitting on a pedestal nearby . A tour guide talks about Hightower , then winds up an old gramophone that plays a recording of Hightower 's last interview . At this point , the lights dim . Suddenly , the stained glass window changes to show a frightened Hightower holding the idol and then entering the elevator on that fateful night . It then shows the outside of the hotel as the elevator ascends . Suddenly , all the lights in the hotel go out , and there is a flash of green lightning , shattering the bottom of the window . At this point , Shiriki Utundu comes to life , looks around , laughs mischievously at the guests , and then vanishes into a star - field . A gray fog covers the window , which remains the same when the fog lifts . Guests are then ushered into an enormous storage room where Hightower kept his treasures . There are multiple loading rooms on the second floor , each themed to a different type of item . One has swords , another has tapestries , the third has stone tablets and other valuable artifacts . Ride experience ( edit ) The mechanics of the DisneySea tower are identical to those of the Californian and Parisian towers , with dual loading floors , horizontal push - back from the doors and into the drop tower , a `` hallway '' scene , and a mirror scene , but with thematic changes . The order of the mirror and hallway scenes is reversed compared to the American and European counterparts . As the ride begins , the lights of the elevator turn off as Hightower 's voice explains the significance of the idol . The elevator is pulled backwards , away from the still - visible service elevator doors as the walls of the basement disappear and turn into a star field . The glowing green eyes of the idol appear in the darkness as the elevator enters the drop shaft . The elevator begins its ascent , stopping at the first scene . The elevator doors open to reveal the private apartments of Harrison Hightower , the idol sitting on a table in the center . Hightower , under a ghostly form , glowing blue , appears beside it and reaches out to touch it . The idol zaps him with a bolt of green electricity , blasting him backwards past open elevator doors at the opposite end of the apartments , where Hightower falls down the shaft , which then fades away , replaced by a star field . The idol turns toward the guests ' elevator and laughs before the doors close . The elevator ascends to another level . The doors open , revealing a large , ornate mirror . Hightower tells the guests to wave and say `` good bye to yourself '' . As they do , the lighting of the hotel is replaced with an eerie green glow , which makes the reflections of the guests ghostlike , an effect similar to the California and Paris rides , but absent the lightning strike . The ghostly reflection of the riders disappears and leaves the idol alone in the empty elevator . The idol laughs menacingly at the riders , and suddenly shoots forward at them . The elevator vibrates , shakes , and begins the drop sequence . The sequence is identical to the US version except the first two drops are missing ( the ascent comes first ) and the final drop takes place from the bottom set of doors rather than the top of the shaft . At the end of the drop sequence , the elevator returns to its loading level , where the idol 's green eyes glare from a star field , which then disappear , replaced by the service doors through which guests entered . Walt Disney Studios Park version ( edit ) La Tour de la Terreur -- Un Saut dans la Quatrième Dimension ( English : The Tower of Terror -- A Jump into the Fourth Dimension ) , at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris , is similar to the version at Disney California Adventure , which used the designs for the Paris park to construct its ride first , when it was needed as an additional crowd - puller . When financial troubles hit Disney 's Parisian resort , the attraction had to be put on hold . The attraction was finally green - lit in 2005 and was under construction in the center of the park , behind the La Terrasse seating area , by early 2006 . Upon completion , it was joined by a new Hollywood Boulevard lined by faux movie sets . Unlike its American cousins , the Paris Tower was constructed using concrete rather than steel due to French construction guidelines and standards , at a total cost exceeding € 180 million . The Paris version opened in 2007 . The Paris and California versions were originally intended to be almost identical upon completion , but there are differences , notably the height of the building and the location of some rooms backstage , as well as other differences due to different construction and work regulations in France . The default language for the pre-show library video and the ride is French , but can be changed to English by the Cast Member upon request . The library video is the same as the American version , but is dubbed in French and subtitled in English . The Twilight Zone references and design information ( edit ) In an effort to be true to the spirit of The Twilight Zone , Disney Imagineers reportedly watched every episode of the original television show at least twice . The attraction buildings are littered with references to Twilight Zone episodes , including : At Walt Disney Studios ( Paris ) , in the lobby of the hotel , on a couch , sits a dusty old doll . Some say the doll is supposed to be Talky Tina from the Twilight Zone episode `` Living Doll '' , but others say it is Sally Shine , the little girl in the pre-show and ride experience , from the 1997 movie Tower of Terror . Others think the doll is simply a Shirley Temple doll . It is in fact a Shirley Temple doll , despite reasonable suspicion that it is a Twilight Zone reference . Talky Tina can be found in the library of Disney 's Hollywood Studios version in Florida . At all rides besides Tokyo 's , the preshow includes a little girl holding a Mickey Mouse plush toy , along with her still holding it on the hallway scene . In the library , the Mystic Seer machine from the episode `` Nick of Time '' can be seen sitting on the high shelf . In the Florida library , there is the book titled To Serve Man from the episode of the same name . The trumpet from `` A Passage for Trumpet '' can be seen in the display while exiting the libraries . The queue of the Disneyland Paris version features a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` Little Girl Lost '' . Chalk marks on the walls are in the same style as those in the episode , when people were trying to find the portal to the girl . This can be found in the upper level of the boiler room next to the attraction warning signage . Periodically the girl 's voice can be heard calling out for help from the wall and from the radios around the boiler room . The elevator has a plaque that gives the last time the elevator was checked . Its number is 10259 , which is a nod to the date October 2 , 1959 , when The Twilight Zone first aired . The plaque also states the elevator was checked by Mr. Cadwallader , the sinister deal - maker from the episode `` Escape Clause '' . After guests are loaded on the elevator , the needle indicating which floor the elevator is on moves past the 12th floor . This is a reference to the 9th floor in the episode `` The After Hours '' . As the ride comes to a stop in Florida , the slot machine from the Twilight Zone episode `` The Fever '' can be seen . Upon exiting the Disneyland Paris venue , the display cases on the ground floor contain advertisements for , among other things , a `` Housemaid Wanted '' ( a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` I Sing The Body Electric '' ) and for `` A Pair of Reading Glasses Wanted '' ( `` Time Enough At Last '' ) . There are some 20 advertisements of this nature at the exit of the Paris venue . As the ride comes to a stop , the flying saucer from the Twilight Zone episode `` The Invaders '' is hanging from the ceiling . The eponymous characters of that same episode can be found on display in the libraries at the Florida and Paris attraction . Both of the elevator exit areas of the Florida ride contain a display featuring , among other things , the ventriloquist dummy `` Caesar '' from the Twilight Zone episode `` Caesar and Me '' . `` Picture If You Will ... '' , a phrase Rod Serling used in more than one Twilight Zone episode , appears in the gift shop where guests can buy their on - ride photo . The ride appeared on the Disney Channel 's 1994 Halloween edition of Walt Disney World Inside Out with guest star Gilbert Gottfried . Scott Herriott was the host . Following the ride 's success , Disney produced the TV film , Tower of Terror , based on the attraction in 1997 , starring Steven Guttenberg and Kirsten Dunst . Many shots were filmed at the Orlando theme park , while others were filmed on Burbank movie sets . As of October 2015 , a theatrical film based on the ride , with a script by John August , is in the works . References in the Disney California Adventure version ( edit ) In the Hollywood Tower Hotel 's lobby at California Adventure , there was a door with 22 in brass numbering . This was a reference to the episode `` Twenty Two '' . Similar to the version at Walt Disney Studios ( Paris ) , at California Adventure in the lobby of the hotel , on a couch , sat a Shirley Temple doll . At California Adventure there was a picture , behind the counter in the gift shop , that is said to be of Walt Disney at a Tip Top Club party holding a Mickey Mouse plush toy . Outside the library in the glass case adjacent to the doors , there is a gold thimble accompanied by a card that reads , `` Looking for a gift for Mother ? Find it in our Gift Shop ! '' This is a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` The After Hours '' . Envelopes with the names Rod Serling and Victoria West could be found in both libraries at California Adventure , near the sliding wall , a reference to the episode `` A World of His Own '' . In Library 1 , it stuck out of the top of the green books . In Library 2 , it sat in front of the books . The green books contained titles of selected Twilight Zone episodes . Other books in the libraries were in various languages from around the world , including German and Danish . Similar to the Disneyland Paris venue , the California Adventure queue featured a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` Little Girl Lost '' . Chalk marks on the walls were in the same style as in the episode when trying to find the portal to the girl . This could be found in the upper level of the boiler room next to the attraction warning signage at each of the 2 venues . Periodically the girl 's voice could be heard calling out for help from the wall and from the radios around the boiler room . There was a display case in the photo gallery of the Tower of Terror attraction at Disney California Adventure that contained two items relating to the `` A Thing about Machines '' episode . One was a typewriter ( with the GET OUT OF HERE FINCHLEY message ) ; the card next to it read `` Almost Writes By Itself '' . There was also an electric razor ; its card read `` Has A Long Cord - Can Follow You Everywhere '' . There was also a toy telephone from the episode `` Long Distance Call '' with a card saying `` Perfect for the children 's room and those late night calls from Grandma . '' Whilst exiting the Disney California Adventure ride , there was a display window for `` Willoughby Travel '' , a nod to the episode `` A Stop at Willoughby '' . In the photo gallery of the Tower of Terror attraction at Disney California Adventure , there was a poster advertising `` Anthony Fremont 's Orchestra '' . Anthony Fremont was the young boy with god - like powers from the episode `` It 's a Good Life '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) In the queue for the Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , music from the 1930s is played . The ride 's score was composed by Richard Bellis , and incorporates the main Twilight Zone theme composed by Marius Constant . The attraction 's theme and can be found on several theme park albums : Disneyland / Walt Disney World Music Vacation ( as part of a medley ) Walt Disney World Resort : The Official Album ( 1999 CD ) Walt Disney World Resort : Official Album ( 2000 CD ) Official Album : Walt Disney World Resort Celebrating 100 Years of Magic ( 2001 CD ) The Official Album of the Disneyland Resort ( 2005 CD ) Disneyland Resort : Official Album ( 2013 CD ) Walt Disney World : Official Album ( 2013 CD ) Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection -- Disneyland ( 2015 CD ) The Tokyo DisneySea version of the attraction is scored by Joel McNeely , who has released the overture on his site . See also ( edit ) Tower of Terror , a 1997 television movie based on the attraction . Incidents at Walt Disney World ( Info on 2005 incident ) List of amusement rides based on television franchises References ( edit ) `` Operating Guideline for The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's California Adventure '' Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tower of Terror to get superhero makeover at Disney California Adventure Park '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rohde , Joe ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : BREAKOUT ! Coming to Disney California Adventure Park Summer 2017 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glover , Erin ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Check Into Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Before it Checks Out of Disney California Adventure Park on January 2 , 2017 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dix , Jeff ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland fans say good - bye to Tower of Terror at its final check - out '' . themeparkinsider . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , The '' . D23 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . ^ Jump up to : Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Facts For The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror 's 20th Anniversary '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's California Adventure Tower of Terror Secrets '' . TowerofTerror.org . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney Tower of Terror Secrets '' . TowerofTerror.org . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disneyland Paris To Build New Rides For Both Parks '' . Ultimate Rollercoaster . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Buildings in Orange County '' . ^ Jump up to : Twilight Zone Tower of Terror WDW HD - Ultimate Tribute . Vimeo . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` 13 Stories Down : On the Anniversary of Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . Disney Insider . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Headless Horseman Haunts Mickey 's Halloween Party As Halloween Time Returns to the Disneyland Resort , Sept. 9 through Oct. 31 '' . PR Newswire . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . The Twilight Zone ® is a registered trademark of CBS , Inc. and is used with permission pursuant to a license from CBS , Inc . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` 13 STORIES DOWN : ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF TWILIGHT ZONE TOWER OF TERROR '' . Disney Insider . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Disney voice - over actors bring theme park rides to life '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Hidden Secrets on the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam . `` The surprisingly cutthroat race to build the world 's fastest elevator '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . The Shanghai Tower 's elevator goes even faster than the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , a Disney haunted - elevator amusement - park ride that hurls thrill - seekers at 39 mph . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror WDW HD -- Ultimate Tribute - Martin 's Videos '' . Jump up ^ Glassburn , Kelly . `` MyMagic+ : Video Captures Your Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Drop at Walt Disney World Resort '' . disneyparks.disney.go.com . Disney Parks . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glassburn , Kelly . `` Photos , Videos Capture Your Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Ride at Walt Disney World Resort '' . disneyparks.disney.go.com . Disney Parks . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sandi . `` Disney PhotoPass Service Simplifies Access to Walt Disney World Photos , Videos '' . disneyparks.com . Disney Parks . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Electrical Parade Returns to Walt Disney World Resort This Summer '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED ( 2 : 41pm ) Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Summer Nightastic drop profile details '' . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Step into Blockbuster Super Hero Stories at Disney California Adventure Park ! Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : BREAKOUT ! Opens May 27 with Summer of Heroes and All - New Epic Experiences '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Terror to close for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Ride '' . ABC 7 News , Chicago . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror ride closing at Disneyland '' . ABC 5 News , Boston . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland removes sign to Tower of Terror , signaling switch to Guardians of the Galaxy '' . San Jose Mercury News . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Disney : ' Avatar ' land to open next summer at Animal Kingdom '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror ( Around The World ) - 15th Anniversary - Disneyland Resort Paris '' . DLRP Magic ! . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Boulevard '' . DLRP Today . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . DLP Guide - Disneyland Paris at the click of a mouse ! . Jump up ^ `` Spotting the details of a Twilight Zone redux '' . DLP Today . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror - Hollywood Studios Attractions - Walt Disney World Resort '' . Walt Disney World . Jump up ^ ' Tower Of Terror ' Getting Movie Treatment ; Venerable Disney Theme Park Fright Ride Deadline , Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Richard Bellis : : Filmography '' . External links ( edit ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios - The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Tokyo DisneySea - Tower of Terror Walt Disney Studios Park - The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror The Twilight Zone Series The Twilight Zone ( 1959 -- 1964 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1985 -- 1989 ) The Twilight Zone ( 2002 -- 2003 ) See also Rod Serling Episodes Guest stars Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Rod Serling 's Lost Classics ( 1994 ) Literature Twilight Zone : 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary Radio series Night Gallery Twilight Zone accident Pinball Tower of Terror ride Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions Echo Lake 50 's Prime Time Café For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Hollywood & Vine Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Grand Avenue Mama Melrose 's Ristorante Italiano Muppet * Vision 3D Pixar Place Toy Story Midway Mania ! 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what was the reason the korean war was fought			Korean War	korean war	Military stalemate	North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established Division of the Sovereign States of North Korea and South Korea North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea UN Command : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Son Won - il Harry S. Truman Dwight Eisenhower Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Louis St. Laurent Celâl Bayar Robert Menzies Elpidio Quirino Nikolaos Plastiras Sophoklis Venizelos Alexander Papagos Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin Nikita Khrushchev Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,214 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . Korea was ruled by Imperial Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II . In August 1945 , the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan , as a result of an agreement with the United States , and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel . U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south . By 1948 , as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions , with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . On 27 June , the United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing 88 % of the UN 's military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POW 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POW 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng This article contains Korean text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja . In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as it was an undeclared military action , conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding President , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . The right - wing Representative Democratic Council , led by Syngman Rhee , who had arrived with the U.S. military , opposed the trusteeship , arguing that Korea had already suffered from foreign occupation far too long . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists , and Kim Il - sung 's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il - yu , who was later purged by Kim . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 - 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean and Chinese forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery , to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the highway Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the six permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC - 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on State Secretary Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including the Division 's Commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , Commander , 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by General Edward Almond , Commander , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . A Soviet - built MiG 15 in North Korean markings . The arrival of MiGs challenged UN air superiority Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the Chinese were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . On 27 November at the Korean eastern front , a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team ( 3,000 soldiers ) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division ( 12,000 -- 15,000 marines ) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group 's three - pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , but escaped under Air Force and X Corps support fire -- albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties . F4U - 5 Corsairs provide close air support to U.S. Marines fighting Chinese forces , December 1950 . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . In northeast Korea by 11 December , the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam . The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . After that , the leading part of the war became the Chinese army . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant - General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the President 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily from his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , they could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces ROK soldiers dump spent artillery casings New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , on November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 . The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 . Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that it invalidated the 1953 armistice . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . Any possibility of talks ended on 6 January when North Korea conducted their fourth nuclear test . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported that North Korean civilian casualties were closer to 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On September 19 , 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Further information : List of U.S. Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Incheon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Airborne Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . 1,106 enemy airplanes were officially downed by the Soviet pilots , 52 of whom got ace status . The Soviet system of confirming air kills erred on the conservative side ; the pilot 's words had to be corroborated and enemy aircraft falling into the sea were not counted , the number might exceed 1,106 . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea The first major U.S. strategic bombing campaign against North Korea , begun in late July 1950 , was conceived as similar to the major offensives of World War II . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing campaign on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against their arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter their morale . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 . Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning numerous killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A U.S. Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POW At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . But Pro-Communist POW experienced torture , cutting out limbs , or executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and tattoo of Anti-Communism slogan , and Flag of the Republic of China are also commonly seen , in case any want to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POW who could not endure the torture also formed an underground group to fight the Pro-Nationalist POW secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising in the end . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POW went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POW went back to Mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' but experienced brainwash again and sent to the army or arrested ; while the survivor who went back to Mainland China were also welcomed as `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwash , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoo were found out . After 1988 , Taiwanese government allowed POW to go back to Mainland China , and helped to clean anti-communist tattoo ; while Chinese Government started to accept old POW return to Mainland China from Taiwan . UN Command POW During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by U.S. units , 17 August 1950 . The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA . Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States concluded a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services earned 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside Mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war ( for China ) was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control until the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 9780816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 9780803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 9780803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 9780275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 9780816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 9780313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa . Jump up ^ Aiysha Abdullah ; Kirk Fachnie ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Korean War veterans talk of `` forgotten war '' `` . Canadian Army . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded . `` Canadians in the Korean War '' . kvacanada.com . Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada 's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died . `` 2013 declared year of Korean war veteran '' . MSN News . The Canadian Press . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three - year conflict included 516 people who died . Jump up ^ Ted Barris ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Canadians in Korea '' . legionmagazine.com . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H -- Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 9781576073445 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Philippines : KIA 92 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 97 New Zealand : KIA 34 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 1 Jump up ^ `` Two War Reporters Killed '' . The Times . London , England . 14 August 1950 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 10 , Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Murder Since 1900 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 5 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Michael . `` The Korean War : An Overview '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A History of the Modern Chinese Army . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2438 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War , says Chinese general '' Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily , 28 June 2010 . State Council Information Office , Chinese government , Beijing . `` According to statistics compiled by the army 's medical departments and hospitals , 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents , and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing . The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds , illness and other causes , he said . To date , civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs , Xu said . '' Jump up ^ Krivošeev , Grigorij F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` US State Department statement regarding ' Korea : Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ' and the Armistice Agreement ' which ended the Korean War ' '' . FAS . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . FindLaw. 27 July 1953 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korea enters ' state of war ' with South '' . BBC News . 30 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Millett ( PHD ) , Allan . `` Korean War '' . britannica.com . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War '' . History.com . History Channel . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Robert A. ; Breen , T.H. ; Frederickson , George M. ; Williams , R. Hal ; Gross , Adriela J. ; Brands , H.W. ( 2007 ) . America Past and Present. II : Since 1865 ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . pp. 819 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 44661 - 5 . Jump up ^ Derek W. Bowett , United Nations Forces : A Legal Study of United Nations Practice , Stevens , London , 1964 , pp. 29 -- 60 Jump up ^ He , Kai ; Feng , Huiyun ( 2013 ) . Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific : Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior . Routledge . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 13119 - 7 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Narangoa ; Cribb , Robert ( 2014 ) . 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( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of North Korea . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4331 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea Commemorated in Henan '' . China Radio International . 25 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea Marked in DPRK '' . Xinhua News Agency . 26 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stokesbury 1990 . ^ Jump up to : Schnabel , James F. ( 1972 ) . Policy and Direction : The First Year . United States Army in the Korean War . 3 . Washington , DC : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 3 , 18 , 22 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 035955 - 4 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2002 , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stokesbury 1990 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dear & Foot 1995 , p. 516 . 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ISBN 962 - 361 - 615 - 5 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0723 - 4 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. 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star trek voyager 7 of 9 first episode	Seven of Nine was played by Jeri Ryan for four Voyager seasons . The character was a part of the last four seasons which concluded in 2001 with its seventh season , and Seven was featured in many episodes despite coming later to the series . Seven was introduced in the second part of the episode `` Scorpion '' , the first episode of the fourth season . The character continued to appear throughout the series until the final episode , `` Endgame '' . Stories related to her relationships with Captain Janeway and The Doctor appeared throughout the series .	the first episode of the fourth season	Seven of Nine	seven of nine	Seven of Nine ( born Annika Hansen ) is a fictional character who appears in seasons four through seven of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . Portrayed by Jeri Ryan , she is a former Borg drone who joins the crew of the Federation starship Voyager . Her full Borg designation is Seven of Nine , Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix Zero One . The character Seven of Nine arrived just as the character Kes was leaving , and was intended to introduce a foil to Captain Kathryn Janeway in a similar manner as Spock in Star Trek : The Original Series .	Seven of Nine was played by Jeri Ryan for four Voyager seasons . The character was a part of the last four seasons which concluded in 2001 with its seventh season , and Seven was featured in many episodes despite coming later to the series . Seven was introduced in the second part of the episode `` Scorpion '' , the first episode of the fourth season . The character continued to appear throughout the series until the final episode , `` Endgame '' . Stories related to her relationships with Captain Janeway and The Doctor appeared throughout the series . Several episodes such as `` The Raven '' explored her background and younger life as Annika Hansen before she was assimilated by the Borg . Her romantic life is more of a mystery due to her Borg emotional restrictions ; she does proposition Harry Kim but he turns her down . Later on with the Doctor 's assistance she tries dating other crew unsuccessfully , while later exploring intimate relationships with a hologram of Chakotay . Finally , in the series finale Endgame she is involved in a short - lived romantic relationship with Chakotay which includes at least three dates and first kiss before she `` alters the relationship 's parameters '' . However , in one alternate timeline they get married and in another she is killed with the rest of the Voyager crew ( `` Timeless '' ) . Due to the nature of altered timelines it is not really clear what the true story is , but the future Federation ship Relativity tries to set things right . Although her real name was known to her crewmates , after joining the Voyager crew she chose to continue to be called Seven of Nine , though she allowed `` Seven '' to be used informally . Contents 1 Concept and development 1.1 Attire 2 Appearances 2.1 Background 2.2 Star Trek : Voyager 2.2. 1 Joining the crew and first contact with the Hirogen 2.2. 2 Forming relationships 2.3 Novels , comics and video games 3 Reception 3.1 Themes 4 See also 5 Citations 6 References 7 External links Concept and development ( edit ) Seven of Nine was created with characters such as Spock in mind . Following the third season of Star Trek : Voyager , the production team decided that the main cast character of Kes was to be dropped from the show . It was decided that Captain Kathryn Janeway needed a contrasting character , and so Seven of Nine was developed to provide this new angle . In addition , it had been a previous Star Trek staple to have a character that could provide a third - person view on the human condition . Prior examples had been Spock in Star Trek : The Original Series and Data in Star Trek : The Next Generation . After being cast , actress Jeri Ryan acknowledged she had hardly even seen Star Trek , and had no idea what the Borg were . To prepare her , the producers gave her a copy of Star Trek : First Contact and the Star Trek Encyclopedia the day before she was due to test for the part . She was specifically told not to base her performance on the Borg Queen from the film as she was a `` completely different animal and ( they ) were creating something entirely new '' . Her acting experience up until this point had consisted of television movies , guest appearances as well as Dark Skies . Her audition process consisted of two readings for the producers , before Ryan was asked to come in to talk through the part with the executive producers , Jeri Taylor , Rick Berman and Brannon Braga . Following this , she tested for the network and was told that her option had been picked up . She remarked of her experience of joining the team on Voyager , `` It was a little awkward since the cast had been together for three years already . And one of the original characters was being written out pretty much at the same time I was being added . But the cast was terrific , and very welcoming . '' Although she wore extensive make - up for her first appearances , including an eye - piece that fell off when she smiled , her typical make - up regime took around 45 minutes , with the attachment of the Borg appliance above her eye taking an additional 15 minutes . Her hairstyling usually took as long as that combined . In the following years , the Voyager writers wrote several plot lines revolving around Seven 's exploration of the positive and negative sides of human individuality . The cyborg nature of the character is seen as representing a challenge to `` simple conceptions of connections / disconnections between bodies . '' Ryan maintained that the main topic about Seven was `` humanity '' and stated that her character was pivotal to the success of the show , because she `` brought conflict to the show , which was sadly lacking. ... The Voyager crew was just one big happy family . '' After the addition of the former Borg drone to the starship 's crew at the start of the fourth season of Voyager , the shows ' weekly viewer ratings increased by more than 60 % . Ryan 's arrival on the show was accompanied by a massive publicity campaign in TV magazines and newspaper supplements . Ryan thought that the increase may have been because of the way the character looked , but maintained that those viewers would have been retained by the writing on the show . She also remarked that `` combining non-human qualities with an attractive human appearance , '' as in Seven 's character , was a great move by the producers . She felt that the writers did a good job in not pushing the character to be more human and having Seven enter into relationships on the show . Ryan was concerned that it could have turned out to be `` Seven 's sexual escapades on Voyager '' . In terms of portrayal , she said that `` keeping a straight face '' while showing suppressed emotion was an enjoyable challenge . Regarding her form - fitting one - piece costume , Ryan commented that it was extremely impractical and uncomfortable , but worth the reward of portraying a character like Seven.In a Conan O'Brien interview , Jeri Ryan admits that the reason her costume is skin tight , is to help Seven of Nine regenerate human skin . Although Seven was originally introduced as a foil for Captain Janeway , with the two of them proving to be very adversarial , they gained mutual respect as time went by . Ryan later described this as a mother - daughter relationship on the show , although she said that the writers had managed to make the character into more of an unruly teenager . However , the inclusion of Seven of Nine as a primary character for the show alongside Janeway and the Doctor was criticised by other actors such as Robert Beltran , who played Chakotay . He felt that his character , along with Harry Kim , Tuvok and Neelix , had been overlooked . As the end of the series approached , Ryan remarked that she would `` love to do something without special effects or rubber glued to my face , it 'd be a nice change of pace . '' Following the end of Voyager , Ryan joined the main cast of Boston Public , comparing her new character of Ronnie with Seven of Nine , saying `` ( Seven ) had all of these emotions , she just was n't comfortable expressing them , and did n't really know how to express them ; Ronnie , my character on Boston Public , is quite comfortable expressing them , and is fairly free with her expressions , I think . So it 's going to be a lot of fun . It 's going to be much more free , as far as the acting style . '' Ryan said that she had several favourite Seven of Nine episodes , including `` The Gift '' , `` The Raven '' , `` Revulsion '' , `` Hunters '' , `` Prey '' and the two - part `` The Killing Game '' . Attire ( edit ) Her initial costume as seen in `` Scorpion '' and the following episode , `` The Gift '' , saw Seven of Nine as a full Borg . This outfit took some two and a half hours for Ryan to get into , but an error was made in measuring the outfit by not taking into account the prosthetics that she was required to wear for the part . This cut off the blood supply through her carotid artery , causing her to pass out on two occasions . After a nurse was called twice to supply oxygen , the costume was modified to stop it from happening again . Once the character had the majority of the Borg implants removed , a new costume was required . Ryan wore a silver jumpsuit for the first few episodes , which director Jesús Salvador Treviño said that during the filming of the episode `` Day of Honor '' caused problems as `` almost any camera angle inevitably winds up emphasising her sexuality . '' Ryan described the new costume as `` a little snug '' , and wore a corset - like item which gave the appearance of mechanical ribs . At least one version of the costume had the corset built into it . In order to give her greater height , the shoes which formed part of her costume had four - inch ( 10 cm ) high heels . She said in a 2012 interview that the suit by costume designer Robert Blackman was a `` feat of engineering '' , but required a 20 - minute production shutdown if she needed to use the toilet , as she needed that time plus assistance to get into and out of it . She said that it was so fitted and figure hugging that `` it may have well been bodypaint '' . Treviño praised the subsequent changes to her costume in order to reduce its sexuality , saying that `` it is much more sensible , because she 's still an attractive person but then you get away from that titillation stuff which I think is so demeaning not only to the audience , but it 's kinda of demeaning to what Star Trek is about . '' The later versions of her costumes still required 20 minutes to get into before filming could start , but Ryan said they were much more forgiving , `` In the silver costume , if I got goosebumps , you could see them . The brown costume is a thicker , stronger fabric . It 's not quite so clingy , so the waist does n't have to be cinched in . '' That version of the costume also removed the vertical bones of the corset , which allowed Ryan to have greater flexibility while wearing it . One of the major remaining pieces of Borg technology that Ryan continued to wear for the part was what she described as `` That little thing over my eye '' . This was because the term that referred to it in the episodes would change depending on the writers and the episode itself , she explained that `` Sometimes , it 's my cortical implant . Sometimes , it 's my cranial implant . Sometimes , it 's my ocular implant . '' Appearances ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Seven of Nine 's backstory was explained during the course of Star Trek : Voyager . She was born on the Tendara Colony on Stardate 25479 to Magnus and Erin Hansen , and was named Annika . At the age of four , her parents were given the USS Raven by Starfleet to help them investigate the presence of an unknown species in deep space . This trip lasted for three years during which time they encountered the Borg and using a transwarp conduit , followed a cube to the Delta Quadrant . Annika 's father developed technology to allow the ship to remain undetected by the aliens , and even to allow them to board the Borg vessel . But after an ion storm struck the vessel , the Borg detected the family and assimilated them . Annika was placed into a Borg maturation chamber for the next few years , during which time she joined the collective . Following this , she was a Borg drone and assimilated individuals from a number of species , including a crew - member from the USS Melbourne at the Battle of Wolf 359 on Stardate 43989.1 . Two years later , Seven of Nine , along with three other drones , crashed on a planet and they were separated from the Borg Collective . This caused their individualities to resurface over time , which caused Seven to panic due to her relative inexperience with individuality , and created a temporary hive mind between the four of them until they were retrieved by the Borg . Star Trek : Voyager ( edit ) Joining the crew and first contact with the Hirogen ( edit ) Seven of Nine first appears in the second part of `` Scorpion '' at the start of the fourth season . She is chosen by the Borg to communicate verbally with Captain Janeway so that together they can develop a weapon to defeat Species 8472 . After a Borg cube destroys itself to save Voyager , Seven is transported aboard the Federation ship . Janeway is injured , leaving Chakotay in command -- but he distrusts Seven and the Borg and after he refuses to work with her , she sends the vessel into fluidic space to force them to develop the weapon . Just before doing so , Chakotay decompresses the cargo bay , killing the remaining Borg with the exception of Seven . Janeway recovers and works with Seven and the Doctor to develop the weapon and defeat an attack by Species 8472 . With their alliance ended , Seven attempts to assimilate the crew but they override her neural connection to the Collective . Over the course of the following episode , `` The Gift '' , The Doctor removes the majority of Seven 's Borg implants because her body begins to reject the technology once her connection to the Borg Collective is severed . Seven leaves sick bay to help repair the ship , and while working she attempts to communicate with the Collective , but is stopped by Kes . She is placed in the brig where she and Captain Janeway have a heart - to - heart discussion . Following the departure of Kes , they attempt to integrate Seven into the crew . Seven immediately comes into conflict with Chief Engineer B'Elanna Torres in `` Day of Honor '' , and puts Voyager in danger when the Caatati steal the warp - drive and hold it hostage for supplies and Seven herself . Instead , she builds a thorium generator to power their vessel , which the Caatati accept in exchange for the core and for allowing the rescue of Torres and Lt. Tom Paris . In `` The Raven '' , Seven , experiencing visions of the Borg and a raven , steals a shuttle and heads into nearby B'omar space . The aliens wo n't allow Voyager to enter their space , but Tuvok and Paris cross the border in another shuttle and head in pursuit . Tuvok beams across to Seven 's shuttle , where she explains she 's following a homing beacon . They head to a planet where the wreckage of the USS Raven is crashed on the surface . They transport down and Seven recognises it as her parents ' vessel . The B'omar attack but Voyager comes to their aid and the crew depart . Janeway tells Seven that her parents ' research records are in the ship 's databanks ; Seven replies that she might read them someday . After some time , Seven begins to question why Captain Janeway continues to make contact with alien species as they travel back to Earth , as it often results in incidents . Janeway explains that Voyager 's purpose is exploration and will continue that mission despite any problems that might occur . While working in astrometrics , Seven detects an ancient alien communications platform which connects all the way back to the borders of Federation space . This results in the first successful communication with Starfleet since Voyager was stranded in the Delta Quadrant , although it does also result in angering an alien race upon first contact ; the Hirogen had claimed the platform for their own . The crew subsequently receive messages from home through the array , but the ship is once again threatened by the Hirogen . Tuvok and Seven transport aboard the array to speed the downloading of the messages , but are captured and tortured by the aliens . They are rescued by ' Voyager ' , but the communications array is destroyed . When the crew find a member of Species 8472 being hunted by the Hirogen , Seven is reluctant to help her former enemy as it would put the ship at risk of destruction from the Hirogen . When the Hirogen threaten Voyager , Seven disobeys Janeway 's command and transports the alien aboard a Hirogen ship . In response , the Captain punishes her by restricting her computer access and curfews her to the cargo bay where her Borg unit is set - up . In `` Retrospect '' , the Doctor accidentally causes Seven to relive repressed memories of while she was Borg . She confers these memories onto an alien she had just met , and the local authorities seek his arrest . The crew realise what has happened , but he is killed before he can be told he is innocent . During the events of `` The Killing Game '' where the Hirogen take over Voyager and place the crew in the holodeck for hunting practice , Seven is brainwashed into thinking she was a French club singer during the Nazi occupation of France . She is the first member of the crew who has her memories restored by the Doctor , and helps Janeway bring about a truce with the Hirogen . Janeway and Seven disagree once more in `` The Omega Directive '' about what to do when the ship detects unstable Omega particles nearby . The Captain wants to destroy them under Starfleet standing orders , while Seven seeks to harness them as the Borg consider the particles to be near perfection . Seven must later deal with a series of hallucinations and loneliness while helping the crew cross a radiation filled nebula in `` One '' . This experience results in her seeking out the company of other crew members more frequently . Her suspicions of Arturis prove correct in `` Hope and Fear '' when it is revealed that he was seeking revenge on the Voyager crew for their previous alliance with the Borg by creating a fake USS Dauntless and attempting to take them back to Borg space where they would be assimilated . Forming relationships ( edit ) Seven has her first experience of motherhood to some degree when in the episode `` Drone '' , a transporter accident combines her nanoprobes with the Doctor 's holoemitter . This results in the creation of One , a Borg with 29th century technology , whom Seven helps adjust to life on board Voyager . One sacrifices his life to destroy a Borg cube and protect the vessel , dying in front of an emotional Seven . In the alternative future shown in `` Timeless '' , Seven of Nine and the vast majority of the Voyager crew are dead . Using a Borg temporal transmitter , Chakotay and Harry Kim manage to send information back in time to Seven to prevent the destruction of the ship . A little more of Seven 's Borg history is revealed when , due to a modified Borg device planted by an alien species , she begins to exhibit the memories of some of the people she has assimilated . After B'Elanna Torres disables the device , Seven returns to normal . While investigating a damaged Borg sphere in `` Dark Frontier '' , Seven hears the voice of the collective once more and refuses to return to Voyager . Instead she is taken back to Borg space where she meets with the Borg Queen , who reveals that Seven 's establishment as an individual was all part of a plan to use her memories to allow the Borg to assimilate humanity . The Queen first has Seven assist in the assimilation of a new species and after some disobedience , has her work on nanoprobes designed to assimilate humans . Furthermore , Seven discovers that her father is assimilated and kept as one of the Queen 's personal drones . Meanwhile , Voyager is working on a plan to rescue her , and using the Delta Flyer approach the vessel close enough that Captain Janeway can transport aboard . Seven and Janeway work together to escape the Queen , and steal technology that reduces their distance to Earth by 15 years . She later attempts to develop her romantic experience , working with the Doctor in the episode `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . She becomes involved in a time travel plot once more when Captain Braxton of the Federation timeship USS Relativity pulls her out of the timestream to help prevent the destruction of Voyager . The travel has effects on her body , and she dies , resulting in an earlier version being pulled out of time . During the investigation , it transpires that it was Braxton himself who planted a bomb on the ship and together with the crew of the Relativity , Captain Janeway manages to apprehend Braxton before he plants the device . Seven encounters three former Borg with which she previously formed a mini-collective after their scout vessel crashed on a planet . She forced this collective on them because they were becoming individuals , which has caused the trio to keep a mental connection even after their eventual disconnection from the rest of the Borg . During the course of `` Survival Instinct '' , the link is terminated , causing each of the former Borg to be predicted to die within a month . Novels , comics and video games ( edit ) Following the switch of the Star Trek comic properties to WildStorm , the first comic to be released was Star Trek : Voyager - False Colors . This featured Seven of Nine in a prominent role , as the crew investigate what appears to be a Borg vessel . Seven of Nine has made appearances in the Star Trek comics , such as in IDW Publishing 's Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Hive . She has also continued to be a main character in the Voyager novel relaunch . The first video game that the character of Seven of Nine appeared in was Star Trek : Voyager - Elite Force . However , despite the rest of the main cast voicing their characters , Jeri Ryan did not voice Seven . Instead , the character was voiced by Joan Buddenhagen , with Ryan 's voice pack added alongside an expansion to the game . It was also made available as a free download for those that did not purchase the expansion pack . Jeri Ryan has also voiced the character in the Delta Rising expansion to Star Trek Online , a massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) . The game is set beyond the end of the original Voyager series , with the storyline placing Seven on board the USS Callisto as a science advisor to the Federation fleet which is returning to the Delta Quadrant . When asked about returning as Seven for the game at the Destination Star Trek 3 convention in London , England , Ryan said that `` It was fun , surprisingly fun , she fit like an old pair of slippers . '' Reception ( edit ) Jeri Ryan , appearing at the Creation Star Trek convention in 2010 The initial fan reaction was mixed with some accusing the show of adding her to attract more 18 -- 35 male audience members , which was denied by Braga . The character 's attire , numerous form - fitting catsuits with distinct rib - lines and a high stiff neck , was criticized by veteran Star Trek writer / producer Ronald D. Moore , who felt she should have a more Borg - like appearance . Her outfit also annoyed some who felt that it was an attempt by the show 's creators to make her sexually appealing to some viewers , without any storyline purposes intended . Ryan was surprised at the immediate fan reaction on the internet , as there was a full website devoted to her which was created only six days after her casting . Barry Wigmore at the Mail on Sunday credited Ryan as Seven of Nine for saving the series due to the increased ratings that she generated . Ziauddin Sardar said in the New Statesman that her appearance on Voyager `` restored the warp drive '' to the show , resulting in a `` triumphant note '' to the start of the following season . Meanwhile , Ian Spelling writing in Starlog magazine in 1998 said that the introduction of Seven was `` just the kick in the asteroid that Voyager needed . '' Rob Owen at the Chicago Sun - Times said that the majority of the Voyager cast were `` lacking in depth '' with the exception of Seven , the Doctor and Captain Janeway . By the end of the series , Seven was described as the `` most bewitching cast member '' and the `` first authentic Trek bombshell since Uhura '' by Frank Ahrens at The Washington Post . Jeri Ryan was nominated on three occasions at the Saturn Awards for portraying Seven of Nine , winning in 2001 for Best Supporting Actress on Television . She was also won the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 1999 . Themes ( edit ) The initial episodes following the introduction of Seven of Nine showed Captain Janeway mirroring the actions of the Borg as she turned down Seven 's request to be returned to the collective . Abducting Seven was also suggested to be a `` tough - love '' scenario with Janeway taking the place of Seven 's mother , while the Doctor posed as her father . It was this new family relationship that later caused the Borg Queen to modify her tactics to re-assimilate Seven in the episode `` Dark Frontier '' , by simulating a mother - daughter relationship . The Doctor , Seven and Janeway relationship was also compared to Pygmalion showing Galatea to Venus in the way that the Doctor re-humanised Seven during the events of `` The Gift '' . Seven was received as one of the Voyager characters who filled a Spock - like role , alongside Tuvok , with her `` blonde bombshell '' appearance balanced by `` intelligence , boldness , rationality and a remarkable lack of interest in the opposite sex '' . The sexuality of the character was also questioned following her introduction . The character built up a fanbase among the LGBT community which resulted in an online petition to have her revealed as a lesbian . It was pointed out in The Scotsman that the series avoided any `` lesbian subtext '' between Seven and Janeway because the series was intended to be seen as `` family - friendly '' . The approach by Harry Kim at one point , to which she suggested that he should disrobe in order to `` copulate '' , was suggested to be because of her curiosity about human mating practices rather than any traditional sense of attraction . The introduction of Seven on the series had subsequent effects on the series Star Trek : Enterprise , as T'Pol ( played by Jolene Blalock ) was based on a combination of the Seven character and Leonard Nimoy 's original Spock . See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal Fictional characters portal List of female action heroes List of fictional gynoids Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV.com The Raven Cast ^ Jump up to : Braga , Brannon ; Menowsky , Joe ( September 3 , 1997 ) . `` Scorpion '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 1 . UPN . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Poe , Star Trek Author '' . Star Trek.com. April 2 , 1998 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Jeri Ryan : Borg Basics '' . BBC Online . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeri Ryan , `` Seven of Nine '' `` . Star Trek.com . September 16 , 1997 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeri Ryan , `` Seven of Nine '' `` . Star Trek.com . March 19 , 1998 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lim , Hilary ( May 1999 ) . `` Caesareans and cyborgs '' . Feminist Legal Studies . Springer . 7 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 173 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1009272228097 . Jump up ^ Hanania , Joseph ( February 7 , 1999 ) . `` Signoff : Intergalactic Generation Gap '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Jeri Ryan : Themes and things '' . BBC Online . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Harriet ( February 8 , 1998 ) . `` Can One Borg Elevate ' Voyager ' ? Maybe , If She Looks Like This One '' . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Jeri Ryan : Clever Combination '' . BBC Online . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( April 1998 ) . `` The Lady Borg '' . Starlog ( 249 ) : 27 -- 31 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Jeri Ryan : Acting Challenges '' . BBC Online . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Jeri Ryan : Silver suits and high heels '' . BBC Online . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rohan , Virginia ( February 16 , 1999 ) . `` Facial Prosthetics Mask Impish Smile '' . The Record . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up With Robert Beltran , Part 1 '' . Star Trek.com . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News Flash '' . The Beacon News . HighBeam Research . January 2 , 2001 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Dispatch : Ryan Contrasts `` Ronnie '' with `` Seven '' `` . Star Trek.com . July 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2001 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( August 31 , 1997 ) . `` Star Trek : Voyager : This Borg is a Babe '' . The Buffalo News . HighBeam Research . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul ( December 1997 ) . `` Man of Honour '' . Dreamwatch ( 40 ) : 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TNG Cast Reunites in London '' . Star Trek.com . October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Style '' . Daily News . HighBeam Research . March 26 , 1998 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Of ' Body Of Proof ' Recalls Her Days As Seven Of Nine On ' Star Trek : Voyager ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan , `` Seven of Nine '' on Star Trek : Voyager `` . Star Trek.com . February 11 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2001 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Menosky , Joe ( September 10 , 1997 ) . `` The Gift '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 2 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Brian ; Kloor , Harry ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Raven '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 6 . UPN . Jump up ^ Taylor , Michael ; Shepard Price , Andrew ; Gaberman , Mark ( February 16 , 2000 ) . `` Collective '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 6 . Episode 16 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Robert J. ; Diggs , Jimmy ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` Infinite Regress '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 7 . UPN . Jump up ^ Piller , Michael ( September 24 , 1990 ) . `` The Best of Both Worlds ( part 2 ) '' . Star Trek : The Next Generation . Season 4 . Episode 1 . UPN . Jump up ^ Moore , Ronald D. ( September 29 , 1999 ) . `` Survival Instinct '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 6 . Episode 2 . UPN . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jeri ( September 17 , 1997 ) . `` Day of Honor '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 3 . UPN . Jump up ^ Biller , Kenneth ( November 19 , 1997 ) . `` Random Thoughts '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 10 . UPN . Jump up ^ Klink , Lisa ; Williams , Rick ( January 21 , 1998 ) . `` Message in a Bottle '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 14 . UPN . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jeri ( February 11 , 1998 ) . `` Hunters '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 15 . UPN . Jump up ^ Braga , Brannon ( February 18 , 1998 ) . `` Prey '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 16 . UPN . Jump up ^ Fuller , Brian ; Klink , Lisa ; Shepard Price , Andrew ; Gaberman , Mark ( February 25 , 1998 ) . `` Retrospect '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 17 . UPN . Jump up ^ Braga , Branon ; Menosky , Joe ( March 4 , 1998 ) . `` The Killing Game '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 18 & 19 . UPN . Jump up ^ Klink , Lisa ; Diggs , Jimmy ; Kay , Steve J. ( April 15 , 1998 ) . `` The Omega Directive '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 21 . UPN . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jeri ( May 13 , 1998 ) . `` One '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 25 . UPN . Jump up ^ Berman , Rick ; Braga , Brannon ; Menosky , Joe ( May 20 , 1998 ) . `` Hope and Fear '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 4 . Episode 26 . UPN . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bryan ; Braga , Brannon ; Menosky , Joe ; Kloor , Harry ( October 21 , 1998 ) . `` Drone '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 2 . UPN . Jump up ^ Berman , Rick ; Braga , Brannon ; Menosky , Joe ( November 18 , 1998 ) . `` Timeless '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 6 . UPN . Jump up ^ Braga , Brannon ; Menosky , Joe ( February 17 , 1999 ) . `` Dark Frontier '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 15 & 16 . UPN . Jump up ^ Braga , Brannon ; Taylor , Michael ( April 28 , 1999 ) . `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 22 . UPN . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bryan ; Sagan , Nick ; Taylor , Michael ( May 12 , 1999 ) . `` Relativity '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 5 . Episode 24 . UPN . Jump up ^ Moore , Ronald . D. ( September 29 , 1999 ) . `` Survival Instinct '' . Star Trek : Voyager . Season 6 . Episode 2 . UPN . Jump up ^ Radford , Bill ( October 31 , 1999 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' seeks safe harbor in WildStorm Productions '' . The Gazette . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bell , Josh ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Brannon Braga Returns to `` Star Trek '' with `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : Hive '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic adventures : video and computer game reviews '' . Knight Ridder . HighBeam Research . November 7 , 2000 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Voyager -- Elite Force Credits '' . Allgame . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Take command of U.S. battle tank '' . The Herald News . HighBeam Research . August 9 , 2001 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Walker , Trey ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` Jeri Ryan coming to Elite Force '' . Gamespot . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seven of Nine Returns '' . Star Trek.com . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lipper , Don ( December 7 , 2000 ) . `` Ron Moore : Where Voyager Went Wrong '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( September 19 , 1997 ) . `` Lust in Space -- Can Jeri Ryan 's sexy Borg save the series ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Allbritton , Chris ( February 10 , 1998 ) . `` Where to Find the Stars '' . The Buffalo News . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Barry ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` Heavenly Body '' . Mail on Sunday . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Sardar , Ziauddin ( May 31 , 1999 ) . `` Science Friction '' . New Statesman . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` ` Star Trek ' might be lost in space '' . Chicago Sun - Times . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( May 23 , 2001 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Voyager ' Grimly Goes '' . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Dispatch : Saturn Awards Ca n't Resist Ryan '' . Star Trek.com . June 13 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 3rd Annual Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Relke ( 2006 ) : p. 34 Jump up ^ Relke ( 2006 ) : p. 35 Jump up ^ Relke ( 2006 ) : p. 37 Jump up ^ Relke ( 2006 ) : p. 64 Jump up ^ Relke ( 2006 ) : p. 36 Jump up ^ Booker ( 2004 ) : p. 127 Jump up ^ Booker ( 2004 ) : p. 128 ^ Jump up to : Consalvo , Mia ( Summer 2004 ) . `` Borg Babes , Drones , and the Collective : Reading Gender and the Body in Star Trek '' . Women 's Studies in Communication . Questia Online Library . 27 ( 2 ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Lesbian Favourites '' . The Herald News . HighBeam Research . April 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ McLean , Gareth ( November 12 , 1998 ) . `` Flat Screen '' . The Scotsman . HighBeam Research . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Booker ( 2004 ) : p. 185 References ( edit ) Ayers , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Star Trek : Voyages of Imagination . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0349 - 1 . Booker , M. Keith ( 2004 ) . Science Fiction Television : A History . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 05213 - 2 . Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2009 ) . American Science Fiction Film and Television . New York : Berg . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84788 - 551 - 7 . Relke , Diana M.A. ( 2006 ) . Drones , Clones , and Alpha Babes : Retrofitting Star Trek 's Humanism , Post-9 / 11 . Calgary , Alberta , Canada : University of Calgary Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55238 - 164 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Seven of Nine at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Seven of Nine at Startrek.com Star Trek : Voyager Characters Reginald Barclay Chakotay The Doctor Kathryn Janeway Kes Harry Kim Neelix Tom Paris Seven of Nine B'Elanna Torres Tuvok Other topics Episodes season 4 Awards Cast Novels String Theory : Cohesion Kazon Vidiians The Maquis The Borg Species 8472 USS Voyager Janeway Lambda one Video games Voyager Elite Force The Arcade Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_of_Nine&oldid=856101923 '' Categories : Fictional astronomers Fictional gynoids Fictional technopaths Fictional female engineers Fictional software engineers Fictional women scientists Fictional women soldiers and warriors Star Trek : Voyager characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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who is la reina del sur based on	Sandra Avila Beltran ( 1960 - 10 - 16 ) 16 October 1960 ( age 57 ) Baja California , Mexico Other names La Reina del sur ( Queen of the South ) La Reina del Mar ( Queen of the Ocean ) la reina del sur ( Queen of south ) Criminal charge Money laundering and possession of illegal firearms Criminal status Released in 2015 Relatives Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero	Sandra Avila Beltran	Sandra Ávila Beltrán	sandra avila beltran		Sandra Avila Beltran ( 1960 - 10 - 16 ) 16 October 1960 ( age 57 ) Baja California , Mexico Other names La Reina del sur ( Queen of the South ) La Reina del Mar ( Queen of the Ocean ) la reina del sur ( Queen of south ) Criminal charge Money laundering and possession of illegal firearms Criminal status Released in 2015 Relatives Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Ávila and the second or maternal family name is Beltrán . Sandra Ávila Beltrán ( born 11 October 1960 ) is a Mexican drug cartel leader , dubbed `` La Reina del Pacífico '' ( The Queen of the Pacific ) by the media . She was arrested on 28 September 2007 , and charged with organized crime and conspiracy to traffic drugs ; Some charges were later dropped but she was still held for possession of illegal weapons and money laundering , pending her extradition to the United States . On 10 August 2012 , she was extradited to the United States to answer to criminal charges by the U.S. government . Mexican and U.S. officials consider she was an important link between the Sinaloa Cartel in Mexico and the Colombia n Norte del Valle Cartel . Contents 1 Biography 2 Arrest 2.1 Extradition and deportation 3 Popularity 3.1 Music 3.2 Literature 3.3 Television 4 References Biography ( edit ) Ávila Beltrán was born in Baja California , Mexico , the daughter of María Luisa Beltrán Félix and Alfonso Ávila Quintero , a family member of Rafael Caro Quintero , the former leader of the Guadalajara Cartel . Family connections have played a major role in her criminal career , and Ávila Beltrán was , in fact , a `` third - generation '' drug trafficker in her family . Officials in Mexico say Ávila Beltrán is the niece of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo , the onetime godfather of the Mexican drug trade who is serving a 40 - year sentence for the 1984 murder of Enrique Camarena , a U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) special agent . Her great uncle Juan José Quintero Payán was extradited to the United States on drug trafficking charges . On her mother 's side , the Beltráns got involved in heroin smuggling in the 1970s and later diversified into cocaine . DEA officials state that Ávila Beltrán never shrank from employing the violence that comes with the turf and that `` she used the typical intimidation tactics of Mexican organizations . '' She reportedly had affairs with several well - known drug barons in her youth . She was married twice ; both of her husbands were ex-police commanders who became drug traffickers , and both of them were later killed by hired assassins . The police attribute her rise to power in the drug world primarily to her most recent relationship with Juan Diego Espinoza Ramírez , alias The Tiger , who is said to be an important figure in the Colombian Norte del Valle Cartel . Ávila Beltrán lived in Guadalajara , Jalisco , and Hermosillo , Sonora , until the police found more than 9 tons of cocaine on a ship in the Pacific port of Manzanillo , Colima , in 2001 and tracked the shipment to her and her lover Espinoza Ramírez . Arrest ( edit ) Despite her high - profile lifestyle , Beltrán long avoided leaving police any evidence . In 2002 , however , she unexpectedly contacted authorities for help when her teenage son was kidnapped for a US $5 million ransom . She eventually got her son back , but not without raising suspicions that launched an investigation . It took more than four years and 30 federal agents to close in and finally arrest Ávila . She was arrested , along with Espinoza Ramírez , on 28 September 2007 , in Mexico City . She was charged with and convicted of laundering money for billions of dollars ' worth of drugs smuggled from Colombia to Mexico . In a tape of her police interrogation , she describes herself as a housewife who earns a little money on the side `` selling clothes and renting houses . '' When asked why she had been arrested , she responded , `` Because of an extradition order to the United States . '' Her life behind bars at the Santa Martha Acatitla women 's prison in Mexico City has apparently not been to her liking as she filed a complaint with a Mexico City human rights commission , saying her cell had insects , which she referred to as noxious fauna . She also said the ban on bringing in food from restaurants violated her human rights . In March 2009 , journalist Anderson Cooper interviewed Sandra Ávila for the television news magazine 60 Minutes . In January 2011 an investigation was launched after a doctor was allowed to enter the prison to give Beltrán a Botox injection treatment , a therapy that is not authorised for inmates . The prison 's director and hospital chief were relieved of their duties . All of the drug charges were dropped in early 2011.As of February 2015 Sandra is free according to CNN `` Now , after more than seven years behind bars , the woman known as `` The Queen of the Pacific '' is free . Extradition and deportation ( edit ) In June 2012 several Mexican judges ruled out major obstacles to extradite Ávila Beltrán to the United States on cocaine trafficking charges that date back to 2001 . Originally , previous request seeking to extradite Ávila Beltrán been denied twice by a panel and then by a judge , but Ávila Beltrán had to answer to the charges by the United States for several cocaine shipments seized in Chicago . On 10 August 2012 , Ávila Beltrán was extradited to the United States and flown to Florida to face cocaine possession and trafficking charges . Ávila denied the charges and as part of the plea deal , Avila said she provided `` financial assistance for travel , lodging and other expenses '' to Espinosa from 2002 to 2004 . Ávila Beltrán was then deported back to Mexico , where she was immediately arrested on money - laundering charges on 20 August 2013 , and was sentenced to five more years in prison and a fine for money laundering . She was imprisoned at the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 4 federal prison in Tepic , Nayarit . She was released in 2015 and now lives in the city of Guadalajara . Since her arrest in 2007 , she spent a total of seven years in prison , including two years in isolation . Popularity ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Los Tucanes de Tijuana wrote a folk ballad that pays homage to Sandra Ávila as `` a top lady who is a key part of the business . '' Literature ( edit ) She also published a book , The Queen of the Pacific : Time to Talk , based on a series of prison interviews she gave to Mexican journalist Julio Scherer . Television ( edit ) In 2011 , Telemundo launched `` La Reina del Sur '' which showed Avila 's life in a telenovela . Shortly after USA Network aired the english verision `` Queen of the South '' on June 23 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Accused female drug lord ordered held over for trial in Mexico '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Underworld Queenpin '' . Newsweek. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' La reina del Pacífico ' , una historia salpicada de fantasía y realidad '' ( in Spanish ) . Terra Networks . 2007 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 23 October 2007 . Jump up ^ SRE no descarta entregar a Avila ( in Spanish ) 10 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` El Universal No procede extradición de La Reina del Pacífico '' . www.eluniversal.com.mx . México : El Universal , Compania Periodéstica Nacional . Jump up ^ `` El nombre de una reina inspirado en la literatura '' . CNNMéxico ( in Spanish ) . 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` La Reina del Pacífico , tercera generación de una familia de narcos '' . El Universal . 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tuckman , Jo ( 6 October 2007 ) . `` Queen of the Pacific has Mexico hooked as she faces drug charges '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Queen of the Pacific ' drug smuggler arrested '' . MSNBC News . Associated Press . 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big - time female drug suspect seizes Mexico 's imagination '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's `` Queen Of The Pacific '' `` . CBS News . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Glamorous Gangster : Alleged Drug Lord Captured '' . ABC News . 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ McKinley Jr , James C. ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` In Mexico , a Fugitive 's Arrest Captivates the Cameras '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrested ' Drug Queen ' enthralls Mexico '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 4 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's `` Queen Of The Pacific '' `` . Jump up ^ `` ' La Reina del Pacífico ' tendrá que declarar por un tratamiento de botox '' . CNNMéxico ( in Spanish ) . 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico jail inmate in Botox row '' . 2 February 2011 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.cnn.com/2015/02/08/americas/mexico-drug-queen-sandra-avila-released/index.html Jump up ^ Looft , Christopher ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Mexico Judges To Allow ' Queen of the Pacific ' Extradition '' . InSight Crime . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican judges agree to extradite alleged drug queen to US '' . Fox News . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Top Mexican ' drug queen ' Sandra Avila extradited to the US '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shoichet , Catherine E. ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Mexico 's ' Queen of the Pacific ' released from prison '' . CNN News . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gomez Licon , Adriana ( 20 August 2013 ) . `` Sandra Avila Beltran , ' Queen Of The Pacific ' Drug Trafficker , Returns To Mexico From U.S. '' The Huffington Post . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sandra Ávila Beltrán ingresó a penal de Tepic , Nayarit '' . Univision ( in Spanish ) . 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandra Ávila Beltran , Mexico 's former ' Queen of the Pacific ' , speaks out -- video . Jonathan Franklin , Victor Gutiérrez and Chris Whitworth . The Guardian . 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Soborno de 100 millones de dólares a un presidente mexicano : Reina del Pacífico. 24 May 2016 . Aristegui Noticias ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Book details life of alleged Mexican drug queen '' . Daily News . New York . 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://wearemitu.com/mitu-world/meet-the-narco-queen-who-inspired-not-one-but-two-tv-series/ Mexican Drug War ( 2006 -- present ) Names in italics represent dead or arrested individuals . Timeline Federal forces Mexican Army Mexican Air Force Mexican Navy Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales ( formerly GAFE ) ( special forces ) Policía Federal Ministerial SEIDO ( organized crime investigation ) Federal Police Beltrán - Leyva Cartel disbanded 2010 Armed wings Los Mazatlecos South Pacific Cartel Founders Arturo Beltrán Leyva Alfredo Beltrán Leyva Carlos Beltrán Leyva Edgar Valdez Villarreal Sergio Villarreal Barragán Héctor Beltrán Leyva Leaders Héctor Beltrán Leyva Fausto Isidro Meza Flores La Familia Cartel Disbanded 2011 Founders Nazario Moreno González Carlos Rosales Mendoza Arnoldo Rueda Medina Dionisio Loya Plancarte Rafael Cedeño Hernández Alberto Espinoza Barrón Enrique Plancarte Solís José de Jesús Méndez Vargas Servando Gómez Martínez Gulf Cartel Factions Los Metros Los Rojos Founders Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Leaders Óscar Malherbe de León Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Antonio Cárdenas Guillén Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez Mario Ramírez Treviño Homero Cárdenas Guillén Juárez Cartel Armed wings La Línea Founders Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Pablo Acosta Villarreal Amado Carrillo Fuentes Leaders Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Juan Pablo Ledezma Knights Templar Cartel Armed wings La Resistencia Founders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Leaders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Sinaloa Cartel Armed wings Gente Nueva Jalisco New Generation Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Founders Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Adrián Gómez González Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Leaders Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Juan José Esparragoza Moreno Ignacio Coronel Villarreal Tijuana Cartel Founders Ramón Arellano Félix Benjamín Arellano Félix Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix Carlos Arellano Félix Eduardo Arellano Félix Francisco Javier Arellano Félix Leaders Enedina Arellano Félix Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Edgardo Leyva Escandón Los Zetas Founders Arturo Guzmán Decena Jaime González Durán Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar Heriberto Lazcano Galindo Mellado Cruz Leaders Heriberto Lazcano Miguel Treviño Morales Omar Treviño Morales Jalisco New Generation Cartel Founders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Abigael González Valencia Leaders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas Rubén Oseguera González Abigael González Valencia Antonio Oseguera Cervantes Elvis González Valencia Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez Gerardo González Valencia José González Valencia Other cartels and drug lords Corrupt officials Other cartels Guadalajara Sonora Colima Oaxaca Milenio Los Negros Independent Acapulco Early drug lords Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Jesús Amezcua Contreras Pedro Avilés Pérez Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Corrupt officials Miguel Nazar Haro José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo Arturo Durazo Moreno Noé Ramírez Mandujano Raúl Salinas de Gortari Julio César Godoy Toscano Tomás Yarrington Projects Operations Projects Coronado Delirium Gunrunner Shadowfire Southern Tempest Wildfire Operations Baja California Bishop Black Swan Blue Storm Chihuahua Community Shield Coyote Diablo Express Escorpión Fast and Furious Jump Start Kruz Control Lince Norte Michoacán Nuevo León - Tamaulipas Phalanx Quintana Roo Sinaloa Solare Terminus Wide Receiver Xcellerator Massacres Deaths Massacres San Fernando 2010 Villas de Salvárcar 2010 San Fernando 2011 Durango 2011 Monterrey casino attack 2011 Apodaca prison riot Nuevo Laredo 2012 Cadereyta Jiménez Iguala 2014 Deaths Politicians killed Journalists and media workers killed Enrique Camarena ( DEA agent ) Rodolfo Torre Cantú ( physician / politician ) Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez ( police commander ) Jaime Jorge Zapata ( US agent ) Books Other topics Books Cartel : The Coming Invasion of Mexico 's Drug Wars El Narco : Inside Mexico 's Criminal Insurgency The Fight to Save Juárez Other topics Allegations of CIA drug trafficking Blog del Narco Juárez house of death Most - wanted Mexican drug lords Piracy on Falcon Lake War on Drugs Narco - submarine Narco tank Manhunt of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán ( 2001 -- 2014 ) 2015 Amado checkpoint protest 2018 Chimney Canyon shootout GND : 140877363 ISNI : 0000 0000 7737 1214 LCCN : no2009027215 SUDOC : 171154762 VIAF : 78988846 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sandra_Ávila_Beltrán&oldid = 853936174 '' Categories : People from Baja California Mexican drug traffickers Mexican money launderers People of the Mexican Drug War Female organized crime figures Mexican prisoners and detainees Sinaloa Cartel traffickers 1960 births Living people People extradited from Mexico to the United States Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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what movie is the song lost boy from			Lost Boy ( Ruth B song )	lost boy ( ruth b song )	`` Lost Boy '' is the debut single by Canadian singer Ruth B. It was released on February 12 , 2015 . She first released it by singing a six - second video on Vine in January 2015 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and history 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References Composition and History ( edit ) The song is written in the key of G major in cut time with a tempo of 62 beats per minute . It follows a chord progression of Em -- G / D -- C -- G , and Berhe 's vocals span from F ♯ to B . In November 2014 , she posted a Vine of her singing a line that she had made up , which was inspired by the television series Once Upon a Time . It garnered around 84,000 likes within a week , which was unusual for her at the time . She took note of its popularity , with some of her followers commenting that she should make it into a full song . It became `` Lost Boy '' , which she posted on YouTube on January 18 , 2015 and was released on iTunes on February 12 , 2015 . Dozens of Vine and YouTube users posted covers , which helped further its popularity and increased Berhe 's following on social media . Record labels took notice and she then signed with Columbia Records in July 2015 . Her debut EP , The Intro , was released on November 27 , 2015 . It has four songs including `` Lost Boy '' . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on May 9 , 2016 . As of April 18 , 2017 , the video had garnered over 82 million views . Critical reception ( edit ) Mike Wass of Idolator called it a `` pretty ballad '' and went on to say that `` ( Lost Boy ) is nostalgic , more than a little bittersweet and aptly showcases Ruth 's smooth vocals . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 28 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 14 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 89 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 41 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 97 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 46 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 57 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 95 US Billboard Hot 100 76 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 35 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 1,300,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ruth B. : Lost Boy - Music on Google Play '' . Google Play . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Song Key and BPM Music Database AudioKeychain '' . AudioKeychain . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berhe , Ruth . `` Ruth B `` Lost Boy '' Sheet Music in E Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berhe , Ruth . `` Ruth B `` Lost Boy '' Sheet Music in E Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton singer Ruth B launches career in an instant '' . CBC News . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Sarah ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Ruth B Talks Vine , The Intro & Getting Inspired By ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . ANDPOP . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Boy '' . YouTube . Ruth B. January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B on Twitter '' . Twitter . Ruth B. February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperounes , Sandra ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Who is Edmonton 's Ruth B ? The latest online star to get a record deal '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Melanson , Jenna ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Interview -- Ruth B '' . Canadian Beats . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RuthBVEVO ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) , Ruth B - Lost Boy ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Vine Star Ruth B Signs To Columbia Records , Drops ' Lost Boy ' Lyric Video '' . Idolator . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth B Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Type Ruth B in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Lost Boy and see certification . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ruth B -- Lost Boy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` 40 Under 40 : Music 's Top Young Power Players Revealed - Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Sales amount is mentioned under Justin Eshak hide J.M. 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Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_Boy_(Ruth_B_song)&oldid=835510893 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Debut singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 21 . 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when did back to the future 3 come out	Back to the Future Part III Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Neil Canton Bob Gale Screenplay by Bob Gale Story by Robert Zemeckis Bob Gale Starring Michael J. Fox Christopher Lloyd Mary Steenburgen Thomas F. Wilson Lea Thompson Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Harry Keramidas Arthur Schmidt Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 25 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $244.5 million	May 25 , 1990	Back to the Future Part III	back to the future part iii	Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American science fiction Western comedy film and the third and final installment of the Back to the Future trilogy . The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis , and stars Michael J. Fox , Christopher Lloyd , Mary Steenburgen , Thomas F. Wilson and Lea Thompson . The film continues immediately following Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) ; while stranded in 1955 during his time travel adventures , Marty McFly ( Fox ) discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown , trapped in 1885 , was killed by Biff Tannen 's great - grandfather Buford . Marty decides to travel to 1885 to rescue Doc .	Back to the Future Part III was filmed in California and Arizona , and was produced on a $40 million budget back - to - back with Part II . Part III was released in the United States on May 25 , 1990 , six months after the previous installment . Part III earned $244.5 million worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - grossing film of 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Critical reaction 4.2 Accolades 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On November 12 , 1955 , Marty McFly discovers that his friend , Dr. Emmett Brown , is now trapped in 1885 . Marty and Doc 's 1955 self use the information in Doc 's 1885 letter to locate and repair the DeLorean . Marty spots a tombstone with Doc 's name , dated six days after the letter , learning that Doc was killed by Biff Tannen 's great - grandfather , Buford Tannen . Marty takes a picture of the tombstone and travels back to 1885 to save Doc . Marty arrives on September 2 , 1885 , in the middle of a Cavalry pursuit of Indians . When the fuel line is torn , Marty hides the car in a cave and walks to Hill Valley . He meets his Irish - born great - great - grandparents , Seamus and Maggie McFly , and runs afoul of Buford and his gang . Buford tries to lynch Marty , but Doc rescues him . Doc agrees to leave 1885 , but because commercial gasoline is not yet available , the DeLorean can not reach 88 miles per hour under its own power . Doc devises a plan to use a locomotive to push the DeLorean up to the required speed . While he and Marty explore a rail spur they intend to use , they spot a horse - drawn wagon going amok . Doc saves the passenger , Clara Clayton , and the two fall in love . Marty thwarts Buford 's attempt to kill Doc at a town festival , whereupon Buford challenges Marty to a showdown in two days . Doc 's name disappears from the photograph of his tombstone , but the date remains unchanged ; Doc warns Marty that he might be the one killed by Buford . The night before their departure , Marty and Doc place the DeLorean onto the rail spur . Unable to convince Clara the truth that he is from the future , Doc is spurned . Doc returns to the town saloon for a binge , but Marty goes to the saloon , and convinces Doc to leave with him . Doc drinks a single shot of whiskey and passes out . Buford arrives early and calls out Marty , but Marty refuses to duel . Doc revives after drinking the bartender 's special `` Wake - Up Juice '' and tries fleeing with Marty , but Buford 's gang captures Doc , forcing Marty to duel . During a fistfight , Buford destroys the tombstone , is knocked unconscious into a wagon full of manure , and is then arrested for an earlier robbery . Marty and Doc depart to steal the locomotive . As Clara is leaving on the train , she overhears a salesman discussing how heartbroken Doc was at the saloon . Clara applies the emergency brake and goes back to town . She discovers Doc 's model of the time machine and rides after him . Having stolen the train at gunpoint , Doc and Marty begin pushing the DeLorean along the spur line , attempting to get it up to 88 miles per hour . Clara boards the locomotive , while Doc climbs towards the DeLorean . Doc encourages Clara to join him . As she climbs to Doc , Clara falls and hangs by her dress . Marty passes his 2015 - era hoverboard to Doc so he can save Clara . They coast away from the train as Marty returns alone to 1985 while the locomotive falls off the unfinished bridge . Marty arrives on October 27 , 1985 , escaping the powerless DeLorean before it is destroyed by an oncoming freight train . He discovers that everything has returned to the improved timeline , and finds Jennifer sleeping on her front porch . He uses the lessons he learned in 1885 to avoid being goaded into a street race with Douglas J. Needles , avoiding a possible automobile accident . Remembering that this accident would have sent Marty 's life spiraling downward by 2015 , Jennifer opens a fax message she kept from 2015 , and watches as its text regarding Marty 's firing disappears . As Marty and Jennifer witness the time machine wreckage , a locomotive equipped with a flux capacitor appears , manned by Doc , Clara , and their two children Jules and Verne . Doc gives Marty a photo of the two of them by the clockworks at the 1885 festival . Jennifer asks about the fax , and Doc tells them it means that the future has not been written yet . Doc departs and the train disappears into an unknown time . Cast ( edit ) Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly and Seamus McFly Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown Mary Steenburgen as Clara Clayton Thomas F. Wilson as Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen and Biff Tannen Lea Thompson as Maggie McFly and Lorraine Baines - McFly James Tolkan as Marshal James Strickland Elisabeth Shue as Jennifer Parker Flea as Douglas J. Needles Production ( edit ) One of the DeLorean vehicles used in the film The origins of the western theme for Back to the Future Part III lie in the production of the original film . During filming for the original , director Zemeckis asked Michael J. Fox what time period he would like to see . Fox replied that he wanted to visit the Old West and meet cowboys . Zemeckis and writer / producer Bob Gale were intrigued by the idea , but held it off until Part III . Rather than use existing sets , the filmmakers built the 1885 Hill Valley from scratch . The western scenes were filmed on location in Monument Valley . Some of the location shooting for the 1885 Hill Valley was done in Jamestown , California , and on a purpose - built set at the Red Hills Ranch near Sonora , California . Some of the train scenes were filmed at Railtown 1897 State Historic Park , a heritage line in Jamestown . Whereas the original film played to a more materialistic idea of success , Zemeckis considered Part III more of a `` human journey '' with spiritual overtones . The shooting of the Back to the Future sequels , which were shot back - to - back throughout 1989 , reunited much of the crew of the original . The films were shot over the course of 11 months , save for a three - week hiatus between filming of Parts II and III . The most grueling part was editing Part II while filming Part III , and Zemeckis bore the brunt of the process over a three - week period . While Zemeckis was shooting most of the train sequences in Sonora , Gale was in Los Angeles supervising the final dub of Part II . Zemeckis would wrap photography and board a private plane to Burbank , where Gale and engineers would greet him on the dubbing stage with dinner . He would oversee the reels completed that day , and make changes where needed . Afterwards , he would retire to the Sheraton Universal Hotel for the night . The following morning , Zemeckis would drive to the Burbank Airport , board a flight back to the set in Northern California , and continue to shoot the film . Although the schedule for most of the personnel involved was grueling , the actors found the remote location for Part III relaxing , compared to shooting its predecessor . The role of Clara Clayton was written with Mary Steenburgen in mind . When she received the script , however , she was reluctant to commit to the film until her kids , who loved the original , ' hounded ' her . Lloyd shared his first on - screen kiss with Steenburgen in Part III . The Hill Valley Festival Dance scene proved to be the most dangerous for Lloyd and Steenburgen ; overzealous dancing left Steenburgen with a torn ligament in her foot . The film also starred veteran western film actors Pat Buttram , Harry Carey , Jr. , and Dub Taylor , as three `` saloon old timers '' . Buttram was also known to younger audiences for his extensive voice work , particularly as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the Disney version of Robin Hood . The inclusion of these noticeable Western actors was promoted in several documentaries about the film as well as the behind - the - scenes documentary of the DVD and in the obituary of one of the actors . The Old West -- style music band that performed in the film was played by ZZ Top . Shooting a film set in the Old West was appealing to the stuntmen , who were all experienced horse riders . `` We had every great stuntman in Hollywood wanting to work on Part III , '' recalled Gale in 2002 . Thomas F. Wilson , who played Buford Tannen , chose to perform his own stunts and spent a great deal of time learning to ride a horse and throw his lariat . Filming was halted when Michael J. Fox 's father died and when his son was born . Alan Silvestri , through his longtime collaboration with Zemeckis , returned to compose the score for Back to the Future Part III . Rather than dictate how the music should sound , Zemeckis directed Silvestri as he would an actor , seeking to evoke emotion and treating every piece of music like a character . The photography in Part III was a `` dream '' for cinematographer Dean Cundey , who agreed with much of the crew in his excitement to shoot a western . The filmmakers sought a bright , colorful picture for each scene , with a hint of sepia tone in certain shots . Zemeckis wished to create a spectacular climax to the film . He coordinated the actors , a live 4 - 6 - 0 ten wheeler steam locomotive , pyrotechnics , and special effects , and countless technicians all at once . As they had done with the previous two films in the trilogy , the visual effects for Part III were managed by effects company Industrial Light & Magic ; the head of its animation department , Wes Takahashi , returned to once again animate the DeLorean 's time travel sequences . Release and reception ( edit ) The film grossed $23 million in its first weekend of U.S. release and $87.6 million altogether in U.S. box office receipts ( or about $152.4 million when adjusted for inflation as of January 2011 ) -- $243 million worldwide . On December 17 , 2002 , Universal released Back to the Future Part III in a boxed set with the first two films on DVD and VHS . In the DVD widescreen edition , there was a framing flaw that Universal has since corrected , available in sets manufactured after February 21 , 2003 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74 % approval rating , based on 42 reviews . Kim Newman of Empire gave the film four out of five stars , saying that the film `` restores heart interest of the first film and has a satisfying complete storyline '' . He praised Michael J. Fox for `` keeping the plot on the move , '' and mentioned that Christopher Lloyd and Mary Steenburgen 's romance was `` funny '' . He said that the film 's ending was the `` neatest of all , '' and it `` features one of the best time machines in the cinema , promising that this is indeed the very last in the series and neatly wrapping it up for everybody . Leonard Maltin preferred this film to the first two , giving it three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying it `` offers great fun , dazzling special effects , and imagination to spare . There 's real movie magic at work here . '' Michael McWhertor of the website Polygon wrote that while the film was not better than the original entry in the series , it is nonetheless `` leagues better than the second '' ; he praised the film 's comedic and romantic elements and commended Thomas F. Wilson 's performance as `` Mad Dog '' Tannen . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two - and - a-half out of four stars . He said that the film 's western motifs are `` a sitcom version that looks exactly as if it were built on a back lot somewhere '' . Although Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised Christopher Lloyd 's performance in the film , he also said that the film `` looks as if it could be the beginning of a continuing television series '' . He complained that the film is `` so sweet - natured and bland that it is almost instantly forgettable '' . Accolades ( edit ) In 1990 , the film won a Saturn Award for Best Music for Alan Silvestri and a Best Supporting Actor award for Thomas F. Wilson . In 2003 , it received an AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for Best Special Edition of the Year , an award based on consumer online voting . See also ( edit ) List of 1990 box office number - one films in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future Part III '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BACK TO THE FUTURE PART III ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1990 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future III ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part III '' . CBS Interactive Inc . ^ Jump up to : Bob Gale , Robert Zemeckis et al. ( 2002 ) . Back to the Future Part III . Special Features : The Making of Back to the Future Part III ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Back to the Future 2002 DVD Feature : Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale Q&A recorded at the University of Southern California Jump up ^ `` Railtown 1897 State Historic Park Film Credits '' . railtown1897.org . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Gale , Robert Zemeckis et al. ( 2002 ) . Back to the Future Part III . Special Features : Making the Trilogy : Chapter Three ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Sorcha Ní Fhlainn , ed . ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Worlds of Back to the Future : Critical Essays on the Films '' . McFarland . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Buttram '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` soentertain.me '' . soentertain.me . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` The future is today : how ILM made time travel possible '' . FXGuide . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Arts Faculty '' . International Technological University . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $87,666,629.00 in 1990 had the same buying power as $152,376,558.90 in 2011 '' . Dollartimes.com . January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( May 30 , 1990 ) . `` ' Back to Future III ' a Fast Draw Against ' Fire Birds ' Movies : Memorial weekend opening is no contest . ` Future III ' takes $23.7 million , while ` Birds ' takes $6.3 million '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Back to the Future Movies '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ` Recall ' Totally Outdistances ` Future ' in Box - Office Race Movies : Schwarzenegger 's sci - fi flick opens with $25.5 million . But it only just edges the ` Turtles ' ' $25.3 - million record '' . The Los Angeles Times . March 15 , 1993 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Framing Flaws and Back to the Future Replacement DVDs '' . Whirlpool.net . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part III '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim . `` Back To The Future : Part III '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) , p. 78 . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Signet Books . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Back to the Future Part 3 is perfect ( and better than Part 2 ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 25 , 1990 ) . `` Back to the Future Part III review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( May 25 , 1990 ) . `` A Trilogy Whose Future Has Passed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future awards '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Back to the Future Part III . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Back to the Future Part III Official website Back to the Future Part III on IMDb Back to the Future Part III at Box Office Mojo Back to the Future Part III at Rotten Tomatoes Back to the Future Part III at Metacritic Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) VIAF : 231639831 GND : 7528985 - 4 BNF : cb14291307d ( data ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Science fiction portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_the_Future_Part_III&oldid=819389729 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films American films Back to the Future films 1990s science fiction films 1990s sequel films 1990s Western ( genre ) films 1990s comedy films American comedy science fiction films American teen comedy films American sequel films Films set in 1885 Films set in 1955 Films set in 1985 Films set in California Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Utah Rail transport films Science fiction adventure films Western ( genre ) science fiction films Time travel films Western ( genre ) comedy films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Screenplays by Bob Gale Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis Sequel films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 02 . 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a letter to the royal academy about farting			FART Proudly	fart proudly	`` Fart Proudly '' ( also called `` A Letter to a Royal Academy about farting '' , and `` To the Royal Academy of Farting '' ) is the popular name of an essay about flatulence written by Benjamin Franklin c. 1781 while he was living abroad as United States Ambassador to France .	Description ( edit ) `` A Letter to a Royal Academy '' was composed in response to a call for scientific papers from the Royal Academy of Brussels . Franklin believed that the various academic societies in Europe were increasingly pretentious and concerned with the impractical . Revealing his `` bawdy , scurrilous side , '' Franklin responded with an essay suggesting that research and practical reasoning be undertaken into methods of improving the odor of human flatulence . The essay was never submitted but was sent as a letter to Richard Price , a Welsh philosopher and Unitarian minister in England with whom Franklin had an ongoing correspondence . The text of the essay 's introduction reads in part : I have perused your late mathematical Prize Question , proposed in lieu of one in Natural Philosophy , for the ensuing year ... Permit me then humbly to propose one of that sort for your consideration , and through you , if you approve it , for the serious Enquiry of learned Physicians , Chemists , &c. of this enlightened Age . It is universally well known , that in digesting our common food , there is created or produced in the bowels of human creatures , a great quantity of wind . That the permitting this air to escape and mix with the atmosphere , is usually offensive to the company , from the fetid smell that accompanies it . That all well - bred people therefore , to avoid giving such offence , forcibly restrain the efforts of nature to discharge that wind . The essay goes on to discuss the way different foods affect the odor of flatulence and to propose scientific testing of farting. Franklin also suggests that scientists work to develop a drug , `` wholesome and not disagreeable '' , which can be mixed with `` common Food or Sauces '' with the effect of rendering flatulence `` not only inoffensive , but agreeable as Perfumes '' . The essay ends with a pun saying that compared to the practical applications of this discussion , other sciences are `` scarcely worth a FART - HING . '' Copies of the essay were privately printed by Franklin at his printing press in Passy. Franklin distributed the essay to friends , including Joseph Priestley ( a chemist famous for his work on gases ) . After Franklin 's death , the essay was long excluded from published collections of Franklin 's writing , but it is available online . See also ( edit ) Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress Flatulence humor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Japiske , Carl , ed. ( 2003 ) . Fart Proudly : Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School . Berkeley , CA : Frog Books . ISBN 9781583940792 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Benjamin ( 1781 ) . `` The Royal Academy of Farting * * * * * '' . teachingamericanhistory.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fart_Proudly&oldid=841657245 '' Categories : Flatulence in popular culture Works by Benjamin Franklin 1781 works Talk About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 05 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fart%20Proudly	2,782
who appoints the chairman of union public service commission	As per Art . 316 , the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President . In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose .	the President	Union Public Service Commission	union public service commission	The Union Public Service Commission ( UPSC ; Hindi : संघ लोक सेवा आयोग ) is India 's central recruiting agency . It is responsible for appointments to and examinations for All India services and group A & group B of Central services . While Department of Personnel and Training is the central personnel agency in India .	The agency 's charter is granted by Part XIV of the Constitution of India , titled as Services Under the Union and the States . The commission is mandated by the Constitution for appointments to the services of the Union and All India Services . It is also required to be consulted by the Government in matters relating to the appointment , transfer , promotion and disciplinary matters . The commission reports directly to the President and can advice the Government through him . Although , such advice is not binding on the Government . Being a constitutional authority , UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . The commission is headquartered at Dholpur House , in New Delhi and functions though its own secretariat . Prof. David R. Syiemlieh is its current Chairman since 4 January 2017 , and he will be retiring on 21 January 2018 . He joined Union Public Service Commission as a Member on 25 June 2012 . Established on 1 October 1926 as Public Service Commission , it was later reconstituted as Federal Public Service Commission by the Government of India Act , 1935 ; only to be renamed as today 's Union Public Service Commission after the independence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constitutional status 2.1 Appointment 2.2 Removal and suspension 2.3 Functions 2.3. 1 Expenses 2.3. 2 Extension of functions 2.4 Reporting 3 Organisational structure 3.1 Secretariat 3.2 Present members 3.3 List of all chairmen 4 Functions 5 Recruitment 5.1 Direct recruitment 5.1. 1 Competitive examinations 5.1. 2 Selection 5.2 Promotion 5.3 Deputation / absorption 6 Museum 7 Limitations 8 Criticism 8.1 Transparency and public oversight 8.2 Gender issue in application form 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923 . With equal numbers of Indian and British members , the commission submitted its report in 1924 , recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission . The Lee Commission proposed that 40 % of future entrants should be British , 40 % Indians directly recruited , and 20 % Indians promoted from the provincial services . This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker . A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect , which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act , 1935 . The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence . It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 . Constitutional status ( edit ) See also : Part XIV of the Constitution of India Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution , titled as Services Under the Union and the States , provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state . Accordingly , as per Art . 315 , at Union level , Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it . UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . Appointment ( edit ) As per Art . 316 , the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President . In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose . Also , nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . Under Art 318 , the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service . Further , he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too . Also , conditions of service can not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment . As per Art 319 , a person who holds office as Chairman shall , on the expiration of his term of office , be ineligible for re-appointment to that office . But , a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission , or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission , but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . Also , the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission . Removal and suspension ( edit ) As per Art . 317 , the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of `` misbehaviour '' after the Supreme Court , on reference being made to it by the President , has , on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed . The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received . The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he / she : is adjudged an insolvent ; or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office ; or is , in the opinion of the President , unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . If the Chairman or any other member can not hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour . Functions ( edit ) As per Art . 320 , it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union . It shall also assist two or more States , if requested so , in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services . The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted : on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts making appointments to civil services and posts making promotions and transfers from one service to another the suitability of candidates for such appointments , promotions or transfers on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity , including memorials or petitions relating to such matters . on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity , that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India . on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity , and any question as to the amount of such award . It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them ; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted . Expenses ( edit ) As per Art . 322 , the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission , including any salaries , allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission , shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India . Extension of functions ( edit ) As per Art . 321 , an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t . services of the Union . Reporting ( edit ) As per Art . 323 , it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission . On receipt of such report , the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament ; together with a memorandum , if any , explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him . Organisational structure ( edit ) The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India . Usually , the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman . Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission ( Members ) Regulations , 1969 . The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India . He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour ( only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court ) or if he is adjudged insolvent , or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office , or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . Secretariat ( edit ) The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries , a number of Joint Secretaries , Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff . The secretariat , for administrative purpose , is further divided into divisions , each undertaking a specific responsibility : Administration : Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman / Members and other Officers / Staff of the Commission . All India Services : Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment ( through Competitive Examinations ) or by promotion from the State Service . The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS , IPS and IFS . It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the ' Promotion Regulations ' of respective services . Appointments : It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion ( based on proposals from various Ministries / Departments / Union Territories and from certain local bodies ) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption . Examination : It carries out merit - based selection and recommendation of candidates , through various examinations , to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India . General : Primarily deals with day - to - day housekeeping works for Commission , like , arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC , printing Annual Report etc . Recruitment : This branch carries out Direct Recruitment ( out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : ' direct recruitment ' , ' recruitment by promotion ' and ' recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption ' ) by selection to all Group ` A ' and certain Group ` B ' posts of the services of the Union ( including some Union Territories ) . These recruitment are done either by selection ( interview ) or through competitive examination . Recruitment Rules : The Commission is mandated under Art . 320 of the Constitution of India , read along the UPSC ( Exemption from Consultation ) Regulations , 1958 , to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India , and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO , ESIC , DJB , NDMC & Municipal Corporations ( s ) of Delhi . This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard . Services I : Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries / Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission , as required under Article 320 ( 3 ) ( c ) . Services II : Handles all other cases that ' Services I ' branch does n't . It compiles the Annual Report . Also , it coordinates visits of foreign delegations , correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions , including the SAARC Member States . Present members ( edit ) As of 28 June 2017 , the commission has 9 members including the chairman , who are : David R. Syiemlieh ( Chairman ) Vinay Mittal Chhatar Singh Arvind Saxena Pradeep Kumar Joshi ( Dr . ) Bhim Sain Bassi A.S. Bhonsle Sujata Mehta Manoj Soni ( Dr . ) List of all chairmen ( edit ) Following is the list of chairmen of UPSC : List of UPSC Chairmen ( since inception ) ( hide ) Chairman Term Background From To Sir Ross Barker 000000001926 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1926 000000001932 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1932 Sir David Petrie 000000001932 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1932 000000001936 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1936 Sir Eyre Gorden 000000001937 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1937 000000001942 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1942 Sir F.W. Robertson 000000001942 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1942 000000001947 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1947 H.K. Kripalani 000000001947 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1947 000000001949 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1949 R.N. Banerjee 000000001949 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1949 000000001955 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1955 N. Govindarajan 000000001955 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1955 000000001955 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1955 V.S. Hejmadi 000000001955 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1955 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1961 B.N. Jha 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1961 000000001967 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1967 K.R. Damle 000000001967 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1967 000000001971 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1971 R.C.S. Sarkar 000000001971 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1971 000000001973 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1973 Academician , West Bengal Civil Services Officer A.R. Kidwai 000000001973 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1973 000000001979 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1979 M.L. Shahare 000000001979 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1979 000000001985 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1985 H.K.L. Capoor 000000001985 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1985 000000001990 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1990 J.P. Gupta 000000001990 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1990 000000001992 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1992 R.M. Bathew ( Kharbuli ) 000000001992 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1992 000000001996 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1996 S.J.S. Chhatwal 000000001996 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1996 000000001996 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1996 J.M. Qureshi 000000001996 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1996 000000001998 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1998 Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath 000000001998 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1998 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 P.C. Hota 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 000000002003 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2003 Mata Prasad 000000002003 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2003 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2005 Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch S.R. Hashim 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2005 000000002006 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2006 D.P. Agrawal 000000002008 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2008 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2014 Academician Rajni Razdan 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2014 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch Deepak Gupta 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2014 000000002016 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2016 Alka Sirohi 000000002016 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2016 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 David R. Syiemlieh 000000002017 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2017 - today - Academician Functions ( edit ) As mentioned in Article 320 of the Constitution of India , the Commission shall be consulted on all matters relating to recruitment to civil services and posts in India . The Commission carries out its functions through the Secretariat , further divided in divisions . Details and work of each division is mentions above in the ' Secretariat ' section of this article . In a nutshell , the Commission perform following tasks : Conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union . Recruitment ( Direct ) by selection through interviews . Appointment of Department officers on promotion , deputation and through absorption . Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government . Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services . On any matter referred to the UPSC , they can directly Advice the Government by the President of India . Recruitment ( edit ) UPSC is India 's central recruiting agency . It is mandated by the Constitution of India for recruitment to Central and All India Services of the Republic of India . It carries out this task through 4 modes : Direct Recruitment Promotion Deputation / absorption Composite Method ( Deputation + Promotion ) Direct recruitment ( edit ) Conducted broadly by following two methods - Competitive Examination Selection Candidates can apply for these exams and interviews through a separate portal which is the only means ( offline ) for applying to these posts . Competitive examinations ( edit ) The Commission conducts examinations on biannual / annual / biennial basis throughout India for appointment to various Civil / Defence services / posts . The notifications for these examinations are published in the Gazette of India and Employment News / Rozgar Samachar . A shorter version of notification is also published in major Indian newspapers including regional language newspapers . Copies of the notifications are also sent to all Employment Exchanges and Universities , etc UPSC conducts following examinations : Civil Services Examination ( CSE ) Engineering Services Examination ( ESE ) Combined Medical Services Examination ( CMSE ) Combined Defence Services Examination ( CDSE ) National Defence Academy Examination ( NDA ) Naval Academy Examination Special Class Railway Apprentice ( SCRA ) Indian Forest Service Examination Indian Economic Service Examination Indian Statistical Service Examination Combined Geo - scientist and Geologist Examination Central Armed Police Forces ( Assistant Commandant ) Examination ( CAPF ) Section Officers / Stenographers ( Grade - B / Grade - I ) Departmental Competitive Examination The examinations conducted for Civil Services have a success rate of 0.1 % -- 0.3 % . Selection ( edit ) The Commission has the responsibility of direct recruitment at various levels by the method of `` selection '' to Group `` A '' Posts and selected Group `` B '' Posts in the Central Government . Vacancies are advertised in Employment News , and other major newspapers of India . Applicants are then short - listed through computerized ' Preliminary Scrutiny ' software via a rational criteria . Higher qualifications and experience than that is prescribed in the notification may be the criteria . The short - listed candidates are then called for an interview . In case of a large number of candidates apply for a post or if it is not quite possible to short - list candidates on the basis of qualifications and / or experience , a ' Recruitment Test ' may be conducted to shortlist the candidates . These candidates are subjected to ' Interview Boards ' which are presided over by Members of the Commission , assisted by eminent experts drawn from fields for which recruitment is being done . Finally , the Commission approves the Interview - Board 's Report and recommendation is sent to the concerned Ministry / Department that had sought candidates for the concerned post ( s ) . Promotion ( edit ) The Chairman or a Member of the Commission presides over the Departmental Promotion Committee Meetings for carrying out following promotions : From Group `` B '' to Group `` A '' From one grade to another within Group `` A '' , where promotion is to be made by Selection . The Commission also performs promotions from State Civil / Police / Forest Services to All India Services through a `` Selection Committee '' presided over by the Chairman or a Member of the Commission in terms of the respective `` IAS / IPS / IFS / Promotion Regulations '' and selection of Non-State Civil Service Officers for appointment to the IAS under `` IAS ( Appointment by Selection ) Regulations , 1997 '' . Deputation / absorption ( edit ) The Recruitment Rules for a number of posts provide for appointment by Deputation ( including short term contract ) and Absorption . If the post under consideration consists of Central and State Government officers , prior consultation with the Commission is required for selection of the officer . If the post under consideration consists of not only Central / State Government officers , but also include officers from non-Government Institutions , the selection shall be made in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission only . Museum ( edit ) In November 2016 , UPSC opened a museum for showcasing its possession of archival material including original pamphlets , documents , reports and various other records . The 1st section displays various artifacts related to early administration in ancient and medieval India , and phases of growth of administration in modern India . It also provides information regarding civil services in China , USA , France , Japan and Bhutan . The 2nd section displays artifacts related to UPSC itself and the various examinations it had conducted . The 3rd section displays various reports of various committees appointed for suggesting improvements to quality of UPSC and Civil Services in India . The museum is located in the premises of UPSC Dholpur House and is open 10 am - 2 pm ( Monday to Saturday ) . Entry is free and photography is allowed inside it . Limitations ( edit ) Although the commission is granted its charter by Constitution itself , its scope is limited in following matters : It can not be consulted while making reservations of appointments to services or posts in favour of backward classes ( SC - ST and others ) . It shall not be consulted for selection for chairmanships or memberships of commissions or tribunals , and posts of highest diplomatic nature . Almost all of group C and group D central services are fulfilled by the Staff Selection Commission , and not UPSC . It is not consulted in the case of temporary selection or officiating appointment to a post if the person appointed is not likely to hold the post for more than one year . As per Art 320 , the president can also regulate or limit jurisdiction of UPSC w.r.t. any post , service or other matter relating to Central and All India Services . But all such regulations by the president shall be presented before Parliament within 14 days , and the parliament may amend or repeal them . The Supreme Court has too held that if the government fails to consult UPSC in the matters ascribed under Art 320 , does not invalidate the decision of the government . Thus rendering this provision of constitution as only advisory and not binding . Nonetheless , the government still remains answerable to parliament for deviating from the advice of the commission ; thereby checking indiscriminate use of this provision by the government . With the formation of Department of Personnel and Training , UPSC is no longer concerned with the classification of services , pay and service conditions , cadre management , training etc , limiting its role to that of a recruiting agency . The formation of Central Vigilance Commission in 1964 also affected role of UPSC in disciplinary matters . Criticism ( edit ) Transparency and Public oversight ( edit ) UPSC , along with other State Public Service Commissions , has came under public criticism for lack of transparency and accountability in its recruitment procedures . UPSC never discloses answer sheets and marking scheme for the examinations and interviews conducted by it . Gender issue in application form ( edit ) While the notification of UPSC claims `` Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply '' , the application form available online does n't have the option for `` others '' under the category of sex . This was highlighted through an RTI appeal filed by a Madurai - based 23 - year - transgender , S. Swapna . Transgender S. Swapna and the gender activist Gopi Shankar Madurai staged the protest in Madurai collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by TNPSC , UPSC , SSC and Bank Exams . Later , Swapna successfully moved the Madras High Court in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a woman candidate . See also ( edit ) India portal Government of India portal Public Service Commission in india Civil Services of India Imperial Civil Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UPSC Functions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Provisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES '' ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . ^ Jump up to : J.S. Verma ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Incredible CBI '' . Indian Express . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPSC Prof. David R. Syiemlieh '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Administration and legal foundation '' . vle.du.ac.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Perspective '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Commission Indian history '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen 's Charter of UPSC '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Union Public Service Commission ( U.P.S.C ) - History , Functions , Powers - Important India '' . Important India . 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . November 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` The members of the Union Public Service Commission '' . UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notification_39019_05_96_Estt ( B ) '' ( PDF ) . document.ccis.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` UPSC Divisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Administration Division Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` All India Service Branch Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointments : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Examinations : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` General : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Recruitment : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment Rules : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission Jump up ^ `` UPSC appoints former Ambedkar Open University VC Manoj Soni as member '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` List of Former Chairmen and Members of the Commission - upsc '' . U.P.S.C . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajni Razdan to take oath as UPSC Chairman on August 16 '' . The Hindu . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Functions '' . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPSC Calendar '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` List of Exams Conducted by the UPSC BYJU 'S '' . Byju 's Free IAS Prep. 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Museum '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` UPSC museum showcasing India 's administrative history open to public Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2016 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPSC 's museum showcases rare details on bureaucrats ' selection '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M ( 2017 ) . Indian Polity . McGraw Hill . p. 43.3 . ISBN 9789352603633 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Public Service Commission Performs the Following Functions '' . YourArticleLibrary.com : The Next Generation Library . 2013 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nanda , Prashant K. ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Reveal answer books , interview marks : Supreme Court to PSCs '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nanda , Prashant K ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Will Supreme Court ruling prod UPSC to make civil service exams transparent ? '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Examinations Notice '' ( PDF ) . Union Public Service Commission . 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPSC ducks transgender 's test query '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Transgenders protest demanding name change in certificates '' . The Times of India . 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transgenders stage protest at collectorate '' . The Times of India . 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what are the dots on a domino called	Dominoes is a family of tile - based games played with rectangular `` domino '' tiles . Each domino is a rectangular tile with a line dividing its face into two square ends . Each end is marked with a number of spots ( also called pips , nips , or dobs ) or is blank . The backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable , either blank or having some common design . The domino gaming pieces ( colloquially nicknamed bones , cards , tiles , tickets , stones , chips , or spinners ) make up a domino set , sometimes called a deck or pack . The traditional Sino - European domino set consists of 28 dominoes , featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six . A domino set is a generic gaming device , similar to playing cards or dice , in that a variety of games can be played with a set .	spots	Dominoes	dominoes	Dominoes is a family of tile - based games played with rectangular `` domino '' tiles . Each domino is a rectangular tile with a line dividing its face into two square ends . Each end is marked with a number of spots ( also called pips , nips , or dobs ) or is blank . The backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable , either blank or having some common design . The domino gaming pieces ( colloquially nicknamed bones , cards , tiles , tickets , stones , chips , or spinners ) make up a domino set , sometimes called a deck or pack . The traditional Sino - European domino set consists of 28 dominoes , featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six . A domino set is a generic gaming device , similar to playing cards or dice , in that a variety of games can be played with a set .	The earliest mention of dominoes is from Song dynasty China found in the text Former Events in Wulin by Zhou Mi ( 1232 -- 1298 ) . Modern dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century , but how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game is unknown . Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe . The name `` domino '' is most likely from the resemblance to a kind of carnival costume worn during the Venetian Carnival , often consisting of a black - hooded robe and a white mask . Despite the coinage of the word polyomino as a generalization , there is no connection between the word `` domino '' and the number 2 in any language . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction and composition of domino sets 2 History 3 Tiles and suits 4 Rules 4.1 Blocking game 4.2 Scoring game 4.3 Draw game 4.4 Line of play 4.5 Scoring 4.6 Variations and game play 4.7 Bogus play 4.8 Card games using domino sets 5 Competitive play 6 Other uses of dominoes 7 Dominoes in Unicode 8 Historic domino competitions 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Construction and composition of domino sets ( edit ) European - style dominoes are traditionally made of bone or ivory , or a dark hardwood such as ebony , with contrasting black or white pips ( inlaid or painted ) . Alternatively , domino sets have been made from many different natural materials : stone ( e.g. , marble , granite or soapstone ) ; other hardwoods ( e.g. , ash , oak , redwood , and cedar ) ; metals ( e.g. , brass or pewter ) ; ceramic clay , or even frosted glass or crystal . These sets have a more novel look , and the often heavier weight makes them feel more substantial ; also , such materials and the resulting products are usually much more expensive than polymer materials . Domino tiles Modern commercial domino sets are usually made of synthetic materials , such as ABS or polystyrene plastics , or Bakelite and other phenolic resins ; many sets approximate the look and feel of ivory while others use colored or even translucent plastics to achieve a more contemporary look . Modern sets also commonly use a different color for the dots of each different end value ( one - spots might have black pips while two - spots might be green , three red , etc . ) to facilitate finding matching ends . Occasionally , one may find a domino set made of card stock like that for playing cards . Such sets are lightweight , compact , and inexpensive , and like cards are more susceptible to minor disturbances such as a sudden breeze . Sometimes , dominoes have a metal pin ( called a spinner or pivot ) in the middle . The traditional set of dominoes contains one unique piece for each possible combination of two ends with zero to six spots , and is known as a double - six set because the highest - value piece has six pips on each end ( the `` double six '' ) . The spots from one to six are generally arranged as they are on six - sided dice , but because blank ends having no spots are used , seven faces are possible , allowing 28 unique pieces in a double - six set . However , this is a relatively small number especially when playing with more than four people , so many domino sets are `` extended '' by introducing ends with greater numbers of spots , which increases the number of unique combinations of ends and thus of pieces . Each progressively larger set increases the maximum number of pips on an end by three , so the common extended sets are double - nine , double - 12 , double - 15 , and double - 18 . Larger sets such as double - 21 can theoretically exist , but are rarely seen in retail stores , as identifying the number of pips on each domino becomes difficult , and a double - 21 set would have 253 pieces , far more than is normally necessary for most domino games even with eight players . History ( edit ) Main article : Chinese dominoes Dutch sailors playing dominoes , 1890s The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin ( i.e. , the capital Hangzhou ) written by the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) author Zhou Mi ( 1232 -- 1298 ) , who listed pupai ( gambling plaques or dominoes ) , as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song ( r . 1162 -- 1189 ) . Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai , since the Ming author Lu Rong ( 1436 -- 1494 ) explicitly defined pupai as dominoes ( in regard to a story of a suitor who won a maiden 's hand by drawing out four winning pupai from a set ) . The earliest known manual written about dominoes is the 《宣和牌譜》 ( Manual of the Xuanhe Period ) written by Qu You ( 1341 -- 1437 ) , but some Chinese scholars believe this manual is a forgery from a later time . In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures , Zhang Pu ( 1602 -- 1641 ) described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai , although the character for pu had changed , yet retained the same pronunciation . Traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow , Pai Gow , Che Deng , and others . The 32 - piece Chinese domino set , made to represent each possible face of two thrown dice and thus have no blank faces , differs from the 28 - piece domino set found in the West during the mid 18th century . Chinese dominoes with blank faces were known during the 17th century . Many different domino sets have been used for centuries in various parts of the world to play a variety of domino games . Each domino originally represented one of the 21 results of throwing two six - sided dice ( 2d6 ) . One half of each domino is set with the pips from one die and the other half contains the pips from the second die . Chinese sets also introduce duplicates of some throws and divide the dominoes into two suits : military and civil . Chinese dominoes are also longer than typical European dominoes . The early 18th century had dominoes making their way to Europe , making their first appearance in Italy . The game changed somewhat in the translation from Chinese to the European culture . European domino sets contain neither suit distinctions nor the duplicates that went with them . Instead , European sets contain seven additional dominoes , with six of these representing the values that result from throwing a single die with the other half of the tile left blank , and the seventh domino representing the blank - blank ( 0 -- 0 ) combination . Ivory dominoes were routinely used in 19th - century rural England in the settling of disputes over traditional grazing boundaries , and were commonly referred to as `` bonesticks '' . Tiles and suits ( edit ) Complete double - six set Domino tiles , also known as bones , are twice as long as they are wide and usually have a line in the middle dividing them into two squares . The value of either side is the number of spots or pips . In the most common variant ( double - six ) , the values range from blank or no pips to six . The sum of the two values , i.e. the total number of pips , may be referred to as the rank or weight of a tile , and a tile with more pips may be called heavier than a lighter tile with fewer pips . Tiles are generally named after their two values ; e.g. deuce - five or five - deuce ( 2 -- 5 or 5 -- 2 ) are alternative ways of describing the tile with the values two and five . Tiles that have the same value on both ends are called doubles , and are typically referred to as double - zero , double - one , etc . Tiles with two different values are called singles . Every tile belongs to the two suits of its two values , e.g. 0 -- 3 belongs both to the blank suit ( or 0 suit ) and to the 3 suit . Naturally the doubles form an exception in that each double belongs to only one suit . In 42 , the doubles can be treated as an additional suit of doubles , so the double - six ( 6 -- 6 ) belongs both to the six suit and the suit of doubles . The most common domino sets commercially available are double six ( with 28 tiles ) and double nine ( with 55 tiles ) . Larger sets exist and are popular for games involving several players or for players looking for long domino games . The number of tiles in a set has the formula ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) for a double - n set . Rules ( edit ) See also : List of domino games The most popular type of play are layout games , which fall into two main categories , blocking games and scoring games . Most domino games are blocking games , i.e. the objective is to empty one 's hand while blocking the opponent 's . In the end , a score may be determined by counting the pips in the losing players ' hands . In scoring games , the scoring is different and happens mostly during game play , making it the principal objective . A popular version played predominantly in Singapore , referenced as Hector 's Rules , allows for playing double tiles on opponents ' hands and awards a bonus play of an additional tile immediately after playing a double tile . Blocking game ( edit ) The most basic domino variant is for two players and requires a double - six set . The 28 tiles are shuffled face down and form the stock or boneyard . Each player draws seven tiles ; the remainder are not used . Once the players begin drawing tiles , they are typically placed on - edge in front of the players , so each player can see their own tiles , but none can see the value of other players ' tiles . Every player can thus see how many tiles remain in the opponent 's hands at all times during gameplay . One player begins by downing ( playing the first tile ) one of their tiles . This tile starts the line of play , in which values of adjacent pairs of tile ends must match . The players alternately extend the line of play with one tile at one of its two ends ; if a player is unable to place a valid tile , they must keep on pulling tiles from the stock until they can . The game ends when one player wins by playing their last tile , or when the game is blocked because neither player can play . If that occurs , whoever caused the block gets all of the remaining player points not counting their own . Scoring game ( edit ) Players accrue points during game play for certain configurations , moves , or emptying one 's hand . Most scoring games use variations of the draw game . If a player does not call `` domino '' before the tile is laid on the table , and another player says domino after the tile is laid , the first player must pick up an extra domino . Draw game ( edit ) In a draw game ( blocking or scoring ) , players are additionally allowed to draw as many tiles as desired from the stock before playing a tile , and they are not allowed to pass before the stock is ( nearly ) empty . The score of a game is the number of pips in the losing player 's hand plus the number of pips in the stock . Most rules prescribe that two tiles need to remain in the stock . The draw game is often referred to as simply `` dominoes '' . Adaptations of both games can accommodate more than two players , who may play individually or in teams . Line of play ( edit ) Muggins played with multicolored tiles : The doubles serve as spinners , allowing the line of play to branch . The line of play is the configuration of played tiles on the table . It starts with a single tile and typically grows in two opposite directions when players add matching tiles . In practice , players often play tiles at right angles when the line of play gets too close to the edge of the table . The rules for the line of play often differ from one variant to another . In many rules , the doubles serve as spinners , i.e. , they can be played on all four sides , causing the line of play to branch . Sometimes , the first tile is required to be a double , which serves as the only spinner . In some games such as Chicken Foot , all sides of a spinner must be occupied before anybody is allowed to play elsewhere . Matador has unusual rules for matching . Bendomino uses curved tiles , so one side of the line of play ( or both ) may be blocked for geometrical reasons . In Mexican Train and other train games , the game starts with a spinner from which various trains branch off . Most trains are owned by a player and in most situations players are allowed to extend only their own train . Scoring ( edit ) In blocking games , scoring happens at the end of the game . After a player has emptied their hand , thereby winning the game for the team , the score consists of the total pip count of the losing team 's hands . In some rules , the pip count of the remaining stock is added . If a game is blocked because no player can move , the winner is often determined by adding the pips in players ' hands . In scoring games , each individual can potentially add to the score . For example , in Bergen , players score two points whenever they cause a configuration in which both open ends have the same value and three points if additionally one open end is formed by a double . In Muggins , players score by ensuring the total pip count of the open ends is a multiple of a certain number . In variants of Muggins , the line of play may branch due to spinners . In British public houses and social clubs , a scoring version of `` 5s - and - 3s '' is used . The game is normally played in pairs ( two against two ) and is played as a series of `` ends '' . In each `` end '' , the objective is for players to attach a domino from their hand to one end of those already played so that the sum of the end dominoes is divisible by five or three . One point is scored for each time five or three can be divided into the sum of the two dominoes , i.e. four at one end and five at the other makes nine , which is divisible by three three times , resulting in three points . Double five at one end and five at the other makes 15 , which is divisible by three five times ( five points ) and divisible by five three times ( three points ) for a total of eight points . An `` end '' stops when one of the players is out , i.e. , has played all of their dominoes . In the event no player is able to empty their hand , then the player with the lowest domino left in hand is deemed to be out and scores one point . A game consists of any number of ends with points scored in the ends accumulating towards a total . The game ends when one of the pair 's total score exceeds a set number of points . A running total score is often kept on a cribbage board . 5s - and - 3s is played in a number of competitive leagues in the British Isles . Variations and game play ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For 40 years the game has been played by four people , with the winner being the first player to score 150 points , in multiples of five , by using 27 bones , using mathematical strategic defenses and explosive offense . At times , it has been played with pairs of partners . The double - six set is the preferred deck with the lowest denomination of game pieces , with 28 dominoes . In many versions of the game , the player with the highest double leads with that double , for example `` double - six '' . If no one has it , the next - highest double is called : `` double - five ? '' , then `` double - four ? '' , etc. until the highest double in any of the players ' hands is played . If no player has an `` opening '' double , the next heaviest domino in the highest suit is called - `` six - five ? '' , `` six - four ? '' . In some variants , players take turns picking dominoes from the stock until an opening double is picked and played . In other variants , the hand is reshuffled and each player picks seven dominoes . After the first hand , the winner ( or winning team ) of the previous hand is allowed to pick first and begins by playing any domino in his or her hand . Playing the first bone of a hand is sometimes called setting , leading , downing , or posing the first bone . Dominoes aficionados often call this procedure smacking down the bone . After each hand , bones are shuffled and each player draws the number of bones required , normally seven . Play proceeds clockwise . Players , in turn , must play a bone with an end that matches one of the open ends of the layouts . In some versions of the games , the pips or points on the end , and the section to be played next to it must add up to a given number . For example , in a double - six set , the `` sum '' would be six , requiring a blank to be played next to a six , an ace ( one ) next to a five , a deuce ( two ) next to a four , etc . The stock of bones left behind , if any , is called the bone yard , and the bones therein are said to be sleeping . In draw games , players take part in the bone selection , typically drawing from the bone yard when they do not have a `` match '' in their hands . If a player inadvertently picks up and sees one or more extra dominoes , those dominoes become part of his or her hand . A player who can play a tile may be allowed to pass anyway . Passing can be signalled by tapping twice on the table or by saying `` go '' or `` pass '' . Play continues until one of the players has played all the dominoes in his or her hand , calls `` Out ! '' , `` I win '' , or `` Domino ! '' and wins the hand , or until all players are blocked and no legal plays remain . This is sometimes referred to as locked down or sewed up . In a common version of the game , the next player after the block picks up all the dominoes in the bone yard as if trying to find a ( nonexistent ) match . If all the players are blocked , or locked out , the player with the lowest hand ( pip count ) wins . In team play , the team with the lowest individual hand wins . In the case of a tie , the first of tied players or the first team in the play rotation wins . In games where points accrue , the winning player scores a point for each pip on each bone still held by each opponent or the opposing team . If no player went out , the win is determined by the lightest hand , sometimes only the excess points held by opponents . A game is generally played to 100 points , the tally being kept on paper . In more common games , mainly urban rules , games are played to 150 , 200 , or 250 points . Score being kept by houses : The player at left has 75 points and the player at right has 115 points . In some games , the tally is kept by creating houses , where the beginning of the house ( the first 10 points ) is a large + , the next 10 points are O , and scoring with a five is a / , and are placed in the four corners of the house . One house is equal to 50 points . In some versions , if a lock down occurs , the first person to call a lock - down gains the other players bones and adds the amount of the pips to his or her house . If a person who calls rocks after a call of lock - down or domino finds the number of pips a player called is incorrect , those points become his . Bogus play ( edit ) When a player plays out of turn or knocks when he could have played and someone calls bogus play , the other person is awarded 50 points . Card games using domino sets ( edit ) Apart from the usual blocking and scoring games , also domino games of a very different character are played , such as solitaire or trick - taking games . Most of these are adaptations of card games and were once popular in certain areas to circumvent religious proscriptions against playing cards . A very simple example is a Concentration variant played with a double - six set ; two tiles are considered to match if their total pip count is 12 . A popular domino game in Texas is 42 . The game is similar to the card game spades . It is played with four players paired into teams . Each player draws seven dominoes , and the dominoes are played into tricks . Each trick counts as one point , and any domino with a multiple of five dots counts toward the total of the hand . These 35 points of `` five count '' and seven tricks equals 42 points , hence the name . Competitive play ( edit ) Commemorative Coin of the 2011 Domino World Championship in Abkhazia Dominoes is played at a professional level , similar to poker . Numerous organisations and clubs of amateur domino players exist around the world . Some organizations , including the Fédération Internationale de Domino ( FIDO ) organize international competitions . The 2008 and 2009 Double FIDO domino world champion from the UK is Darren Elhindi . Other uses of dominoes ( edit ) Dominoes in motion Dominoes waiting to fall Besides playing games , another use of dominoes is the domino show , which involves standing them on end in long lines so that when the first tile is toppled , it topples the second , which topples the third , etc. , resulting in all of the tiles falling . By analogy , the phenomenon of small events causing similar events leading to eventual catastrophe is called the domino effect . Arrangements of millions of tiles have been made that have taken many minutes , even hours to fall . For large and elaborate arrangements , special blockages ( also known as firebreaks ) are employed at regular distances to prevent a premature toppling from undoing more than a section of the dominoes while still being able to be removed without damage . The phenomenon also has some theoretical relevance ( amplifier , digital signal , information processing ) , and this amounts to the theoretical possibility of building domino computers . Dominoes are also commonly used as components in Rube Goldberg machines . The Netherlands has hosted an annual domino - toppling exhibition called Domino Day since 1986 . The event held on 18 November 2005 knocked over 4 million dominoes by a team from Weijers Domino Productions . On Domino Day 2008 ( 14 November 2008 ) , the Weijers Domino Productions team attempted to set 10 records : Longest domino spiral ( 200 m ) Highest domino climb ( 12 m ) Smallest domino tile ( 7 mm ) Largest domino tile ( 4.8 m ) Longest domino wall ( 16 m ) Largest domino structure ( 25,000 tiles ) Fastest topple of 30 metres of domino tiles ( 4.21 sec , time by Churandy Martina : 3.81 sec ) Largest number of domino tiles resting on a single domino ( 1002 tiles ) for more than 1 hour Largest rectangular level domino field ( 1 million tiles ) A new record of 4,345,027 tiles This record attempt was held in the WTC Expo hall ( nl ) in Leeuwarden . The artist who toppled the first stone was the Finnish acrobat Salima Peippo . At one time , Pressman Toys manufactured a product called Domino Rally that contained tiles and mechanical devices for setting up toppling exhibits . In Berlin on 9 November 2009 , giant dominoes were toppled in a 20th - anniversary commemoration of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Former Polish president and Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa set the toppling in motion . Dominoes in Unicode ( edit ) Main article : Domino Tiles ( Unicode block ) Since April 2008 , the character encoding standard Unicode includes characters that represent the double - six domino tiles in various orientations . All combinations of blank through six pips on the left or right provides 49 glyphs , the same combinations vertically for another 49 , and also a horizontal and a vertical `` back '' for a total of 100 glyphs . In this arrangement , both orientations are present : horizontally both tiles ( 1 6 ) and ( 6 1 ) exist , while a regular game set only has one such tile . The Unicode range for dominoes is U + 1F030 -- U + 1F09F . The naming pattern in Unicode is , by example , U + 1F03B 🀻 DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL - 01 - 03 . Few fonts are known to support these glyphs . While the complete domino set has only 28 tiles , for printing layout reasons , the Unicode set needs both horizontal and vertical forms for each tile , plus the 01 - 03 ( plain ) 03 - 01 ( reversed ) pairs , and generic backsides . Domino Tiles Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 1F03x 🀰 🀱 🀲 🀳 🀴 🀵 🀶 🀷 🀸 🀹 🀺 🀻 🀼 🀽 🀾 🀿 U + 1F04x 🁀 🁁 🁂 🁃 🁄 🁅 🁆 🁇 🁈 🁉 🁊 🁋 🁌 🁍 🁎 🁏 U + 1F05x 🁐 🁑 🁒 🁓 🁔 🁕 🁖 🁗 🁘 🁙 🁚 🁛 🁜 🁝 🁞 🁟 U + 1F06x 🁠 🁡 🁢 🁣 🁤 🁥 🁦 🁧 🁨 🁩 🁪 🁫 🁬 🁭 🁮 🁯 U + 1F07x 🁰 🁱 🁲 🁳 🁴 🁵 🁶 🁷 🁸 🁹 🁺 🁻 🁼 🁽 🁾 🁿 U + 1F08x 🂀 🂁 🂂 🂃 🂄 🂅 🂆 🂇 🂈 🂉 🂊 🂋 🂌 🂍 🂎 🂏 U + 1F09x 🂐 🂑 🂒 🂓 Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Historic domino competitions ( edit ) Col. Henry T. Titus vs. Capt . Clark Rice for the naming of Titusville , Florida . See also ( edit ) The domino players by Friedrich Sturm ( de ) Chinese dominoes Domino theory Pub games Quad - Ominos Quincunx Tile - based game Triominoes List of domino games List of world championships in mind sports References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lo , Andrew . `` The Game of Leaves : An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards , '' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London , Vol. 63 , No. 3 ( 2000 ) : 389 - 406 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2 April 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Play . SAGE . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6670 - 2 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_pinkdoms1.htm Jump up ^ A domino is a kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church . Later , the name was given to a mourning - veil for women and later still to half - masks worn by women when travelling or at a masquerade , for disguise . A domino was a masquerade - dress worn for disguise by ladies and gentlemen , and consisting of an ample cloak or mantle with wide sleeves and a hood removable at pleasure . It was usually made of black silk , but sometimes of other colours and materials. ( The Probert Encyclopaedia ) Jump up ^ `` General Western Domino Attributes '' . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ 乔光辉、郭威、王骏 . 《宣和牌谱》瞿佑作辨伪 ( in Chinese ) . 《中华文化论坛》 2009 年 01 期 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pickover ( 2002 ) , 141 . Jump up ^ Lo , Andrew ( 2004 ) ' China 's Passion for Pai : Playing Cards , Dominoes , and Mahjong . ' In : Mackenzie , C. and Finkel , I. , ( eds . ) , Asian Games : The Art of Contest . New York : Asia Society , pp. 224 . Jump up ^ Lo , Andrew ( 2003 ) . `` Pan Zhiheng 's ' Xu Yezi Pu ' - Part 2 '' . The Playing - Card. 31 ( 6 ) : 281 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Land Law in West Lancashire in the mid - 19th Century , Farm Gazette , March 1984 ^ Jump up to : Hoyle , Edmond ; Dawson , Lawrence Hawkins ( 1950 ) . Hoyle 's games modernized . Routledge & Kegan Paul ... Republished 1994 by Wordsworth Editions . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Jennifer A. ; Lugo , Miguel ( 2003 ) . The Little Giant Book of Dominoes . Sterling . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 0290 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Mathematics of Dominoes '' . Pagat.com . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Squareman , Clarence ( 1916 ) . `` My Book of Indoor Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Bergen '' . domino-games.com . Jump up ^ `` Bergen '' . pagat.com . Jump up ^ `` Domino Glossary '' . domino-play.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morehead , Albert Hodges ; Hoyle , Edmond ; Frey , Richard L. ; Mott - Smith , Geoffrey ( 1991 ) . The New Complete Hoyle . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24962 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://domino-fid.org/ Jump up ^ Domino computer Jump up ^ Domino computers Archived 16 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , a detailed description written by David Johnston Jump up ^ `` World domino record set on TV '' . BBC News . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Version 5.1 Released '' ( Press release ) . Unicode Consortium. 4 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fontsupport '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` City of Titusville History '' . City of Titusville , Florida . This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica . Further reading ( edit ) * Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2002 ) . The Zen of Magic Squares , Circles , and Stars . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11597 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Dominoes at Wikimedia Commons Dominoes at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominoes&oldid=840809716 '' Categories : Domino games Chinese inventions Game equipment Pub games Tile - based board games Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sicilianu Simple English Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Winaray 粵語中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 08 : 59 . 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where can i get the new york times			The New York Times	the new york times	The New York Times ( sometimes abbreviated NYT and The Times ) is an American daily newspaper , founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18 , 1851 , by The New York Times Company . The New York Times has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The paper 's print version in 2013 had the second - largest circulation , behind The Wall Street Journal , and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the United States . The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation . Following industry trends , its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million .	Nicknamed `` The Gray Lady '' , The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national `` newspaper of record '' . It has been owned by the Ochs - Sulzberger family since 1896 ; Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the publisher of the Times and the chairman of the New York Times Company , is the fourth generation of the family to helm the paper . The New York Times international version , formerly the International Herald Tribune , is now called the New York Times International Edition . The paper 's motto , `` All the News That 's Fit to Print '' , appears in the upper left - hand corner of the front page . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , The New York Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials / Opinions - Columns / Op - Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features . On Sunday , The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine ( T is published 13 times a year ) . The New York Times stayed with the broadsheet full page set - up ( as some others have changed into a tabloid lay - out ) and an eight - column format for several years , after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Newspaper history 1.2 Recent history 1.3 Headquarters building 1.4 New York Times v. Sullivan 1.5 The Pentagon Papers 1.6 Discrimination in employment 1.7 Snow Fall 2 Ownership 2.1 Carlos Slim loan and investment 2.2 Dual - class shares 3 Content 3.1 Sections 3.2 Style 3.3 Awards 3.4 Web presence 3.5 Mobile presence 3.6 Podcasts 3.7 Chinese - language version 3.8 Reporter resources 4 Interruptions 5 Editorial stance 6 Coverage issues 6.1 Iraq War 6.2 Iran 6.3 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 6.4 World War II 7 Criticism and controversies 7.1 Failure to report famine in Ukraine 7.2 Fashion news articles promoting advertisers 7.3 Jayson Blair plagiarism 7.4 Duke University lacrosse case 7.5 M.I.A. quotes out of context 7.6 Delayed publication of 2005 NSA warrantless surveillance story 7.7 Irish student controversy 7.8 Nail salon series 7.9 Hiring practices 7.10 Accusations of bias 8 Reputation 9 TimesMachine 10 Public editors 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Newspaper History ( edit ) First published issue of New - York Daily Times , on September 18 , 1851 Front page of The New York Times on July 29 , 1914 , announcing Austria - Hungary 's declaration of war against Serbia The New York Times was founded as the New - York Daily Times on September 18 , 1851 , published by Raymond , Jones & Company ( raising about $70,000 ) ; by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond ( 1820 -- 69 ) , then a Whig Party member and later second chairman of the newly organized Republican Party National Committee , and former banker George Jones . Other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan , Christopher Morgan , and Edward B. Wesley . Sold for a penny ( equivalent to 29 cents today ) , the inaugural edition attempted to address various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release : We shall be Conservative , in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good ; -- and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform . We do not believe that everything in Society is either exactly right or exactly wrong ; -- what is good we desire to preserve and improve ; -- what is evil , to exterminate , or reform . In 1852 , the newspaper started a western division , The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California . However , when local California newspapers came into prominence , the effort failed . The newspaper shortened its name to The New - York Times on September 14 , 1857 . It dropped the hyphen in the city name on December 1 , 1896 . On April 21 , 1861 , The New York Times departed from its original Monday -- Saturday publishing schedule and joined other major dailies in adding a Sunday edition to offer daily coverage of the Civil War . One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair , the subject of twenty editorials it published alone . The main office of The New York Times was attacked during the New York Draft Riots sparked by the beginning of military conscription for the Northern Union Army now instituted in the midst of the Civil War on July 13 , 1863 . At `` Newspaper Row '' , across from City Hall , Henry Raymond , owner and editor of The New York Times , averted the rioters with `` Gatling '' ( early machine , rapid - firing ) guns , one of which he manned himself . The mob now diverted , instead attacked the headquarters of abolitionist publisher Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune until forced to flee by the Brooklyn City Police , who had crossed the East River to help the Manhattan authorities . In 1869 , Raymond died , and George Jones took over as publisher . The Times Square Building , The New York Times ' publishing headquarters , 1913 -- 2007 The newspaper 's influence grew during 1870 -- 1 when it published a series of exposés on William Magear ( `` Boss '' ) Tweed , leader of the city 's Democratic Party -- popularly known as `` Tammany Hall '' ( from its early 19th Century meeting headquarters ) -- that led to the end of the `` Tweed Ring 's '' domination of New York 's City Hall . Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars ( equivalent to more than 100 million dollars today ) to not publish the story . In the 1880s , The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical . In 1884 , the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland ( former Mayor of Buffalo and Governor of New York State ) in his first presidential campaign . While this move cost The New York Times a portion of its readership among its more progressive and Republican readers ( the revenue went down from $188,000 to $56,000 from 1883 - 4 ; however , some part of this was due to the price going down to two cents , in order to compete with the World and Sun ) , the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years . After George Jones died in 1891 , Charles Ransom Miller raised $1 million dollars to buy the Times , along with other fellow editors at the newspaper , printing it under the New York Times Publishing Company . However , the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893 . By 1896 , The New York Times had a circulation of less than 9,000 , and was losing $1,000 a day when controlling interest in it was gained by Adolph Ochs , publisher of the Chattanooga Times for $75,000 . Shortly after assuming control of the paper , Ochs coined the paper 's slogan , `` All The News That 's Fit To Print '' . The slogan has appeared in the paper since September 1896 , and has been printed in a box in the upper left hand corner of the front page since early 1897 . This was a jab at competing papers such as Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal which were now being known for a lurid , sensationalist and often inaccurate reporting of facts and opinions known by the end of the century as `` yellow journalism '' . Under Ochs ' guidance , continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition , ( which were from the era of James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald which predated Pulitzer and Hearst 's arrival in New York ) , The New York Times achieved international scope , circulation , and reputation ( the Sunday circulation went from 9,000 in 1896 to 780,000 in 1934 ) . In 1904 , The New York Times , along with The Times received the first on - the - spot wireless telegraph transmission from a naval battle , a report of the destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy 's Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in the Straits of Tsushima off the eastern coast of Korea in the Yellow Sea in the western Pacific Ocean after just sailing across the globe from Europe from the press - boat Haimun during the Russo - Japanese War . In 1910 , the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began . The New York Times ' first trans - Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible . In 1920 , a `` 4 A.M. Airplane Edition '' was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening . In the 1940s , the paper extended its breadth and reach . The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942 , and the fashion section in 1946 . The New York Times began an international edition in 1946 . The international edition stopped publishing in 1967 , when The New York Times joined the owners of the New York Herald Tribune and The Washington Post to publish the International Herald Tribune in Paris . The paper bought AM radio station WQXR ( 1560 kHz ) in 1944 . Its `` sister '' FM station , WQXQ , would become WQXR - FM ( 96.3 MHz ) . Branded as `` The Radio Stations of The New York Times '' , its classical music radio format was simulcast on both the AM & FM frequencies until December 1992 , when the big - band and pop standards music format of station WNEW ( 1130 kHz -- now WBBR / `` Bloomberg Radio '' ) was transferred to and adopted by WQXR ; in recognition of the format change , WQXR changed its call letters to WQEW ( a `` hybrid '' combination of `` WQXR '' and `` WNEW '' ) . By 1999 , The New York Times was leasing WQEW to ABC Radio for its `` Radio Disney '' format . In 2007 , WQEW was finally purchased by Disney ; in late 2014 , it was sold to Family Radio ( a religious radio network ) and became WFME . On July 14 , 2009 , it was announced that WQXR - FM would be sold to the WNYC radio group who , on October 8 , 2009 , moved the station from 96.3 to 105.9 MHz ( swapping frequencies with Spanish - language station WXNY - FM , which wanted the more powerful transmitter to increase its coverage ) and began operating it as a non-commercial , public radio station . After the purchase , WQXR - FM retained the classical music format , whereas WNYC - FM ( 93.9 MHz ) abandoned it , switching to a talk radio format . The New York Times newsroom , 1942 On September 14 , 1987 , the Times printed the heaviest ever newspaper , at over 12 pounds ( 5.4 kg ) and 1,612 pages . A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners , 2009 In 2009 , the newspaper began production of local inserts in regions outside of the New York area . Beginning October 16 , 2009 , a two - page `` Bay Area '' insert was added to copies of the Northern California edition on Fridays and Sundays . The newspaper commenced production of a similar Friday and Sunday insert to the Chicago edition on November 20 , 2009 . The inserts consist of local news , policy , sports , and culture pieces , usually supported by local advertisements . In addition to its New York City headquarters , the newspaper has ten news bureaus in the New York region , eleven national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus . The New York Times reduced its page width to 12 inches ( 300 mm ) from 13.5 inches ( 340 mm ) on August 6 , 2007 , adopting the width that has become the U.S. newspaper industry standard . Recent History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) In February 2013 , the paper stopped offering lifelong positions for its journalists and editors . Because of its steadily declining sales attributed to the rise of online alternative media and social media , the newspaper has been going through a downsizing for several years , offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses , in common with a general trend among print news media . In 2016 , reporters for the newspaper were reportedly the target of cyber security breaches . The Federal Bureau of Investigation was reportedly investigating the attacks . The cyber security breaches have been described as possibly being related to cyberattacks that targeted other institutions , such as the Democratic National Committee . Headquarters building ( edit ) The newspaper 's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City . In 1854 , it moved to 138 Nassau Street , and in 1858 to 41 Park Row , making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use . The newspaper moved its headquarters to the Times Tower , located at 1475 Broadway in 1904 , in an area called Longacre Square , that was later renamed Times Square in honor of the newspaper . The top of the building -- now known as One Times Square -- is the site of the New Year 's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball , which was started by the paper . The building is also notable for its electronic news ticker -- popularly known as `` The Zipper '' -- where headlines crawl around the outside of the building . It is still in use , but has been operated by Dow Jones & Company since 1995 . After nine years in its Times Square tower the newspaper had an annex built at 229 West 43rd Street . After several expansions , the 43rd Street building became the newspaper 's main headquarters in 1960 and the Times Tower on Broadway was sold the following year . It served as the newspaper 's main printing plant until 1997 , when the newspaper opened a state - of - the - art printing plant in the College Point section of the borough of Queens . A decade later , The New York Times moved its newsroom and businesses headquarters from West 43rd Street to a new tower at 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets , in Manhattan -- directly across Eighth Avenue from the Port Authority Bus Terminal . The new headquarters for the newspaper , known officially as The New York Times Building but unofficially called the new `` Times Tower '' by many New Yorkers , is a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano . New York Times v. Sullivan ( edit ) Main article : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The paper 's involvement in a 1964 libel case helped bring one of the key United States Supreme Court decisions supporting freedom of the press , New York Times Co. v. Sullivan . In it , the United States Supreme Court established the `` actual malice '' standard for press reports about public officials or public figures to be considered defamatory or libelous . The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity . Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff , and difficulty in proving malicious intent , such cases by public figures rarely succeed . The Pentagon papers ( edit ) Main article : Pentagon Papers In 1971 , the Pentagon Papers , a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States ' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1967 , were given ( `` leaked '' ) to Neil Sheehan of The New York Times by former State Department official Daniel Ellsberg , with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them . The New York Times began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13 . Controversy and lawsuits followed . The papers revealed , among other things , that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting air strikes over Laos , raids along the coast of North Vietnam , and offensive actions taken by U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions , all while President Lyndon B. Johnson had been promising not to expand the war . The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government , and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the ongoing war . When The New York Times began publishing its series , President Richard Nixon became incensed . His words to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger included `` People have got ta be put to the torch for this sort of thing ... '' and `` Let 's get the son - of - a-bitch in jail . '' After failing to get The New York Times to stop publishing , Attorney General John Mitchell and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that The New York Times cease publication of excerpts . The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system . On June 18 , 1971 , The Washington Post began publishing its own series . Ben Bagdikian , a Post editor , had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg . That day the Post received a call from the Assistant Attorney General , William Rehnquist , asking them to stop publishing . When the Post refused , the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction . The U.S. District court judge refused , and the government appealed . On June 26 , 1971 , the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases , merging them into New York Times Co. v. United States 403 US 713 . On June 30 , 1971 , the Supreme Court held in a 6 -- 3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required . The justices wrote nine separate opinions , disagreeing on significant substantive issues . While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the First Amendment enshrines an absolute right to free speech , many felt it a lukewarm victory , offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake . Discrimination in employment ( edit ) Discriminatory practices restricting women in editorial positions were previously employed by the paper . The newspaper 's first general woman reporter was Jane Grant , who described her experience afterwards . She wrote , `` In the beginning I was charged not to reveal the fact that a female had been hired '' . Other reporters nicknamed her Fluff and she was subjected to considerable hazing . Because of her gender , promotions were out of the question , according to the then - managing editor . She was there for fifteen years , interrupted by World War I . In 1935 , Anne McCormick wrote to Arthur Hays Sulzberger , `` I hope you wo n't expect me to revert to ' woman 's - point - of - view ' stuff . '' Later , she interviewed major political leaders and appears to have had easier access than her colleagues did . Even those who witnessed her in action were unable to explain how she got the interviews she did . Clifton Daniel said , `` ( After World War II , ) I 'm sure Adenauer called her up and invited her to lunch . She never had to grovel for an appointment . '' Covering world leaders ' speeches after World War II at the National Press Club was limited to men by a Club rule . When women were eventually allowed in to hear the speeches , they still were not allowed to ask the speakers questions , although men were allowed and did ask , even though some of the women had won Pulitzer Prizes for prior work . Times reporter Maggie Hunter refused to return to the Club after covering one speech on assignment . Nan Robertson 's article on the Union Stock Yards , Chicago , was read aloud as anonymous by a professor , who then said , `` ' It will come as a surprise to you , perhaps , that the reporter is a girl , ' he began ... ( G ) asps ; amazement in the ranks . ' She had used all her senses , not just her eyes , to convey the smell and feel of the stockyards . She chose a difficult subject , an offensive subject . Her imagery was strong enough to revolt you . ' '' The New York Times hired Kathleen McLaughlin after ten years at the Chicago Tribune , where `` ( s ) he did a series on maids , going out herself to apply for housekeeping jobs . '' Snow Fall ( edit ) Main article : Snow Fall The New York Times published on December 20 , 2012 , an interactive storytelling in longform multimedia , Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek by reporter John Branch about the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche . The six - part story , which integrated video , photos , and graphics , was hailed as a watershed moment for the journalism industry . The feature was awarded a 2013 Pulitzer Prize and a Peabody Award , which called the piece a `` spectacular example of the potential of digital - age storytelling '' which `` combines thorough traditional reporting of a deadly avalanche with stunning topographic video . '' Snow Fall inspired the Times to appoint Sam Sifton `` Snowfaller in Chief , '' expanding multimedia narratives in the newsroom in the tradition of Snow Fall . Ownership ( edit ) The New York Times headquarters 620 Eighth Avenue In 1896 , Adolph Ochs bought The New York Times , a money - losing newspaper , and formed the New York Times Company . The Ochs - Sulzberger family , one of the United States ' newspaper dynasties , has owned The New York Times ever since . The publisher went public on January 14 , 1969 , trading at $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange . After this , the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares . Class A shareholders are permitted restrictive voting rights while Class B shareholders are allowed open voting rights . The Ochs - Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company 's class B shares . Any alteration to the dual - class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs - Sulzberger family trust . The Trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen , James M. Cohen , Lynn G. Dolnick , Susan W. Dryfoos , Michael Golden , Eric M.A. Lax , Arthur O. Sulzberger , Jr. and Cathy J. Sulzberger . Turner Catledge , the top editor at The New York Times from 1952 to 1968 , wanted to hide the ownership influence . Arthur Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor , each containing suggestions , instructions , complaints , and orders . When Catledge would receive these memos he would erase the publisher 's identity before passing them to his subordinates . Catledge thought that if he removed the publisher 's name from the memos it would protect reporters from feeling pressured by the owner . Carlos Slim loan and investment ( edit ) On January 20 , 2009 , The New York Times reported that its parent company , The New York Times Company , had reached an agreement to borrow $250 million from Carlos Slim , a Mexican businessman and the world 's second richest person , `` to help the newspaper company finance its businesses '' . The New York Times Company later repaid that loan ahead of schedule . Since then , Slim has bought large quantities of the company 's Class A shares , which are available for purchase by the public and offer less control over the company than Class B shares , which are privately held . Slim 's investments in the company included large purchases of Class A shares in 2011 , when he increased his stake in the company to 8.1 % of Class A shares , and again in 2015 , when he exercised stock options -- acquired as part of a repayment plan on the 2009 loan -- to purchase 15.9 million Class A shares . As of March 7 , 2016 , Slim owned 17.4 % of the company 's Class A shares , according to annual filings submitted by the company . Although Slim is the largest shareholder in the company , his investment does not give him the ability to control the newspaper , as his stake allows him to vote only for Class A directors , who compose just a third of the company 's board . According to the company 's 2016 annual filings , Slim did not own any of the company 's Class B shares . Dual - Class shares ( edit ) Dual - class structures caught on in the mid-20th century as families such as the Grahams of The Washington Post Company sought to gain access to public capital without losing control . Dow Jones & Company , publisher of The Wall Street Journal , had a similar structure and was controlled by the Bancroft family but was later bought by News Corporation in 2007 , which itself is controlled by Rupert Murdoch and his family through a similar dual - class structure . Content ( edit ) Sections ( edit ) The newspaper is organized in three sections , including the magazine . News : Includes International , National , Washington , Business , Technology , Science , Health , Sports , The Metro Section , Education , Weather , and Obituaries . Opinion : Includes Editorials , Op - eds and Letters to the Editor . Features : Includes Arts , Movies , Theater , Travel , NYC Guide , Food , Home & Garden , Fashion & Style , Crossword , The New York Times Book Review , T : The New York Times Style Magazine , The New York Times Magazine , and Sunday Review . Some sections , such as Metro , are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York -- New Jersey -- Connecticut Tri-state area and not in the national or Washington , D.C. editions . Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers , The New York Times does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist , nor does it feature a comics page or Sunday comics section . In September 2008 , The New York Times announced that it would be combining certain sections effective October 6 , 2008 , in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area . The changes folded the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combined Sports and Business ( except Saturday through Monday , when Sports is still printed as a standalone section ) . This change also included having the name of the Metro section be called New York outside of the Tri-State Area . The presses used by The New York Times allow four sections to be printed simultaneously ; as the paper had included more than four sections all days except Saturday , the sections had to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together . The changes will allow The New York Times to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday , in addition to Saturday . The New York Times ' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions will remain unchanged , with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses . According to Russ Stanton , editor of the Los Angeles Times , a competitor , the newsroom of The New York Times is twice the size of the Los Angeles Times , which has a newsroom of 600 . In March 2014 , Vanessa Friedman was named the `` fashion director and chief fashion critic '' of The New York Times . Style ( edit ) When referring to people , The New York Times generally uses honorifics , rather than unadorned last names ( except in the sports pages , Book Review and Magazine ) . It stayed with an eight - column format until September 7 , 1976 , years after other papers had switched to six , and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16 , 1997 . In the absence of a major headline , the day 's most important story generally appears in the top - right column , on the main page . The typefaces used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham . The running text is set at 8.7 point Imperial . Joining a roster of other major American newspapers in the last ten years , including USA Today , The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post , The New York Times announced on July 18 , 2006 , that it would be narrowing the width of its paper by six inches . In an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses for most print versions of American newspapers , the move , which would result in a five percent reduction in news coverage , would have a target savings of $12 million a year for the paper . The change from the traditional 54 inches ( 1.4 m ) broadsheet style to a more compact 48 - inch web width ( 12 - inch page width ) was addressed by both Executive Editor Bill Keller and The New York Times President Scott Heekin - Canedy in memos to the staff . Keller defended the `` more reader - friendly '' move indicating that in cutting out the `` flabby or redundant prose in longer pieces '' the reduction would make for a better paper . Similarly , Keller confronted the challenges of covering news with `` less room '' by proposing more `` rigorous editing '' and promised an ongoing commitment to `` hard - hitting , ground - breaking journalism '' . The official change went into effect on August 6 , 2007 . The New York Times printed a display advertisement on its first page on January 6 , 2009 , breaking tradition at the paper . The advertisement , for CBS , was in color and ran the entire width of the page . The newspaper promised it would place first - page advertisements on only the lower half of the page . In August 2014 , The Times decided to use the word `` torture '' to describe incidents in which interrogators `` inflicted pain on a prisoner in an effort to get information . '' This was a shift from the paper 's previous practice of describe such practices as `` harsh '' or `` brutal '' interrogations . The paper maintains a strict profanity policy . A 2007 review of a concert by punk band Fucked Up , for example , completely avoided mention of the group 's name . However , the Times has on occasion published unfiltered video content that includes profanity and slurs where it has determined that such video has news value . During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign , the Times did print the words `` fuck '' and `` pussy , '' among others , when reporting on the vulgar statements made by Donald Trump in a 2005 recording . Times politics editor Carolyn Ryan said : `` It 's a rare thing for us to use this language in our stories , even in quotes , and we discussed it at length , '' ultimately deciding to publish it because of its news value and because `` ( t ) o leave it out or simply describe it seemed awkward and less than forthright to us , especially given that we would be running a video that showed our readers exactly what was said . '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards won by the New York Times The New York Times has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The prize is awarded for excellence in journalism in a range of categories . It has also won three Peabody Awards ( and jointly received two ) . A Peabody Award was given in 2003 for the documentary Frontline : A Dangerous Business , a joint investigation by the New York Times , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , and WGBH 's Frontline about the conditions faced by workers at McWayne Inc . The newspaper won another Peabody award ( in 1951 ) for the New York Times Youth Forum ( which featured `` unrehearsed discussion by students selected from private , public and parochial schools , on topics ranging from the political , educational and scientific to the international and the United Nations . '' ) Again in 2008 , the newspaper won another reward for `` Aggressively and creatively adding sound and moving images to its traditional package of news and features , The New York Times has stepped forward as an innovator in online journalism . Its website exemplifies a new age for the press , expanding its role in ways unimaginable only a few years ago . '' In 2013 , the Times , along with The National Film Board of Canada won a Peabody Award for the documentary `` A Short History of the Highrise '' . A personal award was also given to then chief media critic Jack Gould in 1956 . Web presence ( edit ) The New York Times on the Web , November 12 , 1996 . The New York Times began publishing daily on the World Wide Web on January 22 , 1996 , `` offering readers around the world immediate access to most of the daily newspaper 's contents . '' Since its online launch , the newspaper has consistently been ranked one of the top websites . Accessing some articles requires registration , though this could be bypassed in some cases through Times RSS feeds . The website had 555 million pageviews in March 2005 . The domain nytimes.com attracted at least 146 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study . The New York Times Web site ranks 59th by number of unique visitors , with over 20 million unique visitors in March 2009 making it the most visited newspaper site with more than twice the number of unique visitors as the next most popular site . as of May 2009 , nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs . NYTimes.com is ranked 118 in the world , and 32 in the U.S. by Alexa ( as of June 4 , 2017 ) . In September 2005 , the paper decided to begin subscription - based service for daily columns in a program known as TimesSelect , which encompassed many previously free columns . Until being discontinued two years later , TimesSelect cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year , though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty . To avoid this charge , bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material , and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material . On September 17 , 2007 , The New York Times announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site , effective at midnight the following day , reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees can not outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site . In addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers , The New York Times news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge , as well as those from 1851 to 1922 , which are in the public domain . Access to the Premium Crosswords section continues to require either home delivery or a subscription for $6.95 per month or $39.95 per year . Times columnists including Nicholas Kristof and Thomas Friedman had criticized TimesSelect , with Friedman going so far as to say `` I hate it . It pains me enormously because it 's cut me off from a lot , a lot of people , especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas , like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience . '' The New York Times was made available on the iPhone and iPod Touch in 2008 , and on the iPad mobile devices in 2010 . It was also the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content , Food Import Folly by Persuasive Games . In 2010 , The New York Times editors collaborated with students and faculty from New York University 's Studio 20 Journalism Masters program to launch and produce `` The Local East Village '' , a hyperlocal blog designed to offer news `` by , for and about the residents of the East Village '' . That same year , reCAPTCHA helped to digitize old editions of The New York Times . In 2012 , The New York Times introduced a Chinese - language news site , cn.nytimes.com , with content created by staff based in Shanghai , Beijing and Hong Kong , though the server was placed outside of China to avoid censorship issues . In March 2013 , The New York Times and National Film Board of Canada announced a partnership titled A Short History of the Highrise , which will create four short documentaries for the Internet about life in highrise buildings as part of the NFB 's Highrise project , utilizing images from the newspaper 's photo archives for the first three films , and user - submitted images for the final film . The third project in the series , `` A Short History of the Highrise '' , won a Peabody Award in 2013 . Falling print advertising revenue and projections of continued decline resulted in a paywall being instituted in 2011 , regarded as modestly successful after garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions and about $100 million in revenue as of March 2012 . The paywall was announced on March 17 , 2011 , that starting on March 28 , 2011 ( March 17 , 2011 , for Canada ) , it would charge frequent readers for access to its online content . Readers would be able to access up to 20 articles each month without charge . ( Although beginning in April 2012 , the number of free - access articles was halved to just ten articles per month . ) Any reader who wanted to access more would have to pay for a digital subscription . This plan would allow free access for occasional readers , but produce revenue from `` heavy '' readers . Digital subscriptions rates for four weeks range from $15 to $35 depending on the package selected , with periodic new subscriber promotions offering four - week all - digital access for as low as 99 ¢ . Subscribers to the paper 's print edition get full access without any additional fee . Some content , such as the front page and section fronts will remain free , as well as the Top News page on mobile apps . In January 2013 , The New York Times ' Public Editor Margaret M. Sullivan announced that for the first time in many decades , the paper generated more revenue through subscriptions than through advertising . The newspaper 's website was hacked on August 29 , 2013 , by the Syrian Electronic Army , a hacking group that supports the government of Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . The SEA managed to penetrate the paper 's domain name registrar , Melbourne IT , and alter DNS records for The New York Times , putting some of its websites out of service for hours . The food section is supplemented on the web by properties for home cooks and for out - of - home dining . New York Times Cooking ( cooking.nytimes.com ; also available via iOS app ) provides access to more than 17,000 recipes on file as of November 2016 , and availability of saving recipes from other sites around the web . The newspaper 's restaurant search ( nytimes.com/reviews/dining ) allows online readers to search NYC area restaurants by cuisine , neighborhood , price , and reviewer rating . The New York Times has also published several cookbooks , including The Essential New York Times Cookbook : Classic Recipes for a New Century , published in late 2010 . Mobile presence ( edit ) The Times Reader is a digital version of The New York Times . It was created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft . Times Reader takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting . Times Reader uses a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team . It was announced in Seattle in April 2006 , by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , Bill Gates , and Tom Bodkin . In 2009 , the Times Reader 2.0 was rewritten in Adobe AIR . In December 2013 , the newspaper announced that the Times Reader app would be discontinued on January 6 , 2014 , urging readers of the app to instead begin using the subscription - only `` Today 's Paper '' app . In 2008 , The New York Times created an app for the iPhone and iPod Touch which allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal . In April 2010 , The New York Times announced it would begin publishing daily content through an iPad app . As of October 2010 , The New York Times iPad app is ad - supported and available for free without a paid subscription , but translated into a subscription - based model in 2011 . In 2010 , the newspaper also launched an app for Android smartphones , followed later by an app for Windows Phones . Podcasts ( edit ) The New York Times began producing podcasts in 2006 . Among the early podcasts were Inside The Times and Inside The New York Times Book Review . Several of the Times podcasts were cancelled in 2012 . The Times returned to launching new podcasts in 2016 , including Modern Love with WBUR . On January 30 , 2017 , The New York Times launched a new podcast The Daily . Chinese - language version ( edit ) In June 2012 , The New York Times launched its first official foreign - language variant , cn.nytimes.com , in Chinese , viewable in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters . The project was led by Craig S. Smith on the business side and Philip P. Pan on the editorial side . The site 's initial success was interrupted in October that year following the publication of an investigative article by David Barboza about the finances of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao 's family . In retaliation for the article , the Chinese government blocked access to both nytimes.com and cn.nytimes.com inside the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Despite Chinese government interference , however , the Chinese - language operations have continued to develop , adding a second site , cn.nytstyle.com , iOS and Android apps and newsletters , all of which are accessible inside the PRC . The China operations also produce three print publications in Chinese . Traffic to cn.nytimes.com , meanwhile , has risen due to the widespread use of VPN technology in the PRC and to a growing Chinese audience outside mainland China . New York Times articles are also available to users in China via the use of mirror websites , apps , domestic newspapers , and social media . The Chinese platforms now represent one of The New York Times ' top five digital markets globally . The editor - in - chief of the Chinese platforms is Ching - Ching Ni . Reporter resources ( edit ) The website 's `` Newsroom Navigator '' collects online resources for use by reporters and editors . It is maintained by Rich Meislin . Further specific collections are available to cover the subjects of business , politics and health . In 1998 , Meislin was editor - in - chief of electronic media at the newspaper . Interruptions ( edit ) Because of holidays , no editions were printed on November 23 , 1851 ; January 2 , 1852 ; July 4 , 1852 ; January 2 , 1853 ; and January 1 , 1854 . Because of strikes , the regular edition of The New York Times was not printed during the following periods : December 9 , 1962 , to March 31 , 1963 . Only a western edition was printed because of the 1962 -- 63 New York City newspaper strike . September 17 , 1965 , to October 10 , 1965 . An international edition was printed , and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers . August 10 , 1978 , to November 5 , 1978 . A multi-union strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers . No editions of The New York Times were printed . Two months into the strike , a parody of The New York Times called Not The New York Times was distributed in the city , with contributors such as Carl Bernstein , Christopher Cerf , Tony Hendra and George Plimpton . Editorial stance ( edit ) The New York Times editorial page is often regarded as liberal . In mid-2004 , the newspaper 's then public editor ( ombudsman ) , Daniel Okrent , wrote that `` the Op - Ed page editors do an evenhanded job of representing a range of views in the essays from outsiders they publish -- but you need an awfully heavy counterweight to balance a page that also bears the work of seven opinionated columnists , only two of whom could be classified as conservative ( and , even then , of the conservative subspecies that supports legalization of gay unions and , in the case of William Safire , opposes some central provisions of the Patriot Act . '' The New York Times has not endorsed a Republican Party member for president since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 ; since 1960 , it has endorsed the Democratic Party nominee in every presidential election ( see New York Times presidential endorsements ) . However , the Times did endorse incumbent Republican mayors of New York City Rudy Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 and 2009 . The Times also endorsed Republican New York state governor George Pataki for re-election in 2002 . Coverage issues ( edit ) Iraq War ( edit ) The New York Times supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq . On May 26 , 2004 , a year after the war started , the newspaper asserted that some of its articles had not been as rigorous as they should have been , and were insufficiently qualified , frequently overly dependent upon information from Iraqi exiles desiring regime change . Reporter Judith Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead - up to the Iraq War was factually inaccurate and overly favorable to the Bush administration 's position , for which The New York Times later apologized . One of Miller 's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi , an Iraqi expatriate who returned to Iraq after the U.S. invasion and held a number of governmental positions culminating in acting oil minister and deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006 . Iran ( edit ) A 2015 study found that The New York Times fed into an overarching tendency towards national bias . During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the `` negative processes '' of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran . This tendency was shared by other papers such as The Guardian , Tehran Times , and the Fars News Agency , while Xinhua News Agency was found to be more neutral while at the same time mimicking the foreign policy of the Peoples ' Republic of China . Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( edit ) A 2003 study in The Harvard International Journal of Press / Politics concluded that The New York Times reporting was more favorable to Israelis than to Palestinians . A 2002 study published in the journal Journalism examined Middle East coverage of the Second Intifada over a one - month period in the Times , Washington Post and Chicago Tribune . The study authors said that the Times was `` the most slanted in a pro-Israeli direction '' with a bias `` reflected ... in its use of headlines , photographs , graphics , sourcing practices and lead paragraphs . '' For its coverage of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , some ( such as Ed Koch ) have claimed that the paper is pro-Palestinian , while others ( such as As ` ad AbuKhalil ) have insisted that it is pro-Israel . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , by political science professors John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt , alleges that The New York Times sometimes criticizes Israeli policies but is not even - handed and is generally pro-Israel . On the other hand , the Simon Wiesenthal Center has criticized The New York Times for printing cartoons regarding the Israeli - Palestinian conflict that were claimed to be anti-Semitic . Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected a proposal to write an article for the paper on grounds of lack of objectivity . A piece in which Thomas Friedman commented that praise awarded to Netanyahu during a speech at congress was `` paid for by the Israel lobby '' elicited an apology and clarification from its writer . The New York Times ' public editor Clark Hoyt concluded in his January 10 , 2009 , column , `` Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree , I think The New York Times , largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war , has tried its best to do a fair , balanced and complete job -- and has largely succeeded . '' World War II ( edit ) On November 14 , 2001 , in The New York Times ' 150th anniversary issue , former executive editor Max Frankel wrote that before and during World War II , the NY Times had maintained a consistent policy to minimize reports on the Holocaust in their news pages . Laurel Leff , associate professor of journalism at Northeastern University , concluded that the newspaper had downplayed the Third Reich targeting of Jews for genocide . Her 2005 book Buried by the Times documents the paper 's tendency before , during and after World War II to place deep inside its daily editions the news stories about the ongoing persecution and extermination of Jews , while obscuring in those stories the special impact of the Nazis ' crimes on Jews in particular . Leff attributes this dearth in part to the complex personal and political views of the newspaper 's Jewish publisher , Arthur Hays Sulzberger , concerning Jewishness , antisemitism , and Zionism . During the war , The New York Times journalist William L. Laurence was `` on the payroll of the War Department '' . Criticism and controversies ( edit ) Main article : New York Times controversies Failure to report famine in Ukraine ( edit ) The New York Times was criticized for the work of reporter Walter Duranty , who served as its Moscow bureau chief from 1922 through 1936 . Duranty wrote a series of stories in 1931 on the Soviet Union and won a Pulitzer Prize for his work at that time ; however , he has been criticized for his denial of widespread famine , most particularly the Ukrainian famine in the 1930s . In 2003 , after the Pulitzer Board began a renewed inquiry , the Times hired Mark von Hagen , professor of Russian history at Columbia University , to review Duranty 's work . Von Hagen found Duranty 's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical , and that they far too often gave voice to Stalinist propaganda . In comments to the press he stated , `` For the sake of The New York Times ' honor , they should take the prize away . '' Fashion news articles promoting advertisers ( edit ) In the mid to late 1950s , `` fashion writer ( s ) ... were required to come up every month with articles whose total column - inches reflected the relative advertising strength of every ( '' department '' or `` specialty '' ) store ( `` assigned '' to a writer ) ... The monitor of all this was ... the advertising director ( of the NYT ) ... `` However , within this requirement , story ideas may have been the reporters ' and editors ' own . Jayson Blair plagiarism ( edit ) Main article : Jayson Blair § Plagiarism and fabrication scandal In May 2003 , The New York Times reporter Jayson Blair was forced to resign from the newspaper after he was caught plagiarizing and fabricating elements of his stories . Some critics contended that African - American Blair 's race was a major factor in his hiring and in The New York Times ' initial reluctance to fire him . Duke University lacrosse case ( edit ) The newspaper was criticized for largely reporting the prosecutors ' version of events in the 2006 Duke lacrosse case . Suzanne Smalley of Newsweek criticized the newspaper for its `` credulous '' coverage of the charges of rape against Duke University lacrosse players . Stuart Taylor , Jr. and KC Johnson , in their book Until Proven Innocent : Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case , write : `` at the head of the guilt - presuming pack , The New York Times vied in a race to the journalistic bottom with trash - TV talk shows . '' M.I.A. Quotes out of Context ( edit ) In February 2009 , a Village Voice music blogger accused the newspaper of using `` chintzy , ad - hominem allegations '' in an article on British Tamil music artist M.I.A. concerning her activism against the Sinhala - Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka . M.I.A. criticized the paper in January 2010 after a travel piece rated post-conflict Sri Lanka the `` # 1 place to go in 2010 '' . In June 2010 , The New York Times Magazine published a correction on its cover article of M.I.A. , acknowledging that the interview conducted by current W editor and then - Times Magazine contributor Lynn Hirschberg contained a recontextualization of two quotes . In response to the piece , M.I.A. broadcast Hirschberg 's phone number and secret audio recordings from the interview via her Twitter and website . Delayed publication of 2005 NSA warrantless surveillance story ( edit ) The New York Times was criticized for the 13 - month delay of the December 2005 story revealing the U.S. National Security Agency warrantless surveillance program . Ex-NSA officials blew the whistle on the program to journalists James Risen and Eric Lichtblau , who presented an investigative article to the newspaper in November 2004 , weeks before America 's presidential election . Contact with former agency officials began the previous summer . Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman . Keller explained the silence 's rationale in an interview with the newspaper in 2013 , stating `` Three years after 9 / 11 , we , as a country , were still under the influence of that trauma , and we , as a newspaper , were not immune '' . In 2014 , PBS Frontline interviewed Risen and Lichtblau , who said that the newspaper 's plan was to not publish the story at all . `` The editors were furious at me '' , Risen said to the program . `` They thought I was being insubordinate . '' Risen wrote a book about the mass surveillance revelations after The New York Times declined the piece 's publication , and only released it after Risen told them that he would publish the book . Another reporter told NPR that the newspaper `` avoided disaster '' by ultimately publishing the story . Irish student controversy ( edit ) On June 16 , 2015 , The New York Times published an article reporting the deaths of six Irish students staying in Berkeley , California when the balcony they were standing on collapsed , the paper 's story insinuating that they were to blame for the collapse . The paper stated that the behavior of Irish students coming to the US on J1 visas was an `` embarrassment to Ireland '' . The Irish Taoiseach and former President of Ireland criticized the newspaper for `` being insensitive and inaccurate '' in its handling of the story . Nail Salon series ( edit ) In May 2015 , a New York Times exposé by Sarah Maslin Nir on the working conditions of manicurists in New York City and elsewhere and the health hazards to which they are exposed attracted wide attention , resulting in emergency workplace enforcement actions by New York governor Andrew M. Cuomo . In July 2015 , the story 's claims of widespread illegally low wages were challenged by former New York Times reporter Richard Bernstein , in the New York Review of Books . Bernstein , whose wife owns two nail salons , asserted that such illegally low wages were inconsistent with his personal experience , and were not evidenced by ads in the Chinese - language papers cited by the story . The New York Times editorial staff subsequently answered Bernstein 's criticisms with examples of several published ads and stating that his response was industry advocacy . The independent NYT Public Editor also reported that she had previously corresponded with Bernstein and looked into his complaints , and expressed her belief that the story 's reporting was sound . In September and October 2015 , nail salon owners and workers protested at The New York Times offices several times , in response to the story and the ensuing New York State crackdown . In October 2015 , Reason magazine published a three part re-reporting of the story by Jim Epstein , charging that the series was filled with misquotes and factual errors respecting both its claims of illegally low wages and health hazards . Epstein additionally argued that The New York Times had mistranslated the ads cited in its answer to Bernstein , and that those ads actually validated Bernstein 's argument . In November 2015 , The New York Times ' public editor concluded that the exposé 's `` findings , and the language used to express them , should have been dialed back -- in some instances substantially '' and recommended that `` The Times write further follow - up stories , including some that re-examine its original findings and that take on the criticism from salon owners and others -- not defensively but with an open mind . '' Hiring practices ( edit ) In April 2016 , two black female employees in their sixties filed a federal class action lawsuit against The New York Times Company CEO Mark Thompson and chief revenue officer Meredith Levien , claiming age , gender , and racial discrimination . The plaintiffs claim that the Times advertising department favored younger white employees over older black employees in making firing and promotion decisions . The Times said that the suit was `` entirely without merit '' and was `` a series of recycled , scurrilous and unjustified attacks . '' Accusations of bias ( edit ) New York Times public editor ( ombudsman ) Elizabeth Spayd wrote in 2016 that `` Conservatives and even many moderates , see in The Times a blue - state worldview '' and accuse it of harboring a liberal bias . Spayd did not analyze the substance of the claim , but did opine that the Times is `` part of a fracturing media environment that reflects a fractured country . That in turn leads liberals and conservatives toward separate news sources . '' Times executive editor Dean Baquet stated that he does not believe coverage has a liberal bias , but that : `` We have to be really careful that people feel like they can see themselves in The New York Times . I want us to be perceived as fair and honest to the world , not just a segment of it . It 's a really difficult goal . Do we pull it off all the time ? No . '' Times public editor Arthur Brisbane wrote in 2012 : `` When The Times covers a national presidential campaign , I have found that the lead editors and reporters are disciplined about enforcing fairness and balance , and usually succeed in doing so . Across the paper 's many departments , though , so many share a kind of political and cultural progressivism -- for lack of a better term -- that this worldview virtually bleeds through the fabric of The Times . '' In mid-2004 , the newspaper 's then - public editor Daniel Okrent , wrote an opinion piece in which he said that The New York Times did have a liberal bias in news coverage of certain social issues such as abortion and same - sex marriage . He stated that this bias reflected the paper 's cosmopolitanism , which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City . He wrote , `` if you 're examining the paper 's coverage of these subjects from a perspective that is neither urban nor Northeastern nor culturally seen - it - all ; if you are among the groups The Times treats as strange objects to be examined on a laboratory slide ( devout Catholics , gun owners , Orthodox Jews , Texans ) ; if your value system would n't wear well on a composite New York Times journalist , then a walk through this paper can make you feel you 're traveling in a strange and forbidding world . '' Okrent wrote that the Time 's Arts & Leisure ; the Sunday Times Magazine , and Culture coverage trend to the left . In December 2004 , a University of California , Los Angeles study by former fellows of a conservative think tank gave The New York Times a score of 73.7 on a 100 - point scale , with 0 being most conservative and 100 being most liberal , making it the second-most liberal major newspaper in the study after The Wall Street Journal ( 85.1 ) . The validity of the study has been questioned , however . The liberal watchdog group Media Matters for America pointed out potential conflicts of interest with the author 's funding , and political scientists , such as Brendan Nyhan , cited flaws in the study 's methodology . Donald Trump has frequently criticized The New York Times on his Twitter account before and during his presidency ; since November 2015 , Trump has referred to the Times as `` the failing New York Times '' in a series of tweets . Despite Trump 's criticism , New York Times editor Mark Thompson noted that the paper had enjoyed soaring digital readership , with the fourth quarter of 2016 seeing the highest number of new digital subscribers to the newspaper since 2011 . Critic Matt Taibbi accused The New York Times of favoring Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in the paper 's news coverage of the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries . Responding to the complaints of many readers , New York Times public editor Margaret Sullivan wrote that `` The Times has not ignored Mr. Sanders 's campaign , but it has n't always taken it very seriously . The tone of some stories is regrettably dismissive , even mocking at times . Some of that is focused on the candidate 's age , appearance and style , rather than what he has to say . '' Times senior editor Carolyn Ryan defended both the volume of New York Times coverage ( noting that Sanders had received about the same amount of article coverage as Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio ) and its tone . Reputation ( edit ) The Times has developed a national and international `` reputation for thoroughness '' over time . Among journalists , the paper is held in high regard ; a 1999 survey of newspaper editors conducted by the Columbia Journalism Review found that the Times was the `` best '' American paper , ahead of The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , and Los Angeles Times . The Times also was ranked # 1 in a 2011 `` quality '' ranking of U.S. newspapers by Daniel de Vise of The Washington Post ; the objective ranking took into account the number of recent Pulitzer Prizes won , circulation , and perceived Web site quality . A 2012 report in WNYC called the Times `` the most respected newspaper in the world . '' Nevertheless , like many other U.S. media sources , the Times had suffered from a decline in public perceptions of credibility in the U.S. from 2004 to 2012 . A Pew Research Center survey in 2012 asked respondents about their views on credibility of various news organizations . Among respondents who gave a rating , 49 % said that they believed `` all or most '' of the Times 's reporting , while 50 % disagreed . A large percentage ( 19 % ) of respondents were unable to rate believability . The Times 's score was comparable to that of USA Today . Media analyst Brooke Gladstone of WNYC 's On the Media , writing for The New York Times , says that the decline in U.S. public trust of the mass media can be explained ( 1 ) by the rise of the polarized Internet - driven news ; ( 2 ) by a decline in trust in U.S. institutions more generally ; and ( 3 ) by the fact that `` Americans say they want accuracy and impartiality , but the polls suggest that , actually , most of us are seeking affirmation . '' TimesMachine ( edit ) The TimesMachine is a web - based archive of scanned issues of The New York Times from 1851 through 2002 . Unlike The New York Times online archive , the TimesMachine presents scanned images of the actual newspaper . All non-advertising content can be displayed on a per - story basis in a separate PDF display page and saved for future reference . The archive is available to New York Times subscribers , home delivery and / or digital . Public editors ( edit ) The position of public editor was established in 2003 to `` investigate matters of journalistic integrity '' ; each public editor was to serve a two - year term . The post `` was established to receive reader complaints and question Times journalists on how they make decisions . '' The impetus for the creation of the public editor position was the Jayson Blair affair . Public editors were : Daniel Okrent ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , Byron Calame ( 2005 -- 2007 ) , Clark Hoyt ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( served an extra year ) , Arthur S. Brisbane ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Margaret Sullivan ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( served a four - year term ) , and Elizabeth Spayd ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . In 2017 , the Times eliminated the position of public editor . See also ( edit ) List of New York City newspapers and magazines List of newspapers in the United States List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times List of The New York Times employees New York Times Building ( disambiguation ) New York Times Index The New York Times Best Seller list Journalism portal New York City portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seven different newspapers have been published under The New York Times name , with the earliest being published by a David Longworth and Nicholas Van Riper in 1813 , but they all died out within a few years . Jump up ^ The article is located at : Barboza , David ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Billions in Hidden Riches for Family of Chinese Leader '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vinton , Kate . `` These 15 Billionaires Own America 's News Media Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Jason Stallman -- Times Insider '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? Facts about The New York Times '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Company 10 - K '' ( PDF ) . nypost.com . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pulitzer Prizes -- The New York Times Company '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ; Garrison , Jessica ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Pulitzer winners span old , new media '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chabon , Michael . `` The New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Pulitzer Prizes : Daily News and ProPublica Share Public Service Award ; New York Times Wins 3 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Perez - Peña , Richard ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Newspaper Circulation Falls 10 % '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berger , Meyer ( September 17 , 1951 ) . `` The Gray Lady Reaches 100 '' . Life . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levitz , Eric ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` A.G. Sulzberger Vanquishes His Cousins , Becomes Deputy Publisher of the New York Times '' . New York . Jump up ^ Beardsley , Eleanor . `` Readers Lament ' International Herald Tribune ' Name Change '' . National Public Radio . ^ Jump up to : Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Times Plans to Combine Sections of the Paper '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Site Index '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter to Our Readers About the Sunday Review '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 2011 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside The New York Times Book Review '' . C-SPAN.org . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Jake ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Behind the Relaunch of The New York Times Magazine '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company -- Redesigned T Magazine Franchise to Launch in 2013 '' . investors.nytco.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New York Times to Change To a 6 - Column Format Sept. 7 '' . The New York Times . June 15 , 1976 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Timeline 1971 -- 2000 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berger , Myer ( 1951 ) . The Story of The New York Times 1851 - 1951 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Jay P . `` The New York Times Company '' . International Directory of Company Histories . Gale . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ( password - protected ) ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. `` A Happy 200th to The Times 's First Publisher , Whom Boss Tweed Could n't Buy or Kill '' . City Room . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Case of Hoffman. ; The Prisoner Finds Bail '' . The New York Times . July 24 , 1860 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Word about Ourselves '' . New - York Daily Times . September 18 , 1851 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Company . `` Our History The New York Times Company '' . www.nytco.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It Can Hyphen Here : Why the New - York Historical Society Includes a Hyphen '' '' New - York Historical Society . Blog.nyhistory.org ( February 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , 2004 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ On This Day : August 1 , 1863 The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adler , John with Draper Hill . ( 2008 ) . Doomed by Cartoon : How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and the New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves . Garden City , NY : Morgan James Publishing , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60037 - 443 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Timeline 1851 -- 1880 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 215 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Timeline 1881 -- 1910 '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 155 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company '' . Gale . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Editor and Publisher . Editor & Publisher Company . 1922 . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adolph S. Ochs Dead at 77 ; Publisher of Times Since 1896 '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen - Brown , Peter . `` Decent and Dignified Journalism - a History of `` All the News that 's Fit to Print '' . Early Sports ' n ' Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 274 -- 277 . Jump up ^ The World 's Work ... : A History of Our Time . Doubleday , Page . 1905 . pp. 5844 -- 5845 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Timeline 1911 -- 1940 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Timeline 1941 -- 1970 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( October 21 , 1992 ) . `` WQXR - AM to Change Its Format , to Popular Music From Classical '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( December 2 , 1998 ) . `` WQEW - AM : All Kids , All the Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Family Radio Returns To New York -- RadioInsight Archived February 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . November 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bensinger , Greg ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` New York Times to Get $45 Million for Radio Station '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heaviest ever newspaper '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Media Group '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( December 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Tough Times , a Redesigned Journal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Approval Matrix '' , New York magazine , Feb. 18 -- 25 , 2013 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Joyner , James . `` New York Times Fires 500 Staffers '' . Outside the Beltway . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Co. to Offer Buyouts to Employees '' . The New York Times . May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Prokupecz , Shimon ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` FBI investigating Russian hack of New York Times reporters , others '' . CNN . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( November 14 , 2001 ) . `` 150th Anniversary : 1851 -- 2001 ; Six Buildings That Share One Story '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Surely the most remarkable of these survivors is 113 Nassau Street , where the New - York Daily Times was born in 1851 ... After three years at 113 Nassau Street and four years at 138 Nassau Street , The New York Times moved to a five - story Romanesque headquarters at 41 Park Row , designed by Thomas R. Jackson . For the first time , a New York newspaper occupied a structure built for its own use . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( April 8 , 2004 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , an Intersection 's New Name : Times Square '' ) The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKendry , Joe ( 2011 ) . One Times Square : A Century of Change at the Crossroads of the World . David R. Godine Publisher . pp. 10 -- 14 . ISBN 9781567923643 . Jump up ^ Boxer , Sarah B. ( December 31 , 2007 ) . `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poulin , Richard ( 2012 ) . Graphic Design and Architecture , A 20th Century History : A Guide to Type , Image , Symbol , and Visual Storytelling in the Modern World . Rockport Publishers . p. 53 . ISBN 9781592537792 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dow Jones taking over news ' zipper ' `` '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kazaz , Tamir . `` Appraisal of Real Property 229 West 43rd Street Between Seventh and Eighth Avenues New York , New York County , NY 10036 In a Restricted Appraisal Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Josephs , Larewnce ( January 3 , 1982 ) . `` A New Owner Takes the Reins in Times Square '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` The New York Times Building -- 229 West 43rd Street '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of The New York Times Building '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Headquarters '' . SkyscraperPage.com. 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1964 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Noam . `` Pentagon Papers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Tapes from the Nixon White House '' . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grant , Jane , Confession of a Feminist , in The American Mercury , vol . LVII , no . 240 , Dec. 1943 ( microfilm ) , pp. 684 -- 691 , esp . pp. 684 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony : Women , Men , and The New York Times ( N.Y. : Random House , ( 2nd printing ? ) 1992 ( ISBN 0 - 394 - 58452 - X ) ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 76 ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paige ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Inside `` Snow Fall , '' the New York Times multimedia storytelling sensation `` . Nieman Storyboard . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Rebecca ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` What the New York Times 's ' Snow Fall ' Means to Online Journalism 's Future '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 72nd Annual Peabody Awards winners announced '' . UGA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Abramson announces big leadership changes at ' New York Times ' '' . Politico. 2013 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Bill . `` The New York Times : A Chronology : 1851 - 2010 '' . New York State Library . Jump up ^ Ellison , Sarah ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Money Manager Battled New York Times '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Daniel ( 2006 ) `` ' An Interested Reader ' : Measuring Ownership Control at the New York Times '' , Critical Studies in Media Communication , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 Jump up ^ Coyle , Emily ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 Wealthiest People in the World : 2014 Edition '' . The Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Mexican Billionaire Invests in Times Company '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Laya , Patricia ; Smith , Gerry ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Billionaire Carlos Slim Doubles Holdings in New York Times '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saba , Jennifer ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Carlos Slim increases stake in NY Times '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . `` ^ Jump up to : `` The New York Times Company Notice of 2016 Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Company . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , for The New York Times Company ( Form 10 - K ) '' . Securities and Exchange Commission . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . , See Item 12 , which states , `` The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the sections titled `` Principal Holders of Common Stock , '' `` Security Ownership of Management and Directors '' and `` The 1997 Trust '' of our Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders . Jump up ^ `` Murdoch clinches deal for publisher of Journal '' . MSNBC . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times to Discontinue New Jersey Edition of Sunday Metropolitan Section '' . Planet Princeton . August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Syndicate -- Cartoons '' . www.nytsyn.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jon ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Can Russ Stanton turn around the L.A. Times ? '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steigrad , Alexandra ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` New York Times Taps Vanessa Friedman '' . WWD . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Clark . `` A Question of Honorifics '' . New York Times - Public Editor 's Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurz , Stephan ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` History of the NYT nameplate '' . Typophile . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS ; A Face - Lift for The Times , Typographically , That Is '' . The New York Times . October 21 , 2003 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Times to Reduce Page Size and Close a Plant in 2008 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times to Cut Size 5 Percent ; Keller Says Paper Better Off Smaller the New York Observer '' . The New York Observer . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times trims paper size to cut costs '' . Press Gazette . August 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pinkington , Ed ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` All the news fit to print . ( And a page 1 advert ) '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Rabil , Sarah ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` New York Times Starts Selling Ad Space on Front Page '' . Bloomberg L.P . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` N.Y. Times broadens use of ' torture ' '' . Politico . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( Dec 10 , 2014 ) . `` The New York Times ' Obscene Profanity Policy '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David M. Halbfinger , Profanity , Vitriol , Slurs : Why The Times Published Unfiltered Trump Rally Video , The New York Times ( August 5 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Hadas Gold , New York Times , CNN report Trump 's vulgarities in full : Media grapple with whether to use offensive terms in unaltered state , Politico ( October 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` FRONTLINE : A Dangerous Business '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Youth Forum '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYTimes.com '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Highrise '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A Short History of the New York Times ' Peabody Awards , September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lichterman , Joseph ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` 20 years ago today , NYTimes.com debuted `` on - line '' on the web `` . Nieman Journalism Lab . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Link Generator '' . reddit . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company Reports NYTimes. com 's Record - Breaking Traffic for March '' . The New York Times . April 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Newspaper Sites for March '' . Editor & Publisher . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Most Popular Newspaper Blogs '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nytimes.com Traffic , Demographics and Competitors -- Alexa '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About TimesSelect '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` can I get TimesSelect for free '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Introduces TimesSelect University ; Program Offers College Students and Faculty Special Access to TimesSelect '' . Business Wire . January 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` Goof Lets Times ' Content Go Free '' . Wired . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tabin , John . `` Never Pay Retail '' . John Tabin . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why The New York Times is Free '' . Blorge . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn . `` Archive 1851 -- 1980 : Advanced Search '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaus , Mickey ( June 18 , 2006 ) . `` Touting Mark Warner -- Suellentrop 's secret scooplet '' . Slate . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stabe , Martin ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` NY Times columnist hates subscription wall '' . Online Press Gazette . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Friedman at Webbys '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bray , Hiawatha ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Sure the new iPhone is cool , but those apps ... '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : Albanesius , Chloe ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` New York Times iPad App Gets Overhaul , More Content '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ McCauley , Dennis ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Cultural Milestone : New York Times to Carry Newsgames '' . GamePolitics.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roy , Jessica ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` NYU and New York Times Collaborate on East Village Local Blog '' . The Local East Village . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is reCAPTCHA ? '' . Recaptcha.net . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haughney , Christine ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Times Is Introducing a Chinese - Language News Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newton , Sarah ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` NFB 's Highrise series builds new foundations in New York '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 73rd Annual Peabody Awards , May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sass , Erik ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' NYT ' Pay Wall Could Bring $100 M Annually '' . Media Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sulzberger , Arthur Ochs , Jr . ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` A Letter to Our Readers About Digital Subscriptions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Staci D. ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` NYTimes.com Paywall Picture About to Get Much Clearer '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sullivan , `` A Milestone Behind , a Mountain Ahead '' , The New York Times , January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerry Shih and Joseph Menn ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` New York Times , Twitter hacked by Syrian group '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Preview : NYT Cooking -- Recipes from The New York Times '' . itunes.apple.com . Apple Inc . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( April 29 , 2006 ) . `` Microsoft Software Will Let Times Readers Download Paper '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Times Reader 2.0 Is Now Available '' . The New York Times . May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Important Information About Times Reader '' . The New York Times . December 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYTimes iPhone App '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robin Wauters ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The New York Times Launches Free iPad App ( For Real Now ) , Paid App On The Way '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NYTimes Mobile Apps '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romenesco , Jim . `` New York Times drops many podcasts '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctor , Ken . `` The New York Times gets serious about podcasting '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times launches a podcast team to create a new batch of wide - reaching shows '' . Nieman Lab . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for The Daily , Your Audio News Report '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sensing an opening in audio , The New York Times is launching a daily news podcast this week '' . Nieman Lab . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tania Branigan ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` New York Times launches website in Chinese language '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tao ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` David Barboza Wins Pulitzer For The Wen Jiabao Story That Got The New York Times Blocked In China '' . Beijing Cream . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the New York Times is eluding censors in China '' . Quartz. April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How The New York Times Gets Around Censors In China '' . The Huffington Post . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ching - Ching Ni 倪青青 : Training and Working with Millennials US - China Institute '' . china.usc.edu . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meislin , Rich . `` The New York Times Newsroom Navigator '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Journalism shoptalk : Links , Links , Links '' . powerreporting.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kottke , Jason . `` The New York Times Newsroom Navigator or '' . kottke.org . Jason Kottke . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Political Science '' . Idaho State University . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Research : Subject Information '' . Drain - Jordan Library Research Page . West Virginia State University . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Michael ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` n You Believe What You Read ? '' . Wired . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About New York Times Store Page Reprints '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( 2008 ) . The New York Times : The Complete Front Pages : 1851 -- 2008 . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 749 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' Not the New York Times ' from 1978 remains the best NYT parody '' . Poynter . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` In 1978 , a Faux Paper Was Real Genius '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNBC Exclusive : CNBC Transcript : New York Times CEO Mark Thompson Discusses Media in the Trump Era on CNBC 's `` Power Lunch '' Today `` . CNBC . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ * Okrent Daniel , ( July 25 , 2004 ) PUBLIC EDITOR ; Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? ( NYT article ) Sullivan Margaret , ( August 18 , 2013 ) Margaret Sullivan web extra ( CNN interview ) Spayd Liz , ( July 23 , 2016 ) Why Readers See The Times as Liberal ( NYT article ) ^ Jump up to : Okrent , Daniel ( July 25 , 2004 ) . `` '' Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? '' ( Public Editor column ) `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Allison ( October 27 , 2012 ) . `` The New York Times Endorses Obama Again '' . Political Ticker ( blog of CNN ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Re-elect Mayor Giuliani '' . The New York Times . October 26 , 1997 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Endorsement for Mayor '' . The New York Times . October 23 , 2005 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For Mayor of New York City '' . The New York Times . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ George Pataki for Governor , The New York Times ( October 27 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ' role in promoting war on Iraq '' , by Antony Loewenstein , The Sydney Morning Herald , March 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Times and Iraq '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ricks , Thomas E. ( 2006 ) . Fiasco . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 103 - X . Jump up ^ `` James Moore : That Awful Power : How Judy Miller Screwed Us All '' . The Huffington Post . September 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chalabi Named Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister , Acting Oil Minister '' . Newstandardnews.net . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Howard ( May 26 , 2004 ) . `` N.Y. Times Cites Defects in Its Reports on Iraq '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jesse Hearns - Branaman . `` Official Enemies in Commercial and Soft Power Media : Agency and the Iran crisis in the United States , United Kingdom , Chinese , and Iranian news '' , Journalism Studies , September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Viser ( September 2003 ) . `` Attempted Objectivity : An Analysis of the New York Times and Ha'aretz and their Portrayals of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict '' . The International Journal of Press / Politics . 8 ( 4 ) : 114 -- 120 . doi : 10.1177 / 1081180X03256999 . This study explores the biases , pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian , by looking at quantitative indicators of news coverage in the New York Times and Ha'aretz . Several time periods were examined ( 1987 -- 88 , 2000 -- 01 , and post-September 11 , 2001 ) , using multiple indicators . By these measures , the New York Times is more favorable toward the Israelis than the Palestinians , and the partiality has become more pronounced with time . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Barbie ; Park , David ; Gudelunas , David ( December 2002 ) . `` How Bias Shapes the News : Challenging the New York Times ' Status as a Newspaper of Record on the Middle East '' . Journalism. 3 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 307 . doi : 10.1177 / 146488490200300305 . Jump up ^ As ` ad AbuKhalil ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` A New Low for The New York Times : Ethan Bronner on Gaza '' . Pressaction.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed Koch ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` The New York Times ' Anti-Israel Bias '' . Real Clear Politics . Jump up ^ `` Editorial bias is also found in papers like the New York Times . The New York Times occasionally criticizes Israeli policies and sometimes concedes that the Palestinians have legitimate grievances , but it is not even ‐ handed . '' Mearsheimer and Walt paper hosted at University of Chicago `` The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy '' , Kennedy School of Government Working Paper No . RWP06 - 011 ( PDF format ) . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Groups Slam ' Hideously anti-Semitic ' Cartoon on Gaza '' . Haaretz . March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ לאון , אלי . `` '' מתחרט על ניסוח הביקורת על נאום רה `` מ בקונגרס '' `` . ישראל היום . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Clark ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Standing Between Enemies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Max Frankel ( November 14 , 2001 ) . `` Turning Away From the Holocaust '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leff , Laurel ( 2005 ) . Buried by the Times : The Holocaust and America 's Most Important Newspaper . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81287 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leslie R. Groves . `` Now It Can Be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project '' Da Capo Press , 1983 , p. 326 . `` it seemed desirable for security reasons , as well as easier for the employer , to have Laurence continue on the payroll of The New York Times , but with his expenses covered by the MED '' Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' Archived March 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Lyons , Eugene . Assignment in Utopia . Greenwood Press Reprint . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Conquest , R. Reflections on a Ravaged Century . W.W. Norton & Company . New York . 2000 . Jump up ^ Stuttaford , Andrew ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` Prize Specimen -- The Campaign to Revoke Walter Duranty 's Pulitzer '' . National Review . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Foreign Office and the famine : British documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932 -- 1933 '' . Studies in East European nationalisms . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Times Urged to Rescind 1932 Pulitzer '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 82 -- 83 ( page break between `` the '' & `` relative '' ; & quotations in brackets per id. , p. 82 ) . The requirement is not given a date except that the author was in `` New York in 1955 '' and then went to be `` interview ( ed ) '' by a NYT `` hiring '' `` assistant '' , id. , p. 77 , she was temporarily hired at age 28 to work in `` the women 's news department '' `` as a news assistant '' for `` a special fashion section '' , id. , p. 78 , and the department was `` ( her ) home for the next five years '' , id. , p. 79 . It is not stated whether the requirement began earlier or continued later . Jump up ^ `` Jayson Blair : A Case Study of What Went Wrong at The New York Times '' . PBS NewsHour . December 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jr. , Stuart ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` Witness for the Prosecution ? -- The New York Times Is Still Victimizing Innocent Dukies '' . Slate . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stuart Taylor Jr . & KC Johnson ( 2007 ) . Until Proven Innocent : Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case . Thomas Dunne Books . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Smalley , Suzanne ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Would Bloggers Have Cracked Chandra 's Case ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baron , Zach . `` The Sri Lankan Government 's War with M.I.A. continues '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` The Dissonant Undertones of M.I.A '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The 31 Places to Go in 2010 '' . The New York Times . January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Escobedo Shepherd , Julianne ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` That New MIA Track Is Actually a Protest Song Called ' Space Odyssey ' '' . The Fader . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` M.I.A. 's Agitprop Pop '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` M.I.A. Quotes Were Out of Context , NY Times Editor 's Note Says -- Paper 's Website Now Concedes That Two Quotes in Controversial Feature Were Rearranged '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` MIA : / \ / \ / \ Y / \ '' . The Observer . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Understanding M.I.A. : 5 Things You Need to Know '' . Spin . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grieve , Tim ( August 14 , 2006 ) . `` What the Times knew , and when it knew it '' . Salon . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times , Justice Dept . under fire for concealing info on NSA snooping '' . RT . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Lessons in a Surveillance Drama Redux '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkenflik , David ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' New York Times ' Editor : Losing Snowden Scoop ' Really Painful ' '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Nagourney , Mitch Smith and Quentin Hardy , `` Deaths of Irish Students in Berkeley Balcony Collapse Cast Pall on Program '' , New York Times , June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terry Prone : `` The ' New York Times ' apology was a sorry attempt to right a wrong '' , Irish Examiner , June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Price of Nice Nails '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Perfect Nails , Poisoned Workers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuomo Orders Emergency Measures to Protect Workers at Nail Salons '' . The New York Times . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 -- via New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard Bernstein . `` What the ' Times ' Got Wrong About Nail Salons '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuttal to The NYRB 's Article on NYT Nail Salon Series -- The New York Times Company '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret . `` Criticism of ' Unvarnished ' Brings a Strong Times Defense '' . Jump up ^ Sage Lazzaro ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Nail Salon Industry Stages Protest Outside NYT Building '' . Observer . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helen Holmes . `` Here 's Why Hundreds of Nail Salon Owners Are Protesting the New York Times '' . Jezebel . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ' Nail Salons Series Was Filled with Misquotes and Factual Errors . Here 's Why That Matters . ( Part 1 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How The New York Times ' Flawed Reporting on Nail Salons Closed Opportunities For Undocumented Immigrants ( Part 2 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Says Working in Nail Salons Causes Cancer and Miscarriages . The Evidence Says Otherwise . ( Part 3 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Questions on Nail Salon Investigation , and a Times Response '' . Public Editor 's Journal . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannon , Elliot ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times CEO Sued for Allegedly Promoting Age , Gender , and Racial Discrimination '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Rupert Neate ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times boss sued over alleged ageist , racist and sexist hiring practices '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Spayd , Liz ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Why Readers See The Times as Liberal '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brisbane Arthur S. , ( August 25 , 2012 ) Success and Risk as The Times Transforms . Jump up ^ Okrent Daniel , ( July 25 , 2004 ) PUBLIC EDITOR ; Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? ( NYT article ) . Jump up ^ Groseclose , Tim ( December 2004 ) . `` A Measure of Media Bias '' . University of California -- Los Angeles . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former fellows at conservative think tanks issued flawed UCLA - led study on media 's `` liberal bias '' `` . Media Matters . December 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Does the US Media Have a Liberal Bias ? '' . Perspectives on Politics . August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Coughlan ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` ' Failing NYT ' editor : Trump just wants our approval '' . New York Post . Trump has infamously dubbed the newspaper the `` failing New York Times '' in a series of tweets that began as early as November 2015 Jump up ^ Michelle Fox ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` The New York Times not ' failing , ' Trump taken in by ' fake news , ' NYT CEO says '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Chris D'Angelo , The ' Failing ' New York Times Reports Record Digital Growth , Huffington Post ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Pompeo , New York Times CEO takes on Trump 's ' failing ' claims , Politico ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` How the ' New York Times ' Sandbagged Bernie Sanders '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Has The Times Dismissed Bernie Sanders ? '' . New York Times Public Editor 's Journal . Jump up ^ Margaret Sullivan , Times Senior Editor Carolyn Ryan on Sanders Coverage , The New York Times ( September 9 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Scholarly vs. Popular Sources , Yale Center for Teaching and Learning , Yale University ( last accessed February 8 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Daniel de Vise , What if the rankers ranked newspapers ? , ( October 4 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jessica Bennett , Inside the New York Times ' Photo Morgue , A Possible New Life for Print , WNYC News ( May 7 , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Further Decline in Credibility Ratings for Most News Organizations '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooke Gladstone ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` ' Trust ' in the News Media Has Come to Mean Affirmation '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives -- The New York Times '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TimesMachine -- Browse The New York Times Archive -- NYTimes.com '' . timesmachine.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Sullivan '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Margaret Sullivan is the fifth public editor appointed by The New York Times ... The public editor 's office also handles questions and comments from readers and investigates matters of journalistic integrity . The public editor works independently , outside of the reporting and editing structure of the newspaper ; her opinions are her own . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Victor , New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role , The New York Times ( May 31 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Liz Spayd , The Public Editor Signs Off , The New York Times ( June 2 , 2017 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Davis , Elmer Holmes ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 -- 1921 . The New York Times . Durham , Meenakshi G. ( February 2013 ) . `` Vicious assault shakes Texas town : the politics of gender violence in The New York Times ' coverage of a schoolgirl 's gang rape '' . Journalism Studies . Taylor & Francis Online . 14 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1080 / 1461670X. 2012.657907 . Knox , Edward C. `` The '' New York Times '' Looks at France . '' The French Review ( 2002 ) : 1172 -- 1180 . in JSTOR Leff , Laurel . `` A Tragic ' Fight in the Family ' : The New York Times , Reform Judaism and the Holocaust . '' American Jewish History 88.1 ( 2000 ) : 3 -- 51 . online Schwartz , Daniel R. , Endtimes ? Crises and Turmoil at the New York Times ( SUNY Press , 2014 ) . Salisbury , Harrison , Without fear or favor : The New York Times and its times ( Times Books , 1980 ) , by a longtime editor Taylor , Sally J. Stalin 's Apologist : Walter Duranty : The New York Times 's Man in Moscow . 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who is the girl in wake me up when september ends video	The video focuses on a couple in love ( played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood ) . The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps . The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe . However , the girlfriend is heartbroken , as he broke his vow to never leave her . The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents . This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field . The video ends on this juxtaposition , emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war .	Evan Rachel Wood	Wake Me up When September Ends	wake me up when september ends		`` Holiday '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( 2005 ) `` Jesus of Suburbia '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' is a song by American rock band Green Day , released on June 13 , 2005 , as the fourth single from the group 's seventh studio album , American Idiot ( 2004 ) . The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father . The song became a hit single , peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom , Belgium , New Zealand , and was a number one single in the Czech Republic . In the United States , the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina , where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001 . The song became certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The song 's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War , which was intended to convey the song 's central theme of loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Legacy 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father , who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten . Armstrong , at one point , dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point , considering it `` therapeutic '' but also difficult to perform . The song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot . Commercial performance ( edit ) The single peaked at number six in the United States , becoming Green Day 's second top 10 single . It also peaked at number eight in Canada and the UK , while reaching number 13 in Australia . The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000 . The song ended the streak of Green Day 's three consecutive number - one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ( `` American Idiot '' , `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' , and `` Holiday '' ) , but it peaked at number two on the chart , kept from number one by Gorillaz ' `` Feel Good Inc . '' The song also made it to number two on the Adult Top 40 chart and the Mainstream Top 40 chart . This was the band 's most successful song in the adult contemporary market , hitting number three on the Adult Contemporary Chart and their only song to appear on that specific chart other than `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group 's 1997 single `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer , best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica . Bayer wrote the treatment for the video , which he envisioned as a mini-movie . Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War - themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement . The song 's music video thus attempts to `` turn the machine on itself '' by acting as a commercial for `` free thought or peace . '' Although it was far from the song 's literal meaning , Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song 's theme of loss . Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos , and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film . Consequently , he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals , uncommon for music videos . The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004 . The video focuses on a couple in love ( played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood ) . The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps . The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe . However , the girlfriend is heartbroken , as he broke his vow to never leave her . The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents . This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field . The video ends on this juxtaposition , emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war . The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits . On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes , Dirnt rejected this notion : `` Rock & roll should be dangerous . ( ... ) It should be striking and stir questions , and I think that that video , at the end of the day , comes down to that core emotion of loss . '' Bayer considered it his best production to that point , remarking , `` ' September ' is hands down the greatest thing I 've ever done . '' The video reached number one on Total Request Live , and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader 's Poll by Rolling Stone . Legacy ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina , which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29 , 2005 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' became symbolic in the aftermath ; one online blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster , creating a viral video . Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now : Music & Relief , a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties . A live version of the song , recorded on September 3 , 2005 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane 's victims . The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons ; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane . Track listing ( edit ) CD 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 CD 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Homecoming '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 9 : 24 3 . `` Hitchin ' a Ride '' 2 : 52 Australian CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 3 . `` Homecoming '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 9 : 24 Live ( iTunes exclusive ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( live at Foxboro , Massachusetts on September 3 , 2005 ) 5 : 41 7 '' picture disc Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 33 Canada ( MuchMusic Countdown ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 33 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 44 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position UK Rock ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Rank UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 53 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 8,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Hendrickson ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 968 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Song Facts . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` It 's A Dark Day For Green Day In Somber ' September ' Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rob Sheffield ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` Green Day : American Idiot '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 958 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` ' Teen Spirit ' Director Calls Green Day Clip His Career Highlight '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Colapinto ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day : Working Class Heroes '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 987 ) : 50 -- 56 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corey Moss ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` Think Green Day 's ' September ' Clip Is Epic ? Just Wait For ' Jesus Of Suburbia ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day 's Greatest Video Moments '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` The 2005 Readers ' Poll '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Boxer ( September 24 , 2005 ) . `` Art of the Internet : A Protest Song , Reloaded '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corey Moss ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Reznor , Kanye , Green Day Reflect On Disaster , Inspire Relief For MTV Special '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uptin Saiidi ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` ' Wake Me Up When September Ends ' : 10 Fun Ways To Commemorate Green Day 's Hit '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Top 20 '' . Top40 - Charts . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . 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Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' music video on YouTube hide Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Jason White John Kiffmeyer Studio albums 39 / Smooth Kerplunk Dookie Insomniac Nimrod Warning American Idiot 21st Century Breakdown ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! Revolution Radio Live albums Live Tracks Tune In , Tokyo ... Bullet in a Bible Awesome as Fuck Compilation albums 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours International Superhits ! Shenanigans Green Day Demolicious Greatest Hits : God 's Favorite Band EPs 1,000 Hours Slappy Sweet Children Last Night on Earth : Live in Tokyo Singles `` Longview '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Basket Case '' `` When I Come Around '' `` She '' `` J.A.R. 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how far is yreka from the oregon border			Yreka , California	yreka, california	Yreka ( / waɪˈriːkə / wy - REE - kə ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County , California , United States , located in the Shasta Valley at 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi ( 26 km2 ) area , of which most is land . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 7,765 , reflecting an increase of 475 from the 7,290 counted in the 2000 Census . Yreka is home to the College of the Siskiyous , Klamath National Forest Interpretive Museum and the Siskiyou County Museum . Its gold mining heritage is commemorated by the high school team which uses a gold miner as their name and mascot .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 State of Jefferson 1.2 Lynchings 2 Geography 2.1 Natural history 2.2 Nearby settlements 3 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 4.2 2000 5 Economy 6 Government 7 Education 8 Media 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Transportation 10 Notable people 11 Palindromes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) In March 1851 , Abraham Thompson , a mule train packer , discovered gold near Rocky Gulch while traveling along the Siskiyou Trail from southern Oregon . By April 1851 , 2,000 miners had arrived in `` Thompson 's Dry Diggings '' to test their luck , and by June 1851 , a gold rush `` boomtown '' of tents , shanties , and a few rough cabins had sprung up . Several name changes occurred until the little city was called Yreka . The name comes from the Shasta language / wáik'a / , for which Mount Shasta is named . The word means `` northmountain '' or `` white mountain '' . Mark Twain tells a different story : Harte had arrived in California in the ( eighteen - ) fifties , twenty - three or twenty - four years old , and had wandered up into the surface diggings of the camp at Yreka , a place which had acquired its mysterious name -- when in its first days it much needed a name -- through an accident . There was a bakeshop with a canvas sign which had not yet been put up but had been painted and stretched to dry in such a way that the word BAKERY , all but the B , showed through and was reversed . A stranger read it wrong end first , YREKA , and supposed that that was the name of the camp . The campers were satisfied with it and adopted it . Poet Joaquin Miller described Yreka during 1853 -- 1854 as a bustling place with `` ... a tide of people up and down and across other streets , as strong as if a city on the East Coast '' . Incorporation proceedings were completed on April 21 , 1857 . State of Jefferson ( edit ) In November 1941 , Yreka was designated as the capital of the proposed State of Jefferson , a secession movement along the Oregon and California border . Lynchings ( edit ) There have been two documented lynchings in the town of Yreka . The first took place on August 26 , 1895 , when four men -- William Null , Garland Stemler , Luis Moreno , and Lawrence Johnson -- awaiting trial for various charges of murder and robbery , were simultaneously hanged by a lynch mob from a railroad tie suspended from two adjacent trees . The second lynching occurred about 40 years later on July 28 , 1935 . Clyde Johnson and Robert Miller Barr robbed a local business and its patrons in Castella , California . The pair then stole a car from a patron and drove north to Dunsmuir , California , where they planned to abandon the automobile and make a getaway by train . Soon after they abandoned the car north of Dunsmuir , the pair was stopped by California Highway Patrolman George `` Molly '' Malone and Dunsmuir titular Chief of Police , 38 - year - old Frank R. `` Jack '' Daw . Johnson pulled out a Luger pistol and wounded both policemen . Malone recovered , but Daw died the next day . Clyde Johnson was caught a few hours later by a dragnet and was taken into custody . Barr , who was holding the $35 that they got from the robbery , panicked during the shootout and ran off into the woods , then escaped on a freight train . Jack Daw was a beloved figure in Dunsmuir . His title of Chief of Police was honorary , given to him because of his cool head and experience as a World War I veteran . The night of Daw 's funeral a dozen cars from Dunsmuir , carrying approximately 50 masked men , drove north to Yreka to lynch Johnson . On August 3 , 1935 at 1 : 30am , the vigilante mob reached the Yreka jail and lightly knocked on the door . Deputy Marin Lange , the only guard on duty at the jail , opened the door slightly and was quickly overtaken . He was driven nine miles east of Yreka where he was released , barefoot . The mob proceeded to search the jail , found Johnson , drove him away in one of the cars and hanged him from a pine tree . Barr was arrested over a year later , on September 4 , 1936 , in Los Angeles on a burglary charge . During his time on the lam , he got a part as an extra in the Nelson Eddy / Jeanette MacDonald film , Rose Marie , scenes of which were filmed near Lake Tahoe . He is credited in the film under his real name . Geography ( edit ) The Yreka Phlox ( Phlox hirsuta ) is the city 's official flower . Yreka is located at approximately 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level in the Shasta Valley , south of the Siskiyou Mountains and north of Mount Shasta , a 14,000 ft ( 4,300 m ) dormant volcano which towers over the valley . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.1 sq mi ( 26 km ) , of which 10.0 square miles ( 26 km ) is land and 0.1 square miles ( 0.26 km ) ( 0.72 % ) is water . Natural History ( edit ) The official city flower of Yreka is the Yreka phlox ( Phlox hirsuta ) . The only known specimen of Calochortus monanthus , the single - flowered mariposa lily , was collected near Yreka along the banks of the Shasta River by botanist Edward Lee Greene , in June 1876 . Nearby settlements ( edit ) Nearby places include : Montague : 6.4 miles ( 10.3 km ) east Grenada : 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) southeast Fort Jones : 17.2 miles ( 27.7 km ) southwest Klamath River : 24.3 miles ( 39.1 km ) northwest Hornbrook : 15.1 miles ( 24.3 km ) north Climate ( edit ) According to the Köppen climate classification system , Yreka qualifies as having a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) , but almost qualifies as having a warm - summer Mediterrean climate ( Csb ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Yreka , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 74 ( 23 ) 81 ( 27 ) 96 ( 36 ) 103 ( 39 ) 109 ( 43 ) 112 ( 44 ) 110 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 95 ( 35 ) 87 ( 31 ) 66 ( 19 ) 112 ( 44 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 45.9 ( 7.7 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 81.8 ( 27.7 ) 91.8 ( 33.2 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) 70.0 ( 21.1 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 44.7 ( 7.1 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 51.8 ( 11 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 24.9 ( − 3.9 ) 26.5 ( − 3.1 ) 29.9 ( − 1.2 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 45.9 ( 7.7 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 28.8 ( − 1.8 ) 24.4 ( − 4.2 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 11 ( − 24 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 7 ( − 14 ) ( − 17 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.09 ( 78.5 ) 2.07 ( 52.6 ) 1.63 ( 41.4 ) 1.27 ( 32.3 ) 1.31 ( 33.3 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 0.36 ( 9.1 ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 1.11 ( 28.2 ) 2.92 ( 74.2 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 19.79 ( 502.7 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 2.6 ( 6.6 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 12.4 ( 31.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 13.2 9.7 10.3 8.7 7.6 4.6 3.0 2.5 2.7 5.3 11.4 12.7 91.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 2.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 1.8 6.7 Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 1,327 -- 1870 1,063 − 19.9 % 1880 1,059 − 0.4 % 1890 1,100 3.9 % 1900 1,254 14.0 % 1910 1,134 − 9.6 % 1920 1,277 12.6 % 1930 2,126 66.5 % 1940 2,485 16.9 % 1950 3,227 29.9 % 1960 4,759 47.5 % 1970 5,394 13.3 % 1980 5,916 9.7 % 6,948 17.4 % 2000 7,290 4.9 % 7,765 6.5 % Est. 2016 7,596 − 2.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Yreka had a population of 7,765 . The population density was 772.5 people per square mile ( 298.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Yreka was 6,495 ( 83.6 % ) White , 57 ( 0.7 % ) African American , 491 ( 6.3 % ) Native American , 94 ( 1.2 % ) Asian , 9 ( 0.1 % ) Pacific Islander , 168 ( 2.2 % ) from other races , and 451 ( 5.8 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 753 persons ( 9.7 % ) . The Census reported that 7,718 people ( 99.4 % of the population ) lived in households , 33 ( 0.4 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 14 ( 0.2 % ) were institutionalized . There were 3,394 households , out of which 983 ( 29.0 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 1,338 ( 39.4 % ) were married couples , 471 ( 13.9 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 160 ( 4.7 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 269 ( 7.9 % ) unmarried couples , and 17 ( 0.5 % ) gay couples . 1,202 households ( 35.4 % ) were made up of individuals and 636 ( 18.7 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.27 . There were 1,969 families ( 58.0 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.92 . The population was spread out with 1,871 people ( 24.1 % ) under the age of 18 , 678 people ( 8.7 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 1,603 people ( 20.6 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 2,119 people ( 27.3 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 1,494 people ( 19.2 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 41.7 years . For every 100 females there were 89.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 84.5 males . There were 3,675 housing units at an average density of 365.6 per square mile ( 141.2 / km2 ) , of which 1,751 ( 51.6 % ) were owner - occupied , and 1,643 ( 48.4 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 6.7 % . 3,895 people ( 50.2 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 3,823 people ( 49.2 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 7,290 people , 3,114 households , and 1,880 families residing in the city . The population density was 730.8 per square mile ( 282.0 / km ) . There were 3,303 housing units at an average density of 331.1 per square mile ( 127.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 86.6 % White , 0.5 % African American , 6.0 % Native American , 1.8 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.7 % from other races , and 3.3 % from two or more races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 5.4 % of the population . There were 3,114 households , out of which 29.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.8 % were married couples , 13.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 39.6 % were non-families. 34.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.92 . In the city , the population was spread out , with 25.5 % under the age of 18 , 7.8 % from 18 to 24 , 23.5 % from 25 to 44 , 23.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 19.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 41 years . For every 100 females , there were 88.3 males . For every 100 females , age 18 and over , there were 83.9 males . The median income for a household in the city was $27,398 , and the median income for a family was $37,448 . Males had a median income of $31,632 versus $23,986 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,664 . About 17.5 % of families and 21.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 33.6 % of those under age 18 and 8.8 % of those age 65 or over . Economy ( edit ) West Miner Street - Third Street District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district California Historical Landmark # 901 West Miner Street in Yreka Built 1854 - 1900 NRHP reference # 72000258 CHISL # 901 Significant dates Added to NRHP December 11 , 1972 Designated CHISL 1976 Yreka 's Carnegie Library , designed by W.H. Weeks is currently used for their police department . Tourists visit Yreka because it is located at the northern edge of the Shasta Cascade area of northern California . The core of the historic downtown , along West Miner Street , is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places , as well as a California Historical Landmark . Yreka is home to the Siskiyou County Museum , and to a number of Gold Rush - era monuments and parks . Visitors also come to enjoy trout fishing in the nearby Klamath , Sacramento and McCloud Rivers , or come to see and climb Mount Shasta , Castle Crags or the Trinity Alps . Visitors also ski ( both alpine and cross-country ) , or bike or hike to the waterfalls , streams and lakes in the area , including nearby Falls of the McCloud River , Burney Falls , Mossbrae Falls , Lake Siskiyou , Castle Lake and Shasta Lake . The town hosts Gold Rush Days every year in June . In addition , because it is the county seat of Siskiyou County , a number of businesses related to the County courts , County Recorder , and other official county functions are located in the city . Butte Valley National Grassland s located in northern Siskiyou County , near the Oregon border but is administered from Yreka offices . Government ( edit ) In the state legislature Yreka is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Ted Gaines , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . Federally , Yreka is in California 's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . Education ( edit ) Yreka is home to a branch campus of the College of the Siskiyous which hosts the Rural Health Science Institute and Administration of Justice programs . The College is one of 10 California Community Colleges to offer on campus lodging . High school buses carry students from towns that would not otherwise be able to fund a secondary education . In Yreka , the gold - mining era is commemorated with a gold museum , as well as with a remnant of a silver mining operation in Greenhorn Park . The Yreka Union High School District sports mascot is a gold miner . School colors are red and gold . Yreka High School was the first high school in the county , founded in 1894 . It currently has eleven feeder districts which serve the approximately 1,200 square miles ( 3,100 km ) county area . The Yreka elementary school district is composed of Evergreen Elementary as well as the Jackson Street Middle School . Media ( edit ) The city and county are served by a daily newspaper , the Siskiyou Daily News , as well as 13 FM and one AM station . Yreka Community Television Channel 4 ( commonly known as YCTV 4 ) is a small public - educational - and - government - access cable TV run by the city of Yreka . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Interstate 5 is the primary north - south route through Yreka , connecting Redding and Sacramento to the south , and the Oregon border to the north . Interstate 5 through the city follows the former path of the Siskiyou Trail , which stretched from California 's Central Valley to Oregon 's Willamette Valley . California State Route 3 runs east to Montague , and west to Fort Jones and Weaverville . California State Route 263 serves as a business loop of Interstate 5 through the northern part of the city . General aviation uses the Montague Airport in Montague , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) to the east . Notable people ( edit ) Jodi Ann Arias dropped out of high school in Yreka and was living there in June 2008 , when she drove to Mesa , Arizona to see her ex-boyfriend Travis Alexander , whom she was later convicted of murdering in his home . She was found guilty of first degree murder on May 8 , 2013 . Erik Bennett , Major League Baseball player , was born in Yreka . Charles Earl Bowles aka Black Bart robbed a number of stagecoaches on the trails leading to or from Yreka in the 1880s . Leander Clark , an Iowa state legislator and Union Army officer , prospected for gold in the Yreka area , returning home to the east coast via the isthmus of Panama in 1852 , $3,000 to $4,000 richer . Edward Silsby Farrington , United States federal judge was born in Yreka . Marco Grifantini , baseball player was born in Yreka . William Irwin , Siskiyou representative and later , Governor of the state of California . Ross McCloud was Siskiyou County surveyor in the middle 1850s and laid out for improvement many of the trails and road courses still in use today . Patrick F. McManus was a sutler killed in the Yreka area while hauling mail . Tim Meamber , American football player , was born in Yreka . Richie Myers , baseball player , was a resident of Yreka when he died there . John Otto was the first park custodian at Colorado National Monument , and had been a key advocate for its creation and its later inclusion in the National Park System spent his final 20 years on his mining claim near Yreka and was buried in a pauper 's grave . Eric Pianka , biologist , grew up in Yreka . Elijah Steele , an early Northern California pioneer , state legislator , and Indian agent who tried to prevent the Modoc War , lived in Yreka when he was Superior Court Judge for Siskiyou County from 1879 to 1883 . Palindromes ( edit ) `` Yreka Bakery '' is a palindrome . The loss of the `` B '' in a bakery sign read from the reverse is mentioned as a possible source of the name Yreka in Mark Twain 's autobiography . The original Yreka Bakery was founded in 1856 by baker Frederick Deng . The palindrome was recognized early on : `` spell Yreka Bakery backwards and you will know where to get a good loaf of bread '' is quoted as an ad in the Yreka Semi-Weekly Journal May 23 , 1863 and states that twelve loaves sold for $1 . The Yreka Bakery moved eventually to its long - time location , 322 West Miner Street , where it remained under several ownerships until it closed in 1965 on retirement of the baker `` Martin '' , and clerk Alta Hudson . Another Yreka Bakery reopened in a different location in 1974 , but is no longer in business . Author Martin Gardner mentioned that Yreka Bakery was in business on West Miner Street in Yreka , but it was pointed out by readers `` the Yreka Bakery no longer existed . In 1970 the original premises were occupied by the art store Yrella Gallery , also a palindrome '' . The historic building , the Brown - Nickell - Authenrieth Building , 322 -- 324 West Miner Street , currently houses a restaurant . See also ( edit ) Yreka Western Railroad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City of Yreka , CA . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yreka '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yreka ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 582 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3598 - 4 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Boomtown That Did n't Go Bust - A History of Early Yreka '' . Yreka Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the cities in Siskiyou County and a directory to their = http://www.snowcrest.net/siskiyoulibrary/cities.html '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Autobiography of Mark Twain . New York : Harper / Perennial Literary. 1990 . p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siskiyou History 1850 - 1874 '' . Siskiyou History Organization . 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Cleland ; Donald Y. East ( May 1 , 2007 ) . Yreka . Arcadia Publishing . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4735 - 0 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The corpse of Clyde Johnson . August 3 , 1935 . Yreka , California '' . Without Sanctuary lynching photos and history . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kulczyk , David ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Four Lynchings in One Day -- Yreka , California -- August 26 , 1895 '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Kulczyk ( August 1 , 2007 ) . California Justice : Shootouts , Lynchings and Assassinations in the Golden State . Word Dancer Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884995 - 54 - 5 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chief Frank R. Daw Dunsmuir Police Department , California Peace Officers Memorial Foundation , accessed July 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ California Mob Lynches Police Slayer , Omaha Bee - News , August 3 , 1936 , pages 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Allen ( 2000 ) . Without Sanctuary : Lynching Photography in America . Twin Palms . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944092 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ Without Sanctuary : Photographs and postcards of lynchings in America , 2000 - 2005 Photographic collection of James Allen and John Littlefield , images as published in Allen , James `` Without Sanctuary '' . Jump up ^ Nab suspect as slayer of police chief : Man long sought in Dunsmuir Crime in L.A. Jail , Lodi News - Sentinel , September 5 , 1936 , page 1 , accessed July 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ Associated Press , Hunted Bandit Busy in Movie , Spokesman - Review , Spokane Washington , September 16 , 1936 , page 9 Jump up ^ Smith , David ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Council names Yreka Phlox city flower '' . Siskiyou Daily News ... Jump up ^ Treatment from the Jepson Manual 1993 , University of California Press , 1993 , Regents of the University of California , accessed August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Google Maps : Directions from Yreka , California '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA - Yreka city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` West Miner Street - Third Street District '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yreka , Siskiyou County North Central / Northeast area , Shasta Cascade region Carnegie Libraries , 2009 , accessed August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Siskiyou County Museum website Archived January 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . accessed February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing '' . Visit Siskiyou County . VisitSiskiyou.org. 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , John ( 2005 ) . Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams , Updated and Revised . Guilford , CT : The Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 585 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Wade ( 2006 ) . Fly fishing and the meaning of life . St. Paul , MN : Voyageur Press . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 2575 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Butte Valley National Grassland '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Butte Valley National Grassland '' . Wdilernet . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Curry , Colleen , Jodi Arias Must Overcome Her Lies If She Testifies This Week , ABC News , January 29 , 2013 , accessed April 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lohr , David , Jodi Arias Case : Twists And Delays In Alleged Femme Fatale 's Murder Trial , The Huffington Post , December 29 , 2011 , accessed April 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Curry , Colleen , Jodi Arias Borrowed Gas Cans Day Before Killing Travis Alexander , Ex-Beau Says , ABC News , January 29 , 2013 , accessed April 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lohr , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Travis Alexander Murder : Trial Of Jodi Arias Opens '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Choy , Bill ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Erik Bennet returns home : Current Salt Lake pitching coach helps out at clinic '' . Siskiyou Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George Hoeper ( 1995 ) . Black Bart : Boulevardier Bandit . Quill Driver Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884995 - 05 - 7 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Transcribed by Iowa GenWeb Project ( 1883 ) . History of Tama County Chapter XIII . Springfield , Illinois : Union Publishing Company . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Farrington , Edward Silsby '' , Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 , retrieved August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Marco Grifantini - BR Bullpen '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.siskiyous.edu/shasta/bib/B13.htm '' . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2002 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` McManus , Patrick F. , House '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service Register . National Park Service . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Meamber , Pro-Football-Reference.com , 2013 , accessed July 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Obituary For : Richard Myers -- Girdner Funeral Chapel '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Otto - Colorado National Monument '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bazooka Injuries '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wells , Harry L. ( 1881 ) . `` http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~casiskiy/History/Biographies/esteele.htm '' . D.J. Stewart & Co. p. 92B & 92C . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ; David Mikkelson ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Yreka Bakery '' . Snopes . Snopes.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carey , Don ( April -- May 1983 ) . `` Yreka Bakery '' . Yreka Historic Preservation Corporation , Yreka Echoes . This article was quoting a column by editor Ed Foss in the Siskiyou Daily News , February 9 , 1973 Jump up ^ Tivoli , Brian ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` http://brainyplanet.com/index.php/Yreka%20Bakery%20solution '' . Brainy Planet . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Martin Gardner ( 1979 ) . Mathematical circus : more games , puzzles , paradoxes , & other mathematical entertainments from Scientific American ; with thoughts from readers , afterthoughts from the author , and 105 drawings & diagrams . Knopf . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local restaurant owner preserves history of building '' . January 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yreka Chamber of Commerce Siskiyou County Historical Society Siskiyou County Museum Siskiyou Daily News Images of Yreka from the Eastman 's Originals Collection , Special Collections Dept. , University of California , Davis . Yreka travel guide from Wikivoyage Yreka , California . Shasta Cascade Mountains Mount Shasta Lassen Peak Black Butte Castle Crags Chaos Crags Cinder Cone Hat Mountain Medicine Lake Volcano Schonchin Butte Shastina Mount Tehama Twin Buttes Bodies of Water Shasta Lake Trinity Lake Lake Almanor Eagle Lake Lake Oroville Lake Siskiyou Castle Lake Lake McCloud Manzanita Lake Lake Britton Whiskeytown Lake Rivers Sacramento River McCloud River Pit River Hat Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Big Chico Creek Klamath River Trinity River Shasta River Incorporated Cities Alturas Anderson Biggs Chico Corning Dorris Dunsmuir Etna Fort Jones Gridley Montague Mount Shasta City Oroville Paradise Portola Red Bluff Redding Shasta Lake City Susanville Tehama Weed Yreka Counties Butte Lassen Modoc Plumas Shasta Siskiyou Tehama Trinity Parks Lassen Volcanic NP Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity NRA Lava Beds NM Castle Crags Wilderness Mount Shasta Wilderness South Warner Wilderness Ahjumawi Lava Springs SP Bidwell - Sacramento River SP McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial SP Plumas - Eureka SP Bidwell Mansion SHP William B. Ide Adobe SHP Woodson Bridge SRA Municipalities and communities of Siskiyou County , California , United States County seat : Yreka Cities Dorris Dunsmuir Etna Fort Jones Montague Mount Shasta Tulelake Weed Yreka CDPs Carrick Edgewood Gazelle Greenview Grenada Happy Camp Hornbrook Macdoel McCloud Mount Hebron Tennant Unincorporated communities Bestville Big Springs Black Bear Black Butte Callahan Cecilville Cheeseville Forks of Salmon Hambone Hatfield ‡ Horse Creek Klamath River Little Shasta Oro Fino Pondosa Sawyers Bar Scott Bar Seiad Valley Somes Bar Indian reservation Quartz Valley Indian Community Ghost towns Deadwood Gullion 's Bar Hooperville Negro Flat Picard Wingate Bar Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties California county seats Consolidated city - county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville Radio stations in the Yreka , California area By FM frequency 88.7 89.3 90.7 91.1 91.3 92.1 93.7 94.3 98.9 100.1 101.7 102.3 103.9 106.5 By AM frequency 1490 By callsign KDOV KNSQ KNYR KRVC KSIZ KSOR KSYC KTMT - FM KVIP KZRO K204DM K207BU K214BS K216BD K221BK K232BH K269AT K293AU Nearby radio markets Crescent City Eureka Medford -- Ashland Redding Susanville / Sierra Nevada See also List of radio stations in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yreka,_California&oldid=815067476 '' Categories : Yreka , California Cities in Siskiyou County , California County seats in California Mining communities of the California Gold Rush Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in Siskiyou County , California Populated places established in 1851 Populated places established in 1857 1851 establishments in California 1857 establishments in California Incorporated cities and towns in California Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 37 . 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who is running for governor of vermont 2018			Vermont gubernatorial election , 2018	vermont gubernatorial election, 2018		Nominee Phil Scott Christine Hallquist Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Phil Scott Republican Elections in Vermont Federal offices ( show ) Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 ( Dem Rep ) 2012 2016 ( Dem ) U.S. Senate elections Class One 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 Class Three 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1980 1986 1992 1998 2016 U.S. House elections 1791 1793 1794 -- 1795 1796 1798 1800 1802 -- 1803 1804 -- 1805 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 2nd district , 1797 1st district , 1808 At - large , 1824 Senate , 1923 Senate , 1931 Senate , 1934 Senate , 1940 Senate , 1972 State offices ( show ) General elections 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Gubernatorial elections 1789 1868 1869 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Treasurer elections 2012 Auditor elections 2006 Legislative elections Senate 2018 House of Representatives 2018 Municipal offices ( show ) Mayoral elections City of Burlington 1865 1981 1985 1991 1995 1998 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 City of Rutland 2017 The 2018 Vermont gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Governor of Vermont , concurrently with the election of Vermont 's Class I U.S. Senate seat , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections . Incumbent Republican Governor Phil Scott , who was first elected in 2016 , has announced his intention to run for a second term in office . He was nominated again after winning the August 14th Republican primary election over challenger Keith Stern . Contents 1 Background 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 2.1. 3 Endorsements 2.2 Debates and forums 2.3 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Debates and forums 3.4 Results 4 Progressive primary 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Eliminated in primary 4.1. 1.1 Write - in 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Debates and forums 4.4 Results 5 Libertarian nomination 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Withdrawn 6 Liberty Union nomination 6.1 Candidates 6.1. 1 Declared 7 Independents 7.1 Candidates 7.1. 1 Declared 7.1. 1.1 Write - in 7.1. 2 Withdrawn 8 General election 8.1 Debates 8.2 Predictions 8.3 Endorsements 8.4 Polling 8.5 Results 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Along with New Hampshire , Vermont is one of only two states where governors are elected to two - year terms . Republican Phil Scott was elected in the 2016 election . Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Phil Scott , incumbent Governor Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Keith Stern , businessman Endorsements ( edit ) Debates and forums ( edit ) CCTV Channel 17 Republican Primary Forum for Governor 7 / 25 / 2018 WCAX Democratic + Republican forum 7 / 31 / 2018 Results ( edit ) Results by county : Scott -- 70 -- 80 % Scott -- 60 -- 70 % Scott -- 50 -- 60 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Phil Scott ( incumbent ) 24,042 65.4 Republican Keith Stern 11,617 31.6 Republican Blank votes 700 1.9 Republican Write - ins 401 Republican Overvotes 20 0.0 Total votes 36,780 100.0 Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Christine Hallquist , CEO of Vermont Electric Cooperative Eliminated in primary ( edit ) James Ehlers , executive director of Lake Champlain International and environmentalist John S. Rodgers , current State Senator from Essex County , former State Representative , and construction business owner ( write - in candidate ) Brenda Siegel , opioid epidemic and Brattleboro hurricane relief activist and worker , former community organizer for Bernie Sanders , southern Vermont nonprofit executive and founding director Ethan Sonneborn , freshman in high school who began his campaign when he was 13 years old . The election was held a few weeks before he entered his freshman year of high school . His campaign was focused on healthcare for all , the environment , economy , and education . Had he won , he would have been the youngest governor in American history . Vermont does not have a minimum age requirement for governor . Endorsements ( edit ) show James Ehlers Organizations AFL - CIO People Ben Cohen show Brenda Siegel Statewide and local politicians Mike Mrowicki , State Representative Tommy Walz , State Representative Businesses Vermont Green Grow Wellness Center Organizations Emerge Vermont SolutionsToWork People Mark Hughes , executive director of Justice for All , organizer of Poor Peoples Campaign VT Debates and forums ( edit ) Brattleboro Community TV Democratic Gubernatorial Candidates Forum 6 / 6 / 2018 CCTV Channel 17 Democratic Primary Forum for Governor hosted by VTDigger 8 / 2 / 2018 WCAX Democratic + Republican forum 7 / 31 / 2018 Results ( edit ) Results by county : Hallquist -- 60 -- 70 % Hallquist -- 50 -- 60 % Hallquist -- 40 -- 50 % Hallquist -- < 40 % Siegel -- 40 -- 50 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Christine Hallquist 27,622 39.8 Democratic James Ehlers 12,668 18.3 Democratic Brenda Siegel 12,260 17.7 Democratic Blank votes 7,997 11.5 Democratic Ethan Sonneborn 4,696 6.8 Democratic Write - ins ( other ) 3,074 4.4 Democratic John S. Rodgers ( write - in ) 950 1.4 Democratic Overvotes 68 0.1 Total votes 69,344 100.0 With this result , Christine Hallquist became the first openly transgender candidate for governor nominated by a major political party in the United States . Progressive primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Write - in ( edit ) Brenda Siegel ( also running in Democratic primary ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Brenda Siegel Statewide and local politicians Mike Mrowicki , State Representative Tommy Walz , State Representative Businesses Vermont Green Grow Wellness Center Organizations Emerge Vermont SolutionsToWork People Mark Hughes , executive director of Justice for All , organizer of Poor Peoples Campaign VT Debates and forums ( edit ) Brattleboro Community TV Meet the Candidates for VT Governor 7 / 18 / 2018 Results ( edit ) Vermont Progressive Party primary results Party Candidate Votes % Progressive Write - ins 365 60.8 Progressive Blank votes 199 33.2 Progressive Brenda Siegel ( write - in ) 35 6.0 Total votes 599 100.0 Libertarian nomination ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn ( edit ) Seth Cournoyer ( running for State Senate instead ) Liberty Union nomination ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Emily Peyton , candidate for governor in 2014 Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Trevor Barlow , business and startup executive and founder , coach , as well as community and nonprofit board volunteer Cris Ericson , activist and perennial candidate Charles Laramie , activist , roofing architect , school teacher , United States Navy veteran , and Vermont Air National Guard Stephen Marx , environmentalist Write - in ( edit ) Tarl Warwick , author and blogger , internet personality , and video producer on YouTube Withdrawn ( edit ) Joseph Barney , auto and agricultural mechanic , member of the Vermont Army National Guard , and school teacher General election ( edit ) Debates ( edit ) Complete video of debate , October 17 , 2018 Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of Politico Lean R October 9 , 2018 The Washington Post Likely R October 16 , 2018 FiveThirtyEight Solid R October 17 , 2018 Fox News Likely R October 9 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Safe R September 20 , 2018 The Cook Political Report Solid R September 17 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Safe R September 14 , 2018 Real Clear Politics Likely R August 9 , 2018 Daily Kos Safe R June 5 , 2018 Governing Safe R October 2 , 2018 Notes Jump up ^ The Fox News Midterm Power Rankings uniquely does not contain a category for Safe / Solid races Endorsements ( edit ) show Christine Hallquist ( D ) US Cabinet members and Cabinet - level officials Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States US Senators Cory Booker , US Senator ( D - NJ ) Elizabeth Warren , US Senator ( D - MA ) Bernie Sanders , US Senator ( I - VT ) Patrick Leahy , US Senator ( D - VT ) US Representatives Joe Kennedy III , US Representative ( D - MA - 4 ) Peter Welch , US Representative ( D - VT ) Statewide and local politicians Claire Ayer , State Senator Chris Bray , State Senator Joey Donovan , State Representative Alice Emmons , State Representative Helen Head , State Representative Matt Hill , State Representative Warren Kitzmiller , State Representative Gabe Lucke , State Representative Curt McCormack , State Representative Dick McCormack , State Senator Mary Sullivan , State Representative Individuals Misha Collins , actor and former White House intern Alexandria Ocasio - Cortez , educator and political activist ; Democratic nominee for NY - 14 in 2018 Labor unions Vermont - NEA Organizations Human Rights Campaign Justice Democrats LGBTQ Victory Fund LPAC show Phil Scott ( R ) Statewide and local politicians Rep. David Ainsworth Rep. Bob Bancroft Rep. Fred Baser Rep. Lynn Batchelor Rep. Scott Beck Senate Minority Leader Joe Benning Sen. Carolyn Branagan Rep. Pat Brennan Sen. Randy Brock Rep. Tom Burditt Rep. Bill Canfield Sen. Brian Collamore Rep. Larry Cupoli Rep. Dennis Devereux Rep. Lynn Dickinson Rep. Anne Donahue Gov. Jim Douglas ( former ) Lt gov . Brian Dubie ( former ) Rep. Peter Fagan Rep. Marty Feltus Sen. Peg Flory Rep. Bob Frenier Rep. Marianna Gamache Rep. Rodney Graham Rep. Jim Harrison Rep. Bob Helm Rep. Mark Higley Rep. Bernie Juskiewicz Rep. Brian Keefe Rep. Rob LaClair Rep. Richard Lawrence Rep. Paul Lefebvre Rep. Patti Lewis Rep. Michael Marcotte Rep. Marcia Martel Rep. Chris Mattos Rep. Pattie McCoy Rep. Topper McFaun Rep. Mary Morrissey Rep. Linda Myers Rep. Gary Nolan Rep. Corey Parent Rep. Chuck Pearce Rep. Connie Quimby Rep. Carl Rosenquist Rep. Brian Savage Rep. Heidi Scheuermann Rep. Butch Shaw Rep. Brian Smith Rep. Harvey Smith Sen. David Soucy Rep. Vicki Strong Rep. Tom Terenzini House Minority Leader Don Turner Rep. Warren Van Wyck Rep. Gary Viens Sen. Richie Westman Rep. Janssen Willhoit Rep. Kurt Wright Organizations National Federation of Independent Business show Declined to endorse Planned Parenthood Vermont Action Fund Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Phil Scott ( R ) Christine Hallquist ( D ) Other Undecided Braun Research October 5 -- 14 , 2018 495 ± 4.4 % 42 % 28 % 7 % 22 % Tulchin Research ( D - Vermont Democratic Party ) September 23 -- 26 , 2018 406 ± 4.9 % 50 % 42 % -- -- Results ( edit ) Vermont gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Phil Scott ( incumbent ) Democratic Christine Hallquist Liberty Union Emily Peyton Independent Cris Ericson Independent Trevor Barlow Independent Charles Laramie Independent Stephen Marx Write - in Write - ins Total votes 100.0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hallenbeck , Terri ; Heintz , Paul ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Republican Phil Scott Elected Governor of Vermont '' . Seven Days . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` Vermont Gubernatorial Candidate Keith Stern Discusses His Campaign '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Evans , Brad ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Transgender woman to run for governor of Vermont '' . WPTZ . Jump up ^ Trotta , Daniel . `` In first , transgender woman wins Democratic nomination for Vermont ... '' reuters.com . Jump up ^ Hirschfeld , Peter . `` Water Quality Advocate James Ehlers To Run For Governor , As Democrat '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` YCN Vermont Wrap with Keith Hanson 6 / 16 / 18 '' . YCN Now . 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Walters , John ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Walters : Anti-Poverty Advocate Launches Bid for Vermont Governor '' . Seven Days . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen - year - old runs for Governor of Vermont '' . Burlington Free Press . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullum , April ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the 14 - year - old running for Vermont governor '' . Burlington Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Adia ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` 14 - year - old is running to be Vermont 's next governor '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Luz Henning Santiago , Amanda ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` The website for Vermont 's 14 - year - old gubernatorial candidate has convinced me he 's fit for the job '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Letter : Mrowicki supports Siegel '' . reformer.com . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Siegel for Vermont '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Mark A. Hughes '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` : : Vermont Election Night Results : : '' . vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 15 August 2018 ) . `` Transgender candidate makes history with win in Vermont governor primary '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` : : Vermont Election Night Results : : '' . vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Vermont Libertarian Party Convention Summary '' . 2018 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/914034/2018-general-election-candidate-listing.xlsx Jump up ^ name = https://www.trevor4vt.com Jump up ^ https://www.laramieforvtgov.com/about Jump up ^ `` Candidates - Elections - Vermont Secretary of State '' . www.sec.state.vt.us . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Star Styxhexenhammer - aka Tarl Warwick - Running for Vermont Governor '' . thegoldwater.com . Jump up ^ Ourania ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` Popular YouTuber Tarl Warwick ( Styxhexenhammer666 ) Announces Write - In Candidacy for the Vermont ... '' . medium.com . Jump up ^ `` Barney joins Vermont governor 's race as independent '' . burlingtonfreepress.com . Jump up ^ `` Politico Race Ratings '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Post 's gubernatorial race ratings '' . The Washington Post . October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Forecast FiveThirtyEight '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Midterm Power Ranking '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Races '' . Real Clear Politics . August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Elections : As November Nears , More Governors ' Races Become Tossups '' . www.governing.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barack Obama . `` Today , I 'm proud to endorse even more Democratic candidates who are n't just running against something , but for something -- to expand opportunity for all of us and to restore dignity , honor , and compassion to public service . They deserve your vote : '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/01/vt-insights-hallquist-approved-obama-biden-warren-and-sanders/1336779002 Jump up ^ https://www.wcax.com/content/news/Vice-President-Joe-Biden-endorses-Christine-Hallquist-493933461.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.christineforvermont.com/supporters/ ^ Jump up to : `` Christine Hallquist - Posts '' . July 23 , 2018 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battipaglia , Helena ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' actor supports Democratic gubernatorial candidate '' . www.mynbc5.com . WPTZ . Jump up ^ Ocasio - Cortez , Alexandria ( @ Ocasio2018 ) ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Incredible and groundbreaking victory . Congratulations @ christineforvt & shout out to Vermont voters for continuing VT 's legacy of courageous inclusion & advocacy for all people '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tinney , Don ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Vermont - NEA Recommends Hallquist for Governor '' . www.vtnea.org . Vermont - NEA Board . Jump up ^ Peters , Stephen ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` HRC Endorses Christine Hallquist for Governor of Vermont Human Rights Campaign '' . Human Rights Campaign . Jump up ^ Byrne , Robert ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Victory Fund Endorses 24 More LGBTQ Candidates for 2018 , Spotlights Five New Historic Races '' . LGBTQ Victory Fund . LGBTQ Victory Fund . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Stephanie ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` LPAC Announces 5 New Endorsements for Local Office as Primaries Approach - LPAC '' . LPAC . 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when is the last time michigan made it to the final four	Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball 2018 -- 19 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team University University of Michigan First season 1909 All - time record 1,474 -- 1,034 (. 588 ) Head coach John Beilein ( 12th season ) Conference Big Ten Location Ann Arbor , Michigan Arena Crisler Center ( Capacity : 12,707 ) Nickname Wolverines Student section Maize Rage Colors Maize and Blue Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1989 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1965 , 1976 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1964 , 1965 , 1976 , 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 * , 1998 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1998 * , 2017 , 2018 Conference regular season champions 1921 , 1926 , 1927 , 1929 , 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 2012 , 2014 * vacated by NCAA	2018	Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball	michigan wolverines men's basketball	The Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Michigan . The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the university campus . Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments ( NIT ) , 14 Big Ten Conference championships and two Big Ten Tournament titles . In addition , it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions . The team is currently coached by John Beilein .	Michigan has had 31 All - Americans , selected 44 times . Eight of these have been consensus All - Americans , which are Cazzie Russell ( two times ) , Rickey Green , Gary Grant , Chris Webber , Trey Burke , as well as Harry Kipke , Richard Doyle and Bennie Oosterbaan ( two - times ) who were retroactively selected by the Helms Foundation . Twelve All - Americans have been at least two - time honorees . Russell was the only three - time All - American . Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball . Fifty - eight have been drafted into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ; twenty - six of those were first round draft picks , including both Cazzie Russell and Chris Webber who were drafted first overall . The 1990 NBA draft in which Rumeal Robinson was selected 10th , Loy Vaught was selected 13th , and Terry Mills was selected 16th made Michigan the third of only ten schools that have ever had three or more players selected in the first round of the same draft . Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times and eight players have become NBA All - Stars a total of 17 times . Rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions . Not only has Glen Rice won both an NBA and NCAA championship , he is also one of only nine basketball players to have won a state high school championship , NCAA title and NBA championship . During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal , described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history , when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $ 616,000 . Due to NCAA sanctions , records from the 1992 Final Four , the 1992 -- 93 season , and 1995 -- 99 seasons have been vacated . Throughout this article asterisks denote awards , records and honors that have been vacated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Michigan 's history 1.1 Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) 1.2 Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) 1.3 Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) 1.4 Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) 1.5 Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) 1.6 Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) 1.7 McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) 1.8 Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) 1.9 Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) 1.10 Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) 1.11 Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) 1.12 Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) 1.13 Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.14 Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) 1.15 Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) 2 Coaching Staff 3 Championships 3.1 NCAA National Championships 3.2 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 3.3 Big Ten Tournament Championships 4 Rivalries 4.1 Record against Big Ten opponents 5 Fab Five 6 Ed Martin scandal 7 Coaching records 8 Honored players and coaches 8.1 Retired numbers 8.2 Awards 9 Postseason 9.1 NCAA Tournament results 9.2 NCAA Tournament seeding history 9.3 NCAA Tournament round history 9.4 NIT results 10 Statistics 11 Rankings 12 Notes 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Michigan 's history ( edit ) See also : List of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball seasons Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) ( edit ) 1909 Michigan basketball team Richard Doyle , Michigan 's First All - American basketball player As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team , Michigan fielded a team of members of the then - current student body and achieved a 1 -- 4 record for the 1908 -- 09 season . However , after three years of demanding a basketball program , the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance . Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball . The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan . The team finished 6 -- 12 overall ( 0 -- 10 , Big Ten ) . The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16 -- 8 ( 5 -- 5 ) record . Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) ( edit ) E.J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach . After inheriting Mitchell 's team , which he led to a 10 -- 13 overall ( 3 -- 9 , Big Ten ) record during the 1919 -- 20 season , he led the team to an 18 -- 4 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) record during the 1920 -- 21 season . This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title . The team won back - to - back championships in 1925 -- 26 and 1926 -- 27 . The 1926 squad , which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team 's first All - American , tied with Purdue , the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship . The 1927 team had a new All - American , Bennie Oosterbaan , and won the school 's first back - to - back championships and first outright championship with a 14 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928 . Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) ( edit ) George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach . He earned 1st ( tied ) , 3rd and 2nd ( tied ) finishes during his three seasons , which included the 1928 -- 29 conference championship . During Veenker 's first season his team compiled a 13 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record to win the conference , and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season . The championship team , which finished tied with Wisconsin , was captained by the school 's third All - American Ernie McCoy . Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach . Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) ( edit ) Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four - time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923 . In 1928 , he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost 's assistant Athletic Director . Although the highlight of Cappon 's tenure as coach was a 16 -- 4 ( 9 -- 3 ) third place 1936 -- 37 Big Ten finish , he coached John Townsend who in his 1937 -- 38 senior season became last All - American for at least 10 years . The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10 -- 8 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) in 1932 -- 33 and 15 -- 5 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) 1935 -- 36 , and Cappon 's overall record was 78 -- 57 overall ( 44 -- 40 , Big Ten ) . A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933 -- 34 captain Ted Petoskey , a two - time football All - American end and eventual Major League Baseball player . Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) ( edit ) In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were assumed by one of its greatest athletes . Bennie Oosterbaan had been an All - American in both football and basketball and held various coaching positions at Michigan in both of those sports as well as baseball . In basketball , he implemented a fast - paced attack as coach , and his teams ' best overall record was 13 -- 7 in 1939 -- 40 . That season he tied with his final season for his best Big Ten record at 6 -- 6 . He resigned after eight seasons to concentrate on his football coaching duties . Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Under Ozzie Cowles , during the 1947 -- 48 season , Michigan ended the longest ( 19 years ) consecutive year period without a conference championship in school history . They also became the first contestants in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament during Cowles second of two seasons . The 1947 -- 48 team posted a 16 -- 6 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . This team also posted the first undefeated home performance in school history with a 9 -- 0 overall ( 6 -- 0 , Big Ten ) record . McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Ernie McCoy became the second former All - American Wolverine player to coach the team . Like Oosterbaan before him , he became a football and baseball coach at Michigan . He also served as assistant Athletic Director under Fritz Crisler . During his four seasons as basketball coach , Michigan 's best finish was during the 1948 -- 49 season when they finished 15 -- 6 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) and earned a third place Big Ten Conference finish . He coached Michigan 's first All - Big Ten basketball players that season in Pete Elliot and captain Bob Harrison who were both selected to the first team . Harrison returned the following season as the first repeat first - team All - Big Ten basketball player and Elliot was a second - team honoree . McCoy served as a football scout at the same time . Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) ( edit ) Bill Perigo took over the Michigan coaching job after having served three seasons as Western Michigan basketball coach . Despite previous success as a conference basketball champion coach at Western and subsequent success as a Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) champion basketball coach , his Michigan teams endured several mediocre seasons . His best Big Ten records came in 1956 -- 57 and 1958 -- 59 when his teams compiled 8 -- 6 conference records . The latter team was tied for second in the conference and was 15 -- 7 overall ( 8 -- 6 , Big Ten ) . It also had Perigo 's only first - team All - Big Ten athlete in M.C. Burton . Team captain and two - time football consensus All - American Ron Kramer was third - team All - Big Ten in 1957 after being second - team All - Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956 . Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) ( edit ) Dave Strack , a former team 1945 -- 46 captain , had become the freshman basketball team coach in 1948 and later had become a variety assistant to Perigo . He led the team to three consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1963 -- 66 and a third - place finish in the 1964 NCAA tournament . During 1964 -- 65 the team compiled a 24 -- 4 overall ( 13 -- 1 , Big Ten ) record while completing an undefeated 11 -- 0 overall ( 7 -- 0 , Big Ten ) home season and was the national runner - up , falling to John Wooden 's UCLA in the 1965 championship game . Strack earned United Press International ( UPI ) National Coach of the Year honors . The team ended the season listed number one in both the UPI and Associated Press ( AP ) national rankings . He recruited All - Americans Russell and Buntin to anchor his mid-1960s teams . Tomjanovich also became a Wolverine at the end of Strack 's career and became second team All - Big Ten in 1968 subsequent later stardom . The 1964 team , which went 23 -- 5 overall ( 11 -- 3 , Big Ten ) , tied with Ohio State with sophomore Russell and junior Buntin . In 1965 , Buntin became the first Wolverine to be drafted by the NBA . In 1966 , Russell led the team to its third straight conference championship and NCAA selection on his way to National Player of the Year honors . Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) ( edit ) In Johnny Orr 's twelve seasons , he twice ( 1973 -- 74 and 1976 -- 77 ) earned Big Ten Coach of the Year honors with Big Ten championships . His teams earned four consecutive NCAA selections from 1974 -- 77 . The 25 -- 7 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) 1976 team lost to an undefeated Indiana team in the NCAA championship game , and Orr earned National Association of Basketball Coaches Coach of the Year honors that season . The 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) 1977 team finished first in both the AP and UPI national rankings , and Orr won Basketball Weekly National Coach of the Year honors . During Orr 's tenure , six players earned a total of seven All - American recognitions , which is the most of any Michigan coach . Steve Grote became Michigan 's only three - time first - team Academic All - American from 1975 -- 77 and with a second team All Big Ten as well as three honorable mentions was the first four - time All - Big Ten honoree . Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Bill Frieder , who had been an assistant coach for seven years , took over from Orr in 1980 . He coached the school 's first post-season basketball champions during the 1983 -- 84 season and the following two teams were back - to - back conference champions . The 1983 -- 84 team compiled a 24 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 7 , Big Ten ) record on their way to a NIT championship victory over Notre Dame . The 1984 -- 85 team went 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) , which earned Frieder Big Ten and AP National Coach of the Year honors . The 1985 -- 86 team , which finished 28 -- 5 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) , started the season with sixteen victories to make a total of thirty - three consecutive regular season victories . Frieder earned five of Michigan 's six consecutive NCAA births from 1985 -- 90 , currently the longest streak in program history . Roy Tarpley led the 1985 team as Big Ten MVP . Frieder resigned , upon request , immediately prior to the 1989 NCAA tournament to assume the coaching job for the Arizona State Sun Devils men 's basketball team . Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Steve Fisher assumed the coaching position immediately before the 1989 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament from Frieder after having served and led the team to six straight victories and the championship . Fisher also signed the most famous recruiting class known as the Fab Five ( Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King and Ray Jackson ) . He would take these players to the NCAA championship game as Freshmen and Sophomores . In their sophomore 1992 -- 93 season they compiled a 31 -- 5 overall ( 15 -- 3 , Big Ten ) record , which has since been vacated . Fisher also won the 1997 NIT tournament with a team that compiled a 25 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 5 ) record . Many of Fisher 's accomplishments were tarnished by NCAA sanctions . He left the job due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Brian Ellerbe assumed the title of interim coach less than five months after becoming an assistant coach . He was named full - time coach following the 25 -- 9 ( 11 -- 5 ) 1997 -- 98 season in which he led the team to victories over Iowa , Minnesota and Purdue to capture the Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament championship . His subsequent teams never finished better than seventh in the conference . Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Tommy Amaker inherited a team that imposed sanctions on itself after his first year at the helm of the program . Nonetheless , he coached the team to the postseason three times including both an NIT championship in 2004 and a runner - up finish in 2006 . During the 2005 -- 06 , when the team compiled a 22 -- 11 overall ( 8 -- 8 , Big Ten ) record , he led them to their first national ranking in eight years when they reached the # 20 position . Despite his successes , the team never won a Big Ten Championship and never made the NCAA tournament , which led to his firing after six seasons . Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) John Beilein 's 10 -- 22 overall ( 5 -- 13 Big Ten ) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan 's history . However , in Beilein 's second season , the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top - five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke . Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament , its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995 . After upsetting Clemson in the first round , the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73 -- 63 . Following a disappointing 15 -- 17 season in 2009 -- 10 , the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011 , advancing to the round of 32 before losing to top - seeded Duke , 73 -- 71 . The 2010 -- 11 Wolverines , who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997 , finished the season 21 -- 14 . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans . It was the program 's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986 . The Wolverines finished the season 24 - 10 and 13 - 5 in conference play , losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament . The 2012 -- 13 Michigan team earned a # 1 ranking in the AP Poll on January 28 , 2013 , marking the first time since November 30 , 1992 , that Michigan held that position . The team also made program history for the best season start , at 21 -- 2 . On March 31 , The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79 -- 59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992 -- 93 season . The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61 -- 56 in the Final Four . In the 2013 National Championship game , the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82 -- 76 . The 2013 -- 14 team had another strong season , winning Michigan 's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament , where it lost to Kentucky , 75 -- 72 . During the 2016 -- 17 season , Beilein became the winningest coach in school history , passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win , 75 -- 55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament . Michigan went on to win the tournament , its first since the vacated 1998 title , winning four games in four days as the # 8 seed and capping it off with a 71 -- 56 championship victory over Wisconsin . During the 2017 -- 18 season , Beilein 's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back - to - back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history . The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State , 58 - 54 . The win improved the team 's record to 32 - 7 , marking a new school record for victories . The 2017 -- 18 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship , where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79 - 62 . Coaching Staff ( edit ) As of March 3 , 2018 Name Position coached Consecutive season at Michigan in current position John Beilein Head coach 11th Saddi Washington Assistant Coach 2nd DeAndre Haynes Assistant Coach 1st Luke Yaklich Assistant Coach 1st Chris Hunter Director of Basketball Operations 1st Jon Sanderson Head Strength and Conditioning Coach 7th Alex Wong , Mississippi , AT , ATC Athletic Trainer 3rd Bryan Smothers Graduate Assistant Devon Mulry Graduate Manager Reference : Championships ( edit ) NCAA National Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 1989 Steve Fisher Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) Seattle 30 -- 7 12 -- 6 National Championships Big Ten Regular Season Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1921 § E.J. Mather 18 -- 4 8 -- 4 1926 § E.J. Mather 12 -- 5 8 -- 4 1927 E.J. Mather 14 -- 3 10 -- 2 1929 § George Veenker 13 -- 3 10 -- 2 1948 Ozzie Cowles 16 -- 6 10 -- 2 1964 § Dave Strack 23 -- 5 11 -- 3 1965 Dave Strack 24 -- 4 13 -- 1 1966 Dave Strack 18 -- 8 11 -- 3 1974 § Johnny Orr 22 -- 5 12 -- 2 1977 Johnny Orr 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1985 Bill Frieder 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1986 Bill Frieder 28 -- 5 14 -- 4 2012 § John Beilein 24 -- 10 13 -- 5 2014 John Beilein 28 -- 9 15 -- 3 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 14 § -- Conference co-champions Big Ten Tournament Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 2017 John Beilein Wisconsin 71 -- 56 Washington , D.C. 26 -- 12 10 -- 8 2018 John Beilein Purdue 75 -- 66 New York City 33 -- 8 13 -- 5 Big Ten Tournament Championships * Later vacated by NCAA Rivalries ( edit ) Duke -- Michigan basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Ohio State basketball rivalry Record against Big Ten opponents ( edit ) Opponent Series record Illinois 84 * -- 87 ( 80 -- 87 ) Indiana 61 * -- 106 ( 58 -- 106 ) Iowa 94 * -- 63 ( 90 -- 63 ) Maryland 6 -- 6 Michigan State 100 * -- 81 ( 93 -- 81 ) Minnesota 93 * -- 66 ( 87 -- 66 ) Nebraska 15 * -- 3 ( 14 -- 3 ) Northwestern 112 * -- 59 ( 106 -- 59 ) Ohio State 78 * -- 102 ( 72 -- 102 ) Penn State 35 * -- 12 ( 29 -- 12 ) Purdue 71 * -- 88 ( 66 -- 88 ) Rutgers 10 -- 0 Wisconsin 94 * -- 71 ( 87 -- 71 ) Total 853 * -- 745 ( 798 -- 745 ) Totals through March 4 , 2018 Fab Five ( edit ) The Fab Five during their sophomore year , Crisler Arena , Ann Arbor , Michigan . From left to right , Jimmy King , Jalen Rose , Chris Webber , Ray Jackson , Juwan Howard . The Fab Five , the 1991 recruiting class of five freshman starters , were Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King , and Ray Jackson . They were notable for having gone to the championship game of the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament as freshmen and sophomores , for having started the trend of wearing baggy gym shorts , which was later popularized by Michael Jordan , and for wearing black athletic socks . Due to the Ed Martin scandal , the records from their 1992 Final Four appearance and the entire following season have been forfeited . Although Webber was the only member of the Fab Five officially implicated with the scandal , the reputation of the whole group has been tarnished . Webber ( 1993 ) , Howard ( 1994 ) and Rose ( 1992 , 1994 ) were college basketball All - Americans . and both King ( 1995 3rd team and 1993 & 1994 honorable mention ) and Jackson ( 1995 2nd team & 1994 honorable mention ) achieved All - Big Ten honors . All but Jackson played in the NBA . They were the subject of Mitch Albom 's book entitled Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream , which at one point was under development by Fox Television as a made - for - television movie . In March 2011 ESPN broadcast a documentary , Fab Five , that was the network 's highest - rated in its history . Ed Martin scandal ( edit ) Main article : University of Michigan basketball scandal During the University of Michigan basketball scandal the Big Ten Conference , National Collegiate Athletic Association , Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service , and United States Department of Justice investigated the relationship between the University of Michigan , its men 's basketball teams and basketball team booster Ed Martin . The program was punished for NCAA rules violations , principally involving payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation . It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history . It was described as one of the three or four worst violations of NCAA bylaws in history up to that time by the NCAA infractions committee chairman and the largest athlete payment scandal ever by ESPN . The case began when the investigation of an automobile rollover accident during Mateen Cleaves ' 1996 Michigan Wolverines recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the team . Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 several were called before a federal grand jury . Four eventual professional basketball players ( Chris Webber , Maurice Taylor , Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock ) were discovered to have borrowed a total of $616,000 from Martin . During the investigation , Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin . Eventually he confessed to having accepted some of the money he was charged with having borrowed . For his perjury during a federal grand jury investigation , he was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by National Basketball Association after performing public service . In 2002 , the University punished itself when it became apparent that its players were guilty by declaring itself ineligible for post season play immediately , returning post season play monetary rewards , vacating five seasons of games , removing commemorative banners , and placing itself on a two - year probation . The following year , the NCAA accepted these punishments , doubled both the probation period and the post-season ineligibility , penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons , and ordered disassociation from the four guilty players until 2012 . The disasociation formally ended on May 8 , 2013 . The additional year of post-season ineligibility was overturned on appeal . The punishment cost the 17 -- 13 2002 -- 03 team its post-season eligibility , cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament championships as well as 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Final Four recognition . It cost Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament , as well as Bullock 's standing as the school 's third all - time leading scorer and all - time leader in 3 - point field goals . Steve Fisher lost his job as Michigan head coach as a result of the scandal . Coaching records ( edit ) Overall Conference Coach Years Record Pct . Record Pct . Note George D. Corneal 1908 -- 09 1 -- 4 . 200 Elmer Mitchell 1917 -- 19 22 -- 20 . 524 5 -- 15 . 250 E.J. Mather 1919 -- 28 108 -- 53 . 671 64 -- 43 . 598 3 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championships ( 1921 , 1926 , 1927 ) George Veenker 1928 -- 31 35 -- 12 . 745 24 -- 10 . 706 1929 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Frank Cappon 1931 -- 38 78 -- 57 . 578 44 -- 40 . 524 Bennie Oosterbaan 1938 -- 46 81 -- 72 . 529 40 -- 59 . 404 Osborne Cowles 1946 -- 48 28 -- 14 . 667 16 -- 8 . 667 1948 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Ernest McCoy 1948 -- 52 40 -- 47 . 460 18 -- 34 . 346 William Perigo 1952 -- 60 78 -- 100 . 438 38 -- 78 . 328 Dave Strack 1960 -- 68 113 -- 89 . 559 58 -- 54 . 518 3 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 1964 , 1965 ) Johnny Orr 1968 -- 80 209 -- 113 . 649 120 -- 72 . 625 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1974 , 1977 ) , 1976 Final Four Bill Frieder 1980 -- 89 191 -- 87 . 687 98 -- 64 . 605 1984 National Invitation Tournament Championship , 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1985 , 1986 ) Steve Fisher 1989 -- 97 184 * -- 82 * 108 -- 53 . 692 * . 671 88 * -- 56 * 54 -- 36 . 611 * . 600 1989 NCAA Tournament Championship , 3 Final Fours ( 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * ) , 1997 National Invitation Tournament Championship * Brian Ellerbe 1997 -- 2001 62 * -- 60 * 25 -- 32 . 508 * . 439 26 * -- 38 * 10 -- 22 . 406 * . 313 1998 Big Ten Tournament Championship * Tommy Amaker 2001 -- 07 109 -- 83 . 568 43 -- 53 . 448 2004 National Invitation Tournament Championship John Beilein 2007 -- present 248 -- 143 . 634 111 -- 87 . 561 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 2012 , 2014 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 2013 , 2018 ) , 2 Big Ten Tournament Championships ( 2017 , 2018 ) Total 1908 -- 09 1917 -- present 1587 -- 1038 * 1474 -- 1034 . 605 * . 588 793 * -- 711 * 744 -- 711 . 527 * . 511 Honored players and Coaches ( edit ) Below are lists of important players and coaches in the history of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball . It includes lists of major awards and retired numbers . The honors include : Helms Foundation Player of the Year , UPI Player of the Year , Sporting News Player of the Year , Naismith Trophy , Wooden Award , Associated Press Player of the Year , NABC Player of the Year , Oscar Robertson Trophy , NCAA Tournament MOP , National Invitation Tournament MVP , Big Ten Tournament MVP , Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball , Big Ten Player of the Year , All - America , Wayman Tisdale Award , Bob Cousy Award , UPI Coach of the Year , Henry Iba Award , NABC Coach of the Year , AP Coach of the Year . Retired numbers ( edit ) Michigan Wolverines retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 22 Bill Buntin PF , C 1962 -- 65 January 7 , 2006 33 Cazzie Russell SG , SF 1963 -- 66 December 11 , 1993 35 Phil Hubbard PF , C 1975 -- 79 January 11 , 2004 41 Glen Rice SF 1985 -- 89 February 20 , 2005 45 Rudy Tomjanovich PF 1967 -- 70 February 8 , 2003 Awards ( edit ) National Player of the Year 1966 -- Cazzie Russell ( AP , USBWA , UPI , Helms , The Sporting News ) 2013 -- Trey Burke ( AP , USBWA , NABC , Naismith , Wooden ) Wayman Tisdale Award 1992 -- Chris Webber Bob Cousy Award 2013 -- Trey Burke NCAA Tournament MOP 1989 -- Glen Rice National Invitation Tournament MVP 1984 -- Tim McCormick 1997 -- Robert Traylor * 2004 -- Daniel Horton Big Ten Tournament MVP 1998 -- Robert Traylor * 2017 -- Derrick Walton 2018 -- Moe Wagner Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball 1965 -- Cazzie Russell 1966 -- Cazzie Russell 1974 -- Campy Russell 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice Big Ten Player of the Year 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice 2013 -- Trey Burke 2014 -- Nik Stauskas Big Ten Freshman of the Year 1985 -- Gary Grant 1992 -- Chris Webber 1995 -- Maurice Taylor 2000 -- LaVell Blanchard 2003 -- Daniel Horton 2012 -- Trey Burke Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year 1987 -- Gary Grant 1988 -- Gary Grant All - Americans 1924 -- Harry Kipke ( c 1924 ) 1926 -- Richard Doyle ( c 1926 ) 1927 -- 28 -- Bennie Oosterbaan ( c 1927 , 1928 ) 1929 -- Ernie McCoy 1929 -- Joseph Truskowski 1937 -- 38 -- John Townsend 1948 -- Pete Elliott 1957 -- Ron Kramer 1964 -- 65 -- Bill Buntin 1964 -- 66 -- Cazzie Russell ( c 1965 , 1966 ) 1970 -- Rudy Tomjanovich 1971 -- 72 -- Henry Wilmore 1974 -- Campy Russell 1975 -- C.J. Kupec 1976 -- 77 -- Rickey Green ( c 1977 ) 1977 -- Phil Hubbard 1981 -- Mike McGee 1981 -- Eric Turner 1985 -- 86 -- Roy Tarpley 1987 -- 88 -- Gary Grant ( c 1988 ) 1988 -- 89 -- Glen Rice 1990 -- Terry Mills 1990 -- Rumeal Robinson 1990 -- Loy Vaught 1992 -- Jalen Rose 1992 -- 93 -- Chris Webber ( c 1993 ) 1994 -- Juwan Howard 1994 -- Jalen Rose 1998 -- Louis Bullock 1998 -- Robert Traylor 2012 -- 13 -- Trey Burke ( c 2013 ) 2014 -- Nik Stauskas National Coach of the Year 1965 -- Dave Strack ( UPI ) 1976 -- Johnny Orr ( NABC , USBWA ) 1977 -- Johnny Orr ( Basketball Weekly ) 1985 -- Bill Frieder ( AP , Basketball Weekly ) 1992 -- Steve Fisher ( Basketball Times ) Big Ten Coach of the Year 1974 -- Johnny Orr 1977 -- Johnny Orr 1985 -- Bill Frieder 2014 -- John Beilein Post-season ( edit ) NCAA Tournament results ( edit ) The University of Michigan has an all - time 59 -- 27 * ( 52 -- 23 ) record overall and 1 -- 6 * ( 1 -- 4 ) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28 * ( 24 ) appearances . Glen Rice holds the NCAA single - tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989 . The 1992 Final Four and all 1993 , 1996 , & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . Year Round Opponent Result 1948 Elite Eight Regional Third Place Holy Cross Columbia L 43 -- 63 W 66 -- 49 1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Third Place Loyola Chicago Ohio Duke Kansas State W 84 -- 80 W 69 -- 57 L 80 -- 91 W 100 -- 90 1965 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Dayton Vanderbilt Princeton UCLA W 98 -- 71 W 87 -- 85 W 93 -- 76 L 80 -- 91 1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Western Kentucky Kentucky W 80 -- 79 L 77 -- 84 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Notre Dame Marquette W 77 -- 68 L 70 -- 72 First Round UCLA L 91 -- 103 1976 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Wichita State Notre Dame Missouri Rutgers Indiana W 74 -- 73 W 80 -- 76 W 95 -- 88 W 86 -- 70 L 68 -- 86 1977 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Holy Cross Detroit Charlotte W 92 -- 81 W 86 -- 81 L 68 -- 75 1985 First Round Second Round Fairleigh Dickinson Villanova W 59 -- 55 L 55 -- 59 1986 First Round Second Round Akron Iowa State W 70 -- 64 L 69 -- 72 First Round Second Round Navy North Carolina W 97 -- 82 L 97 -- 109 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Boise State Florida North Carolina W 63 -- 58 W 108 -- 85 L 69 -- 78 1989 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Xavier South Alabama North Carolina Virginia Illinois Seton Hall W 92 -- 87 W 91 -- 82 W 92 -- 87 W 102 -- 65 W 83 -- 81 W 80 -- 79 First Round Second Round Illinois State Loyola Marymount W 76 -- 70 L 115 -- 149 1992 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Temple East Tennessee State Oklahoma State Ohio State Cincinnati Duke W 73 -- 66 W 102 -- 90 W 75 -- 72 W 75 -- 71 W 76 -- 72 L 51 -- 71 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Coastal Carolina UCLA George Washington Temple Kentucky North Carolina W 84 -- 53 W 86 -- 84 W 72 -- 64 W 77 -- 72 W 81 -- 78 L 71 -- 77 1994 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Pepperdine Texas Maryland Arkansas W 78 -- 74 W 84 -- 79 W 78 -- 71 L 68 -- 76 1995 First Round Western Kentucky L 76 -- 82 First Round Texas L 76 -- 80 1998 First Round Second Round Davidson UCLA W 80 -- 61 L 82 -- 85 2009 First Round Second Round Clemson Oklahoma W 62 -- 59 L 63 -- 73 2011 Second Round Third Round Tennessee Duke W 75 -- 45 L 71 -- 73 2012 Second Round Ohio L 60 -- 65 2013 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship South Dakota State VCU Kansas Florida Syracuse Louisville W 71 -- 56 W 78 -- 53 W 87 -- 85 W 79 -- 59 W 61 -- 56 L 76 -- 82 2014 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Wofford Texas Tennessee Kentucky W 57 -- 40 W 79 -- 65 W 73 -- 71 L 72 -- 75 2016 First Four First Round Tulsa Notre Dame W 67 -- 62 L 63 -- 70 2017 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Oklahoma State Louisville Oregon W 92 -- 91 W 73 -- 69 L 68 -- 69 2018 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Montana Houston Texas A&M Florida State Loyola -- Chicago Villanova W 61 -- 47 W 64 -- 63 W 99 -- 72 W 58 -- 54 W 69 -- 57 L 62 -- 79 1989 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 14 Xavier 92 -- 87 Round # 2 # 11 South Alabama 91 -- 82 Sweet 16 # 2 North Carolina 92 -- 87 Elite 8 # 5 Virginia 102 -- 65 Final 4 # 1 Illinois 83 -- 81 Championship # 3 Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition . The 64 - team field started in 1985 , which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games . Years → ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 95 ' 96 ' 98 ' 09 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 9 6 9 7 10 8 11 7 NCAA Tournament round history ( edit ) Round Record Most Recent Appearance National Championship 1 -- 6 2018 National Third Place 1 -- 0 1964 Final Four 7 -- 1 2018 Elite Eight 8 -- 6 2018 Regional Third Place 1 -- 0 1948 Sweet Sixteen 13 -- 2 2018 Round of 32 11 -- 8 2018 Round of 64 17 -- 4 2018 First Four 1 -- 0 2016 NIT results ( edit ) In 10 * ( 9 ) National Invitation Tournament appearances , Michigan is 25 * -- 7 ( 20 -- 7 ) overall all - time and 3 * -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) in the championship game . 16 * -- 0 ( 14 -- 0 ) at Crisler Arena and 8 * -- 2 ( 6 -- 2 ) at Madison Square Garden . The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . Year Round Opponent Result 1971 First Round Quarterfinals Syracuse Georgia Tech W 86 -- 76 L 70 -- 78 1980 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Nebraska UTEP Virginia W 76 -- 69 W 75 -- 65 L 68 -- 79 1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Duquesne Toledo Syracuse W 74 -- 58 W 80 -- 68 L 76 -- 91 1984 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Wichita State Marquette Xavier Virginia Tech Notre Dame W 94 -- 70 W 83 -- 70 W 63 -- 62 W 78 -- 75 W 83 -- 63 1991 First Round Colorado L 64 -- 71 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Miami FL Oklahoma State Notre Dame Arkansas Florida State W 76 -- 63 W 75 -- 65 W 67 -- 66 W 77 -- 62 W 82 -- 73 2000 First Round Notre Dame L 65 -- 75 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Missouri Oklahoma Hawaii Oregon Rutgers W 65 -- 64 W 63 -- 52 W 88 -- 73 W 78 -- 53 W 62 -- 55 2006 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals UTEP Notre Dame Miami FL Old Dominion South Carolina W 82 -- 67 W 87 -- 84 W 71 -- 65 W 66 -- 43 L 64 -- 76 2007 First Round Second Round Utah State Florida State W 68 -- 58 L 66 -- 87 Statistics ( edit ) National records Most different players to make a Three - point field goal in game : 9 vs. Eastern Michigan , December 13 , 2008 ( tied Dartmouth , 1993 ) Combined team rebounds : 152 , Michigan ( 57 ) vs. Indiana ( 95 ) March 11 , 1961 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game rebounds ( Since 1973 ) : 26 -- Phil Hubbard , Michigan vs. Detroit , RSF , Mar 17 , 1977 Single - year points 184 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year field goals made 75 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year three - point field goals made 27 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Career three - point field goals percentage ( Minimum 30 made ) 56.5 % ( 35 -- 62 ) -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1986 -- 89 ( 13 games ) Single - game points , Both Teams 264 -- Loyola Marymount ( 149 ) vs. Michigan ( 115 ) , 2nd R , Mar 18 , 1990 Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( in a final four ) : 0 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( final four ) : 4 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Single - game assists ( in a championship game ) : 11 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan vs. Seton Hall , March 4 , 1989 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( championship game ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Fewest single - game free throws made ( in a win ) , team : 0 , Michigan vs. Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( championship game ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Biggest margin of victory in 8 vs. 9 match - up : 30 , Michigan vs. Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Single - year two - game assists ( final four ) : 23 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan , 1989 Selected former NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game free throws made ( final four ) : 15 , Bill Buntin , Michigan vs. Kansas State , N3d , Mar 21 , 1964 ( broken Mar 20 , 1965 ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( final four ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken March 4 , 1993 ) Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( final four ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken January 4 , 2006 ) Most single - game players disqualified , team ( championship game ) : 3 , Michigan vs. UCLA , Mar 20 , 1965 ( broken Mar 31 , 1997 ) Single - year two - game assists , team ( final four ) : 42 , Michigan , 1989 ( broken 1990 ) National statistical champions Team field goal percentage : 54.6 % ( 1198 of 2196 ) , 1988 ; 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) , 1989 Selected notable statistics 30 - win seasons : 2018 ( 33 ) , 2013 ( 31 ) , 1993 * ( 31 ) , 1989 ( 30 ) 1989 team continues to rank second in single - season team field goal percentage : 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) . Current Big Ten records Career field goals attempted : Mike McGee ( 2077 , 1978 -- 81 ) Career three point field goals made : Louis Bullock ( 339 * , 1996 -- 99 ) Single - game three point field goals percentage ( 100 % most made ) : Glen Rice ( 7 of 7 , vs. Wisconsin February 25 , 1989 ) Single - season points , team : ( 3393 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 55 , vs. Iowa October 3 , 1990 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1325 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goals attempted , team : ( 2341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team : (. 566 , 1,325 of 2,341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) : (. 561 , 606 of 1,080 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team : ( 42 , vs. Florida Gulf Coast December 22 , 2008 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 40 , at Indiana 1 / 7 / 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team : ( 912 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 471 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season rebounds , team : ( 1521 , 1964 -- 65 ) Single - game assists , team : ( 37 , vs. Western Michigan July 12 , 1987 and vs. Eastern Michigan December 12 , 1987 ) Single - game assists , team ( conference games only ) : ( 36 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 745 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game blocked shots , team : ( 18 , vs. Florida Southern July 12 , 1985 ) Single - season free throw percentage ( conference games only ) : Daniel Horton (. 978 ( 89 of 91 ) , 2006 ) Single - season personal fouls , team : ( 456 , 1953 ) Single - season overtime games : ( 6 , 1981 ) Selected former Big Ten records Career points : Mike McGee ( 2439 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1989 ) , Glen Rice ( 2442 , 1985 -- 89 , broken in 1993 ) Career points ( conference games only ) : McGee ( 1503 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1995 ) Single - game field goals made : John Tidwell ( 20 , vs. Minnesota April 3 , 1961 , broken February 16 , 1963 ) Single - season field goals made : Cazzie Russell ( 308 , 1965 -- 66 , broken 1981 ) , McGee ( 309 , 1980 -- 81 , broken in 1986 ) Career field goals made : Russell ( 839 , 1964 -- 66 , broken 1970 ) , McGee ( 1010 , 1978 -- 81 , broken in 1993 ) Single - game three point field goals made : Garde Thompson ( 9 , vs. Navy December 3 , 1987 , broken February 23 , 2003 ) Single - game points , team : 128 ( vs. Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 30 , 2006 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 52 , vs. Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 19 , 1972 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1198 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 694 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season blocked shots , team : ( 193 , 1992 -- 93 * , surpassed 2000 ) Single - season field goals made per game ( conference games only ) : Russell ( 13.0 ( 182 in 14 ) , 1966 , broken 1969 ) Single - season rebounds ( total and per game ) ( conference games only ) : M.C. Burton ( 249 in 14 games , 1959 , broken 1960 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 92.9 ( 1965 ( 1,300 in 14 ) , broken 1966 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 95.4 ( 1966 ( 1,336 in 14 ) , broken 1969 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 434 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) :. 875 ( 7 of 8 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 , broken April 2 , 1988 ) Big Ten statistical champions ( individual ) Scoring ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1928 Bennie Oosterbaan 129 ; 1959 M.C. Burton 22.6 ; 1966 Cazzie Russell 33.2 ; 1974 Campy Russell 24.0 ; 1988 Glen Rice 22.9 ; 1989 Rice 24.8 Field goal Percentage ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1966 Cazzie Russell . 542 ; 1967 Dave McClellan . 588 ; 1971 Ken Brady . 617 ; 1975 John Robinson . 603 ; 1979 Marty Bodnar . 603 ; 1989 Loy Vaught . 677 ; 2001 Chris Young . 640 ( all games ) ; 2006 Courtney Sims . 633 ( all games ) Three point field goals : 1989 Glen Rice 55 ( conference games ) ; 1991 Demetrius Calip 48 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 51 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid 49 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock 101 * ( all games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 93 * ( all games ) Three point field goal percentage : 1998 Louis Bullock . 481 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid . 458 ( conference games ) ; 2003 LaVell Blanchard . 433 ( conference games ) Free throw percentage : 1975 C.J. Kupec . 880 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock . 893 * ( conference games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 978 ( conference games ) ; 2007 Dion Harris . 873 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock . 911 * ( all games ) ; 1999 Louis Bullock . 864 * ( all games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 901 ( all games ) Rebounds : 1959 M.C. Burton 17.8 ( conference games ) ; 1963 Bill Buntin 15.4 ( conference games ) ; 1969 Rudy Tomjanovich 12.8 ( conference games ) ; 1970 Rudy Tomjanovich 16.2 ( conference games ) ; 1985 Roy Tarpley 9.9 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 10.7 ( conference games ) ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 9.8 * ( conference games ) ; 1993 Chris Webber 9.7 * ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 11.2 ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 10.0 * ; 1993 Chris Webber 10.1 * Assists : 1988 Gary Grant 6.5 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Rumeal Robinson 6.1 ( all games ) ; 2013 Trey Burke 6.7 ( all games ) Steals : 1987 Gary Grant 2.67 ( conference games ) ; 1988 Gary Grant 2.72 ( conference games ) Blocked shots : 1986 Roy Tarpley 2.50 ( conference games ) ; 1989 Terry Mills 1.22 ( conference games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.67 ( conference games ) ; 2004 Courtney Sims 2.00 ( all games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.88 ( all games ) Big Ten statistical champions ( team , conference games only ) Scoring offense : 1946 55.1 , 1965 92.9 , 1966 95.4 , 1971 88.4 , 1972 81.8 , 1976 85.8 , 1977 83.2 , 1987 86.7 , 1989 87.8 , 1997 * 73.3 , Scoring defense : 1948 46.3 , 1952 56.2 , 1964 75.5 Scoring margin : 1948 7.6 , 1964 10.3 , 1965 12.2 , 1966 9.9 , 1977 9.4 , 1985 8.8 , 1986 10.6 , 1989 10.3 Field goal percentage offense : 1966 48.9 , 1972 45.3 , 1976 52.1 , 1989 56.1 , 2013 46.9 , 2017 48.3 Field goal percentage defense : 1995 39.4 Three point field goals : 1987 89 , 1989 103 , 1991 118 , 1998 * 121 , 2009 151 Three point field goal percentage : 1998 40.1 , 2003 37.5 Free throw percentage : 1958 73.4 , 1975 75.8 , 2017 77.9 Rebounds : 1963 49.0 , 1965 49.5 , 1972 51.6 , 1983 34.4 , 1986 35.1 , 1992 38.2 , 1993 * 40.9 Rebounding margin : 1986 5.8 , 1992 5.8 , 1993 * 7.6 , 2004 3.4 Steals : 1986 8.61 Blocked shots : 1986 3.94 , 1993 * 5.0 , 2004 4.31 , 2008 4.28 Turnover margin : 2017 3.4 Rankings ( edit ) Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013 . Entering the 2013 -- 14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana ( 54 ) and Ohio State ( 37 ) . Two Michigan teams ( December 14 , 1964 87 -- 85 over Wichita State at Detroit and December 13 , 1997 81 -- 73 over Duke at home ) have defeated the number one ranked team . The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll : ' Preseason Peak Final Weeks ranked Weeks @ # 1 Top 10 Poll 1963 -- 64 8 15 / 15 0 1964 -- 65 15 / 15 10 1965 -- 66 9 10 / 15 0 1966 -- 67 NR 5 NR 3 / 15 0 Top 20 Poll 1970 -- 71 NR 12 NR 4 / 16 0 1971 -- 72 13 9 NR 4 / 16 0 1972 -- 73 19 18 NR 3 / 16 0 1973 -- 74 NR 6 6 12 / 18 0 1974 -- 75 17 11 19 8 / 19 0 1975 -- 76 16 9 9 16 / 17 0 1976 -- 77 17 / 17 8 1977 -- 78 13 9 NR 4 / 17 0 1978 -- 79 8 6 NR 8 / 17 0 1980 -- 81 NR 9 NR 11 / 16 0 1983 -- 84 NR 15 NR 2 / 17 0 1984 -- 85 NR 12 / 17 0 1985 -- 86 5 17 / 17 0 1987 -- 88 9 7 10 17 / 17 0 1988 -- 89 10 18 / 18 0 Top 25 Poll 1989 -- 90 13 17 / 17 0 1991 -- 92 20 11 15 18 / 18 0 1992 -- 93 18 / 18 1993 -- 94 5 11 18 / 18 0 1994 -- 95 16 13 NR 5 / 18 0 1995 -- 96 17 16 NR 13 / 18 0 1996 -- 97 9 NR 16 / 18 0 1997 -- 98 NR 12 12 12 / 18 0 2005 -- 06 NR 21 NR 2 / 19 0 2008 -- 09 NR 23 NR 3 / 19 0 2009 -- 10 15 15 NR 3 / 20 0 2011 -- 12 18 10 13 19 / 19 0 2012 -- 13 5 T -- 10 19 / 19 2013 -- 14 7 7 7 13 / 19 0 2014 -- 15 24 17 NR 4 / 19 0 2015 -- 16 25 24 NR 2 / 19 0 2016 -- 17 NR 23 23 2 / 19 0 2017 -- 18 NR 7 7 9 / 19 0 Notes ( edit ) ^ a : * designates records and awards forfeited due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by coach NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament all - time team records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Style Guide : Colors '' . Office of Global Communications , University of Michigan . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Triple Crown '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amaker fired : Failure to reach NCAA tourney costs Michigan coach '' . SI.com . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 192 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 192 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 193 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 147 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 195 -- 6 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 196 -- 8 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 146 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Frieder Is Dropped For Taking A New Job '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 200 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher fired , basketball program needs higher standards , Goss says '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan forfeits victories from five seasons '' . ESPN . November 11 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Places Seven Teams in NCAA Championship : Illinois , Michigan , Michigan State , Minnesota , Ohio State , Purdue , and Wisconsin all selected to participate '' . CBS Interactive . March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Oklahoma 73 , Michigan 63 ( recap ) '' . ESPN . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan earns No. 1 spot for first time since 1992 -- 93 '' . Michigan Daily . Jan 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Men 's Basketball Coaches '' . MGoBlue.com . University of Michigan . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five anniversary falls short of fondness '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( November 17 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five glory has turned into gloomy story at Michigan '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fab Five Legacy Hides in a Historical Library '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Connor ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Reflecting on the Fab Five '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Forgetting The Fab Five Is Impossible '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 13 -- 21 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 24 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream '' . Barnesandnoble.com llc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Author of the Month : Mitch Albom '' . AuthorsOnTheWeb.com . September 2003 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( August 30 , 2003 ) . `` Scandal wo n't keep Amaker from rebuilding Michigan '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hakim , Danny ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` COLLEGES ; N.C.A.A. Bars Michigan From Next Postseason '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ROUNDUP : N.B.A. ; Anthony Leads Nuggets To Victory Over 76ers '' . The New York Times . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS BRIEFING : BASKETBALL -- Finley Picks Spurs '' . The New York Times . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Michigan Punishes Basketball Program '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` NCAA slaps U-M with more penalties '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohan , Tim ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` A Fresh Five Push Michigan Into the Title Picture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NCAA 's Infractions Appeals Committee : Recent Case History ( and Now a New Chapter ? ) '' . Berkeley Electronic Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heuser , John ( September 25 , 2003 ) . `` U-M basketball wins NCAA appeal : Team will be allowed to play postseason games in 2004 '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Blue retires Rice 's jersey '' , The Michigan Daily , February 21 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 150 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Tournament History '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Individual records -- single Tournament '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NCAA Tournament '' ( PDF ) . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History -- NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship '' . ncaahistory.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Harold , Nick Loucks and Chris Fallica ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Counting down the most prestigious programs since 1984 -- 85 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 14 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 4 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 10 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 12 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 13 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 17 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 9 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 49 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 16 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 43 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 26 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 28 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 31 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 29 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 32 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 30 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 39 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 33 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 34 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 35 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 36 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 37 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 38 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 63 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . pp. 63 -- 66 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Wolverines%20men%2527s%20basketball	2,789
the moses h cone memorial hospital greensboro nc			Moses H. Cone Memorial hospital	moses h. cone memorial hospital	The Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital , also known as Moses Cone Hospital , is a 535 bed tertiary care facility located in Greensboro , North Carolina . The hospital opened in 1953 on North Elm Street as a 310 bed community hospital . Moses Cone Hospital is the central facility of Cone Health , a network of medical care facilities serving Guilford County , North Carolina and surrounding areas . As of 2014 , its president is Mickey Foster .	Cone has an emergency department recognized as a Level II trauma center , which as of 2005 - 2007 , served approximately 65,000 arrivals per year . History ( edit ) Funding for a hospital began after the 1908 death of Moses H. Cone , a North Carolina magnate who founded the Cone Mills textile company . In 1911 , Bertha Cone , the widow of Moses , established a trust fund that would establish a hospital to serve Greensboro and memorialize her late husband . The trust fund stated that `` No patient should be refused admittance because of inability to pay . '' . After Bertha Cone 's death in 1947 , her inheritance went to the trust fund that would eventually established the hospital . Construction began in 1949 and the facility opened on February 20 , 1953 . Cone was a segregated , whites - only hospital until 1963 , when the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals , in Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital , held the hospital 's acceptance of federal funds prohibited it from discriminating on the basis of race , an opinion influenced Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In the late 1970s , a dispute over payments after the completion of a new wing eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court . By a 6 - 3 margin , the justices required the hospital to arbitrate with its contractor . The case , Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr . Corp. , set some precedents in civil procedure , clarifying the circumstances under which a federal court can decline jurisdiction when there is a similar case in state court and when a stay may be appealed as a final judgement . Moses Cone Hospital is the largest hospital in its four county region ( Alamance , Guilford , Randolph , and Rockingham counties ) . The hospital is a designated Level II Trauma Center . In 2013 , Cone Health opened a new patient tower referred to as North Tower . A new entrance off Church Street opened on February 1 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Covington , Owen ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital names new president '' . American City Business Journals . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Park , Jinsuh ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Forecasting Patient Load of ED at Moses Cone Hospital '' . IIE Annual Conference . Proceedings . Jump up ^ Reynolds , P. Preston ( 1997 ) . `` Hospitals and Civil Rights , 1945 - 1963 : The Case of Simkins v Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 126 ( 11 ) : 898 . ISSN 0003 - 4819 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 126 - 11 - 199706010 - 00009 . Jump up ^ `` Cone Health preparing to open North Tower '' . The Triad Business Journal . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Moses Cone Hospital homepage on the Cone Health website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital&oldid=649845033 '' Categories : Hospital buildings completed in 1953 Hospital buildings completed in 2013 Cone Health Hospitals in Greensboro , North Carolina Cone family Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 March 2015 , at 14 : 49 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20H.%20Cone%20Memorial%20Hospital	2,790
who plays in the big 10 championship game			2017 Big Ten Football Championship game	2017 big ten football championship game	The 2017 Big Ten Football Championship Game was played on December 2 , 2017 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The seventh annual Big Ten Football Championship Game , it determined the 2017 champion of the Big Ten Conference .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Other 2 Teams 2.1 Wisconsin Badgers 2.2 Ohio State Buckeyes 3 Game summary 3.1 Statistics 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The 2017 Championship Game was the seventh in the Big Ten 's 122 - year history and the fourth to feature the conference 's East and West alignment . Last season , the Big Ten Championship Game featured the Penn State Nittany Lions , champions of the East Division and the Wisconsin Badgers , champions of the West Division . Other ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Wisconsin Badgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wisconsin Badgers football team The # 4 Wisconsin Badgers represented the West Division of the Big Ten for the second consecutive year and came into the game with a perfect 12 - win season . With a win , the Badgers would have all but secured a spot in the College Football Playoff . It was Wisconsin 's fifth appearance in the title game with other appearances coming in 2011 , 2012 , 2014 and 2016 . Wisconsin is 2 - 3 in the game with their last wins coming in 2011 and 2012 . They are 0 - 2 against the Buckeyes . Ohio State Buckeyes ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Ohio State Buckeyes football team The # 8 Ohio State Buckeyes represented the East Division of the Big Ten and came into the game with an overall record of 10 - 2 and a conference record of 8 - 1 . Their two losses came from # 2 Oklahoma and Iowa . It was the Buckeyes ' third appearance in the title game with the others coming in 2013 and 2014 . Ohio State is 2 - 1 in the game including a 2 - 0 against Wisconsin . Game summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Ohio State Wisconsin 6 : 31 96 1 : 15 OSU Terry McLaurin 84 - yard touchdown reception from J.T. Barrett , Sean Nuernburger kick good 7 0 2 : 08 0 : 36 UW Andrew Van Ginkel 9 - yard interception return , Rafael Gaglianone kick good 7 7 0 : 59 75 1 : 09 OSU Parris Campbell 54 - yard touchdown reception from J.T. Barrett , Sean Nuernburger kick good 14 7 11 : 10 82 1 : 05 OSU J.T. Barrett 1 - yard touchdown run , Sean Nuernburger kick good 21 7 3 : 42 1 : 51 UW 28 - yard field goal by Rafael Gaglianone 21 10 10 : 14 8 50 3 : 12 UW 46 - yard field goal by Rafael Gaglianone 21 13 7 : 25 8 65 2 : 49 OSU 27 - yard field goal by Sean Nuernburger 24 13 12 : 39 11 52 4 : 28 UW Chris James 1 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass from Alex Hornibrook complete to Troy Fumagalli 24 21 5 : 20 15 72 7 : 19 OSU 20 - yard field goal by Sean Nuernburger 27 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 27 21 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics OSU WIS First Downs 16 16 Total offense yards 449 298 Rushes - yards ( net ) 238 60 Passing yards ( net ) 211 238 Passes , Comp - Att - Int 12 - 26 - 2 20 - 41 - 2 Time of Possession 25 : 54 34 : 06 Penalties 5 -- 48 6 -- 55 Turnovers See also ( edit ) List of Big Ten Conference football champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kristi Dosh . `` New Deals with Fox , CBS and ESPN nearly triple Big Ten Television Revenue '' . forbes.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Championship : Wisconsin vs. Penn State '' . Stat Broadcast . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Big Ten Football Championship Game Years 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venues Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2011 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Big_Ten_Football_Championship_Game&oldid=826507819 '' Categories : 2017 Big Ten Conference football season Big Ten Football Championship Game 2017 in sports in Indiana Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Big%20Ten%20Football%20Championship%20Game	2,791
where does the blue ridge parkway start in nc	The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All - American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . Both Skyline Drive and the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway are part of Virginia State Route 48 , though this designation is not signed .	at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation	Blue Ridge parkway	blue ridge parkway		Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway route map Route information Maintained by NPS Length 469 mi ( 755 km ) Existed June 30 , 1936 ( 1936 - 06 - 30 ) -- present Tourist routes Blue Ridge Parkway Major junctions North end US 250 in Rockfish Gap , VA US 60 in Humphreys Gap , VA US 58 in Meadows of Dan , VA US 52 in Fancy Gap , VA US 21 in Alleghany County , NC US 70 in Asheville , NC US 25 in Buncombe County , NC US 23 / US 74 in Balsam Gap , NC US 19 in Soco Gap , NC South end US 441 in Swain County , NC Location States Virginia , North Carolina Highway system National Parkway National Scenic Byway IUCN category V ( protected landscape / seascape ) The parkway near Grandfather Mountain Location North Carolina & Virginia , USA Nearest city Asheville , NC & Roanoke , VA 36 ° 31 ′ 07 '' N 80 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 36.51861 ° N 80.93583 ° W / 36.51861 ; - 80.93583 Area 93,390 acres ( 377.9 km ) Established June 30 , 1936 Visitors 12,877,368 ( in 2013 ) Governing body National Park Service The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All - American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . Both Skyline Drive and the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway are part of Virginia State Route 48 , though this designation is not signed . The parkway has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except three ( 1949 , 2013 , and 2016 ) . Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , and in many places parkway land is bordered by United States Forest Service property . The parkway was on North Carolina 's version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015 . Contents 1 History 2 Ecology along the parkway 3 Route description 3.1 Highlights in Virginia 3.2 Highlights in North Carolina 4 Closures 5 Major intersections 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) View south at the north end of the parkway at Rockfish Gap , Virginia Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the project was originally called the Appalachian Scenic Highway . Most construction was carried out by private contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator . Work began on September 11 , 1935 , near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina ; construction in Virginia began the following February . On June 30 , 1936 , Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies . The Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction . Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out landscape work and development of parkway recreation areas . Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup , roadside plantings , grading slopes , and improving adjacent fields and forest lands . During World War II , the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program . The parkway 's construction created jobs in the region , but also displaced many residents and created new rules and regulations for landowners , including requirements related to how farmers could transport crops . Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission , or develop land except for agricultural use . They were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads . The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway , which was built through their lands . From 1935 to 1940 , they resisted giving up the right - of - way through the Qualla Boundary , and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U.S. government . Specifically , the revised bill `` specified the parkway route , assured the $40,000 payment for the tribe 's land , and required the state to build ( a ) regular highway through the Soco Valley '' . ( The highway referred to is part of U.S. Route 19 . ) Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s . Construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception . The 7.7 - mile ( 12.4 km ) stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987 . The project took over 52 years to complete . Ecology along the parkway ( edit ) Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring , including rhododendrons and dogwoods , moving from valleys to mountains as the cold weather retreats . Smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer . Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops , descending to the valleys by later in October . Often in early - to - middle October and middle to late April , all three seasons can be seen simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green and warm valleys below . October is especially dramatic , as the colored leaves stand out boldly and occur mostly at the same time , unlike the flowers . Major trees include oak , hickory , and tulip tree at lower elevations and buckeye and ash in the middle , turning into conifers such as fir and spruce at the highest elevations on the parkway . Trees near ridges , peaks , and passes ( often called gaps or notches ) are often distorted and even contorted by the wind , and persistent rime ice is deposited by passing clouds in the winter . Route description ( edit ) The Blue Ridge Parkway tunnels were constructed through the rock -- one in Virginia and 25 in North Carolina . Sections of the parkway near the tunnels are often closed in winter . Because groundwater drips from above with freezing temperatures and a lack of sunlight , ice often accumulates inside these locations despite above - freezing temperatures in the surrounding areas . The highest point on the parkway ( south of Waynesville , near Mount Pisgah in North Carolina ) is 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) above sea level on Richland Balsam at milepost 431 and is often closed from November to April because of inclement weather such as snow , fog , and even freezing fog from low clouds . The parkway is carried across streams , railway ravines and cross roads by 168 bridges and six viaducts . Farm at the Humpback Rock The parkway runs from the southern terminus of Shenandoah National Park 's Skyline Drive in Virginia at Rockfish Gap to U.S. Route 441 ( US 441 ) at Oconaluftee in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Cherokee , North Carolina . There is no fee for using the parkway ; however , commercial vehicles are prohibited without approval from the Park Service Headquarters , near Asheville , North Carolina . The roadway is not maintained in the winter , and sections which pass over especially high elevations and through tunnels are often impassable and therefore closed from late fall through early spring . Weather is extremely variable in the mountains , so conditions and closures often change rapidly . The speed limit is never higher than 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and lower in some sections . The parkway uses short side roads to connect to other highways , and there are no direct interchanges with Interstate Highways , making it possible to enjoy wildlife and other scenery without stopping for cross-traffic . Mileposts along the parkway start at zero at the northeast end in Virginia and count to 469 at the southern end in North Carolina . The mileposts can be found on the right - hand side of the road while traveling southbound on the parkway . Major towns and cities along the way include Waynesboro , Roanoke , and Galax in Virginia ; and in North Carolina , Boone and Asheville , where it runs across the property of the Biltmore Estate . The Blue Ridge Music Center ( also part of the park ) is located in Galax , and Mount Mitchell ( the highest point in eastern North America ) is only accessible via a state highway ( NC 128 ) from the parkway at milepost 355.4 . Highlights in Virginia ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( April 2018 ) Mabry Mill The view from Craggy Gardens on the Blue Ridge Parkway East Fork Overlook from Blue Ridge Parkway Mile 0 Rockfish Gap near Waynesboro , Virginia , is the northern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway . To the north the parkway connects directly to Skyline Drive , which winds 105 miles ( 169 km ) through Shenandoah National Park . 5 to 9.3 Humpback Rock has a self - guiding trail through a collection of old Appalachian farm buildings . A hiking trail from the parking area ( at mile 6.1 ) leads 0.75 miles ( 1.21 km ) to The Rocks , whose humped appearance gives the area its name . Greenstone self - guiding trail ( 8.8 ) . 10.7 Ravens Roost offers vistas of Torry Mountain and the Shenandoah Valley to the west . The overlook is built above a cliff , so it is frequently used for rock climbing and hang gliding . There is also a single picnic table . 16 Sherando Lake is a recreation area in George Washington National Forest 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) from the parkway via VA 814 . Swimming , picnicking , and camping . 29 Whetstone Ridge provided many a mountain man with a fine - grained sharpening stone . 34.4 Yankee Horse Ridge supposedly is where a hard - riding Union soldier 's horse fell and had to be shot . A reconstructed spur of an old logging railroad provides access to Wigwam Falls . 58 to 63.6 Otter Creek runs 10 miles ( 16 km ) down the Blue Ridge to the James River . Otter Lake ( 63.1 ) , fishing , trail . 63.8 The James River and Kanawha Canal is where a footbridge leads across the river to the restored canal locks and exhibits . A self - guiding trail follows the river bluff . 71 Onion Mountain 's short loop trail leads through rhododendron and mountain laurel . 83.4 Fallingwater Cascades can be seen along a 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) loop trail . 84 to 87 Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks which have been popular viewing sites since the days of Thomas Jefferson . A shuttle bus provides service to Sharp Top . 114.9 The Roanoke River Gorge is visible after a short walk . 120.4 Roanoke Mountain is a 3.7 - mile ( 6.0 km ) side trip . A one - way loop road , with steep grades , crosses over the mountain . Towed vehicles are prohibited . 129.6 Roanoke Valley Overlook gives a view of the largest city along the parkway . 154.5 Smart View is named for having `` a right smart view '' . A nearby cabin built in the 1890s is known as a spot for viewing dogwood blooms in early May . 167 to 174 Rocky Knob overlooks Rock Castle Gorge . 176.1 Mabry Mill was operated by E.B. Mabry from 1910 to 1935 . A trail leads to his gristmill , sawmill , blacksmith shop , and other exhibits. Old - time skills are demonstrated in the summer and fall . 188.8 Groundhog Mountain has a variety of rural fences : snake , Post-and - rail , picket and buck . Picnic grounds and observation tower are also nearby . 189.1 Groundhog Mountain 189.9 Aunt Orelena Puckett Cabin Exhibit was the home of an area midwife . 213 Blue Ridge Music Center near the town of Galax with concerts , music demonstrations , and a 17,000 - square - foot ( 1,600 m ) museum dedicated to anything musical , especially old - time music . Highlights in North Carolina ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( April 2018 ) Blue Ridge Parkway in autumn near Looking Glass Rock Black Balsam Knob , Graveyard Fields and Yellowstone Falls as seen at sunrise from Milepost 419 Sign marking the southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway , near Great Smoky Mountains National Park Blue Ridge Parkway featured in the 2015 America the Beautiful Quarters series The Blue Ridge Parkway crosses the North Carolina -- Virginia state line at mile 216.9 . The 1749 party that surveyed the boundary included Peter Jefferson , father of Thomas Jefferson . Mile 217.5 Cumberland Knob , at 2,885 feet ( 879 m ) , is the centerpiece of a small parkway recreation area . 218.6 Fox Hunters Paradise , down a short walking path , is where hunters could listen to their hounds baying in the valley below . 238.5 Brinegar Cabin was built by Martin Brinegar about 1880 and lived in until the 1930s when the homestead was purchased from his widow for the parkway . The original cabin stands there today . 238.5 to 244.7 Doughton Park was named for Congressman Robert L. Doughton , a staunch supporter and neighbor of the parkway . The park has many miles of hiking trails , a lodge , dinner , picnic area and a campground . 258.6 Northwest Trading Post offers crafts from North Carolina 's northwestern counties . 260.6 Jumpinoff Rock is at the end of a short woodland trail . 264.4 The Lump is a grassy knob that provides views of the forested foothills . 272 E.B. Jeffress Park has a self - guided trail to a waterfall known as the Cascades . Another trail goes to an old cabin and church . 285.1 Daniel Boone 's Trace , which Boone blazed to the West , crosses near here . 292 to 295 Moses H. Cone Memorial Park has hiking , fishing and horse trails . Flat Top Manor , the former house of Moses H. Cone , is now used as the Parkway Craft Center . 295.1 to 298 Julian Price Memorial Park , the former retreat of the insurance executive Julian Price , offers a variety of hiking trails , campground , and 47 - acre ( 190,000 m ) Price Lake . This is the only lake on the parkway on which paddling is allowed . 304.4 Linn Cove Viaduct , the last segment of the parkway built , skirts the side of Grandfather Mountain . A visitor center is located nearby and provides access to a trail under the viaduct . 308.3 Flat Rock provides views of Grandfather Mountain and Linville Valley . 316.3 Linville Falls Recreation Area provides trails with overlooks of Linville Falls and the Linville Gorge . A campground and picnic area are also provided . 331 The Museum of North Carolina Minerals interprets the state 's mineral wealth . 339.5 Crabtree Meadows & Crabtree Falls is a parkway recreation area with a picnic area , campground , giftshop and hiking trails . 349.2 Laurel Knob provides views of Grandfather Mountain , Linville Mountain , Hawksbill Mountain , and Table Rock . 355.4 Mount Mitchell State Park , reached via N.C. 128 , is the highest point east of the Mississippi River . 359.8 Walker Knob , formerly known as Balsam Gap , is located where the Black Mountains and the Great Craggy Mountains meet . 361.2 Glassmine Falls is an 800 - foot ( 240 m ) ephemeral waterfall visible from an overlook on the side of the parkway . 363.4 to 369.6 Craggy Gardens in the Great Craggy Mountains are covered with purple rhododendron in mid-to - late June . Craggy Pinnacle Trail and other trails ( 364.1 and 364.6 ) ; road to picnic area and trails ( 367.6 ) . 382 The Folk Art Center is the flagship facility of the Southern Highland Craft Guild . It offers sales and exhibits of traditional and contemporary crafts of the Appalachian region . There are interpretive programs , three galleries , a library and a book store . 384 The Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center is the newest along the parkway . Exhibits focus on the history and heritage of the parkway and western North Carolina . 408.6 Mount Pisgah was part of the Biltmore Estate . The estate became home of the first forestry school in America and the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest . Also located here is the Pisgah Inn resort , a park service concession . 417 Looking Glass Rock is visible from many spots on the parkway starting at Mount Pisgah . 418 East Fork Overlook . Located here are the headwaters of the Pigeon River . Yellowstone Falls is a short distance away and gets its name from the yellowish moss covering the rocks . 420.2 Shining Rock Wilderness is the largest wilderness area in North Carolina , covering 18,483 acres ( 74.80 km ) , with 25 miles ( 40 km ) of trails and peaks over 6,000 ft ( 1,800 m ) . The wilderness is named for Shining Rock . 420.2 Black Balsam Knob is a grassy bald with panoramic views just outside the Shining Rock Wilderness in Pisgah National Forest . The wilderness area also includes Cold Mountain . 422.4 Devil 's Courthouse is a rugged exposed mountaintop rich in Cherokee traditions . 423.5 Herrin Knob Overlook . A hiking trail goes around Tanasee Bald and Herrin Knob . Tanasee Bald ( 423.7 ) is said to be the home of the mythical Cherokee giant Tsul ' Kalu . 431 Richland Balsam is the highest point on the parkway at 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) . There is a self - guiding trail that passes through a remnant spruce - fir forest . 435.7 Licklog Ridge once hosted cattlemen and their herds of cattle before it became part of the national forest . The area earns its name from the cattlemen who would place rocks of salt into logs and holes in the earth . 451.2 Waterrock Knob provides a panorama of the Great Smokies , visitor center , trail , comfort station , exhibits . 458.2 Heintooga Ridge Road runs north from the parkway 8.8 miles ( 14.2 km ) to Heintooga Overlook in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Mile 469 The southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway intersects with U.S. 441 in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Reservation near Cherokee , North Carolina . Closures ( edit ) It is not unusual for small sections of the parkway to be temporarily closed to repair damage caused by the cold winter climate of the mountains or for other maintenance . Detours caused by these closures are well marked and are arranged to cause as little disruption as possible , though maintenance such as repaving only warrants a stop / slow switch with a one - lane - only restriction . Due to serious damage in 2004 from Hurricane Frances , then again by Hurricane Ivan , many areas along the parkway were closed until the spring of 2005 , with two areas that were not fully repaired until the spring of 2006 . Major intersections ( edit ) Commonwealth / State County Location mi km Destinations Notes Virginia Augusta Rockfish Gap 0.00 0.00 US 250 to I - 64 / Skyline Drive north -- Charlottesville , Waynesboro , Shenandoah National Park One - quadrant interchange plus connector road ; northern terminus of parkway ; I - 64 exit 99 Reids Gap 13.7 22.0 SR 664 ( Beech Grove Road / Reeds Gap Road ) -- Waynesboro Nelson 16.0 25.7 SR 814 ( Campbells Mountain Road ) to SR 56 Unpaved road 16.1 25.9 SR 814 ( Love Road ) -- Sherando Lake Tye River Gap 27.1 43.6 SR 56 -- Montebello , Steele 's Tavern One - quadrant interchange Rockbridge Humphreys Gap 45.5 73.2 US 60 -- Buena Vista , Amherst One - quadrant interchange Amherst Otter Creek 61.3 98.7 SR 130 -- Natural Bridge , Lynchburg One - quadrant interchange Bedford 63.9 102.8 US 501 -- Big Island , Glasgow One - quadrant interchange Peaks of Otter 85.9 138.2 SR 43 south -- Bedford North end of SR 43 overlap ; north end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( southern segment ) Botetourt Powell Gap 89.0 143.2 SR 618 north Bearwallow Gap 90.9 146.3 SR 43 north -- Buchanan Two - quadrant interchange ; south end of SR 43 overlap ; south end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( northern segment ) 105.9 170.4 US 460 ( US 221 ) -- Bedford , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Roanoke 112.3 180.7 SR 24 -- Stewartsville , Vinton , Roanoke , Booker T. Washington National Monument Two - quadrant interchange 115.2 185.4 Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center , Virginia 's Explore Park ( Roanoke River Parkway ) 120.5 193.9 Mill Mountain Park & Zoo , Historic Roanoke Star , Downtown Roanoke ( Mill Mountain Parkway ) 121.4 195.4 US 220 -- Rocky Mount , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Adney Gap 136.0 218.9 US 221 Connector road Floyd 159.3 256.4 SR 860 ( Shooting Creek Road ) Former SR 109 Tuggle Gap 165.1 265.7 SR 8 -- Floyd , Stuart One - quadrant interchange 174.0 280.0 SR 799 ( Conner Grove Road ) former SR 102 north 174.1 280.2 SR 758 ( Woodberry Road ) former SR 102 south 174.2 280.3 SR 758 ( Buffalo Mountain Road ) Patrick Meadows of Dan 177.7 286.0 US 58 ( via US 58 Bus . ) -- Stuart , Hillsville Parkway and US 58 grade - separated ; two - quadrant interchange with US 58 Bus . Patrick -- Carroll county line Willis Gap 192.1 309.2 SR 771 ( Willis Gap Road ) Carroll 199.0 320.3 SR 608 ( Lightning Ridge Road ) 199.2 320.6 SR 608 ( Ranger Road ) Fancy Gap 199.4 320.9 US 52 to I - 77 -- Mt . Airy , Hillsville Two - quadrant interchange Grayson Low Gap 215.7 347.1 SR 89 -- Mt . Airy , Galax One - quadrant interchange North Carolina Alleghany 217.2 349.5 NC 18 -- Sparta , Mt . Airy One - quadrant interchange 229.6 369.5 US 21 -- Roaring Gap , Sparta Two - quadrant interchange 248.0 399.1 NC 18 -- North Wilkesboro , Laurel Springs One - quadrant interchange Ashe Miller Gap 258.7 416.3 Trading Post Road -- Glendale Springs Horse Gap 261.2 420.4 NC 16 -- North Wilkesboro , West Jefferson Two - quadrant interchange Watauga Deep Gap 276.5 445.0 US 421 -- Boone , Wilkesboro , North Wilkesboro One - quadrant interchange 280.9 452.1 Old US 421 Connector road 290.8 468.0 Green Hill Road 291.9 469.8 US 221 / US 321 -- Blowing Rock , Boone Two - quadrant interchange Avery 294.6 474.1 US 221 -- Linville , Grandfather Mountain One - quadrant interchange 312.1 502.3 NC 181 -- Pineola , Morganton One - quadrant interchange 316.4 509.2 Linville Falls Road -- Linville Falls 317.5 511.0 US 221 -- Linville Falls Community One - quadrant interchange Mitchell Gillespie Gap 330.8 532.4 NC 226 -- Spruce Pine , Marion One - quadrant interchange 333.9 537.4 NC 226A -- Little Switzerland One - quadrant interchange / connector road hybrid Yancey Buck Creek Gap 344.1 553.8 NC 80 -- Marion , Burnsville One - quadrant interchange Black Mountain Gap 355.4 572.0 NC 128 -- Mount Mitchell State Park Buncombe Bull Gap 375.7 604.6 Elk Mountain Scenic Highway -- Weaverville To Vance Birthplace Craven Gap 377.4 607.4 NC 694 south ( Town Mountain Road ) Asheville 382.6 615.7 US 70 ( Tunnel Road ) -- Black Mountain , Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 384.8 619.3 US 74A to I - 40 / I - 240 -- Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 388.8 625.7 US 25 -- Hendersonville , Asheville , NC Arboretum Two - quadrant interchange 393.6 633.4 NC 191 to I - 26 -- Asheville , Hendersonville One - quadrant interchange Henderson Elk Pasture Gap 405.6 652.7 NC 151 north -- Candler Haywood Wagon Road Gap 411.8 662.7 US 276 -- Brevard , Waynesville One - quadrant interchange Transylvania Beech Gap 423.3 681.2 NC 215 One - quadrant interchange Haywood Balsam Gap 443.5 713.7 US 74 / US 23 -- Waynesville , Sylva One - quadrant interchange Soco Gap 455.7 733.4 US 19 ( Soco Road ) -- Cherokee , Maggie Valley Two - quadrant interchange Jackson Wolf Laurel Gap 458.2 737.4 Balsam Mountain , Black Camp Gap , Masonic Marker ( Heintooga Ridge Road ) Swain Ravensford 469.1 754.9 US 441 -- Cherokee , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Gatlinburg Southern terminus of parkway 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal North Carolina portal Virginia portal Skyline Drive Natchez Trace Parkway Cherohala Skyway Foothills Parkway Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though current plans for I - 73 take it along current US 220 at its parkway interchange . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . The Cultural Landscape Foundation . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters '' . U.S. Mint . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chesto , Shawna ( Summer 2007 ) . `` The Effect of the Blue Ridge Parkway on Appalachian Farmers '' . Appalachian State University . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Anne V. ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Culture , History , and Development on the Qualla Boundary '' . Appalachian Journal . 24 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 191 . JSTOR 40933835 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeff ( January 2015 ) . `` Road with a View : Blue Ridge Parkway '' . Civil Engineering Magazine . American Society of Civil Engineers : 42 -- 45 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Monte ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` 25 - Year - Old Linn Cove Viaduct Floats Around Grandfather Mountain '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whisnant , Anne M. ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 45 -- 46 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` § 5.6 Commercial vehicles '' . Code of Federal Regulations . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2004 ) . Blue Ridge Parkway : North Carolina , Virginia ( Map ) . ( c. 1 : 500,000 ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . OCLC 86108275 . GPO : 2003 - 496 - 196 / 40572 Reprint 2004 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ USGS topos Jump up ^ Digital Confections LLC ( February 2016 ) . Blue Ridge Companion . iOS . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Mark W. ; Southworth , Scott ; Tollo , Richard P. ; Merschat , Arthur J. ; Wagner , Sara ; Lazor , Ava ; Aleinikoff , John N. ( 2017 ) . `` Geology Along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia '' . In Bailey , Christopher M. ; Jaye , Shelley . From the Blue Ridge to the Beach : Geological Field Excursions Across Virginia . Field Guide . Vol. 47 . Bolder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 1 -- 58 . doi : 10.1130 / 2017.0047 ( 01 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 0047 - 2 . ISSN 2333 - 0945 . OCLC 7345022117 . Hall , Karen J. ; Friends of the Blue Ridge Parkway ( 2007 ) . Building the Blue Ridge Parkway . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0738552879 . United States House of Representatives Committee on Public Lands ( n.d. ) . Establishing the Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina : Hearings Before the Committee on the Public Lands . Washington , DC : United States House of Representatives . OCLC 71073462 . Whisnant , Anne Mitchell ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7126 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Ridge Parkway . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Blue Ridge Parkway . KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Blue Ridge Parkway KML is from Wikidata National Park Service : Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway Association Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia Driving Through Time : The Digital Blue Ridge Parkway Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NC - 42 , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Between Shenandoah National Park & Great Smoky Mountains , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 243 photos , 26 color transparencies , 28 measured drawings , 346 data pages , 40 photo caption pages HAER No . NC - 42 - A , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Linn Cove Viaduct , On Grandfather Mountain , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 41 data pages Protected areas of Virginia Federal National Parks Shenandoah National Historical Parks , Historic Sites & Monuments Appomattox Court House NHP Arlington House Booker T. Washington NM Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP Claude Moore Colonial Farm Colonial NHP Cumberland Gap NHP Fort Monroe NM George Washington Birthplace NM Harpers Ferry NHP Maggie L. Walker NHS National Military Parks , Battlefields & Battlefield Parks Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP Manassas NBP Petersburg NB Richmond NBP National Cemeteries Alexandria Arlington Balls Bluff City Point Cold Harbor Culpeper Danville Fort Harrison Fredericksburg Glendale Hampton Hampton VA Poplar Grove Quantico Richmond Seven Pines Staunton Winchester Yorktown National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway George Washington Memorial Parkway National Trails Appalachian Trail Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT Overmountain Victory NHT Potomac Heritage Trail Star - Spangled Banner NHT National Wildlife Refuges Back Bay Chincoteague Eastern Shore of Virginia Mason Neck Featherstone Fisherman Island Glenn Martin Great Dismal Swamp James River Nansemond Occoquan Bay Plum Tree Island Presquile Rappahannock River Valley Wallops Island National Forests George Washington and Jefferson USFS National Recreation Areas Mount Rogers National Recreation Area Other NPS Areas Assateague Island National Seashore Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Prince William Forest Park Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts Wilderness Areas Barbours Creek James River Face Mountain Lake Priest Ramsey 's Draft Rich Hole Rough Mountain Saint Mary 's Three Ridges National Estuarine Research Reserves Chesapeake Bay State State parks Bear Creek Lake Belle Isle Biscuit Run Breaks Interstate Caledon Chippokes Plantation Claytor Lake Douthat Fairy Stone False Cape First Landing Grayson Highlands High Bridge Trail Holliday Lake Hungry Mother James River Kiptopeke Lake Anna Leesylvania Mason Neck Natural Bridge Natural Tunnel New River Trail Occoneechee Pocahontas Powhatan Sailor 's Creek Battlefield Shot Tower Shenandoah River Sky Meadows Smith Mountain Lake Southwest Virginia Museum Staunton River Staunton River Battlefield Tabb Monument Twin Lakes Westmoreland Widewater Wilderness Road York River State forests Appomattox - Buckingham Big Woods Bourassa Browne Channels Chilton Woods Conway - Robinson Crawfords Cumberland Devil 's Backbone Dragon Run Hawks Lesesne Matthews Moore 's Creek Niday Place Paul Prince Edward - Gallion Sandy Point Whitney Zoar Natural Area Preserves Antioch Pines Bethel Beach Big Spring Bog Blackwater Buffalo Mountain Bull Run Mountains Bush Mill Stream Camp Branch Wetlands Cape Charles Coastal Habitat The Cedars The Channels Cherry Orchard Bog Chestnut Creek Wetlands Chestnut Ridge Chotank Creek Chub Sandhill Cleveland Barrens Clover Hollow Cowbane Prairie Crow 's Nest Cumberland Marsh Dameron Marsh Deep Run Ponds Dendron Swamp Difficult Creek Elklick Woodlands False Cape Folly Mills Creek Fen Goshen Pass Grafton Ponds Grassy Hill Grayson Glades Hickory Hollow Hughlett Point Johnsons Creek Magothy Bay Mark 's and Jack 's Island Mount Joy Pond Mutton Hunk Fen Naked Mountain New Point Comfort North Landing River Northwest River Ogdens Cave Parkers Marsh Parramore Island Pedlar Hills Glades Pinnacle Poor Mountain Redrock Mountain Savage Neck Dunes Unthanks Cave William B. Trower Bayshore Wreck Island Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Big Survey Big Woods Briery Creek Chester F. Phelps Cavalier Chickahominy Clinch Mountain Crooked Creek Dick Cross Fairystone Farms Featherfin G. Richard Thompson Game Farm Marsh Goshen and Little North Mountain Hardware River Havens Hidden Valley Highland Hog Island Horsepen Lake James River Land 's End Mattaponi Mockhorn Island Pettigrew Powhatan Princess Anne Ragged Island Rapidan Saxis Short Hills Smith Mountain Cooperative Stewarts Creek T.M. Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources Protected areas of North Carolina Federal National Parks Great Smoky Mountains National Historic Sites Carl Sandburg Home Fort Raleigh National Memorials Wright Brothers National Military Parks Guilford Courthouse National Battlefields Moores Creek National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway ( Crabtree Falls Craggy Gardens Cumberland Knob Doughton Park E.B. Jeffress Park Julian Price Memorial Park Linville Falls Moses H. Cone Memorial Park Mount Pisgah Waterrock Knob ) National Trails Appalachian Trail Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail National Seashores Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout National Marine Sanctuary Monitor National Estuarine Research Reserve Currituck Banks Rachel Carson Masonboro Island Zeke 's Island National Forests Cherokee Croatan Nantahala Pisgah Uwharrie National Wildlife Refuges Alligator River Cedar Island Currituck Mackay Island Mattamuskeet Pea Island Pee Dee Pocosin Lakes Roanoke River Swanquarter Wilderness Areas Birkhead Mountains Catfish Lake South Ellicott Rock Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Linville Gorge Middle Prong Pocosin Pond Pine Sheep Ridge Shining Rock Southern Nantahala Swanquarter Wilderness Study Areas Craggy Mountain Harper Creek Lost Cove Overflow Snowbird Wild and Scenic Rivers Chattooga River Horsepasture River Lumber River New River Wilson Creek State State Parks Carolina Beach Carvers Creek Chimney Rock Cliffs of the Neuse Crowders Mountain Dismal Swamp Elk Knob Eno River Fort Macon Goose Creek Gorges Grandfather Mountain Hammocks Beach Hanging Rock Haw River Jockey 's Ridge Jones Lake Lake James Lake Norman Lake Waccamaw Lumber River Mayo River Medoc Mountain Merchants Millpond Morrow Mountain Mount Mitchell New River Pettigrew Pilot Mountain Raven Rock Singletary Lake South Mountains Stone Mountain William B. Umstead State Recreation Areas Falls Lake Fort Fisher Jordan Lake Kerr Lake State Natural Areas Hemlock Bluffs Masonboro Island Mount Jefferson Occoneechee Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Weymouth Woods See also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas State Lakes Bay Tree Lake Jones Lake Lake Phelps Salters Lake Singletary Lake Lake Waccamaw White Lake State Trails Deep River French Broad River Mountains - to - Sea Yadkin River State Rivers Horsepasture River Linville River Lumber River New River State Forests Bladen Lakes DuPont Clemmons Holmes Jordan Lake Mountain Island Rendezvous Mountain Turnbull Creek Tuttle State Historic Sites Alamance Battleground Charles B. Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath Bennett Place Bentonville Battleground Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial Duke Homestead Historic Edenton Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher Historic Halifax Horne Creek Living Historical Farm House in the Horseshoe North Carolina Transportation Museum President James K. Polk Historic Site Reed Gold Mine Somerset Place Stagville State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial NC Coastal Reserve Kitty Hawk Woods Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge Buxton Woods Permuda Island Bald Head Woods Bird Island Other Nature centers List of nature centers in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Parkway&oldid=854510347 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Blue Ridge Parkway Appalachian culture Historic American Engineering Record in North Carolina Historic American Engineering Record in Virginia Landmarks in North Carolina Landmarks in Virginia Southern Sixers Protected areas of the Appalachians Protected areas of Alleghany County , North Carolina Protected areas of Surry County , North Carolina Protected areas of Wilkes County , North Carolina Protected areas of Ashe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Watauga County , North Carolina Protected areas of Caldwell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Avery County , North Carolina Protected areas of Burke County , North Carolina Protected areas of McDowell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Mitchell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Yancey County , North Carolina Protected areas of Buncombe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Henderson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Transylvania County , North Carolina Protected areas of Haywood County , North Carolina Protected areas of Jackson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Swain County , North Carolina Protected areas of Floyd County , Virginia Protected areas of Franklin County , Virginia Protected areas of Patrick County , Virginia Protected areas of Carroll County , Virginia Protected areas of Roanoke County , Virginia Protected areas of Bedford County , Virginia Protected areas of Amherst County , Virginia Protected areas of Nelson County , Virginia Protected areas of Albemarle County , Virginia Protected areas of Augusta County , Virginia Transportation in Alleghany County , North Carolina Transportation in Surry County , North Carolina Transportation in Wilkes County , North Carolina Transportation in Ashe County , North Carolina Transportation in Watauga County , North Carolina Transportation in Caldwell County , North Carolina Transportation in Avery County , North Carolina Transportation in Burke County , North Carolina Transportation in McDowell County , North Carolina Transportation in Mitchell County , North Carolina Transportation in Yancey County , North Carolina Transportation in Buncombe County , North Carolina Transportation in Henderson County , North Carolina Transportation in Transylvania County , North Carolina Transportation in Haywood County , North Carolina Transportation in Jackson County , North Carolina Transportation in Swain County , North Carolina Transportation in Floyd County , Virginia Transportation in Franklin County , Virginia Transportation in Patrick County , Virginia Transportation in Carroll County , Virginia Transportation in Roanoke County , Virginia Transportation in Bedford County , Virginia Transportation in Amherst County , Virginia Transportation in Nelson County , Virginia Transportation in Albemarle County , Virginia Transportation in Augusta County , Virginia Southwest Virginia Western North Carolina Western Virginia Yadkin - Pee Dee River Basin 1936 establishments in North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from July 2015 Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles needing cleanup from April 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2018 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Ridge%20Parkway	1,551
how many states border an ocean in the united states	This is a list of U.S. states ranked by their coastline length . Thirty states have a coastline : twenty - three with a coastline on the Arctic , Atlantic , and / or Pacific Ocean , and eight with a Great Lakes coastline ; New York has coasts on both . States with no coastline are not included .	twenty - three	List of U.S. States by coastline	list of u. s. states by coastline	This is a list of U.S. states ranked by their coastline length . Thirty states have a coastline : twenty - three with a coastline on the Arctic , Atlantic , and / or Pacific Ocean , and eight with a Great Lakes coastline ; New York has coasts on both . States with no coastline are not included .	Two separate measurements are used : method 1 only includes states with ocean coastline and excludes tidal inlets ; method 2 includes Great Lake coastline and the extra length from tidal inlets . For example , method 2 counts the Great Bay as part of New Hampshire 's coastline , but method 1 does not . The resulting figures differ significantly due to the ambiguity inherent in all attempts at measuring coastlines , as expressed in the coastline paradox . The data for method 1 were retrieved from a CRS Report for Congress using data from U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , The Coastline of the United States , 1975 . This is based on measurements made using large - scale nautical charts . The figure for Connecticut was arrived at separately and may not reflect the correct comparative distance . These numbers exclude the Great Lakes coastlines . The data for method 2 are from a list maintained by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . The state coastline lengths were computed by an unspecified method that includes tidal areas not included in the first method . These numbers also include the Great Lakes coastlines , which do not have similar tidal areas . The lists do not include Vermont , a portion of whose border with New York state is Lake Champlain , the sixth - largest lake in the United States . The lake is also not included in New York 's total . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Table ( edit ) State Method 1 ( CRS ) Method 2 ( NOAA ) Ratio ( M2 ÷ M1 ) Area ( mi ) Coast / area ratio ( ft / mi ) Coastline Rank Coastline Rank Method 1 Method 2 Alaska 7007106860441600000 ♠ 6,640 mi ( 10,690 km ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7007545631989760000 ♠ 33,904 mi ( 54,563 km ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5.11 665384 53 270 Florida 7006217261440000000 ♠ 1,350 mi ( 2,170 km ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7007135764259840000 ♠ 8,436 mi ( 13,576 km ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 6.25 65758 110 680 California 7006135184896000000 ♠ 840 mi ( 1,350 km ) 7006551522188800000 ♠ 3,427 mi ( 5,515 km ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 4.08 163695 27 110 Hawaii 7006120700800000000 ♠ 750 mi ( 1,210 km ) 7006169302988800000 ♠ 1,052 mi ( 1,693 km ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 1.40 10932 360 510 Louisiana 7005638909568000000 ♠ 397 mi ( 639 km ) 5 7007124257450240000 ♠ 7,721 mi ( 12,426 km ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 19.4 52378 40 780 Texas 7005590629248000000 ♠ 367 mi ( 591 km ) 6 7006540578649600000 ♠ 3,359 mi ( 5,406 km ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9.15 268596 7.2 66 North Carolina 7005484412544000000 ♠ 301 mi ( 484 km ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7006543153600000000 ♠ 3,375 mi ( 5,432 km ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 11.2 53819 30 330 Oregon 7005476365824000000 ♠ 296 mi ( 476 km ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7006226917504000000 ♠ 1,410 mi ( 2,270 km ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 4.76 98379 16 76 Maine 7005366930432000000 ♠ 228 mi ( 367 km ) 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7006559729843200000 ♠ 3,478 mi ( 5,597 km ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 15.3 35380 34 520 Massachusetts 7005308994048000000 ♠ 192 mi ( 309 km ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7006244459353600000 ♠ 1,519 mi ( 2,445 km ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7.91 10554 96 760 South Carolina 7005300947328000000 ♠ 187 mi ( 301 km ) 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7006462847334400000 ♠ 2,876 mi ( 4,628 km ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 15.4 32020 31 470 Washington 7005252667008000000 ♠ 157 mi ( 253 km ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7006486987494400000 ♠ 3,026 mi ( 4,870 km ) 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 19.3 71298 12 220 New Jersey 7005209214720000000 ♠ 130 mi ( 210 km ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7006288394444800000 ♠ 1,792 mi ( 2,884 km ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 13.8 8723 79 1,100 New York 7005204386688000000 ♠ 127 mi ( 204 km ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7006422452800000000 ♠ 2,625 mi ( 4,225 km ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 20.7 54555 12 250 Virginia 7005180246528000000 ♠ 112 mi ( 180 km ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7006533497536000000 ♠ 3,315 mi ( 5,335 km ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 29.6 42775 14 410 Georgia 7005160934400000000 ♠ 100 mi ( 160 km ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7006377230233600000 ♠ 2,344 mi ( 3,772 km ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 23.4 59425 8.9 210 Connecticut 7005154497024000000 ♠ 96 mi ( 154 km ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7005994574592000000 ♠ 618 mi ( 995 km ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 6.44 5543 91 590 Alabama 7004852952320000000 ♠ 53 mi ( 85 km ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7005976871808000000 ♠ 607 mi ( 977 km ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 11.5 52420 5.3 61 Mississippi 7004708111360000000 ♠ 44 mi ( 71 km ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7005577754496000000 ♠ 359 mi ( 578 km ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 8.16 48432 4.8 39 Rhode Island 7004643737600000000 ♠ 40 mi ( 64 km ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7005617988096000000 ♠ 384 mi ( 618 km ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 9.60 1545 140 1,300 Maryland 7004498896640000000 ♠ 31 mi ( 50 km ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7006513380736000000 ♠ 3,190 mi ( 5,130 km ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 103 12406 13 1,400 Delaware 7004450616320000000 ♠ 28 mi ( 45 km ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7005613160064000000 ♠ 381 mi ( 613 km ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 13.6 2489 59 810 New Hampshire 7004209214720000000 ♠ 13 mi ( 21 km ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7005210824064000000 ♠ 131 mi ( 211 km ) 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 10.1 9349 7.3 74 Michigan -- -- 7006518852505600000 ♠ 3,224 mi ( 5,189 km ) 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 -- 96714 -- 180 Wisconsin -- -- 7006131966208000000 ♠ 820 mi ( 1,320 km ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 -- 65496 -- 66 Ohio -- -- 7005502115328000000 ♠ 312 mi ( 502 km ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- 44826 -- 37 Minnesota -- -- 7005304166016000000 ♠ 189 mi ( 304 km ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- 86936 -- 11 Pennsylvania -- -- 7005225308160000000 ♠ 140 mi ( 230 km ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- 46054 -- 16 Illinois -- -- 7005101388672000000 ♠ 63 mi ( 101 km ) 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 -- 57914 -- 5.7 Indiana -- -- 7004724204800000000 ♠ 45 mi ( 72 km ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 -- 36420 -- 6.5 Total 7007200830037760000 ♠ 12,479 mi ( 20,083 km ) 7008151474675968000 ♠ 94,122 mi ( 151,475 km ) See also ( edit ) Coastline paradox List of countries by length of coastline List of countries by coast / area ratio How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Statistical Self - Similarity and Fractional Dimension References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. International Borders : Brief Facts '' , Congressional Research Service , November 9 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` NOAA Office for Coastal Management States and Territories Working on Ocean and Coastal Management '' . coast.noaa.gov . NOAA Office for Coastal Management . 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutcoastlineat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_coastline&oldid=842840193 '' Categories : Lists of landforms of the United States Coasts of the United States Lists of states of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 01 : 06 . 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what appears to make most of the borders for the states in australia			Territorial evolution of Australia	territorial evolution of australia	This is a list of the evolution of the borders of the colonies and later states of Australia . It lists each change to the internal and external borders of Australia before and after Federation .	Map showing the territorial evolution of Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Federation 1.1 7 February 1788 1.2 1810 1.3 16 July 1825 1.4 2 May 1829 1.5 6 February 1832 1.6 19 February 1836 1.7 21 May 1840 1.8 16 November 1840 1.9 17 February 1846 1.10 15 April 1847 1.11 1 July 1851 1.12 1 January 1856 1.13 6 June 1859 1.14 1860 1.15 1862 1.16 6 July 1863 1.17 1890 2 Post-Federation 2.1 1 January 1901 2.2 1 January 1911 2.3 12 July 1915 2.4 1 March 1927 2.5 12 June 1931 2.6 29 July 1938 2.7 11 May 1989 3 External Territories 3.1 1 July 1914 3.2 23 July 1931 3.3 13 June 1933 3.4 26 June 1947 3.5 23 November 1955 3.6 1 October 1958 3.7 30 September 1969 4 Former External Territories 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pre-federation ( edit ) 7 February 1788 ( edit ) The colony of New South Wales is founded . New South Wales , according to Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787 , includes `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean '' and running westward to the 135th meridian east . This included the islands of New Zealand . When drawing up the territorial boundaries of the colony of New South Wales , established in 1788 , the British government set its western boundary at the meridian of 135 ° East of Greenwich , as it appeared on Melchisédech Thévenot 's chart , Hollandia Nova ‒ ‒ Terre Australe , published in Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux ( Paris , 1663 ) . 1810 ( edit ) Macquarie Island is annexed by New South Wales 16 july 1825 ( edit ) New South Wales ' western border is extended to 129 ° E . 3 December 1825 The colony of Van Diemen 's Land is proclaimed . 2 May 1829 ( edit ) Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain . 6 February 1832 ( edit ) Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia . 19 February 1836 ( edit ) The Province of South Australia is established with its western border set at 132 ° E . 21 May 1840 ( edit ) New Zealand is formally annexed to New South Wales . 16 November 1840 ( edit ) The colony of New Zealand is proclaimed by Letters Patent . Although not represented on a map here , New South Wales was significantly reduced in size by this proclamation . Separation was effected on 3 May 1841 . 17 February 1846 ( edit ) The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February . This was all of New South Wales north of 26 ° S . 15 April 1847 ( edit ) The colony of North Australia was revoked and reincorporated into New South Wales . 1 July 1851 ( edit ) The colony of Victoria is proclaimed . 1 january 1856 ( edit ) Van Diemen 's Land name is changed to Tasmania . 6 june 1859 ( edit ) The colony of Queensland is proclaimed by Letters Patent , with its western border set at 141 ° E , and settlement began on 10 December that year . 1860 ( edit ) South Australia border changed from 132 ° E to 129 ° E . 1862 ( edit ) Queensland 's western border is moved to 139 ° E . 6 july 1863 ( edit ) That part of New South Wales to the north of South Australia was annexed to South Australia by Letters Patent . 1890 ( edit ) Macquarie Island is transferred from New South Wales to Tasmania . Post-federation ( edit ) 1 january 1901 ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Australia was formed , uniting the British colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria , and Western Australia . Note that the Northern Territory was under South Australian administration at Federation . 1 january 1911 ( edit ) The Federal Capital Territory was created within New South Wales , and the Northern Territory was split off from South Australia . 12 july 1915 ( edit ) The coastal area now known as the Jervis Bay Territory is added to the Federal Capital Territory . 1 march 1927 ( edit ) The Northern Territory was split into the territories of North Australia and Central Australia . 12 june 1931 ( edit ) North Australia and Central Australia were reunited as the Northern Territory . 29 july 1938 ( edit ) The Federal Capital Territory 's changed its name to the Australian Capital Territory . 11 May 1989 ( edit ) The Jervis Bay Territory becomes Australia 's third mainland territory when the Australian Capital Territory is granted self government . External Territories ( edit ) 1 July 1914 ( edit ) Norfolk Island is transferred from New South Wales to the Commonwealth of Australia 23 July 1931 ( edit ) Ashmore Island and the Cartier Islands are transferred from Britain to Australia 13 June 1933 ( edit ) The Australian Antarctic Territory is transferred from Britain 26 June 1947 ( edit ) Heard Island and the McDonald Islands are transferred from Britain 23 November 1955 ( edit ) The Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands are transferred from Singapore to Australia 1 October 1958 ( edit ) Christmas Island is transferred from Britain 30 September 1969 ( edit ) The Coral Sea Islands Territory is transferred from Queensland to the Commonwealth of Australia Former External Territories ( edit ) Territory of Papua ( 1906 -- 42 ) Territory of New Guinea ( 1920 -- 42 ) Territory of Nauru ( 1920 -- 68 ) Territory of Papua and New Guinea ( 1942 -- 71 ) Territory of Papua New Guinea ( 1971 -- 75 ) See also ( edit ) States and territories of Australia Proposals for new Australian States Northern Territory borders South Australian borders Western Australia border References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Nation sub-divided '' . Australian Heritage . Heritage Australia Publishing . 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sir Joseph Banks , ' Draft of proposed Introduction to Captn Flinders Voyages ' , November 1811 ; State Library of New South Wales , The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks , Series 70.16 ; quoted in Robert J. King , `` Terra Australis , New Holland and New South Wales : the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia '' , The Globe , no. 47 , 1998 , pp. 35 -- 55 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Acting under instructions from England , Captain Fremantle took possession of the Swan River , to found a new colony ; and formally laid claim to `` all that part of New Holland which is not included within the territory of New South Wales '' . Jump up ^ https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-38.html External links ( edit ) States of Australia -- Statoids.com ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Armenia Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th - 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_Australia&oldid=799009835 '' Categories : States and territories of Australia Territorial evolution Borders of Australia Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 03 : 13 . 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who wrote hakuna matata from the lion king	`` Hakuna Matata '' Single by Jimmy Cliff and Lebo M from the album Rhythm of the Pride Lands B - side `` He Lives in You '' Released 1995 Format CD single , CD maxi Recorded April 1994 ; BOP Studios , Mmabatho , ZA Genre Pop , reggae fusion Length 4 : 24 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Elton John , Tim Rice Producer ( s ) Jay Rifkin , Fabian Cooke , Mark Mancina Audio sample Jimmy Cliff & Lebo M - `` Hakuna Matata '' file help Alternative cover CD maxi	Elton John\|Tim Rice	Hakuna Matata ( song )	hakuna matata ( song )	`` Hakuna Matata '' is a song from Disney 's 32nd animated feature The Lion King . The song is based on Timon and Pumbaa 's catchphrase in the movie , Hakuna matata , which is a Swahili phrase ; it means ' no worries ' . It is characterized by its simple 4 / 4 time , upbeat message and catchy lyrics .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Music 1.1 Early production 2 Meaning 3 Critical reception 4 In popular culture 5 Track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Peak positions 6.2 End of year charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Music ( edit ) The musical score was written by Elton John and the lyrics by Tim Rice . In the film the song is sung by Timon ( a meerkat voiced by Nathan Lane ) , Pumbaa ( a warthog voiced by Ernie Sabella ) , and Simba , a young lion voiced by Jason Weaver ( singing voice as a cub ) and Joseph Williams ( as an adult ) . Taking place after the death of Mufasa , it features ( Timon and Pumbaa ) , the two main comedy characters in the film , talking to Simba about moving forward from their troubled pasts and forgetting their worries , and Simba grows from cub to adult as the song progresses . The song also provides a backstory for Pumbaa , explaining that he was ostracized from animal society for his excessive flatulence . It makes use of a large proportion of the orchestra as well as many other more unusual instruments including an elaborate drum kit . Rice is said to have got the idea for the lyrics for the song from watching the comedy series Bottom and at one point wanted the show 's stars Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson to play Timon and Pumbaa . A second version of the song , produced for the companion album Rhythm of the Pride Lands , was performed by Jimmy Cliff featuring Lebo M . This version has a slightly modified , previously unreleased verse focusing on Timon 's past . It was partially rewritten with a different instrument arrangement , but remains very similar to the original . This version of the song was released as a single with `` He Lives in You '' as a B - side and was ultimately used in the Broadway theatrical version of The Lion King . Early production ( edit ) The song was based on an earlier song written early on in the production stage called `` Warthog Rhapsody '' . Although the two songs shared the same message and position in the film , when Elton and Tim began to work on the music the song was completely rewritten and it eventually evolved into `` Hakuna Matata '' . `` Warthog Rhapsody '' was eventually re-produced and released on Rhythm of the Pride Lands . The melody of Warthog Rhaspody was used in The Lion King 11⁄2 for the song `` That 's All I Need '' . Meaning ( edit ) Hakuna matata is a phrase in Swahili that is frequently translated as `` no worries '' . In a bonus features of The Lion King Special Edition DVD , the film 's production team claims that it picked up the term from a tour guide while on safari in Kenya . It was then developed into an ideology that , along with the seemingly antithetical value of duty to the monarchy , is central to the moral content of the film . The title phrase is pronounced with American English phonology within the song , including a flapped `` t '' , rather than as it is pronounced in Swahili . Critical reception ( edit ) The song became enormously popular and was nominated for Best Song at the 67th Academy Awards but lost to `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' , one of three Lion King song nominations ( the third one was `` Circle of Life '' ) . It was also ranked 99th in the AFI 's list of the 100 best American movie songs of all time , Disney 's seventh and last entry of songs on the list ( the others being `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' from Pinocchio at # 7 , `` Some Day My Prince Will Come '' from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at # 19 , `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' from Mary Poppins at # 36 , `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' from Beaches at # 44 , `` Zip - A-Dee - Doo - Dah '' from Song of the South at # 47 , and `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast at # 62 ) . A shortened version of `` Hakuna Matata '' was used as the theme song of the spinoff Timon & Pumbaa TV show . Another shortened version of `` Hakuna Matata '' was also used on the TV series The Lion Guard in the first - season episode `` Bunga and the King '' ( 2016 ) , and was sung by the characters of the show . In popular culture ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song in their 1995 album When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk , with Alvin and Simon performing Timon and Pumbaa 's parts , respectively , and replacing `` warthog '' with `` chipmunk '' . In one of Disney 's many self references , the `` Hakuna Matata '' song can be heard briefly in the 1995 Disney Pixar film Toy Story , in which it was played in Andy 's mom 's car while Molly sees Woody and Buzz Lightyear through one of the side view mirrors . In the Seinfeld episode `` The Merv Griffin Show '' , Elaine says that she was caught in the office singing `` Hakuna Matata '' . It appears in Mannheim Steamroller 's 1999 album Mannheim Steamroller Meets the Mouse . The song was covered by Bahamian group Baha Men for the Disneymania CD . The song was covered by Debby Ryan for the Disneymania 7 CD . On 2012 album Disney - Koe no Oujisama Vol. 2 , which features various Japanese voice actors covering Disney songs , this song was covered by Hiro Shimono and Nobuhiko Okamoto On 2014 album Disney - Koe no Durimu Dyuetto , which features various Japanese voice actors covering Disney songs , this song was covered by Mitsuki Saiga and Katsuyuki Konishi A parody of the song , Hasa Diga Eebowai , features in the musical The Book of Mormon Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Hakuna Matata '' -- 4 : 24 `` He Lives in You '' -- 4 : 51 CD maxi `` Hakuna Matata '' ( rap version ) -- 3 : 50 `` Warthog Rhapsody '' by Nathan Lane & Ernie Sabella -- 3 : 06 `` Hakuna Matata '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 24 Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 46 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 11 French SNEP Singles Chart 7 German Singles Chart 77 Swiss Singles Chart 32 U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 5 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 26 End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 1995 ) Position Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 35 Dutch Top 40 81 French Singles Chart 27 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified France Silver December 22 , 1995 125,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 339 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . `` Academy Awards Database '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( 2004 ) . `` The Top Movie Songs of All Time '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/articles/summerautumn2012/cringe-worthy-depiction-africa ^ Jump up to : `` JIMMY CLIFF & LEBO M. - HAKUNA MATATA ( CHANSON ) '' . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1995 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` JIMMY CLIFF singles '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1995 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1995 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2009 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2009 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) http://www.lionking.org/lyrics/OBCR/HakunaMatata.html ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakuna_Matata_(song)&oldid=809235749 '' Categories : 1994 songs 1995 singles Elton John songs Jimmy Cliff songs Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice Songs with music by Elton John Songs from The Lion King Multilingual songs Song recordings produced by Jay Rifkin Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 22 : 35 . 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who stars in the new season of american horror story			American Horror Story : Cult	american horror story : cult	American Horror Story : Cult is the seventh season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . The season was picked up on October 4 , 2016 , and premiered on September 5 , 2017 . The season will consist of a total of 11 episodes . Returning cast members from previous seasons include : Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Cheyenne Jackson , Adina Porter , Chaz Bono , John Carroll Lynch , Emma Roberts , James Morosini , Mare Winningham , Jamie Brewer and Frances Conroy , along with new cast members Billie Lourd and Alison Pill .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Edits 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Ally ( Sarah Paulson ) and Ivy Mayfair - Richards ( Alison Pill ) are a married couple with a son , named Oz ( Cooper Dodson ) , who live in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights , Michigan . Ally suffers from several phobias including coulrophobia , haemophobia , and trypophobia , which intensify after Donald Trump wins the 2016 election . She often speaks with her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , whose estranged and manipulative brother Kai Anderson ( Evan Peters ) forms a cult of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States . Kai utilizes the fear inflicted upon the community by the cult 's violent actions , notably those toward Ally and her family , to strengthen his campaign for a seat on the City Council . Cult members include Kai 's sister Winter ( Billie Lourd ) , newscast reporter Beverly Hope ( Adina Porter ) , married couple Harrison ( Billy Eichner ) and Meadow Wilton ( Leslie Grossman ) , detective Jack Samuels ( Colton Haynes ) , Trump - supporter Gary Longstreet ( Chaz Bono ) , Ivy and Ally . Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Cult characters Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Alison Pill ( left to right ) portray lead roles Ally Mayfair - Richards , Kai Anderson , and Ivy Mayfair - Richards , respectively . Billie Lourd , Cheyenne Jackson , and Billy Eichner ( left to right ) portray Winter Anderson , Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson , and Harrison Wilton , respectively . Sarah Paulson as Allyson `` Ally '' Mayfair - Richards Evan Peters as Kai Anderson and Andy Warhol Cheyenne Jackson as Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson Billie Lourd as Winter Anderson Alison Pill as Ivy Mayfair - Richards Special guest stars ( edit ) Billy Eichner as Harrison Wilton Emma Roberts as Serena Belinda Mare Winningham as Sally Keffler Lena Dunham as Valerie Solanas Frances Conroy as Bebe Babbitt Recurring ( edit ) Adina Porter as Beverly Hope Colton Haynes as Detective Jack Samuels Leslie Grossman as Meadow Wilton Chaz Bono as Gary Longstreet Cooper Dodson as Ozymandias `` Oz '' Mayfair - Richards Dermot Mulroney as Bob Thompson James Morosini as R.J. Guest stars ( edit ) Tim Kang as Tom Chang John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown Jorge - Luis Pallo as Pedro Morales Zack Ward as Roger Laura Allen as Rosie Ron Melendez as Mark Dot - Marie Jones as Butchy May Jamie Brewer as Hedda Rick Springfield as Pastor Charles Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 74 `` Election Night '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 7ATS01 3.93 Ally and Ivy are a married couple who have a son named Oz . Ally suffers from several phobias which intensify after learning that Donald Trump has won the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent , recommends a medicine to calm her phobia - induced anxiety . Clowns soon start to stalk Ally . Meanwhile , Kai and Winter are two siblings who make a mysterious pact after Trump becomes president . Winter becomes Oz 's nanny and attempts to desensitize him to violence . Kai entices a group of Hispanic men to beat him up . Ally and Ivy 's neighbors , the Changs , are slaughtered by a group of clowns . The police erroneously rule the incident as a murder -- suicide . Mr. Chang 's death leaves a city council seat vacant . 75 `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' Liza Johnson Tim Minear September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 7ATS02 2.38 Kai campaigns for the vacant seat on city council . Ally distrusts the new occupants of the Chang 's former home , Harrison and Meadow Wilton . At Ally and Ivy 's restaurant , the Butchery on Main , tensions fuel between the sous - chef , Roger , and a Hispanic employee , Pedro . Later , the restaurant 's security system trips and Ally investigates . She finds Roger hanging on a hook in the meat locker . Detective Samuels singles out Pedro as the most likely suspect . Ally obtains a gun from the Wiltons . Later on , there is an alleged power shortage in the city and Ally is terrorized by clowns . Ivy sends Pedro to deliver supplies to the house and he is accidentally shot and killed by Ally . 76 `` Neighbors from Hell '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton James Wong September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 7ATS03 2.25 Clowns break into a couple 's home and entomb them in coffins . Picketers protest Pedro 's death outside of the Butchery on Main . Kai promises Ally that he will dissuade them and he delivers . The Wiltons berate Ally for Pedro 's death and gift Oz a guinea pig . A truck , dispersing a mysterious green gas throughout the neighborhood , disturbs Ally . Oz 's guinea pig is microwaved and killed . Ally suspects the Wiltons to be the perpetrators . She assaults Harrison and threatens Meadow . Footage of Ally being seduced by Winter is posted online , devastating Ivy . The Wiltons are individually interrogated by Kai . Harrison expresses his desire for Meadow 's death . Afterwards , Meadow disappears and Harrison blames Ally . 77 `` 11 / 9 '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton John J. Gray September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 7ATS04 2.13 The day after the election , Harrison becomes Kai 's personal trainer . Kai takes Harrison under his wing and eventually convinces him to murder his degrading boss . Later , Kai takes a special interest in a news reporter named Beverly Hope and offers her `` equal power '' in his quest for domination . He instigates the murder of her rival , Serena Belinda , as proof of his dedication to her . The day before the election , Ivy attends a political rally where she is groped by a man named Gary . Winter comes to Ivy 's defense and the two have lunch together . That night , Ivy and Winter kidnap Gary and chain him to a pole in an abandoned building to prevent him from voting the next day . Kai comes to Gary 's aid one hour before the polls close and offers him a saw . Gary severs off his chained hand . 78 5 `` Holes '' Maggie Kiley Crystal Liu October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 7ATS05 2.20 Beverly informs Kai that her boss , Bob , is compromising news coverage of the clown murders and thereby hindering Kai 's campaign . Kai , Beverly , Winter , Harrison , Detective Samuels , Ivy , Gary , and Beverly 's cameraman , RJ , don clown masks , break into Bob 's house , and film his murder . Beverly later advises Kai to cut ties with RJ whom she views as a weak link . RJ is murdered by his fellow cult members as each one takes a turn at shooting a tied - up RJ in the head with a nail gun . Meadow is seen pleading with Ally for safety from the cult and tells her that Ivy is a member . Beverly probes Kai about the whereabouts of his parents and Kai divulges that his mom shot his dad and then herself in a murder -- suicide . Kai 's brother , Dr. Rudy Vincent , insisted that they cover up their deaths in order to continue receiving their mom 's pension and their dad 's disability checks . 79 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' Bradley Buecker Todd Kubrak October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 7ATS06 2.15 Meadow reveals to Ally that she had fallen in love with Kai and decided to desert the cult when her feelings were not reciprocated . Ally plans to use Meadow 's testimony to expose Kai and pays an opposing candidate of his , Sally Keffler , a visit to ask for her help . In the midst of their conversation , the cult breaks into Sally 's house and Kai shoots her in the chest . He stages her murder as a suicide . The next day , at a political rally , Meadow shoots several people , including Kai . Ally attempts to wrestle the gun out of Meadow 's hands and Meadow shoots herself in the mouth . Ally is arrested after a SWAT team arrives to the scene and finds her with the gun in her hands . Kai had ordered Meadow to attempt to assassinate him so that his figure would be elevated to a national level . In addition , Meadow was instructed to bear witness to Ally on the grounds that no one would believe a `` crazy woman '' . 80 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' Rachel Goldberg Crystal Liu October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 7ATS07 2.07 Meadow 's staged assassination attempt successfully garners Kai a seat on city council . Beverly , Winter , and Ivy are warned by Bebe Babbitt , the former lover of radical feminist Valerie Solanas , about the danger of putting their trust in Kai . Bebe asserts that men in power always push women aside . She divulges to them that Solanas orchestrated the murders accredited to the Zodiac Killer . Solanas died haunted by the fact that she would be predominantly remembered for her shooting of Andy Warhol . Later , Beverly , Winter , and Ivy murder Harrison for making a sexist comment . Kai and Bebe watch Beverly report on Harrison 's death together . 81 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' Barbara Brown Joshua Green October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 7ATS08 2.06 Winter assures Beverly and Ivy that Kai is dependable . She recounts an occasion where she and Kai saved individuals being held captive and tortured by a deranged pastor . Kai proposes to Winter that she be impregnated with the `` messiah '' by Samuels . Kai 's proposal does not go as planned and Samuels later attempts to rape Winter . She shoots him in the head . In the meantime , Ally , in an effort to get her son back , informs Kai that Vincent is seeking to get him committed . Kai kills Vincent , sends Beverly ( having been blamed for the death of Samuels by Winter ) into exile , and introduces to the cult their latest member : Ally . 82 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' Angela Bassett Adam Penn October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA TBD 83 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 84 11 `` Great Again '' Jennifer Lynch Tim Minear November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a seventh cycle , which premiered on September 5 , 2017 . Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show ; but will be set in modern day . In February 2017 , on Watch What Happens Live , Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump . Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide . He also said that he will be `` illuminating and highlighting '' groups of people he believes to be `` ignored by the current ( Trump ) administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away . '' It was later confirmed that the season would be set in the aftermath of the presidential election , with the first episode taking place on election night . Murphy explained it will be about `` the fallout of that night , which to many people , from all sides of the camps is a horror story . '' He also revealed the season will not feature Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton , stating `` Horror Story is always about allegory , so the election is allegory . '' In April 2017 , Murphy confirmed that archive footage of the election night is going to be used in the season premiere . Murphy revealed via Twitter that the details of the seventh season , including the title , would be revealed on July 20 . He also teased that the opening sequence of the series would return in this season , following its absence in Roanoke . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Cult . Murphy also revealed it would be set in Michigan , and confirmed it would consist of a total of 11 episodes , premiering on September 5 , 2017 . For the first time , the series will not air on Wednesdays but rather on Tuesdays . On August 3 , 2017 , online posters revealed the names of multiple characters of the season . On August 21 , 2017 , the opening title sequence of the season was revealed , following its absence in the previous season . That same month , Murphy confirmed that , contrary to the past seasons , Cult would not feature supernatural elements . Casting ( edit ) During the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour , series mainstays Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters were reported to be starring as the leads in the season . In March 2017 , Billy on the Street host Billy Eichner was announced to be cast in the series , playing a role in the life of Paulson 's character . His character is slated for appearing in `` six or seven '' episodes . The next month , it was reported that Scream Queens alum Billie Lourd will also star in the seventh installment of the series . In May 2017 , Leslie Grossman , who starred in Murphy 's series Popular , joined the cast of the series , and Angela Bassett hinted she may return in a recurring role . Later that month , it was confirmed via set pictures that Adina Porter and Cheyenne Jackson were also returning . In June 2017 , Murphy confirmed via his Instagram account that Colton Haynes , whom Murphy worked with previously on second season of Scream Queens , was joining the casting for the seventh season . Later that month , set pictures revealed that Alison Pill was joining the cast of the season , seemingly portraying the partner of Sarah Paulson 's character . In July 2017 , Murphy revealed via his Twitter account that Lena Dunham was joining the season . She is set to play Valerie Solanas , author of the SCUM Manifesto and attempted murder of Andy Warhol , via flashbacks . Murphy also confirmed the returns of Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham . Conroy has appeared in all the seasons except Hotel , while Winningham has appeared in Coven , Freak Show and Hotel . In August 2017 , Murphy confirmed the return of Emma Roberts , who appeared in Coven and Freak Show , while Roanoke actors Chaz Bono and James Morosini also confirmed their returns . In the seventh episode , Murder House , Coven and Freak Show actress alum Jamie Brewer returned to the show . On June 26 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects . Despite rumors , Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7 , 2017 , that Vera Farmiga , sister of American Horror Story alum Taissa Farmiga , would not appear in the season . Later that month , it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult , after four seasons of regular appearances . Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season , indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role . Filming ( edit ) In February 2017 , it was announced the season would begin principal photography in June 2017 . By the next month , filming was moved to May 2017 . On May 24 , 2017 , writer and producer John J. Gray confirmed the show started filming . Edits ( edit ) On October 7 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be edited as a direct result of the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting that occurred on October 1 , 2017 . The episode originally featured a scene lasting 2 minutes and 16 seconds where Leslie Grossman 's character Meadow Wilton begins to fire at Evan Peters ' character , as well as a crowd , during a campaign speech . The episode was edited to de-emphasize the violence and to mostly have it featured completely off - screen - as a result the opening sequence of the episode was cut in half , several on - screen deaths were removed and two separate close - up shots of the handgun firing were removed . While only the edited episode was broadcast on FX , the original uncut episode was released via VOD , FXNOW and FX+ . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Cult has received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 74 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.93 / 10 , based on 40 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` American Horror Story : Cult intrigues with timely , over-the - top creepiness - and lots of clowns - despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 66 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . American Horror Story ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Election Night '' September 5 , 2017 2.0 3.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' September 12 , 2017 1.2 2.38 1.7 3.05 2.9 5.43 `` Neighbors from Hell '' September 19 , 2017 1.2 2.25 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` 11 / 9 '' September 26 , 2017 1.1 2.13 1.5 2.87 2.7 5.00 5 `` Holes '' October 3 , 2017 1.1 2.20 1.5 2.82 2.6 5.02 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' October 10 , 2017 1.0 2.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' October 17 , 2017 1.0 2.07 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 2.06 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' October 31 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' November 7 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Great Again '' November 14 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 TBD TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also set to appear in minor roles as Charles Manson , Jim Jones , and David Koresh , among other famous cult leaders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story Renewed for ( Top - Secret , Duh ) Season 7 at FX '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters to Return for ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Murphy Teases ' American Crime Story ' Future Seasons E ! Live from the Red Carpet '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Billy Eichner Cast In Season 7 Of FX Anthology Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Evan Peters Playing Charles Manson and Other Cult Leaders in `` AHS : Cult '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lena Dunham , Emma Roberts ' Cult Characters Revealed , More AHS Scoop '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' Cast : Who 's Returning , Who 's Not , and Who 's New '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Cult ' premieres lower than ' Roanoke ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 709 ) `` Drink The Kool - Aid '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 710 ) `` Charles ( Manson ) In Charge '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 711 ) `` Great Again '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy Reveals Roanoke Twist , Hints at Next Season 's Freak Show Tie - In '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals ' American Horror Story ' Will Tackle 2016 Presidential Election '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on ' American Horror Story 's ' Next Season and Casting the Role of Monica Lewinsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Star In ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 On FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 7 Adds Scream Queens Vet Billie Lourd '' . E !. Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Who Will Play Princess Diana on Feud ? The Latest From Ryan Murphy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official American Horror Story Season 7 title will be revealed Thursday July 20 . And suddenly ... it will all make sense . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wait a minute ... you want the main title sequence to return this year ? ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Cult Confirmed -- Plus : Who 's Returning in Season 7 ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story ( @ AHSFX ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch it begin . Witness the opening credits for # AHSCult . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lena Dunham , Emma Roberts ' Cult Characters Revealed , More AHS Scoop '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Billy Eichner cast in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Leslie Grossman Joins FX Anthology From Ryan Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Is n't Sure Political ' American Horror Story ' Return Can ' Keep Up ' With Reality ( Exclusive Video ) '' . toofab . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` HELL YEAH ! ADINA PORTER IS THERE TOO ! ! ! # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cheyenne Jackson @ cheyennejackson - On Set of `` American Horror Story '' - May 26 # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to American Horror Story , Colton Haynes '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Alison Pill is officially joining the cast of # AHS7 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled that my talented friend Lena Dunham is joining the AMERICAN HORROR STORY family . Always wanted to work together , and now we r ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' : Ryan Murphy On Lena Dunham 's Portrayal Of Valerie Solanas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham return ... and others . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Look who showed up on the set of Cult looking glamorous and ready for action . '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bono , Chaz ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Guess what ? YOU could have a walk - on role in American Horror Story ! Check out the set , get dolled up , AND grab some lunch with Evan Peters . It 's all to support Children 's Hospital Los Angeles . Click the link in the bio or go to omaze.com/AHS NOW ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Lady Gaga wo n't return for season 7 despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Vera Farmiga not appearing this season despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ; Nemetz , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates Wo n't Return for Next Season 's Cult '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` He 's Baaaaaack '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , John J. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` 🎥 # ahs7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/10/ryan-murphy-ahs-cult-recutting-shooting-1202184101/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/American-Horror-Story-Cult-Shooting-Scene-Edits-44128303 Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park ' premiere makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' AHS : Cult ' outgains everything in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 25 - Oct. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' ' American Horror Story : Cult ' on top again in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Cult&oldid=808012881 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons American drama television series American Horror Story seasons American LGBT - related television shows Cult - related media Donald Trump in popular culture Mass murder in fiction Fratricide in fiction Lesbian - related television programmes Suicide in fiction Television series set in the 2010s Television shows set in Michigan United States presidential election , 2016 in popular culture Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 10 : 29 . 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the juvenile's right to one phone call is guaranteed in the juvenile justice system			In re Gault	in re gault		United States Supreme Court case In re Gaults Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 16 , 1966 Decided May 15 , 1967 Full case name In re Gault et al . Citations 387 U.S. 1 ( more ) 87 S. Ct. 1428 ; 18 L. Ed . 2d 527 ; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1478 ; 40 Ohio Op . 2d 378 Prior history Appeal from the Supreme Court of Arizona Holding Juveniles tried for crimes in delinquency proceedings should have the right of due process protected by the Fourteenth Amendment , including the right to confront witnesses and the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas Case opinions Majority Fortas , joined by Warren , Douglas , Clark , Brennan Concurrence Black Concurrence White Concur / dissent Harlan Dissent Stewart Laws applied U.S. Const . Amend . XIV U.S. Const . Amend . VI In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) , was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that held that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults , such as the right to timely notification of the charges , the right to confront witnesses , the right against self - incrimination , and the right to counsel . The court 's opinion was written by Justice Abe Fortas , a noted proponent of children 's rights . Contents 1 Background 2 Decision 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) On June 8 , 1964 , the sheriff of Gila County , Arizona , took 15 - year - old Gerald Gault into custody , without notifying Gault 's parents after a neighbor , Ora Cook , complained of receiving an inappropriate and offensive telephone call . After returning home from work that evening to find her son missing , Gault 's mother eventually located him at the county Children 's Detention Home but was not permitted to take him home . According to Gault , his friend Ronald Lewis made the call from the Gault family 's trailer . Gault claims that Lewis had asked to use the telephone while Gault was getting ready for work . Then , not yet knowing to whom Lewis was speaking , Gault said , `` I heard him , ahem , using some pretty vulgar language ... so I -- all I did was walk out , took the phone off him , hung it up , and told him -- I said , ' Hey , there 's the door . Get out . ' '' Judge McGhee of the Gila County superior court , acting as a juvenile court judge , presided over Gault 's preliminary hearing the next morning , which he ended by saying he would `` think about it , '' and Gault remained in custody for several more days until he was released , without explanation . On Gault 's release , his mother received a note from the superintendent of the detention home informing her that `` Judge McGhee has set Monday June 15 , 1964 at 11 : 00 A.M. as the date and time for further Hearings on Gerald 's delinquency . '' That was the family 's only notification of the hearing . At the hearing , McGhee found `` that said minor is a delinquent child , and that said minor is of the age of 15 years '' and ordered him confined at the State Industrial School `` for the period of his minority ( that is , until 21 ) , unless sooner discharged by due process of law . '' The charge listed in the report prepared by the county probation officers was `` Lewd Phone Calls . '' Had Gault been convicted as an adult for a violation of ARS § 13 - 377 , the punishment was a maximum prison sentence of two months and a fine of $5 to $50 . Gault 's accuser , Cook , was not present at either hearing ; McGhee said `` she did n't have to be present . '' More than forty years later , Gault said , `` I still do n't know what that lady looks like . '' With no witnesses having been sworn and the court making no transcript of either hearing , those present later disagreed about what had gone on during the June 1964 hearings . In particular , Gault 's parents contested McGhee 's claim that the teenager had admitted in court to making any of the alleged lewd statements . Arizona law then permitted no appeal in juvenile cases so Gault 's parents petitioned the Arizona Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus to obtain their son 's release ; the Supreme Court referred the case back to McGhee for hearing . On August 17 , `` McGhee was vigorously cross-examined as to the basis for his actions . '' He testified : Well , there is a -- I think it amounts to disturbing the peace . I ca n't give you the section , but I can tell you the law , that when one person uses lewd language in the presence of another person , that it can amount to -- and I consider that when a person makes it over the phone , that it is considered in the presence , I might be wrong , that is one section . The other section upon which I consider the boy delinquent is Section 8 - 201 , Subsection ( d ) , habitually involved in immoral matters . The first law McGhee mentioned was Arizona Revised Statutes ( ARS ) § 13 - 377 , which made a misdemeanor of using `` vulgar , abusive or obscene language '' while `` in the presence or hearing of any woman or child . '' Violating that law , then , would meet the ARS § 8 - 201 ( 6 ) ( a ) criterion for classification as a `` delinquent child , '' a `` child who has violated a law of the state or an ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision thereof . '' The alternate criterion McGhee cited was that of ARS § 8 - 201 ( 6 ) ( d ) : `` A child who habitually so deports himself as to injure or endanger the morals or health of himself or others . '' McGhee found Gault delinquent for ( 1 ) on one occasion using obscene language on the telephone with a woman and ( 2 ) being `` habitually '' dangerous . The evidence for the latter , according to McGhee 's testimony , was that ( a ) two years earlier there had been a vague report , which the court had not acted upon due to , in McGhee 's words , a `` lack of material foundation '' concerning the theft of a baseball glove ; and ( b ) Gault 's admission that in the past he had made telephone calls the judge described as `` silly calls , or funny calls , or something like that . '' On that basis , Judge McGhee ordered the teenager to serve six years in juvenile detention . After McGhee dismissed the habeas petition , the Gaults appealed to the state Supreme Court ( 99 Ariz . 181 ( 1965 ) ) , based on the following : the Arizona Juvenile Code was unconstitutional because it ( a ) did not require that either the accused or his parents be notified of the specific charges against him ; ( b ) did not require that the parents be given notice of hearings ; and ( c ) allowed no appeal ; and the Juvenile Court 's actions constituted a denial of due process because of ( a ) the lack of notification of the charges against Gault or of the hearings ; ( b ) the court 's failure to inform the Gaults of their right to counsel , right to confront the accuser , and right to remain silent ; ( c ) the admission of `` unsworn hearsay testimony ; '' and ( d ) the lack of any records of the proceedings . The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal of the petition . The court acknowledged that the constitutionality of the Juvenile Court proceedings required adherence to due process but found that the Arizona Juvenile Code , in general , and the Gault proceedings , in specific , did not violate due process . The case was appealed to the US Supreme Court . Decision ( edit ) In an 8 -- 1 decision , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Gault 's commitment to the State Industrial School was a violation of the Sixth Amendment since he had been denied the right to an attorney , had not been formally notified of the charges against him , had not been informed of his right against self - incrimination , and had no opportunity to confront his accusers . Justice Potter Stewart was the sole dissenter . He argued that the purpose of juvenile court was correction , not punishment , and so the constitutional procedural safeguards for criminal trials should not apply to juvenile trials . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 , 4 ( 1967 ) . Fortas noted that it was sufficient `` to say that the remarks or questions put to her were of the irritatingly offensive , adolescent , sex variety . '' ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald Gault , in National Constitution Center , `` Children under the Constitution '' panel discussion , November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 387 U.S. at 5 , n. 1 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 6 . Jump up ^ 387 U.S. at 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 9 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 7 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 8 . Jump up ^ 387 U.S. at 8 , n. 5 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 9 , n. 6 . ^ Jump up to : 387 U.S. at 10 . Jump up ^ 387 U.S. at 12 . External links ( edit ) Works related to In re Gault at Wikisource Text of In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) is available from : Justia Library of Congress Oyez ( oral argument audio ) National Constitution Center , `` Children under the Constitution '' panel discussion , November 7 , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_re_Gault&oldid=860317445 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States criminal due process case law Confrontation Clause case law United States Sixth Amendment assistance of counsel case law United States habeas corpus case law United States children 's rights case law 1967 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court History of Gila County , Arizona Prank calling Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20re%20Gault	2,796
where are the cast from leave it to beaver now			List of Leave It to Beaver cast members	list of leave it to beaver cast members	The following is a list of actors who appeared in the original American television series Leave It to Beaver , alongside the character ( s ) they played .	Contents 1 Main cast 2 Supporting cast 3 Recurring cast 4 Other cast members 5 Others in unnamed roles 6 References Main cast ( edit ) Barbara Billingsley as `` June Cleaver '' Hugh Beaumont as `` Ward Cleaver '' Tony Dow as `` Wally Cleaver '' Jerry Mathers as `` Theodore ' Beaver ' Cleaver '' Supporting cast ( edit ) Ken Osmond as `` Eddie Haskell '' Frank Bank as `` Clarence ' Lumpy ' Rutherford '' Sue Randall as `` Miss Landers '' Diane Brewster as `` Miss Canfield '' Richard Deacon as `` Fred Rutherford '' Stephen Talbot as `` Gilbert Bates '' . In the episode `` Beaver 's English Test '' , Mr. Blair , Gilbert 's English teacher , calls Gilbert `` Mr. Harrison '' . He is referred to as `` Gilbert Gates '' ( and his father `` Mr. Gates '' ) in the first episode he appears , `` Beaver & Gilbert '' . Rusty Stevens as `` Larry Mondello '' Richard Correll as `` Richard Rickover '' Stanley Fafara as `` Hubert ' Whitey ' Whitney '' Recurring cast ( edit ) Burt Mustin as `` Gus the fireman '' Buddy Hart - `` Chester Anderson '' Tiger Fafara as `` Tooey Brown '' Madge Kennedy as `` Aunt Martha Bronson '' Jeri Weil as `` Judy Hensler '' Madge Blake as `` Margaret Mondello , '' Larry 's mother Dana Dillaway as `` Peggy '' Karen Sue Trent as `` Penny Woods '' Doris Packer as `` Mrs. ( Cornelia ) Rayburn , '' the principal of Grant Ave . Grammar School Edgar Buchanan as `` Uncle Billy '' and `` Captain Jack '' Veronica Cartwright as `` Violet Rutherford '' and , in the episode , `` Beaver Sees America '' , she plays `` Peggy MacIntosh '' Cheryl Holdridge - `` Julie Foster '' in most episodes and as `` Gloria Cusick '' in `` Wally 's Pug Nose '' Other cast members ( edit ) Mark Murray - `` Alan '' Larry Adare - `` Alan '' Tim Graham - `` Mr. Allen '' Howard McNear - `` Andy '' Stephen Wootton - `` Clyde Appleby '' Ed Prentiss - `` Mr. Bailey '' Clark Howat - `` Mr. Barnes '' Beverly Washburn - `` Jill Bartlett '' Joey Scott - `` Bengie Bellamy '' William Schallert - `` Mr. Bloomgarten '' Pat McCaffrie - `` Bill Boothby '' Mary Mitchel - `` Evelyn Boothby '' Lurene Tuttle - `` Mrs. Brady '' Henry Hunter - `` Mr. Briggs '' Allan Ray - `` Bert '' Vicky Albright - `` Carolyn '' Alan Roberts - `` Roberto ' Chuey ' Varela '' Hardie Albright - `` Mr. Collins '' Bartlett Robinson - `` George Compton '' Aline Towne - `` Mrs. Cunningham '' and `` George Compton 's Secretary '' Charles Davis - `` Willis ' Corny ' Cornelius '' Karen Green - `` Caroline Cunningham '' Martin Dean - `` Rick Davis '' Lyle Talbot - `` Charles ' Chuck ' Dennison '' Patty Turner - `` Linda Dennison '' Charles H. Gray - `` Harry Donaldson '' Phyllis Coates - `` Betty Donaldson '' Ray Kellogg - `` Mr. Donaldson '' Dorothy Abbott - `` Dorothy the Secretary '' Ahna Capri - `` Cinda Dunsworth '' Ralph Sanford - `` Fats Flannaghan '' Ross Elliott - `` Mr. Foster '' Bobby Mittelstaedt - `` Charles Fredericks '' Carleton G. Young - `` John Gates '' Marjorie Reynolds - `` Mrs. Gregory '' Herbert Rudley - `` Mr. Gregory '' Carole Wells - `` Kathy Gregory '' Kathleen O'Malley - `` Mrs. Halloran '' Rodney Bell - `` Alfred Hanson '' Cindy Carol ( also known as Carol Sydes ) - `` Alma Hanson '' Jean Vander Pyl - `` Mrs. Hanson '' and `` Mrs. Woods '' Anne Barton - `` Agnes Haskell '' Ann Doran - `` Agnes Haskell '' and `` Mrs. Bellamy '' John Alvin - `` Frank Haskell '' George O. Petrie - `` George Haskell '' Karl Swenson - `` George Haskell '' Tommy Ivo - `` Duke Hathaway '' Ann Barnes - `` Frances Hobbs '' John Gallaudet - `` Arthur Howard '' Dick Simmons - `` Kenneth Langley '' Alice Backes - `` Miss Lawrence '' Tim Matheson - `` Michael '' Rory Stevens - `` Chuckie Murdock '' Barry Curtis - `` Harry Myers '' and `` Johnny Franklin '' Jennie Lynn - `` Patty '' Eddie Marr - `` Mr. Payton '' Will Wright - `` Pete at Firehouse # 7 '' Katherine Warren - `` Mrs. Prescott '' Jane Dulo - `` Mrs. Rickover '' Pamela Baird - `` Mary Ellen Rogers '' Majel Barrett - `` Gwendolyn Rutherford '' David Kent - `` Bill Scott '' Beverly Lunsford - `` Shirley '' Kim Charney - `` Terry '' Estelle Etterre - `` Mrs. Thompson '' Mimi Gibson - `` Mary Tyler '' Gil Frye - `` Mr. Tyne '' Lenore Kingston - `` Mrs. Whitney '' Lillian O'Malley - `` Mrs. Whitney '' Maria Andre - `` Carmella Varela '' Abel Franco - `` Enrico Varela '' Wendell Holmes - `` Mr. Blair '' and `` Mr. Willet '' Ray Montgomery - `` Herb Wilson '' Chrystine Jordan - `` Donna Yeager '' Others in unnamed roles ( edit ) Hal Smith - `` Restaurant Manager '' Paul Engle - `` Bicycle Thief '' Bill Baldwin - `` Board of Health Man '' Neil Seflinger - `` Boy '' Kevin Jones - `` 1st Boy '' Eddie Pagett - `` 1st Boy '' Brad Morrow - `` 2nd Boy '' Bobby Beakman - `` Boy in Club '' Gary Allen - `` Boy in Club '' Yvonne White - `` Bus Passenger '' Frank Sully - `` Cab Driver '' Jess Kirkpatrick - `` Car Lot Owner '' Eric Snowden - `` Clothier '' John Hoyt - `` Clothier '' John Hart - `` Construction Worker '' Frank Wilcox - `` District Court Judge '' Stephen Courtleigh - `` Father '' Dee Carroll - `` Florist '' Carol Faylen - `` 1st Girl '' Patty Ann Gerrity - `` 1st Girl '' Claudia Bryar - `` Librarian '' , also one of the housewives in the episode `` Community Chest '' Vince Williams - `` Man in Shoe Store '' Alan Reynolds - `` Man in Train Station '' Helen Jay - `` Perfume Customer '' Mark Allen - `` Policeman '' George Cisar - `` Postman '' Betty Lynn Budzak - `` Student '' Howard Caine Bill Erwin Lee Meriwether - housewife in the episode `` Community Chest '' Dorothy Neumann - housewife in the episode `` Community Chest '' Harry Shearer ( in pilot episode ) Herb Vigran Note : denotes actor who is known to be deceased . References ( edit ) Series cast at IMDb.com Leave It to Beaver Characters June Cleaver Ward Cleaver Wally Cleaver Beaver Cleaver Martha Bronson Lumpy Rutherford Eddie Haskell Larry Mondello Judy Hensler Fred Rutherford Miss Canfield Episodes Season 1 `` It 's a Small World '' `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Family Scrapbook '' Other articles Cast members The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Leave_It_to_Beaver_cast_members&oldid=847951727 '' Categories : Leave It to Beaver Lists of actors by comedy television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 21 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Leave%20It%20to%20Beaver%20cast%20members	2,797
live cricket score india vs srilanka world cup final 2011			2011 Cricket World Cup final	2011 cricket world cup final	The 2011 Cricket World Cup Final was a One Day International ( ODI ) match played between India and Sri Lanka at the Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai , on 2 April 2011 . The culmination of the tenth edition of the World Cup , it was the first time that these two teams had met each other at this stage in the tournament history . India won the match by six wickets -- its second World Cup win after the 1983 tournament -- and became the third team to have won the title more than once , after Australia ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) and the West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) .	Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final . India had won all the matches to that point except for the game against South Africa , and against England , which ended in a tie . Sri Lanka had won all but one match against Pakistan . The Sri Lanka captain Kumar Sangakkara chose to bat first after winning the toss . The team scored slowly until the 17th over when they lost both their openers . Sangakkara added 62 runs with Mahela Jayawardene before being dismissed for 48 runs . Although wickets kept falling at one end , Jayawardene scored 103 runs in 88 balls ; he was involved in a partnership of 66 runs with Thisara Perera . The pair took Sri Lanka 's total to 274 runs at the close of the innings . In reply , India lost their opener Virender Sehwag in the first over of the innings . Sachin Tendulkar , too , got out in quick succession . The next set of batsmen , Gautam Gambhir and Virat Kohli , added 83 runs in 15 overs before the latter got out in the 22nd over . India captain MS Dhoni , promoting himself up the order , joined Gambhir and they both added 109 runs , an Indian record in a World Cup final . Gambhir got out for 97 runs in the 42nd over . India chased down the total and won the match by four wickets in the 49th over . Dhoni was declared the `` man of the match '' for scoring 91 runs while his compatriot Yuvraj Singh was awarded the `` man of the series '' . The match was watched by about 42,000 spectators at the venue and about 135 million viewers on television in India . This was the second time in World Cup history that a host nation won the final and the first time to win on their home ground . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Road to the final 3 Team composition 4 Match details 4.1 Match officials 4.2 Toss 4.3 Sri Lankan innings 4.4 Indian innings 4.5 Scorecard 5 Post-match ceremony and celebrations 6 Broadcast 7 After match 7.1 Reception in Sri Lanka 7.2 Reception in India 7.3 Prizes for Indian Players 7.4 Change in the Sri Lanka team 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup The 2011 Cricket World Cup was the tenth World Cup , organised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The competition took place between 19 February and 2 April 2011 . Co-hosted by India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh , the tournament was the third World Cup to be played in the Indian subcontinent . The ICC ruled out Pakistan citing security reasons . There were 14 participating teams , which included four associate members of the ICC -- Kenya , Canada , Ireland and Netherlands . The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1996 World Cup . The 14 teams were separated into two groups of seven and each team played the others in its group once . The top four teams from each group qualified for the quarter finals. Winners of quarter finals qualified for the semi-finals , and the winners of those matches contested the final . A total of 49 matches were played in the tournament . The matches were played according to the standard rules of a One Day International ( ODI ) match . Each side batted for a maximum of 50 overs , with fielding restrictions and batting powerplay rules applied for the both sides . Prior to this match , India and Sri Lanka had met each other seven times in World Cup history with Sri Lanka ahead with four wins and two defeats and one game ending in a no - result . In One Day Internationals , India led Sri Lanka with 75 victories against 52 victories for Sri Lanka , while 11 matches had ended with no result . The final generated huge interest . It was the first time both World Cup finalists were Asian teams . The President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa , a known cricket enthusiast , announced he would attend the match along with his sons . Following this , the Indian President Pratibha Patil also announced her decision to attend the match . Road to the final ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Cricket World Cup Sri Lanka qualified for the knockouts with a second - place finish in Group A. They won four of their six games , suffered a defeat against Pakistan and against Australia was washed out . Being level on points with Australia , they were placed second in the group due to their better net run rate . India were drawn in Group B where they finished second behind South Africa . They managed wins in four of their six games , lost one against South Africa while their game against England was a high scoring tie . Sri Lanka had clinically demolished England in the quarter final , defeating them by 10 wickets . Both the Sri Lankan openers , Tillakaratne Dilshan and Upul Tharanga made unbeaten centuries and put up a world - record stand for the first wicket in a World Cup . The New Zealand semi-final was more keenly contested , but was still won with relative ease by Sri Lanka . The matches showcased the effective unconventional bowling of pace spearhead Lasith Malinga , restrictive fielding , and the batting prowess of the Sri Lankan top order . Both of India 's knockout matches were high - pressure contests . Australia was a strong team and defending champion , and India had to give a very good performance to restrict Australia to 260 and then successfully chase down the target even as wickets fell regularly . Pakistan and India have historically been rivals , and there was immense public pressure on both teams . The match was attended by the Prime Ministers of both India and Pakistan . India batted first and ultimately defeated Pakistan by 29 runs . Team composition ( edit ) India largely retained the same team it had in the semi-final against Pakistan , with just one change . Ashish Nehra , left - arm medium pacer , had suffered a finger fracture while fielding in that match , and he was replaced by another pacer , Sreesanth . India was widely rated as having the strongest batting line - up in the tournament , and chose to back this strength throughout the campaign by playing seven batsmen and four bowlers . Due to Yuvraj Singh performing well with both bat and ball in the tournament , India could afford to play with only four specialist bowlers . Yuvraj bowled his full quota of 10 overs in many matches , including the semi-final against Pakistan . Among the four bowling slots , Zaheer Khan was the pace spearhead supported in most matches by Munaf Patel , while Harbhajan Singh was the regular off - spinner . The fourth slot was taken by different bowlers in different matches , including Sreesanth , Nehra , leg - spinner Piyush Chawla , or off - spinner Ravichandran Ashwin . The captain had chosen Nehra over Ashwin in the match against Pakistan also . Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni had then said he preferred having three seamers ( a synonym for a fast bowler ) because it gave him more options . He already had proven spinners in Harbhajan and Yuvraj , and could call upon many other Indian players who can bowl part - time spin ( including Sachin Tendulkar , Virat Kohli , Suresh Raina , and Virender Sehwag ) . Sri Lanka made four changes to their side from the semi-final . All - rounder Angelo Mathews had suffered a torn quadriceps and could not play . Sri Lanka knew the Indians ' strength was batting , and thus they needed to take wickets to put them under pressure . This led to their choosing a full complement of bowlers . Spin bowler Ajantha Mendis had performed well throughout the tournament , but he had a poor record against India in pre-World Cup clashes and was not chosen for the final . Spinner Rangana Herath was also dropped . Off - spinner Suraj Randiv and batsman Chamara Kapugedera were flown in from Sri Lanka to strengthen the side . Seamers Nuwan Kulasekara and Thisara Perera , who had played matches in the earlier group stage , were drafted into the team . Legendary spinner Muttiah Muralitharan was carrying minor injuries , but was retained . He had announced that he would retire from One Day International cricket after the World Cup , so this was his last match . The semi-final held at the Premadasa Stadium in Colombo was his last ODI match on home soil , and there he had been carried around the stadium , perched on his teammates ' shoulders , on a lap of honour after that match . Match details ( edit ) Match officials ( edit ) The on - field umpires were Simon Taufel of Australia and Aleem Dar of Pakistan , with Ian Gould being the third ( TV ) umpire . All of these umpires are highly rated ; Taufel has won 5 ICC Umpire of the Year awards , while Dar has won two . Taufel had never been able to officiate in a World Cup final because Australia had been qualifying for the finals in the last four editions . Jeff Crowe was the match referee and Steve Davis the reserve umpire . Toss ( edit ) A controversy developed when Kumar Sangakkara called the toss . The toss came up as heads , but the match referee Jeff Crowe did not hear the call over the crowd . It was decided that there would be a re-toss . Sangakkara called heads as the coin was spun the second time . He won the re-toss and elected to bat . Sri Lankan innings ( edit ) Sri Lanka started the innings slowly , constrained by good bowling from Zaheer Khan and committed fielding from Yuvraj Singh , Suresh Raina , and Virat Kohli inside the 30 - yard circle . Zaheer began with three consecutive maidens and the wicket of Upul Tharanga , conceding only six runs in his five - over spell . Sri Lankan opener Tillakaratne Dilshan was bowled by Harbhajan Singh when a delivery carried on to the stumps after deflecting off his gloves . Captain Kumara Sangakkara came in after Tharanga 's dismissal , and was building a solid foundation with Dilshan before the latter was dismissed . Mahela Jayawardene came to the crease when Sri Lanka were 60 / 2 in the 17th over . Sangakkara and Mahela went about the task of consolidating the innings , but eventually Sangakkara was caught behind by Dhoni at 48 . New batsman Thilan Samaraweera was adjudged not out by the umpire when a ball hit his thigh pad off the bowling of Yuvraj Singh . The Indians decided to review the decision and he was ultimately given out . Chamara Kapugedera , who was playing his first World Cup match , was caught off a deceptive slower ball by Zaheer Khan . Jayawardene , meanwhile , continued with his quality batting , ultimately scoring 103 not out from 88 balls in a high - class batting display . Helped by the hard - hitting of Nuwan Kulasekara and Thisara Perera , Sri Lanka scored 91 runs in the last 10 overs , including 63 in the batting powerplay ( 45 -- 50 overs ) to take the score to 274 / 6 . Wankhede Stadium during the final . Indian innings ( edit ) India had a shaky start , with Virender Sehwag and Sachin Tendulkar both dismissed early by Lasith Malinga , leaving them struggling at 31 for two . Sehwag was trapped LBW for a duck on the second ball of the innings . Tendulkar started with some good strokes , racing to 18 off 14 balls , but then edged a catch to wicketkeeper Sangakkara . Virat Kohli and Gautam Gambhir started the recovery with some fluent stroke play and quick running between wickets , taking India to 114 before Kohli was caught - and - bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan for 35 . When he was on 30 , Gambhir mistimed a shot off the bowling of Suraj Randiv , sending the ball high up in the air , but Nuwan Kulasekara could not hold on to a difficult chance at long off . Kohli and Gambhir put together an 83 - run partnership before Kohli 's dismissal . Dhoni came in after Kohli to bat at number five , usually the position of Yuvraj Singh . Both Kohli and Dhoni are right - handed batsmen , while Gambhir and Yuvraj are left - handed . Along with other considerations , by coming ahead of Yuvraj , Dhoni ensured there would be a right - left batting combination between him and Gambhir , which makes it difficult for the bowlers to get into a rhythm , and necessitates frequent field changes . Both Gambhir and Dhoni emphasised on preserving the wickets , and later accelerating with a greater flow of boundaries . Gambhir and Dhoni added 109 for the fourth wicket with Gambhir scoring 97 . Gambhir tried to finish his century with a boundary , but his heaving bat failed to connect with the ball , and he was bowled by Thisara Perera . Following Gambhir 's dismissal , 52 runs were required off 52 balls . Yuvraj Singh was the new batsman and along with Dhoni took India to victory , and Dhoni sealed the match hitting a six off Nuwan Kulasekara , when only 4 runs were required off 11 balls . Dhoni finished on 91 not out from 79 deliveries . Like in many other day - night matches in the subcontinent , dew started to form on the outfield grass in the night , making the ball damp and difficult to grip especially in the later part of India 's batting . However , this was a known factor and was taken into consideration by the Sri Lankan captain when he chose to bat first after winning the toss . By crossing the target of 274 , India had set a record for the highest successful run - chase in a World Cup final . At the end of the match , the batting strength of both the teams stood out . The three top run scorers of this tournament were from these finalists : Tillekaratne Dilshan ( 500 runs ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( 482 ) , and Kumar Sangakkara ( 465 ) . In the top 10 tournament scorers , there were 3 from Sri Lanka ( Upul Tharanga ( 395 ) in addition to the previous two ) , and 4 from India ( Gautam Gambhir ( 393 ) , Virender Sehwag ( 380 ) , and Yuvraj Singh ( 362 ) in addition to Sachin ) . Scorecard ( show ) Scorecard ( edit ) 1st innings Sri Lankan Batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Upul Tharanga c Sehwag b Khan 20 0 0 10.00 Tillakaratne Dilshan b Harbhajan Singh 33 49 0 67.34 Kumar Sangakkara c Dhoni b Yuvraj Singh 48 67 5 0 71.64 Mahela Jayawardene not out 103 88 13 0 117.04 Thilan Samaraweera lbw b Yuvraj Singh 21 34 0 61.76 Chamara Kapugedera c Raina b Khan 5 0 0 20.00 Nuwan Kulasekara run out ( Dhoni ) 32 30 106.66 Thisara Perera not out 22 9 244.44 Lasith Malinga did not bat Suraj Randiv did not bat Muttiah Muralitharan did not bat Extras ( b 1 , lb 3 , w 6 , nb 2 ) 12 Total ( 6 wickets ; 50 overs ) 274 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 17 ( Tharanga , 6.1 ov ) , 2 -- 60 ( Dilshan , 16.5 ov ) , 3 -- 122 ( Sangakkara , 27.5 ov ) , 4 -- 179 ( Samaraweera , 38.1 ov ) , 5 -- 182 ( Kapugedera , 39.5 ov ) , 6 -- 248 ( Kulasekara , 47.6 ov ) Indian Bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Zaheer Khan 10 60 6.00 Sreesanth 8 0 52 0 6.50 Munaf Patel 9 0 41 0 4.55 Harbhajan Singh 10 0 50 5.00 Yuvraj Singh 10 0 49 4.90 Sachin Tendulkar 0 12 0 6.00 Virat Kohli 0 6 0 6.00 2nd innings Indian Batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Virender Sehwag lbw b Malinga 0 0 0 0.00 Sachin Tendulkar c Sangakkara b Malinga 18 14 0 128.57 Gautam Gambhir b Perera 97 122 9 0 79.50 Virat Kohli c & b Dilshan 35 49 0 71.42 Mahendra Singh Dhoni not out 91 79 8 115.18 Yuvraj Singh not out 21 24 0 87.50 Suresh Raina Harbhajan Singh Zaheer Khan Munaf Patel Sreesanth Extras ( b 1 , lb 6 , w 8 ) 15 Total ( 4 wickets ; 48.2 overs ) 277 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 0 ( Sehwag , 0.2 ov ) , 2 -- 31 ( Tendulkar , 6.1 ov ) , 3 -- 114 ( Kohli , 21.4 ov ) , 4 -- 223 ( Gambhir , 41.2 ov ) Sri Lankan Bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Lasith Malinga 9 0 42 4.66 Nuwan Kulasekara 8.2 0 64 0 7.68 Thisara Perera 9 0 55 6.11 Tillakaratne Dilshan 5 0 27 5.40 Muttiah Muralitharan 8 0 39 0 4.87 Suraj Randiv 9 0 43 0 4.77 Post-match ceremony and celebrations ( edit ) In the post-match presentation , the Sri Lankan captain Kumar Sangakkara said that the Indians batted very well , and `` looks like you need to make something like 350 runs to put them under pressure . '' The then Indian captain MS Dhoni said that he had added motivation to play well to justify some unexpected decisions he had made for this match , like playing Sreesanth instead of Ashwin , and promoting himself up the order above Yuvraj . MS Dhoni was named Man of the Match for his powerful and match - winning batting display under pressure . Yuvraj Singh was named Man of the Tournament for good all - round performance with both bat and ball throughout the tournament . After the presentation , an ecstatic Indian team first held the Cup amid showers of champagne and confetti . Some Indian players , including Harbhajan Singh , Sachin Tendulkar , and Yuvraj Singh , had tears in their eyes . The team then carried iconic player Tendulkar on a victory lap around the stadium . Coach Gary Kirsten was also carried around the ground later . The Indian players dedicated their victory to Tendulkar ; Virat Kohli said , `` he has carried the burden of the nation for 21 years . It is time we carried him on our shoulders . '' Gautam Gambhir dedicated the victory to the victims of the 26 / 11 Mumbai attacks , and to the soldiers guarding India 's borders . Celebrations went on through the night in the team hotel . The victory prompted several firework displays and celebrations throughout India . In Sri Lanka , however there were only a few firework displays . Broadcast ( edit ) Indian fans view the match at a store in Bangalore The final match was broadcast live in India on ESPN Star Sports ' website and state - run free - to - air broadcasters Doordarshan and DD1 . In Sri Lanka the match was on Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation 's Channel Eye . The ratings agencies TAM and aMap respectively recorded that 135 million people in India watched the final live , including 67.6 million Indian cable and satellite viewers . The game was watched by 13.6 % of Indian TV - equipped households on average , with a peak of 21.44 % at the end of the game . After match ( edit ) Reception in Sri Lanka ( edit ) Though Sri Lankan spectators were initially disappointed , they eventually rallied behind their team and welcomed them at the airport with garlands , cheers , and celebration . Sri Lanka 's excellent performance through the world cup was appreciated , and it was recognised that reaching the final was a significant achievement in itself . Opening batsman Tillekaratne Dilshan was the highest run scorer in the tournament , with Sangakkara being the third highest ( the second highest was Sachin Tendulkar of India ) . The Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa hosted High Tea for the Sri Lankan players and spouses on the grounds of the Presidential residence , Temple Trees . Reception in India ( edit ) Indian fans were ecstatic at the win , and at the overall performance of the team through the tournament . Celebrations went on through most of India over the weekend . The then Indian President Pratibha Patil hosted High Tea for the Indian players and spouses on the grounds of the Raj Bhavan ( Governor 's House ) in Mumbai . There was no ticker tape parade for the team on an open bus ( as was organised after the 2007 Twenty20 World Cup win ) because of the hectic schedule , with the 2011 edition of the Indian Premier League starting on 8 April . Prizes for Indian players ( edit ) Apart from the World Cup trophy itself , the Indian team was given many prizes from the cricket board , various state governments , and public and private companies . The BCCI declared ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) reward for each member of World Cup - winning squad . Also , cash rewards of ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) and ₹ 2.5 million ( US $39,000 ) were announced for each member of support staff and selection committee respectively . ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) was awarded to Dhoni and ₹ 10 million ( US $160,000 ) awarded to four Delhi players in the victorious team from the Delhi government . Various motor companies donated cars including Hyundai India giving Vernas to the team , Ferrari gave a 599 GTO India edition to Dhoni , and Audi gave a car to Man of the Tournament Yuvraj Singh The Gujarat state government decided that both Munaf Patel and Yusuf Pathan would be awarded with the highest sports honours of the state -- Eklavya Award . The Punjab government announced ₹ 10 million ( US $160,000 ) each for both Harbhajan Singh and Yuvraj Singh . Maharashtra government awarded ₹ 10 million ( US $160,000 ) cash prize for Sachin Tendulkar , Zaheer Khan . Karnataka government announced ₹ 2.5 million ( US $39,000 ) to each of the 15 members in India 's World Cup squad . Uttarakhand offered Dhoni a residential plot or house in the hill station of Mussoorie and a stadium will be built in the state in his honour . A Real - Estate firm gifted luxury villas in Noida Extension worth a total of ₹ 90 million ( US $1.4 million ) to Team India . Change in the Sri Lanka team ( edit ) After some days of deliberation , Kumar Sangakkara , the Sri Lankan captain announced on 5 April that he was resigning from the post of captain of the One Day International and Twenty20 sides in the long - term interest of the team . According to him , as he would be 37 by the time of the 2015 World Cup , could not be sure of his place in the side then and it would be better for a new captain to be groomed now , who would be at the peak of his career during that tournament . He stated he was willing to captain the team for the upcoming tours of England and possibly Australia if the selectors felt this would aid the transition to a new captaincy . A day after Sangakkara 's announcement , Mahela Jayawardene resigned from the post of vice-captain , and Aravinda de Silva from the post of Chairman of Selectors . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The maximum overs per side was reduced from 60 to 50 overs during the 1987 World Cup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433606.html Jump up ^ `` India v Sri Lanka : Taufal and Dar to umpire World Cup Final '' . Cricinfo. 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup win shatters all records as 67.6 mn tune in '' . Hindustan Times . 3 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 135 mn saw World Cup final : TAM '' , Hindustan Times , 10 April 2011 , archived from the original on 13 April 2011 , retrieved 19 April 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup final had highest rating : TAM '' . Economic Times . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada , Kenya and Netherlands join Ireland at World Cup '' . The News International . 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC reveals new shortened format for 2011 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hignell , Andrew ( 2013 ) . Rain Stops Play : Cricketing Climates . Routledge . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 33896 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hadlee 2004 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket games Online '' . Gamesjungle.net. 2012 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Taufel , Aleem to umpire India - Sri Lanka World Cup final '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Taufel , Dar among 17 on - field umpires for IPL 4 '' . Times of India . 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A huge controversy started before first ball of the match '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup final : India - Sri Lanka as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India v Sri Lanka : MS Dhoni and Gautam Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka , The Final of ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . ^ Jump up to : `` Final : India v Sri Lanka at Mumbai -- ICC World Cup Final 2011 '' . 2 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Marks , Vic ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` Mahendra Dhoni steers India past Sri Lanka in Cricket World Cup final '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ; Ingle , Sean ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` World Cup Final over by over '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup : Indians dedicate win to Tendulkar '' . BBC . 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Gambhir vows to win for Mumbai victims '' . AFP . 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup cricket : Joy in India and Sri Lankan despair '' . BBC . 2 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaluarachchi , Anjana ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Cricket back at Rupavahini -- Will telecast the World Cup -- 2015 '' . Ceylon Today . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Arora , Rajat ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` India - Sri Lanka ICC World Cup Final match breaks all TRP records '' . Best Media Info . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One crore bounty for each Team India player '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Windfall for victorious team ; Dikshit announces cash award '' . Hindustan Times . 3 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yuvraj Singh to be gifted an Audi '' . Thesportscampus.com. 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India win World Cup 2011 : Munaf , Yusuf to get Guj 's highest sports award after WC win '' . The Times of India . 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Lo Inam . '' News You Ca n't Use ! `` . Iyerdeepak.wordpress.com. 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra announces Rs 1 crore cash prize for Sachin , Zaheer , IBN Live News '' . Ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Laurels , awards galore for Team India '' . NDTB Sports . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2011 final : Cash rewards , real estate for cricketers after win '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Luxury villas worth a total of Rs 9 crore for Team India '' . The Times of India . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sangakkara stands down '' . London : The Guardian . 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More wickets fall in Lanka cricket '' . Hindustan Times . 6 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Cricket World Cup . Cricket portal India portal International Cricket Council ( ICC ) official 2011 World Cup website 2011 Cricket World Cup Final at the Daily Telegraph Cricket World Cup final : India v Sri Lanka -- in pictures 2011 Cricket World Cup Stages Group A Group B Knockout stage Final Media Broadcasting General information Opening ceremony Qualification Schedule Squads Statistics Stumpy Umpires and Officials Venues Warm - up matches De Ghuma Ke Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Cricket_World_Cup_Final&oldid=815187659 '' Categories : 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricket in Mumbai Cricket World Cup Finals 21st century in Mumbai April 2011 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 08 : 23 . 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who has the largest church congregation in the world			Yoido Full Gospel church	yoido full gospel church	Yoido Full Gospel Church is a Pentecostal church affiliated with the Assemblies of God on Yeouido ( Yoi Island ) in Seoul , South Korea . With about 480,000 members ( 2015 ) , it is the largest Pentecostal Christian congregation in South Korea , and the world . Founded by David Yonggi Cho in 1958 , the church is presently led by Young Hoon Lee .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years : 1958 -- 1961 2 The Seodaemun Church : 1961 -- 1973 3 The Yoido Church : 1973 -- present 4 Architecture and location 5 Ministries of the church 6 Recent activities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early years : 1958 -- 1961 ( edit ) The Yoido Full Gospel Church was founded by Pastor David Yonggi Cho and his mother - in - law , Choi Ja - shil ( 최자 실 ) , both Assemblies of God pastors . On 15 May 1958 , a worship service was held in the home of Choi Ja - shil . Apart from the two pastors , only Choi Ja - shil 's three daughters ( one of whom later married David Yungi Cho ) and one elderly woman , who had come in to escape from the rain , attended the first service . The two pastors began a vigorous campaign of knocking on doors , providing spiritual and humanitarian help to the poor , and praying for the sick . Within months , the church had grown to fifty members , too many to accommodate in Choi Ja - shil 's living room . Worship services were accordingly moved to a tent pitched in her backyard . As the church continued to grow over the following months and years , the church outgrew one tent after another . Pastor Cho began preaching on the Three-Fold Blessing ( the blessing of the spirit , soul , and body ) , proclaiming that physical health and financial prosperity are as much a part of God 's will for Christians as the salvation of the soul . Inspired by his message of hope and monetary wealth , many previously uncommitted people joined the church , and by the beginning of 1961 , membership had grown to a thousand . Having grown too large for its tent , the church purchased its first plot of land , at Seodaemun ( 서대문 ) . The Seodaemun church : 1961 -- 1973 ( edit ) The church 's plans for expansion suffered a setback when Pastor Cho was called up for mandatory military service . Fortunately for the church , he was assigned to an American Army base near Seoul , allowing him to continue with his Sunday preaching , with the help of John Hurston , an American missionary . Cho 's spell in the army was short , as ill - health required a major operation and a subsequent discharge from the army . Although ill , Cho continued to pastor the church , and on 15 October 1961 , an inaugural service was held in the new auditorium that had been built on the plot of land the church had purchased at Seodaemun . It was named the Full Gospel Revival Center . Church membership continued to grow , reaching three thousand by 1964 and eight thousand by 1968 . Cho continued to be plagued by ill health , and he suffered a physical collapse while leading a baptismal service one Sunday . At this time , Cho decided to restructure the church . Cho divided the city of Seoul into zones , with church members in each zone comprising a `` cell '' that would meet on a weekday for worship and bible study in the home of a `` cell leader . '' Cell members were encouraged to invite their friends to attend cell meetings to learn about Jesus Christ . Each cell leader was instructed to train an assistant . When cell membership reached a certain number , it would be divided , with about half of its members joining the new cell led by the person who had been the assistant . Cho later wrote a book in English about this concept of `` cell multiplication , '' which has since been emulated by churches throughout the world . Cho believed that women would make ideal cell leaders , having both the time and the desire to make home visits to other members , something that many men , for reasons pertaining to Korean culture as it was at that time , were unwilling to do . His decision to appoint women as cell leaders went against the grain of Korean culture , which at that time was not open to the idea of women leading groups that had male members . He persisted , and the cell concept turned out to be an outstanding success . From 125 cells in 1967 , the church has grown to several thousand cells today . Aside from restructuring as a cell - based church , a Women 's Fellowship was started in 1960 , followed by a Men 's Fellowship in 1963 , to enable lay members to serve the church in a wide range of volunteer capacities . A church magazine , `` Faith '' was also started in 1967 . Containing Bible studies , testimonies , and evangelistic messages , this monthly periodical soon spread far beyond Seoul . The Yoido church : 1973 -- present ( edit ) Membership continued to grow rapidly , reaching ten thousand in the early 1970s . Having outgrown its Seodaemun premises , the church began looking for a new place to build . Yeouido ( Yoi Island or 여의도 ) , in the middle of the Han River which winds its way through the heart of Seoul , was at that time little more than sand dunes , without even a bridge to connect it to the city of Seoul . Believing that he had heard from God , Cho and the other leaders of the church decided to purchase a plot of land on Yoi Island . Economic problems , including the 1973 `` oil shock , '' which led to spiraling inflation and the loss of jobs for many church members , delayed construction of the new auditorium . However , it was finally finished in 1973 , and its inaugural worship service was held on 19 August of that year . A month later , Full Gospel Central Church , as it was now known , hosted the 10th Pentecostal World Conference at the Hyochang Stadium . Fifty - five thousand attended , including five thousand foreigners . Membership of Full Gospel Central Church reached fifty thousand by 1977 , a figure that doubled in only two years . On 30 November 1981 , membership topped 200,000 . By this time , it was the largest single congregation in the world and was recognized as such by the Los Angeles Times . A special worship service was held to celebrate this milestone , with Demos Shakarian , President of the Full Gospel Businessmen 's Fellowship International as the guest speaker . Beginning in the 1980s , Full Gospel Central Church decided to establish satellite churches throughout the city of Seoul and further afield , as it would not be able to keep on expanding indefinitely . Despite the expansion of the auditorium to seat 12,000 in 1983 , seven Sunday services were insufficient to accommodate the entire membership . As exponential growth continued , reaching 700,000 by 1992 , the need for satellite churches became more pressing . Despite the drain of members to the satellite churches , however , new recruits by the mother church -- brought in through the vast cell network -- have made up for the losses , and membership stood at 780,000 in 2003 . The church was renamed Yoido Full Gospel Church in the 1990s . Its founder , Mr David Yonggi Cho , retired as head pastor several times , but the church ran into immediate infighting among the remaining ministers , causing him to come out of retirement , most recently late in 2006 . As of 2007 , membership stands at 830,000 , with seven Sunday services translated into 16 languages . On 9 January 2009 a Sunday church service was featured in a BBC documentary Around the World in 80 Faiths . In 2008 , Young Hoon Lee became senior pastor . Architecture and location ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) In the heart of Seoul , the Yoido Full Gospel Church sits directly across from Korea 's National Assembly . The building is large enough to seat 12,000 people , with overflow sent to nearby buildings , where congregants watch events in the main church on telescreens . Ministries of the church ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yoido Full Gospel Church has established many ministries as part of its outreach program , both locally and internationally . A representative sample of them follows : In March 1973 , the Osanri Prayer Mountain was founded . Comprising tiny cubicles in which people may lock themselves to fast and pray , Prayer Mountain now receives more than a million visitors a year , including some 50,000 foreigners . In November 1976 , Church Growth International , an organization dedicated to teaching the principles of evangelism and church growth to pastors all over the world , was established . A ten - story World Evangelical Center , an educational institution attached to the church , was opened on 20 January 1977 . A television studio , opened on 31 December 1981 , was built to broadcast the worship services both nationally and internationally . The Full Gospel Educational Research Institute , now the International Theological Institute , was created to promote evangelism and theological training . In January 1986 , Elim Welfare Town , a facility for the elderly , the young , the homeless , and the unemployed , was set up under the auspices of the church . The latter would be given training and a choice of four occupations . In March of the same year , the church established Hansei University . Recent activities ( edit ) In March 1996 , the Seoul Logos Company published a 21 - volume collection of Pastor Cho 's sermons , delivered over his ministry of thirty - eight years . What the church regarded as a crowning honour came in September 1992 , when Pastor Cho was elected Chairman of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship . This was the first time that international leadership of the denomination of fifty million members in sixty countries had passed out of American hands . He served in this capacity until August 2000 . Pastor Cho , now assisted by a total of 171 associate pastors and 356 lay pastors , continues to lead the Yoido Full Gospel Church , whose status as the world 's largest congregation has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records . On 20 February 2014 Pastor Cho and his son ( Hee - jun ) were convicted of embezzling US $ 12 million in church funds . The presiding judge once told Cho , `` We know that this case is not your problem . You just need to blame it on your son , then you will have no responsibilities , '' Change wrote , adding that Cho refused , `` My son can be unrighteous to me , but I can not be unrighteous to my son . '' In June 2016 , this incident became a non-prosecution because there was `` no suspicion . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity in Korea -- an overview of the history and social impact of Christianity in Korea List of Korea - related topics List of the largest evangelical megachurches References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Global Megachurches '' . Global Megachurches . Hartford Institute for Religion Research . Retrieved 4 May 2015 ... Jump up ^ Warren Bird , World megachurches , Leadership Network , USA , Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoido Full Gospel Church - About Us '' . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Karen Hurston : Growing the World 's largest Church . Gospel Pub House ( July 1994 ) ^ Jump up to : `` O come all ye faithful '' . Special Report on Religion and Public Life . The Economist. 3 November 2007 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Anderson , An Introduction to Pentecostalism : Global Charismatic Christianity , Cambridge University Press , UK , 2013 , page 152 . Jump up ^ http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2014/february/founder-of-worlds-largest-megachurch-convicted-cho-yoido.html Jump up ^ American , Taiwanese Pastors Disclose Insider Details to David Yonggi Cho 's Indictment Jump up ^ Christianity Daily , 6 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Yoido Full Gospel Church English Language website Christianity in Korea Catholic Church Catholic Church in South Korea Catholic Church in North Korea Protestantism Korea Baptist Convention Anglican Church of Korea Conservative Presbyterian Church in Korea Conservative Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly Korean Methodist Church Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea National Council of Churches in Korea Pure Presbyterian Church in Korea United Presbyterian Church in Korea Union Presbyterian Church in Korea World Mission Society Church of God Women Pastors Presbyterian Church in Korea Korea Campus Crusade for Christ Independent Reformed Church in Korea Independent Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea Presbyterian Church of Korea branches : TongHap HoHun Fundamentalist GaeHyuk I . Jesus KoShin KoRyuPa HapDong JungAng Daeshin HapDongChongShin HapDongChunTong HapDongBokUm ChanYang BoSuHapDong BokUm YeJong JeongRip Logos HwanWon DokNoHoe JapDongJungAng YeJangHapBo DaeShin II BupTong NamBuk HapDongBoSu SungHapChuk BoSuTongHap JeongTongChongHap HapDongChungYun HapDongJeongShin HanGukBoSu HapDongEunChong DongShin HapDongJinRi HapDongYunHap YunShin JangShin SunGyo HapDongYeChong ChanYang Ko - Ryu - Anti-Accusation HapDongChongShin I . HapDongChongShin II . HapDongSeungHoe JungRip PyungAhn HapDongChongHoe JeongTongGyeSeung HapDongTongHap HapDongBoSu I . HapDongBoSu II . DaeShin II . HapDongHwanWon HapDongBoSu IV . HapDongBoSu III . HapDongBoSu II . ChongHoe II . BoSuHapDong III . TongHapBoSu DaeHanShinChuk HapDongYeChong I HapDongSeongHoe GaeHyukHapDong I GaeHyukHapDong II HapDongGaeHyuk HapDongJangShin HoHun III ChongHoe II ChongHoe I HyukShin GaeHyukHapDong III DokNoHoe II BoSuJeongTong HapDongYeSun JaeGun Presbyterian Church in Korea ( GaeHyuk ) In North Korea Korean Christian Federation ( state - controlled body ) Pyongyang Theological Seminary ( state - controlled body ) Bongsu Church ( state - controlled body ) Chilgol Church ( state - controlled body ) Eastern Orthodox Church Korean Orthodox Church Church of the Life - Giving Trinity Missionaries Barthélemy Bruguière Laurent - Joseph - Marius Imbert Siméon - François Berneux Marie - Nicolas - Antoine Daveluy Charles Corfe Horace Newton Allen Henry Appenzeller Mary F. Scranton Karl Gützlaff Sotirios Trambas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoido_Full_Gospel_Church&oldid=820086434 '' Categories : 1958 establishments in South Korea Assemblies of God churches Churches in Seoul Evangelical megachurches in South Korea Pentecostal churches Religious organizations based in South Korea Religious organizations established in 1958 Yeongdeungpo District Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 NPOV disputes from May 2012 All NPOV disputes Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Korean - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2010 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt 文言中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 00 : 17 . 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who plays the ambassador's son in gossip girl			Kevin Zegers	kevin zegers	Kevin Joseph Zegers ( born September 19 , 1984 ) is a Canadian actor and model . He is known for his roles as Alec Lightwood in The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , Josh Framm in the Air Bud film series , and Damien Dalgaard in the CW teen drama Gossip Girl . He also starred in the films Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Transamerica ( 2005 ) , It 's a Boy Girl Thing ( 2006 ) , The Jane Austen Book Club ( 2007 ) , Fifty Dead Men Walking ( 2008 ) , and Frozen ( 2010 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Zegers was born in Woodstock , Ontario , the son of Mary - Ellen ( Veldman ) , a teacher , and Jim Zegers , a quarry worker . He has two sisters , Krista and Katie . He is of Dutch descent ; all four of his grandparents were born in The Netherlands . He attended St Mary 's Catholic High School in Woodstock . In August 2013 , Zegers married Jaime Feld , an agent . The couple had twin girls in August 2015 : Zoë Madison and Blake Everleigh . Career ( edit ) Zegers began his performing career at the age of 6 , appearing in about 30 TV commercials . His first film appearance was at the age of 7 , in a small role in the Michael J. Fox comedy Life with Mikey ( 1993 ) . Subsequently , he appeared in many supporting roles , including a guest appearance on the television series The X-Files , playing a stigmatic child . He had the starring role in Air Bud ( 1997 ) , a film about a sports - playing dog . In the years following , Zegers appeared in three sequels , as well as a similar genre film , MVP : Most Valuable Primate ( 2000 ) , which featured a hockey - playing chimp . Zegers at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival Between 1997 and 2004 , Zegers had starring or costarring roles in many low - budget Canadian and horror films , including Nico the Unicorn ( 1998 ) , Komodo ( 1999 ) , and Wrong Turn ( 2003 ) . He also appeared in the short - lived American television series Titans ( 2000 ) , for which he was chosen by producer Aaron Spelling . Zegers had previously worked with co-star Yasmine Bleeth in the 1999 film It Came from the Sky . After appearing in the remake of Dawn of the Dead , he had a major role in the Academy Award - nominated independent film Transamerica ( 2005 ) , co-starring Felicity Huffman . Zegers ' performance as the street - hustling bisexual son of a male - to - female transsexual was praised by several critics , and he won the Trophée Chopard for Male Revelation at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival . Also in 2005 he appeared in Felicity : An American Girl Adventure based on the American Girl book series , as Benjamin `` Ben '' Davidson in Williamsburg Virginia 1775 . Zegers starred in the 2006 romantic comedy It 's a Boy Girl Thing . In 2009 , Zegers signed to play the role of Clyde Barrow in the remake of The Story of Bonnie and Clyde , with Hilary Duff . The two roles were later recast due to scheduling conflicts for both actors . He also guest - starred as Damien Dalgaard in Gossip Girl from 2009 until 2010 , and returning again in late 2010 for multiple episodes throughout season 4 . He appeared in Rock Mafia 's 2010 music video `` The Big Bang '' , and in 2012 , played the male protagonist in the television series Titanic : Blood and Steel . He portrayed Alec Lightwood in The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 1993 Life with Mikey Little Mikey Chapman 1994 In the Mouth of Madness Kid Specimen Bart 1997 Air Bud Josh Framm 1998 Shadow Builder Chris Hatcher 1998 Air Bud : Golden Receiver Josh Framm 1998 Nico the Unicorn Billy Hastings 1999 Treasure Island Jim Hawkins 1999 Four Days Simon 1999 Komodo Patrick Connally 2000 Acting Class , The The Acting Class Lou Carpman 2000 Air Bud : World Pup Josh Framm 2000 MVP : Most Valuable Primate Steven Westover 2002 Virginia 's Run Darrow Raines 2002 Air Bud : Seventh Inning Fetch Josh Framm 2003 Wrong Turn Evan 2003 Fear of the Dark Dale Billings 2003 Incredible Mrs. Ritchie , The The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie Charlie Proud Dawn of the Dead Terry Hollow , The The Hollow Ian Cranston Some Things That Stay Rusty Murphy 2005 Transamerica Toby Wilkins 2006 Zoom Connor Shepard / Concussion 2006 It 's a Boy Girl Thing Woody Deane 2007 Jane Austen Book Club , The The Jane Austen Book Club Trey 2007 Normal Jordie 2007 Stone Angel , The The Stone Angel John Shipley 2008 Gardens of the Night Frank 2008 Narrows , The The Narrows Mike Manadoro 2008 Fifty Dead Men Walking Sean 2009 Perfect Age of Rock ' n ' Roll , The The Perfect Age of Rock ' n ' Roll Spyder Frozen Dan Walker 2011 Vampire Simon 2011 Girl Walks into a Bar Billy 2011 Entitled , The The Entitled Paul Dynan 2013 Colony , The The Colony Sam 2013 Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , The The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones Alec Lightwood 2013 All the Wrong Reasons Simon Brunson 2015 Curse of Downers Grove , The The Curse of Downers Grove Chuck 2017 Aftermath John Gullick Television roles Year Title Role Notes Street Legal Jeremy Morris Episode : `` It 's a Wise Child '' 1993 Tales from the Cryptkeeper 6X ( voice ) Episode : `` Grounds for Horror '' 1995 , 1996 Magic School Bus , The The Magic School Bus Mikey Ramon ( voice ) 2 episodes 1994 Free Willy Einstein ( voice ) Episode : `` Cry of the Dolphin '' 1994 Tales from the Cryptkeeper Jeremy ( voice ) Episode : `` Uncle Harry 's Horrible House of Horrors '' 1994 Thicker Than Blood : The Larry McLinden Story Larry McLinden in 1954 Television film 1995 Road to Avonlea Gordon Bradley Episode : `` A Time to Every Purpose '' 1995 X-Files , The The X-Files Kevin Kryder Episode : `` Revelations '' 1995 Silence of Adultery , The The Silence of Adultery Steven Harlett Television film Goosebumps Noah Thompson Episode : `` Let 's Get Invisible ! '' Cold Heart of a Killer , The The Cold Heart of a Killer Matthew Arnold Television film 1996 -- 2000 Traders Sean Blake 72 episodes 1997 Rose Hill Cole Clayborne at 13 Television film 1997 Call to Remember , AA Call to Remember Ben Tobias Television film 1999 Twice in a Lifetime Young Flash Jericho Episode : `` Blood Brothers '' 1999 So Weird Ryan Ollman Episode : `` Second Generation '' 1999 It Came from the Sky Andy Bridges Television film 2000 Time Share Thomas Weiland Television film 2000 -- 01 Titans Ethan Benchley 11 episodes 2001 Sex , Lies & Obsession Josh Thomas Television film 2003 Smallville Seth Nelson Episode : `` Magnetic '' House Brandon Merrell Episode : `` Occam 's Razor '' 2005 Felicity : An American Girl Adventure Benjamin `` Ben '' Davidson Television film 2009 -- 11 Gossip Girl Damien Daalgard 10 episodes 2012 Titanic : Blood and Steel Mark Muir 12 episodes 2014 Gracepoint Owen Burke 10 episodes 2016 Notorious Oscar Keaton 7 episodes 2018 Fear the Walking Dead Melvin Season 4 Music video roles Year Title Artist `` The Big Bang '' Rock Mafia Awards ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 1998 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film : Leading Young Actor Air Bud Won 1998 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series : Supporting Young Actor A Call to Remember Nominated 1998 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Movie or Feature Film : Young Ensemble Rose Hill Nominated 1998 YoungStar Award Best Young Actor in a Comedy Film Air Bud Nominated 1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film : Leading Young Actor Air Bud : Golden Receiver Nominated 2001 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film : Leading Young Actor MVP : Most Valuable Primate Nominated 2006 Cannes Film Festival Trophée Chopard -- Male Revelation Transamerica Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Zegers preparing for latest role - Woodstock Sentinel Review - Ontario , CA '' . Woodstock Sentinel Review . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CANOE - JAM ! Movies : Zegers the new hot Canuck '' . Jam.canoe.ca. 2006 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Carita . `` Kevin Zegers Celebrities '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://genealogy.ocl.net/genealogy/1984%20Ingersoll%20newspaper%20birth,%20death%20and%20marriage%20notices.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Kevin Zegers Gallery '' . Cpps90.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` KZ MOTH EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW 2012 `` Kevin Zegers -- Man of the Hour '' . Kz-manofthehour.com. 2012 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kevin Zegers Marries Jaime Feld , People Magazine , Sheila Cosgrove Baylis , 08 / 04 / 2013 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Celebrity Babies , Anya Leon , 08 / 21 / 2015 Jump up ^ `` Chopard and the Cannes Festival : A nine - year idyll '' . Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH . June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bartyzel , Monica ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hilary Duff & Kevin Zegers Sign On for ' Bonnie and Clyde ' '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin Zegers . Kevin Zegers on IMDb Awards for Kevin Zegers Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) Trophée Chopard 2000s Eduardo Noriega / Audrey Tautou ( 2001 ) Hayden Christensen / Paz Vega / Ludivine Sagnier ( 2002 ) Gael García Bernal / Diane Kruger ( 2003 ) Rodrigo Santoro / Marion Cotillard ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers / Kelly Reilly ( 2005 ) Kevin Zegers / Jasmine Trinca ( 2006 ) Nick Cannon / Archie Panjabi ( 2007 ) Omar Metwally / Tang Wei ( 2008 ) David Kross / Léa Seydoux ( 2009 ) 2010s Edward Hogg / Liya Kebede ( 2010 ) Niels Schneider / Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller / Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Jeremy Irvine / Blanca Suárez ( 2013 ) Logan Lerman / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell / Lola Kirke ( 2015 ) John Boyega / Bel Powley ( 2016 ) George MacKay / Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) Joe Alwyn / Elizabeth Debicki ( 2018 ) BIBSYS : 6083163 BNE : XX1358285 BNF : cb14447276q ( data ) GND : 1013972813 ISNI : 0000 0001 1475 3749 LCCN : no97077196 SUDOC : 117510572 VIAF : 76534972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Zegers&oldid=838644508 '' Categories : 1984 births 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male models Canadian male television actors Canadian male voice actors Canadian people of Dutch descent Living people Male actors from Ontario People from Woodstock , Ontario Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 10 : 02 . 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who is captain of west indies cricket team	West Indian Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Karl Nunes 1928 England England 0 0 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Total 0 Teddy Hoad 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Nelson Betancourt 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Maurice Fernandes 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 5 Jackie Grant 1930 / 1 Australia Australia 5 0 1933 England England 0 1934 / 5 England West Indies Total 12 7 6 Rolph Grant 1939 England England 0 7 George Headley 1947 / 8 † England West Indies 0 0 8 Gerry Gomez 1947 / 8 † England West Indies 0 0 9 John Goddard 1947 / 8 England West Indies 0 0 1948 / 9 India India 5 0 1950 England England 0 1951 / 2 Australia Australia 0 1951 / 2 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1957 England England 5 0 Total 22 8 7 7 10 Jeffrey Stollmeyer 1951 / 2 † Australia Australia 0 0 1952 / 3 India West Indies 5 0 1953 / 4 England West Indies 5 1954 / 5 † Australia West Indies 0 Total 13 6 11 Denis Atkinson 1954 / 5 Australia West Indies 0 1955 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 7 12 Gerry Alexander 1957 / 8 Pakistan West Indies 5 1958 / 9 India India 5 0 1958 / 9 Pakistan Pakistan 0 1959 / 60 England West Indies 5 0 Total 18 7 7 13 Frank Worrell 1960 / 1 Australia Australia 5 1961 / 2 India West Indies 5 5 0 0 1963 England England 5 Total 15 9 14 Garfield Sobers 1964 / 5 Australia West Indies 5 1966 England England 5 1966 / 7 India India 0 1967 / 8 England West Indies 5 0 1968 / 9 Australia Australia 5 1968 / 9 New Zealand New Zealand 1969 England England 0 1970 / 1 India West Indies 5 0 1971 / 2 New Zealand West Indies 5 0 0 5 Total 39 9 10 20 15 Rohan Kanhai 1972 / 3 Australia West Indies 5 0 1973 England England 0 1973 / 4 England West Indies 5 Total 13 7 16 Clive Lloyd 1974 / 5 India India 5 0 1974 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 1975 / 6 Australia Australia 6 5 0 1975 / 6 India West Indies 1976 England England 5 0 1976 / 7 Pakistan West Indies 5 1977 / 8 † Australia West Indies 0 0 1979 / 80 Australia Australia 0 0 1979 / 80 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1980 England England 0 1980 / 1 Pakistan Pakistan 0 1980 / 1 England West Indies 0 1981 / 2 Australia Australia 1982 / 3 India West Indies 5 0 1983 / 4 India India 6 0 1983 / 4 Australia West Indies 0 1984 England England 5 5 0 0 1984 / 5 Australia Australia 5 Total 74 36 12 26 17 Alvin Kallicharran 1977 / 8 Australia West Indies 1978 / 9 India India 6 0 5 Total 9 6 18 Deryck Murray 1979 / 80 † Australia Australia 0 0 19 Viv Richards 1980 † England England 0 0 1983 / 4 Australia West Indies 0 0 1984 / 5 New Zealand West Indies 0 1985 / 6 England West Indies 5 5 0 0 1986 / 7 Pakistan Pakistan 1986 / 7 New Zealand New Zealand 1987 / 8 India India 1987 / 8 Pakistan West Indies 0 1988 England England 5 0 1988 / 9 Australia Australia 5 1988 / 9 India West Indies 0 1989 / 90 England West Indies 0 1990 / 1 Australia West Indies 5 1991 England England 5 Total 50 27 8 15 20 Gordon Greenidge 1987 / 8 † Pakistan West Indies 0 0 21 Desmond Haynes 1989 / 90 † England West Indies 0 0 1990 / 1 Pakistan Pakistan Total 22 Richie Richardson 1991 / 2 South Africa West Indies 0 0 1992 / 3 Australia Australia 5 1992 / 3 Pakistan West Indies 0 1993 / 4 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 1993 / 4 England West Indies 0 1994 / 5 Australia West Indies 1995 England England 6 Total 24 11 6 7 23 Courtney Walsh 1993 / 4 † England West Indies 0 0 1994 / 5 India India 1994 / 5 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1995 / 6 New Zealand West Indies 0 1996 / 7 Australia Australia 5 0 1996 / 7 India West Indies 0 0 1996 / 7 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 1997 / 8 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 Total 22 6 7 9 24 Brian Lara 1996 / 7 † India West Indies 0 0 1997 / 8 England West Indies 6 1998 / 9 South Africa South Africa 5 0 5 0 1998 / 9 Australia West Indies 0 1999 / 2000 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2002 / 3 Australia West Indies 0 2003 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 2003 / 4 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2003 / 4 South Africa South Africa 0 2003 / 4 England West Indies 0 Bangladesh West Indies 0 England England 0 0 2006 India West Indies 0 2006 / 7 Pakistan Pakistan 0 Total 47 10 26 11 25 Jimmy Adams 1999 / 2000 Zimbabwe West Indies 0 0 1999 / 2000 Pakistan West Indies 0 2000 England England 5 2000 / 1 Australia Australia 5 0 5 0 Total 15 8 26 Carl Hooper 2000 / 1 South Africa West Indies 5 2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2001 / 2 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2001 / 2 Pakistan Sharjah 0 0 2001 / 2 India West Indies 5 2002 New Zealand West Indies 0 2002 / 3 India India 0 Total 22 11 7 27 Ridley Jacobs 2002 / 3 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 28 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 2004 / 5 South Africa West Indies 0 2004 / 5 Pakistan West Indies 0 2005 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2005 / 6 Australia Australia 0 0 2005 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 14 10 29 Ramnaresh Sarwan 2007 England England 0 2008 Australia West Indies 0 Total 0 30 Daren Ganga 2007 † England England 0 0 31 Chris Gayle 2007 / 8 South Africa South Africa 0 2007 / 8 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 2008 † Australia West Indies 0 0 2008 / 09 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2008 / 09 England West Indies 5 0 2009 England England 0 0 2009 / 10 Australia Australia 0 South Africa West Indies 0 Total 20 9 8 32 Dwayne Bravo 2007 / 8 † South Africa South Africa 0 0 33 Floyd Reifer 2009 Bangladesh West Indies 0 0 34 Darren Sammy 2010 / 11 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2011 Pakistan West Indies 0 2011 India West Indies 0 2011 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 2011 India India 0 2011 / 12 Australia West Indies 0 2012 England England 0 2012 New Zealand West Indies 0 0 2012 / 13 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2012 / 13 Zimbabwe West Indies 0 0 2013 / 14 India India 0 0 2013 / 14 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 30 8 12 10 35 Denesh Ramdin 2014 New Zealand West Indies 0 2014 Bangladesh West Indies 0 0 2014 / 15 South Africa South Africa 0 2014 / 15 England West Indies 2015 Australia West Indies 0 0 Total 13 7 36 Jason Holder 2015 / 16 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2015 / 16 Australia Australia 0 2016 India West Indies 0 2016 Pakistan UAE 0 2016 / 17 Pakistan West Indies 0 2017 England England 0 2017 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2017 / 18 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 Total 21 13 37 Kraigg Brathwaite 2017 / 18 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 Grand total 530 168 188 175		List of West Indies cricket captains	list of west indies cricket captains	This is a list of all men , boys and women who have captained the West Indian cricket team at official international level in at least one match . The West Indies became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference ( now the International Cricket Council ) on 31 May 1926 at the same time as India and New Zealand . It played its first test match in 1928 against England at Lord 's . Their first game against other opposition came in 1930 / 31 when they played Australia .	In the mid-1980s there were two rebel West Indian tours to South Africa , which was at that time banned from official competition because of the apartheid régime then in force there . None of the matches from the rebel tours were recognised as official Test matches and all players who toured South Africa at the time were banned from official international cricket matches for life . The captains of those West Indian sides are also listed below . Prior to becoming a member of the ICC , the first combined West Indian team was formed in 1884 and toured Canada and the United States in 1886 under the captaincies of Charles Guy Austin Wyatt of Demerara and Laurence Fyfe of Jamaica ( also vice captain under Wyatt ) . In a return tour by the United States in 1888 , the combined West Indian team was captained by Edward Wright . Combined West Indian teams have played more regular first - class cricket under the name `` West Indies '' since 1897 usually against amateur sides touring from England , such as Lord Brackley 's XI or RA Bennett 's XI , but from 1912 onwards the MCC also played on tour against the West Indies . The West Indies also toured England in 1900 , 1906 and 1923 with the opposition usually being various English first - class and minor county sides . Other opposition during these tours included amateur sides , the MCC , an England XI ( once ) and Scotland and Ireland ( once each ) . Some of the matches played on the various West Indian tours of England were deemed not to be first - class matches . During this time ( 1897 to 1926 ) the various West Indies captains were Aucher Warner , Stanley Sproston ( non-first - class matches only ) , Harold Austin , Clement King , Alfred Harrigan , Edwin Moulder , William Sherlock , Percy Tarilton , Malcolm Austin and Karl Nunes Contents ( hide ) 1 Most successful captains 2 Men 's cricket 2.1 Test match captains 2.2 Men 's ODI captains 2.3 Men 's Twenty20 International captains 2.4 Other men 's captains 2.4. 1 Rest of the World , 1970 and 1971 / 2 2.4. 2 World Series Cricket , 1977 / 8 to 1978 / 9 2.4. 3 Rebel tour to South Africa , 1982 / 3 and 1983 / 4 3 Youth cricket 3.1 Test match captains 3.2 Youth One - Day International captains 4 Women 's cricket 4.1 Test match captains 4.2 Women 's One - Day International captains 4.3 Women 's Twenty20 International captains 5 See also 6 References Most successful captains ( edit ) The West Indian team 's greatest successes in One Day Internationals came in 1975 and 1979 , when they won the Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Clive Lloyd , and in 2004 when they won the ICC Champions Trophy under the captaincy of Brian Lara . The West Indies ' most successful captains in Test cricket are Viv Richards ( who has won 27 of his 50 Tests ) , Clive Lloyd ( who won 36 of his 74 Tests ) , Frank Worrell ( who won 9 of his 15 Tests ) and Richie Richardson ( who won 11 of his 24 Tests ) . In one - day internationals the West Indies ' most successful captain is Clive Lloyd , who won 64 of his 84 matches . The successes of the senior men 's team in international tournaments was never replicated at the youth level until the 2016 U-19 Cricket World Cup when Shimron Hetmyer lead the West Indies Under - 19 team to their first ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup title . For the most recent international format of cricket , Twenty20 Internationals , the West Indies ' best result in an international tournament was achieved in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2016 ICC World Twenty20 where the team won the ICC World Twenty20 under the captaincy of Darren Sammy . Stafanie Taylor led the West Indies ' women 's team to their best result in an international Twenty20 tournament when the team won the 2016 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 . Prior to that Merissa Aguilleira led West Indies women to the semi-finals in the 2010 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 , the 2012 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 and the 2014 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 and also led the women to their first title in an international Women 's Twenty20 tournament during the 2010 ICC Women 's Cricket Challenge . Both the West Indies ' men 's and women 's teams made it to the semi-finals of the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 under the captaincies of Darren Sammy and Merissa Aguilleira respectively ; the third time the men 's and women 's teams from the same country have done this in the ICC World Twenty20 after Australia 's men and women 's teams achieved the feat in 2010 and 2012 . This feat was repeated for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and 2014 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 when the West Indies ' men 's and women 's teams made it to the semi-finals again under the captaincies of Darren Sammy and Merissa Aguillera . This was bettered in 2016 when both the West Indies ' men 's and women 's teams not only made it to the semi-finals but won the tournaments for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 and 2016 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 under the captaincies of Darren Sammy and Stafanie Taylor . Along with men and women 's teams from New Zealand ( in 2016 ) , England ( 2016 ) , South Africa ( 2014 ) , and Australia ( 2012 and 2010 ) who also made it the semi-finals in the previous tournaments , this was the eighth time men 's and women 's teams from the same country have reached the semi-finals in the same year of the ICC World Twenty20 . It was also only the second time ( after Australia in 2010 ) that men 's and women 's teams from the same country have reached the final in the same year of the ICC 's premier Twenty20 tournaments . Merissa Aguilleira also led the West Indies women to its best result in Women 's ODI cricket when the team finished second in the 2013 Women 's Cricket World Cup ( bettering their previous best finish in the Women 's World Cup of fifth place in 2005 ) . Their previous best result had been under Stephanie Power when she led the West Indies to second place in the 2003 IWCC Trophy . Aguilleira is also the most successful West Indies women 's captain in one - day internationals , winning 32 of 55 matches . The only women 's captain who has led her side to a victory in a women 's Test match is Louise Browne in the 1976 / 77 Test series against India . Men 's cricket ( edit ) Test match captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the West Indian cricket team for at least one Test match . Development of the Test captaincy of West Indies falls into three eras -- The period of white captaincy Rise to become the dominant Test nation Slide from Test domination . The table of results is complete up to the second and final Test match for the West Indies in the 2017 - 18 West Indian tour of New Zealand . Where a player has a dagger ( † ) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test , that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or were appointed for a minor proportion in a series . West Indian Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Karl Nunes 1928 England England 0 0 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Total 0 Teddy Hoad 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Nelson Betancourt 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 Maurice Fernandes 1929 / 30 † England West Indies 0 0 5 Jackie Grant 1930 / 1 Australia Australia 5 0 1933 England England 0 1934 / 5 England West Indies Total 12 7 6 Rolph Grant 1939 England England 0 7 George Headley 1947 / 8 † England West Indies 0 0 8 Gerry Gomez 1947 / 8 † England West Indies 0 0 9 John Goddard 1947 / 8 England West Indies 0 0 1948 / 9 India India 5 0 1950 England England 0 1951 / 2 Australia Australia 0 1951 / 2 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1957 England England 5 0 Total 22 8 7 7 10 Jeffrey Stollmeyer 1951 / 2 † Australia Australia 0 0 1952 / 3 India West Indies 5 0 1953 / 4 England West Indies 5 1954 / 5 † Australia West Indies 0 Total 13 6 11 Denis Atkinson 1954 / 5 Australia West Indies 0 1955 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 7 12 Gerry Alexander 1957 / 8 Pakistan West Indies 5 1958 / 9 India India 5 0 1958 / 9 Pakistan Pakistan 0 1959 / 60 England West Indies 5 0 Total 18 7 7 13 Frank Worrell 1960 / 1 Australia Australia 5 1961 / 2 India West Indies 5 5 0 0 1963 England England 5 Total 15 9 14 Garfield Sobers 1964 / 5 Australia West Indies 5 1966 England England 5 1966 / 7 India India 0 1967 / 8 England West Indies 5 0 1968 / 9 Australia Australia 5 1968 / 9 New Zealand New Zealand 1969 England England 0 1970 / 1 India West Indies 5 0 1971 / 2 New Zealand West Indies 5 0 0 5 Total 39 9 10 20 15 Rohan Kanhai 1972 / 3 Australia West Indies 5 0 1973 England England 0 1973 / 4 England West Indies 5 Total 13 7 16 Clive Lloyd 1974 / 5 India India 5 0 1974 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 1975 / 6 Australia Australia 6 5 0 1975 / 6 India West Indies 1976 England England 5 0 1976 / 7 Pakistan West Indies 5 1977 / 8 † Australia West Indies 0 0 1979 / 80 Australia Australia 0 0 1979 / 80 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1980 England England 0 1980 / 1 Pakistan Pakistan 0 1980 / 1 England West Indies 0 1981 / 2 Australia Australia 1982 / 3 India West Indies 5 0 1983 / 4 India India 6 0 1983 / 4 Australia West Indies 0 1984 England England 5 5 0 0 1984 / 5 Australia Australia 5 Total 74 36 12 26 17 Alvin Kallicharran 1977 / 8 Australia West Indies 1978 / 9 India India 6 0 5 Total 9 6 18 Deryck Murray 1979 / 80 † Australia Australia 0 0 19 Viv Richards 1980 † England England 0 0 1983 / 4 Australia West Indies 0 0 1984 / 5 New Zealand West Indies 0 1985 / 6 England West Indies 5 5 0 0 1986 / 7 Pakistan Pakistan 1986 / 7 New Zealand New Zealand 1987 / 8 India India 1987 / 8 Pakistan West Indies 0 1988 England England 5 0 1988 / 9 Australia Australia 5 1988 / 9 India West Indies 0 1989 / 90 England West Indies 0 1990 / 1 Australia West Indies 5 1991 England England 5 Total 50 27 8 15 20 Gordon Greenidge 1987 / 8 † Pakistan West Indies 0 0 21 Desmond Haynes 1989 / 90 † England West Indies 0 0 1990 / 1 Pakistan Pakistan Total 22 Richie Richardson 1991 / 2 South Africa West Indies 0 0 1992 / 3 Australia Australia 5 1992 / 3 Pakistan West Indies 0 1993 / 4 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 1993 / 4 England West Indies 0 1994 / 5 Australia West Indies 1995 England England 6 Total 24 11 6 7 23 Courtney Walsh 1993 / 4 † England West Indies 0 0 1994 / 5 India India 1994 / 5 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1995 / 6 New Zealand West Indies 0 1996 / 7 Australia Australia 5 0 1996 / 7 India West Indies 0 0 1996 / 7 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 1997 / 8 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 Total 22 6 7 9 24 Brian Lara 1996 / 7 † India West Indies 0 0 1997 / 8 England West Indies 6 1998 / 9 South Africa South Africa 5 0 5 0 1998 / 9 Australia West Indies 0 1999 / 2000 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2002 / 3 Australia West Indies 0 2003 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 2003 / 4 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2003 / 4 South Africa South Africa 0 2003 / 4 England West Indies 0 Bangladesh West Indies 0 England England 0 0 2006 India West Indies 0 2006 / 7 Pakistan Pakistan 0 Total 47 10 26 11 25 Jimmy Adams 1999 / 2000 Zimbabwe West Indies 0 0 1999 / 2000 Pakistan West Indies 0 2000 England England 5 2000 / 1 Australia Australia 5 0 5 0 Total 15 8 26 Carl Hooper 2000 / 1 South Africa West Indies 5 2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2001 / 2 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2001 / 2 Pakistan Sharjah 0 0 2001 / 2 India West Indies 5 2002 New Zealand West Indies 0 2002 / 3 India India 0 Total 22 11 7 27 Ridley Jacobs 2002 / 3 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 28 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 2004 / 5 South Africa West Indies 0 2004 / 5 Pakistan West Indies 0 2005 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2005 / 6 Australia Australia 0 0 2005 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 14 10 29 Ramnaresh Sarwan 2007 England England 0 2008 Australia West Indies 0 Total 0 30 Daren Ganga 2007 † England England 0 0 31 Chris Gayle 2007 / 8 South Africa South Africa 0 2007 / 8 Sri Lanka West Indies 0 2008 † Australia West Indies 0 0 2008 / 09 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2008 / 09 England West Indies 5 0 2009 England England 0 0 2009 / 10 Australia Australia 0 South Africa West Indies 0 Total 20 9 8 32 Dwayne Bravo 2007 / 8 † South Africa South Africa 0 0 33 Floyd Reifer 2009 Bangladesh West Indies 0 0 34 Darren Sammy 2010 / 11 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2011 Pakistan West Indies 0 2011 India West Indies 0 2011 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 2011 India India 0 2011 / 12 Australia West Indies 0 2012 England England 0 2012 New Zealand West Indies 0 0 2012 / 13 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2012 / 13 Zimbabwe West Indies 0 0 2013 / 14 India India 0 0 2013 / 14 New Zealand New Zealand 0 Total 30 8 12 10 35 Denesh Ramdin 2014 New Zealand West Indies 0 2014 Bangladesh West Indies 0 0 2014 / 15 South Africa South Africa 0 2014 / 15 England West Indies 2015 Australia West Indies 0 0 Total 13 7 36 Jason Holder 2015 / 16 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2015 / 16 Australia Australia 0 2016 India West Indies 0 2016 Pakistan UAE 0 2016 / 17 Pakistan West Indies 0 2017 England England 0 2017 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2017 / 18 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 Total 21 13 37 Kraigg Brathwaite 2017 / 18 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 Grand total 530 168 188 175 Notes : Jackie and Rolph Grant were brothers Includes one tie Garfield Sobers also captained the Rest of the World team in England in 1970 and in Australia in 1971 / 2 . These series were arranged to replace planned tours of those countries by South Africa , which were cancelled because of the apartheid policies followed by the South African government of the time . Men 's ODI captains ( edit ) This is a complete list of every man who has captained the West Indies in at least one One Day International . It is complete up to the third and final ODI match for the West Indies in the 2017 - 18 West Indian tour of New Zealand . West Indian ODI captains Number Name Period of captaincy Played Won Tied Lost No result Rohan Kanhai 1973 0 0 Clive Lloyd 1975 - 1985 84 64 18 Deryck Murray 1978 - 79 0 0 0 Alvin Kallicharan 1978 0 0 0 5 Viv Richards 1980 -- 1991 105 67 0 36 6 Michael Holding 1984 0 0 0 7 Gordon Greenidge 1988 8 6 0 0 8 Desmond Haynes 1989 - 1993 7 0 0 9 Jeff Dujon 1990 0 0 0 10 Richie Richardson 1991 - 1996 87 46 36 11 Courtney Walsh 1994 - 1997 43 22 0 20 12 Brian Lara 1994 - 2007 125 59 0 59 6 13 Carl Hooper 1997 - 2003 49 23 0 24 14 Jimmy Adams 1999 - 2001 26 10 14 15 Sherwin Campbell 2001 0 0 0 16 Ridley Jacobs 2002 0 17 Ramnaresh Sarwan 2004 - 2008 5 0 0 18 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 2005 - 2006 16 0 14 0 19 Sylvester Joseph 2005 0 0 0 20 Chris Gayle 2007 - 2010 53 17 0 30 6 21 Dwayne Bravo 2007 - 2014 37 17 18 0 22 Floyd Reifer 2009 6 0 0 6 0 23 Darren Sammy 2010 -- 2013 51 19 30 24 Denesh Ramdin 2011 0 0 0 25 Kieron Pollard 2013 0 0 26 Jason Holder 2015 -- present 49 11 34 27 Marlon Samuels 2015 0 0 0 28 Jason Mohammed 2017 0 0 0 Grand total 770 380 9 354 27 Men 's Twenty20 international captains ( edit ) This is a complete list of every man who has captained the West Indies in at least one twenty20 international . It is complete up to the third and final T20I match for the West Indies in the 2017 - 18 West Indian tour of New Zealand . The first Twenty20 International involving West Indies was played in February 2006 against New Zealand in Auckland . This match was the first tied Twenty20 International and also involved the first bowl - out ( won by New Zealand ) . Two years later in December 2008 , another match between New Zealand and West Indies at the same venue in Auckland was also tied and this match involved the first elimination over / Super Over ( won by West Indies ) which is meant to replace the bowl - out . The first Twenty20 International played in the West Indies was played on 20 June 2008 against Australia in Bridgetown , Barbados . West Indian Twenty20 International captains No . Name Span Played Won Tied Lost NR Shivnarine Chanderpaul 2006 0 0 0 Chris Gayle 2007 - 2010 17 6 10 0 Ramnaresh Sarwan 2007 0 0 0 Dwayne Bravo 2007 - 2014 6 0 0 5 Denesh Ramdin 2009 / 10 0 0 6 Floyd Reifer 2009 0 0 0 7 Darren Sammy 2011 -- 2016 47 27 17 7 Carlos Brathwaite 2016 -- present 17 7 0 8 Grand total 94 45 42 Other men 's captains ( edit ) In addition to the above official Tests and ODIs , there have been West Indian captains of other leading sides . The Rest of the World teams that played in England and Australia in 1970 and 1971 / 2 respectively were captained by a West Indian . World Series Cricket featured a West Indian side , and finally , there were two rebel West Indian tours to apartheid South Africa . Rest of the World , 1970 and 1971 / 2 ( edit ) When the South African tour to England due to take place in 1970 was cancelled , five matches were arranged against a Rest of the World team , all of which were recognised as Tests at the time , although they were later stripped of Test status . A similar situation also arose with the proposed South African tour of Australia that was due to take place in 1971 / 2 , when the Rest of the World team also played two one - day matches . ( There were to be three games , but one was abandoned without a ball being bowled . ) These matches do not have official ODI status . The Rest of the World team was captained by a West Indian , Garfield Sobers . Rest of the World Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Garfield Sobers 1970 England England 5 0 1971 / 2 Australia Australia 5 Total 10 6 Rest of the World ODI captains Number Name Period of captaincy Played Won Tied Lost No result Garfield Sobers 1971 / 2 0 0 World series cricket , 1977 / 8 to 1978 / 9 ( edit ) In 1977 / 8 Kerry Packer financed a breakaway cricket movement by signing up top players from Australia , the West Indies and other cricket nations around the world . Three sides were constructed : an Australian team , a West Indian team and a World team , with the World teams including some West Indians too . The teams played a mixture of unofficial Test matches , styled as Supertests , and unofficial ODIs . Unlike the Australian players , who were barred from playing official cricket until the rift was healed after the 1978 / 9 season , the West Indian players were permitted to play official cricket as well as compete in World Series Cricket . West Indian Supertest match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Clive Lloyd 1977 / 8 Australia Australia 0 1978 / 9 World Australia 0 0 1978 / 9 Australia Australia 0 1978 / 9 Australia West Indies 5 Total 11 West Indian WSC ODI captains Number Name Period of captaincy Played Won Tied Lost No result Clive Lloyd 1977 / 8 - 1978 / 9 39 24 0 11 Rebel tour to South Africa , 1982 / 3 and 1983 / 4 ( edit ) In 1982 / 3 and 1983 / 4 a group of West Indian cricketers toured apartheid South Africa . The West Indies Cricket Board banned all the tourists from cricket for life , and such was the furore caused by the visits that many of the cricketers ceased to be welcome in their home islands . The rebel West Indian squad played a series of Tests and ODIs , none of which have official status . West Indian rebel Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Lawrence Rowe 1982 / 3 South Africa South Africa 0 1983 / 4 South Africa South Africa Total 5 Alvin Kallicharan 1983 / 1984 † South Africa South Africa 0 0 Grand total 6 West Indian rebel ODI captains Number Name Period of captaincy Played Won Tied Lost No result Lawrence Rowe 1982 / 3 - 1983 / 4 11 7 0 0 Alvin Kallicharan 1983 / 4 0 0 0 Grand total 12 8 0 0 Youth cricket ( edit ) Test match captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the West Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one under - 19 Test match . The table of results is complete to the only youth Test match of the 2011 Dubai Series between the West Indies U-19 team and the Australia U-19 team and includes the third Test against England in 2001 . West Indian Under - 19 Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Colin Murray England England 0 Timur Mohamed 1976 England West Indies 0 0 Austin White 1978 England England 0 Marlon Tucker 1979 / 80 England West Indies 0 5 Roger Harper 1982 England England 0 6 Zorol Barthley 1984 / 5 England West Indies 0 7 Brian Lara 1987 / 8 Australia Australia 0 0 8 Sherwin Campbell 1990 Australia West Indies 0 9 Ian Bradshaw 1993 England England 0 10 Andre Percival 1994 / 5 England England 0 11 Gareth Breese 1995 / 6 Pakistan Pakistan 0 12 Shirley Clarke 1996 / 7 Pakistan West Indies 0 0 13 Brenton Parchment 2001 England England 0 14 Kraigg Brathwaite 2011 Australia UAE 0 0 Grand total 36 13 5 18 Youth one - day international captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the West Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one U-19 One Day International . The table of results is complete to the sixth and final youth ODI match for the WI U-19 team in the 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup , and includes all three youth ODI match for the WI U-19 team in the 2017 West Indies Under - 19 tour of Zimbabwe , all five matches for the WI U-19 team in the 2017 West Indies Under - 19 tour of South Africa , all six matches for the WI U-19 team of the 2016 U-19 Cricket World Cup , all three matches for the WI U-19 team of 2015 / 2016 West Indies U-19 tour of Bangladesh , all six matches for the WI U-19 team of the 2014 U-19 Cricket World Cup , the one and only youth ODI match of the 2013 / 2014 West Indies U-19 tour of Bangladesh ( the other six matches were cancelled following an explosion near the WI U-19 team hotel ) , all seven youth ODI matches of the 2013 / 2014 Bangladesh U-19 tour of the West Indies , the 2012 U-19 Cricket World Cup ( all six matches including the fifth place playoff ) , all seven youth ODI matches for the West Indies U-19 team in the 2011 / 12 U-19 Quadrangular Series in India , all three youth ODI matches of the 2011 Dubai Series between the West Indies U-19 team and the Australia U-19 team and all six matches of the West Indies team in the 2009 / 10 U-19 Cricket World Cup where they lost in the semi-finals to the Pakistan U-19 cricket team but beat the Sri Lanka U-19 cricket team in the playoff to place third in the tournament . West Indies U-19s ' best result in an U-19 World Cup has been as a finalist in 2003 / 04 . In 2007 / 08 they won the plate final for the U-19 World Cup . West Indian Under - 19 ODI captains Number Name Year Played Won Tied Lost No result Timur Mohamed 1976 0 0 0 Austin White 1978 0 0 0 Roger Harper 1982 0 0 0 Zorol Barthley 1985 0 0 5 Brian Lara 1988 8 5 0 0 6 Ian Bradshaw 1993 0 0 0 7 Rawl Lewis 1995 0 0 8 Andre Percival 1995 0 0 0 9 Gareth Breese 1995 0 0 10 Shirley Clarke 0 0 11 Sylvester Joseph 1998 7 0 0 12 Ryan Hinds 2000 5 0 0 13 Marlon Samuels 2000 0 0 0 14 Brenton Parchment 2001 0 0 15 Narsingh Deonarine 2002 7 0 0 16 Denesh Ramdin 12 7 0 5 0 17 Leon Johnson 2006 8 0 5 0 18 Jason Mohammed 2006 0 0 0 19 Sharmarh Brooks 2008 8 0 0 20 Steven Jacobs 2008 0 0 0 21 Andre Creary 20010 0 0 22 Yannick Ottley 0 0 0 23 Kraigg Brathwaite 2011 / 12 16 8 0 8 0 24 Ramaal Lewis 2013 / 14 14 6 0 8 0 25 Jeremy Solozano 2013 0 0 0 26 Shimron Hetmyer 2015 / 16 9 5 0 0 27 Emmanuel Stewart 2017 14 8 0 7 0 Grand total 139 71 0 68 0 Women 's cricket ( edit ) Test match captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the West Indian women 's cricket team for at least one women 's Test match . The table of results is complete to the Test against Pakistan in 2003 / 4 . West Indian women 's Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Louise Browne 1975 / 6 Australia West Indies 0 0 1976 / 7 India India 6 Total 8 6 Patricia Whittaker 1979 England England 0 Stephanie Power 2003 / 4 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 Grand total 12 8 Women 's one - day international captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the West Indian women 's cricket team for at least one women 's one - day international . The table of results is complete to the third ODI against South Africa in 2004 / 5 , the West Indies women 's tour of Europe ( Ireland , Netherlands and England ) in 2008 ( all 9 ODIs ) and Sri Lanka in 2008 / 09 ( all 5 ODIs ) , the seventh and final match for the team in 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup , the 2009 / 10 West Indies women 's tour of South Africa ( all 4 ODIs ) , the 2009 / 10 England women 's tour of West Indies ( all 3 ODIs ) , the 2010 Sri Lanka women 's tour of West Indies ( both ODIs ) , the 2010 ICC Women 's Cricket Challenge , the 2010 / 11 West Indies women 's tour of India , the 2010 / 11 Pakistan women 's tour of the West Indies and the West Indies women 's team in the 2011 Women 's Cricket World Cup Qualifier ( which the West Indies women won ) , the 2011 / 12 Indian women 's tour of the West Indies , the 2012 Sri Lankan women 's tour of the West Indies , the 2012 / 13 South African Women 's tour of the West Indies , the 2013 Women 's Cricket World Cup ( all 7 matches for the team where West Indies women came second ) , the 2012 / 13 West Indies women 's tour of Sri Lanka , the 2013 / 14 New Zealand women 's tour of the West Indies , the 2013 / 14 England women 's tour of the West Indies , the 2013 / 14 West Indies women 's tour of New Zealand , the 2014 / 15 New Zealand women 's tour of West Indies ( of which only the first 3 ( of 4 ) ODIs were counted as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2014 / 15 West Indies women 's tour of Australia ( the first three matches also counted as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2015 West Indies women 's tour of Sri Lanka ( the final three matches of which count as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2015 / 16 Pakistan women 's tour of West Indies ( the final three matches of which count as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2015 / 16 West Indies women 's tour of South Africa ( all three matches of which count as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2016 / 17 England women 's tour of the West Indies ( the final three matches of which count as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2016 / 17 West Indies women 's tour of India ( all three matches of which count as part of the 2014 - 2016 ICC Women 's Championship ) , the 2017 Women 's Cricket World Cup ( all seven matches for the team ) , and up to the third and final match for the team in the 2017 / 18 Sri Lanka women 's tour of the West Indies ( all three matches of which count as part of the 2017 - 2020 ICC Women 's Championship ) . Data from 2004 / 5 to 2008 ( including the 2005 Women 's World Cup ) may be missing . West Indian women 's ODI captains Number Name Year Played Won Tied Lost No result Leila Williams 1979 0 0 0 Patricia Whittaker 1979 0 0 0 Ann Browne 1993 - 1998 10 0 7 0 Marlene Needham 0 0 0 5 Verena Felician 2003 6 0 0 6 0 6 Stephanie Power 2003 -- 2005 25 13 0 11 7 Envis Williams 0 0 0 8 Nadine George 2008 11 5 0 9 Chedean Nation 2008 0 0 0 10 Merissa Aguilleira 2009 -- 2015 74 39 32 11 Anisa Mohammed 0 0 0 12 Stafanie Taylor 2013 -- present 25 13 0 12 0 13 Shakera Selman 2016 0 0 0 Grand total 159 77 77 Women 's Twenty20 international captains ( edit ) This is a complete list of every woman who has captained the West Indies in at least one twenty20 international . It is complete up to the third and final match of the 2017 / 18 Sri Lanka women 's tour of the West Indies . In 2010 West Indies women took their first international T20 title by winning the 2010 ICC Women 's Cricket Challenge . The first Twenty20 International involving West Indies women was played in June 2008 against Ireland in Dublin . West Indian Twenty20 International captains Number Name Period of captaincy Played Won Tied Lost No result Nadine George 2008 0 0 0 Merissa Aguilleira 2009 -- 2015 70 38 28 Anisa Mohammed 0 0 0 Stafanie Taylor 2012 -- present 24 16 2 , 6 0 5 Shemaine Campbelle 2012 0 0 0 Grand total 99 59 34 Notes : Also captained two warm - up matches against Pakistan and Sri Lanka which were both won by West Indies . After the 2010 Sri Lanka women 's tour to the West Indies , Pakistan played an apparently unofficial 3 - match series in preparation for the Women 's World Twenty20 . Aguilleira captained WI women entirely in this series which WI women won 2 -- 1 . This was followed by two official warm - up matches ( in which Aguilleira also captained WI women ) , one against Pakistan women again ( won by Pakistan ) and one against New Zealand women ( won by West Indies women ) . West Indies won the Super Over in this match by 3 runs with WI scoring 10 / 1 and Pakistan scoring 7 / 1 West Indies won the One Over Eliminator in this match with England scoring 6 / 1 and West Indies replying with 9 / 0 New Zealand won the One Over Eliminator in this match with West Indies scoring 5 / 2 and New Zealand replying with 8 / 0 West Indies won the One Over Eliminator in this match with Pakistan scoring 3 / 2 and West Indies replying with 6 / 1 See also ( edit ) List of West Indian Test cricketers List of West Indian ODI cricketers Development of the Test captaincy of West Indies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Cricket online -- scroll to `` West Indies 1886 tour to Canada '' ^ Jump up to : The Development of West Indies Cricket Google Book results pages 22 and 23 Jump up ^ Canada Cricket online -- scroll to `` The first West Indies cricket tour '' Jump up ^ West Indies versus the Gentlemen of the United States of America 1888 Jump up ^ Cricket Archive : Edward Wright Cricket Archive Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack West Indies Test cricket captains 1928 ; 1929 / 30 : Nunes 1929 / 30 : Hoad 1929 / 30 : Betancourt 1929 / 30 : Fernandes 1930 / 31 -- 1934 / 35 : J. Grant 1939 : R. Grant 1947 / 48 : Headley 1947 / 48 : Gomez 1947 / 48 -- 1957 : Goddard 1951 / 52 ; 1952 / 53 -- 1953 / 54 ; 1954 / 55 : Stollmeyer 1954 / 55 -- 1955 / 56 : Atkinson 1957 / 58 -- 1959 / 60 : Alexander 1960 / 61 -- 1963 : Worrell 1964 / 65 -- 1971 / 72 : Sobers 1972 / 73 -- 1973 / 74 : Kanhai 1974 / 75 -- 1976 / 77 ; 1977 / 78 ; 1979 / 80 -- 1984 / 85 : Lloyd 1977 / 78 -- 1978 / 79 : Kallicharran 1979 / 80 : Murray 1980 ; 1983 / 84 -- 1991 : Richards 1987 / 88 : Greenidge 1989 / 90 ; 1990 / 91 : Haynes 1991 / 92 -- 1995 : Richardson 1993 / 94 ; 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 : Walsh 1996 / 97 ; 1997 / 98 -- 2006 / 07 : Lara 1999 / 00 -- 2000 / 01 : Adams 2000 / 01 -- 2002 / 03 : Hooper 2002 / 03 : Jacobs 2004 / 05 -- 2005 / 06 : Chanderpaul 2007 -- 2008 : Sarwan 2007 : Ganga 2007 / 08 ; 2008 ; 2008 / 09 -- 2010 : Gayle 2007 / 08 : Bravo 2009 : Reifer 2010 / 11 -- 2014 : Sammy 2014 -- 2015 : Ramdin 2015 -- : Holder 2017 : Brathwaite Italics denote deputised captaincy West Indies ODI cricket captains 1973 : Kanhai 1975 -- 1984 / 85 : Lloyd 1977 / 78 -- 1979 / 80 : Murray 1977 / 78 : Kallicharran 1980 -- 1991 : Richards 1983 / 84 : Holding 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Greenidge 1989 / 90 -- 1993 / 94 : Haynes 1989 / 90 : Dujon 1991 / 92 -- 1995 / 96 : Richardson 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 : Walsh 1994 / 95 -- 2006 / 07 : Lara 1996 / 97 -- 2002 / 03 : Hooper 1998 / 99 -- 2000 / 01 : Adams 2000 / 01 : Campbell 2002 / 03 : Jacobs 2003 / 04 -- 2004 : Sarwan 2004 / 05 -- 2005 / 06 : Chanderpaul 2005 : Joseph 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 : Gayle 2007 / 08 -- 2014 : Bravo 2009 : Reifer 2010 -- 2013 : Sammy 2011 / 12 : Ramdin 2013 : Pollard 2015 -- : Holder 2015 : Samuels 2017 : Mohammed West Indies T20I cricket captains 2005 / 06 : Chanderpaul 2007 -- 2010 / 11 : Gayle 2007 : Sarwan 2007 / 08 : Bravo 2008 / 09 : Ramdin 2009 : Reifer 2011 : Ramdin 2011 -- 2016 : Sammy 2016 -- : Brathwaite National cricket captains Test nations Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe ODI nations Afghanistan Bermuda Canada East Africa Hong Kong Ireland Kenya Namibia Nepal Netherlands Oman PNG Scotland United Arab Emirates United States of America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_West_Indies_cricket_captains&oldid=823493682 '' Categories : West Indian cricket captains Lists of West Indies cricketers Lists of cricket captains West Indies in international cricket Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20West%20Indies%20cricket%20captains	2,801
when was the sound of music released in australian cinemas			The Sound of Music ( film )	the sound of music ( film )	The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise , and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker . The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name , composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II . The film 's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman , adapted from the stage musical 's book by Lindsay and Crouse . Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp , the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children . After bringing and teaching love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience , she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith .	The film was released on March 2 , 1965 in the United States , initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release . Although critical response to the film was widely mixed , the film was a major commercial success , becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks , and the highest - grossing film of 1965 . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time -- surpassing Gone with the Wind -- and held that distinction for five years . The film was just as popular throughout the world , breaking previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries . Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years , and two successful re-releases , the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000 . The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . The film also received two Golden Globe Awards , for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress , the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . In 1998 , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty - fifth greatest American movie of all time , and the fourth greatest movie musical . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 4.1 Screenplay and pre-production 4.2 Casting and rehearsals 4.3 Filming and post-production 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Box office 6 Historical accuracy 7 Soundtrack 8 Accolades 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 AFI recognition 8.3 Legacy 9 Television and home media 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Maria is a free - spirited young Austrian woman studying to become a nun at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg in 1938 . Her love of music and the mountains , her youthful enthusiasm and imagination , and her lack of discipline cause some concern among the nuns . The Mother Abbess , believing Maria would be happier outside the abbey , sends her to the villa of retired naval officer Captain Georg von Trapp to be governess to his seven children -- Liesl , Friedrich , Louisa , Kurt , Brigitta , Marta , and Gretl . The Captain has been raising his children alone using strict military discipline following the death of his wife . Although the children misbehave at first , Maria responds with kindness and patience , and soon the children come to trust and respect her . Liesl , the oldest , is won over after Maria protects her from discovery when she is nearly caught sneaking back into the house after meeting Rolfe , a delivery boy she is in love with . While the Captain is away in Vienna , Maria makes play clothes for the children and takes them around Salzburg and the surrounding mountains , and she teaches them how to sing . When the Captain returns to the villa with Baroness Elsa Schraeder , a wealthy socialite , and their mutual friend , Max Detweiler , they are greeted by Maria and the children returning from a boat ride on the lake that concludes when their boat overturns . Displeased by his children 's clothes and activities , and Maria 's impassioned appeal that he get closer to his children , the Captain orders her to return to the abbey . Just then he hears singing coming from inside the house and is astonished to see his children singing for the Baroness . Filled with emotion , the Captain joins his children , singing for the first time in years . Afterwards , he apologizes to Maria and asks her to stay . Impressed by the children 's singing , Max proposes he enter them in the upcoming Salzburg Festival but the suggestion is immediately rejected by the Captain as he does not allow his children to sing in public . He does agree , however , to organize a grand party at the villa . The night of the party , while guests in formal attire waltz in the ballroom , Maria and the children look on from the garden terrace . When the Captain notices Maria teaching Kurt the traditional Ländler folk dance , he cuts in and dances with Maria in a graceful performance , culminating in a close embrace . Confused about her feelings , Maria blushes and breaks away . Later , the Baroness , who noticed the Captain 's attraction to Maria , hides her jealousy while convincing Maria that she must return to the abbey . Back at the abbey , when Mother Abbess learns that Maria has stayed in seclusion to avoid her feelings for the Captain , she encourages her to return to the villa to look for her life . After Maria returns to the villa , she learns about the Captain 's engagement to the Baroness and agrees to stay until they find a replacement governess . The Captain 's feelings for Maria , however , have not changed , and after breaking off his engagement the Captain marries Maria . While they are on their honeymoon , Max enters the children in the Salzburg Festival against their father 's wishes . When they learn that Austria has been annexed by the Third Reich in the Anschluss , the couple return to their home , where a telegram awaits informing the Captain that he must report to the German Naval base at Bremerhaven to accept a commission in the German Navy . Strongly opposed to the Nazis and the Anschluss , the Captain tells his family they must leave Austria immediately . Many of the Von Trapp 's friends are prepared to accept the new regime , including Rolf , who Liesl is devastated to see has joined the Hitler youth . That night , as the von Trapp family attempt to leave , they are stopped by a group of Brownshirts waiting outside the villa . When questioned by Gauleiter Hans Zeller , the Captain maintains they are headed to the Salzburg Festival to perform . Zeller insists on escorting them to the festival , after which his men will accompany the Captain to Bremerhaven . Later that night at the festival , during their final number , the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey , where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt . Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey , and the family is discovered by Rolf . Upon seeing Liesl , he hesitates raising the alarm long enough to allow the family time to flee , and the family is able to escape using the caretaker 's car . When the soldiers attempt to pursue , they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines . The next morning , after driving to the Swiss border , the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom . Cast ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Maria von Trapp Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp Bill Lee as Captain von Trapp 's singing voice Eleanor Parker as Baroness Elsa von Schraeder Richard Haydn as Max Detweiler Peggy Wood as the Mother Abbess Charmian Carr as Liesl von Trapp Nicholas Hammond as Friedrich von Trapp Heather Menzies as Louisa von Trapp Duane Chase as Kurt von Trapp Angela Cartwright as Brigitta von Trapp Debbie Turner as Marta von Trapp Kym Karath as Gretl von Trapp Anna Lee as Sister Margaretta Portia Nelson as Sister Berthe Ben Wright as Herr Zeller Daniel Truhitte as Rolfe Norma Varden as Frau Schmidt Gil Stuart as Franz Marni Nixon as Sister Sophia Ada Beth Lee as Sister Catherine Doreen Tryden as Sister Agatha Evadne Baker as Sister Bernice Doris Lloyd as Baroness Ebberfeld Background ( edit ) Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II The Sound of Music story is based on Maria von Trapp 's memoir , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers , published in 1949 to help promote her family 's singing group following the death of her husband Georg in 1947 . Hollywood producers expressed interest in purchasing the title only , but Maria refused , wanting her entire story to be told . In 1956 , German producer Wolfgang Liebeneiner purchased the film rights for $9,000 ( equivalent to $81,000 in 2017 ) , hired George Hurdalek and Herbert Reinecker to write the screenplay , and Franz Grothe to supervise the soundtrack , which consisted of traditional Austrian folk songs . The Trapp Family was released in West Germany on October 9 , 1956 and became a major success . Two years later , Liebeneiner directed a sequel , The Trapp Family in America , and the two pictures became the most successful films in West Germany during the post-war years . Their popularity extended throughout Europe and South America . In 1956 , Paramount Pictures purchased the United States film rights , intending to produce an English - language version with Audrey Hepburn as Maria . The studio eventually dropped its option , but one of its directors , Vincent J. Donehue , proposed the story as a stage musical for Mary Martin . Producers Richard Halliday and Leland Heyward secured the rights and hired playwrights Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse , who had won the Pulitzer Prize for State of the Union . They approached Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II to compose one song for the musical , but the composers felt the two styles -- traditional Austrian folk songs and their composition -- would not work together . They offered to write a complete new score for the entire production if the producers were willing to wait while they completed work on Flower Drum Song . The producers quickly responded that they would wait as long as necessary . The Sound of Music stage musical opened on November 16 , 1959 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in New York City and ran on Broadway for 1,443 performances , winning six Tony Awards , including Best Musical . In June 1960 , Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film adaptation rights to the stage musical for $1.25 million ( equivalent to $10,300,000 in 2017 ) against ten percent of the gross . Production ( edit ) For the film , Richard Rodgers added two new songs , `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' , for which he wrote the lyrics as well as the music ( Hammerstein having died in August 1960 ) , while three of the original stage songs were omitted , `` How Can Love Survive '' , `` No Way To Stop It '' and `` An Ordinary Couple '' . Arranger and conductor Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming , and later adapted instrumental underscore passages based on the songs . Choreographers Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out all new choreography sequences that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . The Sound of Music was filmed from March 26 through September 1 , 1964 , with external scenes shot on location in Salzburg , Austria , and the surrounding region , and interior scenes filmed at the 20th Century Fox studios in California . The movie was photographed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing and six - track sound recording . Screenplay and pre-production ( edit ) Robert Wise , 1990 In December 1962 , 20th Century Fox president Richard D. Zanuck hired Ernest Lehman to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of the stage musical . Lehman reviewed the original script for the stage musical , rearranged the sequence of songs , and began transforming a work designed for the stage into a film that could use the camera to emphasize action and mood , and open the story up to the beautiful locations of Salzburg and the Austrian Alps . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' sequence in the play , for example , was originally a stagnant number ; Lehman transformed it into a lively montage showing some of the beautiful sites of Salzburg , as well as showing Maria and the children growing closer over time . Lehman also eliminated two songs , `` How Can Love Survive ? '' and `` No Way to Stop It '' , sung by the characters of Elsa and Max . In January 1963 , he saw the Fox English - dubbed version of the two German films , was not especially impressed , and decided to use the stage musical and Maria 's memoir for most of his source material . While Lehman was developing the screenplay , he and Zanuck began looking for a director . Their first choice was Robert Wise , with whom Lehman had worked on the film adaptation of West Side Story , but Wise was busy preparing work for another film , The Sand Pebbles . Other directors were approached and turned down the offer , including Stanley Donen , Vincent J. Donehue , George Roy Hill , and Gene Kelly . In January 1963 , Lehman invited one of his favorite directors , William Wyler , to travel to New York City with him to see the Broadway musical . After seeing the show , Wyler said he hated it , but after two weeks of Lehman 's persuasion , Wyler reluctantly agreed to direct and produce the film . After hiring musical supervisor Roger Edens , Wyler , Lehman , and Edens traveled to Salzburg to scout filming locations . In two weeks they managed to see approximately seventy - five locations -- an experience that helped Lehman conceptualize several important sequences . During that trip , Lehman began to have reservations about Wyler 's commitment to the project , and communicated this to Zanuck , who instructed the writer to finalize the first draft of the screenplay as quickly as possible . Lehman completed the first draft on September 10 , 1963 and sent it to Wyler , who had no suggestions or changes . At that time , Lehman also secretly gave a copy of the script to the agent of Robert Wise , whom Lehman still wanted as the director . Later that month , Wyler 's agent approached Zanuck asking that production on the film be delayed so Wyler could direct The Collector . Zanuck told him to tell Wyler to make the other film , and that they would move ahead on schedule with another director , ending Wyler 's participation . Meanwhile , Wise , whose film The Sand Pebbles had been postponed , read Lehman 's first draft , was impressed by what he read , and agreed to direct the film . Wise joined the picture in October 1963 , and flew to Salzburg with associate producer Saul Chaplin and members of his production team to scout filming locations , including many that Wyler had identified . When he returned , Wise began working on the script . Wise shared Lehman 's vision of the film being centered on the music , and the changes he made were consistent with the writer 's approach -- mainly reducing the amount of sweetness and sentimentality found in the stage musical . He had reservations about Lehman 's opening aerial sequence because they 'd used a similar opening in West Side Story , but decided to keep it . Other changes included replacing `` An Ordinary Couple '' with a more romantic number , and a new song for Maria 's departure from the abbey -- Rodgers provided `` Something Good '' and `` I Have Confidence '' especially for the film . Lehman completed the second draft on December 20 , 1963 , but additional changes would be made based on input from Maria von Trapp and Christopher Plummer about the character of the Captain . Plummer especially helped transform a character lacking substance into a stronger , more forceful complex figure with a wry sense of humor and a darker edge . Lehman completed his final draft on March 20 , 1964 . Casting and rehearsals ( edit ) Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews on location in Salzburg , 1964 Lehman 's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews . When Wise joined the project , he made a list of his choices for the role , which included Andrews as his first choice , Grace Kelly , and Shirley Jones . Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins , which was not yet released . A few minutes into the film , Wise told Lehman , `` Let 's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her ! '' Andrews had some reservations -- mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version -- but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was , she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 ( equivalent to $1,780,000 in 2017 ) . Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain . A number of actors were considered for the part , including Bing Crosby , Yul Brynner , Sean Connery , and Richard Burton . Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role , but the stage actor turned down the offer several times . Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film ; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character ; Plummer later described himself as having become quite arrogant at the time , `` spoiled by too many great theater roles '' . Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary characters . For the role of Max Detweiler , Wise initially considered Victor Borge , Noël Coward , and Hal Holbrook among others before deciding on Richard Haydn . For the character of Baroness Elsa Schraeder , Wise looked for a `` name '' actress -- Andrews and Plummer were not yet widely known to film audiences -- and decided on Eleanor Parker . The casting of the children characters began in November 1963 and involved over two hundred interviews and auditions throughout the United States and England . Some of the child - actors interviewed or tested , who were not selected , included Mia Farrow , Patty Duke , Lesley Ann Warren , Geraldine Chaplin , Shelley Fabares , Teri Garr , Kurt Russell , and The Osmonds . Most of the actors selected had some acting , singing , or dancing experience . Charmian Carr , however , was a model who worked part - time in a doctor 's office and had no ambition to pursue a career as an actress . After a friend sent her photo to Wise 's office , she was asked to interview . Wise later recalled , `` She was so pretty and had such poise and charm that we liked her immediately . '' The last person to be cast was Daniel Truhitte in the role of Rolfe . Rehearsals for the singing and dance sequences began on February 10 , 1964 . The husband - and - wife team of Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out the choreography with Saul Chaplin on piano -- the arrangements could not be altered under Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contract . The stage choreography was not used because it was too restrictive . Breaux and Wood worked out all new choreography better suited for film that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . They even choreographed the newly added puppet dance sequence for `` The Lonely Goatherd '' . The choreography for the Ländler strictly followed the traditional Austrian folk dance . The musical arranger Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming . In her book , The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie , Julia Antopol Hirsch says that Kostal used seven children and five adults to record the children 's voices ; the only scene where the child - actors actually sing is when they sing `` The Sound of Music '' on their own after Maria leaves . Charmian Carr refuted the claim that the voices of the child actors were dubbed in the film and on the soundtrack . Carr contended that all of the children who are in the film sing on the track , but four other children were added to most of the songs to give them a fuller sound , they did not replace them as singers . The voices of some of the adult actors had voice doubles , including Peggy Wood and Christopher Plummer . Filming and post-production ( edit ) Schloss Leopoldskron , where scenes representing the lakefront terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa were filmed Principal photography began on March 26 , 1964 at 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles , where scenes from Maria 's bedroom and the abbey cloister and graveyard were filmed . The company then flew to Salzburg where filming resumed on April 23 at Mondsee Abbey for the wedding scenes . From April 25 through May 22 , scenes were filmed at the Felsenreitschule , Nonnberg Abbey , Mirabell Palace Gardens , Residence Fountain , and various street locations throughout the Altstadt ( Old Town ) area of the city . Wise faced opposition from city leaders who opposed him staging scenes with swastika banners . They relented after he threatened instead to include actual newsreel footage of crowds cheering Hitler during a visit to the town . On days when it rained -- a constant challenge for the company -- Wise arranged for scenes to be shot at St. Margarethen Chapel and Dürer Studios ( Reverend Mother 's office ) . From May 23 to June 7 , the company worked at Schloss Leopoldskron and an adjacent property called Bertelsmann for scenes representing the lakeside terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa . From June 9 to 19 , scenes were shot at Frohnburg Palace which represented the front and back façades of the villa . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' picnic scene in the mountains was filmed above the town of Werfen in the Salzach River valley on June 25 and 27 . The opening sequence of Maria on her mountain was filmed from June 28 to July 2 at Mehlweg mountain near the town of Marktschellenberg in Bavaria . The final scene of the von Trapp family escaping over the mountains was filmed on the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps . The Sound of Music gazebo at Hellbrunn Palace in Salzburg was moved here from its original location at Schloss Leopoldskron . The cast and crew flew back to Los Angeles and resumed filming at Fox studios on July 6 for all remaining scenes , including those in the villa dining room , ballroom , terrace , living room , and gazebo . Following the last two scenes shot in the gazebo -- for the songs `` Something Good '' and `` You Are Sixteen '' -- principal photography concluded on September 1 , 1964 . A total of eighty - three scenes were filmed in just over five months . Post-production work began on August 25 with three weeks of dialogue dubbing to correct lines that were ruined by various street noises and rain . In October , Christopher Plummer 's singing voice was dubbed by veteran Disney playback singer Bill Lee . The film was then edited by Wise and film editor William Reynolds . Once the film was edited , Irwin Kostal , who orchestrated the musical numbers , underscored the film with background music consisting of variations on Rodgers and Hammerstein 's original songs to amplify or add nuances to the visual images . When dubbing , editing , and scoring were complete , Wise arranged for two sneak - preview showings -- the first one held in Minneapolis on Friday January 15 , 1965 at the Mann Theater , and the second one held the following night in Tulsa . Despite the `` sensational '' responses from the preview audiences , Wise made a few final editing changes before completing the film . According to the original print information for the film , the running time for the theatrical release version was 174 minutes . The film was eventually given a G rating by the Motion Picture Association of America . The Sound of Music was filmed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing . Aerial footage was photographed with an MCS - 70 camera . The sound was recorded on 70 mm six - track using a Westrex recording system . The sets used for the film were based on the storyboards of sketch artist Maurice Zuberano , who accompanied Wise to Austria to scout filming locations in November 1963 . Wise met with the artist over a ten - week period and explained his objective for each scene -- the feeling he wanted to convey and the visual images he wanted to use . When Zuberano was finished , he provided Wise with a complete set of storyboards that illustrated each scene and set -- storyboards the director used as guidance during filming . Zuberano 's storyboards and location photos were also used by art director Boris Leven to design and construct all of the original interior sets at Fox studios , as well as some external sets in Salzburg . The von Trapp villa , for example , was actually filmed in several locations : the front and back façades of the villa were filmed at Frohnburg Palace , the lakeside terrace and gardens were a set constructed on a property adjacent to Schloss Leopoldskron called Bertelsmann , and the interior was a constructed set at Fox studios . The gazebo scenes for `` Something Good '' and `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' were filmed on a larger reconstructed set at Fox studios , while some shots of the original gazebo were filmed on the grounds at Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Robert Wise hired Mike Kaplan to direct the publicity campaign for the film . After reading the script , Kaplan decided on the ad line `` The Happiest Sound in All the World '' , which would appear on promotional material and artwork . Kaplan also brought in outside agencies to work with the studio 's advertising department to develop the promotional artwork , eventually selecting a painting by Howard Terpning of Andrews on an alpine meadow with her carpetbag and guitar case in hand with the children and Plummer in the background . In February 1964 , Kaplan began placing ads in the trade papers Daily Variety , Weekly Variety , and The Hollywood Reporter to attract future exhibitor interest in the project . The studio intended the film to have an initial roadshow theatrical release in select large cities in theaters that could accommodate the 70 - mm screenings and six - track stereophonic sound . The roadshow concept involved two showings a day with reserved seating and an intermission similar to Broadway musicals . Kaplan identified forty key cities that would likely be included in the roadshow release and developed a promotional strategy targeting the major newspapers of those cities . During the Salzburg production phase , 20th Century Fox organized press junkets for America journalists to interview Wise and his team and the cast members . Critical response ( edit ) `` No one is comfortable with an excess of hearts and flowers , but there is no valid reason for hiding honest emotion . This has always been a major element in the theatre , and it 's my conviction that anyone who ca n't , on occasion , be sentimental about children , home or nature is sadly maladjusted . '' Richard Rodgers The film had its opening premiere on March 2 , 1965 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City . Initial reviews were mixed . Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , criticized the film 's `` romantic nonsense and sentiment '' , the children 's `` artificial roles '' , and Robert Wise 's `` cosy - cum - corny '' direction . Judith Crist , in a biting review in the New York Herald Tribune , dismissed the movie as `` icky sticky '' and designed for `` the five to seven set and their mommies '' . In her review for McCall 's magazine , Pauline Kael called the film `` the sugar - coated lie people seem to want to eat '' , and that audiences have `` turned into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves humming the sickly , goody - goody songs '' . Wise later recalled , `` The East Coast , intellectual papers and magazines destroyed us , but the local papers and the trades gave us great reviews '' . Indeed , reviewers such as Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` three hours of visual and vocal brilliance '' , and Variety called it `` a warmly - pulsating , captivating drama set to the most imaginative use of the lilting R-H tunes , magnificently mounted and with a brilliant cast '' . The `` wildly mixed film reviews '' reflected the critical response to the stage musical , according to The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . After its Los Angeles premiere on March 10 , The Sound of Music opened in 131 theaters in the United States , including a limited number of roadshow events . After four weeks , the film became the number one box office movie in the country , and held that position for thirty out of the next forty - three weeks in 1965 . The original theatrical release of the film in America lasted four and a half years . A few months after its United States release , The Sound of Music opened in 261 theaters overseas -- the first American movie to be completely dubbed in a foreign language , both dialogue and music . The German , French , Italian , and Spanish versions were completely dubbed , the Japanese version had Japanese dialogue with English songs , and other versions were released with foreign subtitles . The film was a popular success in every country it opened , except the two countries where the story originated , Austria and Germany . In these countries , the film had to compete with the much - loved Die Trapp - Familie ( 1956 ) , which provided the original inspiration for the Broadway musical , and its sequel Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika ( 1958 ) -- both films still widely popular in German - speaking Europe and considered the authoritative von Trapp story . Austrians took exception to the liberties taken by the filmmakers with regard to the costumes , which did not reflect traditional style , and the replacement of traditional Austrian folk songs with Broadway show tunes . The film 's Nazi theme was especially unpopular in Germany , where the Munich branch manager for 20th Century Fox approved the unauthorized cutting of the entire third act of the film following the wedding sequence -- the scenes showing Salzburg following the Anschluss . Robert Wise and the studio intervened , the original film was restored , and the branch manager was fired . The Sound of Music has never been popular in Austria and Germany . Box office ( edit ) The Sound of Music is one of the most commercially successful films of all time . Four weeks after its theatrical release , it became the number one box office movie in the United States , from revenue generated by twenty - five theaters , each screening only ten roadshow performances per week . It held the number one position for thirty of the next forty - three weeks , and ended up the highest - grossing film of 1965 . One contributing factor in the film 's early commercial success was the repeat business of many filmgoers . In some cities in the United States , the number of tickets sold exceeded the total population . By January 1966 , the film had earned $20 million in distributor rentals from just 140 roadshow engagements in the United States and Canada . Overseas , The Sound of Music broke previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries , including the United Kingdom , where the film earned £ 4 million in rentals and grossed £ 6 million -- more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time , surpassing Gone with the Wind , which held that distinction for twenty - four years . In November 1969 , The Sound of Music completed its initial four - and - a-half year theatrical release run in the United States , having earned $68,313,000 in North American ( United States and Canada ) rentals and $44,168,000 in foreign rentals , for a worldwide total of $112,481,000 in gross returns . It was the first film to gross over $100 million . The film was re-released in 1973 , and increased its North American rentals to $78.4 million . By the end of the 1970s , it was ranked seventh in all time North American rentals , having earned $79 million . The film 's re-release in 1990 increased the total North American admissions to 142,415,400 -- the third highest number of tickets sold behind Gone with the Wind and Star Wars -- and about 283.3 million admissions worldwide . The Sound of Music eventually earned a total domestic gross of $163,214,076 , and a total worldwide gross of $286,214,076 . Adjusted for inflation , the film earned about $2.366 billion at 2014 prices -- the fifth highest - grossing film of all time . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Maria and Georg Ludwig von Trapp The Sound of Music film , like the stage musical , presents a history of the von Trapp family that is not completely accurate . The filmmakers used artistic license to convey the essence and meaning of their story . Georg Ludwig von Trapp was indeed an anti-Nazi opposed to the Anschluss , and lived with his family in a villa in a district of Salzburg called Aigen . Their lifestyle depicted in the film , however , greatly exaggerated their standard of living . The actual family villa , located at Traunstraße 34 , Aigen 5026 , was large and comfortable but not nearly as grand as the mansion depicted in the film . The house was also not their ancestral home , as depicted in the film . The family had previously lived in homes in Zell Am See and Klosterneuburg after being forced to abandon their actual ancestral home in Pola following World War I. Georg moved the family to the Salzburg villa shortly after the death of his first wife in 1922 . In the film , Georg is referred to as `` Baron '' , but his actual family title was `` Ritter '' ( German for `` knight '' ) , a hereditary knighthood the equivalent of which in the United Kingdom is a baronetcy . Austrian nobility , moreover , was legally abolished in 1919 and the nobiliary particle von was proscribed after World War I , so he was legally `` Georg Trapp '' . Both the title and the prepositional nobiliary particle von , however , continued to be widely used unofficially as a matter of courtesy . Georg was offered a position in the Kriegsmarine , but this occurred before the Anschluss . He was heavily recruited by the Nazis because he had extensive experience with submarines , and Germany was looking to expand its fleet of U-boats . With his family in desperate financial straits , and having no other marketable skills other than his training as a naval officer , he seriously considered the offer before deciding he could not serve a Nazi regime . Rather than threaten arrest , the Nazis actually continued to woo him . In the film , Georg is depicted initially as a humorless , emotionally distant father . In reality , third child Maria von Trapp ( called `` Louisa '' in the film ) described her father as a doting parent who made handmade gifts for the children in his woodshop and who would often lead family musicales on his violin . She has a different recollection of her stepmother , whom she described as moody and prone to outbursts of rage . In a 2003 interview , Maria remembered , `` ( She ) had a terrible temper ... and from one moment to the next , you did n't know what hit her . We were not used to this . But we took it like a thunderstorm that would pass , because the next minute she could be very nice . '' Maria Augusta Kutschera had indeed been a novice at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg and had been hired by the von Trapp family . However , she was hired only to be a tutor to young Maria Franziska ( `` Louisa '' in the movie ) , who had come down with scarlet fever and needed her lessons at home , not to be a governess for all of the children . Maria and Georg married for practical reasons , rather than love and affection for each other . Georg needed a mother for his children , and Maria needed the security of a husband and family once she decided to leave the abbey . `` I really and truly was not in love , '' Maria wrote in her memoir , `` I liked him but did n't love him . However , I loved the children , so in a way I really married the children . '' They were married in 1927 , not in 1938 as depicted in the film , and the couple had been married for over a decade by the time of the Anschluss and had two of their three children together by that time . Maria later acknowledged that she grew to love Georg over time and enjoyed a happy marriage . The von Trapp family lost most of its wealth during the worldwide depression of the early 1930s , when the Austrian national bank folded . In order to survive , the family dismissed the servants and began taking in boarders . They also started singing onstage to earn money -- a fact that caused the proud Georg much embarrassment . In the film , the von Trapp family hike over the Alps from Austria to Switzerland to escape the Nazis , which would not have been possible ; Salzburg is over two hundred miles from Switzerland . The von Trapp villa , however , was only a few kilometers from the Austria -- Germany border , and the final scene shows the family hiking on the Obersalzberg near the German town of Berchtesgaden , within sight of Adolf Hitler 's Kehlsteinhaus Eagle 's Nest retreat . In reality , the family simply walked to the local train station and boarded a train to Italy . Although Georg was an ethnic German - Austrian , he was also an Italian citizen , having been born in the Dalmatian city of Zadar , which at that time was part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , and later fell into Italian territory after World War I. From Italy , they traveled to London and ultimately the United States . The character Max Detweiler , the scheming family music director , is fictional . The von Trapps ' family priest , the Reverend Franz Wasner , was their musical director for over twenty years and accompanied them when they left Austria . The character of Friedrich ( the second oldest child in the film version ) was based on Rupert , the oldest of the real von Trapp children . Liesl ( the oldest child in the film ) was based on Agathe von Trapp , the second oldest in the real family . The names and ages of the children were changed , in part because the third child ( who would be portrayed as `` Louisa '' ) was also named Maria , and producers thought that it would be confusing to have two characters called Maria in the film . The von Trapp family had no control over how they were depicted in the film and stage musical , having given up the rights to their story to a German producer in the 1950s who then sold the rights to American producers . Robert Wise met with Maria von Trapp and made it clear , according to a memo to Richard Zanuck , that he was not making a `` documentary or realistic movie '' about her family , and that he would make the film with `` complete dramatic freedom '' in order to produce a `` fine and moving film '' -- one they could all be proud of . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to The Sound of Music was written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II , and arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal , who also adapted the instrumental underscore passages . The soundtrack album was released by RCA Victor in 1965 and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history , having sold over 20 million copies worldwide . The album reached the number one position on the Billboard 200 that year in the United States . It remained in the top ten for 109 weeks , from May 1 , 1965 to July 16 , 1966 , and remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 238 weeks . The album was the best - selling album in the United Kingdom in 1965 , 1966 and 1968 and the second best - selling of the entire decade , spending a total of 70 weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart . It also stayed 73 weeks on the Norwegian charts , becoming the seventh best - charting album of all time in that country . In 2015 , Billboard named the album the second greatest album of all time . The album has been reissued several times , including anniversary editions with additional tracks in 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 and 2015 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards Best Picture Robert Wise Won Best Director Robert Wise Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Julie Andrews Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Peggy Wood Nominated Best Music ( Scoring of Music -- Adaptation or Treatment ) Irwin Kostal Won Best Cinematography ( Color ) Ted D. McCord Nominated Best Art Direction ( Color ) Boris Leven ( art direction ) ; Walter M. Scott and Ruby R. Levitt ( set decoration ) Nominated Best Costume Design ( Color ) Dorothy Jeakins Nominated Best Sound Recording James Corcoran and Fred Hynes Won Best Film Editing William H. Reynolds Won BAFTA Awards Best British Actress Julie Andrews Nominated Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Wise Won Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Robert Wise Won Best Director -- Motion Picture Robert Wise Nominated Best Motion Picture Actress -- Musical or Comedy Julie Andrews Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Peggy Wood Nominated Laurel Awards General Entertainment The Sound of Music Won Musical Performance -- Female Julie Andrews Won National Board of Review Top Ten Films of 1965 The Sound of Music Won New York Film Critics Circle Best Actress Julie Andrews 2nd place Writers Guild of America Best Written American Musical Ernest Lehman Won AFI recognition ( edit ) The Sound of Music has been included in numerous top film lists from the American Film Institute . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 55 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 40 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 41 AFI 's 100 Years of Musicals -- No. 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 27 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` The Sound of Music '' -- No. 10 `` My Favorite Things '' -- No. 64 `` Do - Re-Mi '' -- No. 88 Legacy ( edit ) In 1966 , American Express created the first Sound of Music guided tour in Salzburg . Since 1972 , Panorama Tours has been the leading Sound of Music bus tour company in the city , taking approximately 50,000 tourists a year to various film locations in Salzburg and the surrounding region . Sing - along Sound of Music revival screenings began in London in 1999 , leading to a successful run at the Prince Charles Cinema which is ongoing as of 2016 . During the screenings , audience members are often dressed as nuns and von Trapp children and are encouraged to sing along to lyrics superimposed on the screen . In July 2000 , Sing - along Sound of Music shows opened in Boston and Austin , Texas . Some audience members dressed up as cast members and interacted with the action shown on the screen . The film began a successful run at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City in September 2000 , with the opening attended by cast members Charmian Carr ( Liesl ) , Daniel Truhitte ( Rolfe ) , and Kym Karath ( Gretl ) . Sing - along Sound of Music screenings have since become an international phenomenon . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved The Sound of Music in 2003 . Television and home Media ( edit ) The first American television transmission of The Sound of Music was on February 29 , 1976 on ABC , which paid $15 million for a one - time only broadcast that became one of the top - rated films ever shown on television to that point . The movie was not shown again until NBC acquired the broadcast rights and telecast the film on February 11 , 1979 . NBC continued to air the film annually for twenty years . During most of its run on NBC , the film was heavily edited to fit a three - hour time slot -- approximately 140 minutes without commercials . The thirty minutes edited out of the original film included portions of the `` Morning Hymn and Alleluia '' sung by the nuns , part of the dialogue between Mother Abbess and Maria in the abbey , part of Liesl and Rolfe 's dialogue preceding `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , Liesl 's verse of `` Edelweiss '' sung with the Captain , the Captain and Baroness waltzing at the party , and minor dialogue cuts within existing scenes . The film aired in its uncut form ( minus the entr'acte ) on April 9 , 1995 , on NBC . Julie Andrews hosted the four - hour telecast which presented the musical numbers in a letterbox format . As the film 's home video availability cut into its television ratings , NBC let their contract lapse in 2001 . That year , the film was broadcast one time on the Fox network , in its heavily edited 140 - minute version . Since 2002 , the film has aired on ABC , generally during Christmas week , and has been broadcast on its sister cable network , Freeform , periodically around Easter and other holidays . Most of its more recent runs have been the full version in a four - hour time slot , complete with the entr'acte . ABC first broadcast a high definition version on December 28 , 2008 . On December 22 , 2013 , the annual broadcast had its highest ratings since 2007 ; the increase in ratings were credited to NBC 's broadcast of The Sound of Music Live ! -- a live television adaptation of the original musical which aired earlier that month . In the United Kingdom , the film was first aired on BBC One on 25 December 1978 and , as of December 2016 , fifteen times since , mostly around Christmas time . As the BBC channels in Britain are not funded by advertising there was no need to cut scenes to fit within a timeslot and the film was screened in the full 174 - minute version without breaks . The film has been released on VHS , LaserDisc , and DVD numerous times . The first DVD version was released on August 29 , 2000 to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the film 's release . The film is often included in box sets with other Rodgers & Hammerstein film adaptations . A 40th anniversary DVD , with `` making of '' documentaries and special features , was released on November 15 , 2005 . The film made its debut issue on Blu - ray Disc on November 2 , 2010 , for its 45th anniversary . For the Blu - ray release , the original 70 mm negatives were rescanned at 8K resolution , then restored and remastered at 4K resolution for the transfer to Blu - ray , giving the most detailed copy of the film seen thus far . On March 10 , 2015 , Fox Home Entertainment released The Sound of Music 50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition -- a five - disc set featuring thirteen hours of bonus features , including a new documentary , The Sound of a City : Julie Andrews Returns to Salzburg . A March 2015 episode of ABC 's 20 / 20 entitled The Untold Story of the Sound of Music featured a preview of the documentary and interviews by Diane Sawyer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Twentieth Century Fox also purchased the rights to the two German films for distribution in the United States . Fox combined the two films , Die Trapp - Familie and Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika , dubbed them in English , and released them as a single 106 - minute film titled The Trapp Family , which was released on April 19 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Maria 's morning run back to Nonnberg Abbey would have been about 11 miles ( 18 km ) . Jump up ^ At the conclusion of filming at Schloss Leopoldskron , 20th Century Fox left behind the original gazebo as a gift to the city . The film 's later popularity , however , led many fans to trespass onto the private and secluded lakefront property . To provide fans easier access to the famous structure , the city moved it to its present location at Hellbrunn Palace Park . Jump up ^ Terpning also created the poster artwork for Lawrence of Arabia , Doctor Zhivago , The Sand Pebbles , The Guns of Navarone , and the 1967 theatrical re-release of Gone with the Wind . He is also known for his numerous magazine covers and his paintings of the American West and the Plains Indians . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael 's review for McCall 's generated a significant negative response from readers and contributed to her dismissal from the magazine . Jump up ^ In Salt Lake City , Utah ( population 199,300 ) , for example , 309,000 tickets were sold in forty weeks . In Albany , New York ( population 156,000 ) , 176,536 tickets were sold in twenty - seven weeks . In Orlando , Florida ( population 88,135 ) , 105,181 tickets were sold in thirty - five weeks . Jump up ^ The Sound of Music remained the highest - grossing film of all time for five years until 1971 , when Gone with the Wind recaptured the crown following its successful 1967 widescreen rerelease . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) : Original Print Information '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon 1989 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Yoffe ; , Emily ( 1993 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hollywood 's Widower Fantasy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.visit-salzburg.net/travel/soundofmusic_songlist.htm Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Baer 2008 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 75 , 78 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 51 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 53 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro , Tom . `` Julie Andrews nearly decapitated by a helicopter and Christopher Plummer hooked on schnapps : The secret story of The Sound Of Musi '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 61 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 100 -- 101 . 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Jump up ^ Asch , Amy ; Ehren , Christina ( September 7 , 2000 ) . `` Crowds Turn Out for Opening of ' Sing - a-Long Sound of Music ' in NYC '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maslon 2015 , pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` Chaos in Television '' . Time . March 12 , 1979 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Sound of Music ' Continues to Echo Across the Ratings Landscape '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- The Sound of Music '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music : Releases '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Sound of Music Blu - ray announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smotroff , Mark . `` HomeTechTell Review : The Sound of Music 45th Anniversary Blu - ray '' . Hometechtell . technologytell.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Head , Stephen Slaughter ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Sound of Music ' 50th Anniversary ... '' Post-Movie . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Diane ( March 2015 ) . `` The Untold Story of The Sound of Music '' . ABC . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baer , William ( 2008 ) . Classic American Films : Conversations with the Screenwriters . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34898 - 3 . Bawden , Liz - Anne ( 1976 ) . The Oxford Companion to Film . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 11541 - 6 . Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 061 - 77889 - 6 . Carr , Charmian ( 2000 ) . Forever Liesl . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029840 - 6 . Flinn , Carlyn ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music ( BFI Film Classics ) . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 844 - 57474 - 2 . Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2015 ) . Guinness World Records 2015 . New York : Bantam . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 88380 - 8 . Herman , Jan ( 1995 ) . A Talent for Trouble . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14012 - 9 . Hirsch , Julia Antopol ( 1993 ) . The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie . Chicago : Contemporary Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 23837 - 8 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 33533 - 0 . Maslon , Laurence ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Companion . New York : Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 789 - 32935 - 6 . Rodgers , Richard ( 1975 ) . Musical Stages : An Autobiography . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 47596 - 7 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Story . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 06446 - 2 . Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 84244 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sound of Music ( film ) The Sound of Music on IMDb The Sound of Music at the TCM Movie Database The Sound of Music at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Wise The Curse of the Cat People ( 1944 ) Mademoiselle Fifi ( 1944 ) The Body Snatcher ( 1945 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Criminal Court ( 1946 ) Born to Kill ( 1947 ) Mystery in Mexico ( 1948 ) Blood on the Moon ( 1948 ) The Set - Up ( 1949 ) Two Flags West ( 1950 ) Three Secrets ( 1950 ) The House on Telegraph Hill ( 1951 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) The Captive City ( 1952 ) Something for the Birds ( 1952 ) Destination Gobi ( 1953 ) The Desert Rats ( 1953 ) So Big ( 1953 ) Executive Suite ( 1954 ) Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) Tribute to a Bad Man ( 1956 ) Somebody Up There Likes Me ( 1956 ) This Could Be the Night ( 1957 ) Until They Sail ( 1957 ) Run Silent , Run Deep ( 1958 ) I Want to Live ! ( 1958 ) Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Two for the Seesaw ( 1962 ) The Haunting ( 1963 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Sand Pebbles ( 1966 ) Star ! ( 1968 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 1971 ) Two People ( 1973 ) The Hindenburg ( 1975 ) Audrey Rose ( 1977 ) Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) Rooftops ( 1989 ) A Storm in Summer ( 2000 , TV film ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Links to related articles Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) VIAF : 230602756 LCCN : n93063312 GND : 4416694 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Music_(film)&oldid=836063660 '' Categories : 1965 films English - language films The Sound of Music 1960s biographical films 1960s drama films 1960s musical comedy films 20th Century Fox films American biographical films American films American musical drama films American romantic musical films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about Catholic nuns Films about Christianity Films about music and musicians Films about widowhood Films based on biographies Films based on musicals Films directed by Robert Wise Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring puppetry Films set in the Alps Films set in Austria Films set in country houses Films set in the 1930s Films set in Salzburg Films shot in Austria Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Musical films based on actual events Nuns in fiction Salzburg Trapp family United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 13 : 33 . 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how many wars has pakistan fought with india	Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan , the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars , including one undeclared war , and many border skirmishes and military stand - offs .	four	Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts	indo - pakistani wars and conflicts	Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan , the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars , including one undeclared war , and many border skirmishes and military stand - offs .	The Kashmir issue has been the main cause , whether direct or indirect , of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Wars 2.1 Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 2.2 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 2.3 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 2.4 Indo - Pakistani War of 1999 3 Other armed engagements 3.1 Standing armed conflicts 3.2 Past skirmishes and standoffs 4 Incidents 5 Nuclear - arms race 6 Annual celebrations 7 Involvement of other nations 8 In popular culture 8.1 Indian films 8.2 Pakistani films 8.3 Pakistani miniseries and dramas 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Indian independence movement , Pakistan Movement , and Partition of India Four nations ( India , Pakistan , Dominion of Ceylon and Union of Burma ) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 The Partition of British India came about in the aftermath of World War II , when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilisation . It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal `` Pakistan '' and `` Hindustan '' once independence came . The partition itself , according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah , leader of the All India Muslim League , and Jawaharlal Nehru , leader of the Indian National Congress , should have resulted in peaceful relations . As the Hindu and Muslim populations were scattered unevenly in the whole country , the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 was not possible along religious lines . Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India . Inter-communal violence between Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 and 1 million casualties . Princely - ruled territories , such as Kashmir and Hyderabad , were also involved in the Partition . Rulers of these territories had the choice of joining India or Pakistan . Both India and Pakistan laid claim on Kashmir and thus it became the main point of conflict . The ruler of Kashmir , which had a Muslim majority population , joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession . Wars ( edit ) Refugees awaiting evacuation by IAF Dakota on Poonch Airstrip , December 1947 . Indo - Pakistani war of 1947 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indian soldiers during the 1947 -- 1948 war . The war , also called the First Kashmir War , started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the Maharaja of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India . Following partition , states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent . Jammu and Kashmir , the largest of the princely states , had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh . Tribal forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession of the princely state to the Dominion of India to receive Indian military aid . The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 22 April 1948 . The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control . A formal cease - fire was declared at 23 : 59 on the night of 1 January 1949 . India gained control of about two - thirds of the state including ( Kashmir valley , Jammu and Ladakh ) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of Kashmir ( Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ) , Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 This war started following Pakistan 's Operation Gibraltar , which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India . India retaliated by launching a full - scale military attack on West Pakistan . The seventeen - day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II . The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration . Both India and Pakistan claimed victory . Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 ( edit ) Main articles : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi , the Pakistani submarine which sank off during the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances on the Visakhapatnam coast . This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir , but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Leader of East Pakistan , and Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , leaders of West Pakistan . This would culminate in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan . Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India . India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement . After a large scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan , full - scale hostilities between the two countries commenced . Pakistan attacked at several places along India 's western border with Pakistan , but the Indian Army successfully held their positions . The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army 's movements in the west and made some initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory ( land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir , Pakistani Punjab and Sindh sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill ) . Within two weeks of intense fighting , Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People 's Republic of Bangladesh was created . This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India - Pakistan conflicts , as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians . In the words of one Pakistani author , `` Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force and a third of its army '' . Indo - Pakistani war of 1999 ( edit ) Main article : Kargil War Commonly known as the Kargil War , this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited . During early 1999 , Pakistani troops infiltrated across the Line of Control ( LoC ) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district . India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators . according to official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control . Fearing large - scale escalation in military conflict , the international community , led by the United States , increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistani economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Nawaz Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict . By the end of July 1999 , organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased . Other Armed engagements ( edit ) Apart from the aforementioned wars , there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time . Some have bordered on all - out war , while others were limited in scope . The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides , but full - scale war did not break out . Standing Armed conflicts ( edit ) Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir : An insurgency in Indian - administered Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions . India has also accused Pakistan - backed militant groups of executing several terrorist attacks across India . Siachen conflict : In 1984 , India launched Operation Meghdoot capturing all of the Siachen Glacier . Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985 , 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought , without success , to oust India from its stronghold . Sir Creek : The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh . Before India 's independence , the provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India . After India 's independence in 1947 , Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India . Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch . India -- Pakistan maritime trespassing : frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime occurs commonly by Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh . Most violations occur due to the absence of a physical boundary and lack of navigational tools for small fishermen . Hundreds of fishermen are arrested by the Coast Guards of both nations , but obtaining their release is difficult and long - winded owing to the hostile relations between the two nations . Past skirmishes and standoffs ( edit ) Indian integration of Junagadh : The princely state of Junagadh , which had a Hindu majority and a Muslim ruler acceded to Pakistan on 15 September 1947 , claiming a connection by sea . Pakistan 's acceptance of the Instrument of Accession was seen as a strategy to get a plebiscite held in Kashmir which had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler . Following communal tensions Indian military entered the territory which was protested by Pakistan as a violation of International law . Later a plebiscite was held and the accession was reversed for the state to join India . Operation Brasstacks : ( the largest of its kind in South Asia ) , conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987 , and Pakistani mobilisation in response , raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours . 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff : The terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001 , which India blamed on the Pakistan - based terrorist organisations , Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed , prompted the 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war . 2008 India Pakistan standoff : a stand - off between the two nations following the 2008 Mumbai attacks which was defused by diplomatic efforts . Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai , India 's largest city , tensions heightened between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging Pakistan 's ISI supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it . Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border , voicing concerns about proactive movements of the Indian Army and the Indian government 's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil . The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border . 2016 India - Pakistan military confrontation : On 18 September 2016 , militants attacked the Indian Army 's brigade headquarters at Uri , killing 19 soldiers . The attack came after two months of extreme unrest in Kashmir , caused due to the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in an encounter with Indian security forces . Amid high tensions and risk of escalation along the Line of Control , ten days after the attack , on 29 September 2016 , the Indian Army carried out a military raid in Pakistan - Administered - Kashmir , targeting launchpads along the LoC , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . An Indian soldier was captured by the Pakistan Army the very next day , but it was claimed that he had inadvertently crossed the border and that his capture was unrelated to the ' surgical strikes ' conducted the night before . The soldier was eventually released as a goodwill gesture from the Pakistani side , and ceasefire violations stopped on either side as tensions were defused and normalcy returned to the Kashmir valley . In 2016 , An Indian army official claimed that over 4,500 Indian soldier have been killed in ceasefire violation related incidents since 2001 . Incidents ( edit ) Atlantique Incident : Pakistan Navy 's Naval Air Arm Breguet Atlantique patrol plane , carrying 16 people on board , was shot down by the Indian Air Force for alleged violation of airspace . The episode took place in the Rann of Kutch on 10 August 1999 , just a month after the Kargil War , creating a tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan . Foreign diplomats noted that the plane fell inside Pakistani territory , although it may have crossed the border . However , they also believe that India 's reaction was unjustified . Pakistan later lodged a compensation claim at the International Court of Justice , accusing India for the incident , but the Court dismissed the case in a split decision ruling the Court did not have jurisdiction . The 2011 India -- Pakistan border shooting incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the Line of Control in Kupwara District / Neelam Valley , resulting in five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers being killed . Both countries gave different accounts of the incident , each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities . 2013 India -- Pakistan border incident in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir , due to the beheading of an Indian soldier . A total of 22 soldiers died ( 12 Indian and 10 Pakistani soldiers ) . 2014 -- 16 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of Border Security Force and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by Pakistan Rangers . Nuclear - arms race ( edit ) The nuclear conflict between both countries is passive strategic nature with nuclear doctrine of Pakistan stating a first strike policy , although the strike would only be initiated if and only if , the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion ( as for example in 1971 war ) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan , whereas India has a declared policy of no first use . Pokhran - I ( Smiling Buddha ) : On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8 - kiloton nuclear device at Pokhran Test Range , becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of United Nations Security Council as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a nuclear arms race with the Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto swearing to reciprocate India quoting `` His countrymen would prefer having a nuclear bomb even if they have to eat grass '' . The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Munir Ahmed Khan said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb . Kirana - I : In 1980s a series of 24 different cold tests were conducted by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy . The tunnels at Kirana Hills , Sargodha , are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites , it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983 . As in Chagai , the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC 's DTD . Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site , it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the Kala Chitta Range . Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) : On 11 May 1998 India detonated another 5 nuclear devices at Pokhran Test Range . With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test . The most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Pakistan vowed to match India 's nuclear capability with statements like : `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent '' . Chagai - I : ( Youm - e-Takbir ) Within half a month of Pokhran - II , on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated 5 nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the nuclear arms race . Pakistani public , like the Indian , reacted with a celebration and heightened sense of nationalism for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power . The day was later given the title Youm - e-Takbir to further proclaim such . Chagai - II : Two days later , on 30 May 1998 , Pakistan detonated a 6th nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last test the two nations have carried out to date . Annual celebrations ( edit ) 28 May ( since 1998 ) as Youm - e-Takbir ( The day of Greatness ) in Pakistan . 26 July ( since 1999 ) as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . 6 September ( since 1965 ) as Defence Day ( Youm - e-Difa ) in Pakistan . 7 September ( since 1965 ) as Air Force Day ( Youm - e-Fizaya ) in Pakistan . 8 September ( since 1965 ) as Victory Day / Navy Day ( Youm - e-Bahr'ya ) in Pakistan . 4 December ( since 1971 ) as Navy Day in India . 16 December ( since 1971 ) as Vijay Diwas ( Victory Day ) in India . Involvement of other nations ( edit ) Soviet Union : The USSR remained neutral during the 1965 war and played a pivotal role in negotiating the peace agreement between India and Pakistan . The Soviet Union provided diplomatic and military assistance to India during the 1971 war . In response to the US and UK 's deployment of the USS Enterprise and the HMS Eagle aircraft carriers , Moscow sent nuclear submarines and warships with anti-ship missiles in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , respectively . United States : The US had not given any military aid to Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . The United States provided diplomatic and military support to Pakistan during the 1971 war by sending the USS Enterprise into the Indian Ocean . The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War , and successfully pressured the Pakistani government to end hostilities . China : China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support . Russia : Russia maintained a non-belligerent policy for both sides . Russia helped negotiate a peace in 2001 -- 02 and helped divert the 2008 crisis . In popular culture ( edit ) These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists , who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations . Indian films ( edit ) Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Hindi war film based on Operation Cactus Lilly of the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Chetan Anand . Aakraman , a 1975 Hindi war film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J. Om Prakash . Vijeta , a 1982 Hindi film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Govind Nihalani . Param Vir Chakra , a 1995 Hindi film based on Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Ashok Kaul . Border , a 1997 Hindi war film based on the Battle of Longewala of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J.P. Dutta . LOC Kargil , a 2003 Hindi war film based on the Kargil War , directed by J.P. Dutta Deewaar , a 2004 Hindi film starring Amitabh Bachchan based on the POW of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by Milan Luthria . Lakshya , a 2004 Hindi film partially based on the events of the Kargil War , directed by Farhan Akhtar . 1971 , 2007 Hindi war film based on a true story of prisoners of war after the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 , directed by Amrit Sagar Kurukshetra , a 2008 Malayalam film starring Mohanlal based on Kargil War , directed by Major Ravi . Tango Charlie , a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan , and Bobby Deol based on Kargil Conflict , directed by Mani Shankar . War Chhod Na Yaar , a 2013 comedy film , directed by Faraz Haider . The Ghazi attack , a 2017 Hindi film based on sunk of PNS Ghazi . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Malayalam film , directed by Major Ravi . Pakistani films ( edit ) Waar , a 2013 Pakistani English action movie surrounding Pakistan 's role in war on terror and Indian involvement against Pakistan , directed by Bilal Lashari . Pakistani miniseries and dramas ( edit ) Angaar Waadi , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Laag , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Operation Dwarka , 1965 , an Urdu drama based on the naval Operation Dwarka of 1965 , directed by Qasim Jalali PNS Ghazi ( Shaheed ) , an Urdu drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR Alpha Bravo Charlie , an Urdu drama serial based on three different aspects of Pakistan Army 's involvement in action , directed by Shoaib Mansoor Shahpar , an Urdu drama serial based on Pakistan Air Force , directed by Qaisar Farooq & Syed Shakir Uzair Sipahi Maqbool Hussain , an Urdu drama serial based on a 1965 war POW , directed by Haider Imam Rizvi See also ( edit ) Military of India portal Military of Pakistan portal United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan India -- Pakistan relations Two nation theory Patriotic hacking List of wars involving India List of wars involving Pakistan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Khan , Yasmin ( 18 September 2007 ) . 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Pakistan 's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure , but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan . Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin . South Asia in world politics . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Quote : The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore , Pakistan 's second - largest city . By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September , Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2005 ) . India ( 3rd ed. with a new preface . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0520246969 . Quote : India , however , was in a position to inflict grave damage to , if not capture , Pakistan 's capital of the Punjab when the cease - fire was called , and controlled Kashmir 's strategic Uri - Poonch bulge , much to Ayub 's chagrin . Jump up ^ Kux , Dennis ( 1992 ) . India and the United States : Estranged democracies , 1941 - 1991 . Washington , DC : National Defense University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 0788102796 . Quote : India had the better of the war . Jump up ^ `` Asia : Silent Guns , Wary Combatants '' . Time . 1 October 1965 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Quote : India , by contrast , is still the big gainer in the war . Alternate link : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Kux 's `` India and the United States estranged democracies '' , 1941 -- 1991 , ISBN 1 - 4289 - 8189 - 6 , DIANE Publishing , Pg 238 Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan . National identity and geopolitical visions : maps of pride and pain . Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13934 - 1 . Jump up ^ Praagh , David . The greater game : India 's race with destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2639 - 0 . Jump up ^ Till , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Seapower : a guide for the twenty - first century . Great Britain : Frank Cass Publishers . p. 179 . 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Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the developing world . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unspecified author . `` The 1971 war '' . India -- Pakistan : Troubled relations . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq ( 1997 ) . Can Pakistan Survive ? The Death of a State . Verso Books . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 949 - 8 . ISBN 9780860919490 . ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 14 Aug 2010 ) . `` Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict '' . India and Pakistan : Continued Conflict or Cooperation ? . University of California Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9780520271401 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kargil : where defence met diplomacy Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India 's then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik , expressing his views on Operation Vijay . Hosted on Daily Times ; The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang Stanford Journal of International Relations ; Book review of `` The Indian Army : A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo '' Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . - Hosted on IPCS ^ Jump up to : R. Dettman , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Kargil War Operations '' . India Changes Course : Golden Jubilee to Millennium . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 9780275973087 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed . `` Diplomatic Fiasco : Pakistan 's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield '' ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery . `` Coup d'itat : Pakistan gets a new sheriff '' . salon.com . 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Dangerous Deterrent : Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia ( 23rd ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0804755498 . Jump up ^ Wirsing , Robert ( 15 February 1998 ) . India , Pakistan , and the Kashmir dispute : on regional conflict and its resolution . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 17562 - 7 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan talks : Sir Creek '' . Embassy of India . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue on Sir Creek begins '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` India to stop fishermen from straying into Pakistan '' . In.reuters.com. 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raman , Sunil ( 8 April 2008 ) . `` India tracks stray fishing boats '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plight of ants '' . Rediff.com. 7 August 2002 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ History introduction Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . at hellojunagadh.com : `` On September 15 , 1947 , Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh , a princely state located on the south - western end of Gujarat and having no common border with Pakistan , chose to accede to Pakistan ignoring Mountbatten 's views , arguing that Junagadh adjoined Pakistan by sea . The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh Mangrol and Babariawad reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India . '' Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 292 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 438 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ A.G. NOORANI . `` Of Jinnah and Junagadh '' . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( 6 March 1987 ) . `` On India 's border , a huge mock war '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . 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Thaindian.com. 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak might soon move troops from border with India '' . The Times of India . 16 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,500 soldiers killed along LoC in Pak firing since 2001 : Army '' . Indian express . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pakistani plane `` may have crossed border '' 13 August 1999 BBC Retrieved 23 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 10th August , 1999 -- Summaries of Judgments and Orders '' . International Court of Justice . 21 June 2000 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In 2011 five security men were martyred , according to the Indian Sources '' . IBN Live . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row '' . BBC . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LoC : Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces '' . The Express Tribune . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak troops kill two jawans , behead , mutilate one of them - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclear Weapon Archive . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ APP and Pakistan Television ( PTV ) , Prime minister Secretariat Press Release ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's so - called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion ( PNE ) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish `` Indian hegemony in the subcontinent '' , most particularly Pakistan ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , past Prime minister of Pakistan , on May of 1974 `` . Statement published on Associated Press of Pakistan and the on - aired on Pakistan Television ( PTV ) . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Khan , Munir Ahmad ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's nuclear explosion : Challenge and Response '' . Munir Ahmad Khan , Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , and former director of the IAEA Reactor Division . International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Koh Kambaran ( Ras Koh Hills ) '' . Pakistan Paedia . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : It was ' Operation Shakti ' on Budh Purnima '' . Rediff.com. 16 May 1998 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Herald exclusive : Pakistan 's nuclear bayonet Pakistan '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army Chief Kayani wants SC to probe memo '' . Thenews.com.pk. 22 February 1923 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- 1998 : The Year of Testing '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Nuclear Weapons '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dunya News : Pakistan : - 13th Youm - e-Takbeer to be observed today '' . Dunyanews.tv. 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youm - e-Takbeer today Pakistan News Newspaper Daily English Online '' . Nation.com.pk. 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 -- John Fricker -- Google Boeken . Google Books . 1 January 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0929 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Asymmetric Conflicts By T.V. Paul Cambridge University Press 1994 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46621 - 0 , pp119 Jump up ^ See : Tashkent Agreement Jump up ^ `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia , China , America and Britain '' . The World Reporter . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Birth of a nation . Indianexpress.com ( 11 December 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Pakistan Alliance '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ John P. Lewis ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . p. 47 . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India . Rediff.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Burne , Lester H. ( 2003 ) . Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93916 - X . ISBN 9780415939164 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir : Dialogue call amid fresh fighting '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bill Clinton ( 2004 ) . My Life . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41457 - 6 . , Pg 865 Jump up ^ Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time Magazine . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Naqvi , Javed ( 29 December 2001 ) . `` Pressure mounts to stall war rhetoric '' . Dawn archives . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Pakistan , Russia renewing ties '' . Dawn Newspapers . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra ( 1995 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : APP 25 November 2011 ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` Prominent writer , actor , Rauf Khalid dies in road accident Entertainment '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) David R. Higgins ( 20 January 2016 ) , M48 Patton vs Centurion : Indo - Pakistan War 1965 , Osprey Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 14 - 7281 - 094 - 6 Rachna Bisht ( 15 August 2015 ) , 1965 : Stories from the Second Indo - Pakistan War , Penguin UK , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 93 - 5214 - 129 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Pakistani wars . Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Kashmir conflict Timeline of the Kashmir conflict 1846 -- 1946 1947 -- present Wars & conflicts Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 India -- Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo - Pakistani standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack Operations 1947 Poonch Rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Negotiations Jinnah -- Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement Related Kashmir region Jammu and Kashmir ( princely state ) 1947 Jammu massacres Rape during the Kashmir conflict India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - 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are you the one season 5 final matchup	Guy Girl Andre Kathryn Derrick Casandra Edward Kam Hayden Carolina Jaylan Tyranny Joey Shannon Michael Kari Mike Alicia Osvaldo Taylor Ozzy Gianna Tyler Hannah		Are You the One ?	are you the one?	Are You the One ? , sometimes abbreviated as AYTO ? , is an American reality television series on MTV , in which young singles try to find love . A group of men and women are secretly paired into male - female couples by producers , via a matchmaking algorithm . Then , while living together , the contestants try to identify all of these `` perfect matches . '' If they succeed , the entire group shares a prize of up to $1 million . Over the course of each season , the contestants have the opportunity to pair up in different combinations to compete against each other to win dates , as well as the opportunity to learn in the `` truth booth '' if a given couple is a correct match . At the end of each episode , the contestants pair up in a `` matching ceremony '' and learn how many perfect matches they have , but not which matches are correct . From season 3 onward , the prize was reduced any time that the house failed to identify any matches other than those already confirmed via the truth booth .	On March 22 , 2017 , spin - off Are You The One : Second Chances premiered. 10 perfect matches from previous seasons returned to compete in tasks designed to test the strength of their bonds . Each week , teams could add to their potential winnings , but individual contestants had the opportunity to take their team 's winnings from their partner and remove their team from the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 -- Kauai , Hawaii 2.1 Progress 2.2 Truth Booths 2.3 MTV.com Clue 2.4 After Filming 2.5 Baby Special and Reunion 2.6 The Challenge 3 Season 2 -- San Juan , Puerto Rico 3.1 Cast 3.2 Progress 3.3 Truth Booths 3.4 After Filming 3.5 The Challenge 4 Season 3 -- Kona , Hawaii 4.1 Cast 4.2 Progress 4.3 Truth Booths 4.4 After Filming 4.5 The Challenge 5 Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii 5.1 Cast 5.2 Progress 5.3 Truth Booths 5.4 After Filming 5.5 The Challenge 6 Season 5 -- Cabarete , Dominican Republic 6.1 Cast 6.2 Progress 6.3 Truth Booths 6.4 After Filming 6.5 The Challenge 7 Season 6 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 7.1 Cast 7.2 Progress 7.3 Truth Booths 7.4 After Filming 8 Season 7 9 Spinoffs 9.1 Second Chances 9.2 Cast 9.3 Elimination progress 9.4 Bank Accounts 10 Notes 11 Episodes 12 International versions 13 References 14 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Originally aired Number of cast members All Perfect Matches Found ? Total Money Won Season premiere Season finale January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 20 Y $1,000,000 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 21 Y $1,000,000 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 20 Y $750,000 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 20 Y $750,000 5 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 22 $0 6 September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 22 Y $1,000,000 7 2018 ( 2018 ) 2018 ( 2018 ) Season 1 -- kauai , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Hawaii Season one premiered on January 21 , 2014 . Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Adam Kuhn 23 Sterling , Virginia Andrean `` Dre '' McCoy 23 Atlanta , Georgia Chris `` Scali '' Scali 24 Brooklyn , New York Chris Tolleson 23 Virginia Beach Dillan Ostrom 23 Finley , North Dakota Ethan Diamond 23 Denver , Colorado Joey Dillon 23 Atlanta , Georgia John `` JJ '' Jacobs 25 Washington , DC Ryan Malaty 24 Greeley , Colorado Wesley `` Wes '' Buckles 25 Phoenix , Arizona Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amber Lee 22 Austin , Texas Ashleigh Feaster 23 Akron , Ohio Brittany Baldassari 24 Boston , Massachusetts Coleysia Chestnut 23 Selma , Alabama Jacinda `` Jacy '' Rodriguez 24 Carolina , Puerto Rico Jessica Perez 23 Miami , Florida Kayla Lusby 22 Greenfield , Tennessee Paige Brendel 22 Phoenix , Arizona Shanley McIntee 24 Indianapolis , Indiana Simone Kelly 23 Atlanta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Adam Brittany Shanley Brittany Amber Shanley Ashleigh Shanley Shanley Shanley Chris S . Ashleigh Simone Paige Paige Simone Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Jacy Chris T . Jessica Paige Simone Ashleigh Paige Paige Paige Paige Paige Dillan Coleysia Jessica Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Dre Jacy Ashleigh Ashleigh Simone Brittany Shanley Simone Simone Simone Ethan Shanley Amber Amber Kayla Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber John Simone Jacy Jessica Shanley Jacy Jacy Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Joey Paige Brittany Shanley Jacy Jessica Simone Jessica Brittany Brittany Ryan Amber Kayla Kayla Brittany Ashleigh Jessica Ashleigh Jessica Jessica Wes Kayla Coleysia Jacy Jessica Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Girls Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Amber Ryan Ethan Ethan Adam Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ashleigh Chris S . Dre Dre Chris T . Ryan Adam Ryan Chris S . John Brittany Adam Joey Adam Ryan Dre Chris S . John Joey Joey Coleysia Dillan Wes Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Jacy Dre John Wes Joey John John Chris S . John Chris S . Jessica Chris T . Dillan John Wes Joey Ryan Joey Ryan Ryan Kayla Wes Ryan Ryan Ethan Wes Wes Wes Wes Wes Paige Joey Chris T . Chris S . Chris S . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Shanley Ethan Adam Joey John Adam Dre Adam Adam Adam Simone John Chris S . Chris T . Dre Chris S . Joey Dre Dre Dre Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match In Week 5 , Ryan Awarded the house 2 Truth Booths , which gave the house their first perfect match in Dillan and Coleysia . Chris T. and Paige were a confirmed match in episode 6 , but due to his relationship with Shanley , the episode ended with a `` to be continued ... '' instead of a Match - up Ceremony . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Chris T. & Shanley Not A Match Ethan & Jessica Not A Match John & Simone Not A Match Dillon & Jessica Not A Match Dre & Ashleigh 5 Not A Match Dillon & Coleysia 5 Perfect Match Chris T. & Paige 6 / 7 Perfect Match Ryan & Kayla 8 Not A Match Wes & Kayla 9 Perfect Match John & Jacy 10 Not A Match Week 9 : Wes and Kayla did n't win the challenge . But Ryan Devlin mixed things up saying that the members not going on the dates would be the ones up for the truth booth . Week 10 : Dre was the ultimate winner of the massage challenge , therefore he was given the power to either send himself with a woman of his choosing or he could choose 2 others from the previous ceremony to send to the truth booth . He ultimately chose John and Jacy who were not a match . MTV.com Clue ( edit ) Clue Perfect Match Ethan & Amber Brittany & Joey After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Adam Shanley Friends Adam Brittany Not together Dre Simone Not together Dre Ashleigh Friends Chris S . Jacy Not together Chris T . Paige Friends Chris T . Shanley Not together Dillan Coleysia Friends Dillan Shanley Friends Ethan Amber Married with 1 child and expecting another Joey Brittany Not together John Ashleigh Not together Ryan Jessica Friends Ryan Kayla Not together Wesley Kayla Not together Adam Kuhn & Shanley McIntee returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 3rd place . Baby Special and Reunion ( edit ) Baby Special and Reunion aired on September 29 , 2014 . During this reunion , the gender of Ethan and Amber 's baby was revealed to be a girl . Both parents - to - be got emotional when they found out they were having a girl . There were also conflicts between Scali and Jacy , Shanley and Chris T , and Ryan and Adam . The end of the episode resulted in most conflicts being resolved . Jacy stated that she would be moving to New York ( where Scali is currently based ) and they would take their relationship from there . Brittany told the camera that she would be taking Ryan home to meet her parents . Shanley McIntee appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenges Won Total Money Earned Adam Kuhn Battle of the Exes II None $0 Brittany Baldassari Battle of the Exes II None $0 John `` JJ '' Jacobs Battle of the Exes II None $0 Simone Kelly Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 2 -- san juan , Puerto Rico. ( edit ) Filmed in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Season two premiered on October 6 , 2014.It was set in Puerto Rico. This time , one guy has two matches which means that there will be eleven girls , but only ten boys . Christina is revealed as the first girl of the threeway couple . It is a race between Christina and another girl to find her perfect match and be confirmed as such in the Truth - Booth . The first couple of the threeway - couple to do so will end up in the honeymoon - suite . The other girl will have to leave empty - handed . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Age Hometown Alex Phillips 23 Los Angeles , California Anthony Bartolotte 22 Chicago , Illinois Brandon Tindel 25 Las Vegas , Nevada Curtis Hadzicki 24 Cardiff , California Dario Medrano 21 Salem , Massachusetts Garland Brown 22 St. Louis , Missouri John Moustis 22 Chicago , Illinois Layton Jones 25 Greenville , Mississippi Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark 22 Berrien Springs , Michigan Tyler `` Pratt '' Pratt 23 Orlando , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexandria Kim 23 Carlsbad , California Ashley Hall 21 San Marcos , Texas Briana LaCuesta 21 San Diego , California Christina LeBlanc 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Ellie Puckett 23 Hamlet , North Carolina Jasmine Pendleton 22 San Diego , California Jenni Knapmiller 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Jessica Andreatta 22 Westchester , New York Paris Eike 23 Denver , Colorado Shelby Yardley 21 Derby , Kansas Tyler Abron 21 Boston , Massachusetts Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alex Ellie Christina Jasmine Tyler Christina Jessica Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Anthony Jessica Alexandria Jenni Jenni Ashley Ellie Briana Jessica Alexandria Alexandria Brandon Christina Tyler Shelby Ellie Jasmine Ashley Tyler Tyler Briana Briana Curtis Briana Briana Briana Briana Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Dario Ashley Shelby Ashley Shelby Alexandria Briana Ashley Ashley Tyler Ashley Garland Alexandria Jasmine Alexandria Jasmine Tyler Tyler Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jessica John Jasmine Ashley Christina Christina Jenni Alexandria Jenni Jenni Jenni Jenni Layton Jenni Jessica Ellie Jessica Briana Jenni Ellie Ellie Ashley Christina & Tyler Nathan Shelby Jenni Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jasmine Christina Briana Ellie Ellie Pratt Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexandria Garland Anthony Garland Nathan Dario John N / A Garland Anthony Anthony Ashley Dario John Dario N / A Anthony Brandon Dario Dario Layton Dario Briana Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Layton Dario Anthony Nathan Brandon Brandon Christina Brandon Alex John John Alex N / A Nathan N / A N / A Layton Ellie Alex N / A Layton Brandon N / A Anthony Layton Layton Nathan Nathan Jasmine John Garland Alex Garland Brandon Nathan Alex Alex Alex Alex Jenni Layton Nathan Anthony Anthony John Layton John John John John Jessica Anthony Layton Nathan Layton Nathan Alex Garland Anthony Garland Garland Paris Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Shelby Nathan Dario Brandon Dario Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Tyler N / A Brandon N / A Alex Garland Garland Brandon Brandon Dario Layton Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match N / A This girl was not chosen in the match - up ceremony Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Eleventh Girl Brandon & Jessica Not A Match N / A Brandon & Christina Not A Match N / A Brandon & Alexandria Not A Match N / A Pratt & Paris Perfect Match Not A Match Curtis & Shelby 5 Perfect Match Not A Match John & Jasmine 6 Not A Match N / A John & Jenni 7 Perfect Match Not A Match Nathan & Christina 8 Not A Match N / A Alex & Jasmine 9 Perfect Match Not A Match Dario & Ashley 10 Perfect Match Not A Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alex Jasmine Not Together Anthony Ellie Friends Anthony Jenni Friends Brandon Briana Friends Brandon Christina Not Together Curtis Briana Not Together Curtis Shelby Not Together Curtis Jenni Together Dario Ashley Friends Dario Shelby Not Together Garland Tyler Not Together John Christina Friends John Jenni Not Together Layton Jessica Not Together Layton Tyler Not Together Nathan Briana Roommates Nathan Ellie Friends Pratt Paris Not Together Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark & Ellie Puckett returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 9th place . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenges Won Total Money Earned Anthony Bartolotte Invasion of the Champions None $0 Brandon Tindel Rivals III None $0 Briana LaCuesta Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Christina LeBlanc Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III None $0 Dario Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Rivals III None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 3 -- kona , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Kona , Hawaii . Season three premiered on September 21 , 2015 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Alec Gonzalez 22 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Austin Sheets 22 Addison , Texas Chuck Mowery 26 Maui , Hawaii Connor Smith 25 Tinley Park , Illinois Devin Walker - Molaghan 26 Northampton , Massachusetts Hunter Barfield 22 Perry , Florida Mike Crescenzo 24 Stony Brook , New York Nelson Thomas 26 San Marcos , Texas Tyler Johnson 25 Indianapolis , Indiana Zak Longo 26 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amanda Garcia 22 Westminster , Colorado Britni Thornton 24 Augusta , Georgia Chelsey Perkins 23 Orlando , Florida Hannah Rathbun 22 Syracuse , New York Kayla Brackett 22 Sandy Hook , Connecticut Kiki Cooper 24 Ashburn , Virginia Cheyenne Floyd 22 Los Angeles , California Melanie Velez 23 Franklin Square , New York Rashida Beach 23 Columbia , South Carolina Stacey Gurnevich 24 Staten Island , New York Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alec Stacey Chelsey Stacey Amanda Stacey Stacey Rashida Stacey Stacey Amanda Austin Kiki Kiki Amanda Stacey Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kiki Cheyenne Britni Chuck Hannah Hannah Kiki Kiki Kiki Amanda Melanie Amanda Rashida Melanie Connor Chelsey Kayla Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Devin Melanie Melanie Rashida Hannah Cheyenne Rashida Britni Rashida Britni Rashida Hunter Britni Stacey Britni Rashida Melanie Britni Amanda Britni Kayla Hannah Mike Amanda Amanda Kayla Kayla Britni Melanie Stacey Melanie Kiki Kiki Nelson Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Britni Rashida Kiki Kiki Kayla Amanda Stacey Tyler Rashida Rashida Cheyenne Melanie Amanda Hannah Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Cheyenne Zak Kayla Britni Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kayla Hannah Hannah Hannah Kayla Correct Matches 0 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Amanda Mike Mike Austin Alec Tyler Chuck Hunter Chuck Nelson Alec Britni Hunter Zak Hunter Nelson Mike Hunter Devin Hunter Devin Austin Chelsey Connor Alec Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Cheyenne Nelson Nelson Tyler Zak Devin Austin Tyler Tyler Austin Tyler Hannah Chuck Chuck Zak Devin Austin Tyler Zak Zak Zak Hunter Kayla Zak Connor Mike Mike Zak Zak Austin Nelson Hunter Zak Kiki Austin Austin Chuck Chuck Chuck Nelson Nelson Austin Mike Mike Melanie Devin Devin Nelson Tyler Hunter Mike Chuck Mike Tyler Chuck Rashida Tyler Tyler Devin Hunter Nelson Devin Alec Devin Chuck Devin Stacey Alec Hunter Alec Austin Alec Alec Mike Alec Alec Nelson Correct Matches 0 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , Mike was removed from the competition due to an altercation that turned violent with Amanda . Kiki was left without a match that week and was automatically paired with Mike . In the end it turned out that Mike and Kiki were perfect matches . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hunter & Kiki Not A Match Devin & Kiki Not A Match Zak & Kiki Not A Match Chuck & Britni Not A Match Connor & Chelsey 5 Perfect Match Chuck & Kiki 6 Not A Match Alec & Melanie 7 Not A Match Nelson & Kiki 8 Not A Match Hunter & Britni 9 Not A Match Zak & Kayla 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alec Amanda Not Together Alec Stacey Not Together Austin Britni Not Together Chuck Britni Not Together Chuck Melanie Not Together Connor Chelsey Friends Connor Kayla Friends Devin Kiki Friends Devin Rashida Friends Hunter Hannah Not Together Hunter Stacey Friends Mike Amanda Friends Mike Kayla Friends Mike Kiki Not Together Nelson Cheyenne Friends Nelson Stacey Not Together Tyler Cheyenne Friends Tyler Rashida Not Together Zak Hannah Together Zak Kayla Not Together Mike Crescenzo was later a cast member of the 32nd season of Real World , Real World Seattle : Bad Blood . Devin Walker - Molaghan & Rashida Beach returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 1st place earning themselves $170,000 . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Amanda Garcia Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Britni Thornton XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Cheyenne Floyd Rivals III -- None $12,500 Chuck Mowery Final Reckoning -- None $0 Devin Walker - Molaghan Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) None $12,500 Hunter Barfield Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Nelson Thomas Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning -- None $36,250 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Maui , Hawaii . Season four premiered on June 13 , 2016 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Asaf Goren 25 Tel Aviv , Israel Cam Bruckman 22 Fort Collins , Colorado Cameron Kolbo 25 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Giovanni Rivera 23 Bridgeport , Connecticut John Humphrey 23 Norfolk , Nebraska Morgan St. Pierre 24 Manhattan , New York Prosper Muna 24 Albany , New York Sam Handler 22 Barrington , Illinois Stephen McHugh 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Tyler Norman 26 San Diego , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alyssa Ortiz 22 Elgin , Illinois Camille Satterwhite 23 Wheatley Heights , New York Emma Sweigard 22 Parker , Colorado Francesca Duncan 22 Manhattan , New York Julia Rose 22 New Orleans , Louisiana Kaylen Zahara 22 Compton , California Mikala Thomas 22 Ocean City , New Jersey Nicole Brown 22 Denver , Colorado Tori Deal 23 Astoria , New York Victoria Wyatt 22 Chino Hills , California Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Asaf Francesca Camille Camille Camille Camille Camille Francesca Camille Tori Kaylen Cam Victoria Julia Nicole Emma Emma Victoria Nicole Tori Nicole Julia Cameron Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Giovanni Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Francesca Francesca Emma Nicole Francesca Francesca John Emma Nicole Victoria Victoria Tori Emma Kaylen Kaylen Victoria Victoria Morgan Julia Alyssa Francesca Tori Julia Tori Tori Victoria Julia Tori Prosper Camille Emma Emma Nicole Victoria Kaylen Victoria Francesca Emma Emma Sam Alyssa Francesca Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Stephen Nicole Tori Tori Julia Nicole Julia Julia Julia Kaylen Nicole Tyler Tori Victoria Julia Francesca Kaylen Nicole Camille Emma Camille Camille Correct Matches 6 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Alyssa Sam Morgan Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Camille Prosper Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Tyler Asaf Tyler Tyler Emma John Prosper Prosper Cam Cam John Giovanni Tyler Prosper Prosper Francesca Asaf Sam Morgan Tyler Giovanni Giovanni Asaf Prosper Giovanni Giovanni Julia Morgan Cam Tyler Stephen Morgan Stephen Stephen Stephen Morgan Cam Kaylen Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Tyler Prosper John John Stephen Asaf Mikala Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Nicole Stephen John Cam Prosper Stephen Tyler Cam Giovanni Cam Stephen Tori Tyler Stephen Stephen Morgan John Morgan Morgan Cam Asaf Morgan Victoria Cam Tyler John John Prosper Cam Prosper Morgan John John Correct Matches 6 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 8 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Prosper & Tori Not A Match John & Julia Not A Match Cameron & Mikala Perfect Match Asaf & Tori Not A Match Giovanni & Kaylen 5 Not A Match Sam & Alyssa 6 Perfect Match Cam & Victoria 7 Not A Match Giovanni & Julia 8 Not A Match Prosper & Emma 9 / 10 Perfect Match Cam & Julia 9 / 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Asaf Francesca Friends Asaf Kaylen Friends Cam Julia Not Together Cam Victoria Not Together Cameron Mikala Not Together Giovanni Francesca Friends Giovanni Kaylen Not Together John Victoria Not Together Morgan Tori Friends Prosper Emma Not Together Sam Alyssa Not Together Stephen Julia Together Stephen Nicole Not Together Tyler Camille Friends Asaf Goren & Kaylen Zahara , Cameron Kolbo & Mikala Thomas , Giovanni Rivera & Francesca Duncan and Morgan St. Pierre & Tori Deal returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Rivera and Duncan finished in 8th place after Duncan stole all of the money from Rivera . Goren and Zahara finished in 6th place . Kolbo & Thomas finished in 4th place . St. Pierre and Deal finished in 2nd place earning themselves $25,000 . Cameron Kolbo appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Tori Deal XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning Champs vs. Stars , Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) None $15,000 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Note : Tori made an appearance on Vendettas for an elimination . Season 5 -- cabarete , dominican republic ( edit ) Filmed in Cabarete , Dominican Republic . Season five premiered on January 11 2017 . This season featured 2 big changes . When a couple gets sent into the truth booth to see if they are a perfect match , the rest of the house can either vote to see if they are a perfect match , or earn $150,000 , and not see the result of the couple . This only will pertain to certain weeks . Also , if the house blacks out at a match - up ceremony , their money will decrease by 50 % each time instead of $250,000 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Andre Siemers 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Derrick Henry 23 Charleston , South Carolina Edward `` Eddie '' Williams 21 Bridgeton , New Jersey Hayden Weaver 23 Anderson , Indiana Jaylan Adlam 23 Atlanta , Georgia Joey Amoia 23 Buffalo , New York Michael Halpern 24 Tamarac , Florida Mike Cerasani 25 Staten Island , New York Osvaldo Romero 22 Chicago , Illinois Ozzy Morales 24 San José , Costa Rica Tyler O'Brien 22 Boca Raton , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alicia Wright 23 Howell , New Jersey Carolina Duarte 21 Sammamish , Washington Casandra Martinez 22 Seabrook , Texas Gianna Hammer 21 Doylestown , Ohio Hannah Fugazzi 22 Brentwood , California Kam Williams 21 Pennsauken , New Jersey Kari Kowalski 22 New York , New York Kathryn Palmer 22 Tallahassee , Florida Shannon Duffy 22 Valencia , California Taylor Selfridge 22 Yacolt , Washington Tyranny Todd 22 Augusta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andre Alicia Hannah Kari Casandra Taylor Taylor Casandra Gianna Kathryn Kathryn Derrick Kathryn Alicia Hannah Gianna Tyranny Tyranny Kari Shannon Casandra Shannon ( Casandra ) Edward Kam Shannon Kam Alicia Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Hayden Shannon Taylor Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Jaylan Casandra Kam Casandra Tyranny Casandra Hannah Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Joey Carolina Carolina Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Casandra Hannah Hannah ( Shannon ) Michael Hannah Gianna Taylor Kari Kari Kari Hannah Kathryn Kari Kari Mike Kari Casandra Alicia Kam Alicia Alicia Gianna Kari Alicia Alicia Osvaldo Tyranny Kari Tyranny Taylor Gianna Gianna Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Ozzy Gianna Kathryn Gianna Hannah Hannah Casandra Alicia Alicia Gianna Gianna Tyler Taylor Tyranny Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Hannah Shannon Casandra ( Hannah ) Correct Matches 0 5 9 8 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alicia Andre Derrick Mike Edward Mike Mike Ozzy Ozzy Mike Mike Carolina Joey Joey Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Casandra Jaylan Mike Jaylan Andre Jaylan Ozzy Andre Joey Derrick Tyler ( Derrick ) Gianna Ozzy Michael Ozzy Derrick Osvaldo Osvaldo Mike Andre Ozzy Ozzy Hannah Michael Andre Derrick Ozzy Ozzy Jaylan Michael Tyler Joey Joey ( Tyler ) Kam Edward Jaylan Edward Mike Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Kari Mike Osvaldo Andre Michael Michael Michael Derrick Mike Michael Michael Kathryn Derrick Ozzy Joey Joey Joey Joey Joey Michael Andre Andre Shannon Hayden Edward Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Derrick Tyler Derrick ( Joey ) Taylor Tyler Hayden Michael Osvaldo Andre Andre Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Tyranny Osvaldo Tyler Osvaldo Jaylan Derrick Derrick Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Correct Matches ' ' 0 5 9 8 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Name Confirmed Not A Match for the whole season . Correct Matching is in parentheses . Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $500,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $500,000 instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $650,000 In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $800,000 In Episode 10 , the cast did not find all their perfect matches , winning no money at the end . After the reunion , final Perfect Matches were revealed as the following : Guy Girl Andre Kathryn Derrick Casandra Edward Kam Hayden Carolina Jaylan Tyranny Joey Shannon Michael Kari Mike Alicia Osvaldo Taylor Ozzy Gianna Tyler Hannah Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hayden & Gianna Not A Match Andre & Alicia Not A Match Ozzy & Carolina Not A Match Osvaldo & Tyranny Not A Match Edward & Kam 5 Perfect Match Ozzy & Hannah 6 Not A Match Andre & Taylor 7 Not A Match Hayden & Carolina 8 Perfect Match Derrick & Tyranny 9 Truth Booth Trade Joey & Casandra 10 Truth Booth Trade Note : In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . Note : In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . Note : Look at the revealed perfect matches this will give you the results of the Derrick / Tyranny and Joey / Casandra Truth Booths . After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Andre Kathryn Not together Andre Taylor Not together Derrick Casandra Friends Edward Alicia Not together Edward Kam Not together Hayden Carolina Not Together Hayden Gianna Pregnant with first child Jaylan Tyranny Friends Joey Shannon Friends Michael Kari Friends Mike Casandra Not Together Mike Alicia Not Together Osvaldo Taylor Friends Osvaldo Tyranny Friends Ozzy Gianna Friends Ozzy Hannah Not Together Ozzy Carolina Friends Tyler Hannah Friends Tyler Shannon Not Together Derrick Henry & Casandra Martinez , Hayden Weaver & Carolina Duarte and Mike Cerasani & Alicia Wright returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Henry and Martinez finished in 10th place . Weaver and Duarte finished in 7th place after Weaver stole all of the money from Duarte . Cerasani and Wright finished in 5th Place . Alicia Wright , Andre Siemens , Derrick Henry and Taylor Selfridge appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Alicia Wright Vendettas -- None $0 Derrick Henry XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Edward Williams Vendettas -- None $0 Kam Williams Vendettas , Final Reckoning Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 6 -- new Orleans , Louisiana ( edit ) Filmed in New Orleans , Louisiana . The new host is Terrence J . Season six premiered on September 20th , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Anthony Martin 22 Inglewood , California Clinton Moxam 22 Palm Bay , Florida David Shad 24 San Diego , California Dimitri Valentin 26 Playa del Rey , California Ethan Cohen 27 Sonoma , California Joe Torgerson 23 Portland , Oregon Kareem Fathalla 23 Avenel , New Jersey Keith Klebacher 24 Manchester , New Jersey Malcolm Drummer 25 West Palm Beach , Florida Michael Johnson 21 Knoxville , Tennessee Tyler Colon 21 Los Angeles , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexis Eddy 21 Mannington , West Virginia Alivia Hunter 21 Charleston , South Carolina Audrey Diaz 23 Middletown , New York Diandra Delgado 21 Teaneck , New Jersey Geles Rodriguez 23 Los Fresnos , Texas Jada Allen 21 Union City , New Jersey Keyana Land 23 Boyertown , Pennsylvania Nicole Spiller 21 Medway , Massachusetts Nurys Mateo 22 Portland , Maine Uche Nwosu 23 Grand Rapids , Michigan Zoe Pugh 22 Scranton , Pennsylvania Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anthony Geles Diandra Jada Keyana Nicole Keyana Keyana Alivia Uche Alexis Clinton Uche Uche Uche Uche Jada Geles Geles Geles Geles Geles Dimitri Diandra Nicole Nurys Alexis Uche Diandra Diandra Diandra Audrey Nurys Ethan Jada Jada Alexis Nicole Geles Jada Zoe Alexis Nurys Zoe Joe Zoe Audrey Zoe Zoe Zoe Alexis Uche Jada Zoe Uche Kareem Alivia Alivia Alivia Diandra Alivia Nurys Nurys Nurys Diandra Diandra Keith Alexis Alexis Diandra Nurys Alexis Zoe Jada Audrey Jada Jada Malcolm Nurys Nurys Geles Alivia Diandra Alivia Alexis Uche Alexis Alivia Michael Keyana Keyana Audrey Geles Nurys Uche Audrey Keyana Keyana Keyana Shad Audrey Geles Keyana Audrey Audrey Audrey Alivia Zoe Alivia Audrey Tyler Nicole Zoe Nicole Jada Keyana Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Correct Matches 5 5 11 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexis Keith Keith Ethan Dimitri Keith Joe Malcolm Ethan Malcolm Anthony Alivia Kareem Kareem Kareem Malcolm Kareem Malcolm Shad Anthony Shad Malcolm Audrey Shad Joe Michael Shad Shad Shad Michael Keith Dimitri Shad Diandra Dimitri Anthony Keith Kareem Malcolm Dimitri Dimitri Dimitri Kareem Kareem Geles Anthony Shad Malcolm Michael Ethan Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Jada Ethan Ethan Anthony Tyler Clinton Ethan Keith Joe Keith Keith Keyana Michael Michael Shad Anthony Tyler Anthony Anthony Michael Michael Michael Nicole Tyler Dimitri Tyler Ethan Anthony Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Nurys Malcolm Malcolm Dimitri Keith Michael Kareem Kareem Kareem Ethan Dimitri Uche Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Dimitri Michael Joe Malcolm Anthony Joe Zoe Joe Tyler Joe Joe Joe Keith Ethan Shad Joe Ethan Correct Matches 5 5 11 Notes Name = Confirmed perfect match Name = Unconfirmed perfect match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Week Result Ethan & Keyana No Match Anthony & Geles No Match Malcolm & Nurys No Match Dimitri & Nicole No Match Clinton & Uche 5 No Match Keith & Alexis 6 No Match Keith & Alivia 7 No Match Michael & Audrey 8 No Match Tyler & Nicole 9 Perfect Match Dimitri & Jada 10 No Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Anthony Alexis Friends Anthony Geles Not Together Clinton Geles Not Together Clinton Uche Together Dimitri Nicole Not Together Dimitri Nurys Friends Ethan Zoe Friends Joe Uche Friends Kareem Alivia Together Kareem Diandra Friends Keith Alexis Not Together Keith Jada Friends Malcolm Alivia Friends Malcolm Diandra Not Together Malcolm Nurys Not Together Michael Audrey Not Together Michael Keyana Friends Shad Audrey Friends Tyler Nicole Friends At the reunion , it was confirmed that Keith was dating Carolina from season 5 and Anthony was dating Shannon from season 5 . Nurys is casually dating Nelson from season 3 . Joe Torgerson appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . Season 7 ( edit ) Casting Began for season 7 on the 22nd January 2018 . Filming Started April 26th and ended May 27th 2018 This year , Shaq will be on it . Spinoffs ( edit ) Second Chances ( edit ) Filmed in Melbourne , Australia . Hosted by Karamo Brown . Premiered March 22 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Male Contestant Female Contestant Original Season Finish Devin Walker - Molaghan Rashida Beach AYTO ? 3 Winners Morgan St. Pierre Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Runners - Up Adam Kuhn Shanley McIntee AYTO ? 1 3rd Place Cameron Kolbo Mikala Thomas AYTO ? 4 4th Place Mike Cerasani Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 5th Place Asaf Goren Kaylen Zahara AYTO ? 4 6th Place Hayden Weaver Carolina Duarte AYTO ? 5 7th Place Giovanni `` Gio '' Rivera Francesca Duncan AYTO ? 4 8th Place Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Ellie Puckett AYTO ? 2 9th Place Derrick Henry Casandra Martinez AYTO ? 5 10th Place Elimination progress ( edit ) Teams Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin & Rashida 1st 6th 4th N / A 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st Morgan & Tori 6th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 4th 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd Adam & Shanley 3rd 4th 2nd N / A 4th 3rd 4th 1st 3rd 3rd Cameron & Mikala 7th 5th 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mike & Alicia 9th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 5th 5th Asaf & Kaylen 2nd 8th 8th 7th 6th Hayden & Carolina 8th 2nd 5th N / A Giovanni & Francesca 5th 7th 7th Nate & Ellie 4th 9th Derrick & Casandra 10th Competition The team won the final challenge . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team did not receive last place but one team member stole the money and their team was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stole all of the money . The team was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The team received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Bank accounts ( edit ) Males Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Morgan $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Adam $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Cameron $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Mike $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Asaf $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Hayden $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 Giovanni $20,000 $20,000 $0 Nate $20,000 $0 Derrick $0 Females Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rashida $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Tori $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Shanley $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Mikala $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Alicia $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Kaylen $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Carolina $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $0 Francesca $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Ellie $20,000 $0 Casandra $0 Competition The team won the final challenge and shared the money . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stealing the money from their partner , and remained in the game . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Steal ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Share ' the money and they were eliminated with all of the money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Steal ' the money and they were eliminated with no money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The contestant received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In Episode 4 , only the top 3 teams and the last place team were revealed . Therefore , the 3 teams whose placement was n't revealed did n't have a change in money . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Are You the One ? episodes International versions ( edit ) Country Local title Host ( s ) Channel Broadcast Jackpot Brazil Are You the One ? Brasil Felipe Titto ( 1 - 3 ) Caio Castro ( 4 ) MTV February 1 , 2015 R $500,000 Denmark Det perfekte match Oliver Bjerrehuus Kanal 4 February 5 , 2015 Mexico Are You the One ? El Match Perfecto Roberto Carlo ( 1 ) Vadhir Derbez ( 2 ) MTV September 20 , 2016 US $200,000 France 10 couples parfaits Elsa Fayer NT1 July 3 , 2017 € 200,000 Sweden Are You the One ? Sverige Martin Björk TV3 February 26 , 2018 1,000,000 kr References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? '' . MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one : Second chances is coming to MTV . '' . MTV . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana . `` ARE YOU THE ONE : ALL - STAR CHALLENGE IS COMING TO MTV '' . MTV . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Dating Series ' Are You The Juan ? ' to Premiere Tuesday , January 21 on MTV `` . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Guys and Girls '' MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? First Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? Second Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved July11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filman `` reality show '' de MTV en Puerto Rico `` . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One ? '' . Are You The One ? . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Meet the ( Ridiculously Good - Looking ) Season 5 Cast of Are You The One ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` MTV 's Are You the One ? season 6 cast and new host revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Which ' Are You the One ? ' Couples Are Still Together ? '' . Us Weekly . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . 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brand of shoes and athletic apparel designed by nike			Nike , Inc. .	nike, inc..	Nike , Inc. ( official , US : / ˈnaɪki / ; also , non-US / ˈnaɪk / ) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $29.6 billion .	The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) between 1995 and 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro . In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment , the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name . Nike sponsors many high - profile athletes and sports teams around the world , with the highly recognized trademarks of `` Just Do It '' and the Swoosh logo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and history 1.1 Acquisitions 1.2 Finance 2 Products 2.1 Sports equipment 2.2 Street fashions 3 Headquarters 4 Controversy 4.1 Sweatshops 4.2 Child labor allegations 4.3 Strike in China factory 4.4 Justin Gatlin sponsorship 5 Environmental record 6 Marketing strategy 6.1 Advertising 6.1. 1 Beatles song 6.1. 2 New media marketing 6.1. 3 Minor Threat advertisement 6.1. 4 Nike 6.0 6.2 NBA uniform and apparel deal 7 Sponsorship 7.1 Current sponsorships 8 Ties with the University of Oregon 9 Causes 10 Program 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origins and History Old logo of Nike , Inc. , still used on some retro products with red boxes A Nike Factory Store in Vaughan Mills Nike , originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports ( BRS ) , was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964 . The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger ( now ASICS ) , making most sales at track meets out of Knight 's automobile . According to Otis Davis , a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon , who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics , Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him , contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight . Says Davis , `` I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first . I do n't care what all the billionaires say . Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me . People do n't believe me . In fact , I did n't like the way they felt on my feet . There was no support and they were too tight . But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron , and they were mine . '' In 1964 , in its first year in business , BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000 . By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full - time employee , and sales had reached $20,000 . In 1966 , BRS opened its first retail store , located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica , California next to a beauty salon , so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars . In 1967 , due to rapidly increasing sales , BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast , in Wellesley , Massachusetts . By 1971 , the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end . BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear , which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson . The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18 , 1971 , and was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on January 22 , 1974 . In 1976 , the company hired John Brown and Partners , based in Seattle , as its first advertising agency . The following year , the agency created the first `` brand ad '' for Nike , called `` There is no finish line '' , in which no Nike product was shown . By 1980 , Nike had attained a 50 % market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market , and the company went public in December of that year . Together , Nike and Wieden + Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements , and Wieden + Kennedy remains Nike 's primary ad agency . It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now - famous slogan `` Just Do It '' for a 1988 Nike ad campaign , which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution . Walt Stack was featured in Nike 's first `` Just Do It '' advertisement , which debuted on July 1 , 1988 . Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to `` Let 's do it '' , the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed . Throughout the 1980s , Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world . In 1990 , Nike moved into its eight - building World Headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . The first Nike retail store , dubbed Niketown , opened in downtown Portland in November of that year . Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he is planning to step down as chairman of Nike in 2016 . Acquisitions Nike has acquired several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history , some of which have since been sold . Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan in 1988 , followed by the purchase of Bauer Hockey in 1994 . In 2002 , Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International from founder Bob Hurley . In 2003 , Nike paid US $309 million to acquire Converse , makers of the Chuck Taylor All - Stars line of sneakers . The company acquired Starter in 2004 and Umbro , known as the manufacturers of the England national football team 's kit , in 2008 . In order to refocus on its core business lines , Nike began divesting of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s . It sold Starter in 2007 and Bauer Hockey in 2008 . The company sold Umbro in 2012 and Cole Haan in 2013 . As of 2013 , Nike owns two key subsidiaries : Converse Inc. and Hurley International . Finance Nike Inc. will buy back $8 billion of Nike 's class B stock in 4 years after the current $5 billion buyback program is completed in second quarter of fiscal 2013 . Up to September 2012 , Nike Inc. has bought back $10 billion of stock . Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2013 , when it replaced Alcoa . On December 19 , 2013 , Nike Inc. 's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year . Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April , rose to $10.4 billion . Nike shares ( NKE ) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading . In November 2015 , Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback , as well as a two - for - one stock split , with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24 . The split will be the seventh in company history . Products A Nike brand athletic shoe A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes Sports equipment Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment . Their first products were track running shoes . They currently also make shoes , jerseys , shorts , cleats , baselayers , etc. for a wide range of sports , including track and field , baseball , ice hockey , tennis , association football ( soccer ) , lacrosse , basketball , and cricket . Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike , Inc. in 1987 . Additional product lines were introduced later , such as Air Huarache , which debuted in 1992 . The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0 , Nike NYX , and Nike SB shoes , designed for skateboarding . Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker , designed to be 30 % lighter than their competitors ' . In 2008 , Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3 , a high - performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind . Nike sells an assortment of products , including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football , basketball , running , combat sports , tennis , American football , athletics , golf , and cross training for men , women , and children . Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis , golf , skateboarding , association football , baseball , American football , cycling , volleyball , wrestling , cheerleading , aquatic activities , auto racing , and other athletic and recreational uses . Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner 's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano . While the product generates useful statistics , it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users ' RFID devices from 60 feet ( 18 m ) away using small , concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network . In 2004 , Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program / Division . Some of Nike 's newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight . The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe , introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation , featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full - length air cushioned sole , an external heel counter , a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption , and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit . Street fashions This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nike Elite no - show socks with cushioned sole . The Nike brand , with its distinct V - shaped logo , quickly became regarded as a status symbol in modern urban fashion and hip - hop fashion due to its association with success in sport . Beginning in the 1980s , various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American youth fashion , especially tracksuits , shell suits , baseball caps , Air Jordans , and Air Max running shoes with thick , air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue , yellow , green , white , or red trim . Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as Quickstrikes , and became highly desirable items for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture . By the 1990s and 2000s , American and European teenagers associated with the preppy or popular clique began combining these sneakers , leggings , sweatpants , crop tops , and tracksuits with regular casual chic street clothes such as jeans , skirts , leg warmers , slouch socks , and bomber jackets . Particularly popular were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts worn for cycling and running , which had a mesh lining , waterproofing , and , later in the 2000s , a zip pocket for a Walkman or MP3 player . From the late 2000s into the 2010s , Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip - hop fans and young children . Originally plain white or black , these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole plus a moisture wicking upper weave . Later , Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms , often with contrasting bold abstract designs , images of celebrities , and freehand digital print to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for 1990s fashion . In 2015 , a new self - lacing shoe was introduced . Called the Nike Mag , it had a preliminary limited release , only available by auction with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation . This was done again in 2016 . Nike have introduced a premium line , focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab In March 2017 , Nike announced its launch of a plus - size clothing line , which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products . Another significant development at this time was the Chuck Taylor All - Star Modern , an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike 's Air Jordans . Headquarters Nike 's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within unincorporated Washington County . The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike 's headquarters , which led to a lawsuit by Nike , and lobbying by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005 . Under that bill 's terms , Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County for 35 years , while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix receive the same protection for 30 years . Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton . The design will target LEED Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight , and a gray water treatment center . Controversy Nike office in North America . Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States . Most of the factories are located in Asia , including Indonesia , China , Taiwan , India , Thailand , Vietnam , Pakistan , Philippines , and Malaysia . Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with . However , due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch , Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report . Sweatshops Main article : Nike sweatshops Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories ( known as Nike sweatshops ) in countries such as China , Vietnam , Indonesia and Mexico . Vietnam Labor Watch , an activist group , has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws in Vietnam as late as 1996 , although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped . The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and exploitation of cheap overseas labor employed in the free trade zones where their goods are typically manufactured . Sources for this criticism include Naomi Klein 's book No Logo and Michael Moore documentaries . Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities , especially anti-globalisation groups , as well as several anti-sweatshop groups such as the United Students Against Sweatshops . As of July 2011 , Nike stated that two - thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company 's standards for worker treatment . A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at the company 's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors . Child labor allegations During the 1990s , Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls . Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice , they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used . In 2001 , a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike . The documentary focused on six girls , who all worked seven days a week , often 16 hours a day . Strike in China factory In April 2014 , one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Dongguan shoe factory , producing amongst others for Nike . Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan ( 40.82 US Dollars ) per month . The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month . The factory employs 70,000 people . This practice was in place for nearly 20 years . Justin Gatlin sponsorship In March 2015 , Nike drew criticism after announcing a new sponsorship deal with American sprinter Justin Gatlin who had served two bans for doping . Nike had previously dropped Gatlin after his second failed drug test and resulting long term ban . Critics said that Nike was sending out a bad message by endorsing an athlete who has never been repentant for his actions and still causes widespread discontent within the sport . English sprinter Marlon Devonish described the deal as `` a kick in the teeth to the 99 % of guys who are clean '' . Environmental record According to the New England - based environmental organization Clean Air - Cool Planet , Nike ranked among the top three companies ( out of 56 ) in a survey of climate - friendly companies in 2007 . Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind program ( which closes the product lifecycle ) by groups like Climate Counts . One campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash wearing Nike 's Trash Talk Shoe , which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors . The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground - up rubber from a shoe recycling program . Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste , but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale . Another project Nike has begun is called Nike 's Reuse - A-Shoe program . This program , started in 1993 , is Nike 's longest - running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them . The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts , running tracks , and playgrounds . A project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand . In addition to inhalation , dermal exposure was the biggest problem found . This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions . Marketing strategy Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes , professional teams and college athletic teams . Advertising In 1982 , Nike aired its first three national television ads , created by newly formed ad agency Wieden + Kennedy ( W + K ) , during the broadcast of the New York Marathon . The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003 , making it the first company to receive that honor twice . Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s . The first was for `` The Morning After , '' a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1 , 2000 if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition . The second was for a 2002 spot called `` Move , '' which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits . Beatles song Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song `` Revolution '' in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of Apple Records , the Beatles ' recording company . Nike paid US $250,000 to Capitol Records Inc. , which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings , for the right to use the Beatles ' rendition for a year . Apple Records sued Nike Inc. , Capitol Records Inc. , EMI Records Inc. and Wieden + Kennedy for $15 million . Capitol - EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was `` groundless '' because Capitol had licensed the use of `` Revolution '' with the `` active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono , a shareholder and director of Apple Records . '' Nike discontinued airing ads featuring `` Revolution '' in March 1988 . Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon 's `` Instant Karma '' in another advertisement . New media marketing Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing , email management technologies , and using broadcast and narrowcast communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns . Minor Threat advertisement In late June 2005 , Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye , owner of Dischord Records , guitarist / vocalist for Fugazi and The Evens , and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat , for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat 's 1981 self - titled album 's cover art in a flyer promoting Nike Skateboarding 's 2005 East Coast demo tour . On June 27 , Nike Skateboarding 's website issued an apology to Dischord , Minor Threat , and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers . They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band . The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat . Niketown at Oxford Circus , London Nike 6.0 As part of the 6.0 campaign , Nike introduced a new line of T - shirts that include phrases such as `` Dope '' , `` Get High '' and `` Ride Pipe '' -- sports lingo that is also a double entendre for drug use . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city 's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display . `` What we do n't need is a major corporation like Nike , which tries to appeal to the younger generation , out there giving credence to the drug issue , '' Menino told The Boston Herald . A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports , and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs . Nike was forced to replace the shirt line . NBA uniform and apparel deal In June 2015 , Nike signed an 8 - year deal with the NBA to become the official apparel supplier for the league , beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The brand takes over for Adidas , who provided the uniforms and apparel for the league since 2006 . Unlike previous deals , Nike 's logo will appear on NBA game jerseys -- a first for the league . The only exception will be the Charlotte Hornets , owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan , which will instead use the Jumpman logo associated with Jordan - related merchandise . Sponsorship Ronaldinho ( pictured with Barcelona in 2007 ) appeared in a 2005 Nike advertisement that went viral on YouTube , becoming the site 's first video to reach one million views . Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design . Nike 's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase . The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine . Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company 's co-founder , Bill Bowerman , while he coached at the University of Oregon . Today , the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike 's corporate headquarters . Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over the years , such as Carl Lewis , Jackie Joyner - Kersee and Sebastian Coe . The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan in 1984 , with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career , with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon , proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike 's publicity and sales . Nike has been the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team since 2005 . Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno when it opened in 1990 at the company 's headquarters . Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno 's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal . After the Freeh Report was released on July 12 , 2012 , Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center . A new name has yet to be announced . Nike also sponsored association football players such as Ronaldinho , Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo , Didier Drogba , Neymar , Zlatan Ibrahimović , Thierry Henry , Wayne Rooney , Francesco Totti , Andrés Iniesta and Landon Donovan among others . In January 2013 , Nike signed Rory McIlroy , the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10 - year sponsorship deal worth $250 million . The deal includes using Nike 's range of golf clubs , a move Nick Faldo previously described as `` dangerous '' for McIlroy 's game . On February 21 , 2013 , Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African athlete Oscar Pistorius , due to his being charged with premeditated murder . In August 2014 , Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Nike is currently sponsoring a group of long - distance runners in an attempt to run a sub-two hour 26.2 mile marathon . The current world record is 2 : 02 : 57 . Nike is putting together a team of `` designers , scientists , coaches , and statisticians '' with the goal of having one or more runners break the record by 3 percent in the spring of 2017 . Current sponsorships Main article : List of Nike sponsorships Ties with the University of Oregon See also : Oregon Ducks § Relationship with Nike The company maintains strong ties , both directly and indirectly ( through partnership with Phil Knight ) , with the University of Oregon . Nike designs the University of Oregon football program 's team attire . New unique combinations are issued before every game day . Tinker Hatfield , who also redesigned the university 's logo , leads this effort . More recently , the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward Field . Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university 's athletic apparatus . His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives , such as Tinker Hatfield . Causes In 2012 , Nike is listed as a partner of the ( PRODUCT ) campaign together with other brands such as Girl , American Express and Converse . The campaign 's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 ( the campaign 's byline is `` Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation '' ) . The company 's goal is to raise and send funds , for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily effected by AIDS . Program The Nike Community Ambassador Program , allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community . Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy . See also Nike timeline List of companies based in Oregon Companies portal Oregon portal United States portal Notes Jump up ^ The pronunciations of `` Nike '' include / ˈnaɪki / NY - kee officially and in the US , as well as / ˈnaɪk / NYK outside of the US . References ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 annual results '' . Nike Inc and subsidiaries . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2017/06/30/phil-knights-net-worth-jumps-1-9-billion-after-announcement-of-nike-deal-with-amazon/#2d7b98dd5f45 Jump up ^ Collins , Paul ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nike IS pronounced Nikey , chairman of shoe giant finally confirms '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ It 's official : Nike rhymes with spiky -- and you 're saying all these wrong too `` . The Guardian . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sage , Alexandria ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Forbes Fab 40 : The World 's Most Valuable Sports Brands 2014 '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ null . `` Nike - pg. 16 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million '' . The Sports Network . February 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1950s '' . Nikebiz . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hague , Jim ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst '' . The Hudson Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Company History '' . Jump up ^ `` Logos that became legends : Icons from the world of advertising '' . The Independent . London . January 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Registration Number 72414177 '' . TSDR . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1970s '' . Nikebiz . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1970s '' . Nikebiz . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's ' Just Do It ' slogan celebrates 20 years '' . OregonLive.com . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Birth of ' Just Do It ' and Other Magic Words '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jeff ; Harris , Mark ; Yeung , Gavin ( December 11 , 2002 ) . `` Nike '' ( PDF ) . Management 296 -- International Business Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2003 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` As Nike looks to expand , it already has a 22 - building empire '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . The first phase of the Nike World Headquarters campus opened in 1990 and included eight buildings . Now , there are 22 buildings . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` NikeTown Portland to close forever ( at its original location ) on Friday '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wightman - Stone , Danielle ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nike chairman Phil Knight to step down in 2016 '' . FashionUnited . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cole - Haan to Nike For $80 Million '' . The New York Times . April 26 , 1988 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Hurley : Success built on everyone 's inner surfer '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Partlow , Joshua ( July 2003 ) . `` Nike Drafts An All Star '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nike unloads Starter for $60 M '' . Portland Business Journal . November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Matt ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Iconix Brand Buys Nike 's Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million '' . BloombergBusinessweek . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dezember , Ryan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` After Umbro , Nike Turns to Cole Haan Sale '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austen , Ian ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hockey Fan , and Investor , Buys Bauer From Nike '' . The New York TImes . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Suzanne ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike completes Umbro sale to Iconix '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike completes Cole Haan sale '' . Portland Business Journal . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Completes Sale of Cole Haan to APAX Partners , LLP '' . Barrons / Business Wire . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` With Cole Haan sale , Nike can focus on more important things , analysts say '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Prasad , Sakthi ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Nike approves $8 billion share repurchase program '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ GOLDWYN BLUMENTHAL , ROBIN . `` Alcoa 's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant '' . Barron 's . Barron 's . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Fiscal 2nd - Quarter Profit Jumps 40 Percent '' . December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scholer , Kristen ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` What Nike 's Two - For - One Stock Split Means for the Dow '' . The Wall Street Jouranl . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Soccer -- World - class soccer cleats . World - class pros . '' . Nike.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker '' . The Hindu Business Line . September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro '' . Soccerpro.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ T. Scott Saponas ; Jonathan Lester ; Carl Hartung ; Tadayoshi Kohno . `` Devices That Tell On You : The Nike + iPod Sport Kit '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tom Espiner ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Nike + iPod raises RFID privacy concerns '' . CNet . Jump up ^ `` SPARQ - Nike Performance Summitt '' . SPECTRUM , Inc. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Latest materials improve sportswear performance '' . ICIS Chemical Business . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary of Air Zoom Jump up ^ New Air Zoom Vomero Jump up ^ McKee , Alan ( April 15 , 2008 ) . Beautiful things in popular culture . Wiley . p. 106 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Peter ; Papson , Stephen ( 1998 ) . Nike Culture : The Sign of the Swoosh . SAGE . pp. 88 , 102 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbasho , Tracy ( 2010 ) . Nike . ABC - CLIO . p. 17 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's High - Stepping Air Force '' . Popular Mechanics . August 1987 . p. 33 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nike advert '' . Working Mother . p. 76 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ GQ guide to selling sneakers Jump up ^ High Snob Jump up ^ Sneaker Watch Jump up ^ How teens spend money Jump up ^ Brand failures Jump up ^ Dress to express Jump up ^ Queen of the basic bitches Jump up ^ Vogue magazine Jump up ^ Nike vs J Crew Jump up ^ Exeter basic bitch Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Makeup - free Kaley Cuoco showcases sculpted abs in pink gym shorts and printed bralet as she steps out after fitness session '' . Mail Online ( Daily Mail ) . United Kingdom . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nike Tempo trend Jump up ^ Running for beginners . Imagine . p. 240 . ISBN 9781908955111 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young and stylish Jump up ^ Introducing the Nike Elite Jump up ^ Colorful socks no longer a fad Jump up ^ Dr Jays Jump up ^ Aaliyah , Nino Brown and Freddy Kruger socks Jump up ^ Digital ink printed socks Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Nike Mag '' . NIKE , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Michael J. Fox Foundation does raffle with Nike to raise awareness for Parkinson 's disease '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NikeLab '' . www.nike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lekach , Sasha . `` Nike finally releases plus - size clothing line for women '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nike unveils converse modern Jump up ^ `` Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation The Oregonian Extra '' . Blog.oregonlive.com . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nike Releases Renderings of 3.2 Million - SF HQ Expansion - CoStar Group '' . www.costar.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NikeBiz Investors Corporate Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` India 's 50 most trusted brands '' . rediff.com . January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nike Labor Practices in Vietnam Archived April 18 , 2001 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sweatfree Campus Campaign Launch '' . Studentsagainstsweatshops.org . September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Nike still dogged by worker abuses '' , Japan Times , July 15 , 2011 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` MIT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sun Thyda , 12 ( October 15 , 2000 ) . `` Programmes Panorama Archive Gap and Nike : No Sweat ? October 15 , 2000 '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ More than ten thousand workers stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory , April 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Yue Yuen shoe factory workers ' strike at Dongguan plants continues , April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yue Yuen strikers vow to continue until benefit contribution deficit paid in full , South China Morning Post , April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ed Aarons ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Paula Radcliffe criticises Nike for giving Justin Gatlin new sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Matt Slater ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Nike gives controversial sprinter Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Ben Bloom ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Gatlin not only threatens Usain Bolt -- he threatens athletics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Ben Bloom ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Nike 's decision to give drugs cheat Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal is ' absolute nonsense ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Zabarenko , Deborah ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Reuters report '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nike '' . ClimateCounts . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Wicked Local '' . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Todd , L.A. ; Sitthichok , T.P. ; Mottus , K. ; Mihlan , G. ; Wing , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Health Survey of Workers Exposed to Mixed Solvent and Ergonomic Hazards in Footwear and Equipment Factory Workers in Thailand '' . Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 52 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 205 . PMID 18344534 . doi : 10.1093 / annhyg / men003 Jump up ^ Todd , L.A. ; Mottus , K. ; Mihlan , G.J. ( 2008 ) . `` A Survey of Airborne and Skin Exposures to Chemicals in Footwear and Equipment Factories in Thailand '' . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 5 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 181 . PMID 18213531 . doi : 10.1080 / 15459620701853342 Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` W + K Finds Its First Ads Ever , for Nike , on Dusty Old Tapes '' . Adweek . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year '' . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fass , Allison ( August 31 , 2000 ) . `` The Media Business -- Advertising -- Addenda -- Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( September 20 , 2002 ) . `` Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ According to a July 28 , 1987 article written by the Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Skateboarding '' . Nike . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Nike courts controversy , publicity with drug - themed skater shirts '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Inc . ( NYSE : NKE ) Facing Slogan Backlash '' . stocksandshares.tv . June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Signs 8 - Year Deal With NBA '' . BallerStatus.com . June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dator , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube Five Year Anniversary on YouTube , compilation of videos on the site . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Team India 's new NIKE ODI kit '' . Cricbuzz.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Cricket team 's NIKE ODI kit '' . Cricketliveguide.com . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paterno 's name off child care center '' . FOX Sports . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Paterno 's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters '' . NESN.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jogadores de Futebol Patrocinados pela Nike '' . Nike Brasil . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Fordyce ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Rory McIlroy , Nike and the $250 m , 10 - year sponsorship deal '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Roxanna ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar Pistorius dropped by Nike '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . London . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth £ 750m '' . Sky Sports . London . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Ed ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Inside Nike 's Quest for the Impossible : a Two - Hour Marathon '' . Wired . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Alger , Tyson . `` Oregon Ducks add orange to their Nike uniform repertoire for Colorado game '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peter , Josh . `` Behind Oregon 's ( Phil ) Knight in shining armor '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara . `` Nike Pledges $13.5 Million to Help Renovate University of Oregon Track Facilities '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg . `` Oregon Embraces ' University of Nike ' Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( RED ) Partners '' . ( RED ) . ( RED ) , a division of The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Community Ambassadors Nike Global Community Impact '' . Nike Global Community Impact . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Further reading `` The Swoon of the Swoosh '' by Timothy Egan at The New York Times Magazine , September 13 , 1998 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nike , Inc ... Official web site Business data for Nike : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Company summary , from the New York Stock Exchange website Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Umbro Bauer Hockey Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force 1 Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Multi-Turf Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Running shoe brands Running shoe brands Adidas Altra Running ASICS Brooks Sports DC Shoes Etnies Fila Hoka One One K - Swiss Lescon Li - Ning Merrell Mizuno New Balance Nike Osiris Shoes The North Face Puma Reebok Saucony Spira Footwear Under Armour TYKA Sports Wilson Related Athletic shoe Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average 3M American Express Apple Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems Coca - Cola Disney DowDuPont ExxonMobil General Electric Goldman Sachs The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase McDonald 's Merck & Co . Microsoft Nike Pfizer Procter & Gamble Travelers UnitedHealth Group United Technologies Verizon Communications Visa Walmart Oregon - based companies NYSE listed Greenbrier Companies Lithia Motors Nike NW Natural Portland General Electric NASDAQ listed Columbia Sportswear Electro Scientific Industries FLIR Lattice Radisys Schnitzer Steel Umpqua Holdings Private companies A-dec Consumer Cellular Erickson Inc . ESCO FEI Franz Bakery Hoffman Construction InFocus KinderCare Education Laika Leupold & Stevens Les Schwab The Old Spaghetti Factory Parr Lumber Plaid Pantry Rentrak Reser 's Fine Foods Roseburg Forest Products Shari 's Cafe & Pies Vigor Industrial Other Bi-Mart Tillamook Creamery Western Family Foods List of companies based in Oregon Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 49 ′ 48 '' W / 45.5093 ° N 122.8299 ° W / 45.5093 ; - 122.8299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nike,_Inc.&oldid=804241367 '' Categories : Nike , Inc . Nike brands 1964 establishments in Oregon 1970s fashion 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Athletic shoe brands Clothing companies of the United States Companies based in Beaverton , Oregon Companies established in 1964 Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Shoe companies of the United States Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States Watch manufacturing companies of the United States Sportswear brands Swimwear manufacturers Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 errors : missing author or editor Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 18 : 03 . 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in the united states the president is the head of which branch of government	U.S. Federal Government Great Seal of the United States Formation 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) Founding document United States Constitution Jurisdiction United States of America Website www.usa.gov Legislative branch Legislature Congress Meeting place Capitol Executive branch Leader President of the United States Appointer Electoral College Headquarters The White House Main organ Cabinet Departments 15 Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Washington , D.C.	Executive branch	Federal government of the United States	federal government of the united states		House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal Government of the United States ( U.S. Federal Government ) is the national government of the United States , a republic in North America , composed of 50 states , one district , Washington , D.C. ( the nation 's capital ) , and several territories . The federal government is composed of three distinct branches : legislative , executive , and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president , and the federal courts , respectively . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress , including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 History 3 Legislative branch 3.1 Makeup of Congress 3.1. 1 House of Representatives 3.1. 2 Senate 3.1. 3 Different powers 3.1. 4 Impeachment of federal officers 3.1. 5 Congressional procedures 3.2 Powers of Congress 3.2. 1 Congressional oversight 4 Executive branch 4.1 President 4.2 Vice president 4.3 Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies 5 Judicial branch 5.1 Overview of the federal judiciary 5.2 Relationships between state and federal courts 6 Elections and voting 7 State , tribal , and local governments 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Naming Political system of the United States The full name of the republic is `` United States of America '' . No other name appears in the Constitution , and this is the name that appears on money , in treaties , and in legal cases to which it is a party ( Charles T. Schenck v. United States ) . The terms `` Government of the United States of America '' or `` United States Government '' are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively . In casual conversation or writing , the term `` Federal Government '' is often used , and the term `` National Government '' is sometimes used . The terms `` Federal '' and `` National '' in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government ( Federal Bureau of Investigation , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Park Service ) . Because the seat of government is in Washington , D.C. , `` Washington '' is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government . History The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution . The government was formed in 1789 , when the Constitution went into effect , making the United States one of the world 's first , if not the first , modern national constitutional republics . The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism , in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments . The interpretation and execution of these principles , including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised , have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution . Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals , the states , or other recognized entities . Since the American Civil War , the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly , although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e.g. , the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action , executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts . One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of `` checks and balances '' among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary . For example , while the legislative branch ( Congress ) has the power to create law , the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation -- an act which , in turn , can be overridden by Congress . The president nominates judges to the nation 's highest judiciary authority , the Supreme Court , but those nominees must be approved by Congress . The Supreme Court , in turn , can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress . These and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below . Legislative branch Main article : United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government . It is bicameral , comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate . Makeup of Congress House of Representatives The 435 seats of the House grouped by state The House currently consists of 435 voting members , each of whom represents a congressional district . The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state 's population as determined in the most recent United States Census . All 435 representatives serve a two - year term . Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House . In order to be elected as a representative , an individual must be at least 25 years of age , must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years , and must live in the state that he or she represents . There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve . In addition to the 435 voting members , there are 6 non-voting members , consisting of 5 delegates and one resident commissioner . There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia , Guam , the Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . Senate In contrast , the Senate is made up of two senators from each state , regardless of population . There are currently 100 senators ( 2 from each of the 50 states ) , who each serve six - year terms . Approximately one - third of the Senate stands for election every two years . Different powers The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers . For example , the Senate must approve ( give `` advice and consent '' to ) many important presidential appointments , including cabinet officers , federal judges ( including nominees to the Supreme Court ) , department secretaries ( heads of federal executive branch departments ) , U.S. military and naval officers , and ambassadors to foreign countries . All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives . The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation , which then may only become law by being signed by the president ( or , if the president vetoes the bill , both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill , but by a two - thirds majority of each chamber , in which case the bill becomes law without the president 's signature ) . The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution ; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people . The Constitution also includes the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' , which grants Congress the power to `` make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers '' . Members of the House and Senate are elected by first - past - the - post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia , which have runoffs . Impeachment of federal officers Main article : Impeachment in the United States Congress has the power to remove the president , federal judges , and other federal officers from office . The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process . The House must first vote to `` impeach '' the official . Then , a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office . Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , neither of them was removed following trial in the Senate . Congressional procedures Article I , Section 2 , paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to `` determine the rules of its proceedings '' . From this provision were created congressional committees , which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters . The 108th Congress ( 2003 -- 2005 ) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate , plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress , printing , taxation , and the economy . In addition , each house may name special , or select , committees to study specific problems . Today , much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees , of which there are around 150 . Powers of Congress Main article : Article One of the United States Constitution The United States Capitol is the seat of government for Congress . The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress . Enumerated in Article I , Section 8 , these include the powers to levy and collect taxes ; to coin money and regulate its value ; provide for punishment for counterfeiting ; establish post offices and roads , issue patents , create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court , combat piracies and felonies , declare war , raise and support armies , provide and maintain a navy , make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces , provide for , arm and discipline the militia , exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia , and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers . Over the two centuries since the United States was formed , many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government . These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court . Congressional oversight Main article : Congressional oversight Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud , protect civil liberties and individual rights , ensure executive compliance with the law , gather information for making laws and educating the public , and evaluate executive performance . It applies to cabinet departments , executive agencies , regulatory commissions , and the presidency . Congress 's oversight function takes many forms : Committee inquiries and hearings Formal consultations with and reports from the president Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled or the office of the vice president falls vacant Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials Congressional membership : each state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in the House of Representatives . Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population . As of January 2010 , the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Executive branch See also : Article Two of the United States Constitution and List of United States federal executive orders The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States , although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials . The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College , for which each state , as well as the District of Columbia , is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in both houses of Congress . The president is limited to a maximum of two four - year terms . If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected , he or she may only serve one more additional four - year term . President Main article : President of the United States Seal of the President of the United States The executive branch consists of the president and those to whom the president 's powers are delegated . The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander - in - chief and chief diplomat . The president , according to the Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' , and `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution '' . The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government , an organization numbering about 5 million people , including 1 million active - duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees . The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it , preventing it from becoming law unless two - thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto . The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations . However , ratification of international treaties requires a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate . The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two - thirds majority in the Senate for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors '' . The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government ( except in cases of impeachment ) , enact executive orders , and ( with the consent of the Senate ) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges . Vice president Main article : Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President of the United States The vice president is the second - highest official in rank of the federal government . The office of the vice president 's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1 , Section 3 , Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate ; this means that he or she is the head of the Senate . In that capacity , the vice president is allowed to vote in the Senate , but only when necessary to break a tie vote . Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession , the vice president 's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death , resignation , or removal of the president , which has happened nine times in U.S. history . Lastly , in the case of a Twenty - fifth Amendment succession event , the vice president would become acting president , assuming all of the powers and duties of president , except being designated as president . Accordingly , by circumstances , the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch , or succeeding to the executive branch as president , or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Because of circumstances , the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office , the title of the office and other matters , such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president . Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies Main articles : Cabinet of the United States , United States federal executive departments , and List of federal agencies in the United States The day - to - day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments , created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs . The heads of the 15 departments , chosen by the president and approved with the `` advice and consent '' of the U.S. Senate , form a council of advisers generally known as the president 's `` Cabinet '' . Once confirmed , these `` cabinet officers '' serve at the pleasure of the president . In addition to departments , a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President . These include the White House staff , the National Security Council , the Office of Management and Budget , the Council of Economic Advisers , the Council on Environmental Quality , the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , and the Office of Science and Technology Policy . The employees in these United States government agencies are called federal civil servants . There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . In addition , there are government - owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation . Judicial branch Main articles : Federal judiciary of the United States and United States federal courts See also : Article Three of the United States Constitution The Judiciary explains and applies the laws . This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases . Overview of the federal judiciary Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise . Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office . Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate . The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district . The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary : the Supreme Court , 13 courts of appeals , 94 district courts , and two courts of special jurisdiction . Congress retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court . The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates `` cases and controversies '' -- matters pertaining to the federal government , disputes between states , and interpretation of the United States Constitution , and , in general , can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional , nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions . The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review ( the power to declare a law unconstitutional ) . The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches . Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals , and below them in turn are the United States District Courts , which are the general trial courts for federal law , and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ( `` diversity jurisdiction '' ) . There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction , meaning that these courts handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits between individuals . Other courts , such as the bankruptcy courts and the Tax Court , are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases ( `` subject matter jurisdiction '' ) . The Bankruptcy Courts are `` under '' the supervision of the district courts , and , as such , are not considered part of the `` Article III '' judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure , nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration . Also the Tax Court is not an Article III court ( but is , instead an `` Article I Court '' ) . The district courts are the trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code ( Title 28 , United States Code ) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of `` federal question jurisdiction '' and `` diversity jurisdiction '' and `` pendent jurisdiction '' can be filed and decided . The district courts can also hear cases under `` removal jurisdiction '' , wherein a case brought in State court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction , and one party litigant chooses to `` remove '' the case from state court to federal court . The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts , and some direct appeals from administrative agencies , and some interlocutory appeals . The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts , and in addition has original jurisdiction over a few cases . The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution , an Act of Congress ; a U.S. treaty ; cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S. ; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party ; controversies between states ( or their citizens ) and foreign nations ( or their citizens or subjects ) ; and bankruptcy cases ( collectively `` federal - question jurisdiction '' ) . The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant . It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant . The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress , and to criminal cases arising under federal law . The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts . Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction , state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law , and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts ( for example , those arising from the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ) . Both court systems thus can be said to have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others . The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office `` during good behavior '' ; in practice , this usually means they serve until they die , retire , or resign . A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government . U.S. judges are appointed by the president , subject to confirmation by the Senate . Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge ( Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction , but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office ) . Relationships between state and federal courts Separate from , but not entirely independent of , this federal court system are the court systems of each state , each dealing with , in addition to federal law when not deemed preempted , a state 's own laws , and having its own court rules and procedures . Although state governments and the federal government are legally dual sovereigns , the Supreme Court of the United States is in many cases the appellate court from the State Supreme Courts ( e.g. , absent the Court countenancing the applicability of the doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds ) . The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state 's laws and Constitution . Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution , but are considered `` parallel '' ( thus , where , for example , the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy , and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be `` independent '' , the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Court -- the U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction ) . A State Supreme Court , other than of its own accord , is bound only by the U.S. Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal law , but is not bound by interpretation of federal law by the federal court of appeals for the federal circuit in which the state is included , or even the federal district courts located in the state , a result of the dual sovereigns concept . Conversely , a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law ( usually through diversity jurisdiction ) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits , a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine ; however , at the same time , the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules ( that is , the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law , but not procedural state law , which may be different ) . Together , the laws of the federal and state governments form U.S. law . Elections and voting Main article : Elections in the United States Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union , 1862 . Suffrage , commonly known as the ability to vote , has changed significantly over time . In the early years of the United States , voting was considered a matter for state governments , and was commonly restricted to white men who owned land . Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures , although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state . Under this original system , both senators representing each state in the U.S. Senate were chosen by a majority vote of the state legislature . Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected . Today , U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws from the age of 18 , regardless of race , gender , or wealth . The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convicted felons , and in some states former felons as well . Under the U.S. Constitution , the national representation of U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington , D.C. in Congress is limited : while residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes , their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate ; however , they have been allowed to participate in presidential elections since March 29 , 1961 . Residents of U.S. territories have varying rights ; for example , only some residents of Puerto Rico pay federal income taxes ( though all residents must pay all other federal taxes , including import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes and federal payroll taxes , including Social Security and Medicare ) . All federal laws that are `` not locally inapplicable '' are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico but their current representation in the U.S. Congress is in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate . State , tribal , and local governments Main articles : State governments of the United States , Tribal sovereignty in the United States , and Local government in the United States The states of the United States as divided into counties ( or , in Louisiana and Alaska , parishes and boroughs , respectively ) . Alaska and Hawaii are not to scale and the Aleutian and uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have been omitted . The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans ' daily lives . The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution ; as a result , states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction . Because state governments are not authorized to print currency , they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds . As a result , state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering . Each state has its own written constitution , government and code of laws . The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have , `` a Republican Government '' . Therefore , there are often great differences in law and procedure between individual states , concerning issues such as property , crime , health and education , amongst others . The highest elected official of each state is the Governor . Each state also has an elected state legislature ( bicameralism is a feature of every state except Nebraska ) , whose members represent the voters of the state . Each state maintains its own state court system . In some states , supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people ; in others , they are appointed , as they are in the federal system . As a result of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia , American Indian tribes are considered `` domestic dependent nations '' that operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but , in some cases , outside of the jurisdiction of state governments . Hundreds of laws , executive orders and court cases have modified the governmental status of tribes vis - à - vis individual states , but the two have continued to be recognized as separate bodies . Tribal governments vary in robustness , from a simple council used to manage all aspects of tribal affairs , to large and complex bureaucracies with several branches of government . Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments , with power resting in elected tribal councils , elected tribal chairpersons , or religiously appointed leaders ( as is the case with pueblos ) . Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent , but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish . The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town , city , or county boards , water management districts , fire management districts , library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area . These laws concern issues such as traffic , the sale of alcohol and the keeping of animals . The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor . In New England , towns operate in a direct democratic fashion , and in some states , such as Rhode Island , Connecticut , and some parts of Massachusetts , counties have little or no power , existing only as geographic distinctions . In other areas , county governments have more power , such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies . See also Government of the United States portal President Cabinet Executive order Federal executive departments President 's Executive Office Line - item veto Courts Bankruptcy courts Courts of appeals District courts Federal courts Federal judicial circuit Federal judicial district Supreme Court Law Constitution Governmental designations for places U.S. Code U.S. Law Agencies Note : Most agencies are executive , but a few are legislative or judicial . Federal agencies Independent agencies States and territories Political divisions U.S. states U.S. territory Works and websites Copyright status of work by the U.S. government U.S. Government Web Portal for Businesses U.S. Government Web Portal for Citizens References Jump up ^ Wood , 1998 p. 208 Jump up ^ ' The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , ' Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) ' Jstor.org Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Judge Rules Favorably in Pennsylvania BRAC Suit ( Associated Press , 26 August ) Jump up ^ ' The Legislative Branch ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ U.S. House Official Website House.gov Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kaiser , Frederick M. ( January 3 , 2006 ) . `` Congressional Oversight '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Article II , Constitution of the United States of America Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § § 301 -- 303 Jump up ^ Barack , Obama ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Delegation of Certain Authority Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 '' . United States . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amendment XXIII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Amendment XXII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 ( 505 ) . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( 2007 ) . `` Is Dick Cheney Unconstitutional ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . Chicago : Northwestern University School of Law . 102 ( 110 ) . Jump up ^ Federal tribunals in the United States Jump up ^ United States Tax Court Jump up ^ Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) ( See Department of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs . ) Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , import / export taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) Archived April 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , federal commodity taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) , social security taxes ( See IRS.gov ) , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security ( See IRS.gov ) and Medicare ( See Reuters.com ) , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes ( See Puertorico-herald.com and HTRCPA.com ) . Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . All federal employees ( See Heritage.org ) Archived February 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , those who do business with the federal government ( See MCVPR.com ) Archived January 16 , 2010 , at WebCite , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. ( See Page 9 , line 1 . ) , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military , See Heritage.org and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico , See pp 14 -- 15 . ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' ( See GAO.gov ) . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . See Socialsecurity.gov ) , and the island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system ( See p. 252 ) . Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . It has also been estimated ( See Eagleforum.org that , because the population of the island is greater than that of 50 % of the states , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate. ( See Eagleforum.org , CRF-USA.org Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . and Thomas.gov ( Note that for the later , the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . These are the steps to follow : Thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and need for legislation '' . ) ) . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes ( See the `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' mentioned above . ) Jump up ^ `` A brief overview of state fiscal conditions and the effects of federal policies on state budgets '' ( PDF ) . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . May 12 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Bibliography Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Gordon S. Wood , Institute of Early American History and Culture ( Williamsburg , Va . ) . p. 653 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2422 - 4 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Federal government of the United States Wikiversity has learning resources about School : Political science Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic : American government USA.gov , the official U.S. Government portal . 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who does the canadian charter of rights apply to	The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( French : La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés ) , in Canada often simply the Charter , is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada . It forms the first part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government . It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights . 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It forms the first part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government . It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights . The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17 , 1982 , along with the rest of the Act . The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights , which was enacted in 1960 . However , the Bill of Rights is only a federal statute , rather than a constitutional document . As a federal statute , it can be amended through the ordinary legislative process and has no application to provincial laws . The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights and the Court was reluctant to declare laws inoperative . The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada . The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982 , the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the scope of judicial review , because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the Bill of Rights . The courts , when confronted with violations of Charter rights , have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations , as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism . The Charter , however , granted new powers to the courts to enforce remedies that are more creative and to exclude more evidence in trials . These powers are greater than what was typical under the common law and under a system of government that , influenced by Canada 's parent country the United Kingdom , was based upon Parliamentary supremacy . As a result , the Charter has attracted both broad support from a majority of the Canadian electorate and criticisms by opponents of increased judicial power . The Charter only applies to government laws and actions ( including the laws and actions of federal , provincial , and municipal governments and public school boards ) , and sometimes to the common law , not to private activity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Exceptions 1.2 Fundamental freedoms 1.3 Democratic rights 1.4 Mobility rights 1.5 Legal rights 1.6 Equality rights 1.7 Language rights 1.8 Minority language education rights 1.9 Other sections 2 History 3 Interpretation and enforcement 4 Comparisons with other human rights documents 5 The Charter and national values 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Features ( edit ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Preamble Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms Fundamental Freedoms Democratic Rights 3 , 4 , 5 Mobility Rights 6 Legal Rights 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Equality Rights 15 Official Languages of Canada 16 , 16.1 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Minority Language Education Rights 23 Enforcement 24 General 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 Application of Charter 32 , 33 Citation 34 Under the Charter , people physically present in Canada have numerous civil and political rights . Most of the rights can be exercised by any legal person ( the Charter does not define the corporation as a `` legal person '' ) , but a few of the rights belong exclusively to natural persons , or ( as in sections 3 and 6 ) only to citizens of Canada . The rights are enforceable by the courts through section 24 of the Charter , which allows courts discretion to award remedies to those whose rights have been denied . This section also allows courts to exclude evidence in trials if the evidence was acquired in a way that conflicts with the Charter and might damage the reputation of the justice system . Section 32 confirms that the Charter is binding on the federal government , the territories under its authority , and the provincial governments . The rights and freedoms enshrined in 34 sections of the Charter include : Exceptions ( edit ) Precluding all the freedoms and forming the basis of the Charter , the very first section , known as limitations clause , allows governments to justify certain infringements of Charter rights . Every case in which a court discovers a violation of the Charter would therefore require a section 1 analysis to determine if the law can still be upheld . Infringements are upheld if the purpose for the government action is to achieve what would be recognized as an urgent or important objective in a free society , and if the infringement can be `` demonstrably justified . '' Section 1 has thus been used to uphold laws against objectionable conduct such as hate speech ( e.g. , in R. v. Keegstra ) and obscenity ( e.g. , in R. v. Butler ) . Section 1 also confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed . In addition , some of these rights are also subjected to the notwithstanding clause ( section 33 ) . The notwithstanding clause authorizes governments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7 -- 15 for up to five years , subject to renewal . The Canadian federal government has never invoked it , and some have speculated that its use would be politically costly . In the past , the notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely by the province of Quebec ( which did not support the enactment of the Charter but is subject to it nonetheless ) . The provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have also invoked the notwithstanding clause , to end a strike and to protect an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage , respectively . ( Note that Alberta 's use of the notwithstanding clause is of no force or effect , since the definition of marriage is federal not provincial jurisdiction . ) The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once that invoked the notwithstanding clause , but the legislation was never proclaimed in force . Fundamental Freedoms ( edit ) Section 2 : which lists what the Charter calls `` fundamental freedoms '' namely freedom of conscience , freedom of religion , freedom of thought , freedom of belief , freedom of expression , freedom of the press and of other media of communication , freedom of peaceful assembly , and freedom of association . Democratic rights ( edit ) Generally , the right to participate in political activities and the right to a democratic form of government are protected : Section 3 : the right to vote and to be eligible to serve as member of a legislature . Section 4 : the maximum duration of legislatures is set at five years . Section 5 : an annual sitting of legislatures is required as a minimum . Mobility rights ( edit ) Section 6 : protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens which include the right to enter , remain in , and leave Canada . Citizens and Permanent Residents have the ability to move to and take up residence in any province to pursue gaining livelihood . Legal rights ( edit ) Rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement are protected , namely : Section 7 : right to life , liberty , and security of the person . Section 8 : freedom from unreasonable search and seizure . Section 9 : freedom from arbitrary detention or imprisonment . Section 10 : right to legal counsel and the guarantee of habeas corpus . Section 11 : rights in criminal and penal matters such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty . Section 12 : right not to be subject to cruel and unusual punishment . Section 13 : rights against self - incrimination Section 14 : rights to an interpreter in a court proceeding . Equality rights ( edit ) Section 15 : equal treatment before and under the law , and equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination . Language rights ( edit ) Generally , people have the right to use either the English or French language in communications with Canada 's federal government and certain provincial governments . Specifically , the language laws in the Charter include : Section 16 : English and French are the official languages of Canada and New Brunswick . Section 16.1 : the English and French - speaking communities of New Brunswick have equal rights to educational and cultural institutions . Section 17 : the right to use either official language in Parliament or the New Brunswick legislature . Section 18 : the statutes and proceedings of Parliament and the New Brunswick legislature are to be printed in both official languages . Section 19 : both official languages may be used in federal and New Brunswick courts . Section 20 : the right to communicate with and be served by the federal and New Brunswick governments in either official language . Section 21 : other constitutional language rights outside the Charter regarding English and French are sustained . Section 22 : existing rights to use languages besides English and French are not affected by the fact that only English and French have language rights in the Charter . ( Hence , if there are any rights to use Aboriginal languages anywhere they would continue to exist , though they would have no direct protection under the Charter . ) Minority language education rights ( edit ) Section 23 : rights for certain citizens belonging to French and English speaking minority communities to be educated in their own language . Other sections ( edit ) Various provisions help to clarify how the Charter works in practice . These include , Section 25 : states that the Charter does not derogate existing Aboriginal rights and freedoms . Aboriginal rights , including treaty rights , receive more direct constitutional protection under section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Section 26 : clarifies that other rights and freedoms in Canada are not invalidated by the Charter . Section 27 : requires the Charter to be interpreted in a multicultural context . Section 28 : states all Charter rights are guaranteed equally to men and women . Section 29 : confirms the rights of religious schools are preserved . Section 30 : clarifies the applicability of the Charter in the territories . Section 31 : confirms that the Charter does not extend the powers of legislatures . Finally , Section 34 : states that Part I of the Constitution Act , 1982 , containing the first 34 sections of the Act , may be collectively referred to as the `` Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms '' . History ( edit ) Printed copies of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter , including the rights to freedom of speech , habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence , have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights . Many of these rights were also included in the Canadian Bill of Rights , which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960 . However , the Canadian Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings . Unlike the Charter , it was an ordinary Act of Parliament , which could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament , and it was applicable only to the federal government . The courts also chose to interpret the Bill of Rights conservatively , only on rare occasions applying it to find a contrary law inoperative . The Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter , omitting , for instance , the right to vote and freedom of movement within Canada . The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform . Said reforms would include improving safeguards of rights , as well as patriation of the Constitution , meaning the British Parliament would no longer have to approve constitutional amendments . Subsequently , Attorney General Pierre Trudeau appointed law professor Barry Strayer to research a potential bill of rights . While writing his report , Strayer consulted with a number of notable legal scholars , including Walter Tarnopolsky . Strayer 's report advocated a number of ideas that were later incorporated into the Charter , including protection for language rights . Strayer also advocated excluding economic rights . Finally , he recommended allowing for limits on rights . Such limits are included in the Charter 's limitation and notwithstanding clauses . In 1968 , Strayer was made the Director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office and in 1974 he became Assistant Deputy Minister of Justice . During those years , Strayer played a role in writing the bill that was ultimately adopted . Meanwhile , Trudeau , who had become Liberal leader and prime minister in 1968 , still very much wanted a constitutional bill of rights . The federal government and the provinces discussed creating one during negotiations for patriation , which resulted in the Victoria Charter in 1971 . This never came to be implemented . However , Trudeau continued with his efforts to patriate the Constitution , and promised constitutional change during the 1980 Quebec referendum . He would succeed in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act 1982 . This enacted the Constitution Act , 1982 . The inclusion of a charter of rights in the Constitution Act was a much - debated issue . Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980 , and announced his intention to constitutionalize a bill of rights that would include fundamental freedoms , democratic guarantees , freedom of movement , legal rights , equality and language rights . He did not want a notwithstanding clause . While his proposal gained popular support , provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers . The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared liberal bias among judges , should courts be called upon to enforce rights . Additionally , the British Parliament cited their right to uphold Canada 's old form of government . At a suggestion of the Conservatives , Trudeau 's government thus agreed to a committee of Senators and MPs to further examine the bill of rights as well as the patriation plan . During this time , 90 hours were spent on the bill of rights alone , all filmed for television , while civil rights experts and advocacy groups put forward their perceptions on the Charter 's flaws and omissions and how to remedy them . As Canada had a parliamentary system of government , and as judges were perceived not to have enforced rights well in the past , it was questioned whether the courts should be named as the enforcers of the Charter , as Trudeau wanted . Conservatives argued that elected politicians should be trusted instead . It was eventually decided that the responsibility should go to the courts . At the urging of civil libertarians , judges could even now exclude evidence in trials if acquired in breach of Charter rights in certain circumstances , something the Charter was not originally going to provide for . As the process continued , more features were added to the Charter , including equality rights for people with disabilities , more sex equality guarantees and recognition of Canada 's multiculturalism . The limitations clause was also reworded to focus less on the importance of parliamentary government and more on justifiability of limits in free societies ; the latter logic was more in line with rights developments around the world after World War II . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was a major advocate of the Charter . In its decision in the Patriation Reference ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled there was a tradition that some provincial approval should be sought for constitutional reform . As the provinces still had doubts about the Charter 's merits , Trudeau was forced to accept the notwithstanding clause to allow governments to opt out of certain obligations . The notwithstanding clause was accepted as part of a deal called the Kitchen Accord , negotiated by the federal Attorney General Jean Chrétien , Ontario 's justice minister Roy McMurtry and Saskatchewan 's justice minister Roy Romanow . Pressure from provincial governments ( which in Canada have jurisdiction over property ) and from the country 's left wing , especially the New Democratic Party , also prevented Trudeau from including any rights protecting private property . Nevertheless , Quebec did not support the Charter ( or the Canada Act 1982 ) , with `` conflicting interpretations '' as to why . The opposition could have owed to the Parti Québécois leadership being allegedly uncooperative , because it was more committed to gaining sovereignty for Quebec . It could have owed to Quebec leaders being excluded from the negotiation of the Kitchen Accord , which they saw as being too centralist . It could have owed to provincial leaders ' objections to the Accord 's provisions relating to the process of future constitutional amendment . They also opposed the inclusion of mobility rights and minority language education rights . The Charter is still applicable in Quebec because all provinces are bound by the Constitution . However , Quebec 's opposition to the 1982 patriation package has led to two failed attempts to amend the Constitution ( the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord ) which were designed primarily to obtain Quebec 's political approval of the Canadian constitutional order . While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982 , it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights ( section 15 ) came into effect . The delay was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities . The typography of the physical document pictured here , and still distributed today , was typeset by Ottawa 's David Berman intentionally in Carl Dair 's Cartier typeface : at the time the most prominent Canadian typeface , having been commissioned by the Governor - General as a celebration of Canada 's centenary in 1967 . The Charter has been amended since its enactment . Section 25 was amended in 1983 to explicitly recognize more rights regarding Aboriginal land claims , and section 16.1 was added in 1993 . There have also been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend the Charter , including the failed Charlottetown Accord of 1992 . The Charlottetown Accord would have specifically required the Charter to be interpreted in a manner respectful of Quebec 's distinct society , and would have added further statements to the Constitution Act , 1867 regarding racial and sexual equality and collective rights , and about minority language communities . Though the Accord was negotiated among many interest groups , the resulting provisions were so vague that Trudeau , then out of office , feared they would actually conflict with and undermine the Charter 's individual rights . He felt judicial review of the rights might be undermined if courts had to favour the policies of provincial governments , as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities . Trudeau thus played a prominent role in leading the popular opposition to the Accord . Interpretation and enforcement ( edit ) The task of interpreting and enforcing the Charter falls to the courts , with the Supreme Court of Canada being the ultimate authority on the matter . With the Charter 's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act , 1982 , the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism . However , under section 24 of the Charter , courts also gained new powers to enforce creative remedies and exclude more evidence in trials . Courts have since made many important decisions , including R. v. Morgentaler ( 1988 ) , which struck down Canada 's abortion law , and Vriend v. Alberta ( 1998 ) , in which the Supreme Court found the province 's exclusion of homosexuals from protection against discrimination violated section 15 . In the latter case , the Court then read the protection into the law . Courts may receive Charter questions in a number of ways . Rights claimants could be prosecuted under a criminal law that they argue is unconstitutional . Others may feel government services and policies are not being dispensed in accordance with the Charter , and apply to lower - level courts for injunctions against the government ( as was the case in Doucet - Boudreau v. Nova Scotia ( Minister of Education ) ) . A government may also raise questions of rights by submitting reference questions to higher - level courts ; for example , Prime Minister Paul Martin 's government approached the Supreme Court with Charter questions as well as federalism concerns in the case Re Same - Sex Marriage ( 2004 ) . Provinces may also do this with their superior courts . The government of Prince Edward Island initiated the Provincial Judges Reference by asking its provincial Supreme Court a question on judicial independence under section 11 . The building of the Supreme Court of Canada , the chief authority on the interpretation of the Charter In several important cases , judges developed various tests and precedents for interpreting specific provisions of the Charter . These include the Oakes test for section 1 , set out in the case R. v. Oakes ( 1986 ) , and the ( now defunct ) Law test for section 15 , developed in Law v. Canada ( 1999 ) . Since Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act ( 1985 ) , various approaches to defining and expanding the scope of fundamental justice ( the Canadian name for natural justice or due process ) under section 7 have been adopted . ( For more information , see the articles on each Charter section ) . In general , courts have embraced a purposive interpretation of Charter rights . This means that since early cases like Hunter v. Southam ( 1984 ) and R. v. Big M Drug Mart ( 1985 ) , they have concentrated not on the traditional , limited understanding of what each right meant when the Charter was adopted in 1982 , but rather on changing the scope of rights as appropriate to fit their broader purpose . This is tied to the generous interpretation of rights , as the purpose of the Charter provisions is assumed to be to increase rights and freedoms of people in a variety of circumstances , at the expense of the government powers . Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has approved of the generous approach in some cases , although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined . Indeed , this approach has not been without its critics . Alberta politician Ted Morton and political scientist Rainer Knopff have been very critical of this phenomenon . Although they feel the basis for the approach , the living tree doctrine ( the classical name for generous interpretations of the Canadian Constitution ) , is sound , they argue Charter case law has been more radical . When the living tree doctrine is applied right , the authors claim , `` The elm remained an elm ; it grew new branches but did not transform itself into an oak or a willow . '' The doctrine can be used , for example , so a right is upheld even when a government threatens to violate it with new technology , as long as the essential right remains the same ; but the authors claim that the courts have used the doctrine to `` create new rights . '' As an example , the authors note that the Charter right against self - incrimination has been extended to cover scenarios in the justice system that had previously been unregulated by self - incrimination rights in other Canadian laws . Another general approach to interpreting Charter rights is to consider international legal precedents with countries that have specific rights protections , such as the United States Bill of Rights ( an influence on aspects of the Charter ) and the Constitution of South Africa . However , international precedent is only of guiding value , and is not binding . For example , the Supreme Court has referred to the Charter and the American Bill of Rights as being `` born to different countries in different ages and in different circumstances . '' Public interest groups frequently intervene in cases to make arguments on how to interpret the Charter . Some examples are the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association , Canadian Civil Liberties Association , the Canadian Mental Health Association , the Canadian Labour Congress , the Women 's Legal Education and Action Fund ( LEAF ) , and REAL Women of Canada . The purpose of such interventions is to assist the court and to attempt to influence the court to render a decision favourable to the legal interests of the group . A further approach to the Charter , taken by the courts , is the dialogue principle , which involves greater participation by elected governments . This approach involves governments drafting legislation in response to court rulings and courts acknowledging the effort if the new legislation is challenged . Comparisons with other Human rights documents ( edit ) The United States Bill of Rights influenced the text of the Charter , but its rights provisions are interpreted more conservatively . Canadian civil - rights and constitutional cases as compared to American cases occasionally have dissimilar outcomes because the broader Charter rights are limited by the `` savings clause '' of section 1 of the Charter as interpreted in R. v. Oakes Some Canadian Members of Parliament saw the movement to entrench a charter as contrary to the British model of Parliamentary supremacy . Others would say that the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) has now limited British parliamentary power to a greater degree than the Canadian Charter limited the power of the Canadian Parliament and provincial legislatures . Hogg has speculated that the British adopted the Human Rights Act 1998 , which allows the ECHR to be enforced directly in domestic courts , partly because they were inspired by the similar Canadian Charter . The Canadian Charter bears a number of similarities to the European Convention , specifically in relation to the limitations clauses contained in the European document . Because of this similarity with European human rights law , the Supreme Court of Canada turns not only to the Constitution of the United States case law in interpreting the Charter , but also to European Court of Human Rights cases . The core distinction between the United States Bill of Rights and Canadian Charter is the existence of the limitations and notwithstanding clauses . Canadian courts have consequently interpreted each right more expansively . However , due to the limitations clause , where a violation of a right exists , the law will not necessarily grant protection of that right . In contrast , rights under the US Bill of Rights are absolute and so a violation will not be found until there has been sufficient encroachment on those rights . The sum effect is that both constitutions provide comparable protection of many rights . Fundamental justice ( in section 7 of the Canadian Charter ) is therefore interpreted to include more legal protections than due process , which is its US equivalent . Freedom of expression in section 2 also has a more wide - ranging scope than the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 's freedom of speech . In RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. ( 1986 ) , the Canadian Supreme Court considered picketing of the kind the US First Amendment did not permit , as it was disruptive conduct ( though there was some speech involved that the First Amendment might otherwise protect ) . The Supreme Court , however , ruled the picketing , including the disruptive conduct , were fully protected under section 2 of the Charter . The Court then relied on section 1 to find the injunction against the picketing was just . The limitations clause has also allowed governments to enact laws that would be considered unconstitutional in the US . The Supreme Court of Canada has upheld some of Quebec 's limits on the use of English on signs and has upheld publication bans that prohibit media from mentioning the names of juvenile criminals . Section 28 of the Charter performs a function similar to that of the unratified Equal Rights Amendment in the US . While that proposed amendment had many critics , there was no comparable opposition to the Charter 's section 28 . Still , Canadian feminists had to stage large protests to demonstrate support for the inclusion of the section which had not been part of the original draft of the charter . The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has several parallels with the Canadian Charter , but in some cases the Covenant goes further with regard to rights in its text . For example , a right to legal aid has been read into section 10 of the Charter ( the right to counsel ) , but the Covenant explicitly guarantees the accused need not pay `` if he does not have sufficient means . '' The Canadian Charter has little to say , explicitly at least , about economic and social rights . On this point , it stands in marked contrast with the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and with the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . There are some who feel economic rights ought to be read into section 7 rights to security of the person and section 15 equality rights to make the Charter similar to the Covenant . The rationale is that economic rights can relate to a decent standard of living and can help the civil rights flourish in a livable environment . Canadian courts , however , have been hesitant in this area , stating that economic rights are political questions and adding that as positive rights , economic rights are of questionable legitimacy . The Charter itself influenced the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa . The limitations clause under section 36 of the South African law has been compared to section 1 of that Charter . Jamaica 's Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms was also influenced , in part , by the Canadian charter . The Charter and national values ( edit ) The `` March of Hearts '' rally for same - sex marriage equality under the Charter in 2004 . The Charter was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity . As Professor Alan Cairns noted , `` The initial federal government premise was on developing a pan-Canadian identity . '' Trudeau himself later wrote in his Memoirs that `` Canada itself '' could now be defined as a `` society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom '' , and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality . The Charter 's unifying purpose was particularly important to the mobility and language rights . According to author Rand Dyck , some scholars believe section 23 , with its minority language education rights , `` was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned '' . Through the mobility and language rights , French Canadians , who have been at the centre of unity debates , are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language . Hence , they are not confined to Quebec ( the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population is based ) , which would polarize the country along regional lines . The Charter was also supposed to standardize previously diverse laws throughout the country and gear them towards a single principle of liberty . Former premier of Ontario Bob Rae has stated that the Charter `` functions as a symbol for all Canadians '' in practice because it represents the core value of freedom . Academic Peter Russell has been more skeptical of the Charter 's value in this field . Cairns , who feels the Charter is the most important constitutional document to many Canadians , and that the Charter was meant to shape the Canadian identity , has also expressed concern that groups within society see certain provisions as belonging to them alone rather than to all Canadians . It has also been noted that issues like abortion and pornography , raised by the Charter , tend to be controversial . Still , opinion polls in 2002 showed Canadians felt the Charter significantly represented Canada , although many were unaware of the document 's actual contents . The only values mentioned by the Charter 's preamble are recognition for the supremacy of God and the rule of law , but these have been controversial and of minor legal consequence . In 1999 , MP Svend Robinson brought forward a failed proposal before the Canadian House of Commons that would have amended the Charter by removing the mention of God , as he felt it did not reflect Canada 's diversity . Section 27 also recognizes a value of multiculturalism . In 2002 , polls found 86 % of Canadians approved of this section . Criticism ( edit ) While the Charter has enjoyed a great deal of popularity , with 82 % of Canadians describing it as a good thing in opinion polls in 1987 and 1999 , the document has also been subject to published criticisms from both sides of the political spectrum . One left - wing critic is Professor Michael Mandel , who wrote that in comparison to politicians , judges do not have to be as sensitive to the will of the electorate , nor do they have to make sure their decisions are easily understandable to the average Canadian citizen . This , in Mandel 's view , limits democracy . Mandel has also asserted that the Charter makes Canada more like the United States , especially by serving corporate rights and individual rights rather than group rights and social rights . He has argued that there are several things that should be included in the Charter , such as a right to health care and a basic right to free education . Hence , the perceived Americanization of Canadian politics is seen as coming at the expense of values more important for Canadians . The union movement has been disappointed in the reluctance of the courts to use the Charter to support various forms of union activity , such as the `` right to strike '' . Right - wing critics Morton and Knopff have raised several concerns about the Charter , notably by alleging that the federal government has used it to limit provincial powers by allying with various rights claimants and interest groups . In their book The Charter Revolution & the Court Party , Morton and Knopff express their suspicions of this alliance in detail , accusing the Trudeau and Chrétien governments of funding litigious groups . For example , these governments used the Court Challenges Program to support minority language educational rights claims . Morton and Knopff also assert that crown counsel has intentionally lost cases in which the government was taken to court for allegedly violating rights , particularly gay rights and women 's rights . Political scientist Rand Dyck , in observing these criticisms , notes that while judges have had their scope of review widened , they have still upheld most laws challenged on Charter grounds . With regard to litigious interest groups , Dyck points out that `` the record is not as clear as Morton and Knopff imply . All such groups have experienced wins and losses . '' The political philosopher Charles Blattberg has criticized the Charter for contributing to the fragmentation of the country , at both the individual and group levels . In encouraging discourse based upon rights , the Charter is said to inject an adversarial spirit into Canadian politics , making it difficult to realize the common good . Blattberg also claims that the Charter undercuts the Canadian political community since it is ultimately a cosmopolitan document . Finally , he argues that people would be more motivated to uphold individual liberties if they were expressed with terms that are much `` thicker '' ( less abstract ) than rights . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Canadian politics portal Book : Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act History of Canada Human rights in Canada Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Supreme Court of Canada Veterans ' Bill of Rights List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Dickson Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Lamer Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( McLachlin Court ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only one federal law was declared inoperative by the Supreme Court of Canada : R. v. Drybones ( 1969 ) , ( 1970 ) S.C.R. 282 . For an example of the narrow interpretation of the Supreme Court of Canada see Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell , ( 1974 ) S.C.R. 1349 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Thomson Canada Limited , 2003 , page 689 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 741 -- 742 Jump up ^ Heather Scoffield , `` Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships , '' Canadian Press , September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Marriage Act Archived 2007 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , R.S.A. 2000 , c . M - 5 . Accessed URL on March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Peter . `` Notwithstanding what ? '' The Vancouver Sun , January 21 , 2006 , pg. C. 4 . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament , Parliamentary Information and Research Service , The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter , prepared by David Johansen , 1989 , as revised May 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sources of Canadian Law '' , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Constitutional Law Group , Canadian Constitutional Law , Third Edition , Toronto : Edmond Montgomery Publications Limited , p. 635 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated . Toronto : The Carswell Company Limited , 1982 . Jump up ^ United States of America v. Cotroni ; United States of America v. El Zein ( 1989 ) 1 S.C.R. 1469 . Jump up ^ Strayer , Barry L. `` My Constitutional Summer of 1967 '' , Reflections on the Charter , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Charting the Future : Canada 's New Constitution CBC Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , Lorraine Eisenstat . `` Trudeau and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : A Question of Constitutional Maturation . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Edited by Andrew Cohen and JL Granatstein . Vintage Canada , 1998 , pages 269 . ^ Jump up to : Weinrib , 270 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 271 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 272 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , pages 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ David Johansen , `` PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE CONSTITUTION , '' Library of Parliament ( Canada ) , Law and Government Division , October 1991 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of Long Knives '' , Canada : A People 's History . CBC . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ CBC evening news broadcast , November 5 , 1981 . Online at CBC Archives , ( 1 ) beginning at timepoint 4 : 04 of the clip . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Behiels , Michael D. `` Who Speaks for Canada ? Trudeau and the Constitutional Crisis . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , page 346 . Jump up ^ R. v. Kapp , 2008 SCC 41 , ( 2008 ) 2 SCR 483 ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada , 2003 Student Ed. , pages 722 and 724 -- 725 . Jump up ^ Morton , F.L. and Rainer Knopff . The Charter Revolution & the Court Party . Toronto : Broadview Press , 2000 , pages 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 ; the case quoted was R. v. Rahey ( 1987 ) by Gérard La Forest . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Philip ( April 2002 ) . `` The Charter at 20 '' . CBC News Online . Archived from the original on 7 March 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brice Dickson , `` Human Rights in the 21st Century , '' Amnesty International Lecture , Queen 's University , Belfast , 11 November 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Christopher P . `` The Canadian Supreme Court and American Judicial Review : United States Constitutional Jurisprudence and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . '' The American Journal of Comparative Law , vol. 40 , no . 1 . ( Winter , 1992 ) , pages 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Women 's International Network News , `` Women on the Move in Canada . '' Summer 1993 , Vol. 19 Issue 3 , page 71 . ^ Jump up to : Lugtig , Sarah and Debra Parkes , `` Where do we go from here ? '' Herizons , Spring 2002 , Vol. 15 Issue 4 , page 14 . Jump up ^ Doris Anderson , `` Canadian Women and the Charter of Rights '' ( 2005 ) 19 Nat'l J Const L 369 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 733 -- 734 . Jump up ^ http://jis.gov.jm/media/charter-of-rights1.pdf Jump up ^ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110417/cleisure/cleisure2.html Jump up ^ Trudeau , Pierre Elliott . Memoirs , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , 1993 , pages 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Dyck , Rand . Canadian Politics : Critical Approaches . Third ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Nelson Thomson Learning , 2000 , page 442 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 704 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Byfield , Joanne . `` The right to be ignorant . '' Report / Newsmagazine ( National Edition ) ; December 16 , 2002 , Vol. 29 , Issue 24 , page 56 . Jump up ^ Tracey Tyler , `` Support for Charter runs strong : Survey ; Approval highest in Quebec on 20 - year - old rights law '' , Toronto Star , Apr 12 , 2002 , p . A07 . ^ Jump up to : Dyck , page 446 , summarizing Mandel , Michael , The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada ( Toronto : Wall and Thompson , 1989 ; revised edition , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Morton and Knopff , 95 . They complain about crown counsels on page 117 . Jump up ^ Dyck , page 448 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles . Shall We Dance ? A Patriotic Politics for Canada . Montreal and Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2003 , especially pages 83 -- 94 Bibliography G. - A Beaudoin and E. Ratushny , The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2nd ed. , Carswell , Toronto , 1989 . P.W. Hogg , Constitutional law of Canada , 4th ed. , Carswell : Scarborough with Supplement to Constitutional Law of Canada ( 2002 - ) J.P. Humphrey , Human Rights and the United Nations : A Great Adventure , New York : Transnational Publishers , 1984 . J.E. Magnet , Constitutional Law , 8th ed. ( 2001 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Black - Branch , Jonathan L ( 1995 ) , Making sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Canadian Education Association ISBN 0 - 920315 - 78 - X Silver , Cindy ( 1995 ? ) . Family Autonomy and the Charter of Rights : Protecting Parental Liberty in a Child - Centred Legal System , in series , Discussion Paper ( of ) the Centre for Renewal in Public Policy , 3 . Gloucester , Ont. : Centre for Renewal in Public Policy . 27 p . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Canadian Department of Justice website Building a Just Society : A Retrospective of Canadian Rights and Freedoms at Library and Archives Canada Charter of Rights Decisions Digest by the Canadian Legal Information Institute Constitutional Law of Canada by Professor Joseph E. Magnet , University of Ottawa Fundamental Freedoms : The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights and Freedoms website with video , audio and the Charter in more than 10 languages Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 ( hide ) Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Knight of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Equal authenticity rule Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=798806174 '' Categories : 1982 in law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms National human rights instruments Political charters Human rights in Canada 1982 in Canadian law 1982 documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 22 : 53 . 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who wrote the song the very thought of you	`` The Very Thought of You '' is a pop standard recorded and published in 1934 with music and words by Ray Noble . The song was first recorded by HMV in England in April , 1934 by Ray Noble and His Orchestra with Al Bowlly on vocals . This record was then released in the United States by Victor Records . Noble re-recorded the song in 1941 in a version released on Columbia Records as 36546 featuring the vocals of Snooky Lanson . The Very Thought of You was first used in the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle A Lost Lady .	Ray Noble	The Very Thought of You	the very thought of you	`` The Very Thought of You '' is a pop standard recorded and published in 1934 with music and words by Ray Noble . The song was first recorded by HMV in England in April , 1934 by Ray Noble and His Orchestra with Al Bowlly on vocals . This record was then released in the United States by Victor Records . Noble re-recorded the song in 1941 in a version released on Columbia Records as 36546 featuring the vocals of Snooky Lanson . The Very Thought of You was first used in the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle A Lost Lady .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Other notable recordings 2 Film appearances 3 In popular culture 4 Selected discography 5 Copyright 6 References Other notable recordings ( edit ) There have also been numerous recordings of the song by jazz and pop standards artists , including Nancy Wilson , Ella Fitzgerald , Frank Sinatra , Nat `` King '' Cole ( in his 1958 album of the same name ) , Carmen McRae , Billie Holiday ( 1938 ) , The Hi - Lo 's and Elvis Costello ; and a blues version on Albert King 's Born Under a Bad Sign album ( 1967 ) . In 1946 , Luis Russell recorded the song , which went to number three on the Most - Played Juke Box Race Records charts . Jeri Southern covered the tune in her Warm Intimate Songs in the Jeri Southern Style album ( 1954 ) . In 1961 , `` The Very Thought of You '' was on the charts again , in a rhythm & blues version recorded by Little Willie John , and three years later a rock and roll version by Ricky Nelson reached # 26 on the Billboard chart , lasting 7 weeks in the Hot 100 and crossing to # 11 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart . Sinatra 's recording was on the 1962 LP Sinatra Sings Great Songs from Great Britain . The LP was recorded in London , England , arranged and conducted by the legendary Canadian composer / arranger Robert Farnon . It is the only Sinatra studio session recorded outside the United States . Farnon told musician / journalist Harry Currie that `` The Very Thought of You '' was his favourite track on the LP . Currie himself has sung the song with both the Kitchener - Waterloo Symphony and the Victoria Symphony using Farnon 's original Sinatra arrangement with Farnon 's permission . Currie has also adapted the arrangement for vocal with large wind ensemble including piano . 1962 also saw versions released by both Ella Fitzgerald and The Hi - Lo 's , the latter with an orchestral accompaniment arranged and conducted by Clare Fischer , on the group 's final Columbia LP , This Time It 's Love . For her part , Fitzgerald recorded the tune at least twice -- both in 1962 , on her Verve LP Ella Swings Gently with Nelson ( the `` Nelson '' being arranger Nelson Riddle ) , and again , live , on her 1974 Pablo release Ella in London , with Joe Pass on guitar . Andy Williams released a version in 1966 on his album , In the Arms of Love . Perry Como recorded it on his 1977 UK only issued , The Best of British album . Star Trek : The Next Generation 's Brent Spiner recorded it on his 1991 album Ol ' Yellow Eyes Is Back . Etta James recorded the song for her 1994 album Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday . Norma Waterson performs a medley - `` Al Bowlly 's in Heaven / The Very Thought of You '' - on her album `` The Very Thought of You '' ( 1999 ) The SuperJazz Big Band of Birmingham , Alabama recorded the song on the CD , `` UAB SuperJazz , Featuring Ellis Marsalis '' ( 2001 ) . Rod Stewart included it in his album It Had to Be You : The Great American Songbook ( 2002 ) , one of his `` Great American Songbook '' series of albums . Country singer David Slater recorded the song on his 2005 album Nice and Easy . In 2006 , Tony Bennett and Paul McCartney recorded a duet version of the song for the former 's album , Duets : An American Classic . A female Canadian jazz singer , Emilie - Claire Barlow , also recorded this song on her album , The Very Thought of You ( 2007 ) . In 2007 , Chris Botti recorded the song for album `` Italia . '' US jazz singer Nicole Henry performed a cover of the song on her album The Very Thought of You released in 2008 ( Song # 11 ) . It is the opening track on Nellie McKay 's 2009 album Normal as Blueberry Pie -- A Tribute to Doris Day . Australian jazz performer Frances Madden covered the tune in her 2014 album If This Were A Dream Kristin Chenoweth recorded the song for her 2016 album `` The Art of Elegance '' . Michael Bublé recorded the song for his 2016 album `` Nobody but me '' . Film appearances ( edit ) In 1944 , the Warner Bros. film of the same name , The Very Thought of You , was the impetus for a 1944 version by Vaughn Monroe , sung by Marilyn Duke , released on Victor 20 - 1605 - A. Monroe 's version reached the Billboard charts . Doris Day sang the song in the 1950 movie Young Man with a Horn , a fictional tale partly based on the life of early jazz trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke . An instrumental version of the song is featured in the movie Casablanca and is played in Rick Blaine 's club in the scene where Sascha kisses Rick Blaine on the cheek just before Ilse Lund and Victor Lazlo enter Rick 's for the first time . `` The Very Thought of You '' performed by Billie Holiday was played in the Mel Gibson hit movie Forever Young . The original Ray Noble version appears in the 1999 Robin Williams film Bicentennial Man . On the BBC EastEnders episode dated November 11 2005 , the song was used as the credits rolled instead of the original theme tune . In popular culture ( edit ) Richard Thompson references the song in `` Al Bowlly 's in Heaven , '' the closing track on his Daring Adventures album . In Mitch Albom 's best - selling book Tuesdays With Morrie , Mitch 's wife , Janine , sings this song to Morrie Schwartz . Selected discography ( edit ) Red Nichols and His World Famous Pennies . Recorded June 18 , 1934 , in Chicago . Bluebird B5548 . Matrix 80639 - 1. OCLC 658929340 Bing Crosby , with Georgie Stoll and his Orchestra . Recorded on October 5 , 1934 . Decca Records DLA65A . Billie Holiday And Her Orchestra : Buck Clayton ( trumpet ) , Dicky Wells ( trombone ) , Lester Young ( clarinet ) , Countess Margaret Queenie Johnson ( piano ) , Freddie Green ( guitar ) , Walter Page ( bass ) , Jo Jones ( drums ) . Recorded September 15 , 1938 , in New York City . Vocalion ... Okeh 4457 . Matrix 23467 - 1 ( Vocalion / Okeh ) . Matrix 23467 - 2 ( unissued ) . OCLC 30938026 , 874195045 . Glenn Miller on CBS Broadcast , the `` Chesterfield Show '' . April 3 , 1940 , in New York City . Arranged by Jerry Gray . Soundcraft SC 1010 . Re-issued on a CD compilation by Avid Records ( E ) AVC550 . OCLC 33987942 . Ray Noble and His Orchestra . Recorded November 17 , 1941 . Columbia 36547 . Matrix HCO577 . OCLC 698387401 . Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra . Recorded November 12 , 1944 , at Victor Studios , New York City . Released November 13 , 1944 , with Marilyn Duke ( vocalist ) . Side A : Victor 20 - 1605 - A. OCLC 62472718 . Copyright ( edit ) The song was the subject of litigation in 1962 . Noble , in 1934 , had assigned the copyright to a British publisher , Campbell , Connelly & Company , Ltd . But later , shortly before the copyright was renewed , Noble assigned the United States copyright to M. Witmark & Sons . Suit was brought by Campbell , Connelly against Noble , averring that the assignment covered all rights , including rights in the U.S. A British High Court judge ruled in favor of Campbell , Connelly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nat `` King '' Cole * , Gordon Jenkins And His Orchestra -- The Very Thought Of You `` . Discogs . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 507 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Sinatra -- Sinatra Sings Great Songs From Great Britain '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Perry Como -- The Best Of British '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Italia overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Chris Botti '' . JazzMonthly.com . Jump up ^ Albom , Mitch. ( 1997 ) . ' ' Tuesdays With Morrie ' ' . Doubleday . p. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ `` British Ruling On Renewal Rights Studied For Import , '' Billboard , December 1 , 1962 , pg. 6 ( hide ) Ricky Nelson James Burton Richie Frost Gene Garf James Kirkland Studio albums Ricky Rocks ( 1957 ) Ricky Nelson ( 1958 ) Ricky Sings Again ( 1959 ) Rick Is 21 ( 1961 ) Rick Sings Nelson ( 1970 ) Rudy the Fifth ( 1971 ) Garden Party ( 1972 ) Windfall ( 1974 ) All My Best ( 1985 ) Live album In Concert at the Troubadour , 1969 ( 1970 ) Singles `` I 'm Walkin ' '' `` A Teenager 's Romance '' `` You 're My One and Only Love '' `` Have I Told You Lately That I Love You ? '' `` Be-Bop Baby '' `` Stood Up '' `` Waitin ' in School '' `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' `` Believe What You Say '' `` Poor Little Fool '' `` Lonesome Town '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` It 's Late '' `` Never Be Anyone Else But You '' `` Just a Little Too Much '' `` Sweeter Than You '' `` I Wanna Be Loved '' `` Young Emotions '' `` Travelin ' Man '' `` Hello Mary Lou '' `` A Wonder Like You '' `` Everlovin ' '' `` Young World '' `` Summertime '' `` Teen Age Idol '' `` It 's Up to You '' `` Fools Rush In '' `` For You '' `` The Very Thought of You '' `` There 's Nothing I Can Say '' `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Life '' `` Garden Party '' `` Dream Lover '' Related articles Discography Gunnar Nelson Kristin Nelson Matthew Nelson Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Very_Thought_of_You&oldid=837770333 '' Categories : 1934 songs Songs written by Ray Noble Andy Williams songs Frank Sinatra songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Nat King Cole songs Ricky Nelson songs Tony Bennett songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Very%20Thought%20of%20You	2,807
how many miles from nashville tennessee to atlanta georgia	Chattanooga is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , with a population of 176,588 in 2015 . The fourth - largest Tennessee city , it is the seat of Hamilton County . Located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee , on the Tennessee River , served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways , Chattanooga is a transit hub . Chattanooga lies 120 miles ( 190 km ) northwest of Atlanta , Georgia , 120 miles ( 190 km ) southwest of Knoxville , Tennessee , 135 miles ( 217 km ) southeast of Nashville , Tennessee , 120 miles ( 190 km ) northeast of Huntsville , Alabama , and 148 miles ( 238 km ) northeast of Birmingham , Alabama .		Chattanooga , Tennessee	chattanooga, tennessee	Chattanooga is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , with a population of 176,588 in 2015 . The fourth - largest Tennessee city , it is the seat of Hamilton County . Located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee , on the Tennessee River , served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways , Chattanooga is a transit hub . Chattanooga lies 120 miles ( 190 km ) northwest of Atlanta , Georgia , 120 miles ( 190 km ) southwest of Knoxville , Tennessee , 135 miles ( 217 km ) southeast of Nashville , Tennessee , 120 miles ( 190 km ) northeast of Huntsville , Alabama , and 148 miles ( 238 km ) northeast of Birmingham , Alabama .	The city , with downtown elevation of approximately 680 feet ( 210 m ) , lies at the transition between the ridge - and - valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau . Surrounded by mountains and ridges , the official nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City , reinforced by the city 's reputation for outdoor activities . Unofficial nicknames include River City , Chatt , Nooga , Chattown , and Gig City , referencing Chattanooga 's claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere . Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song `` Chattanooga Choo Choo '' by Glenn Miller and his orchestra . Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga ( UTC ) and Chattanooga State Community College . The city has its own typeface , Chatype , which was launched in August 2012 . According to the Nooga.com website , this marks the first time that an American city has its own custom - made typeface and also the first time a crowd - funded custom - made typeface has been used for any municipality in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Economy 2.1 Utilities 2.2 EPB 's gigabit public fiber optic network 2.3 Banking 3 Politics , government , and law 4 Education 4.1 Primary and secondary education 4.2 Higher education 4.3 Public library 5 Health care 6 Culture and tourism 6.1 Museums 6.2 Arts and literature 6.3 Attractions 6.4 Festivals and events 7 Sports 7.1 Organized sports 7.2 Outdoor sports 8 Demographics 8.1 Religion 9 Geography 9.1 Neighborhoods 9.2 Important suburbs 10 Climate 11 Transportation 11.1 Principal highways 11.2 Major surface routes 11.3 Tunnels 11.4 Public transit 11.5 Bicycle - sharing system 11.6 Railroad lines 11.7 Bridges 11.8 Air travel 12 Media and communications 12.1 Newspapers 12.2 Online media 12.3 Radio 12.3. 1 AM 12.3. 2 FM 12.4 Television 13 Notable people 14 Pop culture 14.1 Novels 14.2 Documentaries 14.3 Films 14.4 Sporting and entertainment events 14.5 TV shows 14.6 Miscellaneous film and TV productions 15 Sister / Twinning cities 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Chattanooga , Tennessee Railroad Bridge across Chattanooga Creek , c. 1861 The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans . Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic , Woodland , Mississippian / Muskogean / Yuchi ( 900 -- 1714 ce ) , and Cherokee ( 1776 -- 1838 ) . The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga . The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian / Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915 . The first part of the name `` Chattanooga '' derives from the Muskogean word cvto / chắtȯ / -- ' rock ' . The latter may be derived from a regional suffix - nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place . The earliest Cherokee occupation dates from Dragging Canoe , who in 1776 separated himself and moved downriver from the main tribe to establish Native American resistance during the Cherokee -- American wars ) to European settlement in the southeastern United States . In 1816 John Ross , who later became Principal Chief , established Ross 's Landing . Located along what is now Broad Street , it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement , which also extended into Georgia and Alabama . Union troops swarm Missionary Ridge and defeat Bragg 's army during the Battle of Missionary Ridge , 1863 In 1838 the US government forced the Cherokees , along with other Native Americans from southeastern U.S. states , to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory , in what is now the state of Oklahoma . Their journey west became known as the `` Trail of Tears '' for their exile and fatalities along the way . The US Army used Ross 's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps , or `` emigration depots '' , where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears . One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne , Alabama and the largest was at Fort Cass , Tennessee . In 1839 , the community of Ross 's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga . The city grew quickly , initially benefiting from a location well - suited for river commerce . With the arrival of the railroad in 1850 , Chattanooga became a boom town . The city was known as the site `` where cotton meets corn , '' referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of Southern Appalachia to the north and the cotton - growing states to the south . Confederate prisoners at a railroad depot in Chattanooga , 1864 During the American Civil War , Chattanooga was a center of battle . During the Chickamauga Campaign , Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9 , 1863 . Following the Battle of Chickamauga , the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga . On November 23 , 1863 , the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by future United States President and Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city . The next day , the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought , driving the Confederates off the mountain . On November 25 , Grant 's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge . These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign , beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward . After the war ended , the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center . The largest flood in Chattanooga 's history occurred in 1867 , before the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) system was created in 1933 by Congress . The flood crested at 58 feet ( 18 m ) and completely inundated the city . Since the completion of the reservoir system , the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet ( 11 m ) , which occurred in 1973 . Without regulation , the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet ( 16.0 m ) . Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century . Market Street in 1907 In December 1906 , Chattanooga was in the national headlines as the United States Supreme Court , in the only criminal trial in its history , ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson 's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County Jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge in United States v. Shipp . Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917 , as the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia . Effects of the Influenza of 1918 on Chattanooga included having movie theaters and pool halls closed . By the 1930s Chattanooga was known as the `` Dynamo of Dixie '' , inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big - band swing song `` Chattanooga Choo Choo '' . The late 1950s saw the creation of the Interstate Highway System with President Dwight D. Eisenhower signing legislation into law in June 1956 . Due to Mayor P.R. Olgiati 's efforts , Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate system in the early 1960s . In February 1958 , Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF transmitters : WTVM ( now WTVC - TV ) channel 9 ( ABC ) , WRGP - TV ( now WRCB - TV ) channel 3 ( NBC ) , and WDEF - TV channel 12 ( CBS ) . The same mountains that provide Chattanooga 's scenic backdrop also served to trap industrial pollutants which caused them to settle over the community , so much that in 1969 , the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation . But environmental crises were not the only problems plaguing the city . Like other early industrial cities , Chattanooga entered the 1980s with serious socioeconomic challenges , including job layoffs due to de-industrialization , deteriorating city infrastructure , racial tensions , and social division . Chattanooga 's population declined by more than 10 % in the 1980s . However , Chattanooga was the only major U.S. city to lose this proportion of its population in the 1980s and then regain the same proportion in the next two decades . Downtown Chattanooga , viewed from Lookout Mountain Chatype , the typeface used by Chattanooga In late 20th and early 21st centuries , substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city 's tarnished image . They have worked to revitalize its downtown and riverfront areas , making use of its natural resources . An early cornerstone of this project was a restoration lasting several years , from the mid-to - late 1980s to 1993 , of the historic Walnut Street Bridge . An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge , it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States , having been built in 1891 . Efforts to improve the city include the `` 21st Century Waterfront Plan '' -- a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront and downtown area , which was completed in 2005 . The Tennessee Aquarium , which opened in 1992 , has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development . Chattanooga has garnered numerous accolades for its transformation of its image . The city has won three national awards for outstanding `` livability '' , and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning . In addition to winning various national and regional awards , Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times . Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine . In a seminal event for Chattanooga , Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades , the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant . In December 2009 , Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America 's 100 largest metro areas for the best `` Bang For Your Buck '' city , according to Forbes magazine , which measured overall affordability , housing rates , and more . Chattanooga launched the first one gigabit a second Internet service in the United States in September 2010 , provided through the city - owned utility of EPB . In August 2012 , Chattanooga got its own typeface , called Chatype , which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd - funded , custom - made typeface in the world . On July 16 , 2015 , a shooting occurred at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga . Six people -- four U.S. Marines , one sailor , and the gunman -- were killed and two people were wounded . Economy ( edit ) Child labor at Richmond Spinning Mill in Chattanooga , 1910 . Photo by Lewis Hine . Chattanooga 's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries . Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport , BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee , CBL & Associates , The Chattanooga Bakery , Chattem , the world 's first Coca - Cola bottling plant , Coker Tire , U.S. Xpress Inc. , Covenant Transport , Double Cola , CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries , Luken Communications , Miller & Martin , the National Model Railroad Association , Reliance Partners , Republic Parking System , Rock / Creek , Tricycle Inc. , and Unum . The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna , AT&T , T - Mobile USA , and UBS . McKee Foods Corporation , the maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes , is a privately held , family - run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale , Tennessee . Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Alstom , Amazon.com , BASF , DuPont , Invista , Komatsu , Rock - Tenn , Plantronics , Domtar , Norfolk Southern , Ferrara Candy Company ( manufacturer of Brach 's candies ) , Alco Chemical , Colonial Pipeline , and Buzzi Unicem . The William Wrigley Jr . Company has a prominent presence in Chattanooga , the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005 . There is also a Vulcan Materials quarry in the vicinity of the city . In May 2011 , Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its Chattanooga Assembly Plant . The $1 billion plant , opened in May 2011 , serves as the group 's North American manufacturing headquarters . The plant , which currently employs some 2,700 people and will increase by another 2,000 people within the next few years and manufactures the Passat ( since April 2011 ) and the Atlas ( from late 2016 ) , will have a first - in - the - South full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga , employing some 200 engineers . The plant is the first one in the United States for Volkswagen since the 1988 closure of the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton , Pennsylvania . In addition to corporate business interests , there are many retail shops in Chattanooga , including two shopping malls : Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson . Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall , but has changed into a multi-use office building . The P.F. Chang 's restaurant at Hamilton Place Mall has had a unique theme since the restaurant opened in November 2006 : water , based on the fundamental role the Tennessee River plays in Chattanooga and the fact that the CEO of P.F. Chang 's since 2000 , Richard Federico , is a 1976 alumnus of the University of Tennessee and has family in Chattanooga . In December 2001 , Chattanooga was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States . Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga 's economy , with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $1 billion in revenue . Startups have been an increasing trend , due in part to EPB 's fiber optic grid . Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures , Chattanooga Renaissance Fund , Lamp Post Group , SwiftWing Ventures , and The Jump Fund . The city is served by several incubators , notably Co. Lab , the Business Development Center , and Lamp Post Group . The Business Development Center is among the nation 's largest incubators , both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports . Co-working spaces have picked up downtown , including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace . Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank , which utilizes the city 's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing , healthcare , and smartgrid technologies . Notable startups include Quickcue ( acquired by OpenTable in 2013 ) , Reliance Partners , PriceWaiter , Bellhops Moving Help , Variable Inc . ( NODE ) , Ambition , Feetz , and TransCard . Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $50 million in 2014 . Utilities ( edit ) Chickamauga Lock and Dam on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city - run Electric Power Board ( EPB ) . EPB also provides high - speed Internet service , TV , and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County , as well as parts of Bledsoe County , Bradley County , Catoosa County , Dade County , Marion County , Rhea County , Sequatchie County , and Walker County , via the nation 's largest municipally owned fiber optic system . TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant , Chickamauga Dam , and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped - Storage Plant , all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area . TVA 's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga . Natural gas and water are provided by the privately run Chattanooga Gas Company and Tennessee - American Water Company , respectively . In 2005 , then - Mayor Ron Littlefield stated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee - American Water Company , which was sold in a public offering in 2007 . Former Mayor Jon Kinsey 's attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee - American Water were defeated in court . EPB Fiber Optics is the dominant cable and internet service provider for most areas of the city . The incumbent telephone company is AT&T Inc . However , competing phone companies , such as EPB , cellular phones , and VoIP are making inroads . A major interstate fiber optics line operated by AT&T traverses the city , making its way from Atlanta to Cincinnati . There are more choices among TV , Internet , and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T , Comcast , and EPB . EPB 's gigabit public fiber optic Network ( edit ) Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011 , when Haletown , Tennessee received service from EPB 's fiber optic network , EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi ( 1,600 km ) service area , which covers the greater Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area . In September 2010 , EPB became the first municipally owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to one gigabit ( 1,000 megabits ) per second by utilizing its fiber optic network . The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the US and even internationally . Jay Weatherill , South Australia 's Premier , visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and `` looked at the current gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure , equipment and applications . He also inspected wastewater management , storm water management , traffic control and medical diagnostics applications ( and ) first - hand operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas . ( The article says the ) use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga 's Coolidge Park a safer place to visit . '' In 2011 the expansion of EPB 's network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee . The success of its network , credited with the expansion of Volkswagen 's Chattanooga plant and the establishment of Amazon.com facilities in Chattanooga and Cleveland , led to a number of legal challenges by AT&T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones . However , according to EPB itself , federal agencies , electricity industry trade sources , and other press sources , the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone , including early fault detection and decreases in standby power . Banking ( edit ) As of 2014 , there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area , lending to financial strength . Among the heavy hitters are regional banks First Tennessee , SunTrust Banks , and Regions Financial Corporation , but the area also has offices from UBS , Chase , and Bank of America . In part to the strength and growing economic development , Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga . Within the first four months of 2015 , Chattanooga became a very hot market for bank mergers with the merging of 3 locally owned banks , and 1 in nearby Cleveland , Tennessee . CapitalMark , formed in 2007 , will be acquired by the Nashville - based Pinnacle Financial Partners for $187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area . First Security Group , Inc , the largest Chattanooga - based bank , formed in 2000 , will be acquired by the Atlanta - based Atlantic Capital Bancshares , Inc. , for $160 million . Cornerstone , started in 1985 , will merge with the Knoxville - based SmartBank in a stock deal . Cleveland 's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in Dyersburg , Tennessee , for $32.2 million . All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga - based , independent bank , First Volunteer Bank . Others in the area locally based include Ringgold , Georgia - based Northwest Georgia Bank , Dunlap , Tennessee - based Citizens Tri-County Bank , Ooltewah - based Community Trust and Banking Co. , Dayton , Tennessee - based Community National Bank , Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia - based Capital Bank , LaFayette , Georgia - based Bank of LaFayette , and Cleveland - based Bank of Cleveland . Politics , government , and law ( edit ) See also : List of Mayors of Chattanooga , Tennessee Flag of Chattanooga from 1923 - 2012 The current mayor is Andy Berke , a former state senator , who won the March 2013 election . The city operates under a charter granted by the state legislature in 1852 ; the charter has been subsequently amended . The city operates under a strong mayor system , which changed from a commission form of government with members voted at - large . In 1989 U.S. District Judge R. Allan Edgar ruled that the commission - style government violated the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by diluting the minority black vote . As a result of Brown v. Board of Commissioners , Chattanooga abandoned the at - large voting system that it had used for the commission form of government , established single - member districts to represent both majority and minority elements of the population , eliminated voting privileges for non-resident property owners , and created the city 's current mayor - council form of government . The current strong mayor system started in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the district system . The city 's legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts , elected from single - member districts in partisan elections . The current council members are Chip Henderson ( District 1 ) , Jerry Mitchell ( District 2 ) , Ken Smith ( District 3 ) , Larry Grohn ( District 4 ) , Russell Gilbert ( District 5 ) , Carol Berz ( District 6 ) , Chris Anderson ( District 7 ) , Anthony Byrd ( District 8 ) , and Yusuf Hakeem ( District 9 ) . Chattanooga 's delegation to the Tennessee House of Representatives includes Gerald McCormick ( R ) , who represents District 26 , Richard Floyd ( R ) , who represents District 27 , JoAnne Favors ( D ) , who represents District 28 , Mike Carter ( R ) , who represents District 29 , Vince Dean ( R ) , who represents District 30 , and Jim Cobb ( R ) , who represents District 31 . In the Tennessee Senate , Chattanooga is divided between Districts 10 and 11 with Todd Gardenhire ( R ) and Bo Watson ( R ) representing each district respectively . Chattanooga is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Chuck Fleischmann ( R ) , who represents the 3rd District . In the United States Senate , both Bob Corker ( R ) and Lamar Alexander ( R ) have district offices in Chattanooga . Chattanooga , as the county seat of Hamilton County , is home to Chattanooga 's City Courts and Hamilton County 's Courts . Chattanooga is the location of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee 's Southern Division , which is housed in the Joel W. Solomon Federal Courthouse . The Southern Division has jurisdiction over Bledsoe , Bradley , Hamilton , Marion , McMinn , Meigs , Polk , Rhea , and Sequatchie counties . The Chattanooga Police Department dates from 1852 . Starting in 1883 , it hired black police officers , making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them . But after the state legislature imposed segregation , black police officers were dropped from the force . They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11 , 1948 , years before other major cities in the Southeast , such as Birmingham , Alabama and Jackson , Mississippi , integrated their police departments . The first seven black officers in 1948 , Thaddeus Arnold , Singer Askins , W.B. Baulridge , C.E. Black , Morris Glenn , Arthur Heard , and Thomas Patterson , were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods . In 1960 , black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) Most of Chattanooga 's primary and secondary education is funded by the government . The public schools in Chattanooga , as well as Hamilton County , have fallen under the purview of the Hamilton County Schools since the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system . The Howard School , was the first public school in the area , established in 1865 after the Civil War . Tyner High School ( now Tyner Academy ) , was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907 . It is now the home of Tyner Middle Academy . The Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences , the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts are additional public magnet schools . The city is home to several well - known private and parochial secondary schools , including Baylor School , Boyd - Buchanan School , Chattanooga Christian School , Girls Preparatory School , McCallie School , and Notre Dame High School . The Siskin Children 's Institute in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood special education . Higher Education ( edit ) University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 's Founders Hall in June 2007 A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby . The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is the second largest campus of the University of Tennessee System , with a student population of over 11,669 as of 2015 -- 16 school year . Chattanooga State Community College is a two - year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 11,000 students . Tennessee Temple University is a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015 . Chattanooga is also home to a branch of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine , which provides medical education to third - and fourth - year medical students , residents , and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation with Erlanger Health System . Covenant College , a private liberal arts college operated by the Presbyterian Church in America , is located in the nearby suburb of Lookout Mountain , Georgia , and has a student population of about 1,000 . Southern Adventist University is located in the suburb of Collegedale , Tennessee , and enrolls roughly 3,000 students . Virginia College School of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas , associate degrees , and bachelor 's degrees . Public Library ( edit ) The Chattanooga Public Library opened in 1905 . Since 1976 , the Chattanooga - Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments ; due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally , the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011 . The city was given a Carnegie library in 1904 , and the two - story purpose - built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space . In 1939 , the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga . This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university . In 1976 , the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets . Health care ( edit ) Main article : Hospitals in Chattanooga Chattanooga has three hospital systems : Erlanger Health System , Parkridge Hospital System , and Memorial Hospital System . Founded in 1889 , Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States with more than half a million patient visits a year . Erlanger Hospital is a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with the University of Tennessee 's College of Medicine . Erlanger is also the area 's primary trauma center , a Level - One Trauma Center for adults , and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeastern Tennessee , north Georgia , northeastern Alabama , and western North Carolina . In 2008 , Erlanger was named one of the nation 's `` 100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care '' by Thomson Reuters . Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga - Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976 . Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri-Star Healthcare . Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearby East Ridge . Memorial Hospital , which is operated by Denver - based Catholic Health Initiatives , is located downtown . In 2004 , Memorial was named one of the `` 100 Top Teaching Hospitals '' by Thomson Reuters . Culture and tourism ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) Contemporary extension of the Hunter Museum of American Art As the birthplace of the tow truck , Chattanooga is the home of the International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum . Another transportation icon , the passenger train , can be found at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum , called TVRM by locals , which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South . Chattanooga is home to the Hunter Museum of American Art . Other notable museums include the Chattanooga History Center , the National Medal of Honor Museum , the Houston Museum , the Chattanooga African American Museum , and the Creative Discovery Museum . Arts and Literature ( edit ) Chattanooga has a wide range of performing arts in different venues . Chattanooga 's historic Tivoli Theatre , dating from 1921 and one of the first public air - conditioned buildings in the United States , is home to the Chattanooga Symphony and Opera ( CSO ) , which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985 . The CSO performs under the baton of Kayoko Dan . The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs : the Mainstage , the Circle Theater , and the Youth Theater . Another popular performance venue is Memorial Auditorium . Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences , including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers , both sponsored by the Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga . Attractions ( edit ) Chattanooga touts many attractions , including the Tennessee Aquarium , caverns , and new waterfront attractions along and across the Tennessee River . In the downtown area is the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel , housed in the renovated Terminal Station . Also downtown are the Creative Discovery Museum , a hands - on children 's museum dedicated to science , art , and music ; an IMAX 3D Theatre , and the newly expanded Hunter Museum of American Art . The Tennessee Riverwalk , an approximately 13 - mile - long ( 21 km ) trail running alongside the river , is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike . Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district , roughly bounded by the Olgiati Bridge to the west and Veterans Bridge to the east . The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants , plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system , including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park . The Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park is located a short distance from the downtown area . Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions . The red - and - black painted `` See Rock City '' barns along highways in the Southeast are remnants of a now - classic Americana tourism campaign to attract visitors to the Rock City tourist attraction in nearby Lookout Mountain , Georgia . The mountain is also the site of Ruby Falls and Craven 's House . The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a steep funicular railway that rises from the St. Elmo Historic District to the top of the mountain , where passengers can visit the National Park Service 's Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum . Formerly known as Confederama , the museum includes a diorama that details the Battle of Chattanooga . From the military park , visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Moccasin Bend and the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain 's famous `` point '' or from vantage points along the well - marked trail system . The Heritage park is a park that lies in East Brainerd . Heritage park has a bocce ball court , a playground complete with swings , and a walking pavement . The park also features an off - leash dog park which is operated by the Friends of East Brainerd , the City of Chattanooga Parks and Recreation Department , McKamey Animal Center and the Goodwill Assistance Dog Academy . Near Chattanooga , the Raccoon Mountain Reservoir , Raccoon Mountain Caverns , and Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden boast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities . Other arboretums include Bonny Oaks Arboretum , Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres , and Cherokee Trail Arboretum . The Ocoee River , host to a number of events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics , features rafting , kayaking , camping , and hiking . Just outside Chattanooga is the Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park . The Cumberland Trail begins in Signal Mountain , just outside Chattanooga . The front of the Tennessee Aquarium The Tennessee Aquarium from the back Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street , downtown Chattanooga Coolidge Park A view of the Walnut Street Bridge and the Tennessee River Looking South towards Lookout Mountain Festivals and events ( edit ) Chattanooga hosts the well - known Riverbend Festival , an annual nine - day music festival held in June in the downtown area . One of the most popular events is the `` Bessie Smith Strut '' , a one - night showcase of blues and jazz music named for the city 's most noted blues singer . The annual `` Southern Brewer 's Festival '' and the `` River Roast '' festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue . New events , such as GoFest ! , the `` Between the Bridges '' wakeboard competition , Heritage Festival , and Talespin , complement well - established events , such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer 's Festival , and attract their own audiences . Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co-sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art , the Arts & Education Council , and UTC . `` Nightfall '' is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix of rock , blues , jazz , reggae , zydeco , funk , bluegrass , and folk music from Memorial Day until the end of September . The Chattanooga Market features events all year round as part of the `` Sunday at the Southside '' , including an Oktoberfest in mid-October . The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival , held each June , features workshops for mountain dulcimer , hammered dulcimer , and auto harp , among others , along with performances by champion performers from across the nation . Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music . In 1935 , as well as from 1993 to 1995 , the city hosted the National Folk Festival . Since 2007 , the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists , and has been named one of the country 's top 5 bluegrass festivals by Great American Country . Each January , Chattanooga plays host to Chattacon , a science fiction and fantasy literary convention . The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans , Inc . First held in 1976 , the convention drew an estimated 1,000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012 , as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees in 2013 . Maggie the Mayfield cow at the Chattanooga Market . Riverbend 2013 from Market Street Bridge as people are arriving . Opening night of Riverbend 2013 Sports ( edit ) Chattanooga has a large , growing , and diversified sports scene for a city of its size , including college sports , minor league baseball , semi-professional teams , professional cycling exemplified by the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships , the Ironman Triathlon , and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November . Organized sports ( edit ) Chattanooga was the home of the NCAA Division I Football Championship game , which was held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , from 1997 to 2009 . From 2010 to 2016 , the Dallas , Texas suburb of Frisco hosts the NCAA Division I Football Championship game . The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga ( UTC ) Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and the Southern Conference . UTC 's athletic programs include football at the FCS level , women 's soccer , volleyball , and cross country in the fall ; men 's and women 's basketball , Wrestling , and indoor track & field in the winter ; and softball and outdoor track & field in the spring . Men 's and women 's golf and men 's and women 's tennis play in the fall and spring . The Chattanooga Lookouts , a Class AA Southern League baseball team affiliated with the Minnesota Twins , boast a loyal following and respectable participation in season - end playoffs . Games take center stage at the downtown riverfront AT&T Field with tickets starting at $5 . Chattanooga is home to several semi-professional football teams , including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam . The Tennessee Crush plays its games at Finley Stadium in downtown Chattanooga . The Chattanooga Steam plays at Lookout Valley High School near Lookout Mountain . The city 's semi-professional soccer team , Chattanooga FC , plays in the National Premier Soccer League and has led the league in attendance three of the four years of its existence . Chattanooga FC has also gone to the national finals three times since its inception , and drew a record 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match . The club has also found success in the U.S. Open Cup defeating the professional USL 's Wilmington Hammerheads to reach the tournament 's third round in 2014 and 2015 . Chattanooga is also home to several rugby teams : the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club , Nooga Red , Nooga Black , men 's Old Boys , a women 's rugby team , men 's and women 's teams at UTC , and an all - city high school team . The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club , which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DII Mid South champions , is affiliated with USA Rugby and USA Rugby South . The club fields two teams , Nooga Red , which competes in Division II , and Nooga Black , which competes in Division III . There is also a men 's Old Boys team , a Chattanooga women 's rugby team , as well as collegiate men 's and women 's teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga . A citywide high school rugby team , the Wolfpack , was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area . All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park . Overlooking the grandstand and finish area at the 2008 Head of the Hooch Outdoor sports ( edit ) The Head of the Hooch rowing regatta takes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November . The head race originally took place on the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta before moving to Chattanooga in 2005 , hence the name Head of the Hooch . With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats in 2012 , this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States , with numerous college and youth teams , such as UNC Men 's Crew , Vanderbilt Rowing Club , James Madison University Crew , University of Tennessee Women 's Rowing , Orlando Rowing Club , Nashville Rowing Club , Newport Rowing Club , and Chattanooga Rowing , competing . There are also multiple local rowing clubs , such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students . The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot - air balloon rides and other activities . In 2013 , the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga . The schedule for the 3 - day event on May 25 -- 27 featured a handcycling time trail and various other cycling time trials and road races , including a men 's road race that took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and up Lookout Mountain for a total race distance of 102.5 miles ( 165.0 km ) . American professional cyclist Freddie Rodriguez won the national road race championship title for the fourth time in his career . The Championships ' debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event 's 29 - year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles . Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015 . In August 2013 , further cementing Chattanooga 's growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven , the Chattanooga Sports Committee , an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events , announced that the Ironman Triathlon would be coming to the city in a 5 - year deal . The city will become one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga 's natural beauty , which consists of a 2.4 - mile ( 3.9 km ) swim , a 112 - mile ( 180 km ) bike race ( which will be broken down into two 56 - mile ( 90 km ) loops ) , and a 26.2 - mile ( 42.2 km ) run ( which will be broken down into two 13.1 - mile ( 21.1 km ) loops ) . The competition begins its first year in Chattanooga on September 26 , 2014 , continuing every September thereafter through 2018 . The winner of the competition will get a $25,000 prize and a spot in the Ironman World Championship in Hawaii . Due to its location at the junction of the Cumberland Plateau and the southern Appalachians , Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports , such as hunting , fishing , trail running , road running , adventure racing , rock climbing , mountain biking , and road biking . The internationally known StumpJump 50k has been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002 . Chattanooga has been a member of the League of American Bicyclists ' Bronze level since October 2003 , the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . The city boasts a number of outdoor clubs : Scenic City Velo , SORBA - Chattanooga , the Wilderness Trail Running Association , and the Chattanooga Track Club . The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga , an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation . In September 2004 , the city appointed its first - ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization 's mission , which includes promoting bicycling for transportation , recreation , and active living . For paddlers , Chattanooga offers the Tennessee River Blueway , a 50 - mile ( 80 km ) recreational section of the Tennessee River that flows through Chattanooga and the Tennessee River Gorge . The Tennessee Aquarium has a high speed catamaran , the River Gorge Explorer , to allow up to 70 people to explore the Tennessee River Gorge . The Explorer departs from the Chattanooga Pier . Since 2008 , Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship , the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 6,093 -- 1880 12,892 111.6 % 1890 29,100 125.7 % 1900 30,154 3.6 % 1910 44,604 47.9 % 1920 57,895 29.8 % 1930 119,798 106.9 % 1940 128,613 7.4 % 1950 131,041 1.9 % 1960 130,009 − 0.8 % 1970 119,923 − 7.8 % 1980 169,514 41.4 % 152,466 − 10.1 % 2000 155,554 2.0 % 167,674 7.8 % Est. 2016 177,571 5.9 % Sources : As of the census of 2010 , there were 167,674 people , 70,749 households , and 40,384 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,222.5 people per square mile ( 472.5 / km2 ) . There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 per square mile ( 226.0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 58.0 % White , 34.9 % Black , 2.0 % Asian , 0.4 % American Indian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 2.8 % from other races , and 1.9 % from two or more races . Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin ( regardless of race ) comprised 5.5 % of the total population . Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.9 % of the population in 2010 , down from 67.3 % in 1980 . There were 70,749 households out of which 26.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 36 % were married couples living together , 17.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 42 % were non-families. 33.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 26 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94 . In the city , the population was spread out with 21.3 % under the age of 18 , 11.5 % from 18 to 24 , 27 % from 25 to 44 , 25.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.7 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38.1 years . 46.1 % of the population was male and 53.9 % of the population was female . The median income for a household in the city was $35,817 , and the median income for a family was $43,314 . Males had a median income of $36,109 versus $31,077 for females . The per capita income for the city was $23,756 . About 14 % of families and 16.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 27 % of those under age 18 and 13.8 % of those age 65 or over . Chattanooga 's Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Hamilton , Marion , and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa , Dade , and Walker counties in Georgia , grew from 476,531 people , as of the 2000 census , to 529,222 people , as of the 2010 census , an 11 % increase during the 2000s . Religion ( edit ) The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity . According to 2010 statistics , the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members followed by the United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches . The third - largest denomination is the Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) with 82 churches and 17,900 members . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville has 12 congregations and 14,300 members . The second - largest religion is Islam , with 2,200 adherents . Geography ( edit ) Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 143.2 square miles ( 371 km ) , of which 135.2 square miles ( 350 km ) is land and 8.0 square miles ( 21 km ) ( 5.56 % ) is water . In terms of land area , Chattanooga ranks 68th , which is between Las Vegas , Nevada and Philadelphia . The total area of Chattanooga makes the city larger than that of many cities larger in population , such as Baltimore , Maryland , Atlanta , Fort Wayne , Indiana , and Salt Lake City . The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains . The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge - and - valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden 's Ridge ; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown . Several miles east , the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge , which is the site of an important battle in the Civil War . The Tennessee River is impounded by the TVA 's Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area . Five automobile bridges , one railroad trestle , and one pedestrian bridge , all described below , cross the river . Road transport is facilitated by Interstate 75 to Atlanta and Knoxville , Interstate 24 to Nashville , and Interstate 59 to Birmingham . Chattanooga and portions of Southeast Tennessee and North Georgia are served by the Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport . CSX transports rail freight to Atlanta and Nashville , and Norfolk Southern conveys rail cargo to Atlanta , Birmingham , Cincinnati , Knoxville , and Memphis . Chattanooga from Nikki 's Drive Inn Restaurant Neighborhoods ( edit ) In addition to the restoration of downtown , many of Chattanooga 's neighborhoods have experienced a rebirth of their own . Chattanooga has many buildings on the National Register of Historic Places and three neighborhoods : Ferger Place , Fort Wood , and St. Elmo . Additionally , Chattanooga has ten local historic districts : Fort Wood , Ferger Place , Glenwood , Missionary Ridge , Market and Main Streets , Market Street Warehouse , M.L. King Boulevard , St. Elmo , Stone Fort Land Company , and Stringer 's Ridge . East Brainerd Ferger Place Fort Wood Highland Park Lupton City Missionary Ridge St. Elmo Tiftonia Tyner Important suburbs ( edit ) Apison , Tennessee Chickamauga , Georgia Collegedale , Tennessee East Brainerd , Tennessee East Ridge , Tennessee Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia Harrison , Tennessee Hixson , Tennessee Lookout Mountain , Georgia Lookout Mountain , Tennessee Ooltewah , Tennessee Red Bank , Tennessee Ridgeside , Tennessee Ringgold , Georgia Rossville , Georgia Sale Creek , Tennessee Signal Mountain , Tennessee Soddy - Daisy , Tennessee Walden , Tennessee Climate ( edit ) Chattanooga , like much of Tennessee , has a four - season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) . Winter days are usually mild but most years have at least one day ( average 3.2 ) where the high remains at or below freezing . Snow is not common , and many years may receive none ; the 1971 -- 2000 snowfall seasonal median was 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) . However , 11 inches ( 28 cm ) was recorded between January 9 -- 10 , 2011 . Summers are hot and humid , with a July daily mean of 80.0 ° F ( 26.7 ° C ) and 52 days annually with 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) or greater temperatures . Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . On average , November through March represents an extended relatively wet period , because of Chattanooga 's frequent placement ( in the winter season ) in a zone of conflict between warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold , dry air from Canada , amplified by jet - stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture . July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation , due to frequent thunderstorm activity . Despite the mountains that surround the city , Chattanooga can and has been threatened by tornadoes . These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak , which impacted the city and nearby locations , including Apison and Cherokee Valley just over the nearby state line in Catoosa County , Georgia , where fifteen people died , eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley . ( hide ) Climate data for Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport , Tennessee ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1879 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 78 ( 26 ) 79 ( 26 ) 89 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 94 ( 34 ) 86 ( 30 ) 78 ( 26 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 94.9 ( 34.9 ) 97.1 ( 36.2 ) 96.4 ( 35.8 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 98.4 ( 36.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 73.1 ( 22.8 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 30.7 ( − 0.7 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 49.9 ( 9.9 ) 40.2 ( 4.6 ) 33.1 ( 0.6 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 13.1 ( − 10.5 ) 17.5 ( − 8.1 ) 24.7 ( − 4.1 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 34.1 ( 1.2 ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 17.4 ( − 8.1 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) ( − 17 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 34 ( 1 ) 39 ( 4 ) 51 ( 11 ) 50 ( 10 ) 36 ( 2 ) 22 ( − 6 ) ( − 16 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.91 ( 124.7 ) 4.84 ( 122.9 ) 4.98 ( 126.5 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 4.10 ( 104.1 ) 4.05 ( 102.9 ) 4.91 ( 124.7 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 4.04 ( 102.6 ) 3.28 ( 83.3 ) 5.00 ( 127 ) 4.90 ( 124.5 ) 52.48 ( 1,333 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.7 ( 4.3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) ( 3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.7 10.2 10.7 9.5 10.6 10.4 11.7 9.4 8.0 7.7 9.6 11.1 119.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.0 0.9 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 2.7 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71.2 68.2 65.9 63.8 71.5 73.1 74.9 76.0 77.0 74.6 73.5 72.9 71.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.0 155.6 200.5 240.2 275.6 275.5 265.2 256.8 227.9 218.8 158.7 140.4 2,562.2 Percent possible sunshine 47 51 54 61 64 63 60 62 61 63 51 46 58 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Transportation ( edit ) Considered to be the gateway to the Deep South , along with the Midwest and the Northeast for motorists from states such as Alabama , Florida , and Georgia , Chattanooga 's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates , streets , tunnels , railroad lines , bridges , and a commercial airport . Principal highways ( edit ) I - 24 I - 59 I - 75 US 27 ( unsigned I - 124 ) SR 58 SR 153 Major surface routes ( edit ) See also : List of Tennessee state highways SR 317 ( Bonny Oaks Drive ) US 11 ( Lee Highway ) / US 64 ( Brainerd Road ) Broad Street US 41 / US 72 ( Cummings Highway ) US 27 ( Dayton Boulevard ) East Brainerd Road Georgia Avenue Gunbarrel Road Hickory Valley Road Hixson Pike US 76 ( Main Street ) McCallie Avenue Ringgold Road US 27 ( Rossville Boulevard ) Shallowford Road US 127 ( Signal Mountain Boulevard ) Tunnels ( edit ) Bachman Tubes , ( also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels ) , which carry Ringgold Road into the neighboring city of East Ridge . Missionary Ridge Tunnels ( also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels ) , which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road . Stringer 's Ridge Tunnel , which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer 's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard . Wilcox Tunnel , which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road . Public transit ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) The city is served by a publicly run bus company , the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority ( CARTA ) . CARTA operates 17 routes , including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area , and free wireless Internet on certain `` smartbuses '' . Bicycle - sharing system ( edit ) The city has its own bicycle transit system ( Bike Chattanooga ) with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations , all supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions , a Canadian company . Railroad lines ( edit ) Chattanooga Choo Choo Chattanooga Choo Choo Though Chattanooga 's most famous connection to the railroad industry is Chattanooga Choo Choo , a song made famous by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra , the city serves as a major freight hub with Norfolk Southern ( NS ) and CSX running trains on their own ( and each other 's ) lines . The Norfolk Southern Railway 's main classification yard , DeButts Yard , is just east of downtown ; Norfolk Southern 's Shipp 's Yard and CSX 's Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city . Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga . The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city ( the Federal Government is another ) . The Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum ( TVRM ) , the largest historic operating railroad in the South , and the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway also provide railroad service in Chattanooga . The headquarters of the National Model Railroad Association ( NMRA ) has been in Chattanooga next to the TVRM since 1982 , when the NMRA moved from Indianapolis , Indiana . Using the AAR reporting marks ( NS for Norfolk Southern , CSXT for CSX Transportation , TVRM for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum , TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad , and CCKY for Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway ) , the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows : CSXT -- Western & Atlantic Subdivision ( Chattanooga to Atlanta , Georgia ) Chattanooga Subdivision ( Chattanooga to Nashville , Tennessee on former NC&StL trackage ) NS -- Cincinnati , New Orleans and Texas Pacific , aka the Queen and Crescent Route , ( Chattanooga to Cincinnati , Ohio via Lexington , Kentucky ) Alabama Division ( Chattanooga to Memphis via Huntsville , Alabama ) Alabama Great Southern ( Chattanooga to New Orleans , Louisiana via Birmingham , Alabama ) Georgia Division ( Chattanooga to Atlanta ) Central Division ( Chattanooga to Knoxville , Tennessee ) Chattanooga Traction Company North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain Dry Valley Line ( Red Bank to Lupton City ) TVRM -- East Chattanooga to Grand Junction ( 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) ) East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad ( from near 23rd Street , across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave. , used by TVRM ) TNT - Tyner Terminal Railroad ( Enterprise South Industrial Park railroad operations ) CCKY -- formerly the Tennessee Alabama & Georgia line ( Chattanooga to Hedges , Georgia , abandoned since 2009 ) formerly the Central of Georgia line ( Chattanooga to Lyerly , Georgia ) The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway , often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals , serves as a tourist attraction . It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents , particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous . Despite the high level of freight rail activity , there is no passenger rail service in the city for either commuters or long - distance travelers . Bridges ( edit ) Bridges in Chattanooga ( In the foreground is the Walnut Street Bridge , immediately behind is the Market Street Bridge , and then in the background is the P.R. Olgiati Bridge . ) Being bisected by the Tennessee River , Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river ; five of the bridges being automobile bridges , one a rail bridge , and one a pedestrian bridge . These are the following , from west to east : Market Street Bridge facing the North Shore P.R. Olgiati Bridge -- Named for a former mayor , P.R. Olgiati , this bridge , which was dedicated in 1959 , carries U.S. Highway 27 from downtown towards Dayton , Tennessee and points northward . Market Street Bridge -- Officially called the John Ross Bridge , this bridge is a bascule bridge , which is a type of draw bridge . The bridge was completed in 1917 for the large sum of $1,000,000 for the time . Having stood for decades since its last major overhaul , the Tennessee Department of Transportation declared it unsafe in late 2004 . The bridge was closed in 2005 for a long - overdue renovation and was reopened on August 4 , 2007 . Walnut Street Bridge -- Also known as `` The Walking Bridge '' , it is one of the centerpieces of Chattanooga 's urban renewal and is the second longest pedestrian bridge in the nation . Constructed in 1891 , the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978 . It was on the verge of being demolished in the late 1980s when public outcry led to it being restored as a pedestrian - only span that opened in 1993 . Veterans Memorial Bridge -- Completed in 1984 , this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson , Lupton City , and other northern areas reach downtown quickly . C.B. Robinson Bridge -- Opened in 1981 , this bridge carries Dupont Parkway from Amnicola Highway to Hixson Pike and Route 153 . Tenbridge -- This truss bridge with a vertical lift carries the Cincinnati , New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway over the river and is a popular railfan area . It was constructed in 1920 . Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge -- Completed in 1955 , this route carries Highway 153 over the Chickamauga Dam . Air travel ( edit ) The Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport ( CHA ) offers non-stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines , including Allegiant Airlines , United Express , American Eagle , Delta Connection , and US Airways Express . Media and communications ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Tennessee , List of radio stations in Tennessee , and List of television stations in Tennessee The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local , regional , and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states : Tennessee , Georgia , Alabama , and North Carolina . Newspapers ( edit ) The Chattanooga Times Free Press headquarters The Chattanooga Times Free Press , the area 's only daily newspaper , is published every morning . It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century , the Times and the News - Free Press . The Times was owned and published by Adolph Ochs , who later bought the New York Times . The Times was the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page . The News - Free Press , whose name was the result of an earlier merger , was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in the Times . On August 27 , 1966 , the News - Free Press became the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve a joint operating agreement . In 1999 , the Free Press , which had changed its name from News - Free Press in 1993 , was bought by an Arkansas company , WEHCO Media , publisher of the Arkansas Democrat - Gazette , which then bought The Times from the Ochs heirs . The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States to have 2 editorial pages , each reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum . The Times ' editorial page , which is liberal , is on the left page and the Free Press ' editorial page , which is conservative , is on the right page . The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper , published every Wednesday , that focuses primarily on arts , music , film and culture . It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull , running independently until 2008 , when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group , which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city . Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine . Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal , Enigma lays claim to being Chattanooga 's oldest alternative newspaper , even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until resuming as a monthly magazine in 2015 . The Chattanooga News Chronicle is an African - American weekly newspaper . Online media ( edit ) The Chattanoogan and its website `` Chattanoogan.com '' , established in 1999 , is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga , North Georgia , and Southeast Tennessee . The publisher is John Wilson , previously a staff writer for the Chattanooga Free Press . The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga . Nooga.com , purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large , relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering `` quality daily content focusing on local business , politics , and entertainment in the Chattanooga area . '' Radio ( edit ) Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations : AM ( edit ) WDYN 980 AM -- Southern Gospel / WDYN Radio Operated By Tennessee Temple University . ( Licensed to Rossville , GA ) WFLI 1070 AM -- Southern Gospel ( Licensed to Lookout Mountain , TN ) WGOW 1150 AM -- News Talk / NewsRadio 1150 ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WNOO 1260 AM -- Urban gospel and Motown ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WXCT 1370 AM -- Sports / 1370 Fox Sports Radio ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WLMR 1450 AM -- Christian Talk ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WJOC 1490 AM -- Southern Gospel ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) FM ( edit ) WUTC 88.1 FM -- NPR / Mixed music / Music 88 . Operated by UTC . First and only station in Chattanooga to be broadcasting in HD Radio . ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) W203AZ 88.5 FM -- Religious / CSN International ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WMBW 88.9 FM -- Christian / Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast . Owned and operated by Moody Bible Institute . ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WYBK 89.7 FM -- Christian . Operated By Bible Broadcasting Network . ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) W211BG 90.1 FM -- Religious ( Licensed to Walden , TN ) WSMC 90.5 FM -- Classical / NPR / PRI Operated by Southern Adventist University . ( Licensed to Collegedale , TN ) WJBP - FM 91.5 FM -- Christian / Family Life Radio ( Licensed to Red Bank , TN ) WAWL -- College Alternative / The Wawl ( Web only / Formerly broadcasting on 91.5 ) Chattanooga State Community College ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WDEF - FM 92.3 FM -- Adult Contemporary / Sunny 92.3 ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WSAA 93.1 FM -- Christian Rock / Air 1 ( Licensed to Benton , TN ) WMPZ 93.5 FM -- Urban Adult Contemporary / Groove 93 ( Licensed to Harrison , TN ) WJTT 94.3 FM -- Urban contemporary / Power 94 ( Licensed to Red Bank , TN ) WAAK - LP 94.7 FM -- Variety ( Low power station licensed to Boynton / Ringgold , GA ) WPLZ 95.3 FM -- Classic Hits / Big 95.3 ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WUSY 96.1 FM - Classic Country / The Legend 96.1 WDOD 96.5 FM -- Hits 96.5 -- Chattanooga 's No. 1 Hit Music Station ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WUUQ 97.3 and 99.3 FM -- Classic Country / Q Country 97.3 / 99.3 ( Licensed to South Pittsburg , TN ) WLND 98.1 FM -- Hot AC / 98.1 The Lake ( Licensed to Signal Mountain , TN ) WOOP - LP 99.9 FM -- Classic country , old - time gospel , bluegrass , and mountain music . Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center ( Licensed to Cleveland , TN ) WUSY 100.7 FM -- Contemporary Country / US101 ( Licensed to Cleveland , TN ) WJSQ 101.7 FM -- Contemporary and Classic country / 101.7 WLAR ( Licensed to Athens , TN ) WOCE 101.9 FM -- Spanish ( Licensed to Ringgold , GA ) WGOW 102.3 FM -- Talk Radio 102.3 ( Licensed to Soddy - Daisy , TN ) WBDX 102.7 FM -- Contemporary Christian ( Licensed to Trenton , GA ) WJLJ 103.1 FM -- Contemporary Christian ( Simulcast with WBDX 102.7 ) ( Licensed to Etowah , TN ) WKXJ 103.7 FM -- Top 40 / 103.7 Kiss FM ( Licensed to Walden , TN ) WALV 105.1 FM -- Sports Talk / ESPN 105.1 The Zone ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) WRXR 105.5 FM -- Active Rock / Rock 105 ( Licensed to Rossville , GA ) WSKZ 106.5 FM -- Classic Rock / KZ106 ( Licensed to Chattanooga , TN ) W295BI ( WPLZ HD - 2 ) Adult Contemporary / Big Easy 106.9 ( Licensed to Ooltewah , TN ) WOGT 107.9 FM -- Country / Nash Icon ( Licensed to East Ridge , TN ) Television ( edit ) Chattanooga 's television stations include : WRCB channel 3 , NBC affiliate -- ( DT 13 / cable 4 ) WOOT - LP channel 6 , independent ( formerly UPN ) ( silent ) WTVC channel 9 , ABC / Fox affiliate -- ( DT35 / cable 10 ) WDEF channel 12 , CBS affiliate -- ( DT47 / cable 13 ) WNGH channel 18 , GPB affiliate -- ( DT 33 / cable 12 ) WELF channel 23 , TBN affiliate -- ( DT 16 / cable 9 ) W26BE channel 26 , 3ABN affiliate -- ( Not on cable in Chattanooga ) WYHB - LP channel 39 , America One affiliate -- ( DT 44 / Not on Cable in Chattanooga ) WTCI channel 45 , PBS member station ( DT29 / cable 5 ) WFLI - TV channel 53 , The CW Television Network affiliate ( Formerly UPN and The WB ) ( DT 42 / cable 6 ) WDSI channel 61 , This TV affiliate -- ( DT 40 / cable 11 ) See also List of television stations in Tennessee , List of television stations in Georgia . Notable people ( edit ) See the separate List of people from Chattanooga , Tennessee . Pop culture ( edit ) Chattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades , including in books , documentaries , films , TV shows , and more . In recent years , Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows , as well as independent films and documentaries . Novels ( edit ) Books that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting are Do n't Cry by Beverly Barton , American Gods by Neil Gaiman , Queen of Wands by John Ringo , and Four and Twenty Blackbirds by Cherie Priest . Documentaries ( edit ) Documentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades , mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga . These include the following : Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline ( 1913 ) Battle Fields Around Chattanooga ( 1913 ) The Blue and the Gray ( 1935 ) Our Country ( 2003 ) John Henry : Inside the Sculptors Studio ( 2008 ) Let There Be Light : The Odyssey of Dark Star ( 2010 ) Memphis & Charleston Railroad : Marriage of the Waters ( 2010 ) Born and Bred ( 2011 ) When Mourning Breaks ( 2013 ) Films ( edit ) Chattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s , principally due to Chattanooga being the home of the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum ( TVRM ) , which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films . A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows : Fool 's Parade ( 1971 ) ( Southern 4501 as B&O 4501 ) Eleanor & Franklin ( 1976 ) , starring Jane Alexander and Edward Herrmann The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James ( 1986 ) Fled ( 1996 ) ( shot on the TVRM mainline ) Mama Flora 's Family ( 1998 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) ( Southern 4501 appearing as N&W 4501 with O. Winston Link being the engineer ) The Adventures of Ociee Nash ( 2003 ) Warm Springs ( 2005 ) ( shot in Summerville , Georgia , using TVRM equipment ) Heaven 's Fall ( 2007 ) Leatherheads ( 2008 ) , starring George Clooney and Renée Zellweger Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , starring Reese Witherspoon and Robert Pattinson The music video for Josh Turner 's 2003 country music hit single Long Black Train was shot on TVRM property as well . In addition to the above TVRM films , the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales : The Man Trail ( 1915 ) The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) The Big Blue ( 1988 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) All Over Again ( 2001 ) Straight into Darkness ( 2004 ) 42 ( 2013 ) ( filmed at Engel Stadium ) Identity Thief ( 2013 ) ( scene set in St. Louis was filmed on the Market Street Bridge ) The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame , Chattanooga Choo Choo , has been performed in numerous movies , including the 1941 film Sun Valley Serenade , featuring the Miller Orchestra and a young Milton Berle , `` The Glenn Miller Story '' starring James Stewart in the 1953 title roll and the 1984 eponymous film Chattanooga Choo Choo . Sporting and entertainment events ( edit ) A number of pro wrestling events , as well as other events , such as circuses , concerts , ice shows , monster truck rallies , and rodeos , have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s , all at UTC 's McKenzie Arena , also known as The Roundhouse because of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga . The events include the following : Clash of the Champions IV : Season 's Beatings ( 1988 ) Saturday 's Night Main Event ( January 27 , 1990 episode ) Halloween Havoc ( 1991 ) WWF in Your House : Final Four ( February 16 , 1997 ) 2005 and 2011 Men 's Southern Conference basketball tournaments 2005 Women 's Southern Conference basketball championship game Kenny Rogers concert ( October 8 , 1982 ; first - ever event held in McKenzie Arena ) Toby Keith concert ( February 8 , 2007 ) Elton John concert ( 2011 , 2013 ) TV shows ( edit ) Police POV , COPS , and the MTV show Cuff 'd have shown members of the Chattanooga Police Department apprehending suspects . In addition to police reality shows , Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows , including the following : America 's Walking ( This Woman 's Not Stopping episode , originally broadcast May 20 , 2002 ) R&B Divas : Atlanta ( Til Divas Do Us Part episode , originally broadcast June 19 , 2013 ) American Idol ( Top 3 Results Show episode , originally broadcast May 19 , 2011 ) Antiques Roadshow ( Chattanooga episodes ( Hours 1 - 3 ) , originally broadcast March 30 and April 6 and 13 , 2009 ) Bridezillas ( Shederyl & Poni episode ) Fitness Truth ( CF Open Chattanooga episode , originally broadcast August 14 , 2011 ) $40 a Day ( Chattanooga episode , originally broadcast October 29 , 2004 ) Evening Magazine Extreme Makeover : Home Edition ( Sharrock Family episode , originally broadcast May 15 , 2011 ) Good Eats ( Hook , Line , and Dinner episode , originally broadcast September 8 , 1999 ) Mystery Manhunt ( 2012 - ) Off Limits ( Tennessee episode , originally broadcast June 20 , 2011 ) Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy ( Larry Gets the Horns episode , originally broadcast February 22 , 2011 ) 16 and Pregnant ( Maci episode , originally broadcast June 11 , 2009 ) Teen Mom ( Maci Bookout character ) Tennessee Crossroads ( Show 752 episode , originally broadcast June 23 , 1994 ) The Andy Griffith Show ( Andy the Matchmaker and The Shoplifters episodes , originally broadcast on November 14 , 1960 and March 2 , 1964 , respectively . ) The Middle ( Vacation Days episode , originally broadcast March 5 , 2014 ) The Steps ( a locally produced web series ) Trading Spouses : Meet Your New Mommy ( Hammond / Howard episode , originally broadcast January 17 and 24 , 2005 ) Who Do You Think You Are ? ( Lionel Richie episode , originally broadcast March 4 , 2011 ) Miscellaneous film and TV productions ( edit ) Numerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years , including the following : Outcasts ( 2003 ) Assurances ( 2004 ) A Bright Past ( 2008 ) Last Breath ( 2009 ) The Campaign for Chattanooga : Death Knell of the Confederacy ( 2012 ) Ella ( 2012 ) Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas , as well , including the 1986 TV movie A Winner Never Quits . In addition , the 1999 music video Usher Live , starring Chattanooga native Usher , was filmed in Chattanooga . Sister / twinning cities ( edit ) Chattanooga has seven sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Hamm , Germany ( since 1975 ) Wuxi , Jiangsu , China ( since 1982 ) Givatayim , Israel ( since 1988 ) Nizhny Tagil , Russia ( since 1996 ) Gangneung , South Korea ( since 2003 ) Wolfsburg , Germany ( since 2011 ) Manfredonia , Italy ( since 2014 ) Chattanooga also has two twinning cities : Swindon , United Kingdom ( since 2006 ) Ascoli Piceno , Italy ( since 2006 ) In January 2007 , all of the cities above , with the exception of Wolfsburg , had a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park 's Peace Grove , which was established to replace a 100 - year - old Slippery Elm tree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006 . Wolfsburg was added in September 2011 . The Peace Grove has eight trees : a Linden Tree , which represents Hamm , a Chinese Elm , which represents Wuxi , a Mediterranean Cedar , which represents Givatayim , a White Birch , which represents Nizhny Tagil , a Ginkgo Tree , which represents Gangneung , an English Elm , which represents Swindon , a European Hornbeam , which represents Ascoli Piceno , and an Oak Tree , which represents Wolfsburg . See also ( edit ) Benwood Foundation Chattanooga , Rome and Columbus Railroad List of people from Chattanooga , Tennessee Lyndhurst Foundation The Steele Home Orphanage Underground Chattanooga Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Chattanooga , Tennessee '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Blue Book , 2005 - 2006 , pp. 618 - 625 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Tennessee 's 2013 Census Population Totals , Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Tennessee ( TN ) Zip Code Map - Locations , Demographics '' . city-data.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chattanooga , Tennessee QuickFacts , United States Census Bureau website . Retrieved : 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga has 2nd fastest growth among Tennessee 's big cities '' . timesfreepress.com. 2015 - 05 - 22EDT00 : 00 : 13 - 14400 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Ellis ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` Internet rivals Comcast , EPB slug it out in Chattanooga market '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Gig : Your Gig is Here '' . chattanoogagig.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison , Chloe ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Chatype used everywhere from library to new downtown banners '' . Nooga.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Creek / Muskogee , Margaret McKane Mauldin ^ Jump up to : Timothy Ezzell , Chattanooga . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2009 . Retrieved : 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vicki Rozema , Voices from the Trail of Tears . Voices from the Trail of Tears , 2003 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chattanooga : History -- Native Americans Displaced by Early Settlers '' . City-data.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Flood - Prone Areas . Tennessee Valley Authority . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Tennessee ( Reconstruction to World War II ) '' . NGeorgia.com . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Dirtiest City in American Chattanooga Green City '' . The GreenPages Chattanooga . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( Mayor P.R. Olgiati http://www.chattanooga.gov/about-chattanooga/history-of-mayors/1951-1963-peter-rudolph-qrudyq-olgiati ) Jump up ^ `` Where Do Our Interstate Highways Terminate ? '' . chattanoogan.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why did they name it the `` Ol ' Johnny Bridge ? '' `` . chattanoogaradiotv.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge Statistics for Chattanooga , Tennessee ( TN ) - Condition , Traffic , Stress , Structural Evaluation , Project Costs '' . city-data.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Seven '' . gtvhof.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandes Gratz , Roberta ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Healing the Urban Heart : Chattanooga 's Next Great Challenge '' . The CitiStates Group . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City populations grow , shift '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga cleans up for better quality of life '' . timesfreepress.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga : Green focus of city affirmed Image - makers weigh tourism outlook '' . timesfreepress.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` waterfront_exec_summary. pdf ( application / pdf Object ) '' ( PDF ) . rivercitycompany.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Chattanooga '' . Chattanooga.gov . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Chattanooga '' ( PDF ) . Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga lands VW plant '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forbes December 2009 , https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/30/cities-affordable-cheap-lifestyle-real-estate-housing-foreclosures_chart.html Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fastest Net Service in U.S. Coming to Chattanooga '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chatype Typeface '' . Chatype.com . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Denton , Lisa ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Chattanooga Now 2012 '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga shootings : Gunman ID 'd as Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez '' . CBC News . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Chattanooga candy companies gear up for sugar season http://m.timesfreepress.com/news/2013/oct/31/scenic-city-candy-companies-gear-up-for-sugar/ ) Jump up ^ Pare , Mike ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Life Savers at 100 : Wrigley cites Chattanooga plant during celebration '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Altoids : Made in America '' . Prepared Foods Network . September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Volkswagen wants slice of American pie AUSmotive.com Jump up ^ Pare , Mike ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` VW ushers in new era in U.S. with its Chattanooga plant '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ ( VW announces Chattanooga - made SUV , and 2,000 new jobs http://m.timesfreepress.com/news/2014/jul/14/vw-announce-new-suv-today-chattanooga/ ) Jump up ^ ( Volkswagen Chattanooga SUV celebration continues http://www.wrcbtv.com/story/26025004/volkswagen-chattanooga-suv-celebration-continues ) Jump up ^ Holusha , John ( November 21 , 1987 ) . `` Volkswagen to Shut U.S. Plant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pare , Mike ( March 4 , 2006 ) . `` P.F. Chang 's to open restaurant in Chattanooga , Tenn '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` History of Dairy Queen '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mills , Karren ( July 14 , 2002 ) . `` Dairy Queen trying improved restaurants '' . Cincinnati Enquirer Online . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen opens new Grill & Chill concept in Simpsonville ( Ky . ) '' . Business First . December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malek , Mitra ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Dalton may hatch business incubator '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity meets the Internet with smart meters '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity meets the Internet with smart meters timesfreepress.com '' . Tfponline.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fastest Net Service in U.S. Coming to Chattanooga '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Littlefield : `` We Want Local Control '' of the Water Company `` . The Chattanoogan . December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parent Company Of Tennessee - American Water To Be Sold In Public Offering '' . The Chattanoogan . March 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Flessner , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` EPB Fiber surpasses 90,000 customers '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ellis ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` EPB , AT&T and Comcast compete for Chattanooga customers '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our Company and History '' . EPB . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EPB Fiber Optics '' . epbfi.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Announces 1 Gbps Tier community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Community Fiber Network Profiled on The Southern Way community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . October 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Knoxville News Station Envious of Chattanooga Fiber Network community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Australia looks at Chattanooga for high speed broadband model '' . BroadbandExpert . January 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` chattanooga community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Chattanooga , EPB Customers Rave , Comcast Customers Livid community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Chattanooga Distribution Center is Expanding community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Grid Electric Power '' . EPB . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EPB ( Smart Grid Project ) '' . SmartGrid.gov. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EPB 's Chattanooga smart grid gains federal accolades '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EPB Deploys America 's Fastest Fiber - optic Smart Grid - Lee Baker , Smart Grid Consultant '' . Electric Energy Online . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EPB smart meters a benefit '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Chattanooga 1Gbps Thoughts and Coverage community broadband networks '' . Muninetworks.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Five : Chattanooga 's biggest banks '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnston heads new Chase hub in Chattanooga '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Pinnacle Bank to buy CapitalMark for $187 million '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga hot market for bank mergers '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Cliff ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Andy Berke is Chattanooga 's new mayor '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hightower , Cliff ; Todd South ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Brown v. Board of Commissioners '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Cliff ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` 3 voted off Chattanooga City Council '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Representatives '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . Tennessee General Assembly . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Chuck Fleischmann '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Bob Corker '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Lamar Alexander '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Police Department : 1940s '' . City of Chattanooga . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga 's History ( Great Depression through the Present Day ) '' . NGeorgia.com . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Rita L. ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Notable Place and Events that had an impact on the United States '' . African Americans of Chattanooga : A History of Unsung Heroes . Charleston , South Carolina : The History Press . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59629 - 315 - 1 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton County Department of Education : : -- Quick Links -- '' . hcde.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History `` PEF '' . Pefchattanooga.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3HD is now ND&P '' . Thehowardschool.net . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Children With Special Needs Autism Early Intervention Special Education Down syndrome Siskin Children 's Institute '' . Siskin.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UTC Factbook '' . utc.edu . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Library Annual , 1917 - 1918 . New York : R.R. Bowker Co. 1918 . Jump up ^ http://www.lib.chattanooga.gov/ Library Website Jump up ^ Hightower , Cliff ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sales tax accord ends ; new era begins '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erlanger Ranked Seventh Largest Public Hospital System In The Nation - Chattanoogan.com '' . www.chattanoogan.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Erlanger Health System , FY 2014 - 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` About Erlanger '' . Erlanger.org . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Hospitals 2008 '' . Thomson Reuters. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Erlanger Board of Trustees Archived October 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Hospitals 2004 '' . Thomson Reuters. 2004 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Internationaltowingmuseum.org . October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cicero , De Oratore . `` Chattanooga History Center '' . Chattanoogahistory.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Medal of Honor Museum , Chattanooga , Tennessee '' . Mohm.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` index. html '' . thehoustonmuseum.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga African American Museum '' . Caamhistory.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Creative Discovery Museum '' . United Nations . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Symphony and Opera : Welcome ! '' . Chattanoogasymphony.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Theatrecentre.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The previous conductor was Robert Bernhardt , who retired in 2011 after 19 seasons , but continues to live in Chattanooga . Chattanooga Theatre Centre Jump up ^ `` Conference on Southern Literature '' . Southernlitconference.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Festival of Writers '' . Artsedcouncil.org . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga '' . Artsedcouncil.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Tennessee Visitors Bureau -- Chattanooga Outdoors -- Coolidge Park '' . Chattanoogafun.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Tennessee Visitors Bureau -- Chattanooga Outdoors -- Renaissance Park '' . Chattanoogafun.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cravens House '' . Ngeorgia.com . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Point Park , on Lookout Mountain , Georgia - Tennessee '' . Roadsidegeorgia.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Redirection is also a direction '' . hikelookout.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GoFest ! '' . Gofest.info . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Talespin Archived December 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Back Row Film Series '' . Backrowfilms.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RiverCity '' . Downtownchattanooga.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival '' . Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 Best Bluegrass Festivals in the Country '' . Great American Country . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` January 20 -- 22 , 2012 '' . Chattacon.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 37th Chattacon convention brings science - fiction fans to Chattanooga '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jett , Tyler ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Creature comforts : Chattacon lures fantasies to Chattanooga Choo Choo '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA inks three - year extension to keep FCS title game in Frisco , Texas '' ( Press release ) . NCAA . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Lookouts official site ; affiliate stated on top right - hand corner of web page '' . Lookouts.com . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US amateur record crowd of 18,227 sees NPSL club Chattanooga FC fall in overtime in championship '' , August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Behringer , Maggie ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` See Chattanooga 's rugby boom this Saturday '' . Nooga.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Behringer , Maggie ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Banner day for rugby at Montague Park '' . Nooga.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga '' . www.triposo.com . Triposo . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Results '' . Head of the Hooch . November 5 -- 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Hooch competition draws 15,000 to river '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenbladt , Oli ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Hooch 2012 : A Regatta Like Clockwork '' . Row2k.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race Schedule For USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships '' . Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez wins fourth U.S. men 's road title '' . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga leaders , business owners prepare for `` the Super Bowl of cycling '' `` . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USA Cycling Championships This Weekend '' . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paschal , David ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Chattanooga lands five - year Ironman deal '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Chattanooga to host Ironman Triathlon series '' . WRCB ( Chattanooga , Tenn . ) . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Stump Jump helps kick off Chattanooga 's RiverRocks festival '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2012 ) . `` Bicycle Friendly Community : Chattanooga '' . League of American Bicyclists . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Outdoorchattanooga.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Aquarium River Gorge Explorer Boat '' . Tnaqua.org. April 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Aquarium Boat tour highlights '' . Tnaqua.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing : Decennial Censuses '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets : Subcounty Resident Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) for Chattanooga city , Tennessee '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga ( city ) , Tennessee '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ http://archive.knoxmpc.org/locldata/popdata/tn_msa_pop.pdf Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , TN - GA , Metropolitan Statistical Area : Religious Traditions , 2010 '' . The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) . 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 : 1971 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Chattanooga Natural Disaster and Weather Extremes for Chattanooga '' . USA.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Documented Tornadoes in Hamilton County TN '' . Srh.noaa.gov . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Funeral Services Set For Some Of Apison Tornado Victims '' . Chattanoogan.com . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbour , Matt ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Memorial honors April 27th tornado victims '' . WRCB.com . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TN CHATTANOOGA LOVELL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for CHATTANOOGA / LOVELL FIELD , TN 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_113678.asp The Chattanoogan , September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bike Chattanooga celebrates four years '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga eying new bicycle models for bike - share program '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Southern Corporate Profile '' . Norfolk Southern . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga , Tennessee - Slider '' . enc.slider.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Keane , Maribeth ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` An Interview With National Model Railroad Association Library Director Brent Lambert '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Market Street Bridge Project / / What 's Happening '' . Marketstbridge.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Trail Information '' . Bikekatytrail.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee River Railroad Bridge '' . 35.104075 ; - 85.233388 : Bridgehunter.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper marks 10 years since sales , merger '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Now In Chattanooga '' . Tuscaloosa ( Ala . ) News . August 28 , 1966 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Times Free Press Overview '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our unique editorial variety '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About The Pulse '' . Jump up ^ `` Enigma Magazine in Print `` The New Enigma online magazine is now underway ! '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chattanooga News Chronicle '' Archived June 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Chattanoogan '' . Chattanoogan.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Chattanoogan.com was launched Sept. 1 , 1999 , as one of the first full - service web - only daily newspapers in the country . Since that date , it has proven to be a pace - setter in the rapidly - developing field of Internet news publishing and has drawn a wide following and readership . It currently gets about 50,000 -- 80,000 visits per day . Jump up ^ `` Internet Newspaper to Appear in Chattanooga , Tenn '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . 1999 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . A new Internet venture that calls itself one of the first full - service Web - only newspapers in the country is slated to appear today in Chattanooga . Chattanoogan.com will publish Monday through Friday on the Internet at www.chattanoogan.com , said publisher and co-owner John Wilson on Tuesday . Mr. Wilson , formerly with the Chattanooga Free Press for 28 years and the Hamilton County historian , said the Internet paper will offer local news , sports , features , weather , obituaries , opinion , health , and classified advertising ... Jump up ^ Flessner , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Group plans news website as Igou sells nooga domain '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Barry Large , who co-founded Access America Transport Inc. , says the new site could `` transform the way people in our area gather their news , express their opinions , and plan their weekends . '' Large said Tuesday he is the majority owner in a group that acquired the Internet domain name nooga.com in November from Chattanooga businessman Rick Igou . Although the nooga.com site is inactive , Large said in an e-mailed statement Tuesday that he plans to launch a news site `` that will provide quality daily content focusing on local business , politics , and entertainment in the Chattanooga area . '' `` Nooga.com will go live in the near future , featuring an impressive array of writers and contributors from around the Scenic City , '' Jump up ^ http://www.wdyn.com Jump up ^ `` Amazing travel gadgets '' . August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page Top Stories '' . Jump up ^ `` Christian Radio - Bible Teaching - Modern Praise & Worship Music - CSN - Christian Satellite Network '' . www.csnradio.com . Jump up ^ `` Positive & Encouraging K - LOVE '' . K - LOVE . Jump up ^ University , Southern Adventist . `` Home '' . www.wsmc.org . Jump up ^ `` Family Life Radio - Christian Radio Station Network '' . Family Life Radio . Jump up ^ `` WDEF '' . WDEF . Jump up ^ `` Air1 - Positive Hits '' . Air1 . Jump up ^ `` WMPZ '' . WMPZ . Jump up ^ `` WJTT POWER94 '' . WJTT POWER94 . Jump up ^ `` WAAK 94.7 FM WaaKool Radio - Catoosa County '' . waak.catt.com . Jump up ^ `` BIG 95.3 '' . BIG 95.3 . Jump up ^ `` Real 96 - 1 - Chattanooga 's # 1 for Hip Hop and R&B '' . Real 96 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits 96 '' . Hits 96 . Jump up ^ `` 98.1 The Lake - We Play Anything : Chattanooga '' . 98.1 The Lake . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the World Wide Woop ! - Streaming Radio , Video , Bluegrass , Talk Radio IOS 8.0 Compatible '' . www.woopfm.com . Jump up ^ `` US 101 - Chattanooga 's # 1 For Country '' . US 101 . Jump up ^ `` WJSQ / WLAR '' . www.wjsqwlar.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved December 7 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home - Shining the Light in the Tennessee Valley - J103 '' . www.j103.com . Jump up ^ `` KISS FM - # 1 FOR NEW MUSIC '' . KISS FM . Jump up ^ `` WALV '' . WALV . Jump up ^ `` Rock 105 Man Up ! - Man Up , Chattanooga '' . Rock 105 Man Up ! . Jump up ^ `` WSKZ - FM '' . WSKZ - FM . Jump up ^ `` Easy 106.9 '' . WPLZ HD2 . Jump up ^ `` WOGT - FM '' . WOGT - FM . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Jump up ^ Group , Sinclair Broadcast . `` CHATTANOOGA News , Weather , Sports , Breaking News - WTVC '' . Jump up ^ `` News 12 Now - News 12 Now '' . News 12 Now . Jump up ^ `` Nova - Death Dive to Saturn '' . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Jump up ^ `` 3ABN - Three Angels Broadcasting Network '' . 3ABN . Jump up ^ http://www.wyhbtv44.com Jump up ^ `` 水素水のパワーは無限大 ! 賢い女性だけが知るヒ・ミ・ツ '' . www.wtci-tv45.com . Jump up ^ http://www.thecwchattanooga.com Archived November 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FXT Health Network '' . FXT Health Network . Jump up ^ Leber , Holly ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Film enthusiasts want Chattanooga to become a movie magnet '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leber , Holly ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` Movie likely shooting at Baylor School in fall helps put city on the map '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Books Set in Chattanooga , Tennessee '' . Goodreads.com. 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ reviewer . `` Cherie Priest , Four and Twenty Blackbirds '' . thegreenmanreview.com . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Most Popular Titles With Filming Locations Matching `` Chattanooga '' `` . IMDB.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline on IMDb Jump up ^ Battle Fields Around Chattanooga on IMDb Jump up ^ The Blue and the Gray on IMDb Jump up ^ Our Country on IMDb Jump up ^ John Henry on IMDb Jump up ^ Let There Be Light on IMDb Jump up ^ Memphis & Charleston on IMDb Jump up ^ Born and Bred on IMDb Jump up ^ When Mourning Breaks on IMDb ^ Jump up to : `` In the Movies '' . Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fool 's Parade on IMDb Jump up ^ Eleanor & Franklin on IMDb Jump up ^ Last Days of Frank and Jesse James on IMDb Jump up ^ Fled on IMDb Jump up ^ Mama Flora 's Family on IMDb Jump up ^ October Sky on IMDb Jump up ^ The Adventures of Ociee Nash on IMDb Jump up ^ Warm Springs on IMDb Jump up ^ Heaven 's Fall on IMDb Jump up ^ Leatherheads on IMDb Jump up ^ Water for Elephants on IMDb Jump up ^ The Man Trail on IMDb Jump up ^ The Night the Lights Went Out on IMDb Jump up ^ The Big Blue on IMDb Jump up ^ Dutch on IMDb Jump up ^ Christopher Columbus on IMDb Jump up ^ All Over Again on IMDb Jump up ^ Straight into Darkness on IMDb Jump up ^ Barnett , Mary ( 2012 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Filming of `` 42 '' begins at Engel Stadium `` . Nooga.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Poulisse , Adam ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Harrison Ford in Chattanooga to film ' 42 ' '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Identity Thief on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Titles With Soundtracks Matching `` Chattanooga Choo Choo '' `` . IMDB.com. 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shearer , John ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` UTC McKenzie Arena Celebrating 25 years '' . Chattanoogan.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Clash of the Champions on IMDb Jump up ^ Saturday 's Night Main Event on IMDb Jump up ^ Halloween Havoc on IMDb Jump up ^ WWF in Your House on IMDb Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` The History of the WWE : 1997 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` The McKenzie Arena '' . UTC Mocs Athletics . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Toby Keith - Chattanooga '' . Songkick.com . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John To Perform At McKenzie Arena On March 23 '' . Chattanoogan.com . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Kate ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Chattanooga becoming a destination for police reality TV shows '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ America 's Walking on IMDb Jump up ^ Morgan , Glennisha ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monifah 's Girlfriend Terez Proposes On ' R&B Divas ' '' . Huffington.com . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ MJ ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Lauren Alaina -- Chattanooga homecoming '' . MJ 's Big Blog . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Chattanooga : 2009 '' . WGBH . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bridezillas on IMDb Jump up ^ Fitness Truth on IMDb Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Chattanooga , TN : $40 a Day '' . Food Network . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evening Magazine on IMDb Jump up ^ Extreme Makeover on IMDb Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` About Alton Brown '' . TNAqua.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mystery Manhunt on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga news , entertainment , opinion , editorials '' . Nooga.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Off Limits on IMDb Jump up ^ Staff ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Railroad Museum Featured On History Channel Tuesday Night '' . Chattanoogan.com . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Maci ( Season 1 , Episode 1 ) '' . MTV . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Teen Mom on IMDb Jump up ^ Tennessee Crossroads on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The State Game in Mayberry Carnival - the Games Forum ! Forum '' . Yuku . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Vacation Days -- The Middle '' . AV Club.com . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ The Steps on IMDb Jump up ^ Hustvedt , Marc ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Steps ' , All Aboard As Chattanooga 's Web Series Bows Tonight '' . TubeFilter.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Trading Spouses on IMDb Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 ) . `` Trading Spouses Episodes ( Hammond / Howard ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Carey ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lionel Richie 's Visit to the Scenic City '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Outcasts on IMDb Jump up ^ Assurances on IMDb Jump up ^ A Bright Past on IMDb Jump up ^ Last Breath on IMDb Jump up ^ The Campaign for Chattanooga on IMDb Jump up ^ Ella on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Movie filmed in Chattanooga to premiere Saturday '' . WRCB . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ponger ( April 14 , 1986 ) . `` A Winner Never Quits ( TV Movie 1986 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Usher Live ( Video 1999 ) '' . IMDb . March 23 , 1999 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chattanoog'as Sister Cities '' . City of Chattanooga . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamm , Germany '' . Chattanooga 's Sister Cities . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wuxi , China '' . Chattanooga 's Sister Cities . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Givatayim , Israel '' . Chattanooga 's Sister Cities . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhnii Tagil , Russia '' . Chattanooga 's Sister Cities . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gangneung , Republic of Korea '' . Chattanooga 's Sister Cities . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sobolewski , Rich ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Chattanooga becomes sister city to Wolfsburg , Germany -- WRCBtv.com Chattanooga News , Weather & Sports '' . WRCBtv.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Chattanooga adds Italian city to Sister City family '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reports from the Town Twinning Network '' . Swindon.gov.uk . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Herman ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Chattanooga extends international ties with Italian city Ascoli Piceno '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Park Tree in Danger of Being Replaced '' . City of Chattanooga . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Grove Takes Slippery Elm 's Place in Coolidge Park '' . City of Chattanooga . January 5 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Epps , Nordia ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chattanooga celebrates sister city agreement with second German city -- WDEF.com ; Volkswagen News '' . WDEF.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Chattanooga , Tennessee Armstrong , Zella . The History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga , Tennessee . ( 2 vol 1931 ; reprint The Overmountain Press , 1992 ) Crutchfield , Jennifer . Chattanooga Landmarks : Exploring the History of the Scenic City ( The History Press , 2010 ) Desmond , Jerry R. Chattanooga ( Arcadia Publishing , 1996 ) Downey , Fairfax . Storming of the Gateway : Chattanooga , 1863 ( D. McKay Company , 1960 ) Ezzell , Tim . Chattanooga , 1865 - 1900 : A City Set Down in Dixie ( University of Tennessee Press ; 2014 ) 212 pages ; focuses on economic and political development Govan , Gilbert E. , and James W. Livingood . `` Chattanooga Under Military Occupation , 1863 - 1865 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1951 ) 17 # 1 pp : 23 - 47 . in JSTOR Hubbard , Rita L. African Americans of Chattanooga : A History of Unsung Heroes ( The History Press , 2007 ) Livingood , James Weston . Chattanooga : An Illustrated History ( Windsor Publications , 1981 ) Scott , Michelle R. Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga : Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South ( University of Illinois Press , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chattanooga , Tennessee . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Chattanooga . Official website Chattanooga Convention and Visitor 's Bureau Chamber of Commerce City charter Chattanooga Sports & Events Committee Chattanooga Times Free Press Chattanooga travel guide from Wikivoyage `` Chattanooga '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 7 -- 8 . Chattanooga at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Hamilton County Map Maker Municipalities and communities of Hamilton County , Tennessee , United States County seat : Chattanooga Cities Chattanooga Collegedale East Ridge Lakesite Red Bank Ridgeside Soddy - Daisy Towns Lookout Mountain Signal Mountain Walden CDPs Apison Fairmount Falling Water Flat Top Mountain Harrison Middle Valley Mowbray Mountain Ooltewah Sale Creek Unincorporated communities Bakewell Balmoral Birchwood ‡ East Brainerd Georgetown ‡ Hixson Shady Grove Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Tennessee Nashville ( capital ) Topics History Geography Tennesseans African Americans Media Newspapers Radio TV Constitution Elections Governors Lieutenant Governors General Assembly Supreme Court Tennessee National Guard Law Enforcement Tourist attractions Seal of Tennessee Grand Divisions East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Regions Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Highland Rim Mississippi Plain Nashville Basin Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Tri-Cities Largest cities Bartlett Bristol Chattanooga Clarksville Cleveland Franklin Hendersonville Jackson Johnson City Kingsport Knoxville Memphis Murfreesboro Nashville Counties Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Tennessee Jim Strickland ( D ) ( Memphis ) Megan Barry ( D ) ( Nashville ) Madeline Rogero ( D ) ( Knoxville ) Andy Berke ( D ) ( Chattanooga ) Kim McMillan ( D ) ( Clarksville ) Shane McFarland ( R ) ( Murfreesboro ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY VIAF : 157094215 LCCN : n79075123 GND : 4294860 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&oldid=815471067 '' Categories : Chattanooga , Tennessee Cities in Tennessee History of voting rights in the United States Cities in the Chattanooga metropolitan area Cities in Hamilton County , Tennessee County seats in Tennessee Populated places established in 1816 U.S. Route 11 Populated places on the Tennessee River Chattanooga metropolitan area county seats 1816 establishments in Tennessee Railway towns in Tennessee Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles to be expanded from May 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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when was the first 10 dollar bill made	1861 : The first $10 bill was issued as a Demand Note with a small portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left side of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing art on the right .	1861	United States TEN - dollar bill	united states ten - dollar bill	The United States ten - dollar bill ( $10 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton , who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury . The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building . All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes .	As of December 2013 , the average life of a $10 bill is 4.5 years , or about 54 months , before it is replaced due to wear . Ten - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in yellow straps . 1805 portrait of Hamilton by John Trumbull The source of the portrait on the $10 bill is John Trumbull 's 1805 painting of Hamilton that belongs to the portrait collection of New York City Hall . The $10 bill is unique in that it is the only denomination in circulation in which the portrait faces to the left . It also features one of two non-presidents on currently issued U.S. bills , the other being Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill . Hamilton is one of only four people featured on U.S. paper currency ( 1861 to the present ) who were not born in the continental United States or British America ; he was from the West Indies . The others were Albert Gallatin , Switzerland ( $500 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ) ; George Meade , Spain ( $1,000 1890 / 91 Treasury Note ) ; and Robert Morris , England ( $1,000 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ; $10 1878 / 80 Silver Certificate ) . In 2015 , the Treasury Secretary announced that the obverse portrait of Hamilton would be replaced by the portrait of an as yet undecided woman , starting in 2020 . However , due to the surging popularity of Hamilton , a hit Broadway musical based on Hamilton 's life , in 2016 this decision was reversed and Hamilton will remain on the $10 bill , and instead a woman will appear on the $20 bill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Large size Note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $10 Legal Tender note 1880 $10 Legal Tender 1861 : The first $10 bill was issued as a Demand Note with a small portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left side of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing art on the right . 1862 : The first $10 United States Note was issued with a face design similar to the 1861 Demand Note ; the reverse , however , was somewhat revised . The Roman numeral `` X '' may represent the origin of the slang term `` sawbuck '' to mean a $10 bill . 1863 : Interest Bearing Notes , featuring a portrait of Salmon P. Chase and vignette of liberty , were issued that could be redeemed one year after the date printed on the bill for $10 plus 5 % interest . The notes could also be spent for exactly $10 . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes , with a face design similar to the 1863 Interest Bearing Note , were issued that grew in face value 6 % compounded semi-annually . It is unknown if the note could actually be spent for $10 plus interest . 1869 : A new $10 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Daniel Webster on the left and an allegorical representation of Pocahontas being presented to the Royal Court of England on the right side of the obverse . This note is nicknamed a `` jackass note '' because the eagle on the front looks like a donkey when the note is turned upside down . 1870 : National Gold Bank Notes , featuring a vignette of Benjamin Franklin flying a kite on the left and liberty and an eagle on the right , were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national banks . The back of the bill featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . Series 1880 $10 silver certificate . 1875 : The 1869 United States Note was revised . The blue and green tinting that was present on the obverse was removed and the design on the reverse was completely changed . 1878 : The first $10 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of Robert Morris on the left side of the obverse . The reverse , unlike any other federally issued note , was printed in black ink and featured the word SILVER in large block letters . 1879 : Refunding Certificates were issued that paid 4 % interest annually . 1886 : A new $10 silver certificate with a portrait of Thomas A. Hendricks was issued . 1890 : Ten - dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued and given for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of General Philip Sheridan . The reverse featured an ornate design that took up almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . Series 1901 $10 Legal Tender depicting military explorers Meriwether Lewis , William Clark , and an American bison . 1901 : The famous United States Note featuring portraits of Meriwether Lewis on the left , William Clark on the right , and an American bison which is sometimes erroneously noted as being Black Diamond , the Bison which was depicted on the reverse of the Indian Head Nickel . This United States Note was the only one to mention the legal provision that authorized its issuance . The reverse featured an allegorical figure representing Columbia between two Roman - styled pillars . 1907 : Congress officially ended the interest paid on Refunding Certificates , forever making their face value $21.30 . 1907 : The first $10 gold certificate with a portrait of Michael Hillegas on the front and orange - colored back was issued . 1914 : The first $10 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the obverse and vignettes of farming and industry on the reverse . The note initially had a red treasury seal and serial numbers ; however , they were changed to blue . 1914 $10 Federal Reserve Note 1915 : Federal Reserve Bank Notes ( not to be confused with Federal Reserve Notes ) were issued by 4 individual Federal Reserve banks . The obverse was similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve notes except for large wording in the middle of the bill and a portrait with no border on the left side of the bill . Each note was an obligation of the issuing bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . 1918 : The 1915 Federal Reserve Bank Note was re-issued under series of 1918 by 4 Federal Reserve banks . 1923 : The $10 United States Note was redesigned with a portrait of Andrew Jackson . Some of the design aspects of this note , such as the bottom border and numeral 10 overprinted with the word TEN , were transferred over to the series of 1928 $10 bill . Small size Note History ( edit ) Series 1928 $10 Gold Certificate 1934 A Federal Reserve $10 Note Hawaii overprint note . The first 1953 $10 Silver Certificate printed ( Smithsonian ) . ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size . All variations of the $10 bill would carry the same portrait of Alexander Hamilton , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of the U.S. Treasury building . The $10 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a gold certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . The car parked outside of the Treasury Department building is based on a number of different cars manufactured at the time and was the creation of the Bureau designer who developed the artwork that served as a model for the engraving , because government agencies were prohibited from endorsing any specific manufacturer or product , according to a bureau of engraving and printing pamphlet . The tiny building to the right rear of the treasury building is the American Security and Trust Company Building , which for some years advertised itself as `` right on the money '' . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes . This was the only small - sized $10 bill that had a different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1933 : The first small sized $10 silver certificates were issued with a blue seal and serial numbers . The obverse had a similar design style to the 1928 $1 Silver Certificates ; however , phrasing on the $10 bill was different from the $1 bill . This issue , with the series date of 1933 , was not widely released into general circulation . Surviving examples of these notes usually sell for $10,000 to $30,000 in the numismatic community depending on the condition of the paper . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : The $10 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a blue numeral 10 on the left side of the obverse and the treasury seal printed over the gray word TEN on the right . Phrasing on the certificate was changed to reflect the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 . 1942 : Special World War II currency was issued . HAWAII was overprinted on the front and back of the $10 Federal Reserve Note , and the seal and serial numbers were changed to brown . This was done so that the currency could be declared worthless in case of Japanese invasion . A $10 Silver Certificate was printed with a yellow instead of blue treasury seal ; these notes were given to U.S. troops in North Africa . These notes , too , could be declared worthless if seized by the enemy . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray word TEN , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller , the words WASHINGTON , D.C. were added between them and the serial number ; also , the Federal Reserve seal had spikes added around it . 1953 : The $10 silver certificate had several design changes analogous to the 1950 Federal Reserve Note design changes ; also , the blue numeral 10 on the left side of the bill was changed to gray . 1963 : WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse and IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Notes . Also , the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . 1969 : The $10 bill began using the new treasury seal with wording in English that simply says , `` The Department of the Treasury , '' instead of Latin `` THESAUR . AMER . SEPTENT . SIGIL. , '' `` Seal of the Treasury of North America . '' 1981 : During production of Series 1977A , a few star notes from the Richmond FRB were made on experimental Natick paper , in the only experimental note series not involving the $1 bill . 1992 : The first modern anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced with microscopic printing around Hamilton 's portrait and a plastic security strip on the left side of the bill . Even though the notes read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in July 1992 . May 24 , 2000 : To combat evolving counterfeiting , a new $10 bill was issued under series 1999 whose design was similar in style to the $100 , $50 , $20 , and $5 bills that had all undergone previous design changes . The major changes were a revised portrait of Hamilton and a revised vignette of the U.S. Treasury building , now facing front . The plastic security strip reads `` USA TEN '' and now glows orange under a black light . Like the new $5 , the bills were first printed in December 1999 . March 2 , 2006 : In addition to design changes introduced in 2000 , the obverse features red background images of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , the phrase WE THE PEOPLE from the United States Constitution , a smaller metallic representation of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , orange and yellow background color , a borderless portrait of Hamilton , and to the left of Hamilton small yellow 10s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 10s and have the fine lines removed from around the vignette of the United States Treasury building . These notes were issued in series 2004A with Cabral - Snow signatures . The first notes were printed in July 2005 . Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill ( edit ) On June 17 , 2015 , Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned ten - dollar bill by 2020 . The Department of Treasury was seeking the public 's input on who should appear on the new bill during the design phase . Removal of Hamilton was controversial . Many believed that Hamilton , as the first Secretary of the Treasury , should remain on U.S. Currency in some form , all the while acknowledging that U.S. Currency was long overdue to feature a female historical figure -- names that had been raised included Eleanor Roosevelt , Harriet Tubman , Susan B. Anthony and Rosa Parks . This led to the Treasury Department stating that Hamilton would remain on the bill in some way . The $10 bill was chosen because it was scheduled for a regular security redesign , a years - long process . The redesigned ten - dollar bill will be the first U.S. note to incorporate tactile features to assist those with visual disabilities . On April 20 , 2016 , it was announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain the primary face on the $10 bill , due in part to the sudden popularity of the first Treasury Secretary after the success of the Broadway musical Hamilton . It was simultaneously announced that Harriet Tubman 's likeness would appear on the $20 bill while Andrew Jackson would now appear on the reverse with the White House . The design for the reverse of the 2020 $10 bill will feature the heroines of the Women 's Suffrage Movement in the United States , including Susan B. Anthony , Alice Paul , Sojourner Truth , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , and the participants of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession who marched in Washington D.C. in favor of full voting rights for American women . See also ( edit ) Ten Dollar Bill ( Roy Lichtenstein ) References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : How long is the lifespan of U.S. paper money ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Secretary Lew Announces Historic Decision To Feature A Woman On The Newly Redesigned Ten Dollar Note '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Treasury Department . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Currency NOTES '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Washington DC . Random House . 1991 . p. 76 . American Security Bank likes to boast in its commercials that it 's `` Right on the money '' -- `` the money '' in this case being a $10 bill . If you look on the back of one you 'll see the Treasury Building and to its right the tiny American Security bank building . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark search details for `` Right on the money '' `` . Boliven . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1999 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004A $10 '' . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Woman 's Portrait Will Appear on the $10 Bill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Woman 10 bill redesign update '' . CNN . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meaningful Access White Paper '' ( PDF ) . B of Engraving and Printing. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women Currency Harriet Tubman '' . The New York Times . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New $10 Note '' . US Department of the Treasury . 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 27 . Sources ( edit ) Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed ) . Krause Pubns Inc . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 , Edition # 38 . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The 2006 edition ( 2004 Series ) of the 10 dollar bill Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Alice Paul Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Co-authored Equal Rights Amendment Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Alice Paul Institute Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_ten-dollar_bill&oldid=826816659 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton Banknotes of the United States Ten - base - unit banknotes Cultural depictions of Susan B. Anthony Alice Paul Elizabeth Cady Stanton Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20ten-dollar%20bill	2,809
where was the money hidden in shawshank redemption	Though the film is set in Maine , much of the filming took place in Mansfield , Ohio , and nearby locations . The oak appears near the end of The Shawshank Redemption when Red ( played by Morgan Freeman ) follows clues left by Andy Dufresne ( played by Tim Robbins ) to its location . Red finds a box buried at the base of a stone wall in the shade of the oak . The box contains a letter from Andy and cash to buy a bus ticket to visit him in Mexico . In the film , Andy describes the tree as `` like something out of a Robert Frost poem '' .		Shawshank tree	shawshank tree	The iconic tree featured in the 1994 motion picture The Shawshank Redemption was a white oak located near Malabar Farm State Park in Lucas , Ohio , United States . The tree was at least 100 feet ( 30 m ) tall and approximately 180 to 200 years old . The tree played a central role in the film 's plot and was one of the most popular tourist sites connected to it . The tree was split by lightning on July 29 , 2011 , and eventually was knocked down by strong winds on or around July 22 , 2016 .	History ( edit ) The tree was a major tourist attraction for fans of the film , although located on private property at Malabar Farm . The tree was part of `` The Shawshank Trail '' which features many of the film 's iconic locations and attracts up to 35,000 visitors annually . The farm where the tree was located sometimes is a venue for weddings . On July 29 , 2011 , half of the tree fell due to trunk rot from ants after being hit by lightning . News of the event became viral , appearing in news outlets in the United Kingdom and India . The tree 's fate was uncertain at the time , and officials were pessimistic about its chances of survival , but it was found to be alive . The tree was further damaged in July 2016 due to strong winds . The event caused a major increase in Internet traffic to the Mansfield and Richland County Convention and Visitors Bureau website and general interest in the Shawshank Trail . The remaining portions of the tree were cut down on April 9 , 2017 , by the property 's current owner . Role in film ( edit ) Though the film is set in Maine , much of the filming took place in Mansfield , Ohio , and nearby locations . The oak appears near the end of The Shawshank Redemption when Red ( played by Morgan Freeman ) follows clues left by Andy Dufresne ( played by Tim Robbins ) to its location . Red finds a box buried at the base of a stone wall in the shade of the oak . The box contains a letter from Andy and cash to buy a bus ticket to visit him in Mexico . In the film , Andy describes the tree as `` like something out of a Robert Frost poem '' . The oak has been described as among the most iconic trees in film history . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Turner , Cory ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` On Location : Mansfield , Ohio 's ' Shawshank ' Industry '' . All Thigns Considered . NPR . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Nathan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shawshank Redemption oak tree falls and fans grieve '' . BBC . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Sheena ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Famous ' Shawshank ' oak falls '' . CNN . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmire , Lou ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shawshank ' tree falls over '' . Mansfield News Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simakis , Andrea ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Shawshank Redemption ' fan makes a pilgrimage to Mansfield and film 's iconic tree '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Bill ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Visiting ' Shawshank ' Sites , 20 Years Later '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glaser , Susan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Famous ' Shawshank Redemption ' tree near Mansfield knocked over by wind ( video ) '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bateman , David ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Shawshank Trail highlights '' . Toranto Star Newspaper . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Shawshank Redemption tree split in half by storm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . But Bill Mullen , curator of a museum in Upper Sandusky devoted to all things `` Shawshank , '' says black ants had eaten their way through the center of the tree , hollowing it out . ^ Jump up to : `` ' No good thing ever dies ' : Shawshank Redemption tree on death 's door after storm battering '' . The Daily Mail . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simakis , Andrea ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Shawshank Redemption ' fan makes a pilgrimage to Mansfield and film 's iconic tree '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TMZ Staff ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' Shawshank Redemption ' Tree SO YOU 'RE SAYIN ' THERE 'S A CHANCE ! ? '' . TMZ . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Destries , Michael ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Good News : The Shawshank Oak Tree is Alive and Well '' . Ecorazzi . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 200 - Year - Old Tree in Shawshank Redemption Just Got Chopped Down '' . April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Trees portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawshank_tree&oldid=818486253 '' Categories : 2010s individual tree deaths Individual oak trees Individual trees in the United States Richland County , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 21 : 10 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawshank%20tree	2,810
who played scarlet o'hara in gone with the wind	Scarlett O'Hara Scarlett O'Hara as portrayed by Vivien Leigh in the 1939 film adaptation of Gone with the Wind First appearance Gone with the Wind Created by Margaret Mitchell Portrayed by Vivien Leigh ( Gone with the Wind ) Joanne Whalley ( Scarlett ) Information Full name Katie Scarlett O'Hara Gender Female Family Gerald O'Hara ( father , deceased ) Ellen Robillard O'Hara ( mother , deceased ) Susan Elinor `` Suellen '' O'Hara Benteen ( sister ) Caroline Irene `` Carreen '' O'Hara ( sister ) Gerald O'Hara Jr. ( name of 3 brothers , all deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Charles Hamilton ( 1st ; deceased ) Frank Kennedy ( 2nd ; deceased ) Rhett Butler ( 3rd ; separated ) Children Wade Hampton Hamilton ( son with Charles ) Ella Lorena Kennedy ( daughter with Frank ) Eugenie Victoria `` Bonnie Blue '' Butler ( daughter with Rhett ; deceased ) Katie Colum `` Cat '' Butler ( daughter with Rhett in Scarlett ) Relatives Langston Butler ( father - in - law named in Scarlett ; deceased ) Eleanor Butler ( mother - in - law in sequel Scarlett ) Ross Butler ( brother - in - law named in Scarlett ) Rosemary Butler ( sister - in - law ) Pauline Robillard ( maternal aunt ) Eulalie Robillard ( maternal aunt ) Philippe Robillard ( cousin of her mother ) James O'Hara ( paternal uncle ) Andrew O'Hara ( paternal uncle ) Pierre Robillard ( maternal grandfather ) Solange Prudhomme Robillard ( maternal grandmother ) Katie Scarlett O'Hara ( paternal grandmother ) Will Benteen ( brother - in - law ) Unnamed Benteen ( niece or nephew , via Suellen and Will ) Melanie Hamilton ( sister - in - law ) Beau Wilkes ( nephew ) Religion Roman Catholicism	Vivien Leigh	Scarlett O'Hara	scarlett o'hara	Katie Scarlett O'Hara is a fictional character and the main protagonist in Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and in the later film of the same name . She also is the main character in the 1970 musical Scarlett and the 1991 book Scarlett , a sequel to Gone with the Wind that was written by Alexandra Ripley and adapted for a television mini-series in 1994 . During early drafts of the original novel , Mitchell referred to her heroine as `` Pansy '' , and did not decide on the name `` Scarlett '' until just before the novel went to print .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Personality 3 Searching for Scarlett 4 Other actresses considered 5 Adaptations 6 Historical sources for the character 7 Comparisons to other characters 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Biography ( edit ) O'Hara is the oldest living child of Gerald and Ellen O'Hara . She was born in 1844 or 1845 on her family 's plantation Tara in Georgia . She was named Katie Scarlett , after her father 's mother , but is always called Scarlett , except by her father , who refers to her as `` Katie Scarlett . '' She is from a Catholic family of Irish and French ancestry , and a descendent of an aristocratic Savannah family on her mother 's side ( the Robillards ) . O'Hara has black hair , green eyes , and pale skin . She is famous for her fashionably small waist . Scarlett has two younger sisters , Susan Elinor ( `` Suellen '' ) O'Hara and Caroline Irene ( `` Carreen '' ) O'Hara , and three little brothers who died in infancy . Her baby brothers are buried in the family burying ground at Tara , and each was named Gerald O'Hara , Jr . Personality ( edit ) Scarlett O'Hara is an atypical protagonist , especially as a female romantic lead in fiction . When the novel opens , Scarlett is sixteen . She is vain , self - centered , and very spoiled by her wealthy parents . She can also be insecure , but is very intelligent , despite her fashionable Southern - belle pretense at ignorance and helplessness around men . She is somewhat unusual among Southern women , whom society preferred to act as dainty creatures who needed protection from their men . Scarlett is aware that she is only acting empty - headed , and resents the fashionable `` necessity '' of it , unlike most of her typical party - going Southern belles social set . Outwardly , Scarlett is the picture of southern charm and womanly virtues , and a popular belle with the country males . The one man she truly wants , however , is her neighbor , Ashley Wilkes -- the one man she ca n't have . The Wilkes family has a tradition of intermarrying with their cousins , and Ashley is promised to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton of Atlanta . Scarlett 's motivation in the early part of the novel centers on her desire to win Ashley 's heart . When he refuses her advances ( which no well - bred Southern lady would be so forward as to make ) , she takes refuge in childish rage , and spitefully accepts the proposal of Charles Hamilton , Melanie 's brother , in a misguided effort to get back at Ashley and Melanie . Rhett Butler , a wealthy older bachelor and a society pariah , overhears Scarlett express her love to Ashley during a barbecue at Twelve Oaks , the Wilkes ' estate . Rhett admires Scarlett 's willfulness and her departure from accepted propriety as well as her beauty . He pursues Scarlett , but is aware of her impetuousness , childish spite , and her fixation on Ashley . He assists Scarlett in defiance of proper Victorian mourning customs when her husband , Charles Hamilton , dies in a training camp , and Rhett encourages her hoydenish behavior ( by antebellum custom ) in Atlanta society . Scarlett , privately chafing from the strict rules of polite society , finds friendship with Rhett liberating . The Civil War sweeps away the lifestyle for which Scarlett was raised , and Southern society falls into ruin . Scarlett , left destitute after Sherman 's army marches through Georgia , becomes the sole source of strength for her family . Her character begins to harden as her relatives , the family slaves and the Wilkes family look to her for protection from homelessness and starvation . Scarlett becomes money - conscious and more materialistic in her motivation to ensure that her family survives and Tara stays in her family , while other Georgia planters are losing their homes . This extends to stealing her younger sister 's fiancé , going into business herself ( well - bred southern ladies never worked outside the home ) , engaging in controversial business practices and even exploiting convict labor in order to make her lumber business profit . Her conduct results in the accidental death of her second husband , Frank Kennedy , and shortly after she marries Rhett Butler for `` fun '' and because he is very wealthy . Scarlett is too insecure and vain to truly grow up and realize her pursuit of Ashley is misdirected until the climax of the novel . With the death of Melanie Wilkes , she realizes her pursuit of Ashley was a childish romance . She realizes she never really loved Ashley and that she has loved Rhett Butler for some time . She pursues Rhett from the Wilkes home to their home , only to discover he has given up hope of ever receiving her love , and is about to leave her . After telling him she loves him , he refuses to stay with her , which leads to the famous line , `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' Wracked with grief , but determined to once again pursue and win her man , realizing that Tara is what matters most to her ( other than Rhett ) Scarlet returns home to Tara to launch her pursuit of Rhett at a later time . Searching for Scarlett ( edit ) While the studio and the public agreed that the part of Rhett Butler should go to Clark Gable ( except for Clark Gable himself ) , casting for the role of Scarlett was harder . The search for an actress to play Scarlett in the film version of the novel famously drew the biggest names in the history of cinema , such as Bette Davis ( who had been cast as a Southern belle in Jezebel in 1938 ) , and Katharine Hepburn , who went so far as demanding an appointment with producer David O. Selznick and saying , `` I am Scarlett O'Hara ! The role is practically written for me . '' Selznick replied rather bluntly , `` I ca n't imagine Rhett Butler chasing you for twelve years . '' Jean Arthur and Lucille Ball were also considered , as well as relatively unknown actress Doris Davenport . Susan Hayward was `` discovered '' when she tested for the part , and the career of Lana Turner developed quickly after her screen test . Tallulah Bankhead and Joan Bennett were widely considered to be the most likely choices until they were supplanted by Paulette Goddard . The young English actress Vivien Leigh , virtually unknown in America , saw that several English actors , including Ronald Colman and Leslie Howard , were in consideration for the male leads in Gone with the Wind . Her agent happened to be the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency , headed by David Selznick 's brother , Myron . Leigh asked Myron to put her name into consideration as Scarlett on the eve of the American release of her picture Fire Over England in February 1938 . David Selznick watched both Fire Over England and her most recent picture , A Yank at Oxford , that month , and thought she was excellent but in no way a possible Scarlett , as she was `` too British '' . But Myron Selznick arranged for David to first meet Leigh on the night in December 1938 when the burning of the Atlanta Depot was being filmed on the Forty Acres backlot that Selznick International and RKO shared . Leigh and her then lover Laurence Olivier ( later to be her husband ) were visiting as guests of Myron Selznick , who was also Olivier 's agent , while Leigh was in Hollywood hoping for a part in Olivier 's current movie , Wuthering Heights . In a letter to his wife two days later , David Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' In any case , Leigh was cast -- despite public protest that the role was too `` American '' for an English actress -- but Leigh was able to pull off the role so well that she eventually won an Academy Award for her performance as Scarlett O'Hara . Other actresses considered ( edit ) A great number of actresses were considered . In fact , there were approximately 32 women who were considered and or tested for the role . The search for Scarlett began in 1936 ( the year of the book 's publication ) and ended in December 1938 . Between 1936 and 1938 , the following actresses were considered for the role , which required playing Scarlett from 16 years of age until she was 28 ( actress age in 1939 , the year of Gone With the Wind 's release , when Leigh was 26 ) . Lucille Ball ( 28 ) Constance Bennett ( 35 ) Clara Bow ( 34 ) Mary Brian ( 33 ) Ruth Chatterton ( 47 ) Claudette Colbert ( 36 ) Joan Crawford ( 35 ) Bette Davis ( 31 ) Frances Dee ( 30 ) Irene Dunne ( 41 ) Madge Evans ( 30 ) Glenda Farrell ( 35 ) Alice Faye ( 24 ) Joan Fontaine ( 22 ) , sister of Olivia de Havilland , who played Mellie ( 23 ) Kay Francis ( 34 ) Janet Gaynor ( 33 ) Paulette Goddard ( 29 ) Jean Harlow ( 28 ) Susan Hayward ( 22 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 32 ) Miriam Hopkins ( 37 ) Rochelle Hudson ( 23 ) Dorothy Lamour ( 25 ) Andrea Leeds ( 25 ) Carole Lombard ( 31 ) Anita Louise ( 24 ) Myrna Loy ( 34 ) Pola Negri ( 42 ) Maureen O'Sullivan ( 28 ) Merle Oberon ( 28 ) Ginger Rogers ( 28 ) Norma Shearer ( 37 ) Ann Sheridan ( 24 ) Gale Sondergaard , who also was considered for but ultimately lost the role of the Wicked Witch of the West the same year ( 40 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 32 ) Gloria Stuart ( 29 ) Margaret Sullavan ( 30 ) Gloria Swanson ( 40 ) Lana Turner who was considered by Cukor to be too young to have the depth for the role ( 18 ) Linda Watkins ( 31 ) Mae West ( 46 ) Jane Wyman ( 22 ) Loretta Young ( 26 ) Between late 1937 and mid-1938 , approximately 128 actresses were nominated for the role of Scarlett through letters of suggestion sent to Selznick International Pictures from the public . Adaptations ( edit ) A 1966 musical stage adaptation was a major hit in Japan and London 's West End , but failed to survive in America where it starred Lesley Ann Warren and Harve Presnell . It closed after engagements in Los Angeles and San Francisco , never opening on Broadway . In 1980 a film about the search for Scarlett O'Hara was made entitled Moviola : The Scarlett O'Hara War with actress Morgan Brittany impersonating Vivien Leigh , whom she resembled . In the 1994 TV mini-series based on the sequel Scarlett , the character was played by English actress Joanne Whalley . In the Margaret Martin musical Gone with the Wind , the role of Scarlett O'Hara was originated by Jill Paice . In the South Korean stage production Girls ' Generation member Seohyun played Scarlett , alongside Bada , former member of S.E.S. . Historical sources for the character ( edit ) While Margaret Mitchell used to say that her Gone with The Wind characters were not based on real people , modern researchers have found similarities to some of the people in Mitchell 's own life as well as individuals she heard of . Rhett Butler is thought to be based on Mitchell 's first husband , Red Upshaw . Scarlett 's upbringing resembled that of Mitchell 's maternal grandmother , Annie Fitzgerald Stephens ( 1844 -- 1934 ) , who was raised on a plantation in Clayton County , Georgia ( where the fictional Tara was placed ) , and whose father was an Irish immigrant . Another source for Scarlett might have been Martha Bulloch Roosevelt , the mother of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt . Martha grew up in a beautiful Southern mansion , Bulloch Hall , in Roswell , just north of Atlanta , Georgia . Her physical appearance , beauty , grace and intelligence were well known to Mitchell and the personality similarities ( the positive ones ) between Martha , who was also called Mittie , and Scarlett were striking . Comparisons to other characters ( edit ) Troy Patterson of Entertainment Weekly argued that Ally McBeal , the main character of the television series with the same name , has similarities to O'Hara and that `` Scarlett and Ally are fairy - tale princesses who bear about as much resemblance to real women as Barbie and Skipper . '' Patterson wrote that Ally is similar because she is also a child from a ruling class family , `` pines hopelessly after an unavailable dreamboat '' , and has a `` sassy black roommate '' in place of a `` mammy '' to `` comfort her '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , 1989 & 62 . Jump up ^ `` Shrewd , Selfish Scarlett : A Complicated Heroine '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mitchell 1936 , pp. 404 , 413 , 451 . Jump up ^ `` ( T ) here was no one in Fayetteville , Jonesboro or in three counties , for that matter , who had so small a waist . '' Mitchell 1936 , pp. 75 -- 76 . With a tightly - laced corset , she could fit into a dress with a 17 - inch dress . Mitchell 1936 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Kate : The Life of Katharine Hepburn . New York City , NY : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32598 - 9 . Pg. 94 Jump up ^ `` Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Harry Ransom Center - The University Of Texas At Austin . Jan 7 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Thompson , David . `` Hollywood '' , 1930s pgs. 178 - 182 ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of Gone With The Wind '' Part 2 , Documentary circa 1990s . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Troy , Ty Burr , and Stephen Whitty . `` Gone With the Wind . '' ( video review ) Entertainment Weekly . October 23 , 1998 . Retrieved on December 23 , 2013 . This document has three separate reviews of the film , one per author . References ( edit ) Mitchell , Margaret ( 1936 ) . Gone with the Wind . Macmillan Publishers . Taylor , Helen ( 1989 ) . Scarlett 's Women : Gone with the Wind and Its Female Fans . Rutgers University Press . External links ( edit ) Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarlett O'Hara . Short biographies of Scarlett and Vivien Leigh ( hide ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlett_O%27Hara&oldid=797191097 '' Categories : Fictional American people of French descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters introduced in 1936 Fictional murderers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional socialites Gone with the Wind characters Female characters in literature Female characters in film Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული 日本語 Polski Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ᏣᎳᎩ Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett%20O%2527Hara	2,811
who is sunni and who is shia map			Shia -- Sunni relations	shia - - sunni relations	Others	Zahiri Awza'i Thawri Laythi Jariri Sunni schools of theology ( show ) Ash'ari Maturidi Traditionalist Others : Mu'tazila Murji'ah Contemporary movements ( show ) Ahl - i Hadith Al - Ahbash Barelvi Deobandi Islamic Modernism Salafi movement Wahhabism Holy sites ( show ) Jerusalem Mecca Medina Mount Sinai Lists ( show ) Literature Kutub al - Sittah Islam portal hide Part of a series on Shia Islam Beliefs and practices ( show ) Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arba'een Pilgrimage Holy days ( show ) Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Eid al - Ghadeer History ( show ) The verse of purification Two things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah 's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Branches of Shi'i Islam ( show ) Zaydi Shia Imami Shia Twelvers Ja'faris Batinis Alevism Bektashism Ghulat Alawites Hurufism Qizilbash Ismāʿīlīs Nizaris Taiyabi - Musta'līs Dawoodi Sulaymani Alavi Batiniyya Druze Pamiris Extinct sects Ahl al - Kisa ( show ) Muhammad Ali Fatimah Hasan Hussein Holy women ( show ) Fatimah Khadija bint Khuwaylid Umm Salama Zaynab bint Ali Umm Kulthum bint Ali Umm ul - Banin Fatimah bint Hasan Sukayna bint Husayn Rubab Shahrbanu Fātimah bint Mūsā Hakimah Khātūn Narjis Fatimah bint Asad Umm Farwah bint al - Qasim Shia Islam portal Sunni Islam and Shia Islam are the two major denominations of Islam . They chose sides following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in AD 632 . A dispute over succession to Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world , which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin . The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala , in which Hussein ibn Ali and his household were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I , and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community . The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source , but a good approximation is that 85 -- 90 % of the world 's Muslims are Sunni and 10 -- 15 % are Shia , with most Shias belonging to the Twelver tradition and the rest divided between many other groups . Sunnis are a majority in most Muslim communities : in Southeast Asia , China , South Asia , Africa , and most of the Arab world . Shia make up the majority of the citizen population in Iraq , Bahrain , Lebanon , Iran and Azerbaijan , as well as being a politically significant minority in Pakistan , Syria and Yemen . Azerbaijan is predominantly Shia ; however , practicing adherents are far fewer . Today , there are differences in religious practice , traditions , and customs , often related to jurisprudence . Although all Muslim groups consider the Quran to be divine , Sunni and Shia have different opinions on hadith . In recent years , Sunni -- Shia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict , particularly the Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict . Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East and South Asia . Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles , such as the Bahraini uprising , the Iraq War , and most recently the Syrian Civil War and in the formation of the self - styled Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has launched a genocide against Shias . Contents 1 Numbers 2 Historical beliefs and leadership 2.1 Successors of Muhammad 2.2 Mahdi 2.3 Hadith 2.4 Shiism and Sufism 2.5 Pillars of faith 2.6 Practices 2.6. 1 Salat 2.6. 2 Mut'ah and Misyar 2.6. 3 Hijab and dress 2.6. 4 Given names 3 History 3.1 Abbasid era 3.2 Shia -- Sunni in Iraq 3.3 Shia -- Sunni in Persia 3.3. 1 The Shia in Persia before the Safavids 3.3. 2 Shiism in Persia after Safavids 3.4 Shia -- Sunni in Levant 3.5 Shia -- Sunni in South Asia 3.5. 1 Shia - Sunni Relations in the Mughal Empire 4 Modern Sunni -- Shia relations 4.1 1919 -- 1970 4.2 Post-1980 4.2. 1 Iraq 4.2. 2 Iran 4.2. 3 Syria 4.2. 4 Saudi Arabia 4.2. 5 Lebanon 4.2. 6 Jordan 4.2. 7 Egypt 4.2. 8 Yemen 4.2. 9 Bahrain 4.2. 10 Pakistan 4.2. 11 Afghanistan 4.2. 12 Nigeria 4.2. 13 South East Asia 4.2. 14 United States 4.2. 15 Europe 4.2. 16 Australia 4.3 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 5 Efforts to foster Sunni -- Shia unity 5.1 Saudi - Iran summit 5.2 Some opinions about unity 5.2. 1 Sunni scholars 5.2. 2 Shiite scholars 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Numbers ( edit ) Sunnis are a majority in most Muslim communities in Southeast Asia , China , South Asia , Africa , most of the Arab World , and among Muslims in the United States ( of which 85 -- 90 % are Sunnis ) . This can also be confusing because the majority of Arab Muslims in the United States are Shia , while the majority of Arab Americans are Christians , the conflation of Arab and Muslim being quite common . Shias make up the majority of the Muslim population in Iran ( around 95 % ) , Azerbaijan ( around 90 % ) , Iraq ( around 75 % ) and Bahrain ( around 70 % ) . Minority communities are also found in Yemen where over 47 % of the population are Shia ( mostly of the Zaidi sect ) , according to the UNHCR . Others put the numbers of Shias at 30 % . About 15 -- 20 % of Turkey 's population belong to the Alevi sect . The Shia constitute around 30 -- 40 % of Kuwait , 45 -- 55 % of the Muslim population in Lebanon , 25 % of Saudi Arabia , 12 % of Syria , and 20 -- 25 % of Pakistan . Around 15 -- 20 % of Afghanistan , less than 75 % of the Muslims in Nigeria , and around 5 % of population of Tajikistan are Shia . ... Shias are about 25 - to - 30 percent of the entire Muslim world . We do n't have accurate statistics because in much of the Middle East it is not convenient to have them , for ruling regimes in particular . But the estimates are that they are about 25 to 30 percent of the Muslim world , which puts them somewhere between 230 and 320 million people ... The overwhelming majority of that population lives between Pakistan and Lebanon . Iran always had been a Shia country , the largest one , with a population of about 70 million . Pakistan is the second - largest Shia country in the world , with about 30 million population . Also potentially , there are as many Shias in India as there are in Iraq . -- Vali Nasr , 18 October 2006 The main Islamic madh'habs ( schools of law ) of Muslim countries or distributions Historical beliefs and leadership ( edit ) Successors of Muhammad ( edit ) Further information : Descendants of Muhammad Mahdi ( edit ) The Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam . While Shias and Sunnis differ on the nature of the Mahdi , many members of both groups believe that the Mahdi will appear at the end of the world to bring about a perfect and just Islamic society . In Shia Islam `` the Mahdi symbol has developed into a powerful and central religious idea . '' Twelvers believe the Mahdi will be Muhammad al - Mahdi , the twelfth Imam returned from the Occultation , where he has been hidden by Allah since 874 . In contrast , mainstream Sunnis believe the Mahdi will be named Muhammad , be a descendant of Muhammad , and will revive the faith , but will not necessarily be connected with the end of the world . Hadith ( edit ) The Shias accept some of the same hadiths used by Sunnis as part of the sunnah to argue their case . In addition , they consider the sayings of Ahl al - Bayt that are not attributed directly to Muhammad as hadiths . Shias do not accept many Sunni hadiths unless they are also recorded in Shia sources or the methodology can be proven of how they were recorded . Also , some Sunni - accepted hadith are less favored by Shias ; one example is that because of Aisha 's opposition to Ali , hadiths narrated by Aisha are not given the same authority as those by other companions . Another example is hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah , who is considered by Shias as the enemy of Ali . The Shia argument is that Abu Hurairah was only a Muslim four years of his life before Muhammad 's death . Although he accompanied Muhammad for four years only , he managed to record ten times as many hadiths as Abu Bakr and Ali each . Shiism and Sufism ( edit ) Shiism and Sufism are said to share a number of hallmarks : Belief in an inner meaning to the Quran , special status for some mortals ( saints for Sufi , Imams for Shias ) , as well as veneration of Ali and Muhammad 's family . Pillars of faith ( edit ) The Five Pillars of Islam ( Arabic : أركان الإسلام ) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim . These duties are Shahada ( profession of faith ) , salat ( prayers ) , Zakāt ( giving of alms ) , Sawm ( fasting , specifically during Ramadan ) and Hajj ( pilgrimage to Mecca ) . These five practices are essential to Sunni and Shia Muslims . Shia theology has two concepts that define religion as a whole . There are Roots of Religion ( Usūl al - Dīn ) and Branches of Religion ( Furu al Din ) . Practices ( edit ) Many distinctions can be made between Sunnis and Shiaīs through observation alone : Salat ( edit ) A Sunni muslim ( Left ) beside a Shia muslim ( right ) showing different ways of holding arms during 16 March 2018 Tehran Friday prayer , Iran . When prostrating during ritual prayer ( salat ) , Shias place their forehead onto a piece of naturally occurring material , most often a clay tablet ( mohr ) , soil ( turbah ) at times from Karbala , the place where Hussein ibn Ali was martyred , instead of directly onto prayer rug . Some Shia perform prayers back to back , sometimes worshipping two times consecutively ( 1 + 2 + 2 i.e. fajr on its own Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha ' ) , thus praying five times a day but with a very small break in between the prayer , instead of five prayers with at some gap between them as required by Sunni schools of law . Shias and the followers of the Sunni Maliki school hold their hands at their sides during prayer ; Sunnis of other schools cross their arms ( right over left ) and clasp their hands ; it is commonly held by Sunni scholars especially of Maliki school that either is acceptable . Mut'ah and Misyar ( edit ) See also : Islamic marital practices Twelver Shia as the main branch of Shia Islam permit Nikah mut'ah -- fixed - term temporary marriage -- which is not acceptable within the Sunni community , the Ismaili Shia or the Zaidi Shia and is believed a planned and agreed fornication . Twelvers believe that Mutah was permitted until Umar forbade it during his rule . Mutah is not the same as Misyar marriage or ' Arfi marriage , which has no date of expiration and is permitted by some Sunnis . A Misyar marriage differs from a conventional Islamic marriage in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will . The man can divorce the woman whenever he wants to in a Misyar marriage . Hijab and Dress ( edit ) See also : Islam and clothing Both Sunni and Shia women wear the hijab . Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf . Some Shia religious leaders also wear a black robe . Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the hijab differently . Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab . Shias believe that the hijab must cover around the perimeter of the face and up to the chin . Like Sunnis , some Shia women , such as those in Iran and Iraq , use their hand to hold the black chador , in order to cover their faces when in public . Given names ( edit ) Shia are sometimes recognizable by their names , which are often derived from the names of Ahl al - Bayt . In particular , the names Fatima , Zaynab , Ali , Abbas , Hussein , and Hassan are disproportionately common among Shias , though they may also be used by Sunnis . Umar , Uthman , Abu Bakr , Aisha , Muawiya , being the names of figures recognized by Sunnis but not Shias , are commonly used as names for Sunnis but are very rare , if not virtually absent , for Shias . History ( edit ) Abbasid era ( edit ) Destruction of the Tomb of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala , condemned in a Mughal era manuscript . The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by a new dynasty , the Abbasids . The first Abbasid caliph , As - Saffah , recruited Shia support in his campaign against the Umayyads by emphasising his blood relationship to Muhammad 's household through descent from his uncle , ' Abbas ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib . The Shia also believe that he promised them that the Caliphate , or at least religious authority , would be vested in the Shia Imam . As - Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of Caliph himself . He continued the Umayyad dynastic practice of succession , and his brother al - Mansur succeeded him in 754 . Ja'far al - Sadiq , the sixth Shia Imam , died during al - Mansur 's reign , and there were claims that he was murdered on the orders of the caliph . ( However , Abbasid persecution of Islamic lawyers was not restricted to the Shia . Abū Ḥanīfa , for example , was imprisoned by al - Mansur and tortured . ) Shia sources further claim that by the orders of the tenth Abassid caliph , al - Mutawakkil , the tomb of the third Imam , Hussein ibn Ali in Karbala , was completely demolished , and Shias were sometimes beheaded in groups , buried alive , or even placed alive within the walls of government buildings still under construction . The Shia believe that their community continued to live for the most part in hiding and followed their religious life secretly without external manifestations . Shia -- Sunni in Iraq ( edit ) Many Shia Iranians migrated to what is now Iraq in the 16th century . `` It is said that when modern Iraq was formed , some of the population of Karbala was Iranian '' . In time , these immigrants adopted the Arabic language and Arab identity , but their origin has been used to `` unfairly cast them as lackeys of Iran '' . However many of these Shias come from Sayyid families with origins in tribes from Iraq , Lebanon and Bahrain , one of said tribes being al - Musawi , and two prevalent families that are descended from it and lived in Iran for some time before settling in Iraq are the al - Qazwini and al - Shahristani families . Other Iraqi Shias are ethnic Arabs with roots in Iraq as deep as those of their Sunni counterparts . Shia -- Sunni in Persia ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Iran Shafi'i Sunnism was the dominant form of Islam in most of Iran until rise of the Safavid Empire although a significant undercurrent of Ismailism and a very large minority of Twelvers were present all over Persia . The Sunni hegemony did not undercut the Shia presence in Iran . The writers of the Shia Four Books were Iranian , as were many other great scholars . According to Morteza Motahhari : The majority of Iranians turned to Shi'ism from the Safawid period onwards . Of course , it can not be denied that Iran 's environment was more favourable to the flourishing of the Shi'ism as compared to all other parts of the Muslim world . Shi'ism did not penetrate any land to the extent that it gradually could in Iran . With the passage of time , Iranians ' readiness to practise Shi'ism grew day by day . Had Shi ` ism not been deeply rooted in the Iranian spirit , the Safawids ( 907 -- 1145 / 1501 -- 1732 ) would not have succeeded in converting Iranians to the Shi'i creed and making them follow the Prophet 's Ahl al - Bayt sheerly by capturing political power . Yavuz Sultan Selim who delivered a devastating blow to the Shia Safavids and Ismail I in the Battle of Chaldiran , a battle of historical significance . The Shia in Persia before the Safavids ( edit ) The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period . There were however some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaidis of Tabaristan , the Buwayhid , the rule of the Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah ( r . 1304 -- 1316 ) and the Sarbedaran . Nevertheless , apart from this domination there existed , firstly , throughout these nine centuries , Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and , secondly , Twelver and Zaidi Shiism had prevalence in some parts of Iran . During this period , the Shia in Iran were nourished from Kufa , Baghdad and later from Najaf and Al Hillah . Shia were dominant in Tabaristan , Qom , Kashan , Avaj and Sabzevar . In many other areas the population of Shias and Sunni was mixed . The first Zaidi state was established in Daylaman and Tabaristan ( northern Iran ) in 864 by the Alavids ; it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in 928 . Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan ( north - western Iran ) and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 . After which from the 12th - 13th centuries , the Zaidis of Daylaman , Gilan and Tabaristan then acknowledge the Zaidi Imams of Yemen or rival Zaidi Imams within Iran . The Buyids , who were Zaidi and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad , and even upon the caliph himself , provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shia thought . This spread of Shiism to the inner circles of the government enabled the Shia to withstand those who opposed them by relying upon the power of the caliphate . Twelvers came to Iran from Arab regions in the course of four stages . First , through the Asharis tribe at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century . Second through the pupils of Sabzevar , and especially those of Al - Shaykh Al - Mufid , who were from Rey and Sabzawar and resided in those cities . Third , through the school of Hillah under the leadership of Al - Hilli and his son Fakhr al - Muhaqqiqin . Fourth , through the scholars of Jabal Amel residing in that region , or in Iraq , during the 16th and 17th centuries who later migrated to Iran . On the other hand , the Ismaili da'wah ( `` missionary institution '' ) sent missionaries ( du'āt , sg . dā'ī ) during the Fatimid Caliphate to Persia . When the Ismailis divided into two sects , Nizaris established their base in northern Persia . Hassan - i Sabbah conquered fortresses and captured Alamut in 1090 . Nizaris used this fortress until the Mongols finally seized and destroyed it in 1256 . After the Mongols and the fall of the Abbasids , the Sunni Ulama suffered greatly . In addition to the destruction of the caliphate there was no official Sunni school of law . Many libraries and madrasahs were destroyed and Sunni scholars migrated to other Islamic areas such as Anatolia and Egypt . In contrast , most Shia were largely unaffected as their center was not in Iran at this time . For the first time , the Shia could openly convert other Muslims to their movement . Several local Shia dynasties like the Marashi and Sarbadars were established during this time . The kings of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty ruled in Tabriz with a domain extending to Fars and Kerman . In Egypt the Fatimid government ruled . Muhammad Khudabandah , the famous builder of Soltaniyeh , was among the first of the Mongols to convert to Shiaism , and his descendants ruled for many years in Persia and were instrumental in spreading Shī'ī thought . Sufism played a major role in spread of Shiism in this time . After the Mongol invasion Shiims and Sufism once again formed a close association in many ways . Some of the Ismailis whose power had broken by the Mongols , went underground and appeared later within Sufi orders or as new branches of already existing orders . In Twelve - Imam Shiism , from the 13th to the 16th century , Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles . The extremist sects of the Hurufis and Shasha'a grew directly out of a background that is both Shiite and Sufi . More important in the long run than these sects were the Sufi orders which spread in Persia at this time and aided in the preparing the ground for the Shiite movement of Safavids . Two of these orders are of particular significance in this question of the relation of Shiism and Sufism : The Nimatullahi order and Nurbakhshi order . -- Hossein Nasr Shiism in Persia after Safavids ( edit ) Ismail I initiated a religious policy to recognize Shiism as the official religion of the Safavid Empire , and the fact that modern Iran and Azerbaijan remain majority - Shia states is a direct result of Ismail 's actions . Shah Ismail I of Safavid dynasty destroyed the tombs of Abū Ḥanīfa and the Sufi Abdul Qadir Gilani in 1508 . In 1533 , Ottomans restored order , reconquered Iraq and rebuilt Sunni shrines . Unfortunately for Ismail , most of his subjects were Sunni . He thus had to enforce official Shiism violently , putting to death those who opposed him . Under this pressure , Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert , but it is safe to say that the majority of the population was probably genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century , and most Iranians today are Shia , although there is still a Sunni minority . Immediately following the establishment of Safavid power the migration of scholars began and they were invited to Iran ... By the side of the immigration of scholars , Shi'i works and writings were also brought to Iran from Arabic - speaking lands , and they performed an important role in the religious development of Iran ... In fact , since the time of the leadership of Shaykh Mufid and Shaykh Tusi , Iraq had a central academic position for Shi'ism . This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two - and - a-half centuries , after which it partly returned to Najaf ... Before the Safavid era Shi'i manuscripts were mainly written in Iraq , with the establishment of the Safavid rule these manuscripts were transferred to Iran . This led to a wide gap between Iran and its Sunni neighbors , particularly its rival , the Ottoman Empire , in the wake of the Battle of Chaldiran . This gap continued until the 20th century . The declaration of Shi'ism as the state religion of the realm by Shah Ismail -- 1501 Tabriz central mosque . Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran , which was fought between the Sunni Ottoman Empire and the Shia Safavid dynasty . Shia -- Sunni in Levant ( edit ) Rashid ad - Din Sinan the Grand Master of the Ismaili Shia at Masyaf successfully deterred Saladin , not to assault the minor territories under the control of their sect . Shias claim that despite these advances , many Shias in Syria continued to be killed during this period for their faith . One of these was Muhammad Ibn Makki , called Shahid - i Awwal ( the First Martyr ) , one of the great figures in Shia jurisprudence , who was killed in Damascus in 1384 . Shahab al - Din Suhrawardi was another eminent scholar , killed in Aleppo on charges of cultivating Batini teachings and philosophy . Shia -- Sunni in South Asia ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Asia Sunni -- Shia clashes also occurred occasionally in the 20th century in South Asia . There were many between 1904 and 1908 . These clashes revolved around the public cursing of the first three caliphs by Shias and the praising of them by Sunnis . To put a stop to the violence , public demonstrations were banned in 1909 on the three most sensitive days : Ashura , Chehlum and Ali 's death on 21 Ramadan . Intercommunal violence resurfaced in 1935 -- 36 and again in 1939 when many thousands of Sunni and Shias defied the ban on public demonstrations and took to the streets . Shia are estimated to be 21 -- 35 % of the Muslim population in South Asia , although the total number is difficult to estimate due to the intermingling between the two groups and practice of taqiyya by Shia . Sunni razzias which came to be known as Taarajs virtually devastated the community . History records 10 such Taarajs also known as Taraj - e-Shia between the 15th and 19th centuries in 1548 , 1585 , 1635 , 1686 , 1719 , 1741 , 1762 , 1801 , 1830 , 1872 during which the Shia habitations were plundered , people slaughtered , libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated . Shia - Sunni relations in the Mughal Empire ( edit ) Shia in South Asia faced persecution by some Sunni rulers and Mughal Emperors which resulted in the killings of Shia scholars like Qazi Nurullah Shustari ( also known as Shaheed - e-Thaalis , the third Martyr ) and Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi ( also known as Shaheed - e - Rabay , the fourth Martyr ) who are two of the five martyrs of Shia Islam . Shias in Kashmir in subsequent years had to pass through the most atrocious period of their history . Modern Sunni -- Shia relations ( edit ) See also : Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict In addition to Iran , Iraq has emerged as a major Shia government when the Twelvers achieved political dominance in 2005 under American occupation . The two communities have often remained separate , mingling regularly only during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca . In some countries like Iraq , Syria , Kuwait and Bahrain , communities have mingled and intermarried . Some Shia have complained of mistreatment in countries dominated by Sunnis , especially in Saudi Arabia , while some Sunnis have complained of discrimination in the Twelver - dominated states of Iraq and Iran . Some tension developed between Sunnis and Shia as a result of clashes over Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police at the hajj . Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of Salafism which is a branch of Sunni Islam . According to some reports , as of mid-2013 , the Syrian Civil War has become `` overtly sectarian '' with the `` sectarian lines fall most sharply '' between Alawites and Sunnis . With the involvement of Lebanese Shia paramilitary group Hezbollah , the fighting in Syria has reignited `` long - simmering tensions between Sunnis and Shi'ites '' spilling over into Lebanon and Iraq . Ex-Ambassador Dimitar Mihaylov further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation ( encompassing ISIS , the Syrian civil war , Yemen , Iraq and others ) represents a `` qualitatively new '' development in the history of Shi'a - Sunni dynamics . Historically , the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere , while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally . 1919 -- 1970 ( edit ) At least one scholar sees the period from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire through the decline of Arab nationalism as a time of relative unity and harmony between traditionalist Sunni and Shia Muslims -- unity brought on by a feeling of being under siege from a common threat , secularism , first of the European colonial variety and then Arab nationalist . An example of Sunni -- Shia cooperation was the Khilafat Movement which swept South Asia following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire , the seat of the Caliphate , in World War I. Shia scholars `` came to the caliphate 's defence '' by attending the 1931 Caliphate Conference in Jerusalem , although they were theologically opposed to the idea that non-imams could be caliphs or successors to Muhammad , and that the caliphate was `` the flagship institution '' of Sunni , not Shia , authority . This has been described as unity of traditionalists in the face of the twin threats of `` secularism and colonialism . '' In these years Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi travelled to Cairo and started his efforts for reforming Islamic unity at Al - Azhar University , since 1938 . Finally , his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut and Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi led to the founding of Dar - al - Taghrib ( community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims ) . Another example of unity was a fatwā issued by the rector of Al - Azhar University , Mahmud Shaltut , recognizing Shia Islamic law as the fifth school of Islamic law . In 1959 , al - Azhar University in Cairo , the most influential center of Sunni learning , authorized the teaching of courses of Shia jurisprudence as part of its curriculum . The year of the Iranian Islamic Revolution was `` one of great ecumentical discourse '' , and shared enthusiasm by both Shia and Sunni Islamists . After the Iranian Revolution , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini endeavored to bridge the gap between Shiites and Sunnis by declaring it permissible for Twelvers to pray behind Sunni imams and by forbidding criticizing the Caliphs who preceded Ali -- an issue that had caused much animosity between the two groups . In addition , he designated the period of Prophet 's Birthday celebrations from 12th to the 17th of Rabi Al - Awwal as the Islamic Unity Week , there being a gap in the dates of when Shiites and Sunnis celebrate Muhammad 's birthday . Post-1980 ( edit ) See also : Iran -- Iraq War Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr , Iran Following this period , Sunni -- Shia strife has seen a major upturn , particularly in Iraq and Pakistan , leading to thousands of deaths . Among the explanations for the increase are conspiracies by outside forces to divide Muslims , the recent Islamic revival and increased religious purity and consequent takfir , upheaval , destruction and loss of power of Sunni caused by the US invasion of Iraq , and sectarianism generated by Arab regimes defending themselves against the mass uprisings of the Arab Spring . Outside conspiracies Many in the Muslim world explain the bloodshed as the work of conspiracies by outside forces -- `` the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken ( Arabs ) '' ( Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Yusuf al - Qaradawi ) , unspecified `` enemies '' ( Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ) , or `` oppressive pressure by the imperialist front . '' ( Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ) . Some Western analysts assert that the US is practicing divide and rule strategy through the escalation of Sunni - Shia conflict . Nafeez Ahmed cites a 2008 RAND Corporation study for the American military which recommended `` divide and rule '' as a possible strategy against the Muslim world in `` the Long War . '' Dr. Christopher Davidson argues that the current crisis in Yemen is being `` egged on '' by the US , and could be part of a wider covert strategy to `` spur fragmentation in Iran allies and allow Israel to be surrounded by weak states '' . Islamic revival Others lay the blame for the strife at a very different source , the unintended effects of the Islamic revival . According to scholar Vali Nasr , as the Muslim world was decolonialised and Arab nationalism lost its appeal , fundamentalism blossomed and reasserted the differences and conflicts between the two movements , particularly in the strict teachings of Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah . The Iranian Islamic revolution changed the Shia -- Sunni power equation in Muslim countries `` from Lebanon to India '' arousing the traditionally subservient Shia to the alarm of traditionally dominant and very non-revolutionary Sunni . `` Where Iranian revolutionaries saw Islamic revolutionary stirrings , Sunnis saw mostly Shia mischief and a threat to Sunni predominance . '' Although the Iranian revolution 's leader , Ayatollah Khomeini , was very much in favor of Shia -- Sunni unity , he also challenged Saudi Arabia , in his view an `` unpopular and corrupt dictatorship '' and an `` American lackey '' ripe for revolution . In part because Saudi Arabia was the world 's major international funder of Islamic schools , scholarships , and fellowships , this angered not only Saudi Arabia but its many fundamentalist allies and benefactors throughout the Arab world , according to Nasr . Another effect noted by political scientist Gilles Kepel , is that the initial attraction of the Islamic Revolution to Sunnis as well as Shia , and Khomeini 's desire to export his revolution motivated the Saudi establishment to shore up its `` religious legitimacy '' with more strictness in religion ( and with jihad in Afghanistan ) to compete with Iran 's revolutionary ideology . But doing so in Saudi meant a more anti-Shia policies because Saudi 's own native Sunni school of Islam is Wahhabism , which includes the prohibition of Shia Islam itself , as strict Wahhabis do not consider Shia to be Islamic . This new strictness was spread not only among Saudis in the kingdom but thousands of students and Saudi funded schools and international Islamist volunteers who came to training camps in Peshawar Pakistan in the 1980s to learn to fight jihad in Afghanistan and went home in the 1990s to fight jihad . Both groups ( especially in Iraq and Pakistan ) saw Shia as the enemy . Thus , although the Iranian revolution 's leader , Ayatollah Khomeini , was very much in favor of Shia -- Sunni unity , and `` the leadership position that went with it '' , his revolution worked against it . From the Iranian Revolution to 2015 , Shia groups in Lebanon , Iraq , Syria , Yemen , supported by Iran have recently won `` important political victories '' which have boosted Iran 's regional influence . In Lebanon , Hezbollah , the Lebanese Shia militia and political movement is the `` strongest political actor '' in the country . Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq removed Saddam Hussein from power and instituted elected government , the Shia majority has dominated the parliament and its prime ministers have been Shia . In Syria , a Shia minority -- the heterodox Alawi sect that makes up only about 13 percent of the population -- dominate the upper reaches of the government , military and security services in Syria , and are the `` backbone '' of the forces fighting to protect the Bashir al - Assad regime in Syria 's civil war . In Yemen , Houthi rebels have expanded their territory south of Saudi Arabia , and become the country 's `` dominant power '' . Olivier Roy , research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research , sees the `` Shia awakening and its instrumentalisation by Iran '' as leading to a `` very violent Sunni reaction '' , starting first in Pakistan before spreading to `` the rest of the Muslim world , without necessarily being as violent . '' According to Roy , `` two events created a sea change in the balance of power between Shia and Sunnis : the Islamic revolution in Iran and the American military intervention in Iraq '' in 2003 . `` Today , Azerbaijan is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together . '' From 1994 to 2014 satellite television and high - speed Internet has spread `` hate speech '' against both Sunni and Shia . Fundamentalist Sunni clerics have popularized slurs against Shia such as `` Safawis '' ( from the Safavid empire , thus implying their being an Iranian agents ) , or even worse rafidha ( rejecters of the faith ) , and majus ( Zoroastrian or crypto Persian ) . In turn , Shia religious scholars have `` mocked and cursed '' the first three caliphs and Aisha , Mohammed 's youngest wife who fought against Ali . US invasion of Iraq Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq are Fawaz Gerges , who writes in his book ISIS : A History , By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian - based political system , the 2003 US - led invasion polarized the country along Sunni - Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce , prolonged struggle driven by identity politics . Anger against the United States was also fueled by the humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law , which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution . Malise Ruthven writes that the post invasion de-Ba'athification by the US occupiers deprived Iraq of `` the officer class and administrative cadres that had ruled under Saddam Hussein , leaving the field to sectarian - based militias '' . Many of officers joined the anti-Shia takfiri ISIL group . The US - led invasion also `` tilted the regional balance of power decisively '' in favor of Shia Iran , alarming Sunni and leading to talk of a `` Shia Crescent '' . Counter-revolutionary tactic Marc Lynch in his book The New Arab Wars : Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East , argues that as old regimes or political forces sought to control `` the revolutionary upsurge '' of the Arab Spring , sectarianism became `` a key weapon '' to undermine unity among the anti-regime masses . Christians were pitted `` against Muslims in Egypt , Jordanians against Palestinians in Jordan , and , above all , Sunnis against Shi'ites wherever possible . '' Iraq ( edit ) Main articles : Shia Islam in Iraq and Islam in Iraq Shia -- Sunni discord in Iraq starts with disagreement over the relative population of the two groups . According to most sources , including the CIA 's World Factbook , the majority of Iraqis are Shia Arab Muslims ( 60 % - 70 % ) , and Sunni Arab Muslims represent between 32 % and 37 % of the population . However , Sunni are split ethnically among Arabs , Kurds and Turkmen . Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status , including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada , and many believe Shia majority is `` a myth spread by America '' . One Sunni belief shared by Jordan 's King Abdullah as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shias crossing the border . Shia scholar Vali Nasr believes the election turnout in summer and December 2005 confirmed a strong Shia majority in Iraq . The British , having put down a Shia rebellion against their rule in the 1920s , `` confirmed their reliance on a corps of Sunni ex-officers of the collapsed Ottoman empire '' . The British colonial rule ended after the Sunni and Shia united against it . The Shia suffered indirect and direct persecution under post-colonial Iraqi governments since 1932 , erupting into full - scale rebellions in 1935 and 1936 . Shias were also persecuted during the Ba'ath Party rule , especially under Saddam Hussein . It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount . In 1969 the son of Iraq 's highest Shia Ayatollah Muhsin al - Hakim was arrested and allegedly tortured . From 1979 -- 1983 Saddam 's regime executed 48 major Shia clerics in Iraq . They included Shia leader Mohammad Baqir al - Sadr and his sister . Tens of thousands of Iranians and Arabs of Iranian origin were expelled in 1979 and 1980 and a further 75,000 in 1989 . The Shias openly revolted against Saddam following the Gulf War in 1991 and were encouraged by Saddam 's defeat in Kuwait and by simultaneous Kurdish uprising in the north . However , Shia opposition to the government was brutally suppressed , resulting in some 50,000 to 100,000 casualties and successive repression by Saddam 's forces . The governing regimes of Iraq were composed mainly of Sunnis for nearly a century until the 2003 Iraq War . Iraq War Some of the worst sectarian strife ever has occurred after the start of the Iraq War , steadily building up to the present . The war has featured a cycle of Sunni -- Shia revenge killing -- Sunni often used car bombs , while Shia favored death squads . According to one estimate , as of early 2008 , 1,121 suicide bombers have blown themselves up in Iraq . Sunni suicide bombers have targeted not only thousands of civilians , but mosques , shrines , wedding and funeral processions , markets , hospitals , offices , and streets . Sunni insurgent organizations include Ansar al - Islam . Radical groups include Al - Tawhid Wal - Jihad , Jaish al - Ta'ifa al - Mansurah , Jeish Muhammad , and Black Banner Organization . Takfir motivation for many of these killings may come from Sunni insurgent leader Abu Musab al - Zarqawi . Before his death Zarqawi was one to quote Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab , especially his infamous statement urging followers to kill the Shia of Iraq , and calling the Shias `` snakes '' . An al - Qaeda - affiliated website posted a call for `` a full - scale war on Shiites all over Iraq , whenever and wherever they are found . '' Suicide bombers continue to attack Iraqi Shia civilians , and the Shia ulama have in response declared suicide bombing as haraam : حتی كسانی كه با انتحار می‌آيند و می‌زنند عده‌ای را می‌كشند ، آن هم به عنوان عملیات انتحاری ، این‌ها در قعر جهنم هستند Even those who kill people with suicide bombing , these shall meet the flames of hell . -- Ayatollah Yousef Saanei Some believe the war has strengthened the takfir thinking and may spread Sunni -- Shia strife elsewhere . On the Shia side , in early February 2006 militia - dominated government death squads were reportedly `` tortur ( ing ) to death or summarily '' executing `` hundreds '' of Sunnis `` every month in Baghdad alone , '' many arrested at random . According to the British television Channel 4 , from 2005 through early 2006 , commandos of the Ministry of the Interior which is controlled by the Badr Organization , and ... who are almost exclusively Shia Muslims -- have been implicated in rounding up and killing thousands of ordinary Sunni civilians . The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down . Iran 's Shia leaders are said to become `` more determined '' the more violent the anti-Shia attacks in Iraq become . One Shia Grand Ayatollah , Yousef Saanei , who has been described as a moderate , reacted to the 2005 suicide bombings of Shia targets in Iraq by saying the bombers were `` wolves without pity '' and that `` sooner rather than later , Iran will have to put them down '' . Iran ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Iran and Freedom of religion in Iran Iran is unique in the Muslim world because its population is overwhelmingly more Shia than Sunni ( Shia constitute 95 % of the population ) and because its constitution is theocratic republic based on rule by a Shia jurist . Although the founder of the Islamic Republic , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , supported good Sunni -- Shia relations , there have been complaints by Sunni of discrimination , particularly in important government positions . In a joint appearance with former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani calling for Shia - Sunni unity , Sunni Shiekh Yusuf al - Qaradawi complained that no ministers in Iran have been Sunni for a long time , that Sunni officials are scarce even in the regions with majority of Sunni population ( such as Kurdistan , or Balochistan ) and despite the presence of Christian churches , as a prominent example of this discrimination . Although reformist President Mohammad Khatami promised during his election campaign to build a Sunni mosque in Tehran , none was built during his eight years in office . The president explained the situation by saying Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei would not agree to the proposal . As in other parts of the Muslim world , other issues may play a part in the conflict , since most Sunnis in Iran are also ethnic minorities . Soon after the 1979 revolution , Sunni leaders from Kurdistan , Balouchistan , and Khorassan , set up a new party known as Shams , which is short for Shora - ye Markaz - e al Sunaat , to unite Sunnis and lobby for their rights . But six months after that they were closed down , bank accounts suspended and had their leaders arrested by the government on charges that they were backed by Saudi Arabia and Pakistan . A UN human rights report states that : ... information indicates Sunnis , along with other religious minorities , are denied by law or practice access to such government positions as cabinet minister , ambassador , provincial governor , mayor and the like , Sunni schools and mosques have been destroyed , and Sunni leaders have been imprisoned , executed and assassinated . The report notes that while some of the information received may be difficult to corroborate there is a clear impression that the right of freedom of religion is not being respected with regard to the Sunni minority . Members of the ' Balochistan Peoples Front ' claim that Sunnis are systematically discriminated against educationally by denial of places at universities , politically by not allowing Sunnis to be army generals , ambassadors , ministers , prime minister , or president , religiously insulting Sunnis in the media , economic discrimination by not giving import or export licenses for Sunni businesses while the majority of Sunnis are left unemployed . There has been a low level resistance in mainly Sunni Iranian Balouchistan against the regime for several years . Official media refers to the fighting as armed clashes between the police and `` bandits , '' `` drug - smugglers , '' and `` thugs , '' to disguise what many believe is essentially a political - religious conflict . Revolutionary Guards have stationed several brigades in Balouchi cities , and have allegedly tracked down and assassinated Sunni leaders both inside Iran and in neighboring Pakistan . In 1996 a leading Sunni , Abdulmalek Mollahzadeh , was gunned down by hitmen , allegedly hired by Tehran , as he was leaving his house in Karachi . Members of Sunni groups in Iran however have been active in what the authorities describe as terrorist activities . Balochi Sunni Abdolmalek Rigi continue to declare the Shia as Kafir and Mushrik . These Sunni groups have been involved in violent activities in Iran and have waged terrorist attacks against civilian centers , including an attack next to a girls ' school according to government sources . The `` shadowy Sunni militant group Jundallah '' has reportedly been receiving weaponry from the United States for these attacks according to the semi-official Fars News Agency . The United Nations and several countries worldwide have condemned the bombings . ( See 2007 Zahedan bombings for more information ) Non-Sunni Iranian opposition parties , and Shia like Ayatollah Jalal Gange'i have criticised the regime 's treatment of Sunnis and confirmed many Sunni complaints . Following the 2005 elections , much of the leadership of Iran has been described as more `` staunchly committed to core Shia values '' and lacking Ayatollah Khomeini 's commitment to Shia -- Sunni unity . Polemics critical of Sunnis were reportedly being produced in Arabic for dissemination in the Arab Muslim world by Hojjatieh - aligned elements in the Iranian regime . Iranian government denies any allegations of discrimination against its Sunni citizens citing facts that there are Sunni mayors , police officers , judges , lawyers , clerics . Sunnis in Iran run multiple religious schools and own mosques that can accommodate thousands of worshipers at any given time . There are 10,000 -- 15,000 Sunni mosques all over Iran , with 9 in Tehran alone . According to the Iranian law , Shias are not allowed to build mosques in Sunni majority areas and vice versa . Syria ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Syria Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni , but its government is predominantly Alawite , a Shia sect that makes up less than 15 % of the population . Under Hafez al - Assad , Alawites dominated the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , a secular Arab nationalist party which had ruled Syria under a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011 . Alawites are often considered a form of Shia Islam , that differs somewhat from the larger Twelver Shia sect . During the 20th century , an Islamic uprising in Syria occurred with sectarian religious overtones between the Alawite - dominated Assad government and the Islamist Sunni Muslim Brotherhood , culminating with the 1982 Hama massacre . An estimated 10,000 to 40,000 Syrians , mostly civilians , were killed by Syrian military in the city . During the uprising , the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood attacked military cadets at an artillery school in Aleppo , performed car bomb attacks in Damascus , as well as bomb attacks against the government and its officials , including Hafez al - Assad himself , and had killed several hundred . How much of the conflict was sparked by Sunni versus Shia divisions and how much by Islamism versus secular - Arab - nationalism , is in question , but according to scholar Vali Nasr the failure of the Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran to support the Muslim Brotherhood against the Baathists `` earned ( Khomeini ) the Brotherhood 's lasting contempt . '' It proved to the satisfaction of the Brotherhood that sectarian loyalty trumped Islamist solidarity for Khomeini and eliminated whatever appeal Khomeini might have had to the MB movement as a pan-Islamic leader . Syria Civil War Main article : Syrian Civil War The Syrian Civil War , though it started as a political conflict , developed into a struggle between the Alawite - dominated Army and government on the one hand , and the mainly Sunni rebels and former members of the regular army on the other . The casualty toll of the war 's first three years has exceeded that of Iraq 's decade - long conflict , and the fight has `` amplified sectarian tensions to unprecedented levels '' . Rebel groups with 10,000 s of Sunni Syrian fighters such as Ahrar ash - Sham , the Islamic Front , and al - Qaeda 's al - Nusra Front , employ anti-Shia rhetoric and foreign Arab and Western Sunni fighters have joined the rebels . On the other side Shia from Hezbollah in Lebanon and from Asaib Ahl al - Haq and Kata'ib Hezbollah militias from Iraq have backed the Syrian government . `` Even Afghan Shia refugees in Iran '' , driven from Afghanistan by Sunni extremism , have `` reportedly been recruited by Tehran for the war in Syria '' . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Saudi Arabia , Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia , and Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia While Shia make up roughly 15 % of Saudi Arabia 's population , they form a large portion of the residents of the eastern province of Hasa -- by some estimates a majority -- where much of the petroleum industry is based . Between 500,000 and a million Shia live there , concentrated especially around the oases of Qatif and Al - Hasa . The Majority of Saudi Shia belong to the sect of the Twelvers . The Saudi conflict of Shia and Sunni extends beyond the borders of the kingdom because of international Saudi `` Petro - Islam '' influence . Saudi Arabia backed Iraq in the 1980 -- 1988 war with Iran and sponsored militants in Pakistan and Afghanistan who -- though primarily targeting the Soviet Union , which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979 -- also fought to suppress Shia movements . Relations between the Shia and the Wahhabis are inherently strained because the Wahhabis consider the rituals of the Shia to be the epitome of shirk , or polytheism . In the late 1920s , the Ikhwan ( Ibn Saud 's fighting force of converted Wahhabi Bedouin Muslims ) were particularly hostile to the Shia and demanded that Abd al Aziz forcibly convert them . In response , Abd al Aziz sent Wahhabi missionaries to the Eastern Province , but he did not carry through with attempts at forced conversion . In recent decades the late leading Saudi cleric , Abd al - Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz , issued fatwa denouncing Shia as apostates , and according to Shia scholar Vali Nasr `` Abdul - Rahman al - Jibrin , a member of the Higher Council of Ulama , even sanctioned the killing of Shias , a call that was reiterated by Wahhabi religious literature as late as 2002 . '' Government policy has been to allow Shia their own mosques and to exempt Shia from Hanbali inheritance practices . Nevertheless , Shia have been forbidden all but the most modest displays on their principal festivals , which are often occasions of sectarian strife in the Persian Gulf region , with its mixed Sunni -- Shia populations . According to a report by the Human Rights Watch : Shia Muslims , who constitute about eight percent of the Saudi population , faced discrimination in employment as well as limitations on religious practices . Shia jurisprudence books were banned , the traditional annual Shia mourning procession of Ashura was discouraged , and operating independent Islamic religious establishments remained illegal . At least seven Shi'a religious leaders - Abd al - Latif Muhammad Ali , Habib al - Hamid , Abd al - Latif al - Samin , Abdallah Ramadan , Sa'id al - Bahaar , Muhammad Abd al - Khidair , and Habib Hamdah Sayid Hashim al - Sadah - reportedly remained in prison for violating these restrictions . '' And Amnesty International adds : Members of the Shi'a Muslim community ( estimated at between 7 and 10 per cent of Saudi Arabia 's population of about 19 million ) suffer systematic political , social , cultural as well as religious discrimination . As of 2006 four of the 150 members of Saudi Arabia 's `` handpicked '' parliament were Shia , but no city had a Shia mayor or police chief , and none of the 300 girls schools for Shia in the Eastern Province had a Shia principal . According to scholar Vali Nasr , Saudi textbooks `` characterize Shiism as a form of heresy ... worse than Christianity and Judaism . '' Forced into exile in the 1970s , Saudi Shia leader Hassan al - Saffar is said to have been `` powerfully influenced '' by the works of Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat - e-Islami and by their call for Islamic revolution and an Islamic state . Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution , Shia in Hasa ignored the ban on mourning ceremonies commemorating Ashura . When police broke them up three days of rampage ensued -- burned cars , attacked banks , looted shops -- centered around Qatif . At least 17 Shia were killed . In February 1980 disturbances were `` less spontaneous '' and even bloodier . Meanwhile , broadcasts from Iran in the name of the Islamic Revolutionary Organization attacked the monarchy , telling listeners , `` Kings despoil a country when they enter it and make the noblest of its people its meanest ... This is the nature of monarchy , which is rejected by Islam . '' By 1993 , Saudi Shia had abandoned uncompromising demands and some of al - Saffar 's followers met with King Fahd with promises made for reform . In 2005 the new King Abdullah also relaxed some restrictions on the Shia . However , Shia continue to be arrested for commemorating Ashura as of 2006 . In December 2006 , amidst escalating tensions in Iraq , 38 high ranking Saudi clerics called on Sunni Muslims around the world to `` mobilise against Shiites '' . Shia Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi is reported to have responded : The Wahhabis ignore the occupation of Islam 's first Qiblah by Israel , and instead focus on declaring Takfiring fatwas against Shias . Saudi Sunni A large fraction of the foreign Sunni extremists who have entered Iraq to fight against Shia and the American occupation are thought to be Saudis . According to one estimate , of the approximately 1,200 foreign fighters captured in Syria between summer 2003 and summer 2005 , 85 % were Saudis . Another reflection of grassroots Wahhabi or Saudi antipathy to Shia was a statement by Saudi cleric Nasir al - Umar , who accused Iraqi Shias of close ties to the United States and argued that both were enemies of Muslims everywhere . Al - Qaeda Some Wahabi groups , often labeled as takfiri and sometimes linked to Al - Qaeda , have even advocated the persecution of the Shia as heretics . Such groups have been allegedly responsible for violent attacks and suicide bombings at Shi'a gatherings at mosques and shrines , most notably in Iraq during the Ashura mourning ceremonies where hundreds of Shias were killed in coordinated suicide bombings , but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan . However , in a video message , Al - Qaeda deputy Dr Ayman al - Zawahiri directed Abu Musab al - Zarqawi , of Al - Qaeda in Iraq , not to attack civilian targets but to focus on the occupation troops . His call seems to have been ignored , or swept away in the increasing tensions of Iraq under occupation . Lebanon ( edit ) Though sectarian tensions in Lebanon were at their height during the Lebanese Civil War , the Shia -- Sunni relations were not the main conflict of the war . The Shia party / militia of Hezbollah emerged in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War as one of the strongest forces following the Israeli withdrawal in the year 2000 , and the collapse of the South Lebanese Army in the South . The tensions blew into a limited warfare between Shia dominated and Sunni dominated political alliances in 2008 . With the eruption of the Syrian Civil War , tensions increased between the Shia - affiliated Alawites and Sunnis of Tripoli , erupting twice into deadly violence -- in June 2011 , and the second time in February 2012 . The Syrian war has affected Hezbollah , which was once lauded by both Sunnis and Shi'ites for its battles against Israel , but now has lost support from many Sunnis for its military assistance to Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . The bombings are thought to be in retaliation for a large car bomb which detonated on August 15 and killed at least 24 and wounded hundreds in a part of Beirut controlled by the Hezbollah Jordan ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Jordan Although the country of Jordan is 95 % Sunni and has not seen any Shia -- Sunni fighting within , it has played a part in the recent Shia - Sunni strife . It is the home country of anti-Shia insurgent Raed Mansour al - Banna , who died perpetrating one of Iraq 's worst suicide bombings in the city of Al - Hillah . Al - Banna killed 125 Shia and wounded another 150 in the 2005 Al Hillah bombing of a police recruiting station and adjacent open air market . In March 2005 Salt , al - Banna 's home town , saw a three - day wake for al - Banna who Jordanian newspapers and celebrants proclaimed a martyr to Islam , which by definition made the Shia victims `` infidels whose murder was justified . '' Following the wake Shia mobs in Iraq attacked the Jordanian embassy on March 20 , 2005 . Ambassadors were withdrawn from both countries . All this resulted despite the strong filial bonds , ties of commerce , and traditional friendship between the two neighboring countries . Egypt ( edit ) Although according to some sources , almost all of Egypt 's Muslims are Sunni , others put the number of Shias somewhere between 800,000 to about two to three million . The Syrian Civil War has brought on an increase in anti-Shia rhetoric , and what Human Rights Watch states is `` anti-Shia hate speech by Salafis '' . In 2013 a mob of several hundred attacked a house in the village of Abu Musallim near Cairo , dragging four Shia worshipers through the street before lynching them . Eight other Shia were injured . Yemen ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Yemen See also : Human rights in Yemen and Religion in Yemen Muslims in Yemen include the majority Shafi'i ( Sunni ) and the minority Zaidi ( Shia ) . Zaidi are sometimes called `` Fiver Shia '' instead of Twelver Shia because they recognize the first four of the Twelve Imams but accept Zayd ibn Ali as their `` Fifth Imām '' rather than his brother Muhammad al - Baqir . Shia -- Sunni conflict in Yemen involves the Shia insurgency in northern Yemen . Both Shia and Sunni dissidents in Yemen have similar complaints about the government -- cooperation with the American government and an alleged failure to following Sharia law -- but it 's the Shia who have allegedly been singled out for government crackdown . During and after the US - led invasion of Iraq , members of the Zaidi - Shia community protested after Friday prayers every week outside mosques , particularly the Grand Mosque in Sana'a , during which they shouted anti-US and anti-Israeli slogans , and criticised the government 's close ties to America . These protests were led by ex-parliament member and Imam , Bader Eddine al - Houthi . In response the Yemeni government has implemented a campaign to crush to the Zaidi - Shia rebellion '' and harass journalists . These latest measures come as the government faces a Sunni rebellion with a similar motivation to the Zaidi discontent . A March 2015 suicide bombing of two mosques ( used mainly by supporters of the Zaidi Shia - led Houthi rebel movement ) , in the Yemeni capital of Sanaa , killed at least 137 people and wounded 300 . The Sunni Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant movement claimed responsibility , issuing a statement saying : `` Let the polytheist Houthis know that the soldiers of the Islamic State will not rest until we have uprooted them . '' Both the Sunni al - Qaeda and `` Islamic State '' consider Shia Muslims to be heretics . Bahrain ( edit ) Main articles : Al Bandar report and Islam in Bahrain The small Persian Gulf island state of Bahrain has a Shia majority but is ruled by Sunni Al Khalifa family as a constitutional monarchy , with Sunni dominating the ruling class and military and disproportionately represented in the business and landownership . According to the CIA World Factbook , Al Wefaq the largest Shia political society , won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature . However , Shia discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low - level violence . '' Bahrain has many disaffected unemployed youths and many have protested Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 's efforts to create a parliament as merely a `` cooptation of the effendis '' , i.e. traditional elders and notables . Bahrain 's 2002 election was widely boycotted by Shia . Mass demonstrations have been held in favor of full - fledged democracy in March and June 2005 , against an alleged insult to Ayatollah Khamenei in July 2005 . Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Sectarian violence in Pakistan , Shia Islam in Pakistan , and Islam in Pakistan Pakistan 's citizens have had serious Shia - Sunni discord . Almost 80 % of Pakistan 's Muslim population is Sunni , with 20 % being Shia , but this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any country , larger than the Shia majority in Iraq . Until recently Shia -- Sunni relations have been cordial , and a majority of people of both sects participated in the creation the state of Pakistan in the 1940s . Despite the fact that Pakistan is a Sunni majority country , Shias have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the country 's politics . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the father of the nation who served as the first Governor - General of Pakistan was a Shia . Several other top Pakistani Generals such as General Muhammad Musa . Pakistan 's President Yahya Khan were Shia . Former President Asif Ali Zardari is a Shia . There are many intermarriages between Shia and Sunnis in Pakistan . Unfortunately , from 1987 -- 2007 , `` as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died '' in Shia - Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan `` , 300 being killed in 2006 . Amongst the culprits blamed for the killing are Al - Qaeda working `` with local sectarian groups '' to kill what they perceive as Shia apostates , and `` foreign powers ... trying to sow discord . '' Most violence takes place in the largest province of Punjab and the country 's commercial and financial capital , Karachi . There have also been conflagrations in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Balochistan and Azad Kashmir , with several hundreds of Shia Hazara killed in Balochistan killed since 2008 . Arab states especially Saudi Arabia and GCC states have been funding extremist Deobandi Sunnis and Wahhabis in Pakistan , since the Afghan Jihad . Whereas Iran has been funding Shia militant groups such as Sipah - e-Muhammad Pakistan , resulting in tit - for - tat attacks on each other . Pakistan has become a battleground between Saudi Arabia - funded Deobandi Sunni and Wahhabis and Iran - funded Shia resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent Muslims . Background Some see a precursor of Pakistani Shia -- Sunni strife in the April 1979 execution of deposed President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on questionable charges by Islamic fundamentalist General Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq . Ali Bhutto was Shia , Zia ul - Haq a Sunni . Zia - ul - Haq 's Islamization that followed was resisted by Shia who saw it as `` Sunnification '' as the laws and regulations were based on Sunni fiqh . In July 1980 , 25,000 Shia protested the Islamization laws in the capital Islamabad . Further exacerbating the situation was the dislike between Shia leader Imam Khomeini and General Zia ul - Haq . Shia formed student associations and a Shia party , Sunni began to form sectarian militias recruited from Deobandi and Ahl al - Hadith madrasahs . Preaching against the Shia in Pakistan was cleric Israr Ahmed . Muhammad Manzour Numani , a senior Indian cleric with close ties to Saudi Arabia published a book entitled Iranian Revolution : Imam Khomeini and Shiism . The book , which `` became the gospel of Deobandi militants '' in the 1980s , attacked Khomeini and argued the excesses of the Islamic revolution were proof that Shiism was not the doctrine of misguided brothers , but beyond the Islamic pale . Anti-Shia groups in Pakistan include the Lashkar - e-Jhangvi and Sipah - e-Sahaba Pakistan , offshoots of the Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( JUI ) . The groups demand the expulsion of all Shias from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shias between 1996 and 1999 . As in Iraq they `` targeted Shia in their holy places and mosques , especially during times of communal prayer . '' From January to May 1997 , Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders `` in a systematic attempt to remove Shias from positions of authority . '' Lashkar - e-Jhangvi has declared Shia to be `` American agents '' and the `` near enemy '' in global jihad . An example of an early Shia -- Sunni fitna shootout occurred in Kurram , one of the tribal agencies of the Northwest Pakistan , where the Pushtun population was split between Sunnis and Shia . In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days . Women and children were kidnapped and gunmen even executed out - of - towners who were staying at a local hotel . `` Over 80,000 Pakistani Islamic militants have trained and fought with the Taliban since 1994 . They form a hardcore of Islamic activists , ever - ready to carry out a similar Taliban - style Islamic revolution in Pakistan . '' , according to Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid . Afghanistan ( edit ) Main articles : Shia Islam in Afghanistan and Islam in Afghanistan Shia -- Sunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan . Though now deposed , the anti-Shia Afghan Taliban regime helped anti-Shia Pakistani groups and vice versa . Lashkar - e-Jhangvi and Sipah - e-Sahaba Pakistan , have sent thousands of volunteers to fight with the Taliban regime and `` in return the Taliban gave sanctuary to their leaders in the Afghan capital of Kabul . '' Shia -- Sunni strife inside of Afghanistan has mainly been a function of the puritanical Sunni Taliban 's clashes with Shia Afghans , primarily the Hazara ethnic group . In 1998 more than 8,000 noncombatants were killed when the Taliban attacked Mazar - i - Sharif and Bamiyan where many Hazaras live . Some of the slaughter was indiscriminate , but many were Shia targeted by the Taliban . Taliban commander and governor Mullah Niazi banned prayer at Shia mosques and expressed takfir of the Shia in a declaration from Mazar 's central mosque : Last year you rebelled against us and killed us . From all your homes you shot at us . Now we are here to deal with you . The Hazaras are not Muslims and now we have to kill Hazaras . You must either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan . Wherever you go , we will catch you . If you go up we will pull you down by your feet ; if you hide below , we will pull you up by your hair . Assisting the Taliban in the murder of Iranian diplomatic and intelligence officials at the Iranian Consulate in Mazar were `` several Pakistani militants of the anti-Shia , Sipah - e-Sahaba party . '' Nigeria ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Nigeria and Shia Islam in Nigeria In Nigeria -- the most populous country in Africa -- until recently almost all Muslims were Sunni . As of 2017 , estimates of the number of Nigeria 's 90 -- 95 million Muslims who are Shia vary from between 20 million ( Shia estimate ) , to less than five million ( Sunni estimate ) . In the 1980s , Ibrahim El - Zakzaky -- a Nigerian admirer of the Iranian Revolution who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islam -- established the Islamic Movement of Nigeria . The movement has established `` more than 300 schools , Islamic centers , a newspaper , guards and a ` martyrs ' foundation ` '' . Its network is similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon , with a focus on Iran , its Supreme Leader , and fighting America as the enemy of Islam . According to a former U.S. State Department specialist on Nigeria , Matthew Page , the Islamic Movement receives `` about $10,000 a month '' in Iranian funding . Many of the converted are poor Muslims . The Shia campaign has clashed with Saudi Arabian , which also funds religious centers , school , and trains students and clerics , but as part of an effort to spread its competing Wahabbi interpretation of Islam . According to Wikileaks , `` Saudi cables '' released in 2015 `` reveal concern '' about `` Iran - driven Shiite expansion from Mali , Mauritania , Burkina Faso and Nigeria '' to Shia Islam has taken place in Nigeria since the Iranian Revolution . Shia Muslims protest that they have been persecuted by the Nigerian government . In 1998 Nigerian President General Sani Abacha accused Ibrahim El - Zakzaky of being a Shia . In December 2015 the Nigerian government alleged that the Islamic Movement attempted to kill Nigeria 's army chief - of - staff . In retaliation , troops killed more than 300 Shiites in the city of Zaria . Hundreds of El - Zakzaky 's followers were also arrested . As of 2017 , El - Zakzaky was still imprisoned . South East Asia ( edit ) Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia , which also has a larger Muslim population than any other country in the world , with approximately 202.9 million identified as Muslim ( 88.2 % of the total population ) as of 2009 . The majority adheres to the Sunni Muslim tradition mainly of the Shafi'i madhhab . Around one million are Shias , who are concentrated around Jakarta . In general , the Muslim community can be categorized in terms of two orientations : `` modernists , '' who closely adhere to orthodox theology while embracing modern learning ; and `` traditionalists , '' who tend to follow the interpretations of local religious leaders ( predominantly in Java ) and religious teachers at Islamic boarding schools ( pesantren ) . In Indonesia , in 2015 , Sunni clerics denounced the Shia as `` heretics '' , and the mayor of Bogor proposed banning the Shia Ashura holy day . The Shia community has also been subject to hate campaigns and intimidation , with fears of this escalating into violence . Malaysia claims to be a tolerant Islamic state , however since 2010 it has banned the preaching of Shia Islam , with a `` particular ferocity '' and warns against Shiism with its , `` evil and blasphemous beliefs '' . United States ( edit ) In late 2006 or early 2007 , in what journalist Seymour Hersh called The Redirection , the United States changed its policy in the Muslim world , shifting its support from the Shia to the Sunni , with the goal of `` containing '' Iran and as a by - product bolstering Sunni extremist groups . Richard Engel , who is an NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent , wrote an article in late 2011 alleging that the United States Government is pro-Sunni and anti-Shia . During the Iraq War , the United States feared that a Shiite - led , Iran - friendly Iraq could have major consequences for American national security . However , nothing can be done about this as Iraq 's Shiite government were democratically elected . Shadi Bushra of Stanford University wrote that the United States ' support of the Sunni monarchy during the Bahraini uprising is the latest in a long history of US support to keep the Shiites in check . The United States fears that Shiite rule in the Persian Gulf will lead to anti-US and anti-Western sentiment as well as Iranian influence in the Arab majority states . One analyst told CNN that the US strategy on putting pressure on Iran by arming its Sunni neighbors is not a new strategy for the United States . Europe ( edit ) In Europe Shia - Sunni acrimony is part of life for tens of millions of European Muslims . Australia ( edit ) Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East have spread to the Australian Muslim community and within Australian schools . Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) As of March 2015 , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( or ISIS / ISIL , Daesh ) , a Salafi jihadi extremist militant group and self - proclaimed caliphate and Islamic state led by Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria , had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria , as well as limited territorial control in some other countries . The United Nations has held ISIS responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a `` historic scale '' , including attacks on Shia Muslims . According to Shia rights watch , in 2014 ISIS forces killed over 1,700 Shia civilians at Camp Speicher in Tikrit Iraq , and 670 Shia prisoners at the detention facility on the outskirts of Mosul . In June 2014 , the New York Times wrote that as ISIS has `` seized vast territories '' in western and northern Iraq , there have been `` frequent accounts of fighters ' capturing groups of people and releasing the Sunnis while the Shiites are singled out for execution '' . The report listed questions ISIS uses to `` tell whether a person is a Sunni or a Shiite '' -- What is your name ? Where do you live ? How do you pray ? What kind of music do you listen to ? After the collapse of the Iraqi army and capture of the city of Mosul by ISIS in June 2014 , the `` most senior '' Shia spiritual leader based in Iraq , the Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani , who had been known as `` pacifist '' in his attitudes , issued a fatwa calling for jihad against ISIS and its Sunni allies , which was seen by the Shia militias as a `` de facto legalization of the militias ' advance '' . In Qatari another Shiite preacher , Nazar al - Qatari , `` put on military fatigues to rally worshipers after evening prayers , '' calling on them to fight against `` the slayers of Imams Hasan and Hussein '' ( the second and third Imams of Shia history ) and for Iran 's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei . In the 13th edition of the ISIS magazine Dabiq , the feature article is entitled The Rafidah : From Ibn Saba ' to the Dajjal and contains `` pages of violent rhetoric directed against Shiites '' who it claims are `` more severely dangerous and more murderous ... than the Americans '' . The article justifies the killing of Shia Muslims , who ISIS claim are apostates . Shia militias fighting ISIS have also been accused of atrocities . Human Rights Watch has accused government - backed Shia militias of kidnapping and killing scores of Sunni civilians in 2014 . Efforts to foster Sunni -- Shia unity ( edit ) In a special interview broadcast on Al Jazeera on February 14 , 2007 , former Iranian president and chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran , Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and highly influential Sunni scholar Yusuf Al - Qaradawi , `` stressed the impermissibility of the fighting between the Sunnis and the Shi'is '' and the need to `` be aware of the conspiracies of the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken ( Islam ) and tear it apart in Iraq . '' Even on this occasion there were differences , with Rafsanjani openly asking `` more than once who started '' the inter-Muslim killing in Iraq , and Al - Qaradawi denying claims by Rafsanjani that he knew where `` those arriving to Iraq to blow Shi'i shrines up are coming from '' . Saudi - Iran summit ( edit ) In a milestone for the two countries ' relations , on March 3 , 2007 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad held an extraordinary summit meeting . They displayed mutual warmth with hugs and smiles for cameras and promised `` a thaw in relations between the two regional powers but stopped short of agreeing on any concrete plans to tackle the escalating sectarian and political crises throughout the Middle East . '' On his return to Tehran , Ahmadinejad declared that : Both Iran and Saudi Arabia are aware of the enemies ' conspiracies . We decided to take measures to confront such plots . Hopefully , this will strengthen Muslim countries against oppressive pressure by the imperialist front . Saudi officials had no comment about Ahmadinejad 's statements , but the Saudi official government news agency did say : The two leaders affirmed that the greatest danger presently threatening the Islamic nation is the attempt to fuel the fire of strife between Sunni and Shiite Muslims , and that efforts must concentrate on countering these attempts and closing ranks . Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul - Aziz said : The two parties have agreed to stop any attempt aimed at spreading sectarian strife in the region . Effort to bring unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims had been attempted by Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi . Some opinions about unity ( edit ) Sunni scholars ( edit ) Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltut : In a Fatwa Sheikh Shaltut declared worship according to the doctrine of the Twelve Shia to be valid and recognized the Shiite as an Islamic School . Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy : `` I think that anyone who believes that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his Messenger is definitely a Muslim . Therefore , we have been supporting , for a long time , through Al - Azhar , many calls for the reconciliation of Islamic schools of thought . Muslims should work on becoming united , and protecting themselves from denominational sectarian fragmentation . There are no Shiites and no Sunni . We are all Muslims . Regretfully ; the passions and prejudices that some resort to , are the reason behind the fragmentation of the Islamic nation . '' Sheikh Mohammed al - Ghazali : It is the duty of all Muslims to unite against enemies of Islam and their propaganda . Sheikh Abd al - Majid Salim : In a letter that was sent to Ayatollah Borujerdi by Sheikh Abd al - Majid Salim , was written : `` The first thing that becomes obligatory to scholars , Shia or Sunni , is removing dissension from the minds of Muslims . '' Doctor Vasel Nasr The Grand Mufti of Egypt : `` We ask Allah to create unity among Muslims and remove any enmity , disagreement and contention in the ancillaries of Fiqh between them . '' Shiite scholars ( edit ) Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi : Ayatollah Borujerdi sent a letter to Sheikh Abd al - Majid Salim , the Grand Mufti of Sunnis and former Chancellor of Al - Azhar University and wrote : `` I ask Almighty Allah to change ignorance , separation and distribution among different Islamic Schools to each other , to the actual knowledge and kindness and solidarity . '' Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini : `` We are Oneness with Sunni Muslims . We are their brothers . '' `` It is obligatory for all Muslims that Maintain unity . '' Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei : In a Fatwa about creating dissension , Ayatollah Khamenei said : `` In Addition to dissension is contrary to the Qur'an and Sunnah , this weakens Muslims . So , creating dissension is forbid ( Haram ) . '' Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani : ( In answer to the question : `` Is anyone who says Shahadah , prays and follow one of the Islamic Schools , a Muslim ? '' , Ayatollah Sistani replied : `` Every one who says Shahadah , acts as you describe and does not have enmity towards Ahl al - Bayt , is muslim . '' See also ( edit ) Islam portal Iran - Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Kharijite Amman Message Criticism of Islam Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam Islamic schools and branches Rafida Seven pillars of Ismailism Shia Crescent Shia Muslims in the Arab world Sunni fatwas on Shias The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 -- 15 % are Shia Muslims and 85 % are Sunni Muslims . ^ Jump up to : `` Religions '' . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan '' . CIA Factbook . Jump up ^ `` India -- Iran relations : Converging Interests or Drifting Equations '' . Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Overtures '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Imperialism and Divide & Rule Policy '' . Boloji . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad on way , NSA says India to be impacted if Iran ' wronged by others ' '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Parashar , Sachin ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) . `` India , Iran to make common cause over terror from Pak '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jahanbegloo , Ramin ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Aspiring powers and a new old friendship '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Vinod ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` India 's Polite Refusal '' . BBC NEWS . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` India Iran Culture '' . Tehran Times . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting India with its Diaspora '' . Overseas Indian . April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Indonesia has the largest number of Sunni Muslims , while Iran has the largest number of Shia Muslims ( Twelver ) in the world . Pakistan has the second - largest Sunni population in the world , while India has the second - largest Shia Muslim ( Twelver ) population . Jump up ^ `` The Sunni - Shia Divide '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ishtiaq Ahmed on Pakistan movement '' . lu.se . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunnis and Shiites '' . scribd.com . ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : `` Iraq 101 : Civil War '' . Mother Jones . 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Jump up ^ Country profile : Yemen . Library of Congress Federal Research Division ( August 2008 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 '' . US State Department . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Middle East , Turkey , and the Search for Regional Stability '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Studies Institute . April 2008 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Tajikistan '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World Shia Muslims Population '' . Jump up ^ `` The Shia Revival : How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future '' . Vali Nasr , Joanne J. Myers . 18 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Revival of Shia Islam ( Archived ) '' . Vali Nasr . Washington , D.C. : The Pew Forum on religion & public life . July 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . The Shiites -- just as an introduction -- are about 20 to 35 percent of the Muslim population worldwide , which makes them about 230 million to 390 million people . Jump up ^ Glasse , Cyril , The New Encyclopedia of Islam , Altamira Press , 2001 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Martin , Richard C. , ed. ( 2004 ) , `` Mahdi '' , Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world , Thompson Gale , p. 421 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 68 Jump up ^ al - Jibouri , Yasin . `` Abu Hurayra and the Falsification of Traditions ( Hadith ) '' . al-islam.org . Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Sunni / Shia split in Islam '' . IslamForToday.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Nawawi ; translated by Maulana Waheed - uz - Zaman Knan . `` Volume 2 '' . Sharh - e-Muslim . p. 28 . Imam Ahmed Auzai and Ibn - e-Manzar have said that it is up to the worshipper to perform the prayer in the way he wants . Imam Malik said that a worshipper may fold his hands and place them on his chest and he may pray with unfolded hands , and that is what the Malikis got accustomed with , he further said that hands should be unfolded in obligatory prayers and should be folded in Nafl prayers and Lais bin Sa'ad also said the same thing . Jump up ^ Maulana Waheed - uz - Zaman Knan . `` Volume 1 '' . Tafseer - al - Baari Sharh - e-SAahih Bukhari . Karachi , Pakistan . p. 389 . Ibn - e-Qasim has reported the unfolding of hands from Imam Malik , and that is what is practised by the Imamia sect ( Shias ) . Jump up ^ `` Volume 2 '' . Nail - al - Awtar . p. 203 . There is no such proven tradition from Holy Prophet * P.B.U.H in regard of folding hands , therefore it is up to the worshipper ( whether he offers the prayers with either folded or unfolded hands ) . Jump up ^ `` Volume 3 '' . Nail al - Awtar . Ibn - e-Sayd al - Naas narrated from Awzai that it is optional to fold or unfold arms in prayer Jump up ^ Ahmed al - Duwaish . `` Volume 6 '' . Fatawa al - Lajna al - Daema . Saudi Arabia . If someone prays with unfolded arms , his prayer is valid , because putting the right hand on the left is neither part of prayer 's pillars nor is a condition of prayer , nor it is wajib ( obligatory ) . Jump up ^ `` Shia Islam 's Holiest Sites '' . Jump up ^ Atlas of the Middle East ( Second ed . ) . Washington , DC : National Geographic 2008 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Allah Calls Mut'ah `` A Good Thing '' Retrieved 10 December 2017 Jump up ^ Mutah ( Temporary Marriage ) Retrieved 10 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Misyar marriage '' . lexicorient.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Sayyid Muhammad . `` Hijab , The Muslim Womens Dress , Islamic or Cultural ? '' . Al - Islam . Ja'fari Islamic Centre ( Tabligh Committee ) Canada . Jump up ^ `` How can Sunnis and Shiites tell each other apart ? '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ The March of Islam : Time Frame , AD 600 -- 800 , p. 48 . Pub . Robert H. Smith . Alexandria : Time Life , 1988 . ISBN 0809464217 Jump up ^ Ya'qubi ; vol . III , pp. 91 -- 96 , and Tarikh Abul Fida , vol . I , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bihar al - Anwar , vol . XII , on the life of Imam Ja'far al - Sadiq Jump up ^ Shi'a Islam , p. 62 Jump up ^ Ya'qubi . vol. II , p. 224 ; Abu'l - Fida ' , vol . I , p. 192 ; Al - Masudi , vol . III , p. 81 ' , also Shi'a Islam , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 110 Jump up ^ `` Islam and Iran : A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2 '' . Al-Islam.org . Jump up ^ `` Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran '' . Al-Islam.org . Jump up ^ Article by Sayyid ' Ali ibn ' Ali al - Zaidi , At - tarikh as - saghir ' an ash - shia al - yamaniyeen ( Arabic : التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين , A short History of the Yemenite Shi'ites ) , 2005 Referencing : Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature Jump up ^ Article by Sayyid ' Ali ibn ' Ali Al - Zaidi , At - tarikh as - saghir ' an ash - shia al - yamaniyeen ( Arabic : التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين , A short History of the Yemenite Shi'ites ) , 2005 Referencing : Encyclopedia Iranica ^ Jump up to : `` A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era . -- Imam Reza ( A.S. ) Network '' . imamreza.net . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : al - Ka - mil of Ibn Athir , Cairo , 1348 ; Raudat al - safa ' ; and Habib as - Siyar of Khwand Mir Jump up ^ Abu'l - Fida ' , vol. II , p. 63 and vol . III , p. 50 Jump up ^ Hossein Nasr ( 1972 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ Nasr ( 1972 ) p. 116 Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey '' . Jump up ^ Shah Ismail I , 1501 - 26 Archived April 27 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Momen , Moojan , An Introduction to Shi'i Islam , Yale University Press , 1985 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Momen , Moojan , An Introduction to Shi'i Islam , Yale University Press , 1985 , p. 277 Jump up ^ `` Shias of Kashmir -- Socio Political Dilemmas '' . Kashmir Observer . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ An introduction to Shi'i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism By Moojan Momen , # 121 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Hussain Najafi , Ahsan ul - Fawaid pp. 38 Jump up ^ Wright , Robin , Sacred Rage , Simon and Schuster , ( 2001 ) , pp. 149 -- 58 Jump up ^ Information on sectarian violence against Sunni Muslims UNHCR Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Vali Reza ( 2006 ) . The Shia Revival : How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future . W.W. Norton and Company . pp. 150 -- 51 . It was Khomeini 's direct challenge to Saudi Arabia that galvanized Sunni opposition to the Iranian revolution and the Shia awakening . Khomeini saw the Saudi monarchy as an American lackey , an unpopular and corrupt dictatorship that could be easily overthrown ... More important , Khomeini underrated the degree and intensity of Sunni religious support for the Saudi regime ... on several occasions used the annual hajj to stage protests with the aim of fomenting trouble in the kingdom as well as spreading revolutionary messages among the faithful from around the world . On one such occasion , in July 1987 , things got so out of hand that clashes between Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police left 402 dead . Jump up ^ `` Modern Tensions '' . cfr . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Syrian fight now ' overtly sectarian , ' U.N. says By Joe Sterling , Saad Abedine and Salma Abdelaziz , CNN December 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ As Syria fights , sectarian wave rises in region By Tim Arango and Anne Barnard New York Times 2 June 2013 Jump up ^ Mihaylov , Dimitar ( 2015 ) . `` Cracks in the Crescent : The Looming Sectarian Clash between Khilafah and Imamah '' . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 9 : 49 -- 61 . doi : 10.1080 / 23739770.2015. 1003455 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi '' . Imam Reza . net . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier ( 1994 ) . The Failure of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions on Iran Archived 2009 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Adib - Moghaddam , Arshin . The International Politics of the Persian Gulf : A Cultural Genealogy . ISBN 0 - 415 - 38559 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Dilip Hiro . `` The enemy of my enemy '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Mideastwire.com '' . mideastwire.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , 2006 , pp. 106 -- 07 ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , pp. 148 -- 50 ^ Jump up to : Ruthven , Malise ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` How to Understand ISIS '' . New York Review of Books . 63 ( 11 ) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi king meets with Iranian president '' . International Herald Tribune by Hassan M. Fattah , March 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ Pernin , Christopher G. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Unfolding the Future of the Long War '' ( PDF ) . US Army Training and Doctrine Command 's Army Capability Integration Center -- via RAND Arroyo . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon plan to ' divide and rule ' the Muslim world '' . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , pp. 143 -- 44 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , pp. 143 -- 44 , 147 -- 48 , 150 -- 51 Jump up ^ Kepel , Jihad , 2002 : p. 137 Jump up ^ Kepel , Jihad , 2002 : pp. 142 -- 43 Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Nathan ( 2009 ) . The Sunni - Shia Conflict : Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East . Nortia Media Ltd. p. 78 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Eamon ( 2013 ) . The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan : Historical and Social Roots of Extremism . Routledge . p. 97 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : `` The Shia - Sunni Divide '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier , The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East , Columbia University Press , 2008 . p. 105 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Is There a Sunni Majority in Iraq ? '' . counterpunch.org . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 200 Jump up ^ Robin Wright and Peter Baker , `` Iraq : Jordan Sees Threat to the Election from Iran '' , Washington Post , Dec. 8 , 2004 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 201 Jump up ^ The Arab Shia , p. 46 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , ( Norton , 2006 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ according to pro-Khomeini author Abdel - Majid Trab Zemzem , in his book The Iraq - Iran War , Islam and Nationalisms , translated from the French by Zinab Mohammad , United States Publishing Company , 1986 , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Black , Ian ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` ' Chemical Ali ' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Rise of Shia Death Squads Archived July 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ March 14 , 2008 The Independent / UK `` The Cult of the Suicide Bomber '' by Robert Fisk `` month - long investigation by The Independent , culling four Arabic - language newspapers , official Iraqi statistics , two Beirut news agencies and Western reports '' Jump up ^ over half of the 20,000 fatalities worldwide from terrorism in 2006 occurred in Iraq according to the American National Counter-terrorism Center Report on Terrorist Incidents 2006 Archived 2009 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . p. 3 Jump up ^ Al Jazeera English -- News -- Car Bomb Blast Near Iraq Shrine Jump up ^ `` Iraqi funeral procession bombed ; at least 26 killed '' . cbc.ca. 24 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , ( Norton , 2006 ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ `` Ansar al - Islam is listed as a terrorist group by the US State Dept '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' . www.state.gov . Jump up ^ Al Jazeera September 17 , 2005 , `` Al - Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia Archived 2007 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Accessed Feb 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Zarqawi rails against Shia ' snakes ' '' The Daily Telegraph , 03 / 06 / 2006 , Accessed Feb 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New York Times , September 19 , 2005 , Sabrina Tavernise and Robert F. Worth , `` Relentless Rebel Attacks Test Shiite Endurance '' , Jump up ^ CBC News : `` Sectarian violence kills 36 during climax of Shia holy festival '' . Jan 2007 . Jump up ^ Ayatollah Yousef Saanei 's interview with CNN , Feb 6 , 2007 : Ayatollah Yousef Sanei fatwa Archived 2007 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Persian ) Jump up ^ `` Iraq 101 : Aftermath -- Long - Term Thinking '' . Mother Jones . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's death squads : On the brink of civil war '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peter Beaumont . `` US : Iraq failing to tackle death squads '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Iraq militias ' wave of death , Sectarian killings now surpass terrorist bombings , '' The Boston Globe , April 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Dispatches '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival ( Norton 2006 ) , p. 223 ^ Jump up to : Robert Baer , `` The Devil You Think You Know , '' Newsweek International , August 15 , 2005 . Originally on MSNBC , now on Mangan 's `` The Devil You Think You Know '' ^ Jump up to : Interview with Molavi Ali Akbar Mollahzadeh The Iran Brief , Jump up ^ Al - Jazeera discussion between Qardawi and Rafsanjani Rafsanjani & Al - Qaradawi call upon nation to unite & reject fighting , 2007 - 02 - 15 Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Asia Times '' . atimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Iran '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Internet '' . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN Commission on Human Rights -- Visit by the Special Rapporteur to Iran ( Feb 96 ) '' . Jump up ^ Shia equality or Shia supremacy ? Balochistan People 's Front Reza Hossein Borr , leadership consultant and author of `` New Vision for the Islamic World '' Jump up ^ Interview with Molavi Ali Akbar Mollahzadeh The Iran Brief , Issue Number 35 , June 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Source quoting the newspaper Entekhab : varedi-st.persianblog.ir Archived February 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Zahedan bombings intended to foment Sunni - Shia conflict : governor Archived 2007 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ No casualties in renewed bombing in south - east Iran 02 / 16 / 07 Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Weapons used in Terrorist Attacks in southeastern Iran on ground forces of Iran 's Revolutionary Guards Corps , came from the US according to the semi-official Fars News Agency , Global Research , February 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ londonontario.indymedia.org Jump up ^ `` UNSC condemns terrorist act in Iran 's Zahedan '' . payvand.com . Jump up ^ NCRI Statement , `` Ahmadinejad sheds crocodile tears for Sunnis in Iran Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . '' Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 225 Jump up ^ `` Shia Supremacists Emerge from Iran 's Shadows '' Asia Times , August 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Sunnis in Iran ( How Sunni Muslims live in a Shiite country ? ) . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Sunnis have 15,000 mosques across Iran ; 9 mosques in Tehran '' . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Define Alawite at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 154 Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia 's Shia press for rights retrieved 19 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` The country 's minority Shia populations form a majority in the country 's oil rich eastern province of Hasa '' Neighbours eye Iraq elections By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress : Saudi Arabia Jump up ^ `` The Sunni - Shia Divide '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Toby Jones , ` The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia , ` Middle East Report , 237 , Winter 2005 , p. 24 Jump up ^ HRW Link : Human Rights Developments Saudi Arabia Jump up ^ Amnesty report Archived February 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` The Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia '' , Middle East Report , 45 , International Crisis Group , 2005 , p. 3 . Quoted in Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Wright , Robin , Sacred Rage , Simon and Schuster , ( 2001 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ BBC monitoring service from March 1980 quoted in William B. Quandt , Saudi Arabia in the 1980s , Brookings Institution , 1981 , pp. 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , pp. 238 , 240 Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch Saudi Arabia -- Events of 2006 Archived 2007 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Your Right To Know '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Press release by Iranian Students News Agency : www.isna.ir Archived December 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jones , Toby `` The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arbia , Middle East Report 237 ( Winter 2005 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ Al - Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia aljazeera.net , 14 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Site under maintenance '' . aljazeera.net . Jump up ^ Blasts target Iraq 's Shia Muslims on the eve of Ashura 18 February 2005 Jump up ^ Latest Iraq blast targets Shia mosque , September 16 , 2005 `` Abu Musab al - Zarqawi , vowed to wage an ' all - out war ' on the country 's Shia majority '' Jump up ^ `` Four days after al - Qaeda in Iraq declared all - out war on the Shiite majority , more than 250 people have been killed '' San Diego Union Tribune , September 18 , 2005 Jump up ^ Holmes , Oliver ; Nazih Siddiq ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon 's Tripoli '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda : Hezbollah To Blame For Lebanon Bombings That Killed Dozens In Tripoli '' . 08 / 24 / 2013 . Reuters. 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bassam , Laila ( Aug 15 , 2013 ) . `` Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah 's Beirut stronghold '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post : Breaking News , World , US , DC News & Analysis '' . washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival ( Norton , 2006 ) , pp. 227 -- 28 Jump up ^ `` Pilgrimage to Karbala Sunni and Shia : The Worlds of Islam '' . March 26 , 2007 . PBS , Wide Angle . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Col. ( ret . ) Dr. Jacques Neriah ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's Shiite Minority : Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil '' . JCPA . Jump up ^ Cam McGrath ( Apr 26 , 2013 ) . `` Spring Brings Worse for Shias '' . Cairo . Inter Press Service News Agency . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Marshall ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` Egypt : Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time '' . Sky News . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo '' . 24 June 2013 . BBC News . 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt : Lynching of Shia Follows Months of Hate Speech '' . June 27 , 2013 . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Yemen Facing Insurgency on Two Fronts , By Stephen Ulph ( see above ) Jump up ^ Amnesty Report Archived 2007 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Yemeni President : al - Houthi is an ill man , mentally abnormal Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clashes ' leave 118 dead ' in Yemen , BBC report Jump up ^ Yemen : Harassment of journalists must stop Jump up ^ Yemen Facing Insurgency on Two Fronts Archived 2007 - 06 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , By Stephen Ulph , Jamestown Foundation Jump up ^ Amnesty : Yemen : The Rule of Law Sidelined in the Name of Security Jump up ^ Amnesty : Ratification without implementation : the state of human rights in Yemen ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen crisis : Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks '' . BBC News . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Momen , Moojan , Introduction to Shi'i Islam , Yale University Press , 1985 , p. 145 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , pp. 234 -- 35 Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival ( Norton ) , 2006 , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : The Christian Science Monitor . `` Shiite - Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan '' . 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Jump up ^ Rashid , Taliban ( 2000 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` With Iran - Backed Conversions , Shiites Gain Ground in Africa '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Abu - Nasr , Donna ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) . `` As Trump Makes Threats , Iran Makes Friends '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Nigerian Muslims : We love Imam Khamenei , we fight to death for Iran '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ajagbe , Kunle ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` A new fault line in Nigeria '' . GateWay House . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali , The Shia Revival , Norton , ( 2006 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ `` Mass graves for ' 300 Shia Nigerians ' in Zaria '' . BBC . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Elbinawi , Haruni ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Zaria Massacre : Army deliberately targets reproductive organs of IMN 's women ; They shouted ' there will never be Shia in Nigeria ' '' . AhlulBayt News Agency . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) , Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) , Pew Research Center , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 10 , retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 Jump up ^ Religious clash in Indonesia kills up to six , Straits Times , 6 Feb 2011 Jump up ^ Reza , Imam . `` Shia Muslims Around the World '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Shia group accuse extremist Sunni leaders of violating constitution '' . ABNA. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attacks Planned Against Indonesia 's Shia Community , Govt Says '' . Jakarta Globe . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The sword and the word '' . The Economist. 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lina , Nur ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` Shia Ideologies In Malaysia -- Being Wary Of Its Threats '' . Malaysian Digest . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour M. ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Annals of National Security : The Redirection '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Richard Engel ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Post-US Iraq : Welcome to Shia - stan '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Bahraini Apartheid Is Not in America 's Interest '' . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ `` World '' . Newsy.com . Jump up ^ `` ' This is a warning ' : Members of Sydney 's Shia community fear IS beheading '' . SBS. 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Olding , Rachel ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` Home front opens in a foreign war '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State '' . Reuters. 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Zavadski , Katie ( 23 November 2014 ) . `` ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World '' . New York . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS Crimes against Humanity For Immediate release '' . Shia Rights Watch . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ RUBIN , ALISSA J. ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Questions Rebels Use to Tell Sunni From Shiite '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq conflict : Shia cleric Sistani issues call to arms '' . BBC News . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pelham , Nicolas ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` ISIS & the Shia Revival in Iraq '' . New York Review of Books . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Calderwood , Imogen ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` ISIS declares war on ... Muslims : Latest edition of terror group 's magazine calls for Shiites to be targeted '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The war against jihadists . Unsavoury allies '' . The Economist. 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News , World News & Multimedia '' . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News , World News & Multimedia '' . Jump up ^ `` Naharnet -- Lebanon 's leading news destination '' . Naharnet . Jump up ^ `` Archives '' . thestar.com.my . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Azhar Verdict on the Shi'a '' . Al-Islam.org . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Ayoub . `` Talking Politics Dr. Mohammed Sayed Tantawi -- Sheikh Al - Azhar '' . The Majalla Magazine . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` flag man of reform '' . Thought of proximity . p. 121 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alavi Tabatabayi , Seyed Mohamad Hosein . Memoirs of life of Ayatollah Borujerdi . Shapoor khast Publications . p. 117 . ISBN 9786002601025 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opinions and Fatwas of Muslim Scholar About proximity '' . Data base of Ayatollah Borujerdi . Archived from the original on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bi Azar Shirazi , Abd al - Karim . Torch of Unity . Zakat of science . p. 154 . ISBN 964 - 6753 - 20 - 5 . Jump up ^ Khomeini , Saayed Ruhollah . Unity in the view of Imam Khomeini . Institute for Publication of Imam Khomeini . pp. 166 , 210 . ISBN 964 - 335 - 042 - 8 . Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sunni - Shia relations Nasr , Hossein ( 1972 ) . Sufi Essays . Suny press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 389 - 4 . The Arab Shia : The Forgotten Muslims , by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke . New York : Saint Martin 's Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 23956 - 4 Shi'a Islam , by Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei and Hossein Nasr , SUNY Press , 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 272 - 9 Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam , by Raihan Ismail , Oxford University Press , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023331 - 0 Do n't Fear the Shiites : The Idea of a Teheran - Controlled '' Shiite Crescent `` over the Greater Middle East is at Odds with Reality , by Michael Bröning . In : International Politics and Society , 3 / 2008 , pp. 60 -- 75 . Here Are Some of the Day - To - Day Differences Between Sunnis and Shiites . Azadeh Moaveni . Huffington Post , 06 / 25 / 2014 External links ( edit ) Council on Foreign Relations , `` The Sunni - Shia Divide . 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who created the excise tax as part of his financial plan	Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution .	Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury	First bank of the United States	first bank of the united states	The President , Directors and Company , of the Bank of the United States , commonly known as the First Bank of the United States , was a national bank , chartered for a term of twenty years , by the United States Congress on February 25 , 1791 . It followed the Bank of North America , the nation 's first de facto central bank .	Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution . The First Bank building , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within Independence National Historical Park , was completed in 1797 , and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance . Contents 1 Background 2 Proposal 3 Opposition 4 Presidential approval 5 Expiration of charter 6 Purchase by Girard 7 Bank building 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1791 , United States Bank was one of the three major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . In addition to the national bank , the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. government , establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax . The goals of Hamilton 's three measures were to : Establish financial order , clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States . Establish credit -- both in country and overseas -- for the new nation . Resolve the issue of the fiat currency , issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to and during the American Revolutionary War -- the `` Continental '' . In simpler words , Hamilton 's four goals were to : Have the Federal Government assume the Revolutionary War debts of the several states Pay off the war debts Raise money for the new government Establish a national bank and create a common currency The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit . The former gives power to the state for the protection of its rights and interests , and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce amongst individuals . -- Alexander Hamilton , December , 1790 report to George Washington Proposal ( edit ) According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790 , Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares . Hamilton , foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million , proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank ; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments . The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public , both in the United States and overseas . The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one - quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver ; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds , acceptable scrip , etc . Unlike the Bank of England , the primary function of the bank would be credit issued to government and private interests , for internal improvements and other economic development , per Hamilton 's system of Public Credit . The business it would be involved in on behalf of the federal government -- a depository for collected taxes , making short term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps , serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies -- was considered highly important but still secondary in nature . There were other , nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States . Among these were : That the bank would have a twenty - year charter running from 1791 to 1811 , after which time it would be up to the Congress to approve or deny renewal of the bank and its charter ; however , during that time no other federal bank would be authorized ; states , for their part , would be free to charter however many intrastate banks they wished . That the bank , to avoid any appearance of impropriety , would : be forbidden to buy government bonds . have a mandatory rotation of directors . neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization . That foreigners , whether overseas or residing in the United States , would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders , but would not be allowed to vote . That the Secretary of the Treasury would be free to remove government deposits , inspect the books , and require statements regarding the bank 's condition as frequently as once a week . To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts , an additional source of funding was required , `` for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791 ... those payments would require $788,333 annually , and ... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments . '' To achieve this , Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before -- increase the duty on imported spirits , plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors . Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Opposition ( edit ) Hamilton 's financial system had then passed . It had two objects ; 1st , as a puzzle , to exclude popular understanding and inquiry ; 2nd , as a machine for the corruption of the legislature ; for he avowed the opinion , that man could be governed by one of two motives only , force or interest ; force , he observed , in this country was out of the question , and the interests , therefore , of the members must be laid hold of , to keep the legislative in unison with the executive . And with grief and shame it must be acknowledged that his machine was not without effect ; that even in this , the birth of our government , some members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their interests , and to look after personal rather than public good . It is well known that during the war the greatest difficulty we encountered was the want of money or means to pay our soldiers who fought , or our farmers , manufacturers and merchants , who furnished the necessary supplies of food and clothing for them . After the expedient of paper money had exhausted itself , certificates of debt were given to the individual creditors , with assurance of payment so soon as the United States should be able . But the distresses of ( p. 272 ) these people often obliged them to part with these for the half , the fifth , and even a tenth of their value ; and speculators had made a trade of cozening them from the holders by the most fraudulent practices , and persuasions that they would never be paid . In the bill for funding and paying these , Hamilton made no difference between the original holders and the fraudulent purchasers of this paper . -- Thomas Jefferson , February 4 entry in The Anas Hamilton 's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition , which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional , and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population . Like most of the Southern members of Congress , Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton : establishing an official government Mint . They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north , not southern agricultural interests , arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals . Furthermore , they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution , which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money ( rather than mint and bills of credit ) . Bank of the United States check signed by John Jacob Astor in 1792 The first part of the bill , the concept and establishment of a national mint , met with no real objection , and sailed through ; it was assumed the second and third part ( the bank and an excise tax to finance it ) would likewise glide through , and in their own way they did : The House version of the bill , despite some heated objections , easily passed . The Senate version of the bill did likewise , with considerably fewer , and milder , objections . It was when `` the two bills changed houses , complications set in . In the Senate , Hamilton 's supporters objected to the House 's alteration of the plans for the excise tax . '' The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government . Hamilton , then Secretary of the Treasury , argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak . Another argument came from James Madison , who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank , or any other governmental agency . His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment : that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States ( or the people ) . Additionally , his belief was that if the Constitution 's writers had wanted Congress to have such power , they would have made it explicit . The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington , following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members ' opinions . Presidential approval ( edit ) George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the `` bank bill '' into law . Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members -- most particularly from Hamilton . Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional . Jefferson , also from Virginia , agreed that Randolph 's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution . Hamilton , who , unlike his fellow cabinet members , came from New York , quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional . While Hamilton 's rebuttals were many and varied , chief among them were these two : What the government could do for a person ( incorporate ) , it could not refuse to do for an `` artificial person '' , a business . And the First Bank of the United States , being privately owned and not a government agency , was a business . `` Thus ... unquestionably incident to sovereign power to erect corporations to that of the United States , in relation to the objects entrusted to the management of the government . '' Any government by its very nature was sovereign `` and includes by force of the term a right to attainment of the ends ... which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution ... On February 25 , 1791 , convinced that the constitution authorized the measure , Washington signed the `` bank bill '' into law . On March 19 , 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank : Thomas Willing , David Rittenhouse , and Samuel Howell . Willing was later elected as President on October 25 , 1791 , until he resigned due to ill health on November 10 , 1807 . He was succeeded by David Lenox , serving until the expiration of its charter on March 4 , 1811 . Expiration of charter ( edit ) After Hamilton left office in 1795 , the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott , Jr. informed Congress that , due to the existing state of government finances , more money was needed . This could be achieved either by selling the government 's shares of stock in the bank , or by raising taxes . Wolcott advised the first choice . Congress quickly agreed . Hamilton objected , believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt . Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure , but was unsuccessful . In 1811 , the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank 's charter . Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal . The bank 's charter thus expired in 1811 . In 1816 , the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States . Purchase by Girard ( edit ) After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 , Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank , later known as Girard Bank . Girard hired George Simpson , the cashier of the First Bank of the United States , as cashier of the new bank , and with seven other employees , opened for business on May 18 , 1812 . He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent . Over its early history the bank was known as `` Girard 's Bank , '' or as `` Girard Bank '' or also as `` Stephen Girard 's Bank '' or even the `` Bank of Stephen Girard . '' Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank , and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank , and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation . Bank building ( edit ) Measured drawing of the First Bank from the Historic American Buildings Survey . The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the city served as the national capital , from 1790 to 1800 . In the eighteenth century , Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English - speaking world . The bank began operations in Carpenters ' Hall in 1791 , some 200 feet from its permanent home . Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett , Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington , DC. , although it has also been attributed to James Hoban . It was completed in 1795 . The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building . It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956 . The building 's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958 . With the rest of Independence National Historical Park , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 , and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4 , 1987 . It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design . Until about 2000 , the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park . A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming . Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab , currently across the street in the old Visitor Center . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Bank Bill of 1791 Federal Reserve Act History of central banking in the United States United States Department of the Treasury Stephen Simpson ( writer ) Outspoken journalist and fierce critic of the 1st Natl Bank and its practices . List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Bailey , David M. Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 193 -- 95 . ISBN 0618479279 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Fiscal Program 1791 -- 1793 '' . Blinn College . Blinn.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Financial Program '' . Digital History . Digital History . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ See ( ed . ) The papers of Alexander Hamilton , Columbia University Press , 1963 p. 256 Jump up ^ The First Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Edward ( 1999 ) . The Bank of the United States and the American Economy . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9780313371523 . Jump up ^ Report on the Bank , in Syrett , ed. , Papers , 7 : 326 -- 28 Jump up ^ Further Report on Public Credit , 7 : 226 Jump up ^ See The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson , 1903 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Coblenz , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Fight Goes on Forever : ' Limited Government ' and the First Bank of the United States '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 39 : 408 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westley , Christopher ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Debate Over Money Manipulations : A Short History '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Review . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : John Marshall , The Life of George Washington , ( 1838 ) Chapter 28 : Defense , Finance , Foreign Affairs -- and the First `` Systematic Opposition '' ( 1790 to 1791 ) Jump up ^ Washington to Hamilton , February 16 , 1791 , in Syrett , ed . Papers 8 : 98 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ( 1961 ) . Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Vol VIII 1781 -- July 1791 . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Girard 's Bank '' . LOC Authorities . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva ( 1937 ) . Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . PA - 1417 , `` First Bank of the United States '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 18 measured drawings , 3 photo caption pages Jump up ^ 1984 National Register Nomination ^ Jump up to : Baigell , Matthew ( 1969 ) . `` James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 36 . JSTOR 988511 . Jump up ^ Whiffen , Marcus ; Koeper , Frederick ( 1981 ) . American architecture 1607 -- 1976 . Cambridge : MIT Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0262231050 . Jump up ^ NPS historical marker at building Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for First Bank of the United States '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Civil War Museum Further reading ( edit ) Danzer , Gerald A. ; J. Jorge Klor de Alva ; Larry S. Krieger ; Louis E Wilson ; Nancy Woloch . The Americans . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37716 - 6 . Markham , Jerry ( 2001 ) . A Financial History of the United States . Armonk : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp. 324 -- 48 . Complete text line free Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Von Mises Inst . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Bank of the United States . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States ( 1791 ) Documents produced by the First Bank of the United States on FRASER Hamilton 's opinion Jefferson 's opinion Record of the Debate Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( U.S. Coast Guard ) U.S. Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Funding Act of 1790 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 U.S. Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Reports `` First Report on the Public Credit '' `` Second Report on Public Credit '' `` Report On Manufactures '' `` Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit '' Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery Washington 's aide - de-camp In the Revolutionary War Battle of Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds affair Rutgers v. 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why did the us and soviet union fight the cold war			Cold War	cold war	The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars .	The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement , which sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , far - reaching embargos , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Meanwhile , an international peace movement took root and grew among citizens around the world , first in Japan from 1954 , when people became concerned about nuclear weapons testing , but soon also in Europe and the US . The peace movement , and in particular the anti-nuclear movement , gained pace and popularity from the late 1950s and early 1960s , and continued to grow through the 70s and 80s with large protest marches , demonstrations and various non-parliamentary activism opposing war and calling for global nuclear disarmament . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . On June 12 1982 , a million protesters gathered in Central Park , New York to call for an end to the Cold War arms race and nuclear weapons in particular . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Meanwhile , a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia , and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Cold War II Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) Polish People 's Republic ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § After 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' In 1982 Reagan tried to cut off Moscow 's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe . It hurt the Soviet economy , but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue . Reagan retreated on this issue . By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its final season will begin airing in March 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial Era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- ca 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights Era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow , '' New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael . `` Operation Unthinkable : Britain 's Secret Plan to Invade Russia in 1945 '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . 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Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . 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Young ( 2004 ) . Caribbean Labor and Politics : Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3211 - 5 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Colin A. ( 2010 ) . Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power : British Guiana 's Struggle for Independence . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 247 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3416 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lüthi , pp. 273 -- 276 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lorenz M. Lüthi ( 2010 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton UP . p. 1 . ISBN 1400837626 . Jump up ^ Lackey , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Sputnik satellite blasts into space '' . BBC News . 4 October 1957 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Klesius , Michael ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` To Boldly Go '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) . `` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. Kunz ( Ed . ) , The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . 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Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 178 Jump up ^ `` Leaders agree arms reduction treaty '' . BBC News . 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 2001 , p. 2e Jump up ^ John P. Diggins ( 2007 ) . Ronald Reagan : Fate , Freedom , And the Making of History . W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Cox ( 1990 ) . Beyond the Cold War : Superpowers at the Crossroads . University Press of America . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 7865 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain 2005 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Starr 2004 , pp. 157 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Warren 1992 Jump up ^ Meher 2004 , pp. 68 -- 69 , 94 Jump up ^ Kalinovsky 2011 , pp. 25 -- 28 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard V . `` The Man Who Won the Cold War '' . Hoover.org . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 197 Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/thatcher-ussr-cold-war-gorbachev-528/ Jump up ^ Esno , Tyler ( April 2018 ) . `` Reagan 's Economic War on the Soviet Union '' . Diplomatic History . 42 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 304 . doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhx061 . ISSN 0145 - 2096 . Jump up ^ Norman A. Graebner ; Richard Dean Burns ; Joseph M. Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Greenwoo . p. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 9780313352416 . Jump up ^ Graebner , Norman A. , Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M. Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Bilveer ( 1995 ) . `` Jemaah Islamiyah '' . In Wilson John & Swati Parashar ( Eds . ) Terrorism in Southeast Asia : Implications for South Asia . Singapore and Delhi : ORF - Pearson - Longman . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 297 - 0998 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip . The Oxford History of Modern War . p. 159 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1995 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Shearman 1995 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 July 1989 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Malta summit ends Cold War , BBC News , 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodby , p. 26 Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. `` The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War '' ( Washington : Brookings Institution , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lefeber , Fitzmaurice & Vierdag 1991 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Goldgeier , p. 27 Jump up ^ Soviet Leaders Recall ' Inevitable ' Breakup Of Soviet Union , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` FX Sets Premieres for The Americans ' Final Season , Atlanta , Getty Saga Trust '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 Brazinsky , Gregg A. Winning the Third World : Sino - American Rivalry during the Cold War ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) ; four online reviews & author response The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Steele , Jonathan , `` Who started it ? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad , The Cold War : a World History , Allen Lane , 2017 , 710 pp. , ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ) , London Review of Books , vol. 40 , no . 2 ( 25 January 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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what city was my best friend's girl filmed in			My Best Friend 's Girl	my best friend's girl	My Best Friend 's Girl may refer to :	`` My Best Friend 's Girl '' ( song ) , a song by The Cars from the album The Cars ( 1978 ) `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' , a song by Steps from the album Steptacular ( 1999 ) My Best Friend 's Girl ( 2008 film ) , a romantic comedy starring Dane Cook and Kate Hudson My Best Friend 's Girl ( 1983 film ) , a film directed by Bertrand Blier My Best Friend 's Girl ( novel ) , a book by Dorothy Koomson See also ( edit ) My Best Friend 's Girlfriend , a 2008 Filipino romantic comedy film This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title My Best Friend 's Girl . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Best_Friend%27s_Girl&oldid=585613528 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2013 , at 17 : 01 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Best%20Friend%2527s%20Girl	2,814
where is star wars going in disney world	At Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Galaxy 's Edge is replacing the majority of the park 's Streets of America , including the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2 , 2016 , as well as the surrounding backlot facades , restaurants , and shops . Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction , Galaxy 's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land . The remaining operating portions of Streets of America ( containing Muppet * Vision 3D ) were left undisturbed and renamed as Grand Avenue , and Grand Park . The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel .		Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge	star wars : galaxy's edge	Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge is an upcoming Star Wars - themed area being developed at Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida . The Star Wars - themed area , or `` land , '' at each park will encompass 14 acres .	Announced in August 2015 , the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019 , with the Disneyland version opening first . Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks . Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3 , 2016 , at the Disney shareholders meeting , that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Locations 3.1 Disneyland 3.2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , though it did not have an official name at the time . According to Iger , it will be `` occupied by many inhabitants ; humanoids , aliens and droids ... the attractions , the entertainment , everything we create will be part of our storytelling . Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology . '' Bob Chapek , chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , stated that the land `` will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you 've never seen before -- a gateway planet located on the outer rim , full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar . '' In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty - three , Trowbridge stated : `` ( O ) ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies ... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we 've never done before ... to really engage all of the senses . What does that street feel like ? What does that animal smell like ? What does blue milk taste like ? '' Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . In February 2017 , Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios . In July 2017 at the D23 Expo , Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . Chapek also announced that Disneyland 's version will open first . In November 2017 , Trowbridge announced that the planet in the land is called Batuu . Design ( edit ) Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group , with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project , Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors , and Lucasfilm 's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants . Together , the team decided to set the lands on a new planet , located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions . Described as a `` remote frontier outpost '' , the planet Batuu has not previously appeared in other media , although it has existed within canon `` for thousands and thousands of years . '' The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth , because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests , with Trowbridge explaining , `` We wanted to build new Star Wars stories , new Star Wars destinations , but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place . '' This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days , but now with advent of hyperspace , its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who did n't want to be on that kind of mainstream path . The smugglers , the bounty hunters , the rogue adventurers looking to crew up , the people who do n't want to be found -- basically all the interesting people . -- Supervising Imagineer Scott Trowbridge describing the featured planet The development team drew inspiration from real - world locations , including as Istanbul and Morocco , and traveled there to study the architecture , culture , and weather . The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie 's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land . The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi , in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy , and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance . The Star Wars - themed land will have two new attractions : one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon , and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance . Concept art depicts a full - size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs . The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative . The Millennium Falcon attraction will feature a `` customized secret mission '' . There will also be a version of a cantina . How riders perform on the Millennium Falcon will influence how they are treated at the cantina , adding to the immersive experience . According to the Disney Parks Blog , `` perform with skill and you may earn extra galactic credits , while bringing the ship back banged up could put you on the list of a bounty hunter . End up on Harkos 's list and you may face a problem if you show up at the local cantina ! '' In the marketplace in the Batuu village there will be a toy stall , imagineers are creating one that will be run by a Toydarian - an alien species that was seen on Tatooine in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Locations ( edit ) Construction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in August 2017 Disneyland ( edit ) At Disneyland , Galaxy 's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland , where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located . As a result of the expansion , Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land . On January 11 , 2016 , several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed . Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently , including the multifunction event space , barbecue restaurant , and petting zoo . Other attractions closed temporarily , including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16 , 2017 , and Fantasmic ! reopened on July 17 , 2017 . The Disneyland Railroad , Mark Twain Riverboat , Sailing Ship Columbia , and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29 . The construction of Galaxy 's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016 , when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed . Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( edit ) At Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Galaxy 's Edge is replacing the majority of the park 's Streets of America , including the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2 , 2016 , as well as the surrounding backlot facades , restaurants , and shops . Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction , Galaxy 's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land . The remaining operating portions of Streets of America ( containing Muppet * Vision 3D ) were left undisturbed and renamed as Grand Avenue , and Grand Park . The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel . See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a themed land at Universal Parks & Resorts in Orlando , Osaka , and Hollywood Pandora -- The World of Avatar , a themed land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ; Zumberg , Marianne ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks , Says Bob Iger '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedicini , Sandra ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars land coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Orlando Sentinel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - Themed Lands Coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland Resorts '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new ' Star Wars ' movie release '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Jim ( Winter 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 7 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugo ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland to start building its ' Star Wars ' land in April '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Tours Gives Guests First Peek at Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Planet at Disney Parks '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Seth ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About the ' Star Wars ' Disney Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Disney Star Wars land details revealed at Star Wars Celebration '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Bryan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the creation of Disney 's ambitious and immersive Star Wars land '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Chris ; Couch , Aaron ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Land : Millennium Falcon Ride Has Surprisingly High Stakes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady . `` 8 unanswered questions about Disneyland 's Star Wars Land '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Chuck . `` Disney World expansion to add ' Star Wars ' land '' . KNS . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plautz , Jessica . `` Get a Sneak Peek at the ' Star Wars ' Lands Coming to Disney Parks '' . Travel and Leisure . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ; Larsen , Peter ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : It 's official : ' Star Wars ' theme land coming to Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` All there is to know about Star Wars Land that is coming in 2019 to Disney World and Disneyland '' . Disney by Age . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney buys Anaheim land , sparking expansion speculation '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Tracy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland Closing Several Attractions on Monday Ahead of ' Star Wars ' Land Construction '' . ktla.com . Tribune Broadcasting . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland targets summer 2017 for Rivers of America return '' . Themeparkinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland favorites returning after hiatus amid ' Star Wars ' - themed land construction '' . abc7.com . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Concept art : How Disneyland 's Rivers of America will look after ' Star Wars ' land construction is finished '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knopp , JeniLynn ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` VIDEO : Star Wars area construction progressing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . insidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Rachel ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` What 's closing at Disney World to make way for `` Star Wars '' Land `` . hellogiggles.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Studios attractions on their way out at Disney World '' . orlandosentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Earffel Tower coming down , attractions closing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios : When a theme park is part construction zone '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Disney is opening an immersive Star Wars Hotel where each guest gets a storyline '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` Plans Unveiled for Star Wars - Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney wants to build a Westworld for Star Wars fans '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Other Print works Novels Behind the scenes Comics list Video games list Radio show Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Characters Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Art Expanded universe Non-canonical Characters Storylines Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Documentaries The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Themed lands of Disney theme parks A Bug 's Land Animation Courtyard Africa Adventureland American Waterfront Arabian Coast Asia Buena Vista Street A Bug 's Land Cars Land Critter Country DinoLand U.S.A. Discovery Island Echo Lake Fantasyland Frontierland Front Lot Future World Grizzly Peak Grand Avenue Holidayland Hollywood Land Hollywood Boulevard Liberty Square Lost River Delta Main Street , U.S.A. Mediterranean Harbor Mermaid Lagoon Mickey 's Toontown Mysterious Island Mystic Point New Orleans Square Oasis Pandora -- The World of Avatar Paradise Pier Port Discovery Production Courtyard Pixar Place Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Sunset Boulevard Tomorrowland Toon Studio Toy Story Land World Showcase Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Space Mountain Ghost Galaxy Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars : Path Of The Jedi Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean Haunted Mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Together Forever -- A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular Pixar Play Parade Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! Main Street Electrical Parade Halloween Screams seasonal Other Partners Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions Echo Lake 50 's Prime Time Café For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Hollywood & Vine Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars : Path Of The Jedi Grand Avenue Mama Melrose 's Ristorante Italiano Muppet * Vision 3D Pixar Place Toy Story Midway Mania ! Animation Courtyard Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Star Wars Launch Bay Voyage of the Little Mermaid Walt Disney Presents Sunset Boulevard Beauty and the Beast -- Live on Stage Fantasmic ! Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Commissary Lane ABC Commissary Sci - Fi Dine - In Theater Restaurant Entertainment Fantasmic ! Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Galaxy%27s_Edge&oldid=828131318 '' Categories : Under construction amusement attractions Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions based on Star Wars Proposed buildings and structures in the United States Space in amusement parks 2019 architecture Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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an existing rock that changes during metamorphism to create a metamorphic rock is called	Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types , in a process called metamorphism , which means `` change in form '' . The original rock ( protolith ) is subjected to heat ( temperatures greater than 150 to 200 ° C ) and pressure ( 100 megapascals ( 1,000 bar ) or more ) , causing profound physical or chemical change . The protolith may be a sedimentary , igneous , or existing metamorphic rock .	protolith	Metamorphic rock	metamorphic rock		`` Metamorphic '' redirects here . For other uses , see Metamorphic ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quartzite , a type of metamorphic rock Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types , in a process called metamorphism , which means `` change in form '' . The original rock ( protolith ) is subjected to heat ( temperatures greater than 150 to 200 ° C ) and pressure ( 100 megapascals ( 1,000 bar ) or more ) , causing profound physical or chemical change . The protolith may be a sedimentary , igneous , or existing metamorphic rock . Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth 's crust and form 12 % of the Earth 's land surface . They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage ( metamorphic facies ) . They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth 's surface , subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it . They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions , which cause horizontal pressure , friction and distortion . They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth 's interior . The study of metamorphic rocks ( now exposed at the Earth 's surface following erosion and uplift ) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth 's crust . Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss , slate , marble , schist , and quartzite . Contents 1 Metamorphic minerals 2 Foliation 3 Types of metamorphism 3.1 Contact metamorphism 3.2 Regional metamorphism 4 Metamorphic rock textures 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Metamorphic minerals Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism . These minerals , known as index minerals , include sillimanite , kyanite , staurolite , andalusite , and some garnet . Other minerals , such as olivines , pyroxenes , amphiboles , micas , feldspars , and quartz , may be found in metamorphic rocks , but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism . These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks . They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process . However , all minerals are stable only within certain limits , and the presence of some minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed . The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization . For instance , the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble ; in metamorphosed sandstone , recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite , also known as metaquartzite , in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked . Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization . High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate , thus reorganizing the crystals , while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact . Foliation Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near Geirangerfjord , Norway Main article : Foliation ( geology ) The layering within metamorphic rocks is called foliation ( derived from the Latin word folia , meaning `` leaves '' ) , and it occurs when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization . This causes the platy or elongated crystals of minerals , such as mica and chlorite , to become rotated such that their long axes are perpendicular to the orientation of shortening . This results in a banded , or foliated rock , with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them . Textures are separated into foliated and non-foliated categories . Foliated rock is a product of differential stress that deforms the rock in one plane , sometimes creating a plane of cleavage . For example , slate is a foliated metamorphic rock , originating from shale . Non-foliated rock does not have planar patterns of strain . Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides , or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits , will not be foliated . Where a rock has been subject to differential stress , the type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade . For instance , starting with a mudstone , the following sequence develops with increasing temperature : slate is a very fine - grained , foliated metamorphic rock , characteristic of very low grade metamorphism , while phyllite is fine - grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism , schist is medium to coarse - grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism , and gneiss coarse to very coarse - grained , found in areas of high - grade metamorphism . Marble is generally not foliated , which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture . Another important mechanism of metamorphism is that of chemical reactions that occur between minerals without them melting . In the process atoms are exchanged between the minerals , and thus new minerals are formed . Many complex high - temperature reactions may take place , and each mineral assemblage produced provides us with a clue as to the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism . Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism . It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks . Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances . Because of the role played by water , metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock , and lack some that originally were present . Still , the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur . Types of metamorphism Contact metamorphism A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered calcite and serpentine from the Precambrian of Canada . Once thought to be a pseudofossil called Eozoön canadense . Scale in mm . Contact metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock ( country rock ) . The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it . Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact metamorphism aureole . Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed ( unchanged ) country rock some distance away . The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone . When a rock is contact altered by an igneous intrusion it very frequently becomes more indurated , and more coarsely crystalline . Many altered rocks of this type were formerly called hornstones , and the term hornfels is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained , compact , non-foliated products of contact metamorphism . A shale may become a dark argillaceous hornfels , full of tiny plates of brownish biotite ; a marl or impure limestone may change to a grey , yellow or greenish lime - silicate - hornfels or siliceous marble , tough and splintery , with abundant augite , garnet , wollastonite and other minerals in which calcite is an important component . A diabase or andesite may become a diabase hornfels or andesite hornfels with development of new hornblende and biotite and a partial recrystallization of the original feldspar . Chert or flint may become a finely crystalline quartz rock ; sandstones lose their clastic structure and are converted into a mosaic of small close - fitting grains of quartz in a metamorphic rock called quartzite . If the rock was originally banded or foliated ( as , for example , a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc - schist ) this character may not be obliterated , and a banded hornfels is the product ; fossils even may have their shapes preserved , though entirely recrystallized , and in many contact - altered lavas the vesicles are still visible , though their contents have usually entered into new combinations to form minerals that were not originally present . The minute structures , however , disappear , often completely , if the thermal alteration is very profound . Thus small grains of quartz in a shale are lost or blend with the surrounding particles of clay , and the fine ground - mass of lavas is entirely reconstructed . By recrystallization in this manner peculiar rocks of very distinct types are often produced . Thus shales may pass into cordierite rocks , or may show large crystals of andalusite ( and chiastolite ) , staurolite , garnet , kyanite and sillimanite , all derived from the aluminous content of the original shale . A considerable amount of mica ( both muscovite and biotite ) is often simultaneously formed , and the resulting product has a close resemblance to many kinds of schist . Limestones , if pure , are often turned into coarsely crystalline marbles ; but if there was an admixture of clay or sand in the original rock such minerals as garnet , epidote , idocrase , wollastonite , will be present . Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz . These more intense stages of alteration are not so commonly seen in igneous rocks , because their minerals , being formed at high temperatures , are not so easily transformed or recrystallized . In a few cases rocks are fused and in the dark glassy product minute crystals of spinel , sillimanite and cordierite may separate out . Shales are occasionally thus altered by basalt dikes , and feldspathic sandstones may be completely vitrified . Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of coal seams or even by an ordinary furnace . There is also a tendency for metasomatism between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock , whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other . Granites may absorb fragments of shale or pieces of basalt . In that case , hybrid rocks called skarn arise , which do n't have the characteristics of normal igneous or sedimentary rocks . Sometimes an invading granite magma permeates the rocks around , filling their joints and planes of bedding , etc. , with threads of quartz and feldspar . This is very exceptional but instances of it are known and it may take place on a large scale . Regional metamorphism Mississippian marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon , Wasatch Mountains , Utah . Dynamic metamorphism Regional metamorphism , also known as dynamic metamorphism , is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area . Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth 's surface , subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above . Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic , except for recent igneous intrusions . Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create orogenic belts , and cause high temperatures , pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts . If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion , they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface . The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock 's previous history . Recrystallization of the rock will destroy the textures and fossils present in sedimentary rocks . Metasomatism will change the original composition . Regional metamorphism tends to make the rock more indurated and at the same time to give it a foliated , shistose or gneissic texture , consisting of a planar arrangement of the minerals , so that platy or prismatic minerals like mica and hornblende have their longest axes arranged parallel to one another . For that reason many of these rocks split readily in one direction along mica - bearing zones ( schists ) . In gneisses , minerals also tend to be segregated into bands ; thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist , very thin , but consisting essentially of one mineral . Along the mineral layers composed of soft or fissile minerals the rocks will split most readily , and the freshly split specimens will appear to be faced or coated with this mineral ; for example , a piece of mica schist looked at facewise might be supposed to consist entirely of shining scales of mica . On the edge of the specimens , however , the white folia of granular quartz will be visible . In gneisses these alternating folia are sometimes thicker and less regular than in schists , but most importantly less micaceous ; they may be lenticular , dying out rapidly . Gneisses also , as a rule , contain more feldspar than schists do , and are tougher and less fissile . Contortion or crumbling of the foliation is by no means uncommon ; splitting faces are undulose or puckered . Schistosity and gneissic banding ( the two main types of foliation ) are formed by directed pressure at elevated temperature , and to interstitial movement , or internal flow arranging the mineral particles while they are crystallizing in that directed pressure field . Rocks that were originally sedimentary and rocks that were undoubtedly igneous may be metamorphosed into schists and gneisses . If originally of similar composition they may be very difficult to distinguish from one another if the metamorphism has been great . A quartz - porphyry , for example , and a fine feldspathic sandstone , may both be metamorphosed into a grey or pink mica - schist . Metamorphic rock textures The five basic metamorphic textures with typical rock types are slaty ( includes slate and phyllite ; the foliation is called `` slaty cleavage '' ) , schistose ( includes schist ; the foliation is called `` schistosity '' ) , gneissose ( gneiss ; the foliation is called `` gneissosity '' ) , granoblastic ( includes granulite , some marbles and quartzite ) , and hornfelsic ( includes hornfels and skarn ) . See also Blueschist List of rock types List of rock textures Metavolcanic rock Migmatite Neomorphism References Jump up ^ Dictionary.com entry . Retrieved 14 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Bruce H. ; McElroy , Brandon J. ; Kesler , Stephen E. ; Peters , Shanan E. ; Rothman , Edward D. ( 2008 ) . `` Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers -- Rates of rock cycling from area - age frequencies '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 121 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 760 -- 79 . doi : 10.1130 / B26457. 1 . Jump up ^ Wicander R. & Munroe J. ( 2005 ) . Essentials of Geology . Cengage Learning . pp. 174 -- 77 . ISBN 9780495013655 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petrology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Metamorphic rocks Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metamorphic rocks . Metamorphic textures -- Middle East Technical University Contact metamorphism example Metamorphic Rock Database ( MetPetDB ) - Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Metamorphic Rocks Tour , an introduction to metamorphic rocks Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks -- Detailed field and hand specimen photographs of metamorphic rocks grouped by setting and composition ( Department of Earth Sciences , University of Oxford ) Metamorphic petrology Types of metamorphism Ultra-high - pressure metamorphism Ultra-high - temperature metamorphism Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rock Amphibolite Anatexis Augen Schist Metamorphic processes Dynamic quartz recrystallization Foliation ( geology ) Portal NDL : 00563112 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metamorphic_rock&oldid=851610643 '' Categories : Metamorphic petrology Metamorphic rocks Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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who is the captain on la to vegas	Kim Matula as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Messing , a veteran flight attendant for Jackpot Airlines , a budget service operating out of Las Vegas . Ed Weeks as Colin McCormack , a British professor of economics at UCLA . He and Ronnie strike up a romance after he separates from his wife . He travels to Las Vegas every weekend to visit his son . Nathan Lee Graham as Bernard Jasser , a male flight attendant who works alongside Ronnie . Olivia Macklin as Nichole Hayes , a professional stripper who uses Jackpot Airlines to fly between Los Angeles and Vegas for work . Peter Stormare as Artem , an eccentric Russian bookie and gambler . It was later discovered that he works as a dentist when he 's not gambling in Las Vegas . Dylan McDermott as Captain David `` Dave '' Pratman , who became a pilot for Jackpot after being honorably discharged from the Air Force ( thus ruining his dream of being a fighter pilot ) . He indulges in drugs , alcohol , and women to forget the pain of his failed marriage ( s ) .	Dylan McDermott as Captain David `` Dave '' Pratman	LA to Vegas	la to vegas	LA to Vegas is an American sitcom that is broadcast on Fox . It debuted on January 2 , 2018 , as a midseason entry in the 2017 -- 18 television season . Starring Dylan McDermott , Kim Matula , Ed Weeks , Nathan Lee Graham , Olivia Macklin and Peter Stormare , the series follows the crew of a budget airline called `` Jackpot Airlines '' , whose main flight is weekend trips from Los Angeles to Las Vegas .	On January 9 , 2018 , Fox picked up three additional episodes for a total of 15 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the lives of crew and passengers of a discount airline that makes regular Friday - to - Sunday getaway flights from Los Angeles to Las Vegas . The stories revolve around recurring themes of hope and disappointment . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kim Matula as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Messing , a veteran flight attendant for Jackpot Airlines , a budget service operating out of Las Vegas . Ed Weeks as Colin McCormack , a British professor of economics at UCLA . He and Ronnie strike up a romance after he separates from his wife . He travels to Las Vegas every weekend to visit his son . Nathan Lee Graham as Bernard Jasser , a male flight attendant who works alongside Ronnie . Olivia Macklin as Nichole Hayes , a professional stripper who uses Jackpot Airlines to fly between Los Angeles and Vegas for work . Peter Stormare as Artem , an eccentric Russian bookie and gambler . It was later discovered that he works as a dentist when he 's not gambling in Las Vegas . Dylan McDermott as Captain David `` Dave '' Pratman , who became a pilot for Jackpot after being honorably discharged from the Air Force ( thus ruining his dream of being a fighter pilot ) . He indulges in drugs , alcohol , and women to forget the pain of his failed marriage ( s ) . Recurring ( edit ) Amir Talai as Alan , the co-pilot . Kether Donohue as Meghan , Colin 's ex-wife . Dermot Mulroney as Captain Steve Jasser , one of Pratman 's rivals . Josh Duhamel as Captain Kyle Don Johnson as Jack Silver Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Steven Levitan Lon Zimmet January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 1LAS01 3.76 Jackpot Airlines flight attendant Ronnie Messing learns during a trip that the coveted job she wanted on Delta 's JFK route has gone to her coworker Jill ; furious , she quits her job on the spot . She bonds with Colin McCormack , the British economics professor sitting next to her , and the two attempt to have sex before being interrupted by Captain Dave . The experience convinces her to backtrack on her decision , but not before learning that he 's married . Frequent flyer Artem , a professional bookie , tries to make money betting on the other passengers , while Captain Dave , struggling with his failed marriage , keeps trying to pick up women to Ronnie 's disgust . However , he redeems himself by using Muay Thai to subdue an angry passenger . Colin , who turns out to be separated from his wife , leaves her behind in Vegas for a chance to start a relationship with Ronnie . `` The Yips and the Dead '' Steven Levitan Lon Zimmet January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 1LAS02 2.65 Ronnie decides at the last second to break off a date with Colin , putting their relationship in jeopardy . During a flight , an elderly passenger sitting next to Nicole suddenly passes away , and protocol dictates that the body can not be disposed of until the plane lands . Despite efforts to cover up the death , Nicole accidentally reveals it and incites panic . A more serious crisis emerges when Captain Dave finds himself unable to land the plane due to a nervous tic , and refuses to let his co-pilot Alan take over out of professional pride . When Alan knocks himself unconscious by tripping over the body , Ronnie enters the cockpit and persuades Dave that his condition is all in his head while Artem rallies the passengers to celebrate that they are still alive . The flight lands successfully , and Ronnie tries to apologize to Colin ; he informs her that whatever they had wo n't work . Ronnie reluctantly agrees and sulks off to get drunk . `` Two and a Half Pilots '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Lon Zimmet January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 1LAS03 2.77 After Captain Dave breaks his wrist , his nemesis Captain Steve is brought in to fly in his place . Almost immediately , Steve 's demanding nature clashes with Ronnie and Bernard 's laid - back behavior . An argument between Steve and Dave eventually comes to blows ; because Steve forced Dave to sit in the cabin , Dave is not considered a pilot , and Steve is arrested for assaulting a passenger . Before Captain Dave can reassume his role as pilot , Captain Kyle is called in as a second replacement . Meanwhile , Colin learns that the play palace he booked for his son 's birthday party has been shut down , so Artem and Nicole step in to transform the Grapefroots strip club into something slightly more suitable for young children . `` The Affair '' Linda Mendoza Alison Bennett January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 1LAS04 2.61 Jackpot Airlines passengers contend with new , restrictive fees that lock down everything from overhead bins to bathroom access . Ronnie notices Dean , a frequent flier , with an unfamiliar woman and suspects him of cheating on his wife . Against the advice of others , she confronts them , earning the ire of the rest of the plane and prompting Dean to berate her . Colin attempts to make Dean apologize , and after the two get physical , Dean reveals that he is an unmarried air marshal on vacation with his girlfriend and takes Colin into custody . Captain Dave flirts with air traffic controller Gwen and eventually asks her out , only to be met and chastised by her supervisor upon landing . 5 `` The Fellowship of the Bear '' Don Scardino Mathew Harawitz February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 1LAS05 2.52 Captain Dave insults his plane 's cleanup crew , prompting them to expose the plane to odors so foul that the passengers must disembark . As he and Bernard attempt to combat the smells , Dave realizes his insensitivity and buys pastries as an apology , only to give them to a similar - looking crew by mistake . Ronnie and Colin scour the Las Vegas airport and the TSA confiscated items vault looking for his son 's favorite stuffed bear , only to watch as a bomb squad disposes of it by blowing it up . After seeing how distraught this makes Colin , Ronnie offers his son a beloved stuffed animal of her own as a replacement . Artem teaches Nicole how to play poker , only to be taken aback when she begins winning immediately . 6 `` # PilotFight '' Eva Longoria Ian Brennan February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1LAS07 2.36 Suffering from a toothache , Ronnie visits a dentist 's office and immediately flees when she learns the dentist is Artem . Captain Dave and a disgraced Captain Steve reignite their rivalry and challenge each other to a fistfight . As Bernard unsuccessfully tries to stop the conflict , Nichole collects bets from airport employees and travelers , Colin trains Dave to box , and Artem performs an emergency procedure on Ronnie 's tooth . Just as the fight begins , Ronnie breaks things up and convinces the two to put their differences aside . Dave helps Steve become reinstated as a pilot , but they quickly begin fighting again when they realize only one of them can be the captain for their return flight . 7 `` Things to Do in Vegas When You 're Grounded '' Jeffrey Walker Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1LAS08 2.08 Jackpot grounds Captain Dave 's plane in Las Vegas , and everyone takes advantage of their free evening . Ronnie and Nichole hit the town on a double date in a fancy restaurant with two magicians who constantly perform tricks . Colin receives his divorce papers , and Captain Dave decides to organize a `` guy 's night '' with Artem , Bernard , and Alan joining in . They pre-game back on the plane and get stranded there after the jetway crew pulls the plane away from the gate . After more drinks , Colin realizes he still has feelings for Ronnie , and the rest of the guys convince him to act on them . Colin finally gets off the plane and rushes to meet Ronnie , finding her just as she is leaving with the restaurant 's owner . 8 `` Parking Lot B '' Fred Savage Danielle Sanchez - Witzel March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1LAS06 2.05 Ronnie gets evicted from her apartment after accidentally lighting its garbage chute on fire . She briefly rooms with Bernard , whose numerous rules quickly get the better of her . She then stays with Captain Dave in Parking Lot B , a trailer park with a music festival vibe and quirky residents . She overstays her welcome there by letting loose too aggressively , and the community kicks her out . Ronnie eventually apologizes to Dave and moves back in with Bernard to help teach herself discipline . Colin receives poor reviews from his students and enlists the help of Bernard and Nichole to improve his job performance , which dramatically improves after he starts using stripping techniques to maintain the attention of his students . Dave loses a bet with Artem and lies about his whereabouts to avoid paying his debt . 9 `` Overbooked '' Jaffar Mahmood Margee Magee March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1LAS09 2.17 Jackpot overbooks a flight to Vegas on the same day as a big MMA fight , and the crew must convince four passengers to disembark . Once food and beverage service stop , Nichole steps in and begins selling her stockpile of snacks at exorbitant prices . Bryan surprises Ronnie by attempting to stage their first date on the flight , but the demands of trying to contend with the angry passengers prevent her from spending any time with him . Artem is seated next to a ventriloquist , whose rude dummy eventually sends him into a rage , and the ensuing fight vacates their three seats on the plane . A dejected Bryan offers to give up his seat as well , and the plane can finally take off . After landing in Vegas , Colin offers to have drinks with a frustrated Ronnie , but Bryan appears and whisks her off on a proper date first . 10 `` Bernard 's Birthday '' John Riggi Jen D'Angelo March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1LAS10 1.98 Nichole 's mother Patricia , an uptight politician , joins her in Vegas on the same weekend as Bernard 's lavish Bible - themed birthday party , which the regular Jackpot crew attends . Never having told her mother about her profession , Nichole attempts to maintain an air of innocence by pretending to date Captain Dave . While Bernard struggles to impress the party - goers , Colin connects with a woman who is similar to his ex-wife . Their constant flirting makes Ronnie jealous , and her efforts to break them up cause her to neglect Bryan . Dave eventually explains that his relationship with Nichole is a sham and convinces Patricia to go on a date with him . After Dave reveals this , Nichole continues to save face with her mother by pretending to date Ronnie instead . Colin almost goes home with his new woman , but returns to the party after discovering her poor rating on Lyft . As the festivities wind down , Ronnie apologizes to Bryan for her absence , and the Jackpot crew inadvertently recreate The Last Supper . 11 `` Jack Silver '' Linda Mendoza Jason Berger & Amina Munir April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1LAS11 1.96 Jack Silver , the CEO of Jackpot Airlines , joins the crew on a flight to Vegas as a PR stunt . Colin brags that he has never lost a bet , so Artem and Nichole bet him that he can not say fewer than 150 words before they land . While fighting over which of them is the more dedicated employee , Ronnie and Bernard drop Jack 's steak lunch , but clean it off and serve it to him anyway . A teenage boy films this , expecting to go viral with the footage , and Ronnie fears that she will lose her job . While visiting Captain Dave in the cockpit , Jack learns that he is to be indicted upon landing , so he hijacks the plane and attempts to fly to Mexico . Ronnie overrides Jack 's lock on the cockpit door and , after Jack escapes by pretending to jump out of the plane , everyone lands safely in Vegas . Nichole convinces the boy to delete his footage of Ronnie by offering to pretend to be his girlfriend . Artem is overjoyed to find that his long - standing cold streak is over thanks to Colin losing their bet , so he forgives Colin 's debts . 12 `` Training Day '' Jim Hensz Lon Zimmet & Jess Pineda & Jeremy Roth April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1LAS12 2.15 Ronnie , Bernard , and Captain Dave attend Jackpot 's yearly training seminar . Instead of the booze - fueled banger of years past , the seminar is straight - laced and orderly thanks to customer complaints about the LA to Vegas crew . Dave makes inroads with the younger pilots by telling embarrassing stories about Ronnie and Bernard 's on - duty behavior ; these stories spread around the seminar , and the two are suspended indefinitely . Thanks to drugged food from the Jackpot crew in Reno , chaos breaks out on the flight home that the younger crew and pilots can not contain . With Dave helping from the cockpit , Ronnie and Bernard get the situation under control , and Jackpot lifts their suspensions as a thank - you for their efforts . Meanwhile , Colin , Artem , and Nichole stake out a slot machine in the airport that 's due to pay out a huge jackpot . After luring an old woman away from it and enduring a lengthy power outage , they repeatedly play the machine to no avail ; soon after they give up , someone else wins the jackpot . 13 `` The Dinner Party '' Melissa Kosar Seth Raab & Nicholas Darrow April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1LAS13 1.95 To entertain Bryan on his trip to Los Angeles , Ronnie hosts a dinner party at Bernard 's apartment and invites the Jackpot crew . Captain Dave arrives with Patricia , hoping to make the night their first official date , but she spends most of the party working . Colin attends with his Uber driver as his date , but her accommodating demeanor makes him wonder if she still considers him a passenger . Artem insists that Nichole read his new action - musical screenplay and is hurt when she reveals that she did n't like it . With the party underway , Ronnie realizes she did n't order the prepared meals she thought she did ; as she scrambles to cook dinner from scratch , the demands of hosting cause her to lash out at everyone . Bryan consoles Ronnie after her outburst , and the two order Taco Bell as a replacement meal . As the party winds down , Bryan asks Ronnie to move in with him in Las Vegas . Colin hooks up with his date , while Dave and Patricia break up after they ca n't agree on how serious their relationship is . 14 `` Captain Dave 's On a Roll '' TBA TBA April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 1LAS14 TBD 15 `` The Proposal '' TBA TBA May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1LAS15 TBD Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 56 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 5.84 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Refreshingly lewd humor and funny , relatable characters are crammed into LA to Vegas alongside pacing problems and a dearth of punchlines , leaving this sitcom 's high - flying potential stuck in an amiable holding pattern . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 2 , 2018 1.1 / 4 3.76 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Yips and the Dead '' January 9 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.65 0.6 1.72 1.4 4.37 `` Two and a Half Pilots '' January 16 , 2018 0.9 / 3 2.77 0.6 1.50 1.5 4.27 `` The Affair '' January 23 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.61 0.6 1.45 1.4 4.06 5 `` The Fellowship of the Bear '' February 6 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.52 N / A 1.21 N / A 3.73 6 `` # PilotFight '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Things to Do in Vegas When You 're Grounded '' March 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Parking Lot B '' March 13 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Overbooked '' March 20 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Bernard 's Birthday '' March 27 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.98 0.5 N / A N / A 11 `` Jack Silver '' April 3 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Training Day '' April 10 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Dinner Party '' April 17 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghosted ' & ' LA To Vegas ' Comedy Pilots Get Fox Series Orders '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Candace ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kim Matula shares ' LA > Vegas ' FOX air date and promo video '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' LA To Vegas ' & ' The Resident ' Get Premiere Dates On Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' L.A. to Vegas ' Scores Three - Episode Pickup at Fox ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dylan McDermott and Dermot Mulroney Are Finally Acting Together '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anop , Nirat ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` LA to Vegas - Episode 1.03 - Two and a Half Pilots - Press Release '' . SpoilerTV.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' Enlists Don Johnson for Guest Role '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Zachary Knighton as Brian ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( LAV - 114 ) `` Captain Dave 's On a Roll '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( LAV - 115 ) `` The Proposal '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LA to Vegas : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LA to Vegas : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website LA to Vegas on IMDb ( hide ) Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle For Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) LA to Vegas ( since 2018 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell & Back ( 2018 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LA_to_Vegas&oldid=837184000 '' Categories : 2010s American sitcoms 2018 American television series debuts Aviation television series English - language television programs Fox network shows Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Las Vegas Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 04 . 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where did the chicago bulls play before the united center	Chicago Stadium was an indoor arena located in Chicago , Illinois that opened in 1929 and closed in 1994 . It was the home of the National Hockey League 's Chicago Blackhawks and the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls .	Chicago Stadium	Chicago Stadium	chicago stadium	Chicago Stadium was an indoor arena located in Chicago , Illinois that opened in 1929 and closed in 1994 . It was the home of the National Hockey League 's Chicago Blackhawks and the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls .	Contents 1 History 1.1 Seating capacity 2 `` The Madhouse on Madison '' 2.1 Last analog game clock in any NHL arena 3 Demolition 4 Notable events 4.1 Basketball 4.2 Hockey 4.3 Football 4.4 Soccer 4.5 Boxing 4.6 Concerts 4.7 In Film 4.8 Other events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Stadium hosted the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL from 1929 to 1994 and the Chicago Bulls of the NBA from 1967 to 1994 . The arena was the site of the first NFL playoff game in 1932 ; the 1932 , 1940 , and 1944 Democratic National Conventions ; and the 1932 and 1944 Republican National Conventions , as well as numerous concerts , rodeo competitions , boxing matches , political rallies , and plays . The interior of Chicago Stadium in February 1930 , prior to a Blackhawks / Canadiens game . The stadium was first proposed by Chicago sports promoter Paddy Harmon . Harmon wanted to bring an NHL team to Chicago , but he lost out to Col. Frederic McLaughlin . This team would soon be known as the Chicago Black Hawks ( later ' Blackhawks ' ) . Harmon then went on to at least try to get some control over the team by building a stadium for the Blackhawks to play in . He spent $2.5 million and borrowed more funds from friends , including James E. Norris in order to build the stadium . Opened on March 28 , 1929 at a cost of $9.5 million , Chicago Stadium was the largest indoor arena in the world at the time . Detroit 's Olympia stadium , built two years earlier , was a model for the Chicago stadium and had a capacity of over 15,000 people . It was also the first arena with an air conditioning system ( though the system was fairly rudimentary by modern standards , and was memorably given to filling the arena with fog during late - season games ) . The Stadium sat 17,317 for hockey at the time of closure . Standees were allowed for many years , and often the official attendance figures in the published game summaries were given in round numbers , such as 18,500 or 20,000 . The largest recorded crowd for an NHL game at the stadium was 20,069 for a playoff game between the Blackhawks and Minnesota North Stars on April 10 , 1982 . Seating capacity ( edit ) Chicago Stadium at Night , 1950 Curteich Linen Postcard Basketball Years Capacity 1929 -- 1958 17,000 1958 -- 1986 17,374 1986 -- 1989 17,458 1989 -- 1994 17,339 With standing room 18,676 Hockey Years Capacity 1929 -- 1952 16,000 1952 -- 1984 16,666 1984 -- 1994 17,317 With standing room 18,472 `` The Madhouse on Madison '' ( edit ) Detail of console of the huge Barton pipe organ originally installed in the Chicago Stadium . The massive console boasted six manuals ( keyboards ) and over 800 stops , with thousands of pipes and percussions installed in the center ceiling high above center court . In addition to the close - quartered , triple - tiered , boxy layout of the building , much of the loud , ringing noise of the fans could be attributed to the fabled 3,663 - pipe Barton organ , boasting the world 's largest theater organ console with 6 manuals ( keyboards ) and over 800 stops , and played by Al Melgard . Melgard played for decades during hockey games there , earning the Stadium the moniker `` The Madhouse on Madison '' . For years , it was also known as `` The Loudest Arena in the NBA '' , due to its barn - shaped features . In the Stanley Cup semifinals of 1971 , when the Blackhawks scored a series - clinching empty - net goal in Game 7 against the New York Rangers , CBS announcer Dan Kelly reported , `` I can feel our broadcast booth shaking ! That 's the kind of place Chicago Stadium is right now ! '' The dressing rooms at the Stadium were placed underneath the seats , and the cramped corridor that led to the ice , with its twenty - two steps , became the stuff of legend . Legend has it a German Shepherd wandered the bowels at night as `` the security team . '' In the 1973 Stanley Cup Final against Montreal , Chicago owner Bill Wirtz had the NHL 's first goal horn installed in the building , reportedly because he liked the sound of the horn on his yacht . This practice would , in the ensuing years , become almost commonplace in professional hockey . Nancy Faust , organist for 40 years at Chicago White Sox games , also played indoors at the Stadium , at courtside for Chicago Bulls home games from 1976 -- 84 , and on the pipe organ for Chicago Blackhawks hockey there from 1985 - 89 . It also became traditional for Blackhawk fans to cheer loudly throughout the singing of the national anthems , especially when sung by Chicago favorite Wayne Messmer . Denizens of the second balcony often added sparklers and flags to the occasion . Arguably , the most memorable of these was the singing before the 1991 NHL All - Star Game , which took place during the Gulf War . This tradition has continued at the United Center . Longtime PA announcer Harvey Wittenberg had a unique monotone style : `` Blackhawk goal scored by # 9 , Bobby Hull , unassisted , at 6 : 13 . '' In 1992 , both the Blackhawks and the Bulls reached the finals in their respective leagues . The Blackhawks were swept in their finals by the Pittsburgh Penguins , losing at Chicago Stadium , while the Bulls won the second of their first of three straight NBA titles on their home floor against the Portland Trail Blazers . The next time the Bulls clinched the championship at home , was in the newly built United Center in 1996 ( when they did so against the Seattle SuperSonics ) , their second season at the new arena , and the Blackhawks would not reach the Stanley Cup Finals again until 2010 ( in which they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in six games ) , their 16th season in the new building , although they won their first championship since 1961 in Philadelphia . The Blackhawks last won the Stanley Cup at the Stadium in 1938 ; they did not win the Cup again at home until 2015 at the United Center . Last analog game clock in any NHL arena ( edit ) It was also the last NHL arena to retain the use of an analog dial - type large four - sided clock for timekeeping in professional hockey games . Boston Garden and the Detroit Olympia ( as well as the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium in its pre-NHL days ) had identical scoreboards but replaced them with digital timers in the mid-1960s , with Boston having their digital four - sided clock in use for the 1969 -- 70 NHL season . Built by Bulova as their `` Sports Timer '' , and installed in Chicago in 1943 , each side of the clock had a large diameter 20 - minute face in the center that kept the main game time for one period of ice hockey , with a set of shorter black - colored minute and longer red - colored sweep - second hands , and a pair of smaller , 5 - minute capacity dual - concentric faces for penalty timekeeping , to the left and right of the primary 20 - minute face -- with each of the 5 - minute penalty timers having its own single hand and each clock face , both the central main timer 's dial and flanking penalty timer dials ( when a penalty was counting down ) illuminated from behind during gameplay . The `` outer '' face of each penalty timer had a single hand that avoided obscuration of the `` inner '' face and its own , `` solid '' single hand , through the use of metal rods forming the outer hand 's `` shaft '' , holding its hand 's `` pointer '' head -- the set of two concentric faces for each penalty timer dial could handle two penalties for each set , with an illuminated `` 2 '' on each penalty timer dial lighting up to display a minor penalty infraction . It was difficult to read how much time was left in a period of play on the main game timer 's large face , as each minute of play was marked by a longer line on every third `` seconds '' increment on the central main dial , due to the minute hand 's twenty - minute `` full rotation '' timing capacity for one period of ice hockey . The difficulty was compounded on the main central dial from the aforementioned minute and sweep - second hands being in constant motion during gameplay . The `` Sports Timer 's '' only digital displays were for scoring and for penalized players ' numbers , each digit comprising a six - high , four - wide incandescent light dot matrix display . That clock eventually was replaced by a four - sided scoreboard with a digital clock , first used on September 21 , 1975 in Blackhawks preseason play , crafted by the Day Sign Company of Toronto , much like the one used at the end of the 1960s ( and constructed by Day Sign Company ) to replace the nearly identical Bulova Sports Timer game - timekeeping device in the Boston Garden , and then in 1985 by another , this one with a color electronic message board . That latter scoreboard was built by White Way Sign , which would build scoreboards for the United Center . The Stadium was also one of the last three NHL arenas ( the others being Boston Garden and the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium ) to have a shorter - than - regulation ice surface , as their construction predated the regulation . The distance was taken out of the neutral zone . Demolition ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in the pavement on the north side of Madison Street Chicago Stadium in mid-demolition , March 1995 After the Blackhawks and Bulls moved to the United Center , the Chicago Stadium was demolished in 1995 . Its site is now a parking lot for the United Center across the street . CNN televised the demolition , showing devoted Blackhawks and Bulls fans crying as the wrecking ball hit the old building . The console of the Barton organ now resides in the Phil Maloof residence in Las Vegas , Nevada . Also , the center of the Chicago Bulls ' floor resides in Michael Jordan 's trophy room at his mansion in North Carolina . A plaque with the words `` Chicago Stadium -- 1929 -- 1994 -- Remember The Roar '' is located behind a statue of the Blackhawks greatest players on the north side of the United Center . Two friezes from Chicago Stadium were incorporated into a building at St. Ignatius College Prep School , 1060 W. Roosevelt Road . Two of the Stadium 's main parking lots , which are still used for United Center parking , retain signs that read `` People 's Stadium Parking '' Notable events ( edit ) Bulldogging photo of Cowboy Morgan Evans at the late 1920s Tex Austin Rodeo in Chicago Stadium . Basketball ( edit ) 1973 , 1988 : Chicago was the host city for the NBA All - Star Game . 1987 : Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls scored 61 points on April 17 , 1987 to become the only NBA player other than Wilt Chamberlain to top 3,000 points in a single season . 1992 : Great Midwest Conference men 's basketball tournament . 1992 : Chicago Bulls won the second of three straight NBA titles in Game 6 of the NBA Finals . This would be the only time the Bulls clinched the championship while playing on the Stadium 's floor , though they did it twice at the new United Center ( in 1996 and again in 1997 ) . 1994 : The final Bulls home game at Chicago Stadium was played on May 20 , a 93 - 79 Bulls win over the New York Knicks in game 6 of the Eastern Conference semifinals ( the team would lose game 7 at Madison Square Garden in New York City ) . 1994 : The final event at Chicago Stadium was Scottie Pippen 's Ameritech Classic charity basketball game , which was organized through Reverend Jesse Jackson 's Push - Excel program and was held on September 9 , 1994 . Michael Jordan , despite being in retirement at the time , participated and scored 52 points , leading the White team to a 187 -- 150 victory over Pippen 's Red team . At the end of the game , Jordan kneeled and kissed the Bulls logo at center court . Hockey ( edit ) 1961 : Bobby Hull scored twice in Game 1 of the Stanley Cup finals , won 3 - 2 by the Chicago Black Hawks over the Detroit Red Wings . 1961 , 1974 and 1991 : Stadium was host for the NHL All - Star Game . 1994 : The final ice hockey game at Chicago Stadium was played on April 28 . The Blackhawks lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs 1 -- 0 , eliminating them from the 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs . The only goal in the game , and last goal ever scored , came from Mike Gartner in the first period . Football ( edit ) 1932 : Due to a snowstorm followed by frigid temperatures , the Chicago Bears played the 1932 NFL championship game inside the Chicago Stadium against the Portsmouth Spartans ( later the Detroit Lions ) . The Bears won 9 -- 0 . Soccer ( edit ) 1984 : The NASL held the only All - Star game ever played in its 17 outdoor and 4 indoor seasons . The All Stars defeat the host Chicago Sting 9 - 8 before 14,328 fans. ( 1 ) Boxing ( edit ) 1947 : Often cited as one of the great bouts of the 20th Century , Rocky Graziano scored a sixth - round technical knockout of Tony Zale before 18,547 on July 16 , 1947 . 1951 : In their sixth and final fight , Sugar Ray Robinson defeated Jake LaMotta on Valentine 's Day with a 13th - round TKO . 1953 : Undefeated heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano knocked out Jersey Joe Walcott on May 15 in the first round . Concerts ( edit ) 1975 : The Rolling Stones ' Tour of the Americas ' 75 stopped here July 22 -- 24 . 1975 -- 76 : December 31 - January 1 : Frank Sinatra met the new year in Chicago Stadium , performing a concert with 23 songs . 1976 : Paul McCartney 's first three concerts in Chicago in 10 years ; he performed May 31 through June 2 in his Wings Over America Tour . 1977 : In the spring of 1977 , Led Zeppelin played four shows here during their North American tour ( they had previously played three concerts at this venue on their 1975 North American Tour and two concerts on their 1973 North American Tour ) . Two more were scheduled for later in the tour but were cancelled due to the death of Robert Plant 's son . Tickets from the cancelled partial show on April 9 were to be honored at the re-scheduled shows , which never materialized . ( The band was booked to perform four concerts at the stadium as part of another North American tour in November 1980 , but the tour was officially cancelled on September 27 , two days after John Bonham 's death . ) 1977 : Elvis Presley 's last gig in Chicago was in the Stadium on May 1 -- 2 , 1977 . 1979 : The Bee Gees performed two sold - out shows here on July 30 -- 31 , 1979 . 1981 : Michael Jackson and his brothers brought their Triumph Tour to the Stadium on August 28 . 1994 : The final concert was held on March 10 , 1994 , featuring Pearl Jam , Urge Overkill and The Frogs . In film ( edit ) 1961 : Scenes from the 1962 version of The Manchurian Candidate depicting the Republican nomination convention , were filmed in the stadium . The scenes are set in New York 's Madison Square Garden . Other events ( edit ) 1932 , 1940 and 1944 : Democratic National Conventions , at which Franklin D. Roosevelt won his first , third and fourth nominations from the Democratic Party for President of the United States . 1932 and 1944 : Republican National Conventions , at which Herbert C. Hoover and Thomas E. Dewey , respectively , would win the Republican Party 's nomination for President of the United States . Both lost to Roosevelt . 1933 : Funeral of Chicago mayor Anton J. Cermak , the sole fatality in an assassination attempt on President - elect Franklin Roosevelt . 1936 : Presidential election rallies for both Republican Alfred Landon and Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt 's rally drew a crowd of over 1,000,000 , with more than 200,000 attendees overwhelming the stadium 's capacity of 25,000 . 1946 : While waiting in a backstage area to go onto the arena floor during a rodeo , Roy Rogers proposed to Dale Evans . 1968 : Months after winning a 1968 Winter Olympics gold medal , Peggy Fleming drew large crowds to the Stadium with the Ice Capades . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Stadium . Harvey Wittenberg -- Chicago Stadium 's public address announcer for the Blackhawks . He now fills in for Gene Honda at the United Center when absent . Ray Clay -- Former Bulls public address announcer Wayne Messmer -- Former Blackhawks national anthem singer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Work on Chicago 's New Sports Arena '' . Milwaukee Journal . July 3 , 1928 . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chicago Stadium Goes Down -- SFGate Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kamin , Blair ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Is Comiskey Upper Deck A Problem ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2012 -- 2013 Chicago Bulls Media Guide Jump up ^ 2012 -- 2013 Chicago Blackhawks Media Guide Jump up ^ Grossman , Evan ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` The history behind the NHL 's ubiquitous sound for scoring : the goal horn '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reds Heritage Society -- The Arena Clock '' . www.rireds.org . Rhode Island Reds Heritage Society . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Closeup of Chicago Stadium 's Bulova Sports Timer showing close - up details Jump up ^ Langford , George ( August 14 , 1975 ) . `` Hakws ' Johnston could report to camp on time / Tick , clock , tick ( photo caption ) '' . The Chicago Tribune . Chicago , IL USA . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soderstrom , Carl ; Soderstrom , Robert ; Stevens , Chris ; Burt , Andrew ( 2018 ) . Forty Gavels : The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL - CIO . 2 . Peoria , IL : CWS Publishing . pp. 104 , 107 - 108 . ISBN 978 - 0998257532 . External links ( edit ) Chicago Stadium 's Basketball History Chicago Stadium 's Ice Hockey History hide Events and tenants Preceded by Chicago Coliseum Home of the Chicago Blackhawks 1929 -- 1994 Succeeded by United Center Preceded by Maple Leaf Gardens Montreal Forum Madison Square Garden Pittsburgh Civic Arena Host of the NHL All - Star Game 1948 1961 1991 Succeeded by Maple Leaf Gardens Maple Leaf Gardens Montreal Forum Philadelphia Spectrum Preceded by International Amphitheatre Home of the Chicago Bulls 1967 -- 1994 Succeeded by United Center Preceded by The Forum Kingdome Host of the NBA All - Star Game 1973 1988 Succeeded by Seattle Center Coliseum Astrodome Venues of the Democratic National Convention The Athenaeum and Warfield 's Church ( 1832 ) Fourth Presbyterian Church ( Baltimore ) ( 1835 ) The Assembly Rooms ( 1840 ) Odd Fellows Hall ( 1844 ) Universalist Church ( Baltimore ) ( 1848 ) Maryland Institute ( 1852 ) Smith and Nixon 's Hall ( 1856 ) South Carolina Institute Hall / Front Street Theater ( 1860 ) The Amphitheatre ( Chicago ) ( 1864 ) Tammany Hall ( 1868 ) Ford 's Grand Opera House ( 1872 ) Merchants Exchange Building ( 1876 ) Cincinnati Music Hall ( 1880 ) Interstate Exposition Building ( 1884 ) Exposition Building ( 1888 ) Wigwam ( 1892 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1896 ) Convention Hall ( 1900 ) St. Louis Coliseum ( 1904 ) Denver Auditorium Arena ( 1908 ) Fifth Regiment Armory ( 1912 ) Convention Hall ( 1916 ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1920 ) Madison Square Garden ( II ) ( 1924 ) Sam Houston Hall ( 1928 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall / Franklin Field ( 1936 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1940 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1948 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1956 ) Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena / Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1960 ) Atlantic City Convention Hall ( 1964 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1968 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1976 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1980 ) Moscone Center ( 1984 ) Omni Coliseum ( 1988 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1992 ) United Center ( 1996 ) Staples Center ( 2000 ) FleetCenter ( 2004 ) Pepsi Center / Invesco Field ( 2008 ) Time Warner Cable Arena ( 2012 ) Wells Fargo Center ( 2016 ) Venues of the Republican National Convention Musical Fund Hall ( 1856 ) Wigwam ( 1860 ) Front Street Theater ( 1864 ) Crosby 's Opera House ( 1868 ) Academy of Music ( 1872 ) Exposition Hall ( Cincinnati ) ( 1876 ) Interstate Exposition Building ( 1880 ) Exposition Hall ( Chicago ) ( 1884 ) Auditorium ( 1888 ) Industrial Exposition Building ( 1892 ) St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall ( 1896 ) Convention Hall ( 1900 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1904 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1908 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1912 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1916 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1920 ) Public Auditorium ( 1924 ) Convention Hall ( 1928 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) Public Auditorium ( 1936 ) Convention Hall ( 1940 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) Convention Hall ( 1948 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) Cow Palace ( 1956 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1960 ) Cow Palace ( 1964 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1968 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) Kemper Arena ( 1976 ) Joe Louis Arena ( 1980 ) Dallas Convention Center ( 1984 ) Louisiana Superdome ( 1988 ) Houston Astrodome ( 1992 ) San Diego Convention Center ( 1996 ) First Union Center ( 2000 ) Madison Square Garden ( 2004 ) Xcel Energy Center ( 2008 ) Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012 ) Quicken Loans Arena ( 2016 ) Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Jerry Reinsdorf Guy Rodgers Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Rod Thorn Nate Thurmond Chet Walker Tex Winter Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Chicago Blackhawks Founded in 1926 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Records Award winners Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Wirtz Corporation ( Rocky Wirtz , chairman ) General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Team captain Jonathan Toews Current roster Arenas Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium United Center Rivalries Detroit Red Wings St. Louis Blues Affiliates AHL Rockford IceHogs ECHL Indy Fuel Media Broadcasters NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio Hawkvision FSN Chicago Culture and lore Name and logo controversy Ashland Green / Pink Line Station `` Chelsea Dagger '' Curse of Muldoon Eddie Olczyk Gene Honda `` Here Come the Hawks '' `` Holiday Road '' Jim Cornelison The `` Madhouse on Madison '' Nancy Faust Pat Foley Sudden Death Wayne Messmer 86th Infantry Division The Dilemma 17 seconds 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Chicago Sting Founded 1974 Based in Chicago Club history Chicago Sting ( 1974 -- 1984 ) Chicago Sting ( 1976 -- 1982 ) ( indoor ) Chicago Sting ( 1982 -- 1988 ) ( indoor ) Sports facilities Chicago Stadium Comiskey Park Rosemont Horizon Soldier Field Wrigley Field Culture Stanley Sting Rivalries New York Cosmos Important figures Tony Chursky Rudy Getzinger Gerry Gray Karl - Heinz Granitza Victor Kodelja John McGrane Victor Nogueira Willy Roy Lee Stern Clive Toye Bruce Wilson Other topics Related articles Honors NASL Championship ( 2 ) 1981 ( Champions ) 1984 ( Champions ) NASL Regular season ( 1 ) 1984 ( Champions ) NASL Division titles ( 4 ) 1976 ( Northern Division ) 1980 ( Central Division ) 1981 ( Central Division ) 1984 ( Eastern Division ) NASL Indoor League Championship ( 1 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Finalist ) NASL Indoor League Regular Season ( 1 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Champions ) NASL Indoor League Division ( 2 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Central Division ) 1981 -- 82 ( Central Division ) Seasons North American Soccer League ( 1966 -- 85 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 North American Soccer League Indoor ( 1975 -- 84 ) 1976 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1983 -- 84 Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) 1982 -- 83 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Stadium&oldid=847796143 '' Categories : Sports venues completed in 1929 1929 establishments in Illinois Sports venues demolished in 1995 1995 disestablishments in Illinois Chicago Blackhawks arenas Chicago Bulls venues Chicago Sting sports facilities Basketball venues in Chicago Boxing venues in Chicago Indoor arenas in Chicago Wrestling venues in Chicago Professional wrestling venues in Illinois Former music venues in the United States Demolished sports venues in Illinois Former buildings and structures in Chicago Sports venues in Chicago Defunct boxing venues in the United States Defunct National Football League venues Defunct National Hockey League venues Indoor ice hockey venues in Chicago Former ice hockey venues in the United States Defunct indoor soccer venues in the United States Defunct multi-purpose stadiums in the United States Former National Basketball Association venues Basketball Association of America venues Demolished theatres in Illinois North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) indoor venues Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Cebuano Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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when is yellowstone coming on and what channel	Yellowstone Genre Drama Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson Written by Taylor Sheridan Directed by Taylor Sheridan Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 3 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser Producer ( s ) John Vohlers Cinematography Ben Richardson Editor ( s ) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single - camera Running time 49 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films Release Original network Paramount Network Original release June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) -- present External links Official website		Yellowstone ( U.S. TV series )	yellowstone ( u. s. tv series )	Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20 , 2018 on Paramount Network . It stars Kevin Costner , Wes Bentley , Kelly Reilly , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham . The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch , an Indian reservation , land developers and Yellowstone National Park .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Yellowstone follows `` the Dutton family , led by John Dutton , who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States , under constant attack by those it borders -- land developers , an Indian reservation , and America 's first National Park . It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny -- where land grabs make developers billions , and politicians are bought and sold by the world 's largest oil and lumber corporations . Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news : they are a consequence of living in the new frontier . It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kevin Costner as John Dutton , a rancher who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States . Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role . Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton , Kayce 's Native American wife . Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton , the son of Kayce and Monica . Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins Gil Birmingham as Thomas Rainwater Recurring ( edit ) Dave Annable as Lee Dutton Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton , the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce , Beth , Jamie , and Rip . Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington , an ally of Chief Rainwater . Patrick St. Esprit as Attorney General Stewart Ian Bohen as Ryan , a cowboy wrangler Denim Richards as Colby , a cowboy wrangler Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen Heather Hemmens as Melody Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater , wife of Thomas Rainwater . Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins , the wife of Dan Jenkins . John Aylward as Father Bob Guest ( edit ) Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' ) Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds ( `` Kill the Messenger '' ) Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart ( `` Kill the Messenger '' ) Rudy Ramos as Felix Long ( `` Kill the Messenger '' ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2.83 `` Kill the Messenger '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2.07 `` No Good Horses '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 2.17 `` The Long Black Train '' TBA TBA July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) TBD 5 `` Coming Home '' TBA TBA July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) TBD 6 `` The Remembering '' TBA TBA August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) TBD 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' TBA TBA August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2013 , Taylor Sheridan began work on the series , having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays . Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming , Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston . On May 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series , Yellowstone . Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The series is set to be written , directed , and executive produced by Sheridan . Other executive producers include John Linson , Art Linson , Harvey Weinstein , and David Glasser . Production companies involved with the series include Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company . In October 2017 , it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein , his name would be removed from the series ' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well . On January 15 , 2018 , Kevin Kay , president of Paramount Network , clarified that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company 's credits or logo on them , even though that company was involved in production . Furthermore , he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company 's new name in the show 's credits when available . On January 15 , 2018 , it was revealed at the annual Television Critics Association 's winter press tour that the series would premiere on June 20 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) On May 15 , 2017 , it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton . In June 2017 , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley , and Kelly Reilly joined the cast as series regulars . In July 2017 , Kelsey Asbille was reported to have been cast in the main role of Monica . In August 2017 , Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham , and Jefferson White were added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz , Gretchen Mol , Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , Ian Bohen , Denim Richards , and Golden Brooks were set to recur during the first season . In November 2017 , Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas were added to the series in a recurring capacity . On December 19 , 2017 , Heather Hemmens was announced as having joined the cast in a recurring role . On June 13 , 2018 , Barret Swatek was reported to have been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) The series went into production in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby , Montana which is standing in as the home of John Dutton . Filming also started that month near Park City , Utah . The production is using all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City , which is a total of 45,000 square feet . The building also houses offices , editing , a huge wardrobe department and construction shops . By November , the series had filmed on more than twenty locations in Utah , including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork . In addition filming had also taken place at various locations in Montana . Production was reportedly set to last until December . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On February 28 , 2018 , a teaser trailer for the series was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On June 25 , 2018 , the series held a screening at Seriesfest , an annual international television festival , at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver , Colorado . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 50 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously , diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) The two - hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most - watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network ( or its predecessor Spike ) . The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in . The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network 's first scripted drama series , Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network 's new comedy series , American Woman . It was later reported that the premiere 's Live + 3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' June 20 , 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31 `` Kill the Messenger '' June 27 , 2018 0.3 2.07 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` No Good Horses '' July 11 , 2018 0.4 2.17 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series : Family Saga ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yellowstone : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Cory ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Costner : ' Yellowstone ' TV series will be ' postcard for Montana ' '' . Missoulian . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Harvey Weinstein 's name removed from credits as made - in - Utah TV show ' Yellowstone ' kicks off cast auditions '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein 's Involvement In TWC Series ' Waco ' & ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Taylor Sheridan On Working After ' Wind River ' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Grimes Starring in ' Yellowstone ' With Kevin Costner ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham Set As Leads , Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jefferson White Cast As Regular , Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' Casts ' Girlfriends ' Alum Golden Brooks ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Michaela Conlin Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; ' Carnival Row ' Casts Ariyon Bakare '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Casts Heather Hemmens ; Mike Dopud Joins ' The 100 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Barret Swatek Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; Tony Curran In ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series begins production in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series ' Yellowstone ' is filming , and spending tons of money , all over Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner 's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network 's Neo-Western Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wenzel , John ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year 's SeriesFest '' . The Know . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup , Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama ' New Amsterdam ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Draws All - Time High Viewership For Paramount Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' premiere scores in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yellowstone on IMDb hide Paramount Network original programming Current Lip Sync Battle ( since 2018 ) Bellator MMA ( since 2018 ) Cops ( since 2018 ) Ink Master ( since 2018 ) Bar Rescue ( since 2018 ) Ink Master : Angels ( since 2018 ) American Woman ( since 2018 ) Yellowstone ( since 2018 ) Former Waco ( 2018 ) Nobodies ( 2018 ) It Was Him : The Many Murders of Ed Edwards ( 2018 ) Upcoming Rest in Power : The Trayvon Martin Story ( 2018 ) First Wives Club ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=850046769 '' Categories : Paramount Network shows English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts Television series about families Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 06 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who was the model for rodin the thinker			The Thinker	the thinker	The Thinker ( French : Le Penseur ) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin , usually placed on a stone pedestal . The work shows a nude male figure of over life - size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought , often used as an image to represent philosophy . There are about 28 full - sized castings , in which the figure is about 186cm high , though not all were made during Rodin 's lifetime and under his supervision . There are various other versions , as well , several in plaster , and studies and posthumous castings exist in a range of sizes . Rodin first conceived the figure as part of his work The Gates of Hell commissioned in 1880 , but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings did not appear until 1904 .	Contents 1 Origin 2 Casts 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The Thinker in The Gates of Hell at the Musée Rodin The Thinker was initially named The Poet ( French : Le Poète ) , and was part of a large commission begun in 1880 for a doorway surround called The Gates of Hell . Rodin based this on The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri , and most of the figures in the work represented the main characters in the poem with The Thinker at the center of the composition over the doorway and about larger than most of the other figures . Some critics believe that it was originally intended to depict Dante at the gates of Hell , pondering his great poem . Other critics reject that theory , pointing out that the figure is naked while Dante is fully clothed throughout his poem , and that the sculpture 's physique does not correspond to Dante 's effete figure . The sculpture is nude , as Rodin wanted a heroic figure in the tradition of Michelangelo , to represent intellect as well as poetry . This detail from the Gates of Hell was first named The Thinker by foundry workers , who noted its similarity to Michelangelo 's statue of Lorenzo de Medici called Il Penseroso ( The Thinker ) , and Rodin decided to treat the figure as an independent work at a larger size . The figure was designed to be seen from below and is normally displayed on a fairly high plinth , although the heights vary considerably chosen by the various owners . Rear view , Tokyo Casts ( edit ) Main article : List of The Thinker sculptures Signature of A. Rodin on a cast at Columbia University , NYC The Thinker has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world , but the history is complicated of the progression from models to castings and is still not entirely clear . About 28 monumental - sized bronze casts are in museums and public places . In addition , there are sculptures of different study - sized scales and plaster versions ( often painted bronze ) in both monumental and study sizes . Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production . Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880 . The first large - scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904 . It became the property of the city of Paris thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers , and was put in front of the Panthéon in 1906 . In 1922 , it was moved to the Hôtel Biron , which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum . The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville , Kentucky . It was made in Paris and was first displayed at the St. Louis World 's Fair in 1904 , then given to the city . This sculpture was the only cast created by the lost - wax casting method . See also ( edit ) List of public art in San Francisco References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elsen , Albert L. , Rodin 's Gates of Hell , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis Minnesota , 1960 p. 96 . Jump up ^ Elsen , Albert L. , Rodin 's Gates of Hell , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis Minnesota , 1960 p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` U of L Belknap Campus Tour , page 2 '' . University of Louisville . 2000 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Penseur . Rodin : The B. Gerald Cantor Collection , a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Thinker The `` Penseur '' , a poem by Philadelphia poet Florence Earle Coates . Link to The Thinker at the official Web site of the Musée Rodin . The Thinker Inspiration , Analysis and Critical Reception The Thinker project , Munich . Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork . The Thinker , Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University , Object Number 1988.106 , bronze cast No . Auguste Rodin and The Thinker , The story behind his most iconic sculpture of all - time at biography.com . 10 , edition of 12 . Auguste Rodin Works Man with the Broken Nose ( 1863 ) Alsatian Orphan ( 1871 ) Suzon ( 1872 - 73 ) The Age of Bronze ( 1876 ) The Walking Man ( 1877 -- 78 ) La Defense ( 1879 ) The Maiden Kissed by the Ghost ( 1880 ) The Shade ( 1880 ) The Gates of Hell ( 1880 / 1917 ) The Thinker ( 1880 , locations ) Adam ( 1880 - 81 ) Eve ( 1881 ) Crouching Woman ( 1880 -- 1882 ) Saint John the Baptist ( 1880 / 1907 ) Ugolino and His Sons ( 1881 ) The Kiss ( 1882 ) I am beautiful ( 1882 ) The Falling Man ( 1882 ) Jules Dalou ( 1883 ) Bust of Maurice Haquette ( 1883 ) Bust of Victor Hugo ( 1883 ) Eternal Springtime ( 1884 ) Torso of Adele ( c. 1884 ) The Burghers of Calais ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Pierre de Wiessant Head of Camille Claudel ( 1884 / 1911 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1885 ) Mask of a Weeping Woman ( 1885 ) The Martyr ( 1885 ) Psyche Looking At Love ( 1885 ) Eustache de Saint Pierre ( 1885 - 86 ) Jean d'Aire ( 1885 - 86 ) Jean de Fiennes ( 1885 - 86 ) Avarice and Lust ( 1885 -- 1887 ) Damned Women ( 1885 -- 1890 ) The Old Tree ( 1885 ) Paolo and Francesca ( 1885 ) Young Mother ( 1885 ) Young Mother in the Grotto ( 1885 ) The Three Shades ( 1886 ) Meditation ( 1886 ) Fugitive Love ( 1886 -- 87 ) Ovid 's Metamorphoses ( 1886 -- 1889 ) Head of Saint John the Baptist ( 1887 ) The Sirens ( 1887 ) Polyphemus ( 1888 ) Standing Mercury ( 1888 ) The Kneeling Man ( 1888 ) Adonis Awakens ( 1889 ) Andromeda ( 1889 ) Glaucus ( 1889 ) Kneeling Female Faun ( 1889 ) The Succubus ( 1889 ) Brother and Sister ( 1890 ) Danaid ( 1890 ) Cybele ( 1890 / 1904 ) Monument to Balzac ( 1892 -- 1897 ) Balzac in the Robe of a Dominican Monk ( 1892 ) Youth Triumphant ( c. 1894 ) Octave Mirdeau ( 1895 ) Bacchantes Embracing ( c. 1896 ) The Spirit of Eternal Repose ( 1898 -- 99 ) Illusions Received by the Earth ( pre-1900 ) Desperation ( 1899 - 1900 ) The Athlete ( 1901 - 1904 ) The Death of Adonis ( 1903 - 1906 ) The Cathedral ( 1908 ) The Prayer ( 1909 ) Standing Female Faun ( 1910 ) Young Woman with a Serpent Museums Hôtel Biron , Paris Musée Rodin , Paris Rodin Museum , Philadelphia Plateau ( closed ) People Camille Claudel In popular culture Camille Claudel ( 1988 film ) Camille Claudel 1915 ( 2013 film ) Rodin ( 2017 film ) Category Commons Portal Dante 's Divine Comedy Characters and locations Inferno Acheron Alichino Barbariccia Ciampolo Cocytus Dis Ugolino della Gherardesca Malacoda Paolo Malatesta Malebranche Malebolge Minos Odysseus Phlegethon Francesca da Rimini Satan Scarmiglione Styx Virgil Purgatorio Cato the Younger Forese Donati Eunoe Beatrice Portinari Statius Paradiso Adam Thomas Aquinas Bernard of Clairvaux Bonaventure Cacciaguida Charles Martel of Anjou David Empyrean Justinian I Peter Lombard Piccarda Verses `` Papé Satàn , papé Satàn aleppe '' `` Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi '' Adaptations Classical music Après une Lecture de Dante : Fantasia quasi Sonata ( Liszt , 1849 ) Dante Symphony ( Liszt , 1857 ) Francesca da Rimini ( Tchaikovsky , 1876 ) Francesca da Rimini ( Rachmaninoff , 1904 ) Francesca da Rimini ( Zandonai , 1914 ) Gianni Schicchi ( Puccini , 1918 ) The Divine Comedy ( Smith , 1996 ) Paintings The Barque of Dante ( Delacroix , 1822 ) The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides ( Blake , 1827 ) Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta appraised by Dante and Virgil ( Scheffer , 1835 ) Dante in Hell ( Flandrin , 1835 ) Pia de ' Tolomei ( Rossetti , 1868 ) Paolo and Francesca da Rimini ( Rossetti , 1885 ) La barca de Aqueronte ( Hidalgo , 1887 ) La Laguna Estigia ( Hidalgo , 1887 ) Sculptures The Kiss ( Rodin , 1882 ) The Thinker ( Rodin , 1904 ) The Gates of Hell ( Rodin , 1917 ) Architecture Danteum ( Terragni , 1938 ) Modern music Inferno ( 1973 album ) `` Dante 's Inferno '' ( 1995 song ) Dante XXI ( 2006 album ) A Place Where the Sun Is Silent ( 2011 album ) Film L'Inferno ( 1911 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 1924 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 1935 ) The Dante Quartet ( 1987 ) A TV Dante ( 1989 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 2007 ) Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic ( 2010 ) Dante 's Hell Animated ( 2013 ) Literature The Story of Rimini ( 1816 ) La Comédie humaine ( 1830 -- 1850 ) Earth Inferno ( 1905 ) The Cantos ( 1917 -- 1962 ) As I Was Going Down Sackville Street ( 1937 ) The System of Dante 's Hell ( 1965 ) Demon Lord Dante ( 1971 ) Inferno ( 1976 ) The Dante Club ( 2003 ) Jimbo 's Inferno ( 2006 ) Inferno ( 2013 ) Video games Tamashii no Mon ( 1994 ) Devil May Cry series ( 2001 ) Bayonetta ( 2009 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 2010 ) The Lost ( cancelled ) Related Cultural references in Divina Commedia Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy in popular culture English translations Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli Botticelli Inferno , 2016 documentary Category WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12131722q ( data ) GND : 4573986 - 9 LCCN : n98098026 SUDOC : 073412929 VIAF : 177530676 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thinker&oldid=864459432 '' Categories : 1902 sculptures Bronze sculptures in the United States Collection of the Baltimore Museum of Art Dante Alighieri Outdoor sculptures in San Francisco Sculptures by Auguste Rodin Nude sculptures Sculptures of the Musée Rodin Sculptures of the Alte Nationalgalerie Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Ladino Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 10 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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what was the purpose of the last challenger mission	STS - 51 - L was the 25th mission of the United States Space Shuttle program , and disastrous final mission of the Space Shuttle Challenger . The mission to carry out several lessons from space and observe Halley 's Comet never made its target landing date of February 3 , 1986 . A structural failure during its ascent phase 73 seconds after launch on January 28 from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 killed all seven crew members -- Commander Dick Scobee , Pilot Michael J. Smith , Mission Specialists Ellison S. Onizuka , Judith A. Resnik and Ronald E. McNair , and Payload Specialists Gregory Jarvis and Christa McAuliffe -- and destroyed the orbiter . The Rogers Commission determined that the cause of the destruction was due to the failure of an O - ring seal on the starboard Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) . Space Shuttle flights were suspended for 32 months while the hazards with the shuttle were addressed .	to carry out several lessons from space and observe Halley 's Comet	STS - 51 - L	sts - 51 - l		Space Shuttle program ← STS - 61 - C STS - 26 → STS - 51 - L was the 25th mission of the United States Space Shuttle program , and disastrous final mission of the Space Shuttle Challenger . The mission to carry out several lessons from space and observe Halley 's Comet never made its target landing date of February 3 , 1986 . A structural failure during its ascent phase 73 seconds after launch on January 28 from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 killed all seven crew members -- Commander Dick Scobee , Pilot Michael J. Smith , Mission Specialists Ellison S. Onizuka , Judith A. Resnik and Ronald E. McNair , and Payload Specialists Gregory Jarvis and Christa McAuliffe -- and destroyed the orbiter . The Rogers Commission determined that the cause of the destruction was due to the failure of an O - ring seal on the starboard Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) . Space Shuttle flights were suspended for 32 months while the hazards with the shuttle were addressed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planned mission 2 Crew 2.1 Backup crew 2.2 Crew seating arrangement 2.3 Crew seating arrangement notes 3 Ascent failure 4 Crew fate 5 Mission objectives 6 Mission insignia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Planned mission ( edit ) The tenth mission for Challenger , STS - 51 - L was scheduled to deploy the second in a series of Tracking and Data Relay Satellites , carry out the first flight of the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) / Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable in order to observe Halley 's Comet , and carry out several lessons from space as part of the Teacher in Space Project and Shuttle Student Involvement Program ( SSIP ) . The flight marked the first American orbital mission to involve in - flight fatalities . It was also the first American human spaceflight mission to launch and fail to reach space ; the first such mission in the world had been the Soviet Soyuz 18a mission , in which the two crew members had survived . Gregory Jarvis was originally scheduled to fly on the previous shuttle flight ( STS - 61 - C ) , but he was reassigned to this flight and replaced by Congressman Bill Nelson . Crew ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander Francis R. Scobee Second spaceflight Pilot Michael J. Smith First spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Ellison S. Onizuka Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 Judith A. Resnik Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Ronald E. McNair Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Gregory B. Jarvis First spaceflight Hughes Space and Communications Payload Specialist 2 S. Christa McAuliffe First spaceflight Teacher in Space Backup crew ( edit ) Position Astronaut Payload Specialist 1 L. William Butterworth First spaceflight Hughes Space and Communications Payload Specialist 2 Barbara R. Morgan First spaceflight Teacher in Space Morgan would be selected as a NASA astronaut in 1998 and flew on STS - 118 in 2007 as a mission specialist . Crew seating arrangement ( edit ) Seat Launch Landing Seats 1 -- 4 are on the Flight Deck . Seats 5 -- 7 are on the Middeck . S1 Scobee Scobee S2 Smith Smith S3 Onizuka McNair S4 Resnik Resnik S5 McNair Onizuka S6 Jarvis Jarvis S7 McAuliffe McAuliffe Crew seating arrangement notes ( edit ) Although the crew died in the Challenger disaster , their seating assignment chart depicts what would have happened if the mission was performed as planned . Ascent failure ( edit ) Main article : Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Challenger after the explosion 73 seconds after launch During the ascent phase , 73 seconds after liftoff , the vehicle experienced a catastrophic structural failure resulting in the loss of crew and vehicle . The Rogers Commission later determined the cause of the accident to have been the failure of the primary and secondary ( backup ) O - ring seals on Challenger 's right Solid Rocket Booster . The failure of these seals allowed a flamethrower - like flare to impinge upon one of two aft SRB attach struts , which eventually failed , freeing the booster to pivot about its remaining attachment points . The forward part of the booster cylinder struck the external tank inter-tank area , leading to a structural failure of the ET -- the core structural component of the entire stack . A rapid burning of liberated propellants ensued . With the structural `` backbone '' of the stack compromised and breaking up , the SRBs flew off on their own , as did the orbiter , which rapidly disintegrated due to overwhelming aerodynamic forces . The launch had been approved despite a predicted ambient temperature of − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) , well below the qualification limit of major components such as the SRBs , which had been certified for use only at temperatures above 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) . Evidence found in the remnants of the crew cabin showed that several of the emergency air supplies ( PEAPs ) carried by the astronauts had been manually activated , suggesting that forces experienced inside the cabin during breakup of the orbiter were not inherently fatal , and that at least three crew members were alive and capable of conscious action for a period following vehicle breakup . `` Tracking reported that the vehicle had exploded and impacted the water in an area approximately located at 28.64 degrees north , 80.28 degrees west . '' Crew Fate ( edit ) Divers from the USS Preserver located what they believed to be the crew cabin on the ocean floor on March 7 . A dive the following day confirmed that it was the cabin and that the remains of the crew were inside . No official investigation into the Challenger disaster has concluded for certain the cause of death of the astronauts ; it is almost certain that the disintegration itself did not kill the entire crew as 3 of the 4 Personal Egress Air Packs ( PEAPs ) that were recovered had been manually activated . This would only be done during an emergency or loss of cabin pressure . PEAPs do not provide a pressurized air flow and would still have resulted in the astronauts losing consciousness within several seconds . There were media reports alleging that NASA had a tape recording of the crew panicking and on - board conversation following the disintegration during the 2 minute 45 second free fall before hitting the sea east of Florida . This was likely fabricated and no recording exists , as the crew may have been unconscious from loss of cabin pressure and the astronauts did not wear individual voice recorders . The impact of the shuttle with the sea would have killed any still surviving astronauts on board , though they may have died before the impact of other causes . Mission objectives ( edit ) Challenger launches at the start of STS - 51L . Deployment of Tracking Data Relay Satellite - B ( TDRS - B ) with an Inertial Upper Stage booster Flight of Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) / Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable Fluid Dynamics Experiment ( FDE ) Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program ( CHAMP ) Phase Partitioning Experiment ( PPE ) Three Shuttle Student Involvement Program ( SSIP ) experiments Two lessons for the Teacher in Space Project ( TISP ) ( unofficial ) Ronald McNair was planning to play saxophone in space for Jean - Michel Jarre 's album `` Rendez - Vous '' track V . Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go ( % ) Notes 1986 - 01 - 22 03 : 43 : 00 ! 22 Jan 1986 , 3 : 43 : 00 am Rescheduled -- Delays in STS - 61 - C 1986 - 01 - 23 03 : 43 : 00 ! 23 Jan 1986 , 3 : 43 : 00 am Rescheduled 1 day , 0 hours , 0 minutes Delays in STS - 61 - C 1986 - 01 - 24 03 : 43 : 00 ! 24 Jan 1986 , 3 : 43 : 00 am Scrubbed 1 day , 0 hours , 0 minutes Weather at transatlantic abort site 1986 - 01 - 25 09 : 37 : 00 ! 25 Jan 1986 , 9 : 37 : 00 am Scrubbed 1 day , 5 hours , 54 minutes Launch preparation delays 5 1986 - 01 - 27 09 : 37 : 00 ! 27 Jan 1986 , 9 : 37 : 00 am Scrubbed 2 days , 0 hours , 0 minutes Equipment failures in orbiter closeout , cross winds at shuttle landing site . 6 1986 - 01 - 28 09 : 37 : 00 ! 28 Jan 1986 , 9 : 37 : 00 am Delayed 1 day , 0 hours , 0 minutes Technical issues with fire detection system . 7 1986 - 01 - 28 11 : 38 : 00 ! 28 Jan 1986 , 11 : 38 : 00 am Loss of vehicle and crew 0 days , 2 hours , 1 minute Mission insignia ( edit ) Dick Scobee asked Kennedy Space Center engineer Ernie Reyes to design the mission patch seen above to represent the mission of 51 - L. In it , Challenger is depicted launching from Florida and soaring into space to carry out a variety of goals . Among the prescribed duties of the five astronauts and two payload specialists ( represented by the seven stars of the U.S. flag ) was observation and photography of Halley 's Comet , backdropped against the U.S. flag in the insignia . Surnames of the crew members encircle the scene , with the payload specialists being recognized below . The surname of the first teacher in space , Christa McAuliffe , is followed by a symbolic apple . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal 1980s portal Florida portal Apollo 1 STS - 51 - L Mission timeline Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Space Shuttle program Challenger Center References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Archives - STS - 51L '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Mullane , Mike ( 2006 ) . Riding Rockets . Simon and Schuster . pp. 204 -- 205 . ISBN 9780743276825 . Jump up ^ `` S. Christa Corrigan McAuliffe '' . Biographical Data . NASA . April 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 51L '' . Spacefacts . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers Commission , Vol4 Part7 Jump up ^ Joseph P. Kerwin 's letter to Admiral Truly nasa.gov Jump up ^ `` Shuttle explodes ; crew lost '' , Frederick , OK -- Daily Leader newspaper , January 28 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Isikoff , Michael ( March 10 , 1986 ) . `` Remains of Crew of Shuttle Found '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harwood , William . `` The Fate of Challenger 's Crew '' . Space-Shuttle.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Challenger Deaths '' . Snopes.com . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` STS - 51L Mission Archives '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Thomas , James A. ( Gene ) ( 2006 ) . Some Trust in Chariots : The Space Shuttle Challenger Experience . Xulon Press . p. 197 . ISBN 1 - 60034 - 096 - 2 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident STS - 51 - L Main articles Space Shuttle Challenger STS - 51 - L Space Shuttle Challenger disaster STS - 51 - L Mission timeline Crew Scobee ( Cmdr ) Smith Resnik Onizuka McNair Jarvis McAuliffe See also Rogers Commission Report Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster TDRS - B Challenger flag Space Shuttle Challenger ( OV - 099 ) Flights STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - F STS - 61 - A STS - 51 - L Status Out of service - destroyed - January 28 , 1986 ( STS - 51 - L ) See also Rogers Commission STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - M U.S. Space Shuttle missions Completed 1970s 1977 ALT 1980s 1981 STS - 1 STS - 2 1982 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 9 1984 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - D STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - A 1985 STS - 51 - C STS - 51 - D STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - G STS - 51 - F STS - 51 - I STS - 51 - J STS - 61 - A STS - 61 - B 1986 STS - 61 - C STS - 51 - L STS - 26 STS - 27 STS - 29 STS - 30 STS - 28 STS - 34 STS - 33 1990s STS - 32 STS - 36 STS - 31 STS - 41 STS - 38 STS - 35 1991 STS - 37 STS - 39 STS - 40 STS - 43 STS - 48 STS - 44 STS - 42 STS - 45 STS - 49 STS - 50 STS - 46 STS - 47 STS - 52 STS - 53 STS - 54 STS - 56 STS - 55 STS - 57 STS - 51 STS - 58 STS - 61 STS - 60 STS - 62 STS - 59 STS - 65 STS - 64 STS - 68 STS - 66 1995 STS - 63 STS - 67 STS - 71 STS - 70 STS - 69 STS - 73 STS - 74 STS - 72 STS - 75 STS - 76 STS - 77 STS - 78 STS - 79 STS - 80 STS - 81 STS - 82 STS - 83 STS - 84 STS - 94 STS - 85 STS - 86 STS - 87 1998 STS - 89 STS - 90 STS - 91 STS - 95 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 STS - 93 STS - 103 2000s 2000 STS - 99 STS - 101 STS - 106 STS - 92 STS - 97 STS - 98 STS - 102 STS - 100 STS - 104 STS - 105 STS - 108 2002 STS - 109 STS - 110 STS - 111 STS - 112 STS - 113 2003 STS - 107 2005 STS - 114 2006 STS - 121 STS - 115 STS - 116 2007 STS - 117 STS - 118 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 STS - 123 STS - 124 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 STS - 125 STS - 127 STS - 128 STS - 129 2010s STS - 130 STS - 131 STS - 132 2011 STS - 133 STS - 134 STS - 135 Cancelled STS - 41 - F STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - G STS - 62 - A STS - 61 - M STS - 61 - H STS - 144 STS - 3xx STS - 400 Others Orbiters Enterprise Columbia disaster Challenger disaster Discovery Atlantis Endeavour ← 1985 Orbital launches in 1986 1987 → Kosmos 1715 Kosmos 1716 Kosmos 1717 Kosmos 1718 Kosmos 1719 Kosmos 1720 Kosmos 1721 Kosmos 1722 Kosmos 1723 STS - 61 - C ( Satcom K1 ) Kosmos 1724 Kosmos 1725 Kosmos 1726 Gran ' No. 29L Kosmos 1727 Kosmos 1728 STS - 51 - L ( TDRS - B SPARTAN - 203 ) Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing 1 Kosmos 1729 Kosmos 1730 Kosmos 1731 USA - 15 USA - 16 USA - 17 USA - 18 Kosmos 1732 Yuri 2b Mir / Core Kosmos 1733 SPOT - 1 Viking Kosmos 1734 Kosmos 1735 Soyuz T - 15 Progress 25 Kosmos 1736 Kosmos 1737 Unnamed GStar - 2 Brasilsat A2 Kosmos 1738 Kosmos 1739 Kosmos 1740 Kosmos 1741 KH - 9 No. 1220 Pearl Ruby Molniya - 3 No. 43 Progress 26 GOES - G Kosmos 1742 Kosmos 1743 Soyuz TM - 1 Kosmos 1744 Kosmos 1745 Ekran No. 30L Meteor - 2 No. 18 Kosmos 1746 Kosmos 1747 Intelsat VA F - 14 Kosmos 1748 Kosmos 1749 Kosmos 1750 Kosmos 1751 Kosmos 1752 Kosmos 1753 Kosmos 1754 Kosmos 1755 Kosmos 1756 Gorizont No. 24L Kosmos 1757 Kosmos 1758 Kosmos 1759 Kosmos 1760 Molniya - 3 No. 44 Kosmos 1761 Kosmos 1762 Kosmos 1763 Kosmos 1764 Kosmos 1765 Kosmos 1766 Kosmos 1767 Molniya - 1 No. 59 Kosmos 1768 Kosmos 1769 Kosmos 1770 Ajisai Fuji 1a Jindai Kosmos 1771 Kosmos 1772 Kosmos 1773 Kosmos 1774 Kosmos 1775 Kosmos 1776 Molniya - 1 No. 57 USA - 19 Kosmos 1777 Kosmos 1778 Kosmos 1779 Kosmos 1780 Kosmos 1781 NOAA - 10 Kosmos 1782 Kosmos 1783 Fanhui Shi Weixing 9 Kosmos 1784 Unnamed Kosmos 1785 Molniya - 3 No. 41 Kosmos 1786 Kosmos 1787 Gran ' No. 30L Kosmos 1788 Kosmos 1789 Kosmos 1790 Kosmos 1791 Kosmos 1792 Polar Bear Molniya - 1 No. 60 Gorizont No. 22L Kosmos 1793 Kosmos 1794 Kosmos 1795 Kosmos 1796 Kosmos 1797 Kosmos 1798 Kosmos 1799 Kosmos 1800 Kosmos 1801 Kosmos 1802 Mech - K No. 303 Kosmos 1803 Kosmos 1804 USA - 20 Kosmos 1805 Kosmos 1806 Kosmos 1807 Kosmos 1808 Kosmos 1809 Kosmos 1810 Molniya - 1 No. 62 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-51-L&oldid=825001905 '' Categories : 1986 in spaceflight Space accidents and incidents in the United States Space Shuttle missions Space program fatalities Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Spacecraft launched in 1986 1986 in Florida January 1986 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the boundary line between india and pakistan			Radcliffe Line	radcliffe line	The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of India . It was named after its architect , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , who , as chairman of the Border Commissions , was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles ( 450,000 km ) of territory with 88 million people . Today its western side still serves as the Indo - Pakistani border and the eastern side serves as the India - Bangladesh border .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions 1.2 Prior ideas of partition 1.3 Sikh concerns 1.4 Final negotiations 2 Process and key people 2.1 Members of the Commissions 3 Problems in the process 3.1 Boundary - making procedures 3.2 Political representation 3.3 Local knowledge 3.4 Haste and indifference 3.5 Secrecy 3.6 Implementation 4 Disputes along the Radcliffe Line 4.1 Punjab 4.1. 1 Ferozpur District 4.1. 2 Gurdaspur District 4.1. 3 Pakistani View on the Award of Gurdaspur to India 4.1. 4 Assessments on the ' Controversial Award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir Dispute ' 4.2 Bengal 4.2. 1 Chittagong Hill Tracts 4.2. 2 Malda District 4.2. 3 Khulna and Murshidabad Districts 4.2. 4 Karimganj 5 Legacy 5.1 Legacy and historiography 5.2 Artistic depictions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions ( edit ) On 15 July 1947 , the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later , on 15 August 1947 . The Act also stipulated the partition of the Provinces of British India into two new sovereign dominions : the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act , passed by the British parliament , abandoned the suzerainty of the British Crown over the princely states and dissolved the Indian Empire , and the rulers of the states were advised to accede to one of the new dominions . Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland , while the Union of India remained secular . Muslim - majority British provinces in the north were to become the foundation of Pakistan . The provinces of Baluchistan ( 91.8 % Muslim before partition ) and Sindh ( 72.7 % ) were granted entirely to Pakistan . However , two provinces did not have an overwhelming majority -- Bengal in the north - east ( 54.4 % Muslim ) and the Punjab in the north - west ( 55.7 % Muslim ) . The western part of the Punjab became part of West Pakistan and the eastern part became the Indian state of East Punjab , which was later divided between a smaller Punjab State and two other states . Bengal was also partitioned , into East Bengal ( in Pakistan ) and West Bengal ( in India ) . Following independence , the North - West Frontier Province ( whose borders with Afghanistan had earlier been demarcated by the Durand Line ) voted in a referendum to join Pakistan . This controversial referendum was boycotted by the most popular Pukhtun movement in the province at that time . The area is now a province in Pakistan called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The Punjab 's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide Hindus , Muslims , and Sikhs . Likewise , no line could appease the Muslim League , headed by Jinnah , and the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel , and by the British . Moreover , any division based on religious communities was sure to entail `` cutting through road and rail communications , irrigation schemes , electric power systems and even individual landholdings . '' However , a well - drawn line could minimize the separation of farmers from their fields , and also minimize the numbers of people who might feel forced to relocate . As it turned out , on `` the sub-continent as a whole , some 14 million people left their homes and set out by every means possible -- by air , train , and road , in cars and lorries , in buses and bullock carts , but most of all on foot -- to seek refuge with their own kind . '' Many of them were slaughtered by an opposing side , some starved or died of exhaustion , while others were afflicted with `` cholera , dysentery , and all those other diseases that afflict undernourished refugees everywhere '' . Estimates of the number of people who died range between 200,000 ( official British estimate at the time ) and two million , with the consensus being around one million dead . Prior ideas of partition ( edit ) The idea of partitioning the provinces of Bengal and Punjab had been present since the beginning of the 20th century . Bengal had in fact been partitioned by the then viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905 , along with its adjoining regions . The resulting ' Eastern Bengal and Assam ' province , with its capital at Dhaka , had a Muslim majority and the ' West Bengal ' province , with its capital at Calcutta , had a Hindu majority . However , this partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 in an effort to mollify Bengali nationalism . Proposals for partitioning Punjab had been made starting from 1908 . Its proponents included the Hindu leader Bhai Parmanand , Congress leader Lala Lajpat Rai , industrialist G.D. Birla , and various Sikh leaders . After the Lahore resolution ( 1940 ) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan , B.R. Ambedkar wrote a 400 - page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , wherein he discussed the boundaries of the Muslim and non-Muslim regions of Punjab and Bengal . His calculations showed a Muslim majority in 16 western districts of Punjab and non-Muslim majority in 13 eastern districts . In Bengal , he showed non-Muslim majority in 15 districts . He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries . If they did , they did not quite `` understand the nature of their own demand '' . Districts of Punjab with Muslim ( green ) and non-Muslim ( pink ) majorities , as per 1941 census After the breakdown of the 1945 Simla Conference of viceroy Lord Wavell , the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously . Sir Evan Jenkins , the private secretary of the viceroy ( later the governor of Punjab ) , wrote a memorandum titled `` Pakistan and the Punjab '' , where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab . K.M. Panikkar , then prime minister of the Bikaner State , sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled `` Next Step in India '' , wherein he recommended that the British government concede the principle of ' Muslim homeland ' but carry out territorial adjustments to the Punjab and Bengal to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs . Based on these discussions , the viceroy sent a note on `` Pakistan theory '' to the Secretary of State . The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged full provinces of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments , whereas Congress was expecting almost half of these provinces to remain in India . This essentially framed the problem of partition . The Secretary of State responded by directing Lord Wavell to send ' actual proposals for defining genuine Muslim areas ' . The task fell on V.P. Menon , the Reforms Commissioner , and his colleague Sir B.N. Rau in the Reforms Office . They prepared a note called `` Demarcation of Pakistan Areas '' , where they defined the western zone of Pakistan as consisting of Sindh , N.W.F.P. , British Baluchistan and three western divisions of Punjab ( Rawalpindi , Multan and Lahore ) . However , they noted that this allocation would leave 2.2 million Sikhs in the Pakistan area and about 1.5 million in India . Excluding the Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of the Lahore Division from Pakistan would put a majority of Sikhs in India . ( Amritsar had a non-Muslim majority and Gurdaspur a marginal Muslim majority . ) To compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district , they included the entire Dinajpur district in the eastern zone of Pakistan , which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority . After receiving comments from John Thorne , member of the Executive Council in charge of Home affairs , Wavell forwarded the proposal to the Secretary of State . He justified the exclusion of the Amritsar district because of its sacredness to the Sikhs and that of Gurdaspur district because it had to go with Amritsar for ' geographical reasons ' . The Secretary of State commended the proposal and forwarded it to the India and Burma Committee , saying , `` I do not think that any better division than the one the Viceroy proposes is likely to be found '' . Sikh concerns ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) While Master Tara Singh confused Rajagopalchari 's offer with the Muslim League demand he could see that any division of Punjab would leave the Sikhs divided between Pakistan and Hindustan . He espoused the doctrine of self - reliance , opposed partition and called for independence on the grounds that no single religious community should control Punjab . Other Sikhs argued that just as Muslims feared Hindu domination the Sikhs also feared Muslim domination . Sikhs warned the British government that the morale of Sikh troops in the British Army would be affected if Pakistan was forced on them . Since Hindus seemed more concerned about the rest of India than Punjab , Master Tara Singh refused to ally with them and preferred to approach the British directly . Giani Kartar Singh drafted the scheme of a separate Sikh state if India was divided . During the Partition developments Jinnah offered Sikhs to live in Pakistan with safeguards for their rights . Sikhs refused because they opposed the concept of Pakistan and also because they were opposed to being a small minority within a Muslim majority . There are various reasons for the Sikh refusal to join Pakistan but one clear fact was that the Partition of Punjab left a deep impact on the Sikh psyche with many Sikh holy sites ending up in Pakistan . While the Congress had insisted for an India which was united and the Muslim League asked for a separate country , Sikh leader Dr. Vir Singh Bhatti proposed the creation of a separate Sikh state `` Khalistan '' . Sikh leaders who were unanimous in their opposition to Pakistan wanted a Sikh state to be created . Master Tara Singh wanted the right for an independent Khalistan to federate with either Hindustan or Pakistan . However , the Sikh state being proposed was for an area where no religion was in absolute majority . Negotiations for the independent Sikh state had commenced at the end of World War II and the British initially agreed but the Sikhs withdrew this demand after pressure from Indian nationalists . The proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan had seriously jolted the Sikhs because while both the Congress and League could be satisfied the Sikhs saw nothing in it for themselves . as they would be subjected to a Muslim majority . Master Tara Singh protested this to Pethic - Lawrence on May 5 . By early September the Sikh leaders accepted both the long term and interim proposals despite their earlier rejection . The Sikhs attached themselves to the Indian state with the promise of religious and cultural autonomy . Final negotiations ( edit ) Pre-partition Punjab province In March 1946 , the British government sent a Cabinet Mission to India to find a solution to resolve the conflicting demands of Congress and the Muslim League . Congress agreed to allow Pakistan to be formed with ' genuine Muslim areas ' . The Sikh leaders asked for a Sikh state with Ambala , Jalandher , Lahore Divisions with some districts from the Multan Division , which , however , did not meet the Cabinet delegates ' agreement . In discussions with Jinnah , the Cabinet Mission offered either a ' smaller Pakistan ' with all the Muslim - majority districts except Gurdaspur or a ' larger Pakistan ' under the sovereignty of the Indian Union . The Cabinet Mission came close to success with its proposal for an Indian Union under a federal scheme , but it fell apart in the end because of Nehru 's opposition to a heavily decentralised India . Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab and Bengal clamoured for the division of these two provinces , arguing that if India could be divided along religious lines then so should these provinces because the Muslim majorities in both provinces were small . Scholar Akbar Ahmed says that the basic unit of administration in India was the province and not the district and that the district level division reduced the principle of partition to absurdity . According to Ahmed , such a division should have meant that Muslim estates in the United Provinces be separated and given to Pakistan . Scholar Sialkoti writes that V.P Menon decided with Sardar Patel to only give Muslims a ' moth - eaten Pakistan ' . Nehru then discussed partitioning Punjab and Bengal with Wavell . Nehru told Menon that the partition of Punjab and Bengal would bring the more fertile parts of these two provinces into the Indian Union so that a truncated Pakistan would not be worth having . Nehru told Gandhi that ' ' it is unlikely that Jinnah and the Muslim League will agree to this truncated Pakistan which can never succeed economically or otherwise ' ' . Sir Cripps remarked ' ' the Pakistan they are likely to get would be very different from what they wanted and it may not be worth their while . ' On March 8 the Congress passed a resolution to divide Punjab . In March 1947 , Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as the next viceroy , with an explicit mandate to achieve transfer of power before June 1948 . Scholar Sialkoti states that Mountbatten and his staff had already evaluated all the recommendations for the partition of Punjab and done their homework prior to their arrival . Within ten days , Mountbatten 's staff had categorically stated that Congress had conceded the Pakistan demand except for the 13 eastern districts of Punjab ( including Amritsar and Gurdaspur ) . However , Jinnah held out . Through a series of six meetings with Mountbatten , he continued to maintain that his demand was for six full provinces . He `` bitterly complained '' that the Viceroy was ruining his Pakistan by cutting Punjab and Bengal in half as this would mean a ' moth - eaten Pakistan ' . But Mountbatten insisted on a partition . The Gurdaspur district remained a key contentious issue for the non-Muslims . Their members of the Punjab legislature made representations to Mountbatten 's chief of staff Lord Ismay as well as the Governor telling them that Gurdaspur was a `` non-Muslim district '' . They contended that even if it had a marginal Muslim majority of 51 % , which they believed to be erroneous , the Muslims paid only 35 % of the land revenue in the district . In April , Governor Evan Jenkins wrote a note to Mountbatten proposing that Punjab be divided along Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts , but `` adjustments could be made by agreement '' regarding the tehsils ( subdistricts ) contiguous to these districts . He proposed that a Boundary Commission be set up consisting of two Muslim and two non-Muslim members recommended by the Punjab Legislative Assembly . He also proposed that a British judge of the High Court be appointed as the chairman of the Commission . Jinnah and the Muslim League continued to oppose the idea of partitioning the provinces , and the Sikhs were disturbed about the possibility of getting only 12 districts ( without Gurdaspur ) . In this context the Partition Plan of 3 June was announced with a notional partition showing 17 districts of Punjab in Pakistan and 12 districts in India , along with the establishment of a Boundary Commission to decide the final boundary . In Sialkoti 's view , this was done mainly to placate the Sikhs . Mountbatten decided to threaten Jinnah by drawing a line less favourable to Muslims and more favourable to Sikhs if he did not agree to partitioning Punjab and Bengal . However , Lord Ismay prevailed that he should use ' hurt feelings ' rather than threats to persuade Jinnah for partition . They ultimately succeeded . On the 2nd of June Jinnah once again approached Mountbatten to plead for the unity of Punjab and Bengal but Mountbatten threatened that ' ' You will lose Pakistan probably for good . ' ' Process and key people ( edit ) A crude border had already been drawn up by Lord Wavell , the Viceroy of India prior to his replacement as Viceroy , in February 1947 , by Lord Louis Mountbatten . In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country , in June 1947 , Britain appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to chair two Boundary Commissions -- one for Bengal and one for Punjab . The Commission was instructed to `` demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims . In doing so , it will also take into account other factors . '' Other factors were undefined , giving Radcliffe leeway , but included decisions regarding `` natural boundaries , communications , watercourses and irrigation systems '' , as well as socio - political consideration . Each commission also had 4 representatives -- 2 from the Indian National Congress and 2 from the Muslim League . Given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship , the final decision was essentially Radcliffe 's . After arriving in India on 8 July 1947 , Radcliffe was given just five weeks to decide on a border . He soon met with his fellow college alumnus Mountbatten and travelled to Lahore and Calcutta to meet with commission members , chiefly Nehru from the Congress and Jinnah , president of the Muslim League . He objected to the short time frame , but all parties were insistent that the line be finished by the 15 August British withdrawal from India . Mountbatten had accepted the post as Viceroy on the condition of an early deadline . The decision was completed just a couple of days before the withdrawal , but due to political manoeuvring , not published until 17 August 1947 , two days after the grant of independence to India and Pakistan . Members of the Commissions ( edit ) Each boundary commission consisted of 5 people -- a chairman ( Radcliffe ) , 2 members nominated by the Indian National Congress and 2 members nominated by the Muslim League . The Bengal Boundary Commission consisted of Justices C.C. Biswas , B.K. Mukherji , Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram and S.A. Rahman . The members of the Punjab Commission were Justices Mehr Chand Mahajan , Teja Singh , Din Mohamed and Muhammad Munir . Problems in the process ( edit ) Boundary - making procedures ( edit ) The Punjabi section of the Radcliffe Line All lawyers by trade , Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the specialized knowledge needed for the task . They had no advisers to inform them of the well - established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary . Nor was there time to gather the survey and regional information . The absence of some experts and advisers , such as the United Nations , was deliberate , to avoid delay . Britain 's new Labour government `` deep in wartime debt , simply could n't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire . '' `` The absence of outside participants -- for example , from the United Nations -- also satisfied the British Government 's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help to govern -- or stop governing -- its own empire . '' Political representation ( edit ) The equal representation given to politicians from Indian National Congress and the Muslim League appeared to provide balance , but instead created deadlock . The relationships were so tendentious that the judges `` could hardly bear to speak to each other '' , and the agendas so at odds that there seemed to be little point anyway . Even worse , `` the wife and two children of the Sikh judge in Lahore had been murdered by Muslims in Rawalpindi a few weeks earlier . '' In fact , minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not the only concern to balance . The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the middle of an area home to the Sikh community . Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give more consideration to the community who , in his words , had `` provided many thousands of splendid recruits for the Indian Army '' in its service for the crown in World War I . However , the Sikhs were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim ruled state . Moreover , many insisted on their own sovereign state , something no - one else would agree to . Last of all , were the communities without any representation . The Bengal Border Commission representatives were chiefly concerned with the question of who would get Calcutta . The Buddhist tribes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bengal had no official representation and were left totally without information to prepare for their situation until two days after the partition . Perceiving the situation as intractable and urgent , Radcliffe went on to make all the difficult decisions himself . This was impossible from inception , but Radcliffe seems to have had no doubt in himself and raised no official complaint or proposal to change the circumstances . Local knowledge ( edit ) Before his appointment , Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there . To the British and the feuding politicians alike , this neutrality was looked upon as an asset ; he was considered to be unbiased toward any of the parties , except of course Britain . Only his private secretary , Christopher Beaumont , was familiar with the administration and life in the Punjab . Wanting to preserve the appearance of impartiality , Radcliffe also kept his distance from Viceroy Mountbatten . No amount of knowledge could produce a line that would completely avoid conflict ; already , `` sectarian riots in Punjab and Bengal dimmed hopes for a quick and dignified British withdrawal '' . `` Many of the seeds of postcolonial disorder in South Asia were sown much earlier , in a century and half of direct and indirect British control of large part of the region , but , as book after book has demonstrated , nothing in the complex tragedy of partition was inevitable . '' Haste and indifference ( edit ) Radcliffe justified the casual division with the truism that no matter what he did , people would suffer . The thinking behind this justification may never be known since Radcliffe `` destroyed all his papers before he left India '' . He departed on Independence Day itself , before even the boundary awards were distributed . By his own admission , Radcliffe was heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India . The implementation was no less hasty than the process of drawing the border . On 16 August 1947 at 5 : 00 pm , the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies , before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August . Secrecy ( edit ) To avoid disputes and delays , the division was done in secret . The final Awards were ready on 9 August and 12 August , but not published until two days after the partition . According to Read and Fisher , there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of the Punjab Award 's contents on August 9 or 10 , either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe 's Indian assistant secretary . Regardless of how it transpired , the award was changed to put a salient east of the Sutlej canal within India 's domain instead of Pakistan 's . This area consisted of two Muslim - majority tehsils with a combined population of over half a million . There were two apparent reasons for the switch : the area housed an army arms depot , and contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner , which would accede to India . Implementation ( edit ) After the partition , the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all responsibility to implement the border . After visiting Lahore in August , Viceroy Mountbatten hastily arranged a Punjab Boundary Force to keep the peace around Lahore , but 50,000 men was not enough to prevent thousands of killings , 77 % of which were in the rural areas . Given the size of the territory , the force amounted to less than one soldier per square mile . This was not enough to protect the cities much less the caravans of the hundreds of thousands of refugees who were fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan . Both India and Pakistan were loath to violate the agreement by supporting the rebellions of villages drawn on the wrong side of the border , as this could prompt a loss of face on the international stage and require the British or the UN to intervene . Border conflicts led to three wars , in 1947 , 1965 , and 1971 , and the Kargil conflict of 1999 . Disputes along the Radcliffe Line ( edit ) There were disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line 's award of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Gurdaspur district . Disputes also evolved around the districts of Malda , Khulna , and Murshidabad in Bengal and the sub-division of Karimganj of Assam . In addition to Gurdaspur 's Muslim majority tehsils , Radcliffe also gave the Muslim majority tehsils of Ajnala ( Amritsar District ) , Zira , Ferozpur ( in Ferozpur District ) , Nakodar and Jullander ( in Jullander District ) to India instead of Pakistan . Punjab ( edit ) Ferozpur district ( edit ) Indian historians now accept that Mountbatten probably did influence the Ferozpur award in India 's favour . Gurdaspur district ( edit ) Under British control , the Gurdaspur district was the northernmost district of the Punjab Province . The district itself was administratively subdivided into four tehsils : Shakargarh and Pathankot tehsils to the north , and Gurdaspur and Batala tehsils to the south . Of the four , only the Shakargarh tehsil , which was separated from the rest of the district by the Ravi river , was awarded to Pakistan . ( It was subsequently merged into the Narowal district of West Punjab . ) The Gurdaspur , Batala and Pathankot tehsils became part of India 's East Punjab state . The division of the district was followed by a population transfer between the two nations , with Muslims leaving for Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs leaving for India . The entire district of Gurdaspur had a bare majority of 50.2 % Muslims . ( In the ` notional ' award attached to the Indian Independence Act , all of Gurdaspur district was marked as Pakistan with 51.14 % Muslim majority . In the 1901 census , the population of Gurdaspur district was 49 % Muslim , 40 % Hindu , and 10 % Sikh . ) The Pathankot tehsil was predominantly Hindu while the other three tehsils were Muslim majority . In the event , only Shakargarh was awarded to Pakistan . Radcliffe explained that the reason for deviating from the notional award in case of Gurdaspur was that the headwaters of the canals that irrigated the Amritsar district lay in the Gurdaspur district and it was important to keep them under one administration . Lord Wavell had stated in February 1946 that Gurdaspur had to go with the Amritsar district , and the latter could not be in Pakistan due to its Sikh religious shrines . In addition , the railway line from Amritsar to Pathankot passed through the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils . Pakistanis have alleged that the award of the three tehsils to India was a manipulation of the Award by Lord Mountbatten in an effort to provide a land route for India to Jammu and Kashmir . However , Shereen Ilahi points out that the land route to Kashmir was entirely within the Pathankot tehsil , which had a Hindu majority . The award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not affect Kashmir . Pakistani view on the award of Gurdaspur to India ( edit ) Pakistan maintains that the Radcliffe Award was altered by Mountbatten ; Gurdaspur was handed over to India and thus was manipulated the accession of Kashmir to India . As per the ` notional ' award that had already been put into effect for purposes of administration ad interim , all of Gurdaspur district , owing to its Muslim majority , was assigned to Pakistan . From August 14th to 17th , Mushtaq Ahmed Cheema acted as the Deputy Commissioner of the Gurdaspur District , but when , after a delay of two days , it was announced that the major portion of the district had been awarded to India instead of Pakistan , Cheema left for Pakistan . The major part of Gurdaspur district , i.e. three of the four sub-districts and a small part of the fourth , had been handed over to India giving India practical land access to Kashmir , thus making the Indian intervention in Kashmir possible . It came as a great blow to Pakistan . Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan , and particularly its officials , criticized the Award as ' extremely unjust and unfair ' . Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , who represented the Muslim League in July 1947 before the Radcliffe Boundary Commission , stated that the Boundary Commission was a farce . A secret deal between Mountbatten and Congress leaders had already been struck . Mehr Chand Mahajan , one of the two Non Muslim members of the Boundary Commission , in his autobiography , has acknowledged that when he was selected for the boundary commission , he was not inclined to accept the invitation as he believed that the commission was just a farce and that decisions were actually to be taken by Mountbatten himself . It was only under British pressure that the charges against Mountbatten of last minute alterations in the Radcliffe Award were not officially brought forward by Pakistani Government in the UN Security Council while presenting its case on Kashmir . Zafrullah Khan states that , in actual fact , adopting the tehsil as a unit would have given Pakistan the Ferozepur and Zira tehsils of the Ferozpur District , the Jullundur and Rahon tehsils of Jullundur district and the Dasuya tehsil of the Hoshiarpur district . The line so drawn would also give Pakistan the State of Kapurthala ( which had a Muslim majority ) and would enclose within Pakistan the whole of the Amritsar district of which only one tehsil , Ajnala , had a Muslim majority . It would also give Pakistan the Shakargarh , Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils of the Gurdaspur district . If the boundary went by Doabs , Pakistan could get not only the 16 districts which had already under the notional partition been put into West Punjab , including the Gurdaspur District , but also get the Kangra District in the mountains , to the north and east of Gurdaspur . Or one could go by Commissioners ' divisions . Any of these units being adopted would have been more favourable to Pakistan than the present boundary line . The tehsil was the most favourable unit . But all of the aforementioned Muslim majority tehsils , with the exception of Shakargarh , were handed over to India while Pakistan did n't receive any Non-Muslim majority district or tehsil in Punjab . Zafruallh Khan states that Radcliffe used district , tehsil , thana , and even village boundaries to divide Punjab in such a way that the boundary line was drawn much to the prejudice of Pakistan . According to Zafrullah Khan , the assertion that the award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not ' affect ' Kashmir is far - fetched . If Batala and Gurdaspur had gone to Pakistan , Pathankot tehsil would have been isolated and blocked . Even though it would have been possible for India to get access to Pathankot through the Hoshiarpur district , it would have taken quite long time to construct the roads , bridges and communications that would have been necessary for military movements . Assessments on the ' controversial award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir dispute ' ( edit ) Stanley Wolpert writes that Radcliffe in his initial maps awarded Gurdaspur district to Pakistan but one of Nehru 's and Mountbatten 's greatest concerns over the new Punjab border was to make sure that Gurdaspur would not go to Pakistan , since that would have deprived India of direct road access to Kashmir . As per `` The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture '' , a part of UNESCO 's Histories flagship project , recently disclosed documents of the history of the partition reveal British complicity with the top Indian leadership to wrest Kashmir from Pakistan . Alastair Lamb , based on the study of recently declassified documents , has convincingly proven that Mountbatten , in league with Nehru , was instrumental in pressurizing Radcliffe to award the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur in East Punjab to India which could provide India with the only possible access to Kashmir . Andrew Roberts believes that Mountbatten cheated over India - Pak frontier and states that if gerrymandering took place in the case of Ferozepur , it is not too hard to believe that Mountbatten also pressurized Radcliffe to ensure that Gurdaspur wound up in India to give India road access to Kashmir . Perry Anderson states that Mountbatten , who was officially supposed to neither exercise any influence on Radcliffe nor to have any knowledge of his findings , intervened behind the scenes -- probably at Nehru 's behest -- to alter the award . He had little difficulty in getting Radcliffe to change his boundaries to allot the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur to India instead of Pakistan , thus giving India the only road access from Delhi to Kashmir . However , some British works suggest that the ' Kashmir State was not in anybody 's mind ' when the Award was being drawn and that even the Pakistanis themselves had not realized the importance of Gurdaspur to Kashmir until the Indian forces actually entered Kashmir . Both Mountbatten and Radcliffe , of course , have strongly denied those charges . It is impossible to accurately quantify the personal responsibility for the tragedy of Kashmir as the Mountbatten papers relating to the issue at the India Office Library and records are closed to scholars for an indefinite period . Bengal ( edit ) Chittagong Hill Tracts ( edit ) Chittagong Hill Tracts had a majority non-Muslim population of 97 % ( most of them Buddhists ) , but was given to Pakistan . The Chittagong Hill Tracts People 's Association ( CHTPA ) petitioned the Bengal Boundary Commission that , since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims , they should remain within India . Since they had no official representation , there was no official discussion on the matter , and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to India . On 15 August 1947 , many of the tribes did not know to which side of the border they belonged . On 17 August , the publication of the Radcliffe Award put the CHTs in Pakistan . The rationale of giving the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan was that they were inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural buffer to support Chittagong ( now in Bangladesh ) , a major city and port ; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong . Two days later , the CHTPA resolved not to abide by the award and hoisted the Indian flag . The Pakistani army dealt with the protest but its polemic somewhat remains with some of its non-Muslim majority arguing for its secession . Malda district ( edit ) Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was division of the Malda district of Bengal . The district overall had a slight Muslim majority , but was divided and most of it , including Malda town , went to India . The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3 -- 4 days after 15 August 1947 . It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was replaced by the Indian flag in Malda . Khulna and Murshidabad districts ( edit ) The entire Khulna District with a marginal Hindu majority of 51 % was also given to East Pakistan in lieu of a smaller Murshidabad district with a 70 % Muslim majority , which went to India . Karimganj ( edit ) Sylhet district of Assam joined Pakistan in accordance with a referendum . However , the Karimganj sub-division with a Muslim majority was severed from Sylhet and given to India . As of the 2001 Indian Census , Karimganj now has a Muslim majority of 52.3 % . Legacy ( edit ) Legacy and historiography ( edit ) The Partition of India is one of the central events in the collective memory in India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . On his motivation to write Drawing the Line , playwright Howard Brenton said he first became interested in the story of the Radcliffe Line while vacationing in India and hearing stories from people whose families had fled across the new line . Artistic depictions ( edit ) As a crucial determiner in the outcomes of the partition , the Radcliffe Line and award process has been referred to in many films , books , and other artistic depictions of the partition of India . The specific commemoration of the award or the recounting of the story of the process and the people involved in it has been comparatively rare . One notable depiction is Drawing the Line , written by British playwright Howard Brenton . Defending his portrayal of Cyril Radcliffe as a man who struggled with his conscience , Brenton said , `` There were clues that Radcliffe had a dark night of the soul in the bungalow : he refused to accept his fee , he did collect all the papers and draft maps , took them home to England and burnt them . And he refused to say a word , even to his family , about what happened . My playwright 's brain went into overdrive when I discovered these details . '' Indian Filmmaker Ram Madhvani created a nine - minute short film where he explored the plausible scenario of Radcliffe regretting the line he drew . The film was inspired by WH Auden 's poem on the Partition . See also ( edit ) Curzon line Indo - Bangladesh enclaves McMahon Line Durand Line Rajkahini Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict ( 2003 , p. 35 ) : Wavell , however , had made a more significant political judgement in his plan , submitted to the secretary of state , Lord Pethick - Lawrence , in February 1946 : ' Gurdaspur must go with Amritsar for geographical reasons and Amritsar being sacred city of Sikhs must stay out of Pakistan ... Fact that much of Lahore district is irrigated from upper Bari Doab canal with headworks in Gurdaspur district is awkward but there is no solution that avoids all such difficulties . ' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 482 Jump up ^ Ishtiaq Ahmed , State , Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia ( London & New York , 1998 ) , p. 99 : `` On 15 August 1947 India achieved independence ... The several hundred princely states which came within Indian territory could in principle remain independent but were advised by both the British government and the Congress Party to join India . '' Jump up ^ Smitha , Independence section , para. 7 . Jump up ^ See North - West Frontier Province and `` North - West Frontier Province '' from the Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , 2008 , at Encyclopedia.com , accessed 10 September 2009 ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 497 : `` Ten million of them were in the central Punjab . In an area measuring about 200 miles ( 320 km ) by 150 miles ( 240 km ) , roughly the size of Scotland , with some 17,000 towns and villages , five million Muslims were trekking from east to west , and five million Hindus and Sikhs trekking in the opposite direction . Many of them never made it to their destinations . '' ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 499 Jump up ^ Tan & Kudaisya 2000 , p. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Creating a New Medina 2015 , pp. 124 , 134 , 142 -- 144 , 149 : `` Thoughts on Pakistan ' rocked Indian politics for a decade ' . '' Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Datta , The Punjab Boundary Commission Award 1998 , p. 858 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Self and Sovereignty : Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 , Ayesha Jalal , pages 433 - 434 Jump up ^ The Politics if Religion in South and Southeast Asia , Tridivesh Singh Maini , page 70 Jump up ^ War and Religion : An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict ( 3 Volumes ) , Jeffrey M Shaw , Timothy J Demmy , page 375 ^ Jump up to : The Sikhs of the Punjab , Volumes 2 - 3 , JS Grewal , page 176 ^ Jump up to : Ethnic Group 's of South Asia and the Pacific : An Encyclopedia , James Minahan , page 292 Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Akbar Ahmed ( 12 August 2005 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . Routledge . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 75022 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 92 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Jacobs ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Peacocks at Sunset '' . Opinionator : Borderlines . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansergy Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 482 -- 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 418 : `` He wrote to then Prime Minister Clement Attlee , `` It makes all the difference to me to know that you propose to make a statement in the House , terminating the British ' Raj ' on a definite and specified date ; or earlier than this date , if the Indian Parties can agree a constitution and form a Government before this . '' '' Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the award meeting : Held on 16 August 1947 '' . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chester , Lucy ( 2009 ) . Borders and Conflicts in South Asia : The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab . Manchester : Manchester university Press . ISBN 9780719078996 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 482 : `` After the obligatory wrangles , with Jinnah playing for time by suggesting calling in the United Nations , which could have delayed things for months if not years , it was decided to set up two boundary commissions , each with an independent chairman and four High Court judges , two nominated by Congress and two by the League . '' Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 19 : `` Irrevocably enfeebled by the Second World War , the British belatedly realized that they had to leave the subcontinent , which had spiraled out of their control through the nineteen - forties ... But in the British elections at the end of the war , the reactionaries unexpectedly lost to the Labour Party , and a new era in British politics began . As von Tunzelmann writes , ' By 1946 , the subcontinent was a mess , with British civil and military officers desperate to leave , and a growing hostility to their presence among Indians . ' ... The British could not now rely on brute force without imperiling their own sense of legitimacy . Besides , however much they ' preferred the illusion of imperial might to the admission of imperial failure , ' as von Tunzelmann puts it , the country , deep in wartime debt , simply could n't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire . Imperial disengagement appeared not just inevitable but urgent . '' Jump up ^ Chester , The 1947 Partition 2002 , `` Boundary Commission Format and Procedure section '' , para. 5 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , 483 , &nbsppara. 1 Jump up ^ population ? Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 485 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 484 -- 485 : `` After the 3 June 1947 plan had been announced , the main Sikh organization , the Shiromani Akali Dal , had distributed a circular saying that ' Pakistan means total death to the Sikh Panth ( community ) and the Sikhs are determined on a free sovereign state with the ( rivers ) Chenab and the Jamna as its borders , and it calls on all Sikhs to fight for their ideal under the flag of the Dal . ' '' Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 4 Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 5 Jump up ^ Chester , The 1947 Partition 2002 , `` Methodology '' , para. 1 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 484 : Years later , he told Leonard Mosley , `` The heat is so appalling , that at noon it looks like the blackest night and feels like the mouth of hell . After a few days of it , I seriously began to wonder whether I would come out of it alive . I have thought ever since that the greatest achievement which I made as Chairman of the Boundary Commission was a physical one , in surviving . '' Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p ... 494 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 490 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 487 -- 488 ^ Jump up to : Pervaiz I Cheema ; Manuel Riemer ( 22 August 1990 ) . Pakistan 's Defence Policy 1947 -- 58 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 20942 - 2 . Jump up ^ Owen Bennett Jones ( 2003 ) . Pakistan : Eye of the Storm . Yale University Press . pp. 60 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Narowal -- Punjab Portal ^ Jump up to : Tan & Kudaisya 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Gurdāspur District -- Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 12 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Ilahi , Shereen ( 2003 ) . `` The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Fate of Kashmir '' . India Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 102 . doi : 10.1080 / 714002326 . ISSN 1473 - 6489 . Jump up ^ Zaidi , Z.H. ( 2001 ) , Pakistan Pangs of Birth , 15 August - 30 September 1947 , p. 379 , ISBN 9789698156091 ^ Jump up to : The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University , 2004 , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Gurdaspur -- the dist that almost went to Pak '' . The Tribune India . 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University , 2004 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Zaidi , Z.H. ( 2001 ) , Pakistan Pangs of Birth , 15 August - 30 September 1947 , p. 380 , ISBN 9789698156091 Jump up ^ Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Tahdith - i - Ni'mat , Pakistan Printing Press , 1982 , p. 515 Jump up ^ Mehr Chand Mahajan , Looking Back : The Autobiography Bombay , 1963 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Sohail , Massarat ( 1991 ) , Partition and Anglo - Pakistan relations , 1947 -- 51 , Vanguard , p. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2009 ) , Shameful Flight : The Last Years of the British Empire in India , Oxford University Press , USA , p. 167 Jump up ^ The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture ( PDF ) , 2016 , p. 355 Jump up ^ Author 's Review , Eminent Churchillians Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts ( 16 December 2010 ) . Eminent Churchillians . Orion . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 86527 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert , Andrew ( 1994 ) , Eminent Chruchillians Jump up ^ Sher Muhammad Garewal , `` Mountbatten and Kashmir Issue '' , Journal of Research Society of Pakistan , XXXIV ( April 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Anderson , Perry , Why Partition ? Jump up ^ Hodson , H.V. ( 1969 ) , The Great Divide : Britain , India , Pakistan , London : Hutchinson , p. 355 Jump up ^ Tinker , Hugh ( August 1977 ) , `` Pressure , Persuasion , Decision : Factors in the Partition of the Punjab , August 1947 '' , Journal of Asian Studies , XXXVI ( 4 ) : 701 , JSTOR 2054436 Jump up ^ Robert , Andrew ( 1994 ) , Eminent Churchillians , p. 105 Jump up ^ Calcutta Research group Jump up ^ `` Sylhet ( Assam ) to join East Pakistan '' . Keesing 's Record of World Events . July 1947 . p. 8722 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Chat with Howard Brenton '' . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Bloody Line '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch : This Bloody Line , Ram Madhvani 's short film on India - Pak divide '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Chester , Lucy ( February 2002 ) , `` The 1947 Partition : Drawing the Indo - Pakistani Boundary '' , American Diplomacy Datta , V.N. ( 2002 ) , `` Lord Mountbatten and the Punjab Boundary Commission Award '' , in S. Settar ; Indira B. Gupta , Pangs of Partition : The parting of ways , Manohar , pp. 13 -- 39 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 306 - 2 Datta , V.N. ( 1998 ) , `` The Punjab Boundary Commission Award ( 12 August , 1947 ) '' , Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 59 : 850 -- 862 , JSTOR 44147058 Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) , Creating a New Medina , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05212 - 3 Mansergh , N. , ed . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 . ( 12 volumes ) Mishra , Pankaj ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` Exit Wounds '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1998 ) , The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 9780393045949 Schofield , Victoria ( 2003 ) ( First published in 2000 ) , Kashmir in Conflict , London and New York : I.B. Taurus & Co , ISBN 1860648983 Sialkoti , Zulfiqar Ali ( 2014 ) , `` An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947 '' ( PDF ) , Pakistan Journal of History and Culture , XXXV ( 2 ) Tan , Tai Yong ; Kudaisya , Gyanesh ( 2000 ) , The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 44048 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) India : Volume XI : The Mountbatten Viceroyalty - Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan , 31 May - 7 July 1947 . Reviewed by Wood , J.R. `` Dividing the Jewel : Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan '' . Pacific Affairs , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Winter , 1985 -- 1986 ) , pp. 653 -- 662 . JSTOR Berg , E. , and van Houtum , H. Routing borders between territories , discourses , and practices ( p. 128 ) . Chester , Lucy P. Borders and Conflict in South Asia : The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab . Manchester UP , 2009 . Collins , L. , and Lapierre , D. ( 1975 ) Freedom at Midnight . Collins , L. , and Lapierre , D. Mountbatten and the Partition of India . Heward , E. The Great and the Good : A Life of Lord Radcliffe . Chichester : Barry Rose Publishers , 1994 . Mishra , Pankaj ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Exit Wounds '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Moon , P . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 : Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India : Volume X : The Mountbatten Viceroyalty - Formulation of a Plan , 22 March - 30 May 1947 . Review `` Dividing the Jewel '' at JSTOR Moon , Blake , D. , and Ashton , S . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 : Constitutional Relations Between Britain and . Review `` Dividing the Jewel '' at JSTOR Smitha , F. The US and Britain in Asia , to 1960 . MacroHistory website , 2001 . Tunzelmann , A. Indian Summer . Henry Holt . Wolpert , S. ( 1989 ) . A New History of India , 3rd ed . New York : Oxford University Press . Chopra , R.M. , `` The Punjab And Bengal '' , Punjabee Bradree , Calcutta , 1999 . 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knight of grace of the order of st john			Order of Saint John ( chartered 1888 )	order of saint john ( chartered 1888 )	The Order of St John , formally the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( French : l'ordre très vénérable de l'Hôpital de Saint - Jean de Jérusalem ) and also known as St John International , is a British royal order of chivalry first constituted in 1888 by royal charter from Queen Victoria .	The Order traces its origins back to the Knights Hospitaller in the Middle Ages , which was later known as the Order of Malta . A faction of them emerged in France in the 1820s and moved to Britain in the early 1830s , where , after operating under a succession of grand priors and different names , it became associated with the founding in 1882 of the St John Ophthalmic Hospital near the old city of Jerusalem and the St John Ambulance Brigade in 1887 . The order is found throughout the Commonwealth of Nations , Hong Kong , the Republic of Ireland , and the United States of America , with the worldwide mission `` to prevent and relieve sickness and injury , and to act to enhance the health and well - being of people anywhere in the world . '' The order 's approximately 25,000 members , known as confrères , are mostly of the Protestant faith , though those of other Christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order . Except via appointment to certain government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms , membership is by invitation only and individuals may not petition for admission . The Order of St John is perhaps best known for the health organisations it founded and continues to run , including St John Ambulance and St John Eye Hospital Group . As with the Order , the memberships and work of these organizations are not constricted by denomination or religion . The Order is a constituent member of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem . Its headquarters are in London and it is a registered charity under English law . Contents 1 History 1.1 Emergence 1.2 Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in Great Britain 2 Structure 2.1 Officers 2.1. 1 List of Grand Priors 2.1. 2 List of Lord Priors 2.1. 2.1 As Sub Prior 2.1. 2.2 As Prior 2.1. 2.3 As Lord Prior 2.2 Grades 2.3 Priories and commanderies 3 Vestments and insignia 4 Eligibility and appointment 5 Precedence 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Emergence ( edit ) In 1823 , the Council of the French Langues -- a French state - backed and hosted faction of the Order of Malta ( Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta ) -- sought to raise through private subscription sufficient money to restore a territorial base for the Order of Malta and aid the Greek War of Independence . This was to be achieved by issuing bonds in London to form a mercenary army of demobilized British soldiers using readily available , cheap war surplus . A deal transferring various islands to the Order of Malta , including Rhodes when captured , was struck with the Greek rebels , but , ultimately , the attempt to raise money failed when details leaked to the press , the French monarchy withdrew its backing of the council , and the bankers refused the loan . The council was reorganised and the Marquis de Sainte - Croix du Molay ( previously number two of the council and a former Order of Malta administrator in Spain ) became its head . In June 1826 , a second attempt was made to raise money to restore a Mediterranean homeland for the order when Philippe de Castellane , a French Knight of Malta , was appointed by the council to negotiate with supportive persons in Britain . Scotsman Donald Currie was in 1827 given the authority to raise £ 240,000 . Anyone who subscribed to the project and all commissioned officers of the mercenary army were offered the opportunity of being appointed knights of the order . Few donations were attracted , though , and the Greek War of Independence was won without the help of the knights of the Council of the French Langues . De Castellane and Currie were then allowed by the French Council to form the Council of the English Langue , which was inaugurated on 12 January 1831 , under the executive control of Alejandro , conde de Mortara , a Spanish aristocrat . It was headquartered at what Mortara called the `` Auberge of St John '' , St John 's Gate , Clerkenwell . This was the Old Jerusalem Tavern , a public house occupying what had once been a gatehouse to the ancient Clerkenwell Priory , the medieval Grand Priory of the Knights Hospitaller , otherwise known as the Knights of Saint John . The creation of the langue has been regarded either as a revival of the Knights Hospitaller or the establishment of a new order . Priory of St John at Clerkenwell , London in 1661 , by Wenceslaus Hollar The Reverend Sir Robert Peat , the absentee perpetual curate of St Lawrence , Brentford , in Middlesex , and one of the many former chaplains to Prince George ( Prince Regent and later King George IV ) , had been recruited by the council as a member of the society in 1830 . On 29 January 1831 , in the presence of Philip de Castellane and the Agent - General of the French Langues , Peat was elected Prior ad interim . He and other British members of the organisation , with the backing of the Council of the French Langues , then , on the grounds that he had been selling knighthoods , expelled Mortara , leading to two competing English chivalric groups between early 1832 and Mortara 's disappearance in 1837 . On 24 February 1834 , Peat , three years after becoming prior ad interim , in order to publicly reaffirm his claim to the office of prior and in the hope of reviving a charter of Queen Mary I dealing with the original English branch of the Order of Malta , took the oath de fideli administratione in the Court of the King 's Bench , before the Lord Chief Justice . Peat was thus credited as being the first grand prior of the association , however , `` W.B.H. '' wrote in January 1919 to the journal Notes & Queries : `` His name is not in the knights ' lists , and he was never ' Prior in the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem ' : he became an ordinary member of that Order on Nov. 11 , 1830 . '' St John 's Gate , 1880 Sir Robert Peat died in April 1837 and Sir Henry Dymoke was appointed grand prior and re-established contact with the knights in France and Germany , into which the group had by that time expanded . However , until the late 1830s , the British arm of the organisation had only considered itself to be a grand priory and langue of the Order of St John , having never officially been recognized as such by the established order . Dymoke sought to rectify this by seeking acknowledgement from the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta , but its then Lieutenant Grand Master , Philippe de Colloredo - Mansfeld , refused the request . In response to this rebuff , the British body declared itself to be the Sovereign Order of St John in the United Kingdom , under the title The Sovereign and Illustrious Order of Saint John of Jerusalem , Anglia , thereby emphasising the order 's independence and claim to direct and continuous succession from the Order of St John that was established in the 11th century . This new entity grew its membership over the ensuing three decades and , in 1861 , the Duke of Manchester agreed to become its grand prior . Additionally , an associated national hospitaller organisation was formed with a corps of ambulances . Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in Great Britain ( edit ) In 1871 , a new constitution brought about further changes to the order 's name , offering the more modest Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England and , five years later , Princess Alexandra was appointed a Lady of Justice , followed by her husband , Albert , Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) , as a Knight . Sir Edmund Lechmere purchased St John 's Gate as the order 's headquarters two years later ; the property was initially leased from Lechmere before the order acquired the freehold in 1887 . In 1877 , the order established various St John Ambulance associations in major railway centres and mining districts , so that railway men and colliers could learn how to treat victims of accidents with first aid ; in 1882 , the Grand Priory founded a hospice and ophthalmic dispensary in Jerusalem ( known today as the St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital Group ) ; and , by 1887 , had established the St John Ambulance Brigade , which undertook practical and life - saving work . The name given when first constituted in 1888 as the present order of chivalry by Queen Victoria 's royal charter was Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in England . This was changed by the royal charter in 1926 to the Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and further in 1936 to the Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem . In 1961 , it played a role , together with the Protestant Continental branches of the original Order of Saint John ( the `` Johanniter Orders '' in Germany , the Netherlands , Sweden , and elsewhere ) , in the establishment of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem and thereafter finally received ( through an agreement in 1963 ) collateral recognition by the Order of Malta . Its most recent royal charter was granted in 1955 , with a supplemental charter issued in 1974 , recognizing the worldwide scope of the organisation by setting its present name . In 1999 , the order received special consultative status from the United Nations Economic and Social Council . Structure ( edit ) King George V , Emperor of India , Sovereign Head of the order from 1910 until his death in 1936 Coat of arms of the order Officers ( edit ) Elizabeth II -- Head of the Commonwealth since 1952 -- is at the apex of the Order of Saint John as its Sovereign Head , followed by the Grand Prior -- since 1974 , Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester . He , along with the four or five other Great Officers -- the Lord Prior of St John , who acts as the lieutenant of and deputy to the Grand Prior ; the Prelate , who is an Anglican bishop ; the Deputy Lord Prior ( or more than one depending on the Grand Prior 's needs ) , who acts accordingly as a lieutenant and deputy to the Lord Prior ; and the Sub-Prelate , who has interests in the commanderies and associations of the organisation -- as well as the Priors and Chancellors of each of the order 's eight priories and the Hospitaller make up the Grand Council . On recommendation of that body , the Grand Prior appoints all the Grand Officers , besides himself , and may also appoint members of either Grade I or Grade II as other officers , known as the Principal Officers , such as the Secretary - General and honorary officers , such as the Genealogist , who all hold office for a period not exceeding three years . The Grand Prior may also appoint a secretary of the order , who holds office at the pleasure of the Grand Prior or until resignation . A subset of the Grand Council is the Honours and Awards Committee , which considers all recommendations for appointment or promotion into the grade of Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross , appointment or promotion into any grade of a person not resident within any priory 's territory , and advises the Grand Council in respect of the award of its Lifesaving Medal and Service Medal . List of Grand Priors ( edit ) Since the order 's royal charter of 1888 , the Grand Prior has been appointed by the Sovereign Head and has always been a member of the royal family . The Rev. Sir Robert Peat ( 1831 -- 1837 ) Sir Henry Dymoke ( 1838 -- 1847 ) Lieutenant Colonel Sir Charles Lamb ( 1847 -- 1860 ) Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Arbuthnott ( 1860 -- 1861 ) The 7th Duke of Manchester ( 1861 -- 1888 ) Prince Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( 1888 -- 1901 ) Prince George , Prince of Wales ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( 1910 -- 1939 ) Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1939 -- 1974 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( 1975 -- present ) List of Lord Priors ( edit ) From 1888 until 1943 , this position was named `` Sub Prior '' and from 1943 until 1950 it was named `` Prior . '' As Sub Prior ( edit ) Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale ( 1888 -- 1892 ) Prince George , Duke of Cornwall and York ( 1893 -- 1901 ) The Marquess of Linlithgow ( 1906 -- 1907 ) Vacant ( 1908 -- 1910 ) The Viscount Knutsford ( 1910 -- 1914 ) The Earl of Plymouth ( Robert Windsor - Clive ) ( 1915 -- 1923 ) The Earl of Scarborough ( 1923 -- 1943 ) As Prior ( edit ) The Earl of Plymouth ( Ivor Windsor - Clive ) ( 1943 ) The Earl of Clarendon ( 1943 -- 1946 ) The Lord Wakehurst ( 1947 -- 1950 ) As Lord Prior ( edit ) The Lord Wakehurst ( 1950 -- 1969 ) The Lord Caccia ( 1969 -- 1981 ) Sir Maurice Dorman ( 1982 -- 1985 ) The Earl Cathcart ( 1986 -- 1987 ) The Lord Grey of Naunton ( 1988 -- 1990 ) The Lord Vestey ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Colonel Eric Barry ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Anthony Mellows ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Neil Conn ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Sir Malcolm Ross ( 2016 -- Present ) Grades ( edit ) After the officers of the order follow members , who are divided into six hierarchical grades , all having accordant post-nominal letters . Grade I is limited to only the members of the Grand Council plus no more than 21 others , though royalty and heads of state of any country may be appointed as a Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross without counting towards the complement . All Priors , should they not already be in the grade or higher , are made a Knight or Dame of Justice upon their assignment . This formerly enabled them , along with all Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross , to nominate two personal Esquires , just as each Knight or Dame of Grace could nominate one personal Esquire , subject to the Grand Council 's scrutiny . Grades of the Order of St John : Grade Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV Grade V Title ( English ) Bailiff / Dame Grand Cross Knights / Dames of Justice or Grace Commander / Chaplain Officer Member Title ( French ) Bailli / Dame grand - croix Chevalier / Dame de justice ou grâce Commandeur Officier Membre Post-nominal letters GCStJ KStJ / DStJ CStJ / ChStJ OStJ MStJ Canadian Governor General Roland Michener 's arms , depicting his St John insignia below right Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the grand prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes and insignia . However , post-nominal letters of the order are not used outside the organisation itself , and a Knight and Dame may not use the prefix Sir or Dame , though they may request from their local heraldic authority a personal coat of arms , should they not already be entitled to use one , and have it adorned with emblems of the Order of St John . Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life . Further , membership only grants precedence within the order , which is graded as follows : The Sovereign Head The Grand Prior The Lord Prior of St John The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery when within the territory of the establishment The Prelate of the Order The Deputy Lord Prior or the Deputy Lord Priors and if more than one by seniority in their grade The Sub-Prior of the Order Former Great Officers Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery outside the territory of the establishment Members of the Grand Council not included above by seniority in their grade The Principal Officers by seniority of their office The Sub-Prelates and the Honorary Sub-Prelates The Hospitaller of the Order Knights and Dames Chaplains Commanders Officers Members ( Formerly Serving Brothers and Serving Sisters ) Priory Esquires ( Priory Esquires are not members of the Order ) Precedence within each grade is dictated by date of appointment , save for those in Grade I who are either a head of state or royal , in which case they all precede other members in their grade as follows : Members of the Sovereign 's family Heads of state from the Commonwealth of Nations Foreign heads of state Members of other Commonwealth royal families Members of foreign royal families Awards are presented within the order : the Priory Vote of Thanks , the St John 's Provincial / Territorial Commendation ( in Canada ) , the Life Saving Award ( Without Risk ) in Silver , and the Service Medal of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem . Priories and commanderies ( edit ) Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. , robed as a Knight of Justice of the Order ( 1958 ) Main article : Commanderies of the Order of Saint John Following constitutional changes made in 1999 , the Priory of England and The Islands was established ( including the Commandery of Ards in Northern Ireland ) alongside the existing Priories of Wales , Scotland , Canada , Australia ( including the Commandery of Western Australia ) , New Zealand , South Africa , and the United States . In 2013 , the Priory of Kenya and in 2014 the Priory of Singapore were formed . Each is governed by a prior and a priory chapter . Commanderies , governed by a Knight or Dame Commander and a commandery chapter , may exist within or wholly or partly without the territory of a priory , known as Dependent or Independent Commanderies , respectively . Any country without a priory or commandery of its own is assumed into the `` home priory '' of England and The Islands , many of these being smaller Commonwealth of Nations states in which the order has only a minor presence . The Order of St John is said to have arrived in Canada in 1648 , as the second Governor of New France , Charles de Montmagny , was a member of the original order , but it was not until 1883 that the first branch of the modern organisation was established in the Dominion , at Quebec City , growing to 12 branches by 1892 . The Order of St John today constitutes part of the Canadian national honours system and the priory , established in 1946 out of the Commandery of Canada , is the largest outside of the United Kingdom , with some 6,000 members . The governor general , serves as the prior and chief officer in Canada , while lieutenant governors act as the vice-priors , overseeing the administration of the order in their respective province . These individuals thus automatically become Knights or Dames of Justice upon their assuming viceregal office . An American Society of the Order of St John was established in 1957 as a foundation to assist the order with charitable work , after 1961 focusing its efforts specifically on the St John Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem and some other organisations aiding the sick . This branch was successful enough that Queen Elizabeth II in 1996 officially created the Priory of the United States of America , the seventh priory at the time , with John R. Drexel as the first prior . By late 2000 , the US Priory had approximately 1,100 members . As citizens of a country that did not have the sovereignty of the Order of St John vested in its head of state , American inductees who first joined the new priory were specifically asked to only `` pay due obedience '' to the governing authorities of the order `` in all things consistent with your duty to your own country , '' thus eliminating any question of loyalty to a foreign head of state superseding American postulants ' duties as US citizens . Vestments and insignia ( edit ) Toronto Police Chief Bill Blair wearing his MStJ decoration , between the Order of Merit of the Police Forces and Police Exemplary Service Medals Upon admission into the Order of St John , confrères are presented with appropriate insignia , each level and office being depicted by different emblems and robes for wear at important occasions for the order . Common for all members except Esquires is the badge , consisting of an eight - pointed Maltese Cross ( embellished in the four principal angles alternately with two lions passant guardant and two unicorns passant ) . That for the Sovereign Head is gold with arms of white enamel and the embellishments rendered in gold , all surmounted by a jewelled St Edward 's Crown , while those for the Officers of the order are the same save for the Grand Prior 's having the crown made only of gold ; the Lord Prior 's having in place of the St Edward 's Crown the coronet in gold of Albert , Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) ; and the Prelate 's having instead a representation of a mitre in gold . Thereafter , the badges are prescribed as follows : Badges of the Order of St John : Grade Bailiffs / Dames Grand Cross Knights / Dames of Justice Knights / Dames of Grace Commanders Officers Members Insignia Diameter 82.5 millimetres ( 3.25 in ) 57.2 millimetres ( 2.25 in ) suspended 57.2 millimetres ( 2.25 in ) 57.2 millimetres ( 2.25 in ) 57.2 millimetres ( 2.25 in ) 44.4 millimetres ( 1.75 in ) 44.4 millimetres ( 1.75 in ) Material Enamel Enamel Enamel Enamel Enamel Silver Backing and embellishments Gold Gold Silver Silver Silver Silver All Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross may wear their badges either at the left hip on a 101.6 millimetres ( 4.00 in ) ( for men ) or 82.5 millimetres ( 3.25 in ) ( for women ) wide , black watered silk ribbon over the right shoulder or from a 16.5 millimetres ( 0.65 in ) wide black band at the collar . Male Knights Justice or Grace and Commanders wear their badges on a 16.5 mm wide ribbon at the neck , while Officers and Members have theirs on a 38 millimetres ( 1.5 in ) straight ribbon suspended from a medal bar on the left breast . Females in all grades have the option of wearing their insignia on a ribbon bow pinned at the left shoulder . Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross , Knights and Dames of Justice or Grace , and chaplains may all also wear a breast star , which appears the same as their badges , only at a diameter of 88.9 millimetres ( 3.50 in ) and without embellishments for those in Grade I and 76 millimetres ( 3.0 in ) for those in Grade II . Further , those in these groups are also given a button for wear on the lapel of non-formal civilian clothing , for events such as business meetings of the order . In general , the insignia of the Order of St John may be worn at all occasions where other decorations are worn , not only those connected with the ceremonies of the order . The Duke of Gloucester wearing the mantle of the Grand Prior of the Order at an investiture in the United States All members of the order are also required to wear specific robes for formal occasions of the society , including a mantle , sopra vest , and hat . The mantles of the Sovereign Head and Grand Prior are all of black silk velvet and lined with white silk , the Sovereign Head 's mantle is differentiated by an additional train . Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross and , before 1926 , Knights of Justice formerly wore black silk robes with a lining of the same material and colour ; these members now wear the same mantle as Commanders , Officers , and Esquires , which are made of black merino wool faced with black silk . The only other unique mantles are those of the Medical Officer of the St John Ophthalmic Hospital , which bears a special pattern , and of chaplains , which is a black silk robe with full sleeves . Each cloak also bears on its left side a rendition of the order 's star in white silk : the Sovereign Head , Grand Prior , and those in the first two grades of the order all have a 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) diameter emblem ; the Sovereign 's and Grand Prior 's are of white silk with gold adornments , the former 's also surmounted by a St Edward 's Crown , while those for Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross , Knights and Dames of Justice , and Knights and Dames of Grace are rendered in white linen , the first two groups having embellishments in gold silk , the latter in white silk . Similarly , the star for Commanders and Officers is of white linen with white silk ornamentation , though they are only 228.6 millimetres ( 9.00 in ) and 152.4 millimetres ( 6.00 in ) in diameter , respectively . The secretaries of the order , the priors and the commanders also wear the badge superimposed upon two goose quill pens embroidered saltire-wise in white silk . The sopra ( or supra ) vest is a long drape of thin , black cloth that buttons close down the neck and to one side , falling to the ankles and cut so as to entirely cover the body . It is similar to a cassock , though it is actually derived from the supra vesta -- a black surcoat worn in the mid 13th century by the Knights of St John . Confrères in Grade I have a plain , white , 300mm diameter Maltese Cross on their sopra vests , while members of Grades II and III , plus chaplains , have a plain garment , though the wearer 's Order of St John insignia is displayed outside the vest , 152mm below the collar . Clerical inductees of the order may , when officiating , wear over their cassock and surplice a mozzetta of black with red lining , edging , and buttons , a 76mm wide star worn on the left breast and the accordant badge suspended at the neck . When full mantles and sopra vests are worn a black velvet Tudor - style hat is included . Eligibility and appointment ( edit ) The Sovereign Head confirms all appointments to the order as she , in her absolute discretion , shall think fit , though the constitution does impose certain limitations : the maximum number of members is set at 35,000 , and appointees as Priory Esquire may not be under the age of 16 , nor appointees to all other grades under the age of 18 . Recommendations are made by the Grand Council and those selected have generally acted in such a manner as to strengthen the spirit of mankind -- as reflected in the order 's first motto , Pro Fide -- and to encourage and promote humanitarian and charitable work aiding those in sickness , suffering , and / or danger -- as reflected in the order 's other motto , Pro Utilitate Hominum . To be inducted , new members must recite the organisation 's declaration : `` I do solemnly declare that I will be faithful and obedient to The Order of St John and its Sovereign Head as far as it is consistent with my duty to my ( sovereign / president ) and to my country ; that I will do everything in my power to uphold its dignity and support its charitable works ; and that I will endeavour always to uphold the aims of this Christian order and to conduct myself as a person of honour . '' Notwithstanding the order 's promotion of Christian values of charity and its official stance that the order has a `` Christian character '' , its Grand Council has since 1999 affirmed that `` profession of the Christian Faith should not be a condition of membership of the Order . '' The issue of the order 's Christian character and the issue of `` inclusive membership '' was dealt with in the Grand Council 's Pro Fide Report in 2005 , wherein it was said that the order 's life is shaped by Christian faith and values , but that `` ( r ) ather than the emphasis being primarily upon ' spiritual beliefs or doctrine ' it is on works of mercy rendered through St John '' . Therefore , while the Great Officers are required to profess the Christian faith , the same is `` not an essential condition of membership '' and `` ( t ) he onus is on the man or woman who is invited to the privilege of membership to decide whether he or she can with a good conscience promise to be faithful to the stated aims and purposes of this Christian lay order of chivalry . '' On the subject of inclusive membership , the report stated `` Christian hospitality is a criterion which can be applied to the Order 's relationships to persons of other religious faiths '' , and `` the Order needs to be characterized by a hospitable disposition towards other faith traditions while holding fast to its own origins and foundational identity in Christian faith . '' Precedence ( edit ) As the Order of St John is international , its place of precedence varies from country to country . Unlike those of other hierarchical orders , all grades of the Order of St John rank between the order 's predecessor and successor . Some examples follow : Country Preceding Following Australia Order of precedence Medal of the Order of Australia ( OAM ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) ( if awarded prior to 6 October 1992 ) Conspicuous Service Medal ( CSM ) Canada Order of precedence Member of the Royal Victorian Order ( MVO ) Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec ( GOQ ) New Zealand Order of precedence Royal Red Cross ( Class II ) ( ARRC ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) United Kingdom Royal Red Cross ( Class II ) ( ARRC ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) See also ( edit ) List of the priors of St John of Jerusalem in England Museum of the Order of St John Service Medal of the Order of St John Order of Saint John ( Bailiwick of Brandenburg ) Sovereign Military Order of Malta Donat of the Order of Saint John Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : For use in Canada , in accordance with the country 's policy of official bilingualism . Jump up ^ Those countries with Associations of the Order of St John are : Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Bermuda , Cyprus , Dominica , Fiji , Ghana , Gibraltar , Grenada , Guyana , India , Jamaica , Malawi , Malaysia , Malta , Mauritius , Montserrat , Namibia , Nigeria , Pakistan , Papua New Guinea , Saint Lucia , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Swaziland , Tanzania , Trinidad and Tobago , Uganda , Zambia , and Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ An older style of badge for Serving Brothers and Sisters is circular and silver with a white enamel Maltese cross on a black enamel background . Jump up ^ The `` Australian Honours Order of Wearing '' stipulates : `` All Imperial British awards made to Australian citizens after 5 October 1992 are foreign awards and should be worn accordingly . '' Generally , foreign awards are worn after Australian awards and postnominals of foreign awards are not recognised . Jump up ^ The Most Venerable Order of Saint John is listed in the Australian Honours Order of Wearing to indicate where any awards within the Order of St John should be worn ( including those awarded after 1992 ) ; however , the Service Medal of the Order of St John should be worn as a Long Service Medal after all other Imperial Long Service awards . Post-nominals within the Order of St John are not recognised as notified in the Governor - General 's media release of 14 August 1982 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 10 , s . 3 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 10 , s. 2.1. k Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . St John International . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . The Order of St John , now known as St John International ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are '' . The Order of St. John . Archived from the original on 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John '' . St. John Ambulance Canada . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Charity Commission . The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem ( The Order of St John ) , registered charity no . 235979 . ^ Jump up to : Riley - Smith 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Sire 1996 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ www.burkespeerage.com Jump up ^ www.british-history.ac.uk Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 1994 , pp. 124 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Temple 2008 . Jump up ^ Old Jerusalem Tavern , 1 St Johns Square , Clerkenwell , London , The Historical street & Pub History directory of London , Essex , Kent , Hertfordshire , Cambridgeshire , Middlesex , Suffolk , Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , Sussex , Oxfordshire , Gloucestershire , Hampshire , Devon , Somerset & Dorset . Jump up ^ `` The Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem '' , Encyclopedia Britannica ( 14th ed . ) , Washington : Benton Foundation , 1966 , retrieved 28 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Military Orders '' . Ritterhaus Bubikon . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellul , Max J. ( 2011 ) . The Sword and the Green Cross : The Saga of the Knights of Saint Lazarus from the Crusades to the 21st Century . Bloomington : AuthorHouse . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 1420 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( PDF ) , The Order of Australia Association , retrieved 28 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : King 1924 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 1994 , pp. 125 -- 6 . Jump up ^ W.B.H. ( January 1919 ) . `` Rev. Sir Robert Peat '' . Notes & Queries . London : Oxford Journals. 5 ( 12 ) : 23 . doi : 10.1093 / nq / s12 - V. 88.23 - d . ISSN 0029 - 3970 . Jump up ^ Riley - Smith , J. 1994 , pp. 126 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Cracroft 's Peerage : Dukes of Manchester Jump up ^ Townend , Peter , ed. ( 1970 ) . Burke 's Peerage & Baronetage ( 105th ed . ) . London : Burke 's Peerage Ltd. p. lxvii ( ROYAL LINEAGE ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1955 ) , `` Royal Charter , 1955 '' , in Elizabeth II , Royal Charters and Statutes of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem ( PDF ) , Preamble , Westminster : Queen 's Printer ( published 2004 ) , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2011 , retrieved 9 August 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are > About the Order > Structure and Governance '' . The Order of St John . Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1955 ) , `` The St. John Statutes 1974 to 2003 '' , in Elizabeth II , Royal Charters and Statutes of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem ( PDF ) , s . 5.1 , Westminster : Queen 's Printer ( published 2004 ) , p. 12 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 , retrieved 9 August 2009 Jump up ^ Royal Family website . www.royal.gov.uk qv : Grand Prior of St John Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 12 , s . 6 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 13 , s. 8.1. a -- 8.1. d Jump up ^ `` Structure and Governance '' ( PDF ) . The Order of St. John . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 15 , s . 13.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 14 , s . 8.3 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , pp. 15 , s . 9.1 -- 9.2 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 15 , s . 11.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 14 , s . 8.6 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 12 , s . 7.4 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , pp. 18 -- 19 , s. 16.3. a -- 16.3. e ^ Jump up to : Tozer , Charles W. ( 1975 ) . The Insignia and Medals of the Grand Priory of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem . London , GBR : J.B. Hayward and Son . p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : McCreery , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Maple Leaf and the White Cross : A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada . Toronto : Dundurn Press . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 740 - 2 . OCLC 696024272 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 30 , s . 32.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 35 , s. 37.2. a Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 35 , s . 38.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 36 , s . 38.4 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 36 , s . 39 Jump up ^ `` Post Nominals & Form of Address '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the Order of St John > Glossary '' . Order of St. John . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` It 's an Honour > Additional Information '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Australian Army ( 2001 ) , Army Protocol Manual , Australian Government Publishing Service , p . AL1 access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor - General of Australia ( 25 September 2007 ) , Order of Wearing Australian Honours and Awards ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 5 , retrieved 24 March 2011 ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 37 , s . 41.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 37 , s . 41.2 Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 2013 ) , Honours and Recognition for the Men and Women of the Canadian Armed Forces ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 12 , retrieved 16 November 2015 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 19 , s . 18.2 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 20 , s. 20.2. a -- 20.2. b Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide > About Us > History > Our History in Canada '' . St. John Ambulance Canada . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada '' . St. John Ambulance Canada . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide > About Us > Corporate Information > Priory Chapter '' . St. John Ambulance Canada . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 2003 ) , The St. John ( Order ) Regulations , 2. i , Westminster : Queen 's Printer , p. 29 , retrieved 10 August 2009 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 34 , s . 5. i -- 5. iv Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 34 , s . 4 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , pp. 36 -- 37 , s . 7. ii -- 7. iv Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 35 , s . 6 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 38 , s . 9. ii -- 9. v Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 39 , s . 11. i Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 33 s . 3 ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 40 , s . 15. ii -- 15. vii Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 42 , s . 19. ii Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2003 , p. 41 , s . 18 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 12 , s . 5.2 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 35 , s . 37.1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 32 , s . 33.2 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , pp. 10 -- 12 , s . 4. a -- 4. b Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 2004 , p. 32 , s. 33.1. c Jump up ^ Elizabeth II Jump up ^ Order of St John , Grand Council Pro Fide report , 2005 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor - General of Australia ( 25 September 2007 ) , Order of Wearing Australian Honours and Awards ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 1 , retrieved 24 March 2011 Jump up ^ New Zealand Defence Force . `` Medals Home > general medals information > order of wear '' . Queen 's Printer for New Zealand . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 56878 '' . The London Gazette ( 1st supplement ) . 2003 - 03 - 17 . pp. 3351 -- 3352 . Order of Wear Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Orders , decorations , and medals of Canada § Further reading Hoegen Dijkhof , Hans J. ( 2006 ) . The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John : a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon . Leiden : University of Leiden . ISBN 90 - 6550 - 954 - 2 . McCreery , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Maple Leaf and the White Cross : A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 740 - 2 . King , E.J. ( Earl of Scarbrough ) ( 1924 ) . The Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4940 - 5105 - 1 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` The Order of St John in England , 1827 -- 1858 '' . In Barber , Malcolm . The Military Orders : Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick . Aldershot : Variorum . pp. 121 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 86078 - 438 - X . Riley - Smith , Jonathan Simon Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Crusades , Christianity , and Islam . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51794 - 2 . Sire , H.J.A. ( 1996 ) . The Knights of Malta . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06885 - 6 . Stephens , Edward Bell ( 1837 ) . The Basque provinces : their political state , scenery , and inhabitants ; with adventures among the Carlists and Christinos . Whittaker & Co . Temple , Philip , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` St John 's Gate and St John 's Lane '' . South and East Clerkenwell . Survey of London . 46 . New Haven , London : English Heritage . pp. 142 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13727 - 9 . Elizabeth II ( 1974 ) , `` Supplemental Royal Charter , 1974 '' , in Elizabeth II , Royal Charters and Statutes of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem , 5 , Westminster : Queen 's Printer ( published 2004 ) , p. 6 , retrieved 1 December 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Venerable Order of Saint John . Official website When was the Venerable Order founded , and by whom ? , Museum of the Order of St John , Clerkenwell , London The British Order of Saint John ( F. Velde ) `` The Order of St John Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Order of St. John . 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . `` The Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem '' . The Secretariat of the Alliance of Orders of St John . `` VOSJ Source '' . VOSJ Source . Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem Federation of mutually recognised Protestant chivalric orders , jointly claiming common root in the senior Catholic chivalric order Protestant orders Order of Saint John ( Bailiwick of Brandenburg ) ( 1852 ) Swiss Commandery of the Order of Saint John French Commandery of the Order of Saint John Hungarian Commandery of the Order of Saint John Finnish Commandery of the Order of Saint John Venerable Order of Saint John ( 1831 / 1888 ) Order of Saint John in the Netherlands ( 1909 / 1946 ) Order of St John in Sweden ( 1920 / 1946 ) Original Catholic order Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( 1099 ) Protestant chivalric orders St John Ambulance of the St John International Order of Saint John ( chartered 1888 ) Establishments Priories Australia Canada England and the Islands New Zealand South Africa United States Wales Singapore Hong Kong Commanderies Western Australia Northern Ireland Jersey Guernsey Isle of Man Associations Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Bermuda Cameroon Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Gibraltar Grenada Guyana Kenya India Jamaica Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Saint Lucia Swaziland Tanzania Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Associated Body Ireland Related topics Johanniter International Ranks and insignia Australian ranks and insignia Service Medal of the Order of St John Museum of the Order of St John St John Youth New Zealand Orders , decorations , and medals of Australia ( Order of wearing ) National orders / Order of Australia Royal orders Order of the Garter Order of the Thistle Order of Merit Royal Victorian Order Order of St John Gallantry Victoria Cross for Australia ( VC ) Star of Gallantry ( SG ) Medal for Gallantry ( MG ) Commendation for Gallantry Bravery Cross of Valour ( CV ) Star of Courage ( SC ) Bravery Medal ( BM ) Commendation for Brave Conduct Group Bravery Citation Distinguished service Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) Commendation for Distinguished Service Conspicuous service Conspicuous Service Cross ( CSC ) Conspicuous Service Medal ( CSM ) Nursing service Nursing Service Cross ( NSC ) Meritorious service Public Service Medal ( PSM ) Australian Police Medal ( APM ) Australian Fire Service Medal ( AFSM ) Ambulance Service Medal ( ASM ) Emergency Services Medal ( ESM ) Australian Corrections Medal ( ACM ) Australian Antarctic Medal ( AAM ) Royal Victorian Medal ( RVM ) Campaign medals ( Service periods ) 1939 - 1945 Australia Service Medal 1939 -- 45 1945 - 1975 Australian Active Service Medal 1945 -- 1975 Australian General Service Medal for Korea ( 1953 -- 56 ) Vietnam Medal ( 1964 -- 73 ) Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal ( 1968 -- 73 ) Australian Service Medal 1945 -- 1975 1975 - Present Australian Active Service Medal ( 1975 - Present ) Rhodesia Medal ( 1979 -- 80 ) International Force East Timor Medal ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Afghanistan Medal ( 2001 -- 14 ) Iraq Medal ( 2003 -- 13 ) Australian Service Medal ( 1975 - Present ) Operational Service Australian Operational Service Medal -- Border Protection ( 2012 - Present ) Australian Operational Service Medal -- GMEO ( 2014 - Present ) Australian Operational Service Medal -- Civilian ( 2012 - Present ) Special service Police Overseas Service Medal Humanitarian Overseas Service Medal National Emergency Medal Civilian Service Medal 1939 - 1945 National Police Service Medal Commemorative King Edward VII Coronation Medal ( 1902 ) King George V Coronation Medal ( 1911 ) King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ( 1935 ) King George VI Coronation Medal ( 1937 ) Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal ( 1953 ) Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ( 1977 ) 80th Anniversary Armistice Remembrance Medal ( 1999 ) Australian Sports Medal ( 2000 ) Centenary Medal ( 2001 ) Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ( 2002 ) Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal ( 2012 ) Long service Defence Force Service Medal ( 1982 -- 98 ) Reserve Force Decoration ( 1982 -- 98 ) ( RFD ) Reserve Force Medal ( 1982 -- 98 ) Defence Long Service Medal ( 1998 -- ) National Medal Australian Cadet Forces Service Medal Service Medal of the Order of St John Other defence awards Australian Defence Medal Champion Shots Medal Anniversary of National Service 1951 -- 1972 Medal / Unit Citation for Gallantry / Meritorious Unit Citation Orders , decorations , and medals of Canada Awards of valour Victoria Cross Cross of Valour National orders Order of Canada Order of Military Merit Order of Merit of the Police Forces Dynastic orders Order of Merit Royal Victorian Order Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem Provincial orders Alberta Order of Excellence Order of British Columbia Order of Manitoba Order of New Brunswick Order of Newfoundland and Labrador Order of Nova Scotia Order of Ontario Order of Prince Edward Island National Order of Quebec Saskatchewan Order of Merit Territorial orders Order of the Northwest Territories Order of Nunavut Yukon Territory Order of Polaris Other decorations and medals Royal Victorian Chain Decorations War and operational service medals Special service medals United Nations medals NATO medals International mission medals Commemorative medals Long service and good conduct medals Exemplary service medals Special Medals Orders , decorations , and medals of the United Kingdom Orders Current Garter Thistle Bath Merit St Michael and St George Royal Victorian Distinguished Service British Empire Imperial Service Companions of Honour St John Dormant St Patrick Royal Guelphic Crown of India Star of India Indian Empire Indian Merit British India Burma Other Royal Victorian Chain Hereditary peerage Life peerage Privy Counsellor Baronet Knight Bachelor Aide - de-camp ( ADC ) Honours of other Commonwealth realms Current awards Level 1 Victoria Cross ( VC ) George Cross ( GC ) Level 2A Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) Conspicuous Gallantry Cross ( CGC ) Royal Red Cross Class I ( RRC ) Level 2B George Medal ( GM ) Queen 's Police Medal , for Gallantry ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal , for Gallantry ( QFSM ) Level 3A Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) Military Cross ( MC ) Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Air Force Cross ( AFC ) Royal Red Cross Class II ( ARRC ) Level 3B Sea Gallantry Medal ( SGM ) Queen 's Gallantry Medal ( QGM ) Royal Victorian Medal ( RVM ) British Empire Medal ( BEM ) Queen 's Police Medal , for Distinguished Service ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal , for Distinguished Service ( QFSM ) Queen 's Ambulance Service Medal ( QAM ) Queen 's Volunteer Reserves Medal ( QVRM ) Polar Medal ( PM ) Imperial Service Medal ( ISM ) Overseas Territories Police Medal ( OTPM ) Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service ( MNM ) Level 4 Mentioned in Despatches Queen 's Commendation for Bravery Queen 's Commendation for Bravery in the Air Queen 's Commendation for Valuable Service Other Badge of Honour Elizabeth Cross Obsolete awards Level 1 Indian Order of Merit ( First Class ) ( IOM ) Albert Medal ( 1st class ) ( AM ) Edward Medal ( 1st class ) ( EM ) Empire Gallantry Medal ( EGM ) Level 2A Indian Order of Merit ( Second Class ) ( IOM ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( CGM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( Flying ) ( CGM ) Level 2B Albert Medal ( 2nd class ) ( AM ) Edward Medal ( 2nd class ) ( EM ) Union of South Africa King 's Medal for Bravery , Gold Level 3A Order of British India ( First Class ) ( OBI ) Order of British India ( Second Class ) ( OBI ) Indian Order of Merit ( Third Class ) ( IOM ) Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal King 's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal Indian Distinguished Service Medal ( IDSM ) Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) Military Medal ( MM ) Distinguished Flying Medal ( DFM ) Air Force Medal ( AFM ) Burma Gallantry Medal ( BGM ) Level 3B Constabulary Medal ( Ireland ) Union of South Africa Queen 's Medal for Bravery ( Silver ) Kaisar - i - Hind Medal ( Gold , Silver , Bronze ) Indian Police Medal , for Gallantry Ceylon Police Medal , for Gallantry Sierra Leone Police Medal , for Gallantry Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal , for Gallantry Colonial Police Medal , for Gallantry ( CPM ) Canada Medal ( CM ) Queen 's Medal for Chiefs Indian Police Medal , for Meritorious Service Ceylon Police Medal , for Merit Sierra Leone Police Medal , for Meritorious Service Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal , for Meritorious Service Level 4 King 's / Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct King 's / Queen 's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air ( 1942 - 94 ) Royal family orders King George IV Victoria and Albert King Edward VII King George V King George VI Queen Elizabeth II See also British campaign medals Revocations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)&oldid=864265647 '' Categories : Venerable Order of Saint John Organizations established in 1888 Charities based in England 1888 establishments in England Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from March 2015 All articles with incomplete citations Articles with incomplete citations from June 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Latin - 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who lived in the big house in emmerdale	The Miffield estate was the largest employer in the village of Beckindale , 39 miles ( 63 km ) from Bradford and 52 miles ( 84 km ) from Leeds . Lord Miffield leased Emmerdale Farm , on the edge of the village , to the Sugden family during the 1850s in gratitude after Josh Sugden sacrificed his life for the earl 's son in the Crimean War . Josh 's grandson Joseph married Margaret Oldroyd and their son , Jacob , was born in January 1916 . During the 1930s , Jacob Sugden purchased Emmerdale Farm . In 1945 he married Annie Pearson , daughter of farm labourer Sam Pearson . Margaret Sugden died in 1963 , and Joseph died the following year .		Emmerdale	emmerdale		Emmerdale Also known as Emmerdale Farm ( 1972 -- 1989 ) Genre Soap opera Created by Kevin Laffan Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Tony Hatch Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8,285 Production Producer ( s ) Various ( currently Kate Brooks ) Production location ( s ) Leeds Studios Leeds , West Yorkshire ( 1972 -- present ) Arncliffe , North Yorkshire ( 1972 -- 1976 ) Esholt , West Yorkshire ( 1976 -- 1997 ) Harewood estate , West Yorkshire ( 1997 -- present ) Camera setup Videotape ; Multiple - camera Running time 30 minutes 23 -- 25 minutes ( excluding advertisements , with occasional 60 - minute episodes ) Production company ( s ) Yorkshire Television ( 1972 -- 2006 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- present ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 576i Colour ( 4 : 3 SDTV , 1972 -- 2001 ) 576i ( 16 : 9 SDTV , 2002 -- 2011 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV , 2011 -- present ) Audio format Monaural ( 1972 -- 1990 ) Stereo ( 1990 -- 2011 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2011 -- present ) Original release 16 October 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Emmerdale ( known as Emmerdale Farm until 1989 ) is a British soap opera set in Emmerdale ( known as Beckindale until 1994 ) , a fictional village in the Yorkshire Dales . Created by Kevin Laffan , Emmerdale Farm was first broadcast on 16 October 1972 . Produced by ITV Yorkshire , it has been filmed at their Leeds studio since its inception . The programme has been broadcast in every ITV region . The series originally appeared during the afternoon until 1978 , when it was moved to an early - evening time slot in most regions ; London and Anglia followed during the mid-1980s . Until December 1988 , Emmerdale took seasonal breaks ; since then , it has been broadcast year - round . Episodes air on ITV weekday evenings at 19 : 00 , with a second Thursday episode at 20 : 00 . The programme began broadcasting in high definition on 10 October 2011 . Emmerdale is the United Kingdom 's second - longest - running television soap opera ( after ITV 's Coronation Street ) , and attracts an average of five to seven million viewers per episode . October 2012 marked the 40th anniversary of the show . During that month , the show made a live episode to mark the anniversary . Contents 1 Conception 2 Characters , residences and businesses 3 First episode 4 Overview 4.1 First 21 years 4.2 Plane crash and the next 15 years 4.3 2009 -- 2012 4.4 40th anniversary week and beyond 5 Families 6 Storylines 6.1 1970s 6.2 1980s 6.3 1990s 6.4 2000s 6.5 2010s 7 Audience 8 Awards and nominations 9 Locations 10 Sponsors 11 Longest - appearing actors 12 Scheduling 12.1 Broadcast history 13 Overseas 13.1 Ireland 13.2 Sweden 13.3 Finland 13.4 New Zealand 13.5 Australia 14 Production 14.1 Executive Producers 14.2 Series Producers 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Conception The premise of Emmerdale Farm was similar to the BBC radio soap opera The Archers , focusing on a family , a farm and characters in a nearby village . The programme 's farmyard filming was originally modelled on RTÉ 's The Riordans , an Irish soap opera which was broadcast from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1970s . The Riordans broke new ground for soap operas by being filmed largely outdoors ( on a farm , owned on the programme by Tom and Mary Riordan ) rather than in a studio -- the usual practice of British and American soap operas . The programme pioneered farmyard location shooting , with farm animals and equipment . During the 1960s and 1970s , outdoor filming of television programmes with outdoor broadcast units ( OBUs ) was in its infancy due to higher costs and reliance on the weather . The Riordans ' success demonstrated that a soap opera could be filmed largely outdoors , and Yorkshire Television sent people to its set in County Meath to see the programme 's production firsthand . Characters , residences and businesses Main article : List of Emmerdale characters Emmerdale has had a large number of characters since it began , with its cast gradually expanding in size . The programme has also had changing residences and businesses for its characters , including a bed - and - breakfast and a factory . The Miffield estate was the largest employer in the village of Beckindale , 39 miles ( 63 km ) from Bradford and 52 miles ( 84 km ) from Leeds . Lord Miffield leased Emmerdale Farm , on the edge of the village , to the Sugden family during the 1850s in gratitude after Josh Sugden sacrificed his life for the earl 's son in the Crimean War . Josh 's grandson Joseph married Margaret Oldroyd and their son , Jacob , was born in January 1916 . During the 1930s , Jacob Sugden purchased Emmerdale Farm . In 1945 he married Annie Pearson , daughter of farm labourer Sam Pearson . Margaret Sugden died in 1963 , and Joseph died the following year . Jacob Sugden ran the farm into the ground , drinking away its profits . The badly - maintained farm 's future looked bleak at his death on 10 October 1972 . He was survived by his wife Annie , two sons and a daughter : Jack , the eldest ; Peggy and Joe , the youngest of the three . These characters formed the basis of Emmerdale Farm . Character types on Emmerdale have included `` bad boys '' , such as Cain Dingle , Ross Barton , Carl King , Robert Sugden and Aaron Livesy ; `` bitches '' , such as Kim Tate , Charity Dingle , Nicola King , Chrissie White , Kelly Windsor and Sadie King ; `` villains '' , such as Cameron Murray , Lachlan White , Pierce Harris , Steph Stokes , Rosemary King , Gordon Livesy , Emma Barton and Sally Spode ; caring characters , such as Laurel Thomas , Emily Kirk , Lisa Dingle , Paddy Kirk , Ashley Thomas and Ruby Haswell ; sassy females , such as Chas Dingle , Val Pollard , Viv Hope , Nicola King , Faith Dingle , Rebecca White and Leyla Harding , and comedy characters such as Kerry Wyatt , Bernice Blackstock , David Metcalfe , Val Pollard , Paddy Kirk , Faith Dingle , Seth Armstrong , Dan Spencer and Jimmy King . The show has had a number of matriarchs , including Diane Sugden , Viv Hope , Lisa Dingle , Annie Sugden , Faith Dingle and Moira Barton . Older characters in Emmerdale include Edna Birch , Betty Eagleton , Eric Pollard , Pearl Ladderbanks , Sandy Thomas , Seth Armstrong , Alan Turner , Sam Pearson , Lily Butterfield and Len Reynolds . First episode The Sugden family in the first episode The first episode of Emmerdale Farm , aired on 16 October 1972 , began with Jacob Sugden 's funeral . Jacob upset the family when he left the farm to his eldest son , Jack , who left home at 18 in 1964 and had not returned . Jack appeared in the opening episode , avoiding the funeral and waiting for the Sugdens at Emmerdale Farm . Over the next few months Jack sold a share of the farm to his mother Annie , brother Joe , sister Peggy and grandfather Sam Pearson . Emmerdale Farm Ltd was formed when Henry Wilks bought Sam 's share of the estate . The first episode , along with the others , have been repeated and released on a variety of media . Characters introduced in the first episode were : Annie Sugden ( Sheila Mercier ) Jack Sugden ( Andrew Burt ) Peggy Skilbeck ( Jo Kendall ) Matt Skilbeck ( Frederick Pyne ) Joe Sugden ( Frazer Hines ) Sam Pearson ( Toke Townley ) Amos Brearly ( Ronald Magill ) Henry Wilks ( Arthur Pentelow ) Marian Wilks ( Gail Harrison ) Alec Saunders ( Alan Tucker ) Overview First 21 years The show 's focus , initially on the farm and the Sugden family , moved to the nearby village of Beckindale . Reflecting this change , on 14 November 1989 its title was changed to Emmerdale . Coinciding with the title change was the introduction of the Tate family . These changes and more exciting storylines and dramatic episodes , such as Pat Sugden 's 1986 car crash and the 1988 Crossgill fire , gradually began to improve the soap 's popularity under new executive producer Keith Richardson . Richardson produced the programme for 24 years , overseeing its transformation from a minor , daytime , rural drama into a major UK soap opera . The Windsor family arrived in 1993 . Plane crash and the next 15 years By 1993 Emmerdale was beginning its third decade on the air . In December of that year , one particular episode emerged as a major turning point for the show 's history . Meant to evoke memories of the Lockerbie Disaster whose fifth anniversary was just nine days prior , the Emmerdale episode written for 30 December attracted its highest - ever audience ( over 18 million ) by featuring a plane crashing into the village , killing four people . According to Nick Smurthwaite , the episode brought forth not just ratings but `` complaints from aghast viewers . '' Nevertheless , the episode proved to be `` brilliant television '' , as the highly rated episode `` allowed the writers to get rid of much dead wood , and reinvent the soap virtually from scratch '' , which included survivors changing the village name from Beckindale to Emmerdale . Emmerdale had dramatic storylines for the rest of the 1990s and new long - term characters , such as the Dingle family , were introduced . The Tates became the soap 's leading family during the decade , overshadowing the Sugdens and remaining at Home Farm for 16 years . Family members left or died and the last , Zoe , left in 2005 . The early and mid-2000s included episodes with a storm ( a similar , less - major storyline 10 years after the plane crash ) , a bus crash , the Kings River explosion , Sarah Sugden 's death in a barn fire and the Sugden house fire ( set in 2007 by Victoria Sugden , who was seeking the truth about her mother 's death ) . It also saw the introduction of major long - term characters , including the King family and Cain and Charity Dingle ( who left before returning in 2009 ) . 2009 -- 2012 In 2009 the longest - tenured character , Jack Sugden , was killed off after the death of actor Clive Hornby ( who had played Jack since 1980 ) . Jack 's funeral featured the first on - screen appearance in 13 years of Annie Sugden ( Sheila Mercier ) . Early that year , executive producer Keith Richardson was replaced by former series producer Steve November ( later replaced by John Whiston ) . Gavin Blyth became the series producer , followed by Stuart Blackburn after his death . 40th anniversary week and beyond Emmerdale celebrated its 40th anniversary on 16 October 2012 . On 1 May 2012 , it was announced that the show would have its first - ever live episode . On 25 June 2012 , it was announced that Tony Prescott , who directed the 50th anniversary live episode of Coronation Street in December 2010 would direct the episode . On 23 July it was reported that an ITV2 backstage show , Emmerdale Uncovered : Live , would be broadcast after the live episode . On 14 August , it was announced that the production team was building a new Woolpack set for the live episode . Although Emmerdale 's village and interior sets are miles apart , its producers wanted The Woolpack to feature in the live episode . On 31 August , it was announced that Emmerdale had created and filmed a live music festival with performances by Scouting for Girls and The Proclaimers . On 6 September , it was confirmed that the One - hour live episode would include an unexpected death , two weddings and two births . Emmerdale Live aired on 17 October 2012 , in the middle of the 40th anniversary week , with the death revealed to be Carl King 's . The story of Carl 's death took the show into 2013 , when a new series producer replaced Blackburn ( who became producer of Coronation Street ) . At the beginning of August 2015 , Emmerdale introduced a new storyline : `` Summer Fate '' , with the tagline `` The choices we make are the paths we take . Who will meet their summer fate ? '' . A promo for the storyline was released on 13 July . A disaster storyline had been rumoured , confirmed by the promo . The disaster was identified on 1 August , two days before the disaster week began , as a helicopter crash . The crash was triggered by an argument between Chrissie and Robert Sugden ; Chrissie set Robert 's car ablaze , causing exploding gas canisters to collide with a helicopter . The helicopter crashed into the village hall during Debbie Dingle and Pete Barton 's wedding reception . Regular characters Ruby Haswell and Val Pollard were killed in the aftermath of the crash . Although Ross Barton was apparently murdered by his brother Pete , it was learned three weeks later that he survived . Families Emmerdale has featured a number of families , some defining an era of the show : The Sugden family ( 1972 -- present ) The Bates family ( 1984 -- 2001 ) The Tate family ( 1989 -- 2005 , 2009 -- present ) The Windsor / Hope families ( 1993 -- present ) The Dingle family ( 1994 -- present ) The Glover family ( 1994 -- 2000 ) The Thomas family ( 1996 -- present ) The Blackstock / Lambert family ( 1998 -- present ) The Reynolds family ( 1999 -- 2007 ) The King family ( 2004 -- present ) The Sinclair family ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Wylde / Lamb family ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Barton family ( 2009 -- present ) The Sharma family ( 2009 -- present ) The Macey family ( 2010 -- present ) The Spencer family ( 2011 -- present ) The White family ( 2014 -- present ) The Sugdens and their relatives , the Merricks and the Skilbecks , were at the centre of the show during the series ' first two decades in the 1970s and 1980s ( the Emmerdale Farm era ) . The Sugdens , owners of Emmerdale Farm , were its first family . Many of its members , and those of the Merrick and Skilbeck families , have left or been killed off since the mid-1990s . December 1984 saw the arrival of Caroline Bates ; her teenage children , Kathy and Nick , followed in late 1985 . Caroline left the show in 1989 , returning for guest appearances in 1991 , 1993 - 1994 and 1996 . Nick was written out of the show when he was sentenced to ten years in prison in 1997 . Kathy and her niece , Alice , remained in the village until late 2001 ; by then , Kathy had outlived two husbands . Through her , the Bateses are related to two of Emmerdale 's central families : the Sugdens ( through Jackie Merrick ) and the Tates ( through Chris Tate ) . Sugdens remaining in the village include Jack 's widow , Diane ; his three children , Andy , Robert and Victoria Barton ; Andy 's children Sarah and Jack ( the latter born on the show 's 40th anniversary ) , and Robert 's son Sebastian . Other families followed : the middle - class Windsors in 1993 ( known as the Hope family after Viv 's 2001 remarriage to Bob Hope ) and the ne'er - do - well Dingles in 1994 . The Tate , Windsor - Hope and Dingle families predominated during the 1990s and 2000s . The era 's storylines included the 1993 plane crash , the 1994 Home Farm siege , the 1998 post-office robbery , the 2000 bus crash , the 2003 -- 04 storm and the 2006 King show - home collapse . By the mid - to late - 2000s , the last of the Tates ( Zoe , daughter Jean and nephew Joseph ) had emigrated to New Zealand . In 2009 , Chris Tate 's ex-wife Charity and their son Noah returned to the village . In 2017 , Joseph Tate returned to the village . Members of the Windsor - Hope family left the village in early 2006 , and Viv Hope was killed off in a village fire in February 2011 after nearly 18 years on the show . As of 2017 , only Donna Windsor 's daughter , April , and the Hope branch of the family ( Bob and his children , twins Cathy and Heathcliff ) remain . The King family arrived in 2004 ( as the Tates departed ) , but , apart from Jimmy King and his three children , Elliott , Angelica and Carl , its members have been killed off . In 2018 , most of the Dingles remained , with having actually increased their numbers in Emmerdale over recent years . Their circumstances had changed in their two decades in the village ; Chas Dingle owned half of The Woolpack , with Charity Dingle owning the other half , and Marlon was a chef there . In 2014 , the Dingles , Bartons and Whites are the central families ; the Bartons are a farming family , and the Whites currently own Home Farm . In 2018 , the Barton and White families had slowly been diminished , while the Sugden , and later the Tate , family had been brought back into front - burner storylines . Storylines Main article : Major Emmerdale storylines Over the years , Emmerdale has highlighted a range of different social issues , including rape , cancer , miscarriage , dementia , homosexuality , arson , murder , HIV , sexual assault , post traumatic stress disorder , brain aneurysm , adultery , domestic violence , financial problems , embezzlement , sexual abuse , alcoholism , drug addiction , anorexia , teenage pregnancy , gambling addiction , bereavement , fraud , suicide , mesothelioma , schizophrenia , manslaughter , becoming a parent in later life , sudden infant death syndrome , self - harming , assisted suicide , epilepsy and premature births . 1970s 1973 -- Sharon Crossthwaite was raped and strangled by Jim Latimer . Jack Sugden discovered the truth after arriving home to find Jim trying to strangle Penny Golightly , after which Jim confessed his murder of Sharon . 1973 -- Jack Sugden 's lodger , Ian ( `` Trash '' ) McIntyre , died trying to escape from a first - floor window at The Old Mill , where Jack had locked him in for his own safety ; he fell , breaking his neck . 1976 -- Matt Skilbeck 's twin children ( Sam and Sally ) and his aunt , Beattie Dowton , were killed at a level crossing when their car was struck by a train . 1976 -- Heather Bannerman crashed into the front gate at Emmerdale Farm after borrowing her husband 's car . 1977 -- A storm broke over Beckindale , and Ray and Sarah Oswell sought refuge at Emmerdale Farm after their cottage was destroyed by a falling tree . 1977 -- A fire broke out at Emmerdale Farm , and the Beckindale Volunteer Fire Service arrived to fight the blaze ; a firefighter was severely burned . 1977 -- A fire broke out in the village , attributed to tourists staying in a barn . 1978 -- An explosion at a mine trapped the vicar 's son , Clive Hinton , and his friends Ian and Rod . Clive and Rod were found unconscious , and Ian escaped with cuts and bruises . 1978 -- Steve Hawker and Pip Coulter robbed The Woolpack and left Amos Brearly and Henry Wilks locked in the cellar . The teenagers went to Emmerdale Farm , where they held Sam Pearson at gunpoint . To save her father , Annie Sugden gave them a getaway car . 1980s 1981 -- Farmer Enoch Tolly was killed in a tractor accident . 1982 -- Enraged when he was sacked from NY Estates by Alan Turner , Jackie Merrick set fire to one of NY 's caravans . 1985 -- Jackie Merrick was knocked off his motorbike by Alan Turner 's Land Rover , and spent five months in hospital with multiple fractures . 1986 -- Pat Sugden died when she crashed her car down a hillside after she swerved to avoid a flock of sheep . 1987 -- Jackie Merrick fell down a disused mineshaft whilst trying to rescue a stray sheep . 1988 -- Phil Pearce left old rags at Crossgill Farm ; they caught fire , trapping Annie Sugden inside . 1989 -- Quarryman Dennis Rigg was crushed to death by Joe Sugden 's bull when he threatened to evict the Sugdens . 1989 -- Jackie Merrick accidentally shot himself whilst hunting a fox for a £ 10 bet . 1990s 1990 -- Frank and Kim Tate arrived home to find the Home Farm barn conversion had been set afire . Although Michael Feldmann was suspected , the culprit was farm labourer Jock McDonald . 1990 -- Kate Sugden struck and killed Pete Whiteley when she drove home from Hotten . 1990 -- A chemical tanker crashed into the village , trapping Amos Brearly in the Woolpack cellar . 1993 -- 1994 -- A plane crashed in Beckindale , leaving most of the village in ruins and killing Archie Brooks , Elizabeth Pollard , Mark Hughes and Leonard Kempinski . 1994 -- Shirley Turner was shot dead during the Home Farm raid by Reg Dawson , ex-husband of Viv Windsor . 1995 -- Luke McAllister died when his van crashed into a wall and exploded in flames . 1996 -- Dave Glover died in a fire at Home Farm after he attended the wedding of Biff Fowler and Dave 's sister , Linda . 1997 -- At the engagement party for Steve Marchant and Kim Tate , after Lord Alex Oakwell snorted cocaine and took Linda Fowler for a late - night drive . As Linda fought off his advances , he crashed through a fence and struck a tree . Alex moved the semi-conscious , bleeding Linda to the driver 's seat , wiped his fingerprints off the steering wheel and left her to die . 1998 -- Vic Windsor died on Christmas Day when he struck his head on an ice - cream chest freezer in an attempt to prevent an armed Billy Hopwood from robbing the post office . 1999 -- Graham Clark killed Rachel Hughes , pushing her off a cliff . 2000s 2000 -- A van and minibus collided in the village . Van driver Pete Collins died at the scene , and minibus passenger Butch Dingle died in hospital the next day . 2000 -- Longtime character Sarah Sugden died in a barn fire set by her adopted son , Andy . Sarah 's lover , Richie Carter , was trapped in the barn but was rescued by Sarah 's husband Jack . 2001 -- School headmistress Jean Strickland was struck and killed by a stolen car driven by Marc Reynolds , a student returning home from a night out with friends . 2003 -- 2004 -- A storm pounded Emmerdale 10 years after the plane crash , leaving part of the village in ruins with downed power lines and trees . Lightning struck The Woolpack 's chimney , sending it through the roof into the bar and fatally injuring Tricia Dingle . Ashley Thomas and Louise Appleton were stranded on the road . 2005 -- Max King died when the Land Rover in which he was a passenger crashed into a brick wall and exploded . Driver Andy Sugden escaped unharmed , giving the police a false account of the accident to avoid prosecution . 2006 -- The Kings River show home was destroyed by explosions from a gas leak . Three people died ; Noreen Bell and estate agent David Brown were killed in the explosion , and Dawn Woods died in hospital from internal injuries . 2006 -- Tom King was murdered on Christmas Day by his son , Carl , who struck him on the head with a statue and pushed him out a window . 2007 -- DCI Grace Barraclough was killed when she was hit by a lorry on her way to the police station to report Carl 's murder of his father . 2007 -- Victoria Sugden threatened to burn down the family home if her father ( Jack ) and adoptive brother ( Andy ) did not tell her who killed her mother . Andy admitted he was responsible , but the fuel she had spread ignited when the boiler fired up ; the house was gutted , but the family survived . 2008 -- Matthew King was killed when his van crashed into a wall while he tried to run over his brother , Carl . The brothers were fighting after Carl ruined Matthew 's wedding to Anna De Souza earlier that day . 2010s 2010 -- Aaron Livesy and Jackson Walsh went out with Paddy Kirk and Marlon Dingle . After an argument with Aaron , Jackson 's van stalled on railway tracks and was struck by a freight train ; he was paralysed from the neck down . 2011 -- A fire set by corrupt policeman Nick Henshall spread through the village , killing Terry Woods and Viv Hope . 2012 -- On their way to a hotel ( booked by their son after their reconciliation ) , John and Moira Barton 's Land Rover hit a patch of black ice and stopped at the edge of a ravine . Although Moira ( the passenger ) was rescued by Declan Macey and Katie Sugden , the car fell into the ravine with John trapped inside ; he died in hospital . 2012 -- On Emmerdale 's 40th anniversary , Carl King was killed with a brick by romantic rival Cameron Murray after he tried to rape former lover Chas Dingle . 2013 -- Genesis Walker 's car ran off a country road and into a ravine during a high - speed chase by Cameron Murray and Debbie Dingle after Genesis overheard Cameron admit that he murdered Carl King . Cameron pulled the semi-conscious Gennie out of the car and suffocated her . 2013 -- On Emmerdale 's 41st anniversary , Cameron Murray escaped from prison and held villagers hostage in The Woolpack . Alicia Harding was shot , and in a showdown in the flooded Woolpack cellar with Debbie , Chas and Marlon Dingle ( who were rescued ) Cameron was electrocuted . 2014 -- During an argument Belle Dingle pushed Gemma Andrews , who fell and hit her head on a stone . They walked away , but on her way home Gemma fell and was rushed to hospital where she died . 2014 -- Donna Windsor threw herself and Gary North from a multi-storey car park to their deaths . 2014 -- Declan Macey shot Robbie Lawson dead in an attempt to kill Charity Macey . 2015 -- During an argument , Chrissie Sugden set her husband Robert 's car on fire . The fire caused gas canisters to explode , sending a helicopter crashing into the village hall during Debbie Dingle and Pete Barton 's wedding reception . Ruby Haswell , Val Pollard and the helicopter pilot were killed . 2015 -- Robert Sugden ( Ryan Hawley ) is shot outside The Woolpack by an unknown assailant in front of Chas Dingle ( Lucy Pargeter ) ; four weeks later , a flashback episode revealed the events of that night . Ross Barton ( Michael Parr ) shot him after Ross agreed with Andy Sugden ( Kelvin Fletcher ) to kill the other 's brother . Ashley Thomas ( John Middleton ) might have dementia and Paddy Kirk ( Dominic Brunt ) cheated on his wife , Rhona Goskirk ( Zoe Henry ) , with Tess ( Nicola Stephenson ) . 2016 -- In one of the biggest disasters in Emmerdale , a multi-car pile - up on the Hotten bypass causes for Aaron Dingle , Robert Sugden , Paddy Kirk , Rhona Goskirk , Pierce Harris , James Barton and Ashley Thomas to be involved in a horrible accident and leaving the lives of Aaron , Rhona and James hanging in the balance , with James succumbing to his injuries . The accident was caused by Emma Barton pushing James over a road bridge , hitting Ashley Thomas ' car . Audience This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An average Emmerdale episode generally attracts 6 -- 8 million viewers , making it one of Britain 's most popular television programmes . During the 1990s , the series had an average of 10 -- 11 million viewers per episode . On 30 December 1993 , Emmerdale had its largest audience ( 18 million ) when a plane crashed into the village . On 27 May 1997 , 13 million viewers saw Frank Tate die of a heart attack after the return of wife Kim . On 20 October 1998 , 12.5 million viewers saw The Woolpack explode after a fire . The village storm on 1 January 2004 attracted 11.19 million viewers . 18 May 2004 episode in which Jack Sugden was shot by his adopted son , Andy , attracted 8.27 million viewers . On 17 March 2005 , 9.39 million watched Shelly Williams fall from the Isle of Arran ferry . Zoe Tate left the show after 16 years on 22 September 2005 before 8.58 million viewers , marking her departure by blowing up Home Farm . On 13 July 2006 , the Kings River house collapse was seen by 6.90 million viewers . Cain Dingle left on 21 September 2006 , before an audience of 8.57 million viewers . On Christmas Day 2006 , 7.69 million saw Tom King murdered on his wedding day . Billy Hopwood crashed his truck into a lake on 1 February 2007 , attracting 8.15 million viewers . The end of the `` Who Killed Tom King ? '' storyline on 17 May 2007 , had an audience of 8.92 million . On 14 January 2010 , 9.96 million saw Mark Wylde shot dead by wife Natasha . Natasha 's 27 October confession to daughter Maisie attracted an audience of nearly 8 million . On 13 January 2011 , 9.15 million saw a fire kill Viv Hope and Terry Woods . The live 40th - anniversary episode on 17 October 2012 , drew an audience of 8.83 million . On 16 October 2013 , 8.37 million watched Cameron take the occupants of The Woolpack hostage and shoot Alicia . The next day , 9.28 million viewers saw Cameron Murray die . Awards and nominations Further information : List of awards and nominations received by Emmerdale Locations Esholt , West Yorkshire , used for exterior scenes from 1976 to 1997 Village set , built by Yorkshire Television in 1997 on the Harewood estate near Eccup , Leeds , West Yorkshire Location shooting was originally filmed in the village of Arncliffe in Littondale , a quiet valley in the Yorkshire Dales . The Falcon , the village hotel , served as the fictional Woolpack Inn . When the filming location became public it was moved to the village of Esholt in 1976 , where it remained for 22 years . Filming returned to Esholt for a one off episode in 2016 for the Ashley Thomas dementia special which aired December 2016 . The location was used to represent Ashley 's onset of dementia to the viewer . The original Emmerdale Farm buildings are near the village of Leathley . Creskeld Hall , in Arthington , ( Home Farm ) . The buildings are one of the few original filming locations used for the entire series , and have been involved in many storylines . Construction of a purpose - built set began on the Harewood estate in 1996 , and it has been used since 1997 . The first scenes filmed on the set ( the front of The Woolpack ) were broadcast on 17 February 1998 . The Harewood set is a replica of Esholt , with minor alterations . The Harewood houses are timber - framed and stone - faced . The village is built on green - belt land , with its buildings classified as `` temporary structures '' which must be demolished within ten years unless new planning permission is received . There is no plan to demolish the set , and a new planning application has been drawn up . The set includes a church and churchyard , where the characters who have died on the series are buried . Butlers Farm is Brookland Farm , a working farm in the nearby village of Eccup . Farmyard and building exteriors are filmed at Brookland , with interior house shots filmed in the studio . Location filming is also done in the City of Leeds and other West Yorkshire locations ; the fictional market town of Hotten is Otley , 10 miles North West of Leeds . Benton Park School in Rawdon and the primary school in Farnley were also used for filming . Interiors are primarily filmed at Yorkshire Television 's Emmerdale Production Centre in Leeds , next to Yorkshire 's Leeds Studios . As of 28 March 2011 , HD - capable studios in the ITV Studios building were used for most of the interior scenes . Four farms have been featured on Emmerdale : `` Original '' Emmerdale Farm ( 1972 -- 1993 ) -- Belonged to the Sugden family for many years , until subsidence forced them to move . Filming location : Lindley House Hawthorn Cottage ( 1993 -- 1997 ) -- Matt and Peggy 's former home , the second Emmerdale Farm , was sold and converted into a quarry . Filming location : Bank Side Farm Melby Farm ( 1997 -- 2002 ) -- A third Emmerdale Farm went bankrupt , and Jack moved into Annie 's old cottage ( Tenant 's Cottage ) in the village . Filming location : Burden Head Farm Butler 's Farm ( 2003 to present ) -- Acquired by Andy Sugden and Katie Addyman in 2003 before the Bartons took over in 2009 . Filming location : Brookland Farm Sponsors Emmerdale 's first sponsor ( from 14 December 1999 to 20 February 2002 ) was Daz detergent , followed by Heinz Tomato Ketchup and Heinz salad cream from May 2003 to May 2005 . Reckitt Benckiser took over until 2009 , advertising Calgon , Air Wick , Veet , and Lemsip . Tombola Bingo underwrote the show from November 2009 to March 2012 , followed by Bet365 Bingo until March 2014 . McCain Foods began a two - year , £ 8 million sponsorship on 7 April 2014 . Longest - appearing actors The 12 actors who have appeared in the series for 20 years or more are listed in the table below . The longest - tenured actor and the longest - serving cast member overall is Chris Chittell who has played Eric Pollard for 31 years . The longest - tenured actresses are Sheila Mercier ( Annie Sugden ) and Jane Cox ( Lisa Dingle ) with 22 years . Longest - appearing Emmerdale actors ( as of 2018 ) Rank Actor Character Tenure Chris Chittell Eric Pollard 1986 -- ( 32 years ) Richard Thorp Alan Turner 1982 -- 2013 ( 31 years ) Clive Hornby Jack Sugden 1980 -- 2008 ( 28 years ) Stan Richards Seth Armstrong 1978 -- 2003 , 2004 ( 25 years ) 5 Steve Halliwell Zak Dingle 1994 -- ( 24 years ) 6 Jane Cox Lisa Dingle 1996 -- ( 22 years ) 7 Sheila Mercier Annie Sugden 1972 -- 94 , 1995 , 1996 , 2009 ( 22 years ) 8 Mark Charnock Marlon Dingle 1996 -- ( 22 years ) 9 James Hooton Sam Dingle 1995 - 1998 , 2000 -- ( 21 years ) 10 Dominic Brunt Paddy Kirk 1997 -- ( 21 years ) 11 Paula Tilbrook Betty Eagleton 1994 -- 2015 ( 21 years ) 12 John Middleton Ashley Thomas 1996 -- 2017 ( 21 years ) 13 Kelvin Fletcher Andy Sugden 1996 -- 2016 ( 20 years ) Scheduling Main article : Scheduling of Emmerdale Emmerdale was first broadcast two afternoons a week in 1972 , and it later moved to a 19 : 00 slot . The number of episodes has increased , to its current six half - hour episodes each week . Each episode is filmed two to four weeks before it is broadcast on ITV . Broadcast history Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Weekly episodes 1972 -- 1988 , 1990 -- 1997 1988 -- 1990 1997 -- 2000 2000 -- 2004 5 2004 -- 2008 6 2008 -- 2009 5 ( 1 hour on Tuesdays ) 2009 -- present 6 Overseas Ireland Emmerdale reaches viewers in the Republic of Ireland via UTV Ireland , which broadcasts the series simultaneously with ITV in the UK with a live feed from London . Breaking news on ITV would interrupt the broadcast . Emmerdale was broadcast during the day on RTÉ One from 1972 to 2001 before it moved to TV3 . RTÉ were several months behind ; for many years , they broadcast the show five days a week ( instead of ITV 's three days a week ) and took a break during the summer . As the series began a five - night week , RTÉ fell behind the ITV broadcasts ; the gap between RTÉ One 's last episode and TV3 's first episode was about three months . Sweden The series has appeared in Sweden as Hem till gården ( `` Home to the Farm '' ) since the 1970s -- originally on TV2 and since 1994 on TV4 . Two episodes are broadcast every weekday at 12 : 00 . Emmerdale is the most - watched daytime non-news programme in Sweden , attracting 150,000 to 200,000 viewers daily . Episodes are repeated overnight on TV4 and in prime time on digital channel TV4 Guld . Finland The programme appears in Finland on MTV3 on primetime , every weekday at 18 : 25 -- 18 : 55 , with repeats the following weekday morning at 10 : 00 . Episodes originally aired in the UK in December 2017 were broadcast in Finland in October 2018 . Emmerdale attracts an average of 300,000 to 400,000 viewers per episode , being the most watched non-Finnish every - weekday program in Finnish television . New Zealand Emmerdale is broadcast in New Zealand weekdays on ONE , with an hour - long episode Monday to Thursday and a half - hour episode on Friday from 12 : 30 to 13 : 00 . It is the second-most - watched daytime programme , after the news . Episodes are broadcast a month behind ITV 's . Australia Emmerdale was broadcast in Australia for the first time in July 2006 , when UKTV began airing the 2006 series with episode 4288 . As of April 2016 , UKTV episodes are from July 2014 , twenty one months behind the UK airings . Production Executive Producers Peter Holmans ( 1972 -- 1973 ) David Cunliffe ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Michael Glynn ( 1980 -- 1986 ) Keith Richardson ( 1986 -- 2009 ) Steve Frost ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Jane Hudson ( 2018 -- present ) Series Producers David Goddard ( 16 October 1972 -- 16 January 1973 ) Peter Holmans ( 22 January 1973 -- 17 July 1973 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 23 July 1973 -- 18 May 1976 ) Michael Glynn ( 3 January 1977 -- 5 July 1979 ) Anne W Gibbons ( 8 January 1980 -- 29 September 1983 ) Richard Handford ( 4 October 1983 -- 28 August 1986 ) Michael Russell ( 2 September 1986 -- 24 March 1988 ) Stuart Doughty ( 30 March 1988 -- 31 December 1991 ) Morag Bain ( 2 January 1992 -- 14 December 1993 ) Nicholas Prosser ( 16 December 1993 -- 29 November 1994 ) Mervyn Watson ( 1 December 1994 -- 6 August 1998 ) Kieran Roberts ( 11 August 1998 -- 13 April 2001 ) Steve Frost ( 16 April 2001 -- 25 February 2005 ) Kathleen Beedles ( 28 February 2005 -- 29 February 2008 ) Anita Turner ( 3 March 2008 -- 13 March 2009 ) Gavin Blyth ( 16 March 2009 -- 8 April 2011 ) Stuart Blackburn ( 11 April 2011 -- 4 April 2013 ) Kate Oates ( 4 April 2013 -- 16 May 2016 ) Iain MacLeod ( 17 May 2016 − 13 August 2018 ) Kate Brooks ( 14 August 2018 - 2018 ) Kate Brooks & Laura Shaw ( 2018 -- present ) See also List of Emmerdale characters List of Emmerdale spin - offs & merchandise List of births , marriages and deaths in Emmerdale List of longest - serving soap opera actors List of storylines in Emmerdale List of original Emmerdale characters List of past Emmerdale characters List of recurring and minor Emmerdale characters References Jump up ^ Byrne , Andrea ( 8 February 2009 ) . `` The plough and the stars : how TV 's revolutionary Riordans changed Ireland '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Terry ( 15 July 2006 ) . `` Emmerdale : the village that won over a nation '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Best of Emmerdale - First episode Archived 23 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ITV.com Jump up ^ Leigh Holmwood , ITV exec Richardson leaves Emmerdale after 24 years The Guardian , 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Mastermind of the Plane Crash in Emmerdale , Phil Redmond : Man of the People '' . SecEd. 2009 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.12968 / sece. 2009.3. 1463 . ISSN 1479 - 7704 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Ian W. ( 2013 ) . `` The Screen Idea Work Group : Emmerdale '' . Screenwriting Poetics and the Screen Idea . Palgrave Macmillan , London : 81 -- 110 . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230392298_5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 35191 - 6 . Jump up ^ ' Emmerdale ' live episode confirmed for 40th anniversary Digital Spy , 1 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Emmerdale ' 40th anniversary live episode director confirmed - Emmerdale News - Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emmerdale ' to have ITV2 backstage show following live episode - Emmerdale News - Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emmerdale ' builds new Woolpack set for live episode - Emmerdale News - Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emmerdale ' holds music festival with Scouting for Girls , Proclaimers - Emmerdale News - Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emmerdale ' death confirmed for 40th anniversary live episode - Emmerdale News - Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` ' Coronation Street ' christening special claims 9.2 m on Wednesday '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Leeds Studios location Google Earth Archived 19 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Emmerdale to be sponsored by McCain in two - year deal '' . Digital Spy. 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UTV to take on RTÉ and TV3 with exclusive rights to Corrie and ' Emmerdale ' '' . BreakingNews.ie. 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ MMS , MMS ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` MMS Daily Hot Top Ratings '' . MMS.se . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Finnpanel . Broadcast ratings . Week 49 / 2016 . Retrieved : 27 December 2016 . Available : https://www.finnpanel.fi/en/tulokset/tv/vko/top/2016/49/mtv3.html Jump up ^ `` Throng TV Ratings '' . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Symons : Marilyn Fisher was easy , cracking the UK was n't '' . Australian Associated Press . 22 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Brown , Pam ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Emily swaps soaps '' . The West Australian . West Australian Newspapers . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Frost , Beedles quit soap production roles '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emmerdale 's new Producer '' . ITV.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Corrie , ' Emmerdale ' producers named '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 15 January 2009 ) . `` ITV exec Richardson leaves Emmerdale after 24 years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blyth named new ' Emmerdale ' producer '' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Kilkelly . ' Emmerdale producer Blyth dies aged 41 ' . Digital Spy. 27 November 2010 Jump up ^ ' Emmerdale ' announces new series producer Digital Spy , 16 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Meet the new boss - News and spoilers - Emmerdale '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie and Emmerdale : New Producers appointed '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . External links Emmerdale at itv.com Emmerdale at stv.tv Emmerdale ClassicTelly.com Emmerdale What 's on TV Emmerdale on IMDb Emmerdale at TV.com Emmerdale Characters Present characters Past characters Episodes Emmerdale Live Storylines Major storylines Emmerdale plane crash Emmerdale Village 's 500th anniversary Other The Woolpack Births , deaths and marriages Spin - offs and merchandise Scheduling Awards and nominations The Woolpackers Emmerdale characters Present Moira Barton Ross Barton Bernice Blackstock Rodney Blackstock Belle Dingle Cain Dingle Charity Dingle Chas Dingle Debbie Dingle Lisa Dingle Marlon Dingle Sam Dingle Zak Dingle Rhona Goskirk Leyla Harding Bob Hope Jimmy King Nicola King Paddy Kirk Pearl Ladderbanks Aaron Livesy David Metcalfe Eric Pollard Douglas Potts Jai Sharma Priya Sharma Diane Sugden Robert Sugden Victoria Sugden Kim Tate Gabby Thomas Laurel Thomas Brenda Walker Past Louise Appleton Seth Armstrong Chloe Atkinson DCI Grace Barraclough Adam Barton Holly Barton John Barton Alice Bates Nick Bates Edna Birch Rita Brannigan Amos Brearly Archie Brooks Lily Butterfield Graham Clark Danny Daggert Toni Daggert Anna De Souza Donald De Souza Miles De Souza Albert Dingle Alice Dingle Del Dingle Eli Dingle Mandy Dingle Shadrach Dingle Betty Eagleton Daz Eden Adam Forsythe Jonny Foster Biff Fowler Linda Fowler Alicia Gallagher Dave Glover Kathy Glover Roy Glover Ella Hart Jamie Hope Jean Hope Viv Hope Billy Hopwood Rachel Hughes Perdita Hyde - Sinclair Eve Jenson Ivan Jones Leonard Kempinski Carl King Lexi King Matthew King Max King Rosemary King Sadie King Tom King Emily Kirk Jason Kirk Ross Kirk Lizzie Lakely Faye Lamb Ryan Lamb Paul Lambert Declan Macey Steve Marchant Paul Marsden Siobhan Marsden Luke McAllister Simon Meredith Sandie Merrick Carrie Nicholls Scarlett Nicholls Lord Alex Oakwell Phil Pearce Sam Pearson Val Pollard Hari Prasad Len Reynolds Ollie Reynolds Sean Reynolds Nikhil Sharma Grayson Sinclair Jarvis Skelton Dolly Skilbeck Matt Skilbeck Sally Spode Jo Stiles Steph Stokes Andy Sugden Annie Sugden Jack Sugden Joe Sugden Kate Sugden Katie Sugden Pat Sugden Sarah Sugden Chris Tate Frank Tate Zoe Tate Ashley Thomas Jasmine Thomas Sandy Thomas Tara Thornfield Alan Turner Terence Turner Gennie Walker Jackson Walsh Chrissie White Henry Wilks Shelley Williams Donna Windsor Kelly Windsor Scott Windsor Vic Windsor Dawn Woods Duke Woods Terry Woods Syd Woolfe Amy Wyatt Maisie Wylde Mark Wylde Natasha Wylde Nathan Wylde By year 1972 -- 73 1977 1978 1982 2017 2018 Soap operas in the United Kingdom TV soaps National Coronation Street EastEnders Emmerdale Hollyoaks Scotland River City Wales Pobol y Cwm Rownd a Rownd Medical and emergency services Casualty Holby City Doctors Australian imported ( co-produced in the UK ) Neighbours Home and Away Radio soaps The Archers Defunct TV 199 Park Lane Albion Market Angels The Appleyards The Bill Brookside Castles Castle Haven The Cedar Tree Compact Crossroads Echo Beach Eldorado Emergency -- Ward 10 Families Family Affairs Family Pride Garnock Way Gems General Hospital The Grove Family High Living London Bridge Machair Market in Honey Lane Miracles Take Longer The Newcomers Night and Day Park Avenue The Practice Quayside Revelations The Royal Today Sixpenny Corner Springhill Starr and Company Taff Acre Take the High Road Together Triangle United ! 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on account of its numerous temples which city is also known as the 'cathedral city of india'			Nagpur	nagpur	Nagpur is the winter capital , a sprawling metropolis , and the third - largest city of the Indian state of Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune . Nagpur is the 13th largest Indian city in terms of population . It has been proposed as one of the Smart Cities in Maharashtra .	Nagpur is the seat of the annual winter session of the Maharashtra state assembly . It is a major commercial and political centre of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra . In addition , the city derives political importance from being the headquarters for the Hindu nationalist organisation RSS and an important location for the Dalit Buddhist movement . Nagpur is also known for Deekshabhoomi , the largest hollow stupa among all the Buddhist stupas in the world . According to a survey by ABP News - Ipsos , Nagpur has been identified as the best city in India topping in livability , greenery , public transport , and health care indices . The city has been adjudged the 20th cleanest city in India and the top mover in the western zone as per Swachh Sarvekshan 2016 . It is famous for Nagpur orange s and is sometimes known as the Orange City for being a major trade center of oranges cultivated in the region . The city was founded in 1703 by the Gonds King Bakht Buland Shah of Deogarh and later became a part of the Maratha Empire under the royal Bhonsale dynasty . The British East India Company took over Nagpur in the 19th century and made it the capital of the Central Provinces and Berar . After the first reorganisation of states , the city lost its status as the capital . Following the informal Nagpur Pact between political leaders , it was made the second capital of Maharashtra . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early and medieval history 1.3 Modern history 1.4 After Indian independence 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Administration 3.1 Second capital of Maharashtra 3.2 Local government 3.3 Utility services 3.4 Health care 3.5 Greater Nagpur Metropolitan Area 3.6 Military establishments 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Religion and language 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Sports 8 Culture 8.1 Cultural events and literature 8.2 Religious places and festivals 8.3 Arts and crafts 8.4 Cuisine 9 Media 10 Transport 10.1 Rail 10.2 Nagpur Metro Rail 10.3 Road 10.4 Air transport 11 Smart city project 12 Notable people 13 Twin towns and sister cities 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Nagpur Also see : Nagpur state Etymology ( edit ) One of the earlier names of Nagpur was `` Fanindrapura '' . It derives its origin from the ' Fana ' or hood of a cobra . In fact , Nagpur 's first newspaper was named ' Fanindramani ' , which means a jewel that is believed to be suspended over a cobra 's hood . It is this jewel that lights up the darkness , hence the name of the newspaper . The river Nag flows through the city . B.R. Ambedkar claimed that both the city and the river are named after `` Nag people '' . The word `` pur '' means `` city '' in many Indian languages . During British rule , the name of the city was spelt and pronounced as `` Nagpore '' . Early and medieval History ( edit ) In the 18th century , this city was created by leader of Gond Dynasty named Bakht Buland Shah in the first half of the century . Human existence around present - day Nagpur can be traced back 3000 years to the 8th century BCE . Mehir burial sites at the Drugdhamna ( near the Mhada colony ) indicate that the megalithic culture existed around Nagpur and is still followed . The first reference to the name `` Nagpur '' is found in a 10th - century copper - plate inscription discovered at Devali in the neighbouring Wardha district . The inscription is a record of grant of a village situated in the visaya ( district ) of Nagpura - Nandivardhana during the time of the Rastrakuta king Krsna III in the Saka year 862 ( 940 CE ) . Towards the end of the 3rd century , King Vindhyasakti is known to have ruled the Nagpur region . In the 4th century , the Vakataka Dynasty ruled over the Nagpur region and surrounding areas and had good relations with the Gupta Empire . The Vakataka king Prithvisena I moved his capital to Nagardhan ( ancient name Nandivardhana ) , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) from Nagpur . After the Vakatakas , the region came under the rule of the Hindu kingdoms of the Badami Chalukyas , the Rashtrakutas , and finally the Yadavas . In 1296 , Allauddin Khilji invaded the Yadava Kingdom after capturing Deogiri , after which the Tughlaq Dynasty came to power in 1317 . In the 17th century , the Mughal Empire conquered the region , however during Mughal era , regional administration was carried out by the Gond kingdom of Deogarh - Nagpur in the Chhindwara district of the modern - day state of Madhya Pradesh . In the 18th , century Bhonsles of the Maratha Empire established the Nagpur Kingdom based in the city . Modern History ( edit ) Main entrance of the Nagardhan Fort , commissioned by Raghuji Bhonsle of the Bhonsale dynasty of the Maratha Empire in the 18th century The next Raja ( king ) of Deogarh was Chand Sultan , who resided principally in the country below the hills , fixing his capital at Nagpur , which he turned into a walled town . On Chand Sultan 's death in 1739 , Wali Shah , an illegitimate son of Bakht Buland , usurped the throne and Chand Sultan 's widow invoked the aid of the Maratha leader Raghoji Bhonsale of Berar in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah . The usurper was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on the throne . After 1743 , a series of Maratha rulers came to power , starting with Raghoji Bhonsale , who conquered the territories of Deogarh , Chanda and Chhattisgarh by 1751 . Nagpur was burnt substantially in 1765 and again partially in 1811 by marauding Pindaris . However , the development of city of Nagpur continued . In 1803 Raghoji II Bhonsale joined the Peshwa against the British in the Second Anglo - Maratha War , but the British prevailed . After Raghoji II 's death in 1816 , his son Parsaji was deposed and murdered by Mudhoji II Bhonsale . Despite the fact that he had entered into a treaty with the British in the same year , Mudhoji joined the Peshwa in the Third Anglo - Maratha War in 1817 against the British but suffered a defeat at Sitabuldi in present - day Nagpur city . The fierce battle was a turning point as it laid the foundations of the downfall of the Bhonsales and paved the way for the British acquisition of Nagpur city . Mudhoji was deposed after a temporary restoration to the throne , after which the British placed Raghoji III Bhonsale , the grandchild of Raghoji II , on the throne . During the rule of Raghoji III ( which lasted till 1840 ) , the region was administered by a British resident . In 1853 , the British took control of Nagpur after Raghoji III died without leaving an heir . Map of Nagpur district with major towns and rivers Central Provinces and Berar , 1903 . Princely states are shown in yellow . From 1853 to 1861 , the Nagpur Province ( which consisted of the present Nagpur region , Chhindwara , and Chhattisgarh ) became part of the Central Provinces and Berar and came under the administration of a commissioner under the British central government , with Nagpur as its capital . Berar was added in 1903 . The advent of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ( GIP ) in 1867 spurred its development as a trade centre . Tata group started the country 's first textile mill at Nagpur , formally known as Central India Spinning and Weaving Company Ltd . The company was popularly known as `` Empress Mills '' as it was inaugurated on 1 January 1877 , the day queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India . The non-co - operation movement was launched in the Nagpur session of 1920 . The city witnessed a Hindu -- Muslim riot in 1923 which had profound impact on K.B. Hedgewar , who in 1925 founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) , a Hindu nationalist organisation in Mohitewada Mahal , Nagpur with an idea of creating a Hindu nation . After the 1927 Nagpur riots RSS gained further popularity in Nagpur and the organisation grew nationwide . After Indian independence ( edit ) After India gained independence in 1947 , Central Provinces and Berar became a province of India . In 1950 , the Central Provinces and Berar was reorganised as the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh with Nagpur as its capital . When the Indian states were reorganised along the linguistic lines in 1956 , Nagpur and Berar regions were transferred to the state of Bombay , which was split into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 . At a formal public ceremony held on 14 October 1956 in Nagpur , B.R. Ambedkar and his supporters converted to Buddhism , which started the Dalit Buddhist movement that is still active . In 1994 , the city of Nagpur witnessed its most violent day in modern times in the form of Gowari stampede . Nagpur completed 300 years of establishment in the year 2002 . A big celebration was organised to mark the event . Geography ( edit ) Nagpur Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 10 31 10 12 34 13 18 38 17 13 42 22 16 45 26 172 40 24 304 34 22 292 32 22 194 34 21 51 35 18 12 32 13 17 30 10 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : World Weather Information Service ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 0.4 87 51 0.5 93 55 0.7 101 63 0.5 108 71 0.6 112 79 6.8 104 76 12 92 72 11 90 71 7.6 93 70 94 64 0.5 90 55 0.7 86 50 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Topography ( edit ) Nagpur is located at the exact centre of the Indian peninsula . The city has the Zero Mile Stone locating the geographical centre of India , which was used by the British to measure all distances within the Indian subcontinent . The city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula and has a mean altitude of 310.5 meters above sea level . The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River . In some places these give rise to granular sandy soil . In low - lying areas , which are poorly drained , the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics . In the eastern part of the city , crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss , schist and granites are found , while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lower Gondwana formations are found . Nagpur city is dotted with natural and artificial lakes . The largest lake is Ambazari Lake . Other natural lakes include Gorewada Lake and Telangkhedi lake . Sonegaon and Gandhisagar Lakes are artificial , created by the city 's historical rulers . Nag river , Pilli Nadi , and nallas form the natural drainage pattern for the city . Nagpur is known for its greenery and was adjudged the cleanest and second greenest in India after Chandigarh in 2010 . Climate ( edit ) Nagpur has tropical savannah climate ( Köppen climate classification ) with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year . It receives about 163 mm of rainfall in June . The amount of rainfall is increased in July to 294 mm . Gradual decrease of rainfall has been observed from July to August ( 278 mm ) and September ( 160 mm ) . The highest recorded daily rainfall was 304 mm on 14 July 1994 . Summers are extremely hot , lasting from March to June , with May being the hottest month . Winter lasts from November to January , during which temperatures drop below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . The highest recorded temperature in the city was 48 ° C on 19 May 2015 , while the lowest was 3.9 ° C on 16 January 2016 . ( hide ) Climate data for Nagpur Airport ( 1971 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 39.2 ( 102.6 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 46.1 ( 115 ) 47.8 ( 118 ) 47.7 ( 117.9 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 39.7 ( 103.5 ) 47.8 ( 118 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 42.4 ( 108.3 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 12.5 ( 0.492 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 17.6 ( 0.693 ) 14.3 ( 0.563 ) 19.2 ( 0.756 ) 190.1 ( 7.484 ) 341.7 ( 13.453 ) 280.5 ( 11.043 ) 183.1 ( 7.209 ) 56.8 ( 2.236 ) 16.6 ( 0.654 ) 13.2 ( 0.52 ) 1,166.3 ( 45.917 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.2 2.9 11.4 17.5 16.5 10.4 4.0 1.3 1.1 72.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 54 43 30 24 27 55 77 80 74 61 55 56 53 Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.0 268.3 287.6 290.8 293.8 186.6 115.4 116.7 182.5 260.4 264.1 268.8 2,807 Source # 1 : NOAA Source # 2 : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Extreme weather The average number of heat wave days occurring in Nagpur in the Summer months of March , April & May is 0.5 , 2.4 and 7.2 days respectively . May is the most uncomfortable and hottest month with , for example , 18 days of heat waves being experienced in 1973 , 1988 and 2010 . The summer season is characterised by other severe weather activity like thunderstorms , dust storms , hailstorms and squalls . Generally , hailstorms occur during March and dust storms during March and April . These occur infrequently ( 0.1 per day ) . Squalls occur more frequently with 0.3 per day in March and April rising to 0.8 per day in May . Due to the heat waves in the city the Indian Government with the help of New York - based National Resources Defense Council has launched a heat wave program from March 2016 . Administration ( edit ) Second capital of Maharashtra ( edit ) Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar for 100 years . After the State Reorganisation in 1956 , Nagpur and Vidarbha region become part of the new Maharashtra State . With this Nagpur lost the capital status and hence a pact was signed between leaders , the Nagpur Pact . According to the pact , Nagpur is the second capital of Maharashtra and the winter session of state legislature and the state legislative council takes place in Vidhan Bhavan , Nagpur . Nagpur has a District court and its own bench of the Bombay High Court . The city consists of six Vidhan Sabha constituencies namely Nagpur West , Nagpur South , Nagpur South West , Nagpur East , Nagpur North and Nagpur Central . These constituencies are part of the Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency . Local government ( edit ) The Municipal Council for Nagpur was established in 1864 . At that time , the area under the jurisdiction of the Nagpur Municipal Council was 15.5 km and the population was 82,000 . The duties entrusted to the Nagpur Municipal Council were to maintain cleanliness and arrange for street lights and water supply with government assistance . The Municipal Corporation came into existence in March 1951 . Nagpur is administered by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation ( NMC ) , which is a democratically elected civic governing body . The Corporation elects a Mayor who along with a Deputy Mayor heads the organisation . The Mayor carries out the activities through various committees such as the Standing Committee , health and sanitation committee , education committee , water works , public works , public health and market committee . The administrative head of the Corporation is the Municipal Commissioner , an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer appointed by the state government . The Municipal Commissioner along with the Deputy Municipal Commissioners , carry out various activities related to engineering , health and sanitation , taxation and its recovery . Various departments such as public relations , library , health , finance , buildings , slums , roads , street lighting , traffic , establishment , gardens , public works , local audit , legal services , water works , education , octroi and fire services manage their specific activities . The activities of NMC are administered by its zonal offices . There are 10 zonal offices in Nagpur -- Laxmi Nagar , Dharampeth , Hanuman Nagar , Dhantoli , Nehru Nagar , Gandhi Baugh , Sataranjipura , Lakkadganj , Ashi Nagar and Mangalwari . These zones are divided into 145 wards . Each ward is represented by a corporator , a majority of whom are elected in local elections . NMC has various departments including healthcare , education , fire brigade etc. dedicated for each service and project of the city . Nagpur Improvement Trust ( NIT ) is a local planning authority which works with NMC and carries out the development of the civic infrastructure and new urban areas on its behalf . NIT is headed by a Chairman , an Indian Administrative Service Officer appointed by the state government . Nagpur Police is headed by a Police Commissioner who is of the rank of Additional Director General of Police of Maharashtra Police . Nagpur Police is Divided into 4 Zones , each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police . The State C.I.D Regional Headquarter and State Reserve Police Force Campus are situated in Nagpur . Utility services ( edit ) Originally , all the utility services of the city were carried out by NMC departments , but from 2008 onwards privatisation had started for major utility services . The Orange City Water Private Limited ( OCW ) , a joint venture of Veolia Water India Pvt. Ltd and Vishwaraj Infrastructure Ltd. , manages the water supply for the city as well as Nagpur Municipal Corporation 's Water Treatment Plants at Gorewada , all the elevated service reservoirs , ground service reservoirs , master balancing reservoirs commonly known as Water Tanks . This joint venture was established in November 2011 and was awarded the contract to execute 24x7 water supply project and operational and maintenance of water works for 25 years . Kanak Resources Management Ltd. has been awarded the contract for garbage collection in the city as per Nagpur Bin Free Project in 2009 by NMC . It collects garbage from all the residents in the city and then delivers it to the Bhandewadi dumpyard in Nagpur 's eastern part . Similarly , in electricity supply , which was first managed by MSEB was then replaced by MSEDCL . After some years the distribution franchisee system was introduced to reduce the losses in the divisions and so Spanco was awarded the distribution franchisee for 15 years to manage three of the four divisions from Nagpur Urban circle namely , Civil Lines , Mahal and Gandhibagh on 23 February 2011 by MSEDCL . To facilitate this system , Spanco Nagpur Discom Limited or SNDL Nagpur company was formed for the sole purpose of electricity distribution and maintenance in three divisions of the city . The power distribution and maintenance for the fourth division i.e. Congress Nagar division is still being managed by MSEDCL . India Post which is a governmental postal department has two head post offices and many post offices and sub-post offices at various locations in the city and are part of the logistics services in the city along with various other private operators . Health care ( edit ) See also : List of hospitals in Nagpur NMC in collaboration with Central Government , State Government , UNICEF , World Health Organization and Non-governmental organisation conducts and maintains various health schemes in the city . City health line is an initiative started by NMC dedicated to the health of citizens of Nagpur . This includes providing computerised comparative information and action in the field to Local citizens . NMC runs three indoor patient hospitals including Indira Gandhi Rugnalaya at LAD square , Panchpaoli Maternity Hospital in Panchpaoli and Isolation Hospital in Immamwada . Besides , the civic body runs three big diagnostic centres at Mahal , Sadar and also at Indira Gandhi Rugnalaya . Apart from these , NMC has 57 out patient dispensaries ( OPDs ) , including 23 health posts sanctioned under Union Government 's schemes , 15 allopathy hospitals , 12 ayurvedic hospitals , three homoeopathy hospitals , three naturopathy hospitals and one unani hospital . In 2013 , ABP News - Ipsos declared Nagpur the country 's best city for health care services . The city is home to numerous hospitals , some run by the government and some private . Nagpur is a health hub for Central India & caters to a large geographical area arbitrarily bounded by Delhi in the North , Calcutta in the East , Mumbai - Pune in the West and Hyderabad in the South . People from Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Uttar Pradesh , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regularly come to Nagpur for their health needs . Nagpur boasts of super-specialty physicians & surgeons serving its population in both public sector government run hospitals and well equipped private hospitals catering to all strata of society . AIIMS Nagpur is the latest feather in the cap of Nagpur health care services . According to 2005 National Family Health Survey , Nagpur has a fertility rate of 1.9 which is below the replacement level . The infant mortality rate was 43 per 1,000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 50 per 1,000 live births . About 57 % slum and 72 % non-slum children have received all the mandatory vaccines which include BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT . In Nagpur , 78 percent of poor children are anaemic , including 49 percent who have moderate to severe anaemia . About 45 % of children under 5 years of age and 31 % of women are underweight . The poor people from the city mostly cite the reason of lack of a nearby facility , poor quality of care and excessive waiting time for not visiting any government hospitals for treatment . Greater Nagpur Metropolitan area ( edit ) Main articles : Greater Nagpur Metropolitan Area and List of localities in Nagpur Nagpur is the third largest in Maharashtra in terms of population as per the 2011 census . Since the 1990s the urban agglomeration has rapidly expanded beyond the City 's municipal boundaries . This growth has presented challenges for the future growth of the city and its fringes in an organised manner . With a view to achieve balanced development within the region , the Nagpur Improvement Trust ( NIT ) has been notified as the Special Planning Authority ( SPA ) for the Nagpur Metropolitan Area ( NMA ) and entrusted with preparation of a Statutory Development Plan as per provisions of the MRTP Act , 1966 . The notified NMA comprises areas outside the Nagpur city and includes 721 villages under 9 tehsils of the Nagpur District spreading across an area of 3,567 km . In 1999 , the government of Maharashtra declared that the Nagpur Metropolitan Area shall comprise all of Nagpur city , Nagpur Gramin ( rural areas near Nagpur ) , Hingna , Parseoni , Mauda and Kamptee Taluka and parts of Savner , Kalmeshwar , Umred and Kuhi . The boundaries of the `` Metro region '' around the municipal corporation limits of the city have been defined as per the notification . In 2002 , the government extended the jurisdiction of the Nagpur Improvement Trust ( NIT ) by 25 to 40 kilometres . This new area was defined under clause 1 ( 2 ) of NIT Act - 1936 as `` Nagpur Metropolitan Area '' . Area of Nagpur region / District 9810 km Area proposed for Metroregion 25 to 40 km Area around Nagpur Municipal limit 3780 km Area Under NMC limit 218 km NIT has proposed the Metro region plan in two phases : Phase I area 1520 km Phase II area 2260 km Military establishments ( edit ) Sitabuldi fort is home to Indian Army 's 118th infantry battalion . Nagpur is an important city for the Indian armed forces . Maintenance Command of Indian Air Force has its current headquarter at Vayusena Nagar in Nagpur . It houses Mi - 8 helicopters and the IAF carriers IL - 76 and handles the maintenance , repair , and operations of all aircraft , helicopters and other equipment . The ordnance factory and staff college of ordnance factory Ambajhari and National Academy of Defence Production for Group A officer of ordnance factories are in the western part of the city . Sitabuldi Fort is managed by the 118th infantry battalion of the Indian Army and citizens are allowed to visit the premises on certain days . The ' raison d'être ' for Kamptee , the military cantonment , is still operational . Kamptee Cantonment houses the Officers Training Academy for National Cadets Corps , which is the only one of its kind . It is also the home of one of the oldest and most respected regiments in the Indian Army , the Brigade of the Guards . Guards , located at Kamptee , are the only group in the Indian Army which have won two PVC ( Param Veer Chakra ) , the highest gallantry awarded to soldiers for wartime operations . There are also other important units such as the Institute of Military Law and a well equipped military hospital to care for the health of the soldiers . The Army Postal Service centre is also operational in the cantonment since 1948 , to provide training to personnel of Department of Post who volunteer themselves for the Army . Nagpur 's National Civil Defence College provides civil defence and disaster management training to pupils from all over India and abroad . Indian Air Force 's giant IL - 76 transport planes nicknamed `` Gajraj '' are also based in Nagpur . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) ( show ) Nagpur population Census Pop . % ± 1981 1,219,500 -- 1991 1,664,000 36.4 % 2,129,500 28.0 % 2011 2,405,665 13.0 % Source : Census of India Religions in Nagpur Religion Percent Hindus 59.46 % Buddhist 25.57 % Muslims 11.95 % Christian 1.15 % Jains 0.90 % Sikhs 0.68 % Others † 0.30 % Distribution of religions † Includes People with no particular religion . As of the 2011 census , Nagpur municipality has a population of 2,405,665 . The total population constitute , 1,225,405 males and 1,180,270 females . The total children ( ages 0 -- 6 ) are 247,078 , of whom 128,290 are boys and 118,788 are girls . Children form 10.27 % of total population of Nagpur . The total number of slums number 179,952 , in which 859,487 people reside . This is around 35.73 % of the total population of Nagpur . The municipality has a sex ratio of 963 females per 1,000 males and child sex ratio of 926 girls per 1,000 boys . 1,984,123 people are literate , of whom 1,036,097 are male and 948,026 are female . Average literacy rate of Nagpur city are 91.92 % . Men are 94.44 % and women are 89.31 % literate . The urban agglomeration has a population of 3602341 with 1 , 887532 males and 1714809females . Religion and language ( edit ) Hinduism is majority religion in Nagpur city with 59.46 % followers . Buddhism is second most popular religion in Nagpur city with 25.57 % following it . In Nagpur city , Islam is followed by 11.95 % , Christianity by 1.15 % , Jainism by 0.90 % and Sikhism by 0.68 % . Around 0.10 % stated ' Other Religion ' and approximately 0.20 % stated ' No Particular Religion ' . In Nagpur , Marathi is the official language of the city . Due to the city 's cosmopolitan nature , the language is heavily influenced by neighbouring state languages . Many of the slang words in Nagpur are a combination of Hindi and Marathi . Also the Marathi spoken in the city is quite distinct that from western Maharashtra . English language is mostly spoken in the academics and offices . Economy ( edit ) Nagpur is an emerging metropolis . In 2004 , it was ranked the fastest - growing city in India in terms of the number of households with an annual income of Rs 1 crore ( 10 million ) or more . Nagpur has been the main centre of commerce in the region of Vidarbha since its early days and is an important trading location . Although , Nagpur 's economic importance gradually declined relative to Mumbai and Pune after the merging of Vidarbha into the Maharashtra because of a period of neglect by the state government , the city 's economy later recovered . During the slowdown , state and central government offices were a major source of employment . Sitabuldi Market , one of the busiest commercial areas of Nagpur Nagpur branch of the Reserve Bank of India Nagpur 's economy has recovered from past slowdowns and the city has attracted ₹ 5000 crore in investment in 2004 . It was ranked the 14th most competitive city in the country by the Institute for Competitiveness in its 2014 report . Its per capita income was ₹ 123,610 ( US $1,900 ) in 2015 . The city is important for the banking sector as it hosts the regional office of Reserve Bank of India , which was opened on 10 September 1956 . The Reserve Bank of India has two branches in Nagpur , one of which houses India 's entire gold assets . Sitabuldi market in central Nagpur , known as the heart of the city , is the major commercial market area . Nagpur is home to ice - cream manufacturer Dinshaws , Indian dry food manufacturer Haldiram 's international , Indian ready - to - cook food manufacturer Actchawa and Ayurvedic products company Vicco and Baidyanath . For centuries , Nagpur has been famous for its orange gardens in the country , hence the name `` Orange City '' . Orange cultivation has been expanding and it is the biggest marketplace for oranges in the country . The Maharashtra Agro Industrial Development Corporation has its multi fruit processing division called Nagpur Orange Grower 's Association ( NOGA ) which has an installed capacity of 4,950 MT of fruits per annum . Orange is also exported to various regions in the country as well to other countries . Nagpur is also famous for the cotton and silk which is woven by its large Koshti population of handloom weavers which are around 5000 . Nagpur and the Vidarbha region have a very prominent power sector as compared to the rest of Maharashtra . Koradi Thermal Power Station and Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station are two major thermal power stations located near Nagpur and operated by MSPGCL . NTPC has a super thermal power plant called Mauda Super Thermal Power Station in Mauda around 40 km from Nagpur and Vidarbha Industries Power Limited ( a subsidiary of Reliance Power ) is situated in Butibori TCS Campus in MIHAN Nagpur The Multi-modal International Hub Airport at Nagpur ( MIHAN ) is a project for the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport , Nagpur . It is the biggest economical development project currently underway in India in terms of investments . The project aims to exploit the central location of Nagpur and convert the airport into a major cargo hub with integrated road and rail connectivity . This project consists of two parts : An international airport to act as a cargo hub and A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ ) with residential zone covering an area of 40.25 km2 on the southern end of Nagpur . The government of Maharashtra formed a special purpose entity , Maharashtra Airport Development Company , for the development of MIHAN . The project is financed by Indian banks with a loan of INR 3,000 million along with investment from the state government and Airports Authority of India . With a projected target of serving 14 million passengers and handling 0.87 million tons of cargo , this is one of the largest aviation projects in India . The estimated capital cost of the project is INR 2581 crores ( by the year 2035 ) and it is supposed to generate revenues INR 5280 crores . Persistent Campus at IT Park , Parsodi TCS , India 's largest IT company , has build its campus on a 50 - acre area in the MIHAN SEZ . Infosys has commenced its construction work for its Nagpur campus at MIHAN SEZ . Mahindra Satyam is also building its campus . TAL Manufacturing Solutions has its facility in the SEZ for manufacturing structural components for Boeing 's 787 Dreamliner aeroplane . Air India has its MRO Facility in the SEZ which was constructed by Boeing and is ready for commercial operation . Reliance Group has announced an Aerospace Park named Dhirubhai Ambani Aerospace Park ( DAAP ) in MIHAN which will be undertaken by Reliance Aerostructure Ltd . The project would be the first integrated facility in aerospace structure , engine design and manufacture , fabrication and platform integration in the country . The Butibori industrial area is one of the largest in Asia in terms of area . The estate 's largest unit is Indo Rama Synthetics , which manufactures synthetic polyester yarn . Other units in Butibori include the power transmission company Gammon India Limited ( T & D ) , Gammon India Ltd . ( Infra ) , KEC , ACE Refractories , Hyundai Unitech , ACC Nihon Castings Ltd and Electrolux . CEAT Tyres has announced its plans to invest Rs. 400 crore in a state - of - the - art tyre plant in Butibori , Nagpur . Devendra Fadnavis , Chief Minister of Maharashtra , laid the cornerstone for the plant that will be set up in three phases . In the first phase ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , Rs. 400 crore will be invested . The Hingna industrial estate on the western fringes of the city is made up of around 900 small and medium industrial units . The major ones among them are the tractor manufacturing plant of Mahindra and Mahindra , casting units of NECO Ltd. ( the country 's largest casting group ) , units of International Combustion , Bajaj Auto group , Candico ( the second largest confectionery manufacturing plant in India ) , Bharat Containers making aluminium aerosol cans , Ajanta toothbrushes and Sanvijay Group ( the largest steel rolling group of companies for long products in Central India ) . Kalmeshwar MIDC has almost 150 industrial plots . JSW Steel , KTM Textile , ESAB India Ltd , ZIM Pharma ltd , Metlok Pvt. Ltd. , Unijuels life sciences , Chemfield Pharmaceuticals Private Ltd. , Minex Injection Product Private Ltd. , Minex Metallurgical Co. Ltd. and Porohit Textile are a few big names . Owing to rich natural resources in the region , mining is a major activity . Several government organisations related to the mining industry are based in Nagpur , which includes Western Coalfields Limited ( one of the eight fully owned subsidiaries of Coal India Limited ) , MOIL and Indian Bureau of Mines . Education ( edit ) See also : List of educational institutions in Nagpur RSTM Nagpur University Campus College of Agriculture , Nagpur Nagpur is a major education hub in Central India . There are two types of schools in the city . NMC ( Government ) run schools and private schools run by trusts . These schools follow the 10 + 2 + 3 / 4 plan ( 15 years of schooling leading to the first degree ) , the first 10 years constituting school education consisting of four years primary level , three years of upper primary level and three years of high school level with a public examination at the end of 10th class and 12th class constituting the Secondary & Higher Secondary Board Examination respectively . This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study , or a professional degree course , such as law , engineering and medicine . These schools are governed by either of the following boards : Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education , Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) , Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) and The International Baccalaureate ( IB ) Admission to professional graduation colleges in Nagpur is through MHT - CET which is conducted by Government of Maharashtra . Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences ( established in 1885 as Morris college ) is an old college in the city . College of Agriculture is another old college in the city , founded in 1906 by the then British Government . It is one of the first five agriculture colleges in the country . Nagpur has four government medical colleges : Government Medical College , Indira Gandhi Government Medical College , Nagpur , Government Dental College and Government Ayurvedic College , and also a private MBBS institute , N.K.P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center . Medical colleges in the city are affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences . Nagpur has four state universities : Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University ( founded in 1923 as Nagpur University , one of the oldest in the country and having more than 600 affiliated colleges ) , Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University , Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University and Maharashtra National Law University . Most engineering colleges in the city are affiliated with Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University . Laxminarayan Institute of Technology ( established 1942 ) is a chemical engineering and technology institute located in Nagpur and managed directly by Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University . Government Polytechnic , Nagpur ( established 1914 ) is one of the oldest polytechnic in India . Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , is the only NIT in Maharashtra . Nagpur has two major management institutes , Indian Institute of Management and Institute of Management Technology . Nagpur also has other centrally funded institutes like National Power Training Institute , Central Institute for Cotton Research , Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research , Central Power Research Institute , National Academy of Direct Taxes , National Civil Defence College , National Research Centre for Citrus , Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation , and National Environmental Engineering Research Institute . Government Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya is also a premier institute in the city . Nagpur also has a IGNOU and YCMOU regional centre . Sports ( edit ) See also : Vidarbha cricket team Panoramic view of VCA stadium , Nagpur A view at NPL starting ceremony Nagpur is a big center for cricket in Vidarbha because of the Vidarbha Cricket Association . Vidarbha Cricket Association ( VCA ) is the governing body of cricket activities in the Vidarbha region in Maharashtra . It is affiliated to the Board of Control for Cricket in India . Nagpur is one of the few Indian cities that has more than one international cricket stadium , the older one being the Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground situated in Civil Lines , and the new one , the Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , inaugurated in 2008 is situated in Jamtha , Wardha Road on the outskirts of the city . Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium has been built on Wardha road with a seating capacity of 45,000 people at a cost of ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) . It is one of the fifteen test cricket venues in the country . Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground has been the venue for the 1987 Reliance World Cup and 1996 Wills World Cup . Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium has been the venue for the 2011 Cricket World Cup and 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . The stadium also hosts certain matches of the Indian Premier League and had been the home city for the now defunct Deccan Chargers in the 2010 season and will be a home city for Kings XI Punjab along with Mohali in the 2016 season . Vidarbha Cricket Association also has a residential cricket academy at the main centre in Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground and three more centres . Vidarbha Hockey Association is a body governing Hockey in the Vidarbha Region and is affiliated to Hockey India as an associate member . Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium is the hockey ground owned and managed by Vidarbha Hockey Association . Western India Football Association is the state governing body for football in Maharashtra , and is affiliated with the All India Football Federation , the national sports governing body . The Nagpur District Football Association is a district level football body and conducts various matches among the schools and clubs . It has its own league . Lokmat NPL ( Nagpur Premier League ) , another football tournament , is held at Nagpur annually and was started in 2010 by Lokmat Group in Yeshwant Stadium . Nagpur FC and YMFC are renowned football clubs in the city . Other Clubs include , Rabbani Club , Rahul Club , City Police , South East Central Railway , Qidwai Club , SRPF , New Globe and City Club . Nagpur FC has its own Football Academy in Dhanwate National College , Congress Nagar . Slum Soccer is a social initiative started by Vijay Barse for young runaways and former drug addicts to rehabilitate them through football . Culture ( edit ) Cultural events and literature ( edit ) The city contains people from other Indian states as well as people belonging to the world 's major faiths , and yet is known for staying calm during communal conflicts in India . Nagpur plays host to cultural events throughout the year . Cultural and literary societies in Nagpur include Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh ( for development of Marathi ) , Vidarbha Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti ( promotion and spreading Hindi ) and Vidarbha Hindi Sahitya Sammelan ( for promoting Hindi ) . Marathi Sahitya Sammelan , the conference on Marathi Literature were held twice in Nagpur city . Nagpur is the head office of Aadim Samvidhan Sanrakshan Samiti ( working for the rights of scheduled tribes ) The South Central Cultural Centre also sponsors cultural events in Nagpur city , such as the Orange City Craft Mela and Folk Dance Festival , Vidarbha which is noted for its numerous folk - dances . Newspapers are published from Nagpur in Marathi , English and Hindi . In addition , the Government of Maharashtra organises a week - long Kalidas Festival , a series of music and dance performances , by national level artists . Nagpur Municipal Corporation in partnership with Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation organises Nagpur Mohotsav at Yeshwant Stadium , in which many distinguish artists participate . The Nagpur Central Museum ( est. 1863 ) maintains collections are mainly for Vidarbha region . Three brothers Ghulam Ali ( Kotwal ) , Mohammad Saaduddin ( Subedar ) and Mohammad Saladuddin ( Minister and Kotwal ) from Jhajjar are remembered as great scholars of Urdu and Persian during the reign of Maharaja Senasaheb Subha Chhatrapati Raghuji Bapusaheb Bhonsle III . They founded ' Jhajjar Bagh ' at Hansapuri ( Now Mominpura ) . In this location , they built their residence ' Aina - e Mahal ' , a well and a Masjid ( now Masjid Ahle Hadith ) . ' Jhajjar Bagh ' also known as ' Subedar ka Bada ' was located where nowadays Mohammad Ali Road at Mominpura , Jamia Masjid , Mohammad Ali Sarai and Furqania Madrasa are located . The state government has approved a new safari park of international standards besides Gorewada Lake . In 2013 NMC erected the gigantic Namantar Shahid Smarak in memory of Namantar Andolan martyrs . Religious places and festivals ( edit ) Deeksha Bhoomi Deekshabhoomi , the largest hollow stupa or the largest dome shaped monument and an important place of the Buddhist movement , is located in Nagpur . Every year on the day of Vijayadashami , i.e. Dussehra , followers of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar visit Deekshabhoomi to mark the conversion ceremony of Ambedkar and his followers in Nagpur into Buddhism that took place on 14 October 1956 . It has been given ' A ' grade tourist place status by Maharashtra Government in March 2016 . 14 April , which is the birthdate of Dr. Ambedkar , is celebrated as Ambedkar Jayanti . Jainism has a good presence in Nagpur . There are nearly 30 Jain temples . The old ones are Sengan jain temple ladpura , parwarpura jain temple , kirana oli jain temple , and juna oli jain temple . In west Nagpur LAXMINAGAR Jain temple is more famous . The main idol is SHANTINATH bhagwan . The maanstambh , bahubali idol and small ratn idols are worth to watch . The paryushan is celebrated widely in jain temples . Paryushan activities are managed by young groups like JIYO GROUP . Shri Ganesh The most famous temple in Nagpur is Tekdi Ganesh Mandir , and is said to be one of the Swayambhu ( `` self - manifested '' ) temples in the city . Sri Poddareshwar Ram Mandir and Shri Mahalaxmi Devi temple of Koradi are important Hindu temples . Religious events are observed in the city throughout the year . Ram Navami is celebrated in Nagpur with shobha yatra with a procession of floats depicting events from the Ramayana . Processions are also held on important festivals of other religions such as Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din , Vijayadashami , Eid E Milad , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Mahavir Jayanti , Durga puja , Ganesh Chaturthi and Moharram . Like the rest of India , Nagpurkars celebrate major Hindu festivals like Diwali , Holi and Dussera with enthusiasm . Celebrations lasting for several days are held on Ganesh Chaturthi and Durga Puja festivals in virtually every small locality in the city . Dargah Baba Tajuddin The city also contains a sizable Muslim population , and famous places of worship for Muslims include the Jama Masjid - Mominpura and Bohri Jamatkhana - Itwari . The most famous shrine ( dargah ) of Hazrat Baba Tajuddin is at Tajabad . Annual Urs is celebrated in great enthusiasm and unity on 26th of Muharram. Nagpur Is also called as Tajpur as the holy shirine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Baba Tajuddin . The St. Francis De Sales Cathedral is located in Sadar as well as the All Saints Cathedral church . There are many south Indian temples in Nagpur like Sarveshwara Devalayam , where all south Indian festivals are celebrated like Sitarama Kalyanam , Radha Kalyanam Dhanurmasa celebration with Andal Kalyanam , Balaji temple in seminary hills where every year Bramhotsavam to lord Balaji and lord Kartikeya is celebrated here . There are 2 Ayyapa temples , one at Ayyapa Nagar and the other at Harihara Nagar , Raghvendraswami Mutt , Murugananda Swami Temple at Mohan Nagar , Nimishamba Devi temple Subramanyiam devastanam at Sitabuldi and many more such south Indian temples are here in Nagpur as there is quite a good populations of south Indians in Nagpur . Marbat Festival is a unique festival for Nagpur and is organised every year a day after the bullock festival of ' Pola ' . The tradition of taking out the Marbat processions of ' kali ' ( black ) and ' pivli ' ( yellow ) Marbats ( idols ) , started in 1880 in the eastern part of the city . A number of ' badgyas ' ( mascots ) , representing contemporary symbols of evil , comprise another feature of the annual processions . This festival dates back to the 19th century when the Bhonsla dynasty ruled . There is a Parsi Zoroastrian Agiary ( Dar - e-Meher ) in Nagpur , where the Parsi New Year is celebrated by the Parsi community in Nagpur . Arts and crafts ( edit ) The tradition of painting in Nagpur was patronised by the royal house of the Bhonsales as well as common people . Illustrated manuscripts of the Bhagavat , Jnaaneshwari , Shakuntala , Geetaetc and the folk patachitras related to some festivals are available besides murals . The community of artists was called chitaris ( painters ) , and this community has today turned to sculpting . Textile was once an important industry in Nagpur . Good quality cotton was produced in abundant quantities thanks to a suitable soil and climate . With the introduction of the railways , cotton sales and goods transport flourished . Besides cotton textiles , silk and wool weaving was also practised in the district . Silk sarees and pagota , patka , dhoti , and borders were woven with the silk thread . Cuisine ( edit ) See also : Haldiram 's The Vidharbha region has its own distinctive cuisine known as the Varhadi cuisine or Saoji cuisine . Saoji or Savji cuisine was the main cuisine of the Savji community . This traditional food is famous for its spicy taste . The special spices used in the gravy include black pepper , dry coriander , bay leaves , grey cardamom , cinnamon , cloves , and ample use of poppy seeds ( khus - khus ) . Non-vegetarian food especially chicken and mutton are commonly eaten in Saoji joints at Nagpur . There are numerous Savji bhojanalays in Nagpur which are so popular in Maharashtra that the renowned Indian chef Sanjeev Kapoor once featured Savji mutton on one of his TV shows and the recipe is listed on his website . Nagpur is also famous for its oranges , which have some typical qualities have recently begun to attract international attention . Numerous beverages are made out of the oranges and the orange burfi is a very famous preparation . Nagpur is also world - famous for tarri poha and has many food joints , each having their own way of preparing and serving it . The most famous food joint serving tarri poha is Rupam Pohewala who has a makeshift arrangement in a footpath beside Kasturchand Park in Kingsway . Samosas are also famous in Nagpur and is available at many restaurants and food spots , among which Priti Corner and Samosawala near Shankar Nagar is very famous among the youth population . Another famous food Patodi & Kadhi , which is served by Patodiwala 's joint , near the collectors office , beside district court is loved by many people in Nagpur and is famous among the office goers . Nagpur also has a prominent `` dhaba '' culture due to the various important highways crossing through the city . Most of these dhabas are situated on the city outskirts along the highway and are mostly open 24 / 7 . The dhabas cater to all the demographics from families to young professionals to students to truck drivers . The food served is mostly spicy vegetable and non-vegetable preparations along with alcohol . One more thing that the orange city is famous for is `` orange barfi '' from Haldiram Sweets , Nagpur 's most famous sweets store . Haldiram 's sweets and namkeens are extensively given on all festival occasions such as Diwali , Holi , Rakshabandhan and Ganesh festival . Media ( edit ) The Hitavada is the largest selling broadsheet English daily newspaper of Central India . It was founded in 1911 by freedom fighter Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Nagpur . Other English dailies circulated in the city include The Times of India , The Indian Express , The Economic Times and Lokmat Times . Lokmat is one of the oldest Marathi newspapers in Nagpur , and has its administrative office in the city . Tarun Bharat , Deshonatti , Maharashtra Times , Punya Nagari , Lokshahi Varta , Sakal , Divya Marathi and Loksatta are other Marathi dailies available . Hindi newspapers such as Yugdharma , Nava Bharat , Dainik Bhaskar and Lokmat Samachar are also circulated . Employment News , which is published weekly , is also circulated in Hindi , English and Urdu . Nagpur has also an e-newspaper called Nagpur Today . All India Radio is the oldest radio broadcaster in the city and has its office in the Civil Lines area . Vividh Bharati , the entertainment radio station , and Gyan Vani , the educational radio station , are the FM radio stations of All India Radio and are available in the frequency 100.6 FM & 107.8 FM respectively . Other private FM broadcasting channels with their frequencies include Radio City at 91.1 FM , Red FM at 93.5 FM , My FM at 94.3 FM , Radio Mirchi at 98.3 FM , Mirchi Love FM at 91.9 FM and Big FM at 92.7 FM . Television broadcasting in Nagpur began in 1972 with the launch of Doordarshan , the Government of India 's public service broadcaster . It transmits DD National and DD News , which are free - to - air terrestrial television channels and one regional satellite channel called DD Sahyadri . Private satellite channels started in the 1990s . There is also a television channel based in the city called Lord Buddha TV , which was started in 2010 and mainly follows the Buddhist teachings and the Dalit movement in India . Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription , direct - broadcast satellite services or internet - based television . Cable TV operators or multi system operators in the city include UCN cable network , GTPL , In cable , BCN and Diamond cable network . All the DTH operators in the country are available in the city viz . Airtel digital TV , DD Free Dish , Dish TV , Sun Direct , Reliance Digital TV , Videocon d2h , and Tata Sky . Broadband Internet service is available in the city and is provided by various Internet service providers . Wifi is available in certain educational institutes and certain areas in the city . Currently 3G services in the city are provided by BSNL , Airtel , Tata Docomo , Vodafone & Idea Cellular , and 4G services in the city are provided by Airtel , Jio , Idea Cellular and Vodafone . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Nagpur Nagpur Junction Railway Station building Rail ( edit ) Main article : Nagpur Railway Station See also : Howrah - Nagpur - Mumbai line , Bengal Nagpur Railway , Bilaspur -- Nagpur section , Nagpur -- Bhusawal section , and Nagpur - majri jn - Ballarsha Railways started in Nagpur way back in 1867 when portion of Bombay - Bhusaval - Nagpur line was opened for traffic and train service from Nagpur to Calcutta was started in 1881 . Today , a total of 260 trains stop at Nagpur railway station . These include passenger , express , mail , Duronto , Rajdhani , Garib Rath trains . Of these 65 are daily trains and 26 terminate / originate from Nagpur . Almost 1.6 lakh passengers board / leave Nagpur Railway Station Nagpur railway station , one of the oldest and busiest Stations of India was inaugurated in its present from on 15 Jan 1925 by the then Governor Sir Frank . Apart from the Nagpur railway station , Ajni Railway Station and Itwari Railway Station are the important stations of the city . Other railway stations in the city include Motibagh , Kalamna and Godhani . Nagpur - Ajni rail route which is just 3 km long , is the shortest train run in Indian Railways primarily meant for crew to travel from Nagpur station to the workshop at Ajni . The city is the Divisional Headquarters for the Central Railway and South East Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways . Nagpur is a city with two divisional headquarters , a rare distinction it shares with Lucknow , which has headquarters for two different divisions in Northern Railway zone and North Eastern Railway zone . Nagpur Metro rail ( edit ) See also : Nagpur Metro The Nagpur Metro Rail project was announced by the state government of Maharashtra with the expenses of INR 4,400 Cr and 3,800 Cr for its first phase which consists of two corridors - North - South corridor and East - West corridor of 39.4 km . The site inspection began in March 2012 with initiatives from Nagpur Improvement Trust . The project is to be executed by a new company called Nagpur Metro Rail Co. Ltd . ( NMRCL ) formed under the trust . In July 2015 , the project was approved by the Government of Maharashtra . The work is expected to be completed by mid-2018 . Road ( edit ) NMPL bus in Nagpur Nagpur is a major junction for roadways as India 's two major national highways , Kanyakumari - Varanasi ( National Highway 7 ) and Hajira - Kolkata ( National Highway 6 ) pass through the city . Highway number 69 connects Nagpur to Obaidullaganj near Bhopal . Nagpur is at the junction of two Asian Highways namely AH43 Agra to Matara , Sri Lanka and AH46 connecting Kharagpur , India to Dhule , India . The new state highway , Nagpur -- Aurangabad -- Mumbai express highway , built on the national highway basis is also sanctioned by the state and central government . This highway significantly reduces the distance traveled by NH 6 and NH 3 between two cities . The new proposed Mumbai Nagpur Expressway between Nagpur and Mumbai will be 800 km and projected to be cost ₹ 30,000 crore ( US $4.6 billion ) . Nagpur auto rickshaw In 2009 , NHAI announced the extension of the existing NH 204 to Nagpur via Kolhapur - Sangli - Solapur - Tuljapur - Latur - Nanded - Yavatmal - Wardha and connecting it to the NH - 7 at Butibori near Nagpur . The entire NH 204 highway has been included in the national highway mega projects for upgradation to 4 - lane . One more national highway NH - 26 B Savner - Chhindwara - Narsinghpur has connected with NH 69 at Savner near Nagpur providing another optional connectivity with the northern part of India . Maharashtra State road transport Corporation ( MSRTC ) runs cheaper transport service for intercity , interstate , and intrastate travel . It has two bus stations in Nagpur : Nagpur Bus Sthanak ( CBS - 1 ) at Ganeshpeth and MorBhawan ( CBS - 2 ) at Jhansi Rani Square , Sitabuldi . It operates 1600 daily services from CBS - 1 to long and short distances within state and to places in other surrounding states . It also operates 750 daily services from CBS - 2 to short distances within Vidarbha . The civic body through its three operators ( 3 Red and 1 Green ) piles 375 buses by which over 1.6 Lakh people among which 28000 are students. 25 ethanol buses ply on city roads with 30 more on order. These buses are plying under public transport for the very first time in India. A total of 5500 trips of 123 routes are covered by city buses. A common mobility card has also been issued which will help people commute with buses and upcoming metro rail. url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/nagpur/29468719_1_bus-operator-corporators-vansh-nimay-infratech work = The Times of India location = India title = NMC refuses action against city bus operator date = 24 April 2011 ) ) A Green Bus project featuring India 's first ethanol - powered buses was established in August 2014 . Air transport ( edit ) Main article : Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Further information : Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur Nagpur International Airport has the busiest air traffic control room in India . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport ( IATA : NAG , ICAO : VANP ) is operated by Mihan India Private Limited ( MIPL ) and owned by Airports Authority of India . Nagpur 's Air Traffic Control ( ATC ) is the busiest in India , with more than 300 flights flying over the city every day in 2004 . In October 2005 , Nagpur 's Sonegaon Airport was declared an international airport and was renamed Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport . The Central government has plans to upgrade the airport by investing ₹ 1,500 crore ( US $230 million ) . For the upgradation of airport the MADC Board has approved the final tender documents and will invite tender soon . Nagpur is well connected by daily direct flights to Mumbai , Delhi , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Bangalore , Pune , Indore , Raipur operated by Air India , Jet Airways , JetKonnect , IndiGo , GoAir and TruJet . Air Arabia operates a 4 times a week to and fro flight between Nagpur and Sharjah and Qatar Airways operates a direct flight to Doha . The Nagpur Airport has received Special Achievement Award 2012 -- 2013 from Airports Authority of India . Nagpur became the first airport in India to commission the INDRA system and also has ADS - B system . No other airport in the country had commissioned INDRA yet . Nagpur airport became the first airport in the country to receive an ISO 27000 certificate . In fact , Nagpur is not only the first in India but also the first in world to be certified for Air navigation service provider ( ANSP ) . There are seven airports in the world which have ISO 27000 , but none of them have it for ANSP . Nagpur is currently witnessing an economic boom as the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur ( MIHAN ) is under development . MIHAN will be used for handling heavy cargo coming from south east Asia and the Middle East . The project will include ₹ 10,000 crore ( US $1.5 billion ) Special Economic Zone ( SEZ ) for information technology ( IT ) companies . The Government of India has identified Nagpur airport as one of the safe airports for diverted flights and emergency landing . In fact , many flights have used the airport during emergencies . This is because all international and domestic airlines had already been informed by the government to go to Nagpur during emergencies . The availability of excellent fire fighting equipment , air traffic control equipment and the latest radar , and being a city with good hospitals and hotels , made the airport a good choice during emergencies . Smart city project ( edit ) The Maharashtra government has appointed Larsen & Toubro ( L&T ) as the implementation partner to convert Orange City Nagpur into the country 's first large scale , integrated , smart city . The state government has also decided to develop the city complete with five hubs , from textile centres to defence sector . 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Jump up ^ `` Idea launches world - class , high - speed LTE services in Maharashtra and Goa '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 90 years of Nagpur station Building '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ daily. http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/heres-what-the-free-wi-fi-commitment-to-indian-railways-probably-costs-google-282772.html Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways -- 10 Interesting Facts '' . 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur metro rail project report to be ready in 6 months : Prithviraj Chavan '' . Times of India , 22 Dec 2011 Jump up ^ `` Part of Nagpur metro may be along road '' . Times of India , 23 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` Nagpur metro site inspection begins '' . Indian Express , 3 Mar 2012 Jump up ^ `` Nagpur , Pune Metro projects get central nod '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metro rail bhoomipuja on March 1 or 2 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Deshpande , Vivek ( 4 May 2006 ) . `` Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack '' . The Indian Express . India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra plans 800 - km Mumbai - Nagpur expressway '' . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur gets India 's first ethanol - run bus '' . Times of India . 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur : South Asia 's emergent hub '' . The India Brand Equity Foundation . Retrieved 4 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur Airport being renamed '' . The Hindu . 15 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Centre to invest Rs 1,500 cr for city airport 's upgrade -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur MIHAN projects : State takes 8 plots back from companies sitting idle '' . 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trujet 's Nagpur - Hyd daily flight from Mar 20 -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Says , George ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Qatar Airways resumes Nagpur service near seven - year hiatus '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack '' . The Indian Express . India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L&T gets Maharashtra government contract to convert Nagpur into smart city '' . 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur and China 's Jinan are now sister cities '' . 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Nagpur . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nagpur . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nagpur . Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Nagpur '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Beach , Chandler B. , ed. ( 1914 ) . `` Nagpur '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . Chicago : F.E. Compton and Co . Nagpur topics History Ideology Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Dalit Buddhist movement B.R. Ambedkar Vidarbha Vidarbha movement Vidarbha State Varhadi dialect Nagpur Gond Bhonsle Nagpur kingdom Nagpur Province Central Provinces Central Provinces and Berar Sitabuldi Fort Namantar Andolan 1927 riots Gowari stampede Civic Nagpur Municipal Corporation ( NMC ) Nagpur Improvement Trust Nagpur District Nagpur Division Greater Nagpur Metropolitan Area Nagpur Police Nagpur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Ramtek ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Landmarks Buildings Vasantrao Deshpande Hall Suresh Bhat Auditorium IMA Hall Chitnavis Centre Old Civil Station Council Hall Nagpur Vidhan Bhawan High Court Nagpur Raj Bhawan Forts Nagardhan Fort Ramtek Fort Sitabuldi Fort Religious place Deekshabhoomi Dragon Palace Temple Balaji Temple Ganesh Tekdi Mandir Adasa Paradsinga Swaminarayan Temple Koradi Temple Hazrat Baba Tajjuddin Dargah Nav Gazern Ali Baba Tajabad Sharif Angelican Cathedrals of Nagpur Park and Zoo Seminary Hill Telangkhedi Garden Satpuda Botanical Garden Japanese Garden Ambazari Park Dr Babasaheb Ambekar Udhyan Traffic Park Maharajbagh zoo Kasturchand Park Sakkardara Lake side garden Square Zero Mile RBI Square Shankar Nagar Square Variety Square Museum Narrow gauge rail museum Raman Science Centre Nagpur Central Museum Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Museum Wildlife Tadoba - Andhari Tiger Reserve Pench National Park Nagzira - Navegaon Tiger Reserve Melghat Tiger Reserve Bor Tiger Reserve Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary Geography Godavari basin Nag River Gorewada Lake Ambazari Lake Futala Lake Shukrawari Lake Khernakala Khindsi Lake Zilpi Lake Sonegaon Lake Pioli river Culture Varhadi cuisine Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh Vidarbha Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti Vidarbha Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Marathi Sahitya Sammelan Orange City Craft Mela and Folk Dance Festival Aadim Sanvidhan Sanrakshan Samiti Nagpur Central Museum City Areas Greater Nagpur Metropolitan Area Dhantoli Itwari Sitabuldi Mominpura Dharampeth Civil Lines Gandhibagh Nandanvan Kalamna Wardhamaan Nagar Seminary Hills Police Line Takli Mankapur Pachpaoli Vayusena Nagar Ravi Nagar Byramji Town Chaoni Mangalwari Gaddi Godam Pratap Nagar Ajni Pardhi Indora Maskasath Media Lokmat Tarun Bharat Deshonatti Maharashtra Times Punya Nagari Lokshahi Varta Sakal Loksatta Yugdharma Nava Bharat Dainik Bhaskar Lokmat Samachar The Hitavada The Indian Express Nagpur Today The Times Of India The Economic Times Lokmat Times Vividh Bharati Radio Mirchi Red FM All India Radio 94.3 FM Gyan Vani Radio City Education Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Indian Institute of Management Nagpur Indian Institute of Information Technology , Nagpur Government Medical College ( Nagpur ) Government College of Engineering , Nagpur Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Laxminarayan Institute of Technology Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University Institute of Management Technology , Nagpur National Power Training Institute National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research List of educational institutions in Nagpur Transport Nagpur railway station Howrah - Nagpur - Mumbai line Bengal Nagpur Railway Bilaspur -- Nagpur section Nagpur -- Bhusawal section Nagpur - Nagbhir Nagpur - Chhindwara Nagpur Metro Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport MIHAN Nagpur Bus Stand Nagpur Mahanagar Parivahan Limited Nagpur -- Aurangabad -- Mumbai express highway Mumbai Nagpur Expressway AH43 Economy Baidyanath Group Dinshaw 's Ice cream Haldiram 's Coca - Cola Indo Rama Mahindra and Mahindra Persistent Systems Candico Bajaj Auto Vicco Koradi Thermal Power Station Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station Western Coalfields Limited Coal India Sports Vidarbha Cricket Association Vidarbha cricket team Nagpur Premier League Nagpur Football Club Stadiums Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Yashwant Stadium Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium Vidarbha Largest city : Nagpur Second largest : Amravati Districts of Vidarbha Akola Amravati Bhandara Buldhana Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Washim Yavatmal Cities with municipal corporations Amravati Chandrapur Nagpur Portal : Maharashtra State of Maharashtra Capital : Mumbai Second capital : Nagpur Topics History Geography Economy Tourism Highest point Marathi language Culture Marathi people Marathi literature Marathi cinema Maharashtrian cuisine Sports Regions Desh Khandesh Konkan Mumbai Metropolitan Region Marathwada Vidarbha Divisions and Districts Amravati division Akola Amravati Buldhana Washim Yavatmal Konkan division Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Palghar Raigad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Thane Aurangabad division Aurangabad Beed Jalna Osmanabad Nanded Latur Parbhani Hingoli Nagpur division Bhandara Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Nashik division Ahmednagar Dhule Jalgaon Nandurbar Nashik Pune division Kolhapur Pune Sangli Satara Solapur Million - plus cities in Maharashtra Mumbai Pune Nagpur Aurangabad Nashik Solapur Thane Pimpri - Chinchwad Kalyan - Dombivali Vasai - Virar Navi Mumbai Other cities with municipal corporations Ahmednagar Akola Amravati Bhiwandi - Nizampur Chandrapur Dhule Jalgaon Kolhapur Latur Malegaon Mira - Bhayandar Nanded Panvel Parbhani Sangli Ulhasnagar Portal : Maharashtra Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Allahabad Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad VIAF : 143034896 GND : 4041149 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpur&oldid=828088776 '' Categories : Nagpur Cities and towns in Nagpur district Neighbourhoods in Maharashtra Vidarbha Cities in Maharashtra Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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where did the industrial revolution take place in britain	The Industrial belt of Britain stretched from the Scottish lowlands to the valleys of southern Wales . The establishment of major factory centers helped develop networks of canals , roads , and railroads . Some of these major factory centers are Derby shire , Lancashire , Cheshire , Stafford shire , Nottingham shire , and Yorkshire . This is where the proletariat class was born . The Industrial Revolution helped create opportunities for employment for all members of the family . However , any improvement to the quality of life for the laboring class had come from a hard and bitter experience from factory labor .	stretched from the Scottish lowlands to the valleys of southern Wales	Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution	life in great britain during the industrial revolution	Industrial Revolution was the period encompassing the vast social and economic changes that resulted from the development of steam - powered machinery and mass - production methods . It began in about 1760 in Great Britain and extending through some of the first half of the nineteenth century . The lives of large sections of the population of Great Britain underwent massive changes during the industrial revolution . Work became more regimented and disciplined and began to take place outside the home . A movement of the population to the cities from the countryside produced dramatic changes in lifestyle .	The Industrial belt of Britain stretched from the Scottish lowlands to the valleys of southern Wales . The establishment of major factory centers helped develop networks of canals , roads , and railroads . Some of these major factory centers are Derby shire , Lancashire , Cheshire , Stafford shire , Nottingham shire , and Yorkshire . This is where the proletariat class was born . The Industrial Revolution helped create opportunities for employment for all members of the family . However , any improvement to the quality of life for the laboring class had come from a hard and bitter experience from factory labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Impacts on society 1.1 Children 1.2 Change of society 1.3 Change of family structure 2 Life affected from working conditions 2.1 Reforms for change 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Impacts on society ( edit ) Children ( edit ) It is generally agreed that the impact of the industrial revolution was negative for children . In the industrial districts , children tended to enter the workforce at younger ages . Many of the new factory owners preferred to employ children as they viewed them as more docile tractable than adults . Although most families channeled their children 's earnings into providing a better diet for them , the physical toll of working in the factories was very great and led to detrimental outcomes for children . Children were preferred workers in textile mills because they worked for lower wages . Child laborers tended to be orphans , children of widows , or from the poorest families . Children were needed for low pay , and nimble fingers . Child labor was not an invention of the industrial revolution , they were first exploited by their parents on the farm . Now for the first time in history children were an important factor of an economic system , but at a terrible price . Children were required to work under machines and were constantly cleaning and oiling tight areas . Young children were worked to near exhaustion , to such an extent that they would fall asleep over machines . If they were caught sleeping or showed up to work late , they were beaten and tortured by their supervisors . Cruelty and torture was enacted on children by master - manufacturers to maintain high output or to keep them awake . The children 's bodies become crooked and deformed from the work in the mills and factories . Their bodies and bones became so weak that they could n't hold themselves up , and their backs permanently hunched . Children in the mines did not have it any better . They would start working at the age of 4 or 5 , both boys and girls . A large proportion of children working in the mines were under 13 and a larger proportion from ages of 13 - 18 . Mines were not built for stability , rather , they were small and low and children were needed to crawl through them . The conditions in the mines were not remotely safe , children would often have limbs crippled , and bodies distorted or be killed . Children could get lost within the mines for days at a time . The air in the mines was injuring to breathe and could caused painful and fatal diseases . Change of society ( edit ) The impact of the industrial revolution on adults is more complex and has been the subject of extensive debate amongst historians for the past one hundred years . Optimists have argued that industrialisation brought higher wages and better living standards to most people . Pessimists have argued that these gains have been over-exaggerated . They argue that wages did not rise significantly during this period , and furthermore , that whatever economic gains were actually made - these must be offset against the worsening health and housing of the new urban sectors . Since the 1990s , many contributions to the standard of living debate has tilted towards the pessimist interpretation . Most of the work has been within the economic history framework . There have been attempts to measure variables such as real wages , mortality , and heights . More recently the historian Emma Griffin has marked a departure from this approach by using a large number of working - class autobiographies to consider how working people themselves conceived of these changes . She has argued that some working men did see improvements in their lives at this time , through higher wages and a greater degree of autonomy and self - determination . Change of family structure ( edit ) The traditional marriage of the laboring class during the Georgian society , women would marry men of the same social status . Example , a shoemaker 's daughter would marry a shoemaker 's son . And marriage outside this norm was not common . Marriage during the Industrial Revolution shifted from this tradition to a more sociable union between wife and husband in the laboring class . Women and men tended to marry someone from the same job , geographical location or from the same social group . But throughout the Industrial Revolution miners were the exception of this new trend . A coal miner 's daughter would marry a coal miner 's son . The traditional work sphere was dictated by the father , and he controlled the pace of work for his family . However , factories and mills undermined the old patriarchal authority . Factories put husbands , wives and child under the same conditions and authority of the manufacturer masters . The norm for women in the latter half of the Industrial Revolution , who worked in the factories or mills tended not to have children or already had children that were grown up . However , Mothers who worked in the factories and mills would often use narcotics to put their small infants to sleep . This was a common trend , because mothers would work 14 to 16 hours a day , leaving their infant with a babysitter for most of the day . Narcotics such as Godfrey , including ingredients of opium , treacle , water and spices . Mothers would , use Godfrey / opium on their small infants as much as three times a day , one before work , one after in the afternoon tea time , and last one when they get home off work . Infant mortality rate in some areas were as high 16.7 % and Godfrey / opium did contribute to the cause of mortality . Life affected from working conditions ( edit ) Safety was very poor in early industrial factories and mines and there was no injury compensation for the workers as well . The injuries from machinery could cause whole fingers to be cut off , mild burns , severe arm and leg injuries , amputation of limbs and death . However , diseases and cancer were the most common health issues that had long - term effects to the workers . Cotton mills , coal mines , iron - works , and brick factories all had bad air , which caused chest diseases , coughs , blood - spitting , hard breathing , pains in chest , and sleepless nights for the workers . Housing for the workers was overcrowded and unclean , making it suitable for the hazards of typhoid , cholera , and smallpox . Workers during these times did not have sick days , and forced themselves to work to provide money to support the family . Traditionally women and girls were always in charge of cleaning the house , but since the women were spending just as much time working as the men , they had no time to clean the house . The housing was tiny , dirty , and sickly for the working laboring class during the Industrial Revolution , and the workers had no personal time to clean or change their own atmosphere even if they wished to . Reforms for change ( edit ) Main article : Factory Acts The first factory act Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 tried to help the condition for workers . The act tried to make factory owners more responsible for the housing and clothing for the workers , but with little success . This act was never put into practice , because magistrates fail to stop or forced mill masters . The 1819 Cotton Mills and Factories Act forbade the employment of children in cotton mills of children under the age of 9 . Limited the hours of work for children 9 - 16 to 12 hours . This act is a major step towards a better life for children . They were less likely to fall asleep during work , therefore less injuries and beating to occur to them in the work place . Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819 Set the minimum working age to 9 Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day Michael Sadler was one of the pioneers in addressing the living and working conditions of the industrial workers . In 1832 , he led a parliamentary investigation of the conditions of the textile workers . The Ashley Commission was another investigation committee that studied the plight of the mine workers . What came out of the investigation was that with increased productivity the number of working hours of the wage workers also doubled in many cases . The efforts of Michael Sadler and the Ashley Commission resulted in the passage of the 1833 act which limited the number of work hours for women and children and money babies . This bill made children from ages 9 to 18 not to work more than 48 hours a week , and spend two hours at school during work hours . The Act also created the factory inspector and provided for routine inspections of factories . This guaranteed that factories will follow laws of the reforms . According to a cotton manufacturer , `` We have never worked more than seventy - one hours a week before Sir John Hobhouse 's Act was passed . We then came down to sixty - nine ; and since Lord Althorp 's Act was passed , in 1833 , we have reduced the time of adults to sixty - seven and a half hours a week , and that of children under thirteen years of age to forty - eight hours in the week , though to do this latter has , I must admit , subjected us to much inconvenience , but the elder hands to more , inasmuch as the relief given to the child is in some measure imposed on the adult . '' Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833 Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the law Set the maximum working in a week to 48 hours Made children to spend time in school First report for women and children in mines were in 1842 Mines and Collieries Act 1842 this act made children under the age 10 could not work in mines and also no women or girls could work in the mines as well . Second report for children commission 1843 reinforced this act to the public . Mines and Collieries Act 1842 Set a minimum age for children to work in mines at 10 Made it that no woman or girl could work in the mines The Factories Act 1844 made women and young adults work 12 - hour days and children from the ages 9 to 13 were to work 9 hour days . As well as making mill masters and owners more account for injuries to workers . The Factories Act 1847 or also known was the ten - hour bill , made it law that women and young people work 10 hours , and maximum of 63 hours a week . The last two major Factory acts of the Industrial Revolution were introduced in 1850 , and 1856 . These acts made it that factories could no longer dictate work hours for women and children . They were to work from 6am to 6pm in the summer , and 7am to 7pm in the winter . These acts took a lot of power and authority away from the manufactures , and allowed women and children to have more personal time for the family and for themselves . Factories Act 1844 Limited working hour to 12 per day for women and children Set maximum working hours for children of 9 - 13 for 9 per day Mill owners are more account for protection for workers Ten Hours Bill 1847 Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children Set a maximum hours in a week to 63 for women and children Factories Act 1856 Factory masters could not dictate work hours Prevention of Cruelty to , and Protection of , Children Act 1889 founded to stop the abuse of children in the work and family sphere of life . The Elementary Education Act 1870 allowed all children within the United Kingdom to have access to education . Education was not made compulsory immediately ( not until 1880 ) since many factory owners feared the removal of children as a source of cheap labor . However , with the simple mathematics and English they were acquiring , factory owners now had workers who could read and make measurements . A great contribution to the factory . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maxine Berg , What Work did women 's work make to the industrial revolution , History Workshop Journal 1992 Jump up ^ `` Factory Labour and Physical Deformation '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ E.P. Thompson , The Making of the English Working Class ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Griffin , Emma . `` Liberty 's Dawn . A People 's History of the Industrial Revolution '' . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opium and Infant Mortality England '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century England '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . References ( edit ) Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World Princeton University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12135 - 2 . Mokyr , Joel . ( 1990 ) . The Lever of Riches - Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506113 - 6 . Stearns , Peter N. ( 1993 ) . The Industrial Revolution in World History . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8596 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Industrial Britain . The Industrial Revolution : An Introduction . The Growth of Victorian Railways . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Great_Britain_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=837089324 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution History of Great Britain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 17 : 03 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20in%20Great%20Britain%20during%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution	2,825
why have india and pakistan fought over kashmir			Kashmir Conflict	kashmir conflict	Ongoing	Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Siachen conflict Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Kargil War ( 1999 ) India -- Pakistan border skirmishes ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 2016 Kashmir unrest India -- Pakistan military confrontation Belligerents Pakistan Pakistan Rangers Pakistan Army Inter-Services Intelligence India Indian Army Border Security Force Central Reserve Police Force Research and Analysis Wing All Parties Hurriyat Conference Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Lashkar - e-Taiba Jaish - e-Mohammed Hizbul Mujahideen Harkat - ul - Mujahideen Al - Badr Supported by : Pakistan Commanders and leaders General Qamar Javed Bajwa Ram Nath Kovind General Bipin Rawat General Pranav Movva Lt. Gen. PC Bhardwaj Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha Pranay Sahay Amanullah Khan Hafiz Muhammad Saeed Maulana Masood Azhar Sayeed Salahudeen Fazlur Rehman Khalil Farooq Kashmiri Arfeen Bhai ( until 1998 ) Bakht Zameen Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan , having started just after the partition of India in 1947 . China has at times played a minor role . India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir , including the Indo - Pakistani Wars of 1947 and 1965 , as well as the Kargil War of 1999 . The two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier . India claims the entire princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , and , as of 2010 , administers approximately 43 % of the region . It controls Jammu , the Kashmir Valley , Ladakh , and the Siachen Glacier . India 's claims are contested by Pakistan , which administers approximately 37 % of the region , namely Azad Kashmir and Gilgit - Baltistan . China currently administers the remaining 20 % mostly uninhabited areas , the Shaksgam Valley , and the Aksai Chin region . China 's claim over these territories has been disputed by India since China took Aksai Chin during the Sino - Indian War of 1962 . The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley . The root of conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian government is tied to a dispute over local autonomy and based on the demand for self - determination . Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s , and by 1988 , many of the democratic reforms introduced by the Indian Government had been reversed . Non-violent channels for expressing discontent were thereafter limited and caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India . In 1987 , a disputed state election created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state 's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups . In July 1988 a series of demonstrations , strikes and attacks on the Indian Government began the Kashmir Insurgency . Although thousands of people have died as a result of the turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir , the conflict has become less deadly in recent years . Protest movements created to voice Kashmir 's disputes and grievances with the Indian government , specifically the Indian Military , have been active in Jammu and Kashmir since 1989 . Elections held in 2008 were generally regarded as fair by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and had a high voter turnout in spite of calls by separatist militants for a boycott . The election resulted in the creation of the pro-India Jammu and Kashmir National Conference , which then formed a government in the state . According to Voice of America , many analysts have interpreted the high voter turnout in this election as a sign that the people of Kashmir endorsed Indian rule in the state . But in 2010 unrest erupted after alleged fake encounter of local youth with security force . Thousands of youths pelted security forces with rocks , burned government offices and attacked railway stations and official vehicles in steadily intensifying violence . The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar - e-Taiba , a Pakistan - based militant group for stoking the 2010 protests . Elections held in 2014 saw highest voters turnout in 26 years of history in Jammu and Kashmir . However , analysts explain that the high voter turnout in Kashmir is not an endorsement of Indian rule by the Kashmiri population , rather most people vote for daily issues such as food and electricity . An opinion poll conducted by the Chatham House international affairs think tank found that in the Kashmir valley -- the mainly Muslim area in Indian Kashmir at the centre of the insurgency -- support for independence varies between 74 % to 95 % in its various districts . Support for remaining with India was , however , extremely high in predominantly Hindu Jammu and Buddhist Ladakh . According to scholars , Indian forces have committed many human rights abuses and acts of terror against Kashmiri civilian population including extrajudicial killing , rape , torture and enforced disappearances . Crimes by militants have also happened but are not comparable in scale with the crimes of Indian forces . According to Amnesty International , as of June 2015 , no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court , although there have been military court martials held . Amnesty International welcomed this move but cautioned that justice should be consistently delivered and prosecutions of security forces personnel be held in civilian courts . Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region . Kashmir 's accession to India was provisional , and conditional on a plebiscite , and for this reason had a different constitutional status to other Indian states . In October 2015 Jammu and Kashmir High Court said that article 370 is `` permanent '' and Jammu and Kashmir did not merge with India the way other princely states merged but retained special status and limited sovereignty under Indian constitution . In 2016 ( 8 July 2016 -- present ) unrest erupted after killing of a Hizbul Mujahideen militant Burhan Wani by Indian security forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 India -- Pakistan conflict 1.1 Early history 1.2 Partition and invasion 1.3 Accession 1.4 Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 1.5 UN mediation 1.6 Dixon Plan 1.7 1950 military standoff 1.8 Nehru 's plebiscite offer 1.9 Sino - Indian War 1.10 Operation Gibraltar and 1965 Indo - Pakistani war 1.11 1971 Indo - Pakistani war and Simla Agreement 2 Internal conflict 2.1 Political movements during the Dogra rule 2.2 Indian - administered Jammu and Kashmir 2.2. 1 Autonomy and plebiscite conundrum ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 2.2. 2 Period of integration and rise of Kashmiri nationalism ( 1954 -- 1974 ) 2.2. 3 Revival of National Conference ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 2.2. 4 Rise of the separatist movement and Islamism ( 1984 -- 1986 ) 3 Post-1987 insurgency in Indian administered Kashmir 3.1 1987 state elections 3.2 1989 popular insurgency and militancy 3.3 1999 Conflict in Kargil 3.4 2000s Al - Qaeda involvement 4 Reasons behind the dispute 4.1 Indian view 4.2 Pakistani view 4.3 Chinese view 4.4 Kashmiri views 5 Cross-border troubles 6 Pakistan 's relation with militants 7 Water dispute 8 Human rights abuses 8.1 Indian administered Kashmir 8.2 Pakistan administered Kashmir 8.2. 1 Azad Kashmir 8.2. 2 Gilgit - Baltistan 9 Map issues 10 Recent developments 10.1 Efforts to end the crisis 10.2 2008 militant attacks 10.3 2008 Kashmir protests 10.4 2008 Kashmir elections 10.5 2009 Kashmir protests 10.6 2010 Kashmir Unrest 10.7 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Elections 10.8 October 2014 10.9 July 2016 10.10 September 2016 11 United States positions on the Kashmir conflict 12 Issues surrounding plebiscite 12.1 UN Resolution 12.2 Instrument of Accession 12.3 Article 370 12.4 `` Nehru 's Promise '' 12.5 Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 12.6 Outlook Survey 12.7 Private Survey 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links India -- Pakistan Conflict Further information : Timeline of the Kashmir conflict Early History See also : History of Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir ( princely state ) According to the mid-12th century text Rajatarangini the Kashmir Valley was formerly a lake . Hindu mythology relates that the lake was drained by the sage Kashyapa , by cutting a gap in the hills at Baramulla ( Varaha - mula ) , and invited Brahmans to settle there . This remains the local tradition and Kashyapa is connected with the draining of the lake in traditional histories . The chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley is called Kashyapa - pura , which has been identified as Ancient Greek : Κασπάπυρος Kaspapyros in Hecataeus ( Apud Stephanus of Byzantium ) and the Kaspatyros of Herodotus ( 3.102 , 4.44 ) . Kashmir is also believed to be the country indicated by Ptolemy 's Kaspeiria . The Pashtun Durrani Empire ruled Kashmir in the 18th century until its 1819 conquest by the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh . The Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh , who was a vassal of the Sikh Empire and an influential noble in the Sikh court , sent expeditions to various border kingdoms and ended up encircling Kashmir by 1840 . Following the First Anglo - Sikh War ( 1845 -- 1846 ) , Kashmir was ceded under the Treaty of Lahore to the East India Company , which transferred it to Gulab Singh through the Treaty of Amritsar , in return for the payment of indemnity owed by the Sikh empire . Gulab Singh took the title of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir . From then until the 1947 Partition of India , Kashmir was ruled by the Maharajas of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu . According to the 1941 census , the state 's population was 77 percent Muslim , 20 percent Hindu and 3 percent others ( Sikhs and Buddhists ) . Despite its Muslim majority , the princely rule was an overwhelmingly Hindu state . The Muslim majority suffered under Hindu rule with high taxes and discrimination . Partition and invasion British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947 with the creation of new states : the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India , as the successor states to British India . The British Paramountcy over the 562 Indian princely states ended . According to the Indian Independence Act 1947 , `` the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses , and with it , all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States '' . States were thereafter left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent . Jammu and Kashmir , the largest of the princely states , had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh . He decided to stay independent because he expected that the State 's Muslims would be unhappy with accession to India , and the Hindus and Sikhs would become vulnerable if he joined Pakistan . On 11 August , the Maharaja dismissed his prime minister Ram Chandra Kak , who had advocated independence . Observers and scholars interpret this action as a tilt towards accession to India . Pakistanis decided to preempt this possibility by wresting Kashmir by force if necessary . Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join Pakistan . In July 1947 , Mohammad Ali Jinnah is believed to have written to the Maharaja promising `` every sort of favourable treatment , '' followed by lobbying of the State 's Prime Minister by leaders of Jinnah 's Muslim League party . Faced with the Maharaja 's indecision on accession , the Muslim League agents clandestinely worked in Poonch to encourage the local Muslims to an armed revolt , exploiting an internal unrest regarding economic grievances . The authorities in Pakistani Punjab waged a ' private war ' by obstructing supplies of fuel and essential commodities to the State . Later in September , Muslim League officials in the Northwest Frontier Province , including the Chief Minister Abdul Qayyum Khan , assisted and possibly organized a large - scale invasion of Kashmir by Pathan tribesmen . Several sources indicate that the plans were finalised on 12 September by the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , based on proposals prepared by Colonel Akbar Khan and Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan . One plan called for organising an armed insurgency in the western districts of the state and the other for organising a Pushtoon tribal invasion . Both were set in motion . The Jammu division of the state got caught up in the Partition violence . Large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from Rawalpindi and Sialkot started arriving in March 1947 , bringing `` harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities . '' This provoked counter-violence on Jammu Muslims , which had `` many parallels with that in Sialkot . '' According to scholar Ilyas Chattha . The violence in the eastern districts of Jammu that started in September , developed into a widespread ' massacre ' of Muslims around the October , organised by the Hindu Dogra troops of the State and perpetrated by the local Hindus , including members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , and the Hindus and Sikhs displaced from the neighbouring areas of West Pakistan . The Maharaja himself was implicated in some instances . A large number of Muslims were killed . Huge number of Muslims have fled to West Pakistan , some of whom made their way to the western districts of Poonch and Mirpur , which were undergoing rebellion . Many of these Muslims believed that the Maharaja ordered the killings in Jammu and instigated the Muslims in West Pakistan to join the uprising in Poonch and help in the formation of the Azad Kashmir government . The rebel forces in the western districts of Jammu got organised under the leadership of Sardar Ibrahim , a Muslim Conference leader . They took control of most of the western parts of the State by 22 October . On 24 October , they formed a provisional Azad Kashmir ( free Kashmir ) government based in Palandri . Accession The Instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India was accepted by the Governor General of India , Lord Mountbatten . Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan , the Maharaja 's nominee for his next prime minister , visited Nehru and Patel in Delhi on 19 September , requesting essential supplies which had been blockaded by Pakistan since the beginning of September . He communicated the Maharaja 's willingness to accede to India . Nehru , however , demanded that the jailed political leader , Sheikh Abdullah , be released from prison and involved in the state government . Only then would he allow the state to accede . The Maharaja released Sheikh Abdullah on 29 September . Before any further reforms were implemented , the Pakistani tribal invasion brought the matters to a head . Maharaja 's troops , heavily outnumbered and outgunned and facing internal rebellions from Muslim troops , had no chance of withstanding the attack . The Maharaja made an urgent plea to Delhi for military assistance . Upon the Governor General Lord Mountbatten 's insistence , India required the Maharaja to accede before it could send troops . Accordingly , the Maharaja signed an instrument of accession on 26 October 1947 , which was accepted by the Governor General the next day . While the Government of India accepted the accession , it added the proviso that it would be submitted to a `` reference to the people '' after the state is cleared of the invaders , since `` only the people , not the Maharaja , could decide where Kashmiris wanted to live . '' It was a provisional accession . National Conference , the largest political party in the State and headed by Sheikh Abdullah , endorsed the accession . In the words of the National Conference leader Syed Mir Qasim , India had the `` legal '' as well as `` moral '' justification to send in the army through the Maharaja 's accession and the people 's support of it . The Indian troops , which were air lifted in the early hours of 27 October , secured the Srinagar airport . The city of Srinagar was being patrolled by the National Conference volunteers with Hindus and Sikhs moving about freely among Muslims , an `` incredible sight '' to visiting journalists . The National Conference also worked with the Indian Army to secure the city . In the north of the state lay the Gilgit Agency , which had been leased by British India but returned to the Maharaja shortly before Independence . Gilgit 's population did not favour the State 's accession to India . Sensing their discontent , Major William Brown , the Maharaja 's commander of the Gilgit Scouts , mutinied on 1 November 1947 , overthrowing the Governor Ghansara Singh . The bloodless coup d'etat was planned by Brown to the last detail under the code name ' Datta Khel ' . Local leaders in Gilgit formed a provisional government ( Aburi Hakoomat ) , naming Raja Shah Rais Khan as the president and Mirza Hassan Khan as the commander - in - chief . But , Major Brown had already telegraphed Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan asking Pakistan to take over . According to historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash , the provisional government lacked sway over the population which had intense pro-Pakistan sentiments . Pakistan 's Political Agent , Khan Mohammad Alam Khan , arrived on 16 November and took over the administration of Gilgit . According to various scholars , the people of Gilgit as well as those of Chilas , Koh Ghizr , Ishkoman , Yasin , Punial , Hunza and Nagar joined Pakistan by choice . Indo - Pakistani war of 1947 Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Rebel forces from the western districts of the State and the Pakistani Pakhtoon tribesmen made rapid advances into the Baramulla sector . In the Kashmir valley , National Conference volunteers worked with the Indian Army to drive out the ' raiders ' . The resulting First Kashmir War lasted until the end of 1948 . The Pakistan army made available arms , ammunition and supplies to the rebel forces who were dubbed the ' Azad Army ' . Pakistani army officers ' conveniently ' on leave and the former officers of the Indian National Army were recruited to command the forces . In May 1948 , the Pakistani army officially entered the conflict , in theory to defend the Pakistan borders , but it made plans to push towards Jammu and cut the lines of communications of the Indian forces in the Mendhar valley . C. Christine Fair notes that this was the beginning of Pakistan using irregular forces and ' asymmetric warfare ' to ensure plausible deniability , which has continued ever since . On 1 November 1947 , Mountbatten flew to Lahore for a conference with Jinnah , proposing that , in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population ( which would have included Junagadh , Hyderabad as well as Kashmir ) , the accession should be decided by an ' impartial reference to the will of the people ' . Jinnah rejected the offer . According to Indian scholar A.G. Noorani Jinnah ended up squandering his leverage . According to Jinnah , India acquired the accession through `` fraud and violence . '' A plebiscite was unnecessary and states should accede according to their majority population . He was willing to urge Junagadh to accede to India in return for Kashmir . For a plebiscite , Jinnah demanded simultaneous troop withdrawal for he felt that ' the average Muslim would never have the courage to vote for Pakistan ' in the presence of Indian troops and with Sheikh Abdullah in power . When Mountbatten countered that the plebiscite could be conducted by the United Nations , Jinnah , hoping that the invasion would succeed and Pakistan might lose a plebiscite , again rejected the proposal , stating that the Governors Generals should conduct it instead . Mountbatten noted that it was untenable given his constitutional position and India did not accept Jinnah 's demand of removing Sheikh Abdullah . Prime Ministers Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan met again in December , when Nehru informed Khan of India 's intention to refer the dispute to the United Nations under article 35 of the UN Charter , which allows the member states to bring to the Security Council attention situations ' likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace ' . Nehru and other Indian leaders were afraid since 1947 that the `` temporary '' accession to India might act as an irritant to the bulk of the Muslims of Kashmir . Secretary in Patel 's Ministry of States , V.P. Menon , admitted in an interview in 1964 that India had been absolutely dishonest on the issue of plebiscite . A.G. Noorani blames many Indian and Pakistani leaders for the misery of Kashmiri people but says that Nehru was the main culprit . UN mediation Main article : UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute India sought resolution of the issue at the UN Security Council , despite Sheikh Abdullah 's opposition to it . Following the set - up of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan ( UNCIP ) , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948 . The measure called for an immediate cease - fire and called on the Government of Pakistan ' to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting . ' It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength , after which the circumstances for holding a plebiscite should be put into effect ' on the question of Accession of the state to India or Pakistan . ' However , it was not until 1 January 1949 that the ceasefire could be put into effect , signed by General Douglas Gracey on behalf of Pakistan and General Roy Bucher on behalf of India . However , both India and Pakistan failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences over interpretation of the procedure for and the extent of demilitarisation . One sticking point was whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or at the plebiscite stage . The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949 , trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan . It reported to the Security Council in August 1948 that `` the presence of troops of Pakistan '' inside Kashmir represented a `` material change '' in the situation . A two - part process was proposed for the withdrawal of forces . In the first part , Pakistan was to withdraw its forces as well as other Pakistani nationals from the state . In the second part , `` when the Commission shall have notified the Government of India '' that Pakistani withdrawal has been completed , India was to withdraw the bulk of its forces . After both the withdrawals were completed , a plebiscite would be held . The resolution was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan . The Indian government considered itself to be under legal possession of Jammu and Kashmir by virtue of the accession of the state . The assistance given by Pakistan to the rebel forces and the Pakhtoon tribes was held to be a hostile act and the further involvement of the Pakistan army was taken to be an invasion of Indian territory . From the Indian perspective , the plebiscite was meant to confirm the accession , which was in all respects already complete , and Pakistan could not aspire to an equal footing with India in the contest . The Pakistan government held that the state of Jammu and Kashmir had executed a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan which precluded it from entering into agreements with other countries . It also held that the Maharaja had no authority left to execute accession because his people had revolted and he had to flee the capital . It believed that the Azad Kashmir movement as well as the tribal incursions were indigenous and spontaneous , and Pakistan 's assistance to them was not open to criticism . In short , India required an asymmetric treatment of the two countries in the withdrawal arrangements , regarding Pakistan as an ' aggressor ' , whereas Pakistan insisted on parity . The UN mediators tended towards parity , which was not to India 's satisfaction . In the end , no withdrawal was ever carried out , India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first , and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterwards . No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarisation . Cold War historian Robert J. McMahon states that American officials increasingly blamed India for rejecting various UNCIP truce proposals under various dubious legal technicalities just to avoid a plebiscite . McMahon adds that they were ' right ' since a Muslim majority made a vote to join Pakistan the ' most likely outcome ' and postponing the plebiscite would serve India 's interests . Scholars have commented that the failure of the Security Council efforts of mediation owed to the fact that the Council regarded the issue as a purely political dispute without investigating its legal underpinnings . Declassified British papers indicate that Britain and US had let their Cold War calculations influence their policy in the UN , disregarding the merits of the case . Dixon plan Sir Owen Dixon , UN mediator The UNCIP appointed its successor , Sir Owen Dixon , to implement demilitarization prior to a statewide plebiscite on the basis of General McNaughton 's scheme , and to recommend solutions to the two governments . Dixon 's efforts for a statewide plebiscite came to naught due to India 's constant rejection of the various alternative demilitarisation proposals , for which Dixon rebuked India harshly . Dixon then offered an alternative proposal , widely known as the Dixon plan . Dixon did not view the state of Jammu and Kashmir as one homogeneous unit and therefore proposed that a plebiscite be limited to the Valley . Dixon agreed that people in Jammu and Ladakh were clearly in favour of India ; equally clearly , those in Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas wanted to be part of Pakistan . This left the Kashmir Valley and ' perhaps some adjacent country ' around Muzaffarabad in uncertain political terrain . Pakistan did not accept this plan because it believed that India 's commitment to a plebiscite for the whole state should not be abandoned . Dixon also had concerns that the Kashmiris , not being high - spirited people , may vote under fear or improper influences . Following Pakistan 's objections , he proposed that Sheikh Abdullah administration should be held in `` commission '' ( in abeyance ) while the plebiscite was held . This was not acceptable to India which rejected the Dixon plan . Another grounds for India 's rejection of the limited plebiscite was that it wanted Indian troops to remain in Kashmir for `` security purposes '' , but would not allow Pakistani troops the same . However , Dixon 's plan had encapsulated a withdrawal by both sides . Dixon had believed a neutral administration would be essential for a fair plebiscite . Dixon came to the conclusion that India would never agree to conditions and a demilitarization which would ensure a free and fair plebiscite . Dixon 's failure also compounded American ambassador Loy Henderson 's misgivings about Indian sincerity and he advised the USA to maintain a distance from the Kashmir dispute , which the US subsequently did , and leave the matter for Commonwealth nations to intervene in . 1950 military standoff The convening of the Constituent Assembly in Indian Kashmir in July 1950 proved contentious . Pakistan protested to the Security Council which informed India that this development conflicted with the parties ' commitments . The National Conference rejected this resolution and Nehru supported this by telling Dr Graham that he would receive no help in implementing the Resolution . A month later Nehru adopted a more conciliatory attitude , telling a press conference that the Assembly 's actions would not affect India 's plebiscite commitment . The delay caused frustration in Pakistan and Zafrullah Khan went on to say that Pakistan was not keeping a warlike mentality but did not know what Indian intransigence would lead Pakistan and its people to . India accused Pakistan of ceasefire violations and Nehru complained of ' warmongering propaganda ' in Pakistan . On 15 July 1951 the Pakistani Prime Minister complained that the bulk of the Indian Army was concentrated on the Indo - Pakistan border . The prime ministers of the two countries exchanged telegrams accusing each other of bad intentions . Liaquat Ali Khan rejected Nehru 's charge of warmongering propaganda . Khan called it a distortion of the Pakistani press ' discontent with India over its persistence in not holding a plebiscite and a misrepresentation of the desire to liberate Kashmir as an anti-Indian war . Khan also accused India of raising its defence budget in the past two years , a charge which Nehru rejected while expressing surprise at Khan 's dismissal of the ' virulent ' anti-Indian propaganda . Khan and Nehru also disagreed on the details of the no - war declarations . Khan then submitted a peace plan calling for a withdrawal of troops , settlement in Kashmir by plebiscite , renouncing the use of force , end to war propaganda and the signing of a no - war pact . Nehru did not accept the second and third components of this peace plan . The peace plan failed . While an opposition leader in Pakistan did call for war , leaders in both India and Pakistan did urge calm to avert disaster . The Commonwealth had taken up the Kashmir issue in January 1951 . Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies suggested that a Commonwealth force be stationed in Kashmir ; that a joint Indo - Pakistani force be stationed in Kashmir and the plebiscite administrator be entitled to raise local troops while the plebiscite would be held . Pakistan accepted these proposals but India rejected them because it did not want Pakistan , who was in India 's eyes the ' aggressor ' , to have an equal footing . The UN Security Council called on India and Pakistan to honour the resolutions of plebiscite both had accepted in 1948 and 1949 . The United States and Britain proposed that if the two could not reach an agreement then arbitration would be considered . Pakistan agreed but Nehru said he would not allow a third person to decide the fate of four million people . Korbel criticised India 's stance towards a '' valid '' and '' recommended technique of international co-operation . '' However , the peace was short - lived . Later by 1953 , Sheikh Abdullah , who was by then in favour of resolving Kashmir by a plebiscite , an idea which was `` anametha '' to the Indian government according to historian Zutshi , fell out with the Indian government . He was dismissed and imprisoned in August 1953 . His former deputy , Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was appointed as the prime minister , and Indian security forces were deployed in the Valley to control the streets . Nehru 's plebiscite offer Soon after the election of Bogra as Prime Minister in Pakistan he met Nehru in London . A second meeting followed in Delhi in the backdrop of unrest in Kashmir following Sheikh Abdullah 's arrest . The two sides agreed to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir . Scholar Noorani says the agreement Nehru reached with Bogra was only an act to quench the Kashmiri unrest although Raghavan disagrees . They also agreed informally to not retain the UN-appointed plebiscite administrator Nimitz because India felt a pro-Pakistan bias on America 's part . An outcry in Pakistan 's press against agreeing to India 's demand was ignored by both Bogra and Nehru who kept the negotiations on track . The USA in February 1954 announced that it wanted to provide military aid to Pakistan . The USA signed a military pact with Pakistan in May by which Pakistan would receive military equipment and training . The US President tried to alleviate India 's concerns by offering similar weaponry to India . This was an unsuccessful attempt . Nehru 's misgivings about the US - Pakistan pact made him hostile to a plebiscite . Consequently , when the pact was concluded in May 1954 , Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer and declared that the status quo was the only remaining option . Nehru 's withdrawal from the plebiscite option came a major blow to all concerned . Scholars have suggested that India was never seriously intent on holding a plebiscite , and the withdrawal came to signify a vindication of their belief . Indian writer Nirad C. Chaudhuri has observed that Pakistan 's acceptance of Western support ensured its survival . He believed that India intended to invade Pakistan twice or thrice during the period 1947 -- 1954 . For scholar Wayne Wilcox , Pakistan was able to find external support to counter `` Hindu superiority '' , returning to the group security position of the early 20th century . Sino - Indian war Main article : Sino - Indian War In 1962 , troops from the People 's Republic of China and India clashed in territory claimed by both . China won a swift victory in the war , resulting in Chinese annexation of the region they call Aksai Chin and which has continued since then . Another smaller area , the Trans - Karakoram , was demarcated as the Line of Control ( LOC ) between China and Pakistan , although some of the territory on the Chinese side is claimed by India to be part of Kashmir . The line that separates India from China in this region is known as the `` Line of Actual Control '' . Operation Gibraltar and 1965 Indo - Pakistani war Main articles : Operation Gibraltar , Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , and Tashkent Agreement Following its failure to seize Kashmir in 1947 , Pakistan supported numerous ' covert cells ' in Kashmir using operatives based in its New Delhi embassy . After its military pact with the United States in the 1950s , it intensively studied guerrilla warfare through engagement with the US military . In 1965 , it decided that the conditions were ripe for a successful guerilla war in Kashmir . Code named ' Operation Gibraltar ' , companies were dispatched into Indian - administered Kashmir , the majority of whose members were razakars ( volunteers ) and mujahideen recruited from Pakitan - administered Kashmir and trained by the Army . These irregular forces were supported by officers and men from the paramilitary Northern Light Infantry and Azad Kashmir Rifles as well as commandos from the Special Services Group . About 30,000 infiltrators are estimated to have been dispatched in August 1965 as part of the ' Operation Gibraltar ' . The plan was for the infiltrators to mingle with the local populace and incite them to rebellion . Meanwhile , guerilla warfare would commence , destroying bridges , tunnels and highways , as well as Indian Army installations and airfields , creating conditions for an ' armed insurrection ' in Kashmir . If the attempt failed , Pakistan hoped to have raised international attention to the Kashmir issue . Using the newly acquired sophisticated weapons through the American arms aid , Pakistan believed that it could achieve tactical victories in a quick limited war . However , the ' Operation Gibraltar ' ended in failure as the Kashmiris did not revolt . Instead , they turned in infiltrators to the Indian authorities in substantial numbers , and the Indian Army ended up fighting the Pakistani Army regulars . Pakistan claimed that the captured men were Kashmiri ' freedom fighters ' , a claim contradicted by the international media . On 1 September , Pakistan launched an attack across the Cease Fire Line , targeting Akhnoor in an effort to cut Indian communications into Kashmir . In response , India broadened the war by launching an attack on Pakistani Punjab across the international border . The war lasted till 23 September , ending in a stalemate . Following the Tashkent Agreement , both the sides withdrew to their pre-conflict positions , and agreed not to interfere in each other 's internal affairs . 1971 Indo - Pakistani war and Simla Agreement Main articles : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Simla Agreement The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 led to a loss for Pakistan and a military surrender in East Pakistan . Bangladesh got created as a separate state with India 's support and India emerged as a clear regional power in South Asia . A bilateral summit was held at Simla as a follow - up to the war , where India pushed for peace in South Asia . At stake were 5,139 square miles of Pakistan 's territory captured by India during the conflict , and over 90,000 prisoners of war held in Bangladesh . India was ready to return them in exchange for a `` durable solution '' to the Kashmir issue . Diplomat J.N. Dixit states that the negotiations at Simla were painful and tortuous , and almost broke down . The deadlock was broken in a personal meeting between the Prime Ministers Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi , where Bhutto acknowledged that the Kashmir issue should be finally resolved and removed as a hurdle in India - Pakistan relations ; that the cease - fire line , to be renamed the Line of Control , could be gradually converted into a de jure border between India and Pakistan ; and that he would take steps to integrate the Pakistani - controlled portions of Jammu and Kashmir into the federal territories of Pakistan . However , he requested that the formal declaration of the Agreement should not include a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute as it would endanger his fledgling civilian government and bring in military and other hardline elements into power in Pakistan . Accordingly , the Simla Agreement was formulated and signed by the two countries , whereby the countries resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations and to maintain the sanctity of the Line of Control . Multilateral negotiations were not ruled out , but they were conditional upon both sides agreeing to them . To India , this meant an end to the UN or other multilateral negotiations . However Pakistan reinterpreted the wording in the light of a reference to the `` UN charter '' in the agreement , and maintained that it could still approach the UN . The United States , United Kingdom and most Western governments agree with India 's interpretation . The Simla Agreement also stated that the two sides would meet again for establishing durable peace . Reportedly Bhutto asked for time to prepare the people of Pakistan and the National Assembly for a final settlement . Indian commentators state that he reneged on the promise . Bhutto told the National Assembly on 14 July that he forged an equal agreement from an unequal beginning and that he did not compromise on the right of self - determination for Jammu and Kashmir . The envisioned meeting never occurred . Internal Conflict Political movements during the Dogra rule Main article : Political movements in Kashmir during the Dogra rule Political movements in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir started in 1932 , earlier than in any other princely state of India . In that year , Sheikh Abdullah , a Kashmiri , and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas , a Jammuite , led the founding of the All - Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in order to agitate for the rights of Muslims in the state . In 1938 , they renamed the party National Conference in order to make it representative of all Kashmiris independent of religion . The move brought Abdullah closer to Jawaharlal Nehru , the rising leader of the Congress party . The National Conference eventually became a leading member of the All - India States Peoples ' Conference , a Congress - sponsored confederation of the political movements in the princely states . Three years later , rifts developed within the Conference owing to political , regional and ideological differences . A faction of the party 's leadership grew disenchanted with Abdullah 's leanings towards Nehru and the Congress , and his secularisation of Kashmiri politics . Consequently , Abbas broke away from the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference in 1941 , in collaboration with Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah . These developments indicated fissures between the ethnic Kashmiris and Jammuites , as well as between the Hindus and Muslims of Jammu . Muslims in the Jammu region were Punjabi - speaking and felt closer affinity to Punjabi Muslims than with the Valley Kashmiris . In due course , the Muslim Conference started aligning itself ideologically with the All - India Muslim League , and supported its call for an independent ' Pakistan ' . The Muslim Conference derived popular support among the Muslims of the Jammu region , and some from the Valley . Conversely , Abdullah 's National Conference enjoyed influence in the Valley . Chitralekha Zutshi states that the political loyalties of Valley Kashmiris were divided in 1947 , but the Muslim Conference failed to capitalise on it due its fractiousness and the lack of a distinct political programme . In 1946 , the National Conference launched the ' Quit Kashmir ' movement , asking the Maharaja to hand the power over to the people . The movement came under criticism from the Muslim Conference , who charged that Abdullah was doing it to boost his own popularity , waning because of his pro-India stance . Instead , the Muslim Conference launched a ' campaign of action ' similar to Muslim League 's programme in British India . Both Abdullah and Abbas were imprisoned . By 22 July 1947 , the Muslim Conference started calling for the state 's accession to Pakistan . The Dogra Hindus of Jammu were originally organised under the banner of All Jammu and Kashmir Rajya Hindu Sabha , with Prem Nath Dogra as a leading member . In 1942 , Balraj Madhok arrived in the state as a pracharak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . He established branches of the RSS in Jammu and later in the Kashmir Valley . Prem Nath Dogra was also the chairman ( sanghchalak ) of the RSS in Jammu . In May 1947 , following the Partition plan , the Hindu Sabha threw in its support to whatever the Maharaja might decide regarding the state 's status , which in effect meant support for the state 's independence . However , following the communal upheaval of the Partition and the tribal invasion , its position changed to supporting the accession of the state to India and , subsequently , full integration of Jammu with India . In November 1947 , shortly after the state 's accession to India , the Hindu leaders launched the Jammu Praja Parishad with the objective of achieving the `` full integration '' of Jammu and Kashmir with India , opposing the `` communist - dominated anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah . '' Indian - administered Jammu and Kashmir Autonomy and plebiscite Conundrum ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Article 370 was drafted in the Indian constitution granting special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir , as per Instrument of Accession . This article specifies that the State must concur in the application of laws by Indian parliament , except those that pertain to Communications , Defence and Foreign Affairs . Central Government could not exercise its power to interfere in any other areas of governance of the state . Sheikh Abdullah took oath as Prime Minister of the state on 17 March 1948 . In 1949 , the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to leave Jammu and Kashmir and yield the government to Sheikh Abdullah . Karan Singh , the son of the erstwhile Maharajah Hari Singh was made the Sadr - i - Riyasat ( Constitutional Head of State ) and the Governor of the state . Elections were held for the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir in 1951 , with 75 seats allocated for the Indian administered part of Kashmir , and 25 seats left reserved for the Pakistan administered part . Sheikh Abdullah 's National Conference won all 75 seats in a rigged election . In October 1951 , Jammu & Kashmir National Conference under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah formed the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir to formulate the Constitution of the state . Sheikh initially wanted the Constituent Assembly to decide the State 's accession . But this was not agreed to by Nehru , who stated that such `` underhand dealing '' would be very bad , as the matter was being decided by the UN . Sheikh Abdullah was said to have ruled the state in an undemocratic and authoritarian manner during this period . According to historian Zutshi , in the late 1940s , most Kashmiri Muslims in Indian Kashmir were still debating the value of the state 's association with India or Pakistan . By the 1950s , she says , the National Conference government 's repressive measures and the Indian state 's seeming determination to settle the state 's accession to India without a reference to the people of the state brought Kashmiri Muslims to extol the virtues of Pakistan and condemn India 's high - handedness in its occupation of the territory , and even those who had been in India 's favour began to speak in terms of the state 's association with Pakistan . In early 1949 , an agitation was started by Jammu Praja Parishad , a Hindu nationalist party which was active in the Jammu region , over the ruling National Conference 's policies . The government swiftly suppressed it by arresting as many as 294 members of the Praja Parishad including Prem Nath Dogra , its president . Though Sheikh 's land reforms were said to have benefited the people of rural areas , Praja Parishad opposed the ' Landed Estates Abolition Act ' , saying it was against the Indian Constitutional rights , for implementing land acquisition without compensation . Praja Parishad also called for the full integration with the rest of India , directly clashing with the demands of National Conference for complete autonomy of the state . On 15 January 1952 , students staged a demonstration against the hoisting of the state flag alongside the Indian Union flag . They were penalised , giving rise to a big procession on 8 February . The military was called out and a 72 - hour curfew imposed . N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar , the Indian Central Cabinet minister in charge of Kashmir affairs , came down to broker peace , which was resented by Sheikh Abdullah . In order to break the constitutional deadlock , Nehru invited the National Conference to send a delegation to Delhi . The ' 1952 Delhi Agreement ' was formulated to settle the extent of applicability of the Indian Constitution to the Jammu and Kashmir and the relation between the State and Centre . It was reached between Nehru and Abdullah on 24 July 1952 . Following this , the Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy in Kashmir , and adopted an elected Head of State ( Sadr - i Riyasat ) . However , the Assembly was reluctant to implement the remaining measures agreed to in the Delhi Agreement . In 1952 , Sheikh Abdullah drifted from his previous position of endorsing accession to India to insisting on the self - determination of Kashmiris . The Praja Parishad undertook a civil disobedience campaign for a third time in November 1952 , which again led to repression by the state government . The Parishad accused Abdullah of communalism ( sectarianism ) , favouring the Muslim interests in the state and sacrificing the interests of the others . The Jana Sangh joined hands with the Hindu Mahasabha and Ram Rajya Parishad to launch a parallel agitation in Delhi . In May 1953 , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , a prominent Indian leader of the time and the founder of Hindu nationalist party Bharatiya Jana Sangh ( later evolved as BJP ) , made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir after denying to take a permit , citing his rights as an Indian citizen to visit any part of the country . Abdullah prohibited his entry and promptly arrested him when he attempted . An estimated 10,000 activists were imprisoned in Jammu , Punjab and Delhi , including Members of Parliament . Unfortunately , Mukherjee died in detention on 23 June 1953 , leading to an uproar in whole India and precipitating a crisis that went out of control . Observers state that Abdullah became upset , as he felt , his `` absolute power '' was being compromised in India . Meanwhile , Nehru 's pledge of a referendum to people of Kashmir did not come into action . Sheikh Abdullah advocated complete independence and had allegedly joined hands with US to conspire against India . On 8 August 1953 , Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed as Prime Minister by the Sadr - i - Riyasat Karan Singh on the charge that he had lost the confidence of his cabinet . He was denied the opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house . He was also jailed in 1953 while Sheikh 's dissident deputy , Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was appointed as the new Prime Minister of the state . Period of integration and rise of Kashmiri nationalism ( 1954 -- 1974 ) From all the information I have , 95 per cent of Kashmir Muslims do not wish to be or remain Indian citizens . I doubt therefore the wisdom of trying to keep people by force where they do not wish to stay . This can not but have serious long - term political consequences , though immediately it may suit policy and please public opinion . -- Jayaprakash Narayan 's letter to Nehru , May 1 , 1956 . Bakshi Mohammad implemented all the measures of the ' 1952 Delhi Agreement ' . In May 1954 , as a subsequent to the Delhi agreement , The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 , is issued by the President of India under Article 370 , with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir . In that order , the Article 35A is added to the Constitution of India to empower the Jammu and Kashmir state 's legislature to define `` permanent residents '' of the state and provide special rights and privileges to those permanent residents . On 15 February 1954 , under the leadership of Bakshi Mohammad , the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir ratified the state 's accession to India . On 17 November 1956 , the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted by the Assembly and it came into full effect on 26 January 1957 . On 24 January 1957 , the UN passed a resolution stating that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not constitute a final disposition of the State , which needs to be carried out by a free and impartial plebiscite . After the overthrow of Sheikh Abdullah , his lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the Plebiscite Front on 9 August 1955 to fight for the plebiscite demand and the unconditional release of Sheikh Abdullah . The activities of the Plebiscite Front eventually led to the institution of the infamous Kashmir Conspiracy Case in 1958 and two other cases . On 8 August 1958 , Abdullah was arrested on the charges of these cases . India 's Home Minister , Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , during his visit to Srinagar in 1956 , declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India and there could be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh , hinting that India would resist plebiscite efforts from then on . After the mass unrest due to missing of holy relic from the Hazratbal Shrine on 27 December 1963 , the State Government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case as a diplomatic decision , on 8 April 1964 . Sheikh Abdullah was released and returned to Srinagar where he was accorded a great welcome by the people of the valley . After his release he was reconciled with Nehru . Nehru requested Sheikh Abdullah to act as a bridge between India and Pakistan and make President Ayub to agree to come to New Delhi for the talks for a final solution of the Kashmir problem . President Ayub Khan also sent telegrams to Nehru and Sheikh Abdullah with the message that as Pakistan too was a party to the Kashmir dispute any resolution of the conflict without its participation would not be acceptable to Pakistan . Sheikh Abdullah went to Pakistan in the spring of 1964 . President Ayub Khan of Pakistan held extensive talks with him to explore various avenues for solving the Kashmir problem and agreed to come to Delhi in mid June for talks with Nehru as suggested by him . Even the date of his proposed visit was fixed and communicated to New Delhi . However , while Abdullah was still in Pakistan , news came of the sudden death of Nehru on 27 May 1964 . The peace initiative died with Nehru . After Nehru 's death in 1964 , Abdullah was interned from 1965 to 1968 and exiled from Kashmir in 1971 for 18 months . The Plebiscite Front was also banned . This was allegedly done to prevent him and the Plebiscite Front which was supported by him , from taking part in elections in Kashmir . On 21 November 1964 , the Articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution were extended to the state , by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers . On 24 November 1964 , the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed a constitutional amendment changing the elected post of Sadr - i - Riyasat to a centrally - nominated post of `` Governor '' and renaming `` Prime Minister '' to `` Chief Minister '' , which is regarded as the `` end of the road '' for the Article 370 , and the Constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it . On 3 January 1965 , prior to 1967 Assembly elections , the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the Indian National Congress , as a marked centralising strategy . After Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , Kashmiri nationalists Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat , along with Hashim Qureshi , in 1966 , formed another Plebiscite Front in Azad Kashmir with an armed wing called the National Liberation Front ( NLF ) , with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation and then liberating the whole of Jammu and Kashmir . Later in 1976 , Maqbool Bhat is arrested on his return to the Valley . Amanullah Khan moved to England and there NLF was renamed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front ( JKLF ) . Shortly after 1965 war , Kashmiri Pandit activist and writer , Prem Nath Bazaz wrote that the overwhelming majority of Kashmir 's Muslims were unfriendly to India and wanted to get rid of the political setup , but did not want to use violence for this purpose . He added : `` It would take another quarter century of repression and generation turnover for the pacifist approach to yield decisively as armed struggle , qualifying Kashmiris as ' reluctant secessionists ' . '' In 1966 the Indian opposition leader Jayaprakash wrote to Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi that India rules Kashmir by force . Revival of National Conference ( 1975 -- 1983 ) In 1971 , the declaration of Bangladesh 's independence was proclaimed on 26 March by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War broke out in erstwhile East Pakistan between Pakistan and Bangladesh which was later joined by India , and subsequently war broke out on the western border of India between India and Pakistan , both of which culminated in the creation of Bangladesh . It is said that , Sheikh Abdullah , watching the alarming turn of events in the subcontinent , realized that for the survival of the region , there was an urgent need to stop pursuing confrontational politics and promoting solution of issues by a process of reconciliation and dialogue . Critics of Sheikh hold the view that he gave up the cherished goal of plebiscite for gaining Chief Minister 's chair . He started talks with the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for normalizing the situation in the region and came to an accord with her , called 1975 Indira - Sheikh accord , by giving up the demand for a plebiscite in lieu of the people being given the right to self - rule by a democratically elected Government ( as envisaged under article 370 of the Constitution of India ) , rather than the `` puppet government '' which is said to have ruled the state till then . Sheikh Abdullah revived the National Conference , and Mirza Afzal Beg 's Plebiscite Front was dissolved in the NC . Sheikh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir again after 11 years . Later in 1977 , the Central Government and the ruling Congress Party withdrew its support so that the State Assembly had to be dissolved and mid term elections called . Sheikh 's party National Conference won a majority ( 47 out of 74 seats ) in the subsequent elections , on the pledge to restore Jammu and Kashmir 's autonomy , and Sheikh Abdullah was re-elected as Chief Minister . The 1977 Assembly election is regarded as the first `` free and fair '' election in the Jammu and Kashmir state . He remained as Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir till his death in 1982 . Later his eldest son Farooq Abdullah succeeded him as the Chief Minister of the state . During the 1983 Assembly elections , Indira Gandhi campaigned aggressively , raising the bogey of a ' Muslim invasion ' in the Jammu region because of the Resettlement Bill , passed by the then NC government , which gave Kashmiris who left for Pakistan between 1947 and 1954 the right to return , reclaim their properties and resettle . On the other hand , Farooq Abdullah allied with the Mirwaiz Maulvi Mohammed Farooq for the elections and charged that the state 's autonomy had been eroded by successive Congress Party governments . The strategies yielded dividends and the Congress won 26 seats , while the NC secured 46 . Barring an odd constituency , all victories of the Congress were in the Jammu and Ladakh regions , while NC swept the Kashmir Valley . This election is said to have cemented the political polarization on religious lines in the Jammu and Kashmir state . After the results of the 1983 election , the Hindu nationalists in the state were demanding stricter central government control over the state whereas Kashmir 's Muslims wanted to preserve the state 's autonomy . Islamic fundamentalist groups clamoured for a plebiscite . Maulvi Farooq challenged the contention that there was no longer a dispute on Kashmir . He said that the people 's movement for plebiscite would not die even though India thought it did when Sheikh Abdullah died . In 1983 , learned men of Kashmiri politics testified that Kashmiris had always wanted to be independent . But the more serious - minded among them also realised that this is not possible , considering Kashmir 's size and borders . According to professor Mridu Rai , for three decades Delhi 's handpicked politicians in Kashmir had supported the State 's accession to India in return for generous disbursements from Delhi . Rai states that the state elections were conducted in Jammu and Kashmir , but except for the 1977 and 1983 elections no state election was fair . Kashmiri Pandit activist Prem Nath Bazaz wrote that if free elections were held , the majority of seats would be won by those not friendly to India . Rise of the separatist movement and islamism ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Increasing anti-Indian protests took place in Kashmir in the 1980s . The Soviet - Afghan jihad and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were becoming sources of inspiration for large numbers of Kashmiri Muslim youth . The state authorities responded with increasing use of brute force to simple economic demands . Both the pro-Independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front ( JKLF ) and the pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including JIJK mobilised the fast growing anti-Indian sentiments among the Kashmiri population . 1984 saw a pronounced rise in terrorist violence in Kashmir . When Kashmir Liberation Front militant Maqbool Bhat was executed in February 1984 , strikes and protests by Kashmiri nationalists broke out in the region . Large numbers of Kashmiri youth participated in widespread anti India demonstrations , which faced heavy handed reprisals by Indian state forces . Critics of the then Chief Minister , Farooq Abdullah , charged that Abdullah was losing control . His visit to Pakistan administered Kashmir became an embarrassment , where according to Hashim Qureshi , he shared a platform with Kashmir Liberation Front . Though Abdullah asserted that he went on behalf of Indira Gandhi and his father , so that sentiments there could `` be known first hand '' , few people believed him . There were also allegations that he had allowed Khalistan terrorist groups to train in Jammu province , although those allegations were never proved . On July 2 , 1984 , Ghulam Mohammad Shah , who had support from Indira Gandhi , replaced his brother - in - law Farooq Abdullah and became the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir , after Abdullah was dismissed , in what was termed as a political `` coup '' . In 1986 some members of the JKLF crossed over to Pakistan to receive arms training but the Jamaat Islami Jammu Kashmir , which saw Kashmiri nationalism as contradicting Islamic universalism and its own desire for merging with Pakistan , did not support the JKLF movement . As late as that year , Jamaat member Syed Ali Shah Geelani , who later became a supporter of Kashmir 's armed revolt , urged that the solution for the Kashmir issue be arrived at through peaceful and democratic means . To achieve its goal of self - determination for the people of Jammu and Kashmir the Jamaat e Islami 's stated position was that the Kashmir issues be resolved through constitutional means and dialogue . Shah 's administration , which did not have the people 's mandate , turned to Islamists and opponents of India , notably the Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari , Mohammad Shafi Qureshi and Mohinuddin Salati , to gain some legitimacy through religious sentiments . This gave political space to Islamists who previously lost overwhelmingly , allegedly due to massive rigging , in the 1983 state elections . In 1986 , Shah decided to construct a mosque within the premises of an ancient Hindu temple inside the New Civil Secretariat area in Jammu to be made available to the Muslim employees for ' Namaz ' . People of Jammu took to streets to protest against this decision , which led to a Hindu - Muslim clash . On his return to Kashmir valley in February 1986 , Gul Shah retaliated and incited the Kashmiri Muslims by saying Islam khatrey mein hey ( trans . Islam is in danger ) . As a result , communal violence gripped the region , in which Hindus were targeted , especially the Kashmiri pandits , who later in the year 1990 , fled the valley in large numbers . During the Anantnag riot in February 1986 , although no Hindu was killed , many houses and other properties belonging to Hindus were looted , burnt or damaged . An investigation of Anantnag riots revealed that members of the ' secular parties ' in the state , rather than the Islamists , had played a key role in organising the violence to gain political mileage through religious sentiments . Shah called in the army to curb the violence , but it had little effect . His government was dismissed on March 12 , 1986 , by the then Governor Jagmohan following communal riots in south Kashmir . This led Jagmohan to rule the state directly . Jagmohan is said to have failed to distinguish between the secular forms and Islamist expressions of Kashmiri identity , and hence saw that identity as a threat . This failure was exploited by the Islamists of the valley , who defied the ' Hindu nationalist ' policies implemented during Jagmohan 's tenure , and thereby gained momentum . The political fight was hence being portrayed as a conflict between `` Hindu '' New Delhi ( Central Government ) , and its efforts to impose its will in the state , and `` Muslim '' Kashmir , represented by political Islamists and clerics . Jagmohan 's pro-Hindu bias in the administration led to an increase in the appeal of the Muslim United Front . Post-1987 insurgency in Indian administered Kashmir 1987 state elections Main article : Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 1987 An alliance of Islamic parties organized into Muslim United Front ( MUF ) to contest the 1987 state elections . Culturally , the growing emphasis on secularism led to a backlash with Islamic parties becoming more popular . MUF 's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the Simla agreement , work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre . Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly . There was highest recorded participation in this election . Eighty per cent of the people in the Valley voted . MUF received victory in only 4 of the contested 43 electoral constituencies despite its high vote share of 31 per cent ( this means that its official vote in the Valley was larger than one - third ) . The elections were widespreadly believed to have been rigged by the ruling party National Conference , allied with the Indian National Congress . In the absence of rigging , commentators believe that the MUF could have won fifteen to twenty seats , a contention admitted by the National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah . Scholar Sumantra Bose , on the other hand . opines that the MUF would have won most of the constituencies in the Kashmir Valley . BBC reported that Khem Lata Wukhloo , who was a leader of the Congress party at the time , admitted the widespread rigging in Kashmir . He stated : `` I remember that there was a massive rigging in 1987 elections . The losing candidates were declared winners . It shook the ordinary people 's faith in the elections and the democratic process . '' 1989 popular insurgency and militancy Main article : Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir In the years since 1990 , the Kashmiri Muslims and the Indian government have conspired to abolish the complexities of Kashmiri civilization . The world it inhabited has vanished : the state government and the political class , the rule of law , almost all the Hindu inhabitants of the valley , alcohol , cinemas , cricket matches , picnics by moonlight in the saffron fields , schools , universities , an independent press , tourists and banks . In this reduction of civilian reality , the sights of Kashmir are redefined : not the lakes and Mogul gardens , or the storied triumphs of Kashmiri agriculture , handicrafts and cookery , but two entities that confront each other without intermediary : the mosque and the army camp . -- British journalist James Buchan In 1989 , a widespread popular and armed insurgency started in Kashmir . After the 1987 state legislative assembly election , some of the results were disputed . This resulted in the formation of militant wings and marked the beginning of the Mujahadeen insurgency , which continues to this day . India contends that the insurgency was largely started by Afghan mujahadeen who entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet -- Afghan War . Yasin Malik , a leader of one faction of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front , was one of the Kashmiris to organise militancy in Kashmir , along with Ashfaq Majeed Wani , Javaid Ahmad Mir , and Abdul Hamid Sheikh . Since 1995 , Malik has renounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolve the dispute . Malik developed differences with one of the senior leaders , Farooq Siddiqui ( alias Farooq Papa ) , for shunning demands for an independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with the Indian Prime Minister . This resulted in a split in which Bitta Karate , Salim Nanhaji , and other senior comrades joined Farooq Papa . Pakistan claims these insurgents are Jammu and Kashmir citizens , and are rising up against the Indian army as part of an independence movement . Amnesty International has accused security forces in Indian - controlled Kashmir of exploiting an Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act that enables them to `` hold prisoners without trial '' . The group argues that the law , which allows security forces to detain individuals for up to two years without presenting charges violates prisoners ' human rights . In 2011 , the state humans right commission said it had evidence that 2,156 bodies had been buried in 40 graves over the last 20 years . The authorities deny such accusations . The security forces say the unidentified dead are militants who may have originally come from outside India . They also say that many of the missing people have crossed into Pakistan - administered Kashmir to engage in militancy . However , according to the state human rights commission , among the identified bodies 574 were those of `` disappeared locals '' , and according to Amnesty International 's annual human rights report ( 2012 ) it was sufficient for `` belying the security forces ' claim that they were militants '' . India claims these insurgents are Islamic terrorist groups from Pakistan - administered Kashmir and Afghanistan , fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir a part of Pakistan . They claim Pakistan supplies munitions to the terrorists and trains them in Pakistan . India states that the terrorists have killed many citizens in Kashmir and committed human rights violations whilst denying that their own armed forces are responsible for human rights abuses . On a visit to Pakistan in 2006 , former Chief Minister of Kashmir Omar Abdullah remarked that foreign militants were engaged in reckless killings and mayhem in the name of religion . The Indian government has said militancy is now on the decline . The Pakistani government calls these insurgents `` Kashmiri freedom fighters '' , and claims that it provides them only moral and diplomatic support , although India believes they are Pakistan - supported terrorists from Pakistan Administered Kashmir . In October 2008 , President Asif Ali Zardari of Pakistan called the Kashmir separatists `` terrorists '' in an interview with The Wall Street Journal . These comments sparked outrage amongst many Kashmiris , some of whom defied a curfew imposed by the Indian army to burn him in effigy . In 2008 , pro-separatist leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq told the Washington Post that there has been a `` purely indigenous , purely Kashmiri '' peaceful protest movement alongside the insurgency in Indian - administered Kashmir since 1989 . The movement was created for the same reason as the insurgency and began after the disputed election of 1987 . According to the United Nations , the Kashmiris have grievances with the Indian government , specifically the Indian military , which has committed human rights violations . In 1994 , the NGO International Commission of Jurists sent a fact finding mission to Kashmir . The ICJ mission concluded that the right of self - determination to which the peoples of Jammu and Kashmir became entitled as part of the process of partition had neither been exercised nor abandoned , and thus remained exercisable . It further stated that as the people of Kashmir had a right of self - determination , it followed that their insurgency was legitimate . It , however , did not follow that Pakistan had a right to provide support for the militants . 1999 Conflict in Kargil Location of conflict . Main article : Kargil War In mid-1999 , alleged insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from Pakistani Kashmir infiltrated Jammu and Kashmir . During the winter season , Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes , as severe climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the Line of Control . This practice is followed by both India and Pakistan Army . The terrain makes it difficult for both sides to maintain a strict border control over Line of Control . The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied vacant mountain peaks in the Kargil range overlooking the highway in Indian Kashmir that connects Srinagar and Leh . By blocking the highway , they could cut off the only link between the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh . This resulted in a large - scale conflict between the Indian and Pakistani armies . The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories held by Pakistani forces . Fears of the Kargil War turning into a nuclear war provoked the then - United States President Bill Clinton to pressure Pakistan to retreat . The Pakistan Army withdrew their remaining troops from the area , ending the conflict . India regained control of the Kargil peaks , which they now patrol and monitor all year long . 2000s Al - Qaeda involvement Main article : Al - Qaeda See also : Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden In a ' Letter to American People ' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002 , he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America was because of its support for India on the Kashmir issue . While on a trip to Delhi in 2002 , US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al - Qaeda was active in Kashmir , though he did not have any hard evidence . An investigation by a Christian Science Monitor reporter in 2002 claimed to have unearthed evidence that Al - Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan - administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence agency ( ISI ) . In 2002 , a team comprising Special Air Service and Delta Force personnel was sent into Indian - administered Kashmir to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat - ul - Mujahideen . US officials believed that Al - Qaeda was helping organise a campaign of terror in Kashmir to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan . Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India , thereby relieving pressure on Al - Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan . US intelligence analysts say Al - Qaeda and Taliban operatives in Pakistan - administered Kashmir are helping terrorists trained in Afghanistan to infiltrate Indian - administered Kashmir . Fazlur Rehman Khalil , the leader of the Harkat - ul - Mujahideen , signed al - Qaeda 's 1998 declaration of holy war , which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies . In 2006 Al - Qaeda claim they have established a wing in Kashmir , which worried the Indian government . Indian Army Lieutenant General H.S. Panag , GOC - in - C Northern Command , told reporters that the army has ruled out the presence of Al - Qaeda in Indian - administered Jammu and Kashmir . He said that there no evidence to verify media reports of an Al - Qaeda presence in the state . He ruled out Al - Qaeda ties with the militant groups in Kashmir including Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed . However , he stated that they had information about Al Qaeda 's strong ties with Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed operations in Pakistan . While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010 , US Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al - Qaeda was seeking to destabilise the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan . In June 2011 , a US Drone strike killed Ilyas Kashmiri , chief of Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami , a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al - Qaeda . Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a ' prominent ' Al - Qaeda member , while others described him as the head of military operations for Al - Qaeda . Waziristan had by then become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants fighting NATO in support of Al - Qaeda . Ilyas Kashmiri was charged by the US in a plot against Jyllands - Posten , the Danish newspaper at the center of the Jyllands - Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy . In April 2012 , Farman Ali Shinwari a former member of Kashmiri separatist groups Harkat - ul - Mujahideen and Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami , was appointed chief of al - Qaeda in Pakistan . Reasons Behind the dispute This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Kashmir Conflict arose from the Partition of British India in 1947 into modern India and Pakistan . Both countries subsequently made claims to Kashmir , based on the history and religious affiliations of the Kashmiri people . The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , which lies strategically in the north - west of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan and China , was formerly ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh under the paramountcy of British India . In geographical and legal terms , the Maharaja could have joined either of the two new countries . Although urged by the Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten of Burma , to determine the future of his state before the transfer of power took place , Singh demurred . In October 1947 , incursions by Pakistan took place leading to a war , as a result of which the state of Jammu and Kashmir remains divided between India and Pakistan . Administered by Area Population % Muslim % Hindu % Buddhist % Other India Kashmir Valley ~ 4 million 95 % 4 % -- -- Jammu ~ 3 million 30 % 66 % -- 4 % Ladakh ~ 0.25 million 46 % -- 50 % 3 % Pakistan Gilgit - Baltistan ~ 1 million 99 % -- -- -- Azad Kashmir ~ 2.6 million 100 % -- -- -- China Aksai Chin -- -- -- -- -- Shaksgam Valley -- -- -- -- -- Statistics from the BBC report `` In Depth '' 525,000 refugees from Indian - administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947 -- 48 . 226,000 refugees from Pakistan - administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 -- 48 . A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian Administered Kashmir valley are internally displaced due to militancy in Kashmir about half of whom are Hindu pandits CIA Muslims form the majority in the Poonch , Rajouri , Kishtwar , and Doda districts of the Jammu region . Shia Muslims make up the majority in the Kargil district in the Ladakh region . India does not accept the two - nation theory and considers that Kashmir , despite being a Muslim - majority state , is in many ways an `` integral part '' of secular India . It is also worth noting that India has a Muslim population close to 177 Million very close to Pakistan which has a Muslim population of 178 Million . In fact , as per 2001 Census Muslim population in the State of Uttar Pradesh ( in India ) alone was around 30 million more than Jammu & Kashmir which is at around 6 million . Two - thirds of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , comprising Jammu , the Kashmir Valley , and the sparsely populated Buddhist area of Ladakh are controlled by India while one - third is administered by Pakistan . The latter includes a narrow strip of land called Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas , comprising the Gilgit Agency , Baltistan , and the former kingdoms of Hunza and Nagar . Attempts to resolve the dispute through political discussions have been unsuccessful . In September 1965 , war again broke out between Pakistan and India . The United Nations called for another cease - fire , and peace was restored following the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 , by which both nations returned to their original positions along the demarcated line . After the 1971 war and the creation of independent Bangladesh under the terms of the 1972 Simla Agreement between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan , it was agreed that neither country would seek to alter the cease - fire line in Kashmir , which was renamed as the Line of Control , `` unilaterally , irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations '' . Numerous violations of the Line of Control have occurred , including incursions by insurgents and Pakistani armed forces at Kargil leading to the Kargil war . There have also been sporadic clashes on the Siachen Glacier , where the Line of Control is not demarcated and both countries maintain forces at altitudes rising to 20,000 ft ( 6,100 m ) , with the Indian forces serving at higher altitudes . Indian view Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession in October 1947 under which he acceded the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India . India has officially stated that it believes that Kashmir to be an integral part of India , though the then Prime Minister of India , Manmohan Singh , stated after the 2010 Kashmir Unrest that his government was willing to grant autonomy to the region within the purview of Indian constitution if there was consensus among political parties on this issue . The Indian viewpoint is succinctly summarised by Ministry of External affairs , Government of India -- India holds that the Instrument of Accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India , signed by Maharaja Hari Singh ( erstwhile ruler of the State ) on 25 October 1947 and executed on 27 October 1947 between the ruler of Kashmir and the Governor General of India was a legal act and completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act ( 1935 ) , Indian Independence Act ( 1947 ) as well as under international law and as such was total and irrevocable . The Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir had unanimously ratified the Maharaja 's Instrument of Accession to India and adopted a constitution for the state that called for a perpetual merger of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India . India claims that the constituent assembly was a representative one , and that its views were those of the Kashmiri people at the time . United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 tacitly accepts India 's stand regarding all outstanding issues between India and Pakistan and urges the need to resolve the dispute through mutual dialogue without the need for a plebiscite in the framework of UN Charter . United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 can not be implemented since Pakistan failed to withdraw its forces from Kashmir , which was the first step in implementing the resolution . India is also of the view that Resolution 47 is obsolete , since the geography and demographics of the region have permanently altered since it adoption . The resolution was passed by United Nations Security Council under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter and as such is non-binding with no mandatory enforceability , as opposed to resolutions passed under Chapter VII . India does not accept the two - nation theory that forms the basis of Pakistan 's claims and considers that Kashmir , despite being a Muslim - majority state , is in many ways an `` integral part '' of secular India . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was provided with significant autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India . All differences between India and Pakistan , including Kashmir , need to be settled through bilateral negotiations as agreed to by the two countries under the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972 . Additional Indian viewpoints regarding the broader debate over the Kashmir conflict include -- In a diverse country like India , disaffection and discontent are not uncommon . Indian democracy has the necessary resilience to accommodate genuine grievances within the framework of India 's sovereignty , unity , and integrity . The Government of India has expressed its willingness to accommodate the legitimate political demands of the people of the state of Kashmir . Insurgency and terrorism in Kashmir is deliberately fuelled by Pakistan to create instability in the region . The Government of India has repeatedly accused Pakistan of waging a proxy war in Kashmir by providing weapons and financial assistance to terrorist groups in the region . Pakistan is trying to raise anti-India sentiment among the people of Kashmir by spreading false propaganda against India . According to the state government of Jammu and Kashmir , Pakistani radio and television channels deliberately spread `` hate and venom '' against India to alter Kashmiri opinion . India has asked the United Nations not to leave unchallenged or unaddressed the claims of moral , political , and diplomatic support for terrorism , which were clearly in contravention of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 . This is a Chapter VII resolution that makes it mandatory for member states to not provide active or passive support to terrorist organisations . Specifically , it has pointed out that the Pakistani government continues to support various terrorist organisations , such as Jaish - e-Mohammad and Lashkar - e-Taiba , in direct violation of this resolution . India points out reports by human rights organisations condemning Pakistan for the lack of civic liberties in Pakistan - administered Kashmir . According to India , most regions of Pakistani Kashmir , especially Northern Areas , continue to suffer from lack of political recognition , economic development , and basic fundamental rights . Karan Singh , the son of the last ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu , has said that the Instrument of Accession signed by his father was the same as signed by other states . He opined that Kashmir was therefore a part of India , and that its special status granted by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution stemmed from the fact that it had its own constitution . According to a poll in an Indian newspaper Indians were keener to keep control of Kashmir than Pakistanis. 67 % of urban Indians want New Delhi to be in full control of Kashmir . Michigan State University scholar Baljit Singh , interviewing Indian foreign policy experts in 1965 , found that 77 percent of them favoured discussions with Pakistan on all outstanding problems including the Kashmir dispute . However , only 17 percent were supportive of holding a plebiscite in Kashmir . The remaining 60 percent were pessimistic of a solution due to a distrust of Pakistan or a perception of threats to India 's internal institutions . They contended that India 's secularism was far from stable and the possibility of Kashmir separating from India or joining Pakistan would endanger Hindu -- Muslim relations in India . In 2008 , the death toll from the last 20 years was estimated by Indian authorities to be over 47,000 . In 2017 India 's Union Home Minister , Rajnath Singh , demanded that Pakistan desist from demanding a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir , saying : ' If at all a referendum is required , it is needed in Pakistan , where people should be asked whether they want to continue in Pakistan or are demanding the country 's merger with India ' . Pakistani view Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the `` jugular vein of Pakistan '' and a currently disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir . Pakistan 's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir , namely the Instrument of Accession . Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader , and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris . Pakistan maintains that the Maharaja used brute force to suppress the population . Pakistan claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India , and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the Standstill Agreement , which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir ( although India was not signatory to the Agreement , which was signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir ) . From 1990 to 1999 , some organisations reported that the Indian Armed Forces , its paramilitary groups , and counter-insurgent militias were responsible for the deaths of 4,501 Kashmiri civilians . During the same period , there were records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7 -- 70 being raped . Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organisations . In short , Pakistan holds that -- The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India . Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent . According to the two - nation theory , one of the principles that is cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan , Kashmir should have been with Pakistan , because it has a Muslim majority . India has shown disregard for the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state . The reason for India 's disregard of the resolutions of the UN Security Council was given by India 's Defense Minister , Kirshnan Menon , who said : `` Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive . ' ' Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian Army , because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was merely a British appointee , after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area before the British conquest . Pakistan has noted the widespread use of extrajudicial killings in Indian - administered Kashmir carried out by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters with militants . These encounters are commonplace in Indian - administered Kashmir . The encounters go largely uninvestigated by the authorities , and the perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution . Pakistan disputes claims by India with reference to the Simla Agreement that UN resolutions on Kashmir have lost their relevance . It argues that legally and politically , UN Resolutions can not be superseded without the UN Security Council adopting a resolution to that effect . It also maintains the Simla Agreement emphasised exploring a peaceful bilateral outcome , without excluding the role of UN and other negotiations . This is based on its interpretation of Article 1 ( i ) stating `` the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries '' . Human rights organisations have strongly condemned Indian troops for widespread rape and murder of innocent civilians while accusing these civilians of being militants . The Chenab formula was a compromise proposed in the 1960s , in which the Kashmir valley and other Muslim - dominated areas north of the Chenab river would go to Pakistan , and Jammu and other Hindu - dominated regions would go to India . A poll by an Indian newspaper shows 48 % of Pakistanis want Islamabad `` to take full control '' of Kashmir. 47 % of Pakistanis support Kashmiri independence . Former Pakistani president General Pervez Musharraf on 16 October 2014 said that Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir , `` We have source ( in Kashmir ) besides the ( Pakistan ) army ... People in Kashmir are fighting against ( India ) . We just need to incite them , '' Musharraf told a TV channel . In 2015 Pakistan 's outgoing National Security Advisor Sartaj Aziz said that Pakistan wished to have third party mediation on Kashmir , but it was unlikely to happen unless by international pressure . `` Under Shimla Accord it was decided that India and Pakistan would resolve their disputes bilaterally , '' Aziz said . `` Such bilateral talks have not yielded any results for the last 40 years . So then what is the solution ? '' Chinese view See also : Origins of the Sino - Indian border dispute China states that Aksai Chin is an integral part of China and does not recognise the inclusion of Aksai Chin as part of the Kashmir region . China did not accept the boundaries of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu , north of Aksai Chin and the Karakoram as proposed by the British . China settled its border disputes with Pakistan under the 1963 Trans Karakoram Tract with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute . Kashmiri views Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Kashmiris view Kashmir as having been ruled by their own in 1586 . Since then , they believe , it has been ruled in succession by the Mughals , Afghans , Sikhs , Dogras and , lately , the Indian government . Whitehead states that this is only partly true : the Mughals lavished much affection and resources on Kashmir , the Dogras made Srinagar their capital next only to their native Jammu city , and through much of the post-independence India , Kashmiri Muslims headed the state government . Yet Kashmiris bear an ' acute sense of grievance ' that they were not in control of their own fate for centurues . A.G. Noorani , a constitutional expert , says the people of Kashmir are ' very much ' a party to the dispute . According to an opinion poll conducted by Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in 2007 , 87 % of people in mainly Muslim Srinagar want independence , whereas 95 % of the people in the mainly Hindu Jammu city think the state should be part of India . The Kashmir Valley is the only region of the former princely state where the majority of the population is unhappy with its current status . The Hindus of Jammu and Buddhists of Ladakh are content under Indian administration . Muslims of Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas are content under Pakistani administration . Kashmir Valley 's Muslims want to change their national status to independence . Scholar A.G. Noorani testifies that Kashmiris want a plebiscite to achieve freedom . Zutshi states the people of Poonch and Gilgit may have had a chance to determine their future but the Kashmiri was lost in the process . Since the 1947 accession of Kashmir to India was provisional and conditional on the wishes of the people , the Kashmiris ' right to determine their future was recognised . Noorani notes that state elections do not satisfy this requirement . Kashmiris assert that except for 1977 and 1983 elections , no state election has been fair . According to scholar Sumantra Bose , India was determined to stop fair elections since that would have meant that elections would be won by those unfriendly to India . The Kashmiri people have still not been able to exercise the right to self - determination and this was the conclusion of the International Commission of Jurists in 1994 . Ayesha Parvez writes in The Hindu that high voter turnout in Kashmir can not be interpreted as a sign of acceptance of Indian rule . Voters vote due to varying factors such as development , effective local governance and economy . The Hurriyat parties do not want to participate in elections under the framework of the Indian Constitution . Elections held by India are seen as a diversion from the main issue of self - determination . Kashmiri opponents to Indian rule maintain that India has stationed 600,000 Indian troops in what is the highest ratio of troops to civilian density in the world . Kashmiri scholars say that India 's military occupation inflicts violence and humiliation on Kashmiris . Indian forces are responsible for human rights abuses and terror against the local population and have killed tens of thousands of civilians . India 's state forces have used rape as a cultural weapon of war against Kashmiris and rape has extraordinarily high incidence in Kashmir as compared to other conflict zones of the world . Militants are also guilty of crimes but their crimes can not be compared with the scale of abuses by Indian forces for which justice is yet to be delivered . Kashmiri scholars say that India 's reneging on promise of plebiscite , violations of constitutional provisions of Kashmir 's autonomy and subversion of the democratic process led to the rebellion of 1989 -- 1990 . According to scholar Mridu Rai , the majority of Kashmiri Muslims believe they are scarcely better off under Indian rule than the 101 years of Dogra rule . According to lawyer and human rights activist K. Balagopal , Kashmiris have a distinct sense of identity and this identity is certainly not irreligious , as Islam is very much a part of the identity that Kashmiris feel strongly for . He opined that if only non-religious identities deserve support , then no national self - determination movement can be supported , because there is no national identity -- at least in the Third World -- devoid of the religious dimension . Balagopal says that if India and Pakistan can not guarantee existence and peaceful development of independent Kashmir then Kashmiris may well choose Pakistan because of religious affinity and social and economic links . But if both can guarantee existence and peaceful development then most Kashmiris would prefer independent Kashmir . Cross-border troubles See also : Line of Control and Siachen Conflict The border and the Line of Control separating Indian and Pakistani Kashmir passes through some exceptionally difficult terrain . The world 's highest battleground , the Siachen Glacier , is a part of this difficult - to - man boundary . Even with 200,000 military personnel , India maintains that it is infeasible to place enough men to guard all sections of the border throughout the various seasons of the year . Pakistan has indirectly acquiesced its role in failing to prevent `` cross-border terrorism '' when it agreed to curb such activities after intense pressure from the Bush administration in mid-2002 . The Government of Pakistan has repeatedly claimed that by constructing a fence along the line of control , India is violating the Shimla Accord . India claims the construction of the fence has helped decrease armed infiltration into Indian - administered Kashmir . In 2002 , Pakistani President and Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf promised to check infiltration into Jammu and Kashmir . Pakistan 's relation with militants India has furnished documentary evidence to the United Nations that Pakistan supports Kashmiri militants , leading to a ban on some terrorist organisations , which Pakistan has yet to enforce . Former President of Pakistan and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military Pervez Musharraf , stated in an interview in London , that the Pakistani government indeed helped to form underground militant groups and `` turned a blind eye '' towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir . According to former Indian Prime - minister Manmohan Singh , one of the main reasons behind the conflict was Pakistan 's `` terror - induced coercion '' . He further stated at a Joint Press Conference with United States President Barack Obama in New Delhi that India is not afraid of resolving all the issues with Pakistan including that of Kashmir `` but it is our request that you can not simultaneously be talking and at the same time the terror machine is as active as ever before . Once Pakistan moves away from this terror - induced coercion , we will be very happy to engage productively with Pakistan to resolve all outstanding issues . '' In 2009 , the President of Pakistan Asif Zardari asserted at a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had indeed created Islamic militant groups as a strategic tool for use in its geostrategic agenda and `` to attack Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir '' . Former President of Pakistan and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military Pervez Musharraf also stated in an interview that Pakistani government helped to form underground militant groups to fight against Indian troops in Jammu and Kashmir and `` turned a blind eye '' towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir ... The British Government have formally accepted that there is a clear connection between Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) and three major militant outfits operating in Jammu and Kashmir , Lashkar - e-Tayiba , Jaish - e-Mohammed and Harkat - ul - Mujahideen . The militants are provided with `` weapons , training , advice and planning assistance '' in Punjab and Kashmir by the ISI which is `` coordinating the shipment of arms from the Pakistani side of Kashmir to the Indian side , where Muslim insurgents are waging a protracted war '' . Throughout the 1990s , the ISI maintained its relationship with extremist networks and militants that it had established during the Afghan war to utilise in its campaign against Indian forces in Kashmir . Joint Intelligence / North ( JIN ) has been accused of conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and also Afghanistan . The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau ( JSIB ) provide communications support to groups in Kashmir . According to Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon , both former members of the National Security Council , the ISI acted as a `` kind of terrorist conveyor belt '' radicalising young men in the Madrassas of Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al - Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks . Reportedly , about Rs. 24 million are paid out per month by the ISI to fund its activities in Jammu and Kashmir . Pro-Pakistani groups were reportedly favoured over other militant groups . Creation of six militant groups in Kashmir , which included Lashkar - e-Taiba ( LeT ) , was aided by the ISI . According to American Intelligence officials , ISI is still providing protection and help to LeT . The Pakistan Army and ISI also LeT volunteers to surreptitiously penetrate from Pakistan Administrated Kashmir to Jammu and Kashmir . In the past , Indian authorities have alleged several times that Pakistan has been involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir . Water dispute Another reason for the dispute over Kashmir is water . Kashmir is the source of many rivers and tributaries in the Indus River basin . This basin is divided between Pakistan , which has about 60 percent of the catchment area , India with about 20 percent , Afghanistan with 5 percent and around 15 percent in China ( Tibet autonomous region ) . The river tributaries are the Jhelum and Chenab rivers , which primarily flow into Pakistan , while other branches -- the Ravi , Beas , and the Sutlej -- irrigate northern India . The Indus is a river system that sustains communities in India and Pakistan . Both have extensively dammed the Indus River for irrigation of their crops and hydro - electricity systems . In arbitrating the conflict in 1947 , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , decided to demarcate the territories as he was unable to give to one or the other the control over the river as it was a main economic resource for both areas . The Line of Control ( LoC ) was recognised as an international border establishing that India would have control over the upper riparian and Pakistan over the lower riparian of the Indus and its tributaries . Despite appearing to be separate issues , the Kashmir dispute and the dispute over the water control are in reality related and the fight over the water remains one of the main problems in establishing good relations between the two countries . In 1948 , Eugene Black , then president of the World Bank , offered his services to solve the tension over water control . In the early days of independence , the fact that India was able to shut off the Central Bari Doab Canals at the time of the sowing season , causing significant damage to Pakistan 's crops . Nevertheless , military and political clashes over Kashmir in the early years of independence appear to have been more about ideology and sovereignty rather than over the sharing of water resources . However , the minister of Pakistan has stated the opposite . The Indus Waters Treaty was signed by both countries in September 1960 , giving exclusive rights over the three western rivers of the Indus river system ( Jhelum , Chenab and Indus ) to Pakistan , and over the three eastern rivers ( Sutlej , Ravi and Beas ) to India , as long as this does not reduce or delay the supply to Pakistan . India therefore maintains that they are not willing to break the established regulations and they see no more problems with this issue . Human rights abuses Main article : Human rights abuses in Kashmir Indian administered Kashmir Main article : Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Further information : Rape in the Kashmir conflict Human rights abuses such as extrajudicial killings and rapes have been committed by Indian forces in Kashmir . Militants have also committed crimes but their crimes pale in comparison to the crimes of Indian forces . Crimes by state forces are done inside Kashmir Valley which is the location of the present conflict . The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of the people of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir found that overall concern , in the entire state , over human rights abuses was 43 % . In the surveyed districts of the Muslim majority Kashmir Valley , where the desire for Independence is strongest , there was a high rate of concern over human rights abuses . ( 88 % in Baramulla , 87 % in Srinagar , 73 % in Anantnag and 55 % in Badgam ) . However , in the Hindu majority and Buddhist majority areas of the state , where pro-India sentiment is extremely strong , concern over human rights abuses was low ( only 3 % in Jammu expressed concerns over human rights abuses ) . According to Hon . Edolphus Towns of the American House of Representatives , around 90,000 Kashmiri Muslims have been killed by the Indian government since 1988 . Human Rights Watch says armed militant organizations in Kashmir have also targeted civilians , although not to the same extent as the Indian security forces . Since 1989 , over 50,000 people are claimed to have died during the conflict . Data released in 2011 by Jammu and Kashmir government stated that , in the last 21 years , 43,460 people have been killed in the Kashmir insurgency . Of these , 21,323 are militants , 13,226 civilians killed by militants , 3,642 civilians killed by security forces , and 5,369 policemen killed by militants , according to the Jammu and Kashmir government data . Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society says there have been 70,000 plus killings , a majority committed by the Indian armed forces . Several international agencies and the UN have reported human rights violations in Indian - administered Kashmir . In a 2008 press release the OHCHR spokesmen stated `` The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is concerned about the recent violent protests in Indian - administered Kashmir that have reportedly led to civilian casualties as well as restrictions to the right to freedom of assembly and expression . '' A 1996 Human Rights Watch report accuses the Indian military and Indian - government backed paramilitaries of `` committ ( ing ) serious and widespread human rights violations in Kashmir . '' Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society labels the happenings in Kashmir as war crimes and genocide and have issued a statement that those responsible should be tried in court of law . Some of the massacres by security forces include Gawakadal massacre , Zakoora and Tengpora massacre and Handwara massacre . Another such alleged massacre occurred on 6 January 1993 in the town of Sopore . TIME Magazine described the incident as such : `` In retaliation for the killing of one soldier , paramilitary forces rampaged through Sopore 's market , setting buildings ablaze and shooting bystanders . The Indian government pronounced the event ' unfortunate ' and claimed that an ammunition dump had been hit by gunfire , setting off fires that killed most of the victims . '' A state government inquiry into the 22 October 1993 Bijbehara killings , in which the Indian military fired on a procession and killed 40 people and injured 150 , found out that the firing by the forces was ' unprovoked ' and the claim of the military that it was in retaliation was ' concocted and baseless ' . However , the accused are still to be punished . In its report of September 2006 , Human Rights Watch stated : Indian security forces claim they are fighting to protect Kashmiris from militants and Islamic extremists , while militants claim they are fighting for Kashmiri independence and to defend Muslim Kashmiris from an abusive Indian army . In reality , both sides have committed widespread and numerous human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law ( or the laws of war ) . Many human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indians such as `` extra-judicial executions '' , `` disappearances '' , and torture . The `` Armed Forces Special Powers Act '' grants the military , wide powers of arrest , the right to shoot to kill , and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations . Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants . Such circumstances , they say , call for extraordinary measures . Human rights organisations have also asked the Indian government to repeal the Public Safety Act , since `` a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years without a court order . '' A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Indian Administered Kashmir was only ' partly free ' . A recent report by Amnesty International stated that up to 20,000 people have been detained under a law called AFSPA in Indian - administered Kashmir . Some human rights organisations have alleged that Indian Security forces have killed hundreds of Kashmiris through the indiscriminate use of force and torture , firing on demonstrations , custodial killings , encounters and detentions . The government of India denied that torture was widespread and stated that some custodial crimes may have taken place but that `` these are few and far between '' . According to cables leaked by the WikiLeaks website , US diplomats in 2005 were informed by the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) about the use of torture and sexual humiliation against hundreds of Kashmiri detainees by the security forces . The cable said Indian security forces relied on torture for confessions and that the human right abuses are believed to be condoned by the Indian government . SHRC also accused Indian army of forced labour . There have been claims of disappearances by the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organisations . Human rights groups in Kashmir have documented more than three hundred cases of `` disappearances '' since 1990 but lawyers believe the number to be far higher because many relatives of disappeared people fear reprisal if they contact a lawyer . In 2016 Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society said there are more than 8000 forced disappearances . State Human Rights Commission ( SHRC ) has found 2,730 bodies buried into unmarked graves , scattered in three districts -- Bandipora , Baramulla , and Kupwara -- of North Kashmir , believed to contain the remains of victims of unlawful killings and enforced disappearances by Indian security forces . SHRC stated that about 574 of these bodies have already been identified as those of disappeared locals . In 2012 , the Jammu and Kashmir State government stripped its State Information Commission ( SIC ) department of most powers after the commission asked the government to disclose information about the unmarked graves . This state action was reportedly denounced by the former National Chief Information Commissioner . Amnesty International has called on India to `` unequivocally condemn enforced disappearances '' and to ensure that impartial investigations are conducted into mass graves in its Kashmir region . The Indian state police confirms as many as 331 deaths while in custody and 111 enforced disappearances since 1989 . A report from the Indian Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) claimed that the seven people killed in 2000 by the Indian military , were innocent civilians . The Indian Army has decided to try the accused in the General Court Martial . It was also reported that the killings that were allegedly committed in `` cold - blood '' by the Army , were actually in retaliation for the murder of 36 civilians ( Sikhs ) by militants at Chattisingpora in 2000 . The official stance of the Indian Army was that , according to its own investigation , 97 % of the reports about human rights abuses have been found to be `` fake or motivated '' . However , there have been at least one case where civilians have been killed in ' fake encounters ' by Indian army personnel for cash rewards . According to a report by Human Rights Watch , Indian security forces have assaulted civilians during search operations , tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks . Rape most often occurs during crackdowns , cordon - and - search operations during which men are held for identification in parks or schoolyards while security forces search their homes . In these situations , the security forces frequently engage in collective punishment against the civilian population , most frequently by beating or otherwise assaulting residents , and burning their homes . Rape is used as a means of targetting women whom the security forces accuse of being militant sympathizers ; in raping them , the security forces are attempting to punish and humiliate the entire community . The allegation of mass rape incidents as well as forced disappearances are reflected in a Kashmiri short documentary film by an Independent Kashmiri film - maker , the Ocean of Tears produced by a non-governmental non-profit organisation called the Public Service Broadcasting Trust of India and approved by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ( India ) . The film depicts mass rape incidents in Kunan Poshpora and Shopian as facts and alleges that Indian Security Forces were responsible . Médecins Sans Frontières conducted a research survey in 2005 that found 11.6 % of the interviewees who took part had been victims of sexual abuse since 1989 . This empirical study found that witnesses to rape in Kashmir was comparatively far higher than the other conflict zones such as Sierra Lone and Sri Lanka. 63 % of people had heard of rape and 13 % of the people had witnessed a rape . Dr Seema Kazi holds the security forces more responsible for raping than militants due to rape by the former being larger in scale and frequency . In areas of militant activity the security forces use rape to destroy morale of Kashmiri resistance . Dr Seema Kazi says these rapes can not be ignored as rare occurrences nor should be ignored the documented acknowledgement of individual soldiers that they were ordered to rape . Kazi explains rape in Kashmir as a cultural weapon of war : In the particular context of Kashmir where an ethnic Muslim minority population is subject to the repressive dominance of a predominantly Hindu State , the sexual appropriation of Kashmiri women by State security forces exploits the cultural logic of rape whereby the sexual dishonour of individual women is coterminous with the subjection and subordination of Kashmiri men and the community at large . Former Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court noted in his report on human rights in Kashmir : ' ' It is hard to escape the conclusion that the security forces who are overwhelmingly Hindu and Sikh , see it as their duty to beat an alien population into submission . ' ' Some surveys have found that in the Kashmir region itself ( where the bulk of separatist and Indian military activity is concentrated ) , popular perception holds that the Indian Armed Forces are more to blame for human rights violations than the separatist groups . Amnesty International criticized the Indian Military regarding an incident on 22 April 1996 , when several armed forces personnel forcibly entered the house of a 32 - year - old woman in the village of Wawoosa in the Rangreth district of Jammu and Kashmir . They reportedly molested her 12 - year - old daughter and raped her other three daughters , aged 14 , 16 , and 18 . When another woman attempted to prevent the soldiers from attacking her two daughters , she was beaten . Soldiers reportedly told her 17 - year - old daughter to remove her clothes so that they could check whether she was hiding a gun . They molested her before leaving the house . According to an op - ed published in a BBC journal , the emphasis of the movement after 1989 , '' soon shifted from nationalism to Islam . '' It also claimed that the minority community of Kashmiri Pandits , who have lived in Kashmir for centuries , were forced to leave their homeland . Reports by the Indian government state 219 Kashmiri pandits were killed and around 140,000 migrated due to millitancy while over 3000 remained in the valley . The local organisation of Pandits in Kashmir , Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti claimed that 399 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by insurgents . Al Jazeera states that 650 Pandits were murdered by militants . Human Rights Watch also blamed Pakistan for supporting militants in Kashmir , in same 2006 report it says , `` There is considerable evidence that over many years Pakistan has provided Kashmiri militants with training , weapons , funding and sanctuary . Pakistan remains accountable for abuses committed by militants that it has armed and trained . '' Our people were killed . I saw a girl tortured with cigarette butts . Another man had his eyes pulled out and his body hung on a tree . The armed separatists used a chainsaw to cut our bodies into pieces . It was n't just the killing but the way they tortured and killed . -- A crying old Kashmiri Hindu in refugee camps of Jammu told BBC news reporter The violence was condemned and labelled as ethnic cleansing in a 2006 resolution passed by the United States Congress . It stated that the Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and began an ethnic cleansing campaign to convert Kashmir into a Muslim state . According to the same resolution , since then nearly 400,000 Pandits were either murdered or forced to leave their ancestral homes . According to a Hindu American Foundation report , the rights and religious freedom of Kashmiri Hindus have been severely curtailed since 1989 , when there was an organised and systematic campaign by Islamist militants to cleanse Hindus from Kashmir . Less than 4,000 Kashmiri Hindus remain in the valley , reportedly living with daily threats of violence and terrorism . Sanjay Tickoo , who heads the KPSS , an organisation which looks after Pandits who remain in the Valley , says the situation is complex . On one hand the community did face intimidation and violence but on the other hand he says there was no genocide or mass murder as suggested by Pandits who are based outside of Kashmir . The displaced Pandits , many of who continue to live in temporary refugee camps in Jammu and Delhi , are still unable to safely return to their homeland . The lead in this act of ethnic cleansing was initially taken by the Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front and the Hizbul Mujahideen . According to Indian media , all this happened at the instigation of Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) by a group of Kashmiri terrorist elements who were trained , armed and motivated by the ISI . Reportedly , organisations trained and armed by the ISI continued this ethnic cleansing until practically all the Kashmiri Pandits were driven out after having been subjected to numerous indignities and brutalities such as rape of their women , torture , forcible seizure of property etc . The separatists in Kashmir deny these allegations . The Indian government is also trying to reinstate the displaced Pandits in Kashmir . Tahir , the district commander of a separatist Islamic group in Kashmir , stated : `` We want the Kashmiri Pandits to come back . They are our brothers . We will try to protect them . '' But the majority of the Pandits , who have been living in pitiable conditions in Jammu , believe that , until insurgency ceases to exist , return is not possible . Mustafa Kamal , brother of Union Minister Farooq Abdullah , blamed security forces , former Jammu and Kashmir governor Jagmohan and PDP leader Mufti Sayeed for forcing the migration of Kashmiri Pandits from the Valley . Jagmohan denies these allegations . Pro-India politician Abdul Rashid says Pandits forced the migration on themselves so Muslims can be killed . He says the plan was to leave Muslims alone and bulldoze them freely . The CIA has reported that at least 506,000 people from Indian Administered Kashmir are internally displaced , about half of who are Hindu Pandits . The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCR ) reports that there are roughly 1.5 million refugees from Indian - administered Kashmir , the bulk of who arrived in Pakistan - administered Kashmir and in Pakistan after the situation on the Indian side worsened in 1989 insurgency . A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport in January 2009 . Pakistan administered Kashmir Azad Kashmir Main article : Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Harvardian Mehboob Makhdoomi writes that human rights violations in Pakistani administered part of Kashmir are not comparable with human rights violations in Indian administered Kashmir . The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of Azad Kashmir 's people found that overall concerns about human rights abuses in ' Azad Kashmir ' was 19 % . The district where concern over human rights abuses was greatest was Bhimber where 32 % of people expressed concern over human rights abuses . The lowest was in the district of Sudanhoti where concern over human rights abuses was a mere 5 % . Claims of religious discrimination and restrictions on religious freedom in Azad Kashmir have been made against Pakistan . The country is also accused of systemic suppression of free speech and demonstrations against the government . UNHCR reported that a number of Islamist militant groups , including al - Qaeda , operate from bases in Pakistani - administered Kashmir with the tacit permission of ISI There have also been several allegations of human rights abuse . In 2006 , Human Rights Watch accused ISI and the military of systemic torture with the purpose of `` punishing '' errant politicians , political activists and journalists in Azad Kashmir . According to Brad Adams , the Asia director at Human Rights Watch , the problems of human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir were not `` rampant '' but they needed to be addressed , and that the severity of human rights issues in Indian - administered Kashmir were `` much , much , much greater '' . A report titled `` Kashmir : Present Situation and Future Prospects '' , submitted to the European Parliament by Emma Nicholson , was critical of the lack of human rights , justice , democracy , and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly . According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan , Pakistan 's ISI operates in Pakistan - administered Kashmir and is accused of involvement in extensive surveillance , arbitrary arrests , torture , and murder . The 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Pakistan - administered Kashmir was ' not free ' . According to Shaukat Ali , chairman of the International Kashmir Alliance , `` On one hand Pakistan claims to be the champion of the right of self - determination of the Kashmiri people , but she has denied the same rights under its controlled parts of Kashmir and Gilgit - Baltistan '' . After the 2011 elections , Azad Kashmir Prime Minister Sardar Attique Ahmad Khan stated that there were mistakes in the voters list which have raised questions about the credibility of the elections . In December 1993 , the blasphemy laws of Pakistan were extended to Pakistan Administered Kashmir . The area is ruled directly through a chief executive Lt. Gen. Mohammed Shafiq , appointed by Islamabad with a 26 - member Northern Areas Council . UNCR reports that the status of women in Pakistani - administered Kashmir is similar to that of women in Pakistan . They are not granted equal rights under the law , and their educational opportunities and choice of marriage partner remain `` circumscribed '' . Domestic violence , forced marriage , and other forms of abuse continue to be issues of concern . In May 2007 , the United Nations and other aid agencies temporarily suspended their work after suspected Islamists mounted an arson attack on the home of two aid workers after the organisations had received warnings against hiring women . However , honour killings and rape occur less frequently than in other areas of Pakistan . Scholar Sumantra Bose comments that the uprising remained restricted to the Indian side and did not spill over into Pakistani - administered Kashmir despite a lack of democratic freedoms on the Pakistani side . Bose offers a number of possible explanations for this . Azad Kashmir 's strong pro-Pakistan allegiances and a relatively smaller population are suggested as reasons . But Bose believes that a stronger explanation was that Pakistan had itself been a military - bureaucratic state for most of its history without stable democratic institutions . According to Bose , the Kashmiri Muslims had higher expectations from India which turned out to be a `` moderately successful '' democracy and it was in this context that Kashmiri Muslim rage spilled over after the rigging of the elections in 1987 . The residents of Azad Kashmir are also mostly Punjabi , differing in ethnicity from Kashmiris in the Indian administered section of the state . Gilgit - Baltistan The main demand of the people of Gilgit - Baltistan is constitutional status for the region as a fifth province of Pakistan . However , Pakistan claims that Gilgit - Baltistan can not be given constitutional status due to Pakistan 's commitment to the 1948 UN resolution . In 2007 , the International Crisis Group stated that `` Almost six decades after Pakistan 's independence , the constitutional status of the Federally Administered Northern Areas ( Gilgit and Baltistan ) , once part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and now under Pakistani control , remains undetermined , with political autonomy a distant dream . The region 's inhabitants are embittered by Islamabad 's unwillingness to devolve powers in real terms to its elected representatives , and a nationalist movement , which seeks independence , is gaining ground . The rise of sectarian extremism is an alarming consequence of this denial of basic political rights '' . A two - day conference on Gilgit - Baltistan was held on 8 -- 9 April2008 at the European Parliament in Brussels under the auspices of the International Kashmir Alliance . Several members of the European Parliament expressed concern over human rights violations in Gilgit - Baltistan and urged the government of Pakistan to establish democratic institutions and the rule of law in the area . In 2009 , the Pakistani government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit - Baltistan , which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan 's other provinces . Gilgit - Baltistan thus gains province - like status without actually being conferred such status constitutionally . Direct rule by Islamabad has been replaced by an elected legislative assembly under a chief minister . The 2009 reform has not satisfied locals who demand citizenship rights and it has continued to leave Gilgit Baltistan 's constitutional status within Pakistan undefined ; although it has added to the self - identification of the territory . According to Antia Mato Bouzas , the PPP - led Pakistani government had attempted a compromise between its official position on Kashmir and the demands of a population where the majority may have pro-Pakistan sentiments . There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan , India , and Pakistan - administered Kashmir . The move has been dubbed a cover - up to hide the real mechanics of power , which allegedly are under the direct control of the Pakistani federal government . The package was opposed by Pakistani Kashmiri politicians who claimed that the integration of Gilgit - Baltistan into Pakistan would undermine their case for the independence of Kashmir from India . 300 activists from Kashmiri groups protested during the first Gilgit - Baltistan legislative assembly elections , with some carrying banners reading `` Pakistan 's expansionist designs in Gilgit - Baltistan are unacceptable '' In December 2009 , activists from nationalist Kashmiri groups staged a protest in Muzaffarabad to condemn the alleged rigging of elections and the killing of an 18 - year - old student . Map issues United Nations ' map of Jammu and Kashmir As with other disputed territories , each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir territory , regardless of actual control . Due to India 's Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1961 , it is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir from a map ( or to publish any map that differs from those of the Survey of India ) . It is illegal in Pakistan not to include the state of Jammu and Kashmir as disputed territory , as permitted by the United Nations . Non-participants often use the Line of Control and the Line of Actual Control as the depicted boundaries , as is done in the CIA World Factbook , while the region is often marked out in hashmarks . When Microsoft released a map in Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002 , a controversy arose because it did not show all of Kashmir as part of India as per the Indian claim . All neutral and Pakistani companies claim to follow the UN 's map and over 90 % of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it as disputed territory . Recent developments Kashmir Solidarity Day on every 5 February is celebrated in Pakistan . This banner was hung in Islamabad , Pakistan India continues to assert its sovereignty or rights over the entire region of Kashmir , while Pakistan maintains that it is a disputed territory . Pakistan argues that the status quo can not be considered as a solution and further insists on a UN-sponsored plebiscite . Unofficially , the Pakistani leadership has indicated that they would be willing to accept alternatives such as a demilitarised Kashmir , if sovereignty of Azad Kashmir was to be extended over the Kashmir valley , or the `` Chenab '' formula , by which India would retain parts of Kashmir on its side of the Chenab river , and Pakistan the other side -- effectively re-partitioning Kashmir on communal lines . The problem with the proposal is that the population of the Pakistan - administered portion of Kashmir is for the most part ethnically , linguistically , and culturally different from the Valley of Kashmir , a part of Indian - administered Kashmir . Partition based on the Chenab formula is opposed by some Kashmiri politicians , although others , including Sajjad Lone , have suggested that the non-Muslim part of Jammu and Kashmir be separated from Kashmir and handed to India . Some political analysts say that the Pakistan state policy shift and mellowing of its aggressive stance may have to do with its total failure in the Kargil War and the subsequent 9 / 11 attacks . These events put pressure on Pakistan to alter its position on terrorism . Many neutral parties to the dispute have noted that the UN resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant . The European Union holds the view that the plebiscite is not in Kashmiris ' interest . The report notes that the UN conditions for such a plebiscite have not been , and can no longer be , met by Pakistan . The Hurriyat Conference observed in 2003 that a `` plebiscite ( is ) no longer an option '' . Besides the popular factions that support one or other of the parties , there is a third faction which supports independence and withdrawal of both India and Pakistan . These have been the respective stands of the parties for a long while , and there have been no significant changes over the years . As a result , all efforts to solve the conflict have so far proved futile . Revelations made on 24 September 2013 by the former Indian army chief General V.K. Singh claim that the state politicians of Jammu and Kashmir are funded by the army secret service to keep the general public calm and that this activity has been going on since Partition . In a 2001 report entitled `` Pakistan 's Role in the Kashmir Insurgency '' from the American RAND Corporation , the think tank noted that `` the nature of the Kashmir conflict has been transformed from what was originally a secular , locally based struggle ( conducted via the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front -- JKLF ) to one that is now largely carried out by foreign militants and rationalized in pan-Islamic religious terms . '' The majority of militant organisations are composed of foreign mercenaries , mostly from the Pakistani Punjab . In 2010 , with the support of its intelligence agencies , Pakistan again ' boosted ' Kashmir militants , and recruitment of mujahideen in the Pakistani state of Punjab has increased . In 2011 , the FBI revealed that Pakistan 's spy agency ISI paid millions of dollars into a United States - based non-governmental organisation to influence politicians and opinion - makers on the Kashmir issue and arrested Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai . The Freedom in the World 2006 report categorised Indian - administered Kashmir as `` partly free '' , and Pakistan - administered Kashmir , as well as the country of Pakistan , as `` not free '' . India claims that contrary to popular belief , a large proportion of the Jammu and Kashmir populace wishes to remain with India . A MORI survey found that within Indian - administered Kashmir , 61 % of respondents said they felt they would be better off as Indian citizens , with 33 % saying that they did not know , and the remaining 6 % favouring Pakistani citizenship . However , this support for India was mainly in the Ladakh and Jammu regions , not the Kashmir Valley , where only 9 % of the respondents said that they would be better off with India . According to a 2007 poll conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi , 87 % of respondents in the Kashmir Valley prefer independence over union with India or Pakistan . However , a survey by Chatham House in both Indian and Pakistani administered Kashmir found that support for independence stood at 43 % and 44 % respectively . The 2005 Kashmir earthquake , which killed over 80,000 people , led to India and Pakistan finalising negotiations for the opening of a road for disaster relief through Kashmir . Efforts to end the crisis This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 9 / 11 attacks on the United States resulted in the US government wanting to restrain militancy in the world , including Pakistan . They urged Islamabad to cease infiltrations , which continue to this day , by Islamist militants into Indian - administered Kashmir . In December 2001 , a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament linked to Pakistan resulted in war threats , massive troop deployments , and international fears of a nuclear war in the subcontinent . After intensive diplomatic efforts by other countries , India and Pakistan began to withdraw troops from the international border on 10 June 2002 , and negotiations restarted . From 26 November 2003 , India and Pakistan agreed to maintain a ceasefire along the undisputed international border , the disputed Line of Control , and Actual Ground Position Line near the Siachen glacier . This was the first such `` total ceasefire '' declared by both powers in nearly 15 years . In February 2004 , Pakistan increased pressure on Pakistanis fighting in Indian - administered Kashmir to adhere to the ceasefire . Their neighbours launched several other mutual confidence - building measures . Restarting the bus service between the Indian - and Pakistani - administered Kashmir has helped defuse tensions between the countries while both India and Pakistan have decided to co-operate on economic fronts . In 2005 , General Musharraf as well as other Pakistani leaders sought to resolve the Kashmir issue through the Chenab Formula road map . Based on the ' Dixon Plan ' , the Chenab Formula assigns Ladakh to India , Gilgit - Baltistan ( G-B ) to Pakistan , proposes a plebiscite in the Kashmir Valley and splits Jammu into two - halves . On 5 December 2006 , Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals , including a phased withdrawal of troops , self - governance for locals , no changes in the borders of Kashmir , and a joint supervision mechanism involving India , Pakistan , and Kashmir . Musharraf stated that he was ready to give up the United Nations ' resolutions regarding Kashmir . 2008 militant attacks In the week of 10 March 2008 , 17 people were wounded when a blast hit the region 's only highway overpass located near the civil secretariat -- the seat of government of Indian - controlled Kashmir -- and the region 's high court . A gun battle between security forces and militants fighting against Indian rule left five people dead and two others injured on 23 March 2008 . The battle began when security forces raided a house on the outskirts of the capital city of Srinagar housing militants . The Indian Army has been carrying out cordon - and - search operations against militants in Indian - administered Kashmir since the violence broke out in 1989 . While the authorities say 43,000 people have been killed in the violence , various human rights groups and non-governmental organisations have put the figure at twice that number . According to the Government of India Home Ministry , 2008 was the year with the lowest civilian casualties in 20 years , with 89 deaths , compared to a high of 1,413 in 1996 . In 2008 , 85 security personnel died compared to 613 in 2001 , while 102 militants were killed . The human rights situation improved , with only one custodial death , and no custodial disappearances . Many analysts say Pakistan 's preoccupation with jihadis within its own borders explains the relative calm . 2008 Kashmir protests Main article : Amarnath land transfer controversy Massive demonstrations occurred after plans by the Indian - administered Jammu and Kashmir state government to transfer 100 acres ( 0.40 km ) of land to a trust which runs the Hindu Amarnath shrine in the Muslim - majority Kashmir valley . This land was to be used to build a shelter to house Hindu pilgrims temporarily during their annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath temple . Such demonstrations have been aloof of the fact that the India government very regularly undertakes activities for upliftment of Muslim community ( as a secular government ) and very regularly donates lands and other properties to the systemized Waqf Boards . Indian security forces and the Indian army responded quickly to keep order . More than 40 unarmed protesters were killed and at least 300 were detained . The largest protests saw more than a half million people waving Pakistani flags and crying for freedom at a rally on 18 August , according to Time magazine . Pro-independence Kashmiri leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq warned that the peaceful uprising could lead to an upsurge in violence if India 's heavy - handed crackdown on protests was not restrained . The United Nations expressed concern at India 's response to peaceful protests and urged investigations be launched against Indian security personnel who had taken part in the crackdown . Separatists and political party workers were believed to be behind stone - throwing incidents , which have led to retaliatory fire from the police . An autorickshaw laden with stones meant for distribution was seized by the police in March 2009 . Following the unrest in 2008 , secessionist movements got a boost . 2008 Kashmir elections Main article : Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections , 2008 State elections were held in Indian administered Kashmir in seven phases , starting on 17 November and finishing on 24 December 2008 . In spite of calls by separatists for a boycott , an unusually high turnout of more than 60 % was recorded . The National Conference party , which was founded by Sheikh Abdullah and is regarded as pro-India , emerged with a majority of the seats . On 30 December , the Congress Party and the National Conference agreed to form a coalition government , with Omar Abdullah as Chief Minister . On 5 January 2009 , Abdullah was sworn in as the eleventh Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir . In March 2009 , Abdullah stated that only 800 militants were active in the state and out of these only 30 % were Kashmiris . 2009 Kashmir protests In 2009 , protests started over the alleged rape and murder of two young women in Shopian in South Kashmir . Suspicion pointed towards the police as the perpetrators . A judicial enquiry by a retired High Court official confirmed the suspicion , but a CBI enquiry reversed their conclusion . This gave fresh impetus to popular agitation against India . Significantly , the unity between the separatist parties was lacking this time . 2010 Kashmir unrest Main article : 2010 Kashmir Unrest The 2010 Kashmir unrest was series of protests in the Muslim majority Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir which started in June 2010 . These protests involved the ' Quit Jammu Kashmir Movement ' launched by the Hurriyat Conference led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani and Mirwaiz Umar Farooq , who had called for the complete demilitarisation of Jammu and Kashmir . The All Parties Hurriyat Conference made this call to protest , citing human rights abuses by Indian troops . Chief Minister Omar Abdullah attributed the 2010 unrest to the fake encounter staged by the military in Machil . Protesters shouted pro-independence slogans , defied curfews , attacked security forces with stones and burnt police vehicles and government buildings . The Jammu and Kashmir Police and Indian para-military forces fired live ammunition on the protesters , resulting in 112 deaths , including many teenagers . The protests subsided after the Indian government announced a package of measures aimed at defusing the tensions in September 2010 . 2014 Jammu and Kashmir elections Main article : Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 2014 The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 2014 was held in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in five phases from 25 November -- 20 December 2014 . Despite repeated boycott calls by separarist Hurriyat leaders , elections recorded highest voters turnout in last 25 years , that is more than 65 % which is more than usual voting percentage in other states of India . Phase wise voting percentage is as follow : Voting phases in 2014 Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Elections J & K 2014 elections voters turnout Date Seats Turnout Tuesday 25 November 15 71.28 % Tuesday 2 December 18 71 % Tuesday 9 December 16 58.89 % Sunday 14 December 18 49 % Saturday 20 December 20 76 % Total 87 65.23 % Source : The European Parliament , on the behalf of European Union , welcomed the smooth conduct of the State Legislative Elections in the Jammu and Kashmir . The EU in its message said : `` The high voter turnout figure proves that democracy is firmly rooted in India . The EU would like to congratulate India and its democratic system for conduct of fair elections , unmarred by violence , in the state of Jammu and Kashmir '' . The European Parliament also takes cognizance of the fact that a large number of Kashmiri voters turned out despite calls for the boycott of elections by certain separatist forces . October 2014 In October 2014 , Indian and Pakistani troops traded gunfire over their border in the divided Himalayan region of Kashmir , killing at least four civilians and worsening tensions between the longtime rivals , officials on both sides have said . The small - arms and mortar exchanges -- which Indian officials called the worst violation of a 2003 ceasefire -- left 18 civilians wounded in India and another three in Pakistan . Tens of thousands of people fled their homes on both sides after the violence erupted on 5 October . Official reports state that nine civilians in Pakistan and seven in India were killed in three nights of fighting . July 2016 Main article : 2016 Kashmir unrest On 8 July 2016 , a popular militant leader Burhan Muzaffar Wani was cornered by the security forces and killed . Following his death , protests and demonstrations have taken root leading to an `` amplified instability '' in the Kashmir valley . Curfews have been imposed in all 10 districts of Kashmir and over 40 civilians died and over 2000 injured in clashes with the police . More than 600 have pellet injuries who may lose their eyesight . To prevent volatile rumours , cellphone and internet services have been blocked , and newspapers have also been restricted in many parts of the state . September 2016 Main article : 2016 Uri attack An attack by four militants on an Indian Army base on 18 September 2016 , also known as the 2016 Uri attack , resulted in the death of 19 soldiers as well as the militants themselves . Although no - one claimed responsibility for the attack , the militant group Jaish - e-Mohammed was suspected of involvement by the Indian authorities . The Indians were particularly shaken by the event which they blamed on Islamabad . Response took various forms , including the postponement of the 19th SAARC summit , asking the Russian government to call off a joint military exercise with Pakistan , and the Indian Motion Picture Producers Association decision to suspend work with Pakistan . On the Pakistani side , military alertness was raised and some Pakistan International Airlines flights suspended . The Pakistani government `` denied any role in cross-border terrorism , and called on the United Nations and the international community to investigate atrocities it alleged have been committed by the security forces in Indian - ruled Kashmir '' . United states positions on the Kashmir Conflict In an interview with Joe Klein of Time magazine in October 2008 , Barack Obama expressed his intention to try to work with India and Pakistan to resolve the crisis . He said he had talked to Bill Clinton about it , as Clinton has experience as a mediator . In an editorial in The Washington Times , Selig S Harrison , director of the Asia Programme at the Center for International Policy and a senior scholar of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars called it Obama 's first foreign policy mistake . In an editorial , The Australian called Obama 's idea to appoint a presidential negotiator `` a very stupid and dangerous move indeed '' . In an editorial in Forbes , Reihan Salam , associate editor for The Atlantic , noted `` The smartest thing President Obama could do on Kashmir is probably nothing . We have to hope that India and Pakistan can work out their differences on Kashmir on their own '' . The Boston Globe called the idea of appointing Bill Clinton as an envoy to Kashmir `` a mistake '' . President Obama subsequently appointed Richard Holbrooke as special envoy to Pakistan and Afghanistan . President Asif Ali Zardari hoped that Holbrooke would help mediate to resolve the Kashmir issue . Kashmir was later removed from Holbrooke 's mandate . `` Eliminating ... Kashmir from his job description ... is seen as a significant diplomatic concession to India that reflects increasingly warm ties between the country and the United States , '' The Washington Post noted in a report . Brajesh Mishra , India 's former national security adviser , was quoted in the same report as saying that `` No matter what government is in place , India is not going to relinquish control of Jammu and Kashmir '' . `` That is written in stone and can not be changed . '' According to The Financial Times , India has warned Obama that he risks `` barking up the wrong tree '' if he seeks to broker a settlement between Pakistan and India over Kashmir . In July 2009 , US Assistant Secretary of State Robert O. Blake , Jr. stated that the United States had no plans to appoint any special envoy to settle the dispute , calling it an issue which needed to be sorted out bilaterally by India and Pakistan . According to Dawn this will be interpreted in Pakistan as an endorsement of India 's position on Kashmir that no outside power has any role in this dispute . In 2002 , former US President , Bill Clinton described Kashmir as `` the most dangerous place in the world . '' He averted a nuclear war between India and Pakistan over the issue of Kashmir according to former US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott . Talbott reveals in his book Engaging India : Diplomacy , Democracy and the Bomb that India and Pakistan came very close to a nuclear war in 1999 . According to Talbott , before Clinton met with Prime Minister of Pakistan , Nawaz Sharif in 1999 to discuss the issue , US national security adviser Sandy Berger told Clinton that he could be heading into `` the single most important meeting with a foreign leader of his entire presidency '' . India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998 and the two countries each hold significant numbers of nuclear warheads . India and Pakistan fought two wars over the issue of Kashmir in 1947 and 1965 . These two neighbours came dangerously close to a third war during the Kargil conflict in 1999 . Issues surrounding plebiscite UN resolution The United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 was passed by United Nations Security Council under chapter VI of UN Charter . Resolutions passed under Chapter VI of UN charter are considered non binding and have no mandatory enforceability as opposed to the resolutions passed under Chapter VII . On 24 January 1957 the UN Security Council reaffirmed the 1948 resolution. The Security Council , reaffirming its previous resolution to the effect , `` that the final disposition of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of United Nations , '' further declared that any action taken by the Constituent Assembly formed in Kashmir `` would not constitute disposition of the state in accordance with the above principles . '' In March 2001 , the then Secretary - General of the United Nations , Kofi Annan during his visit to India and Pakistan , remarked that Kashmir resolutions are only advisory recommendations and comparing with those on East Timor and Iraq was like comparing apples and oranges , since those resolutions were passed under chapter VII , which make it enforceable by UNSC . In 2003 , then Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said Pakistan was willing to consider alternative bilateral options to resolve the dispute other than solely UN resolutions . In 2010 , United States Ambassador to India , Timothy J. Roemer said that Kashmir is an ' internal ' issue of India and not to be discussed on international level rather it should be solved by bilateral talks between India and Pakistan . He said , `` The ( US ) President ( Barack Obama ) , I think was very articulate on this issue of Kashmir . This is an internal issue for India . '' India alleges that Pakistan failed to fulfill the pre-conditions by withdrawing its troops from the Kashmir region as was required under the same U.N. resolution of 13 August 1948 which discussed the plebiscite . Separatist Hurriyat leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani said : `` First of all when they say Kashmir is an internal issue , it is against the reality . The issue of Jammu and Kashmir is an international issue and it should be solved . As long as promises made to us are not fulfilled , this issue will remain unsolved . '' Instrument of accession The Instrument of Accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India was signed by Maharaja Hari Singh , erstwhile ruler , on 25 October 1947 and executed on 27 October 1947 between the ruler of Kashmir and the Governor - General of India . This was a legal act and completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act 1935 , Indian Independence Act 1947 and under international law . Hence the accession of the Jammu and Kashmir state was total and irrevocable . The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir had unanimously ratified the Instrument of Accession to India duly adopting a constitution for the state endorsing perpetual merger of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India . The Constituent assembly lawfully represented wish of Kashmiri people at that time . Indian authorities claim that the 65 % voter turnout in Kashmir elections is an endorsement of the `` Instrument of Accession '' and Indian democracy . Alastair Lamb writes that there is no dispute on the fact that the Instrument of Accession was presented to the world as provisional and conditional on the wishes of the people of the state . Therefore , if the people of Kashmir were to vote for not staying with India then any document relating to accession signed by the Maharajah would become null and void . Indian commentators have endeavored to argue that the plebiscite proposal was personal to Mountbatten ( the plebiscite proposal was not personal to Mountbatten since he was explicitly acting on behalf of his Government ) , that it was ex gratia and not binding on the subsequent Indian administrations . The actual fact was that the plebiscite policy had long been established before the crisis in Kashmir and was an inherent part of the process by which British India had been partitioned into the Dominions of India and Pakistan . A.G. Noorani also writes that the accession of Kashmir to India was strictly conditional . He says that Kashmiri rights for self - determination are not derived from the UN Resolutions but their right is actually engrafted as a condition on the Instrument of Accession . He writes that state elections do not fulfill this condition since Mountbatten mentioned a reference to the people of the state and not ' elections to the Assembly ' . According to a 1994 report by the International Commission of Jurists the people of Jammu and Kashmir still have not been able to exercise their right to self - determination which became available to them at partition . Article 370 Article 370 of the Indian constitution is a provision that grants special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir . The article is drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution , which relates to Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions . Article 370 is the only link that connects Jammu and Kashmir to India . To implement a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir one has to amend or abolish the article 370 , which is very complex procedure . The leaders of Kashmir oppose any such measure . Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Muhammad Sayeed said , `` Even Indian Parliament does not have power to scrap Article 370 , which grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir under Indian constitution . '' The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir has ruled that the Article 370 can not be `` abrogated , repealed or even amended . '' It explained that the clause ( 3 ) of the Article conferred power to the State 's Constituent Assembly to recommend to the President on the matter of the repeal of the Article . Since the Constituent Assembly did not make such a recommendation before its dissolution in 1957 , the Article 370 has taken on the features of a `` permanent provision '' despite being titled a temporary provision in the Constitution . Article 370 has emerged as the biggest obstacle in front of plebiscite because of its complex procedure of amendment and opposition from the leaders of Jammu and Kashmir . Article 370 allows its own death by permitting plebiscite . Article 370 was drafted while negotiations with Pakistan were still on . When Pakistan objected to Article 370 at the UN Commission Girija Shankar Bajpai , who was secretary general of Ministry of External Affairs , wrote to UNCIP in 1949 that Article 370 did not preclude plebiscite . Krishna Menon said to the UN Security Council in 1957 that if people of Kashmir voted to not stay with India then India 's duty at that time would be to adopt those constitutional procedures which would enable separation of Kashmir from India . That procedure is contained in clause 3 of Article 370 , a presidential order to declare that the Article 370 will cease to be operative . AG Noorani argues that it is perfectly acceptable for a Kashmiri to contest the elections and recognise the Constitution while remaining committed to plebiscite and Independence and the reason for this is that the Constitution itself leaves the disposition of Kashmir open . `` Nehru 's promise '' After accession of Kashmir to India in October 1947 then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru made some statements in media and in various telegrams regarding plebiscite in Kashmir . In telegram No. 413 dated 28 October 1947 addressed to Prime Minister of Pakistan , Nehru wrote , `` That Government of India and Pakistan should make a joint request to U.N.O. to undertake a plebiscite in Kashmir at the earliest possible date . '' Nehru 's statement in the Indian Parliament , 26 June 1952 , `` I want to stress that it is only the people of Kashmir who can decide the future of Kashmir . It is not that we have merely said that to the United Nations and to the people of Kashmir ; it is our conviction and one that is borne out by the policy that we have pursued , not only in Kashmir but every where . `` I started with the presumption that it is for the people of Kashmir to decide their own future . We will not compel them . In that sense , the people of Kashmir are sovereign . '' In his statement in the Lok Sabha on 31 March 1955 as published in Hindustan Times New Delhi on Ist April , 1955 , Pandit Nehru said , `` Kashmir is perhaps the most difficult of all these problems between India and Pakistan . We should also remember that Kashmir is not a thing to be bandied between India and Pakistan but it has a soul of its own and an individuality of its own . Nothing can be done without the goodwill and consent of the people of Kashmir . '' There was also a White Paper on Kashmir published by Indian government regarding plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir in 1948 . There are many such instances where Nehru made such remarks regarding plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir . Pakistan and separatist Hurriyat leaders repeatedly demand that Indian Government should fulfill `` Nehru 's Promise '' . Position of the Indian authorities on `` Nehru 's Promise '' : the Indian government takes the position that Nehru himself backed off from his promise in the late 1950s . Although he was Prime Minister for 17 years , he made no serious attempt for a plebiscite . His promises have been taken as a ' good political move ' . The reason for not holding plebiscite was given by India 's Defense Minister , Krishnan Menon , who said : `` Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive . ' ' Indian authorities say that Nehru 's telegrams and speeches have no legal importance , nor it is compulsory to apply them as they were never passed by the Parliament of India . The white paper on Kashmir also does not have any legal importance as it was published in 1948 while the Constitution of India came into force into 1950 and defined Kashmir as an integral part of India as well as protecting the ' unity and integrity ' of India . Constitution of India does n't has any provision for plebiscite and 1948 white paper was against Constitution of India so it automatically got abolished . Indian authorities also say that , Nehru is not current Prime Minister of India , and policies are made on the basis of views of current Prime Minister and his cabinet which must get nod by both houses of Parliament of India . Any Prime Minister of India ca n't make decision of plebiscite unilaterally , bill of plebiscite must be passed in both houses of Parliament of India with a massive 2 / 3rd majority , then it requires assent by President of India , and if that decision is against Basic structure of Indian Constitution then Supreme Court of India can outlaw or abolish that decision . Preamble and article 3 of part 2 of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir says ' Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India ' . This constitution has been adopted by elected Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly in 1956 when Nehru was Prime Minister of India . Daughter of Nehru , Indira Gandhi and his grandson Rajiv Gandhi were Prime Ministers of India but they themselves never did any attempt to implement their forefather 's ' Promise ' . Instead Indira Gandhi made 1975 Indira -- Sheikh accord with Sheikh Abdullah which vanished all possibilities of plebiscite . Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Preamble of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is as written in box . `` WE , THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR , having solemnly resolved , in pursuance of the accession of this State to India which took place on the twenty sixth day of October , 1947 , to further define the existing relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof , and to secure to ourselves - JUSTICE , social , economic and political ; LIBERTY of thought , expression , belief , faith and worship ; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity ; and to promote among us all ; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation ; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day of November , 1956 , do HEREBY ADOPT , ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION . '' - Preamble of Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir . Article 3 of part 2 of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir also says that ' Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India ' . Ram Jethmalani , prominent lawyer , former union minister and chairman of Kashmir Committee said in Nov 2014 : `` The constitution of this state ( Jammu and Kashmir ) was not formulated by the Constituent Assembly of India , but by its Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir . That was a plebiscite . It is the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir which incorporated some provisions of the Indian Constitution . You ( Kashmiris ) are not living under the constitution of India but under the constitution which was framed by the Constituent Assembly ( of Jammu and Kashmir ) which has willingly accepted a part of the Indian constitution , and in a way , enjoyed a plebiscite . '' However , the resolutions 91 and 122 passed by United Nations , state that the formation of Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly , or its activities , would not be considered to be a substitute for a free and impartial plebiscite , which is required for a final disposition of the state . Outlook survey In 1995 the first ever opinion poll was conducted in the Kashmir Valley by MODE which had been commissioned by Outlook . Altogether 504 adults ( 337 men , 176 women ) were interviewed in Srinagar , Sopore , Baramulla , Bandipora , and Anantnag areas . 72 % of respondents favoured independence , 19 % favoured Pakistan and only 7 % favoured a solution within Indian sovereignty . 80 % of respondents said that a free and fair election would definitely not help solve the Kashmir problem while only 4 % said that a free and fair election could help resolve the Kashmir conflict . Private survey London based leading think tank Royal Institute of International Affairs also known as Chatham House , conducted a survey both in Pakistan administered Kashmir and Indian administered Kashimir and released it in its report Kashmir : Paths to Peace in May 2010 . It found that 50 % of people in Pakistan 's side of Kashmir favoured the accession of the entire state to Pakistan , 44 % of people favoured independence , 1 % wanted the accession of the entire state to accede to India while 1 % favoured the status quo . In the Indian side of Kashmir , 28 % of people expressed a desire for the entire state to accede to India , 19 % favoured the status quo , 43 % wanted independence while 2 % said they wanted the entire state to join Pakistan . The survey showed that only 2 % of the respondents on the Indian side favoured joining Pakistan and most such views were confined to Srinagar and Budgam districts . In six of the districts surveyed late last year by researchers , not a single person favoured annexation with Pakistan , a notion that remains the bedrock for the hardline separatist campaign in Kashmir . The survey also showed that only 1 % of the respondents on the Pakistani side favoured joining India . In four of the seven surveyed districts of Pakistani Kashmir , the option of merging with India found no support while this option had a support rate of only 1 -- 3 % in the remaining three districts . However , views are highly poralised in each region . The main area of unrest has always been the predominantly Muslim majority Kashmir Valley , where the support level for Independence varies between 74 % to 95 % as found by the survey while support for accession with India varies between 2 % to 22 % . However , Hindu majority Jammu and Buddhist majority Ladakh express high levels of satisfaction with Indian rule . This 2010 survey too demonstrated that trend , with more than half the respondents on Indian side saying the elections had improved chances for peace ( later in 2014 , Jammu and Kashmir elections recorded highest percentage of voters turnout ) . Survey said -- `` These results support the already widespread view that the plebiscite options are likely to offer no solution to the dispute . '' `` The results are n't surprising at all . I feel they re-emphasize the need to look beyond traditional positions and evaluate the contours of a solution grounded in today 's realities , '' said Sajjad Lone on this survey , a former ally of the Hurriyat who unsuccessfully contested the 2009 Indian general elections but won in 2014 Jammu and Kashmir assembly elections . See also India portal Pakistan portal History of Jammu and Kashmir United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan Indian White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir All Parties Hurriyat Conference Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir India -- Pakistan relations Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Notes Jump up ^ Kashmiri leader Sheikh Abdullah noted in the UN Security Council in 1948 : `` the ( plebiscite ) offer ( was ) made by the Prime Minister of India when , I think , he had not the slightest need for making it , for Kashmir was in distress ... The Government of India could have easily accepted the accession and said , `` All right , we accept your accession and we shall render this help . '' There was no necessity for the Prime Minister of India to add the proviso while accepting the accession that `` India does not want to take advantage of the difficult situation in Kashmir . '' ( Varshney , Three Compromised Nationalisms 1992 , p. 195 ) Jump up ^ Panigrahi , Jammu and Kashmir , the Cold War and the West ( 2009 , p. 54 ) `` According to Mir Qasim , Nehru was unwilling to send Indian army . He was insistent that the Government could not send its forces at the request of the Maharaja `` although he wanted to accede to India , '' unless the accession was endorsed by the people of Kashmir ... Sheikh Abduallah who was listening to the debate from an anteroom scribbled a note for Nehru requesting him to send the army to save Kashmir from the invaders . Jump up ^ Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History ( 2013 , pp. 46 -- 47 ) : `` ( O ) n 28 October ( 1947 ) , The Times , while referring to the anti-Indian ' raiding forces ' , was still able to identify four elements among the 3,000 or so ' Muslim rebels and tribesmen ' in J&K : 1 ) ' Muslim League agents and agitators from Pakistan ' ; 2 ) ' villagers who have raised the Pakistan flag and attacked Kashmir officials ' ; 3 ) ' Pathan ( Pakhtoon ) tribesmen ' ; 4 ) ' Muslim deserters from Kashmir State forces who have taken their arms with them ' . '' Jump up ^ Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History ( 2013 , p. 68 ) : Nehru informed ( the Chief Ministers ) that ' the actual tribesmen among the raiders are probably limited in numbers , the rest are ex-servicemen ( of Poonch ) ' . ^ Jump up to : Sayyid Mīr Qāsim . My Life and Times . Allied Publishers Limited . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . On the battlefield , the National Conference volunteers were working shoulder - to - shoulder with the Indian army to drive out the invaders . On 31 December 1947 , India filed a complaint with the United Nations against the Pakistani aggression and its help to the invading tribesmen . Sheikh Abdullah was not in favor of India seeking the UN intervention because he was sure the Indian army could free the entire State of the invaders . The UNO did not resolve the Kashmir issue . It called for withdrawal of troops on 21 April 1948 . The Indian army had driven the Pakistanis up to Uri in Kashmir and Poonch in Jammu when ceasefire was ordered in December 1948 . Mr. Jinnah , the promoter of this invasion , had died in September of that year . Both India and Pakistan accepted the ceasefire . Jump up ^ George Cunningham , the Governor of NWFP , observed : `` The tragedy is that Jinnah could , I believe , have got India 's agreement to a plebiscite under impartial control , 10 days ago , but as the tribes were then in the ascendant for the time being he thought he would hold out a bit longer for better terms . It looks as if he may now have lost his chance . '' ( Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 111 ) Jump up ^ Brecher , The Struggle for Kashmir ( 1953 , p. 92 ) : ' India was `` to begin to withdraw the bulk of their forces '' only after `` the Commission shall have notified ( it ) that the tribesmen and Pakistan nationals ... have withdrawn ... and further , that the Pakistan forces are being withdrawn . '' Moreover , the withdrawal of Indian forces was to be conducted `` in stages to be agreed upon with the Commission , '' not with Pakistan . ' Jump up ^ Korbel ( 1953 , p. 502 ) : `` Though India accepted the resolution , Pakistan attached to its acceptance so many reservations , qualifications and assumptions as to make its answer ' tantamount to rejection ' . '' Jump up ^ Korbel ( 1953 , pp. 506 -- 507 ) : `` When a further Security Council resolution urged the governments of India and Pakistan to agree within thirty days on the demilitarization of Kashmir , on the basis of Dr. Graham 's recommendation , Pakistan once more accepted and India once more refused ... Dr. Graham met the Indian request for retaining in Kashmir 21,000 men , but continued to propose 6,000 soldiers on the Azad side . Pakistan could not accept the first provision and India continued to insist on its stand concerning the Azad forces . The meeting , which ended in failure , was accompanied by bitter comments in the newspapers of both India and Pakistan about United Nations intervention in the Kashmir dispute . '' Jump up ^ Korbel ( 1953 , p. 507 ) : `` With the hindsight of six years , the Council 's approach , though impartial and fair , appears to have been inadequate in that it did not reflect the gravity of the Kashmir situation ... The Security Council did not deal with either of these arguments ( India 's assumption of the legal validity of the accession and Pakistan 's refusal to recognize its validity ) . Nor did it consider the possibility of asking the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion on the juridical aspect of the conflict under Article 96 of the Charter . Nor did it invoke any provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter , which deals with ' acts of aggression ' . '' Subbiah ( 2004 , p. 180 ) : `` From the beginning , the Security Council framed the problem as primarily a political dispute rather than looking to a major legal underpinning of the dispute : the Instrument of Accession 's validity or lack thereof . '' Jump up ^ Ankit ( 2013 , p. 276 ) : To Cadogan ( Britain 's permanent representative at the UN ) , irrespective of `` whether forces in question are organised or disorganised or whether they are controlled by , or enjoy the convenience of , Government of Pakistan , '' India was entitled to take measures for self - defence : repelling invaders , pursuing invaders into Pakistan under Article 51 of the UN Charter and charging Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 . Ankit ( 2013 , p. 279 ) : Mountbatten , too , pleaded directly with Attlee along political as well as personal lines : `` I am convinced that this attitude of the United States and the United Kingdom is completely wrong and will have far reaching results . Any prestige I may previously have had with my Government has of course been largely lost by my having insisted that they should make a reference to the United Nations with the assurance that they would get a square deal there . '' Jump up ^ Choudhury , Golam ( 1968 ) . Pakistan 's Relations with India : 1947 - 1966 . Praeger . p. 178 . Indian leaders ... continued to express the hope that partition would ultimately be undone ; in particular they envisaged the possibility of annexing East Pakistan . Pakistan 's resentment ... was confined to a disputed area ... when as a result of Indian intransigence the prospects of a peaceful solution of the Kashmir issue seemed bleak , there were outbursts of anti-Indian feelings in Pakistan ... Alleged talk of ' holy war ' or Jehad referred to the disputed territory of Kashmir . But in India , leaders , press and even scholars had no hesitation in expressing the hope of undoing the partition and thus annihilating Pakistan . Choudhury , Golam ( 1968 ) . Pakistan 's Relations with India : 1947 - 1966 . Praeger . p. 175 . Most of those quotations related to the period after the signing of the Liaquat - Nehru Agreement of April 8 , 1950 under which India and Pakistan undertook not to permit propaganda in either country ... seeking to incite war between the two countries . The government of Pakistan initiated twenty - seven complaints of flagrant violation of the Agreement by a number of influential Indian newspapers , but no effective action was taken by the Indian government , the plea being that its scope for action was limited by the India constitution . The Pakistan government pointed out that , if this were the position , the government of India should not have undertaken an international obligations which it was not in a position to carry out . The government of India made only eight complaints about alleged violation of the Agreement . Choudhury , Golam ( 1968 ) . Pakistan 's Relations with India : 1947 - 1966 . Praeger . p. 166 . Liaquat drew attention to the continuous and blatant propaganda for war against Pakistan , and indeed for the very liquidation of Pakistan , carried on by the Indian press , prominent leaders and political parties which openly adopted as an article of creed the undoing of partition. - which meant nothing but liquidation of Pakistan . No doubt there had been talk of Jehad or liberation of the Muslim population of Kashmir in Pakistan but ... Pakistan 's grievances have always been confined to Kashmir which ... is a disputed territory . It was wrong to construe expressions giving vent to feelings of frustration over the failure of peaceful methods of solution in Kashmir as a desire for war against India . But , in India , the creation of Pakistan itself is still regarded as a tragic mistake which ought to be corrected . Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru . Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru , Second series , Vol. 23 ( 1 July 1953 - 30 September 1953 ) . p. 347 . ( Quoting Nehru to Karan Singh , 21 August 1953 ) : Recent events in Kashmir have had a very powerful reaction in other countries . This is against us completely . I am not referring to Pakistan which has grown madly hysterical . If this hysteria continued , it would inevitably produce reactions in Kashmir among the pro-Pakistani elements and their sympathisers . The result would be no period of quiet at all and constant trouble . But for some kind of an agreement between us and Pakistan , the matter would inevitably have been raised in the U.N. ( United Nations ) immediately and they might well have sent down their representative to Kashmir . All this again would have kept the agitation alive and made it grow . In the circumstances , this is a good statement and helps us in trying to get a quieter atmosphere Altaf Gauhar ( 24 October 1996 ) . Ayub Khan : Pakistan 's first military ruler . Oxford University Press . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577647 - 8 . ( Quoting Sheikh Abdullah ) The State was then in the grip of a popular agitation and a little pressure from Pakistan would have helped the resistance movement , but Pakistani Prime Minister , Bogra , decided to fly to New Delhi and embrace Nehru as his ` Big Brother ' , little realising that the Indians were in a particularly vulnerable position at that time and needed to come to a show of understanding with Pakistan to demoralise the Kashmiris . Pakistan fell into that trap . Jump up ^ Varshney , Three Compromised Nationalisms 1992 , p. 216 : Independent observers could get no evidence of it . The New York Times found that `` most of the prisoners captured thus far do not speak the Kashmiri dialect . They speak ... Punjabi and other dialects . '' ... The Washington Post remarked : `` The Moslem Pakistanis , led by President Ayub , had expected the infiltrators to be able to produce a general uprising and this is Ayub 's first disappointment . '' ... Once again , it seemed clear that whatever the state of their relationship with India , Kashmiris did not wish to embrace Pakistan . References Jump up ^ Ganguly , Sumit ; Paul Kapur ( 7 August 2012 ) . India , Pakistan , and the Bomb : Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia . Columbia University Press . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0231143752 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Kashmir dispute '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Malik , V.P. ( 2010 ) . Kargil from Surprise to Victory ( paperback ed . ) . HarperCollins Publishers India . p. 54 . ISBN 9789350293133 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Salah Uddin Shoaib ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Pakistani rogue policy on Kashmir '' . Sri Lanka Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Durrani , Atiq ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` PAK - INDIA Dialogue : Single - Point - Agenda : KASHMIR '' . PKKH . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Controversies surrounding Republic Day celebrations in South Tibet solved '' . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kazi , Seema ( 2014 ) . `` Rape , Impunity and Justice in Kashmir '' . Socio - Legal Rev. 10 : 14 . ^ Jump up to : Conflict Summary , India : Kashmir , `` Roots of Conflict and the emergence of Kashmir Insurgents '' Uppsala Conflict Data Program , Conflict Encyclopedia , Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 Jump up ^ Shubh Mathur ( 2016 ) . The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict : Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 21 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 54622 - 7 . writers like Baba ( 2014 ) , Bose ( 2005 ) , Schofield ( 2010 ) and Robinson ( 2013 ) see it as an indigenous Kashmiri response to the decades of political repression and the denial of the Kashmiri right to self - determination . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal , Sajid ; Hossain , Zoheb ; Mathur , Shubh ( 2014 ) . `` Reconciliation and truth in Kashmir : a case study '' . Race & Class . 56 : 51 -- 65 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306396814542917 . Jump up ^ Amin , Tahir ; Schofield , Victoria . Kashmir . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford University Press . The origins of the current insurgency in Kashmir relate to latent frustration among the population . Despite Indian promises to the Kashmiri people and the UN that a plebiscite would be held , the Indian government never allowed the Kashmiris to exercise their right of self - determination . Jump up ^ `` Elections in Kashmir '' . Kashmirlibrary.org . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Pakistan Timeline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir : A History Littered With Rigged Elections ( by Mushtaq A. Jeelani ) -- Media Monitors Network '' . Mediamonitors.net . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Altaf ( 14 September 2002 ) . `` South Asia Kashmir 's flawed elections '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Constable , Pamela ( 9 June 2002 ) . `` A Good Voice Silenced : Kashmir 's Loss Is Also Mine '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Wax ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` Peaceful Protests in Kashmir Alter Equation for India '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` A New Tack in Kashmir '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom in the World 2009 -- Kashmir ( India ) '' . UNHCR. 16 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-India parties win majority in Kashmir elections '' . CNN . 28 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Party Enters Talks for Coalition Government in Jammu and Kashmir '' . Voice of America . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Kashmir Unrest -- A recollection of what happened -- The Vox Kashmir '' . The Vox Kashmir . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Burke . `` Kashmir unrest continues as more protesters die '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. concerned over Kashmir unrest '' . Reuters. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J & K records historic polling percentage : EC '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 20 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years , Jharkhand breaks records '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` J&K polls : 76 per cent voter turnout recorded in the final phase '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years , Jharkhand Breaks Records '' . NDTV.com. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mir , Suhail Qasim ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` Kashmir : Higher Voter Turnout , What Does It Speak of ? '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dhillon , Amrit ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Kashmir 's new - found pragmatism '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bradnock , Robert W. ( May 2010 ) . `` Kashmir : Path to Peace '' ( PDF ) . Chatham House : 15 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Alistair ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` ' First ' Kashmir survey produces ' startling ' results '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kazi , Seema ( 2014 ) , `` RAPE , IMPUNITY AND JUSTICE IN KASHMIR '' ( PDF ) , Socio - Legal Review , 10 : 14 -- 46 ^ Jump up to : Kazi , Seema . Gender and Militarization in Kashmir . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Oxford University Press . Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is , it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done . Jump up ^ `` India : `` Denied '' : Failures in accountability for human rights violations by security force personnel in Jammu and Kashmir `` . Amnesty International . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Essa , Azad ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` India ' covering up abuses ' in Kashmir : report '' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ Lone , Fozia Nazir ( 2009 ) , `` From ' Sale to accession deed ' - scanning the historiography of Kashmir 1846 -- 1947 '' , History Compass , 7 ( 6 ) : 1496 -- 1508 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2009. 00652. x : `` Mountbatten accepting accession made it clear that it was the policy of India to conduct a plebiscite where the accession is disputed and promised on behalf of the Government of India to decide the question of the State accession ' by a reference to the people ' ... This accession was therefore conditional to a plebiscite and limited to defence , communications and external affairs . '' Jump up ^ Kazi , Seema . Kashmir , Gender and Militarization in . Oxford University Press . Kashmir 's accession to India was provisional and for this reason its constitutional position within India was not the same as other Indian states . Jump up ^ PTI ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Article 370 , granting special status to the state , is permanent : Jammu and Kashmir High Court -- The Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmirs most wanted terrorist Burhan Wani killed in Anantnag encounter '' . ^ Jump up to : Holdich , Thomas Hungerford ( 1911 ) . `` Kashmir '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 686 -- 689 . Jump up ^ E.J. Brill 's first encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 -- 1936 , Volume 4 , Kashmir Jump up ^ Bose , Kashmir Roots of Conflict 2003 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Mridu Rai , Hindu Rulers , Muslim Subjects 2004 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Kashmir '' . The Islamic World : Past and Present . Oxford University Press . Muslims , however , suffered under Hindu rule . Jump up ^ `` Indian Independence Act 1947 '' . UK Legislation . The National Archives . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ankit , Rakesh ( April 2010 ) , `` Pandit Ramchandra Kak : The Forgotten Premier of Kashmir '' , Epilogue , Epilogue - Jammu Kashmir , 4 ( 4 ) : 36 -- 39 ^ Jump up to : Rakesh Ankit ( May 2010 ) . `` Henry Scott : The forgotten soldier of Kashmir '' . Epilogue. 4 ( 5 ) : 44 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , pp. 31 , \ 34 , 105 . Jump up ^ Copland , Ian ( Feb 1991 ) , `` The Princely States , the Muslim League , and the Partition of India in 1947 '' , The International History Review , 13 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 69 , doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.1991. 9640572 , JSTOR 40106322 Jump up ^ Copland , State , Community and Neighbourhood in Princely India 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Chattha , Partition and its Aftermath 2009 , pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History 2013 , pp. 48 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Jha , The Origins of a Dispute 2003 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jha , The Origins of a Dispute 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : An interview with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Varshney , Three Compromised Nationalisms 1992 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Nyla Ali Khan ( 15 September 2010 ) . Islam , Women , and Violence in Kashmir : Between India and Pakistan . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 30 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 11352 - 7 . Jump up ^ Panigrahi , Jammu and Kashmir , the Cold War and the West 2009 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Guha , India after Gandhi 2008 , p. xx . Jump up ^ Yaqoob Khan Bangash ( 2010 ) Three Forgotten Accessions : Gilgit , Hunza and Nagar , The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 38 : 1 , 132 , DOI : 10.1080 / 03086530903538269 Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bangash , Yaqoob Khan ( 2010 ) , `` Three Forgotten Accessions : Gilgit , Hunza and Nagar '' , The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 38 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 143 , doi : 10.1080 / 03086530903538269 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) , Alam replied ( to the locals ) , as recorded by Brown : ' you are a crowd of fools led astray by a madman . I shall not tolerate this nonsense for one instance ... And when the Indian Army starts invading you there will be no use screaming to Pakistan for help , because you wo n't get it . ' ... The provisional government faded away after this encounter with Alam Khan , clearly reflecting the flimsy and opportunistic nature of its basis and support . Jump up ^ Yaqoob Khan Bangash ( 2010 ) Three Forgotten Accessions : Gilgit , Hunza and Nagar , The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 38 : 1 , 137 , DOI : 10.1080 / 03086530903538269 Jump up ^ Bangash , Yaqoob Khan ( 9 January 2016 ) . `` Gilgit - Baltistan -- part of Pakistan by choice '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Nearly 70 years ago , the people of the Gilgit Wazarat revolted and joined Pakistan of their own free will , as did those belonging to the territories of Chilas , Koh Ghizr , Ishkoman , Yasin and Punial ; the princely states of Hunza and Nagar also acceded to Pakistan . Hence , the time has come to acknowledge and respect their choice of being full - fledged citizens of Pakistan . Jump up ^ Chitralekha Zutshi ( 2004 ) . Languages of Belonging : Islam , Regional Identity , and the Making of Kashmir. C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 309 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 700 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sokefeld , Martin ( November 2005 ) , `` From Colonialism to Postcolonial Colonialism : Changing Modes of Domination in the Northern Areas of Pakistan '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 64 ( 4 ) : 939 -- 973 , doi : 10.1017 / S0021911805002287 Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fair , Militant Challenge in Pakistan 2011 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Noorani , The Kashmir Dispute 2014 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Noorani , A.G. `` PLEBISCITE IN KASHMIR : Stillborn or Killed ? - Part 1 '' . Greater Kashmir . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Muhammad Ali . `` COVER STORY : The Kashmir Dispute : 1947 -- 2012 by A.G. Noorani '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` Plebiscite Conundrum '' . Kashmirlibrary.org. 5 January 1949 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Varshney , Three Compromised Nationalisms 1992 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 82 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Varshney , Three Compromised Nationalisms 1992 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Robert J. McMahon ( 1 June 2010 ) . The Cold War on the Periphery : The United States , India , and Pakistan . Columbia University Press . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51467 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta ( 6 December 2012 ) . Jammu and Kashmir . Springer . pp. 156 -- . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . At the next meeting the Security Council appointed Sir Owen Dixon as the U.N. representative for India and Pakistan on 12 April 1950 . He was to implement the McNaughton proposals for the demilitarization of the State . Jump up ^ Josef Korbel ( 8 December 2015 ) . Danger in Kashmir . Princeton University Press . pp. 168 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7523 - 8 . It called upon India and Pakistan ' to prepare and execute within a period of five months from the date of this resolution a programme of demilitarization on the basis of principles 2 of General McNaughton 's proposal. ; It further decided to replace the United Nations Commission by a representative entrusted with arbitrary powers ' to interpret the agreements reached by the parties for demilitarization , ' in case they should agree in this most important matter . It also requested this representative to make any suggestions which would in his opinion expedite and offer an enduring solution to the Kashmir dispute . Jump up ^ Victoria Schofield ( 30 May 2010 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War . I.B. Tauris . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 078 - 7 . On 27 May 1950 the Australian jurist , Sir Owen Dixon , arrived in the sub-continent , as the one man successor to UNCIP ... Patel wrote to Nehru that Dixon was working to bring about an agreement on the question of demilitarisation . Jump up ^ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta ( 6 December 2012 ) . Jammu and Kashmir . Springer . pp. 160 -- . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . He summed up his impressions in very strong language , sharply taking India to task for its negative attitude towards the various alternative demilitarization proposals . Jump up ^ Snedden , Christopher ( 2005 ) , `` Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute ? '' , South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies , 28 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 86 , doi : 10.1080 / 0085640050005614 Jump up ^ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta ( 6 December 2012 ) . Jammu and Kashmir . Springer . pp. 161 -- . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . In any case , Pakistan turned down the proposal on the ground that India 's commitment for a plebiscite in the whole of Jammu and Kashmir should not be departed from . Jump up ^ Josef Korbel ( 8 December 2015 ) . Danger in Kashmir . Princeton University Press . pp. 173 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7523 - 8 . India , Pakistan insisted , was committed to a plebiscite in the State of Jammu and Kashmir as a whole . Jump up ^ Hilal , A.Z. ( 1997 ) . `` Kashmir dispute and UN mediation efforts : An historical perspective '' . Small Wars & Insurgencies. 8 ( 2 ) : 75 . This time it was Pakistan who refused to accept his proposal , arguing that Pakistan considered it a breach of India 's agreement that : ' The destination of the state ... as a whole should be decided by a single plebiscite taken over the entire state ' . Jump up ^ Christopher Snedden ( 2005 ) Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute ? , South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies , 28 : 1 , 75 , DOI : 10.1080 / 00856400500056145 Jump up ^ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta ( 6 December 2012 ) . Jammu and Kashmir . Springer . pp. 161 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . Troops of both countries were to be excluded from the limited plebiscite area ... On 16 August 1950 the Indian Prime Minister rejected the plan for limited plebiscite on the following grounds : ... 4 ) The security of the State necessitated the presence of Indian troops and the exclusion of the Pakistani troops from the plebiscite area . India would not depart from that principle . Sir Owen Dixon disagreed with the Indian position . He aired his views that a neutral administration was necessary for a fair plebiscite , that the exclusion of Indian troops ... were essential prerequisites of the same . Jump up ^ Bradnock , Robert W. ( 998 ) , `` Regional geopolitics in a globalising world : Kashmir in geopolitical perspective '' , Geopolitics , 3 ( 2 ) : 11 , doi : 10.1080 / 14650049808407617 , More importantly , Dixon concluded that it was impossible to get India 's agreement to any reasonable terms . ' In the end I became convinced that India 's agreement would never be obtained to demilitarisation in any such form , or to provisions governing the period of the plebiscite of any such character , as would in my opinion permit of the plebiscite being conducted in conditions sufficiently guarding against intimidation and other forms of influence and abuse by which the freedom and fairness of the plebiscite might be imperilled . Jump up ^ Victoria Schofield ( 2000 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War . I.B. Tauris . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 898 - 4 . Yet again the question of demilitarisation was the sticking point , causing Dixon to conclude : ' In the end I became convinced that India 's agreement would never be obtained to demilitarisation in any such form , or to provisions governing the period of the plebiscite of any such character , as would in my opinion permit of the plebiscite being conducted in conditions sufficiently guarding against intimidation and other forms of influence and abuse by which the freedom and fairness of the plebiscite might be imperilled ' . Without such demilitarisation , the local ' Azad ' and regular Pakistani forces were not prepared to withdraw from the territory they had retained . Jump up ^ Howard B. Schaffer ( 1 September 2009 ) . The Limits of Influence : America 's Role in Kashmir . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 30 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0370 - 9 . The failure of the Dixon mission seems to have sharpened even further Ambassador Henderson 's already deep suspicions of Indian motives and good faith . He concluded that growing resentment in India about the allegedly pro-Pakistan attitude of the United States on Kashmir -- which he reported had been quietly stimulated by Nehru himself - made it desirable to have Britain and other commonwealth countries take the lead in working out a solution ... Washington appears to have heeded the ambassador 's advice . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher ( 1953 ) . The Struggle for Kashmir . Oxford University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher ( 1953 ) . The Struggle for Kashmir . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher ( 1953 ) . The Struggle for Kashmir . Oxford University Press . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher ( 1953 ) . The Struggle for Kashmir . Oxford University Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher ( 1953 ) . The Struggle for Kashmir . Oxford University Press . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Victoria Schofield ( 30 May 2010 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War . I.B. Tauris . pp. 102 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 078 - 7 . The issue was briefly taken up by the Commonwealth , when , in January 1951 , at a meeting of Commonwealth prime ministers , Robert Menzies , the Australian prime minister , suggested that Commonwealth troops should be stationed in Kashmir ; that a joint Indo -- Pakistani force should be stationed there , and to entitle the plebiscite administrator to raise local troops . Pakistan agreed to the suggestions , but India rejected them . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 83 - 86 . Jump up ^ Josef Korbel ( 8 December 2015 ) . Danger in Kashmir . Princeton University Press . pp. 178 -- 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7523 - 8 . Pakistan accepted the resolution . India rejected it , principally because of the new proposal for arbitration . Pandit Nehru and his followers in Kashmir declared that they would not permit the fate of four million people to be decided by a third person . But this was overclouding the issue . It had never been recommended , nor can one seriously believe that Nehru actually thought it had been , that the final fate of Kashmir should be decided by a tribunal ... It was only the extent and procedure of the state 's demilitarization which was to be submitted to arbitration , should the parties again fail to agree . At this point India can not escape criticism ... On one occasion Nehru had thoroughly endorsed a policy proposed by the Indian National Congress ... to have all disputes concerning Hindu - Muslim relationship , '' referred to arbitration to the League of Nations ... or any other impartial body mutually agreed upon . '' When , however , Liaquat Ali Khan made the more concrete proposal that the Kashmir dispute be arbitrated ... Nehru replied that the Kashmir dispute was '' a non-justiciable and political issue and can not be disposed of by reference to a judicial tribunal . '' Jump up ^ Zutshi , Languages of Belonging 2004 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Nehru 's Legacy in Kashmir 2016 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Sumit Ganguly ( 5 January 2002 ) . Conflict Unending : India - Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50740 - 0 . Jump up ^ A.G Noorani , Kashmir : Bridge , not a Battle Ground , Frontline 23 , no. 6 ( 30 December 2006 ) Jump up ^ Srinath Raghavan ( 27 August 2010 ) . War and Peace in Modern India . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24215 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sumit Ganguly ( 5 January 2002 ) . Conflict Unending : India - Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50740 - 0 . Jump up ^ Howard B. Schaffer ( 1 September 2009 ) . The Limits of Influence : America 's Role in Kashmir . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 43 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0370 - 9 . Bogra ... also reneged on his agreement on replacing Admiral Nimitz as plebiscite administrator ... Soon after he returned to Karachi , Bogra emphatically denied in a ' fire - side chat ' radio broadcast that he had agreed to Nimitz 's being replaced ... It was only in February 1954 , more than five months after he had given notice , that the Pakistanis finally acquiesced in the admiral 's departure ... Nor would India move toward selecting a new plebiscite administrator before the agreed April 30 deadline even after Pakistan had consented to Nimitz 's replacement by a representative of a small , neutral country . Jump up ^ Howard B. Schaffer ( 1 September 2009 ) . The Limits of Influence : America 's Role in Kashmir . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 46 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0370 - 9 . He was not moved by Eisenhower 's assurances of U.S. action against Pakistan should it misuse American - supplied arms or by the president 's offer to entertain an Indian request for U.S. military aid . Jump up ^ Sumit Ganguly ( 5 January 2002 ) . Conflict Unending : India - Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50740 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Nehru 's Legacy in Kashmir 2016 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Nehru 's Legacy in Kashmir 2016 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Nehru 's Legacy in Kashmir 2016 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Noorani , A.G. ( 1996 ) , `` Partition of Kashmir ( Book review of Pauline Dawson , The Peacekeepers of Kashmir : The UN MIlitary Observer Group in India ) '' , Economic and Political Weekly , 32 ( 5 ) : 271 -- 273 , JSTOR 4403745 Jump up ^ Crocker , Walter ( 20 November 2011 ) , Nehru : A Contemporary 's Estimate , Random House India , pp. 48 -- , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8400 - 213 - 3 Jump up ^ Zachariah , Benjamin ( 2004 ) , Nehru , Routledge , p. 180 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 57740 - 8 Jump up ^ A.G. Noorani wondered whether India `` seriously contemplated '' plebiscite even in 1948 . Australian diplomat Walter Crocker believed that Nehru was never seriously intent on holding a plebiscite and was determined to get out of it . Historian Benjamin Zachariah states that Nehru abandoned the idea of plebiscite by late 1948 , but supported it in public till 1954 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 85 , 257 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Wayne ( 1968 ) . `` China 's strategic alternatives in South Asia '' . In Bingdi He ; Tang Tsou . China in Crisis , Volume 2 : China 's Policies in Asia and America 's Alternatives . University of Chicago Press . pp. 397 -- 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 81519 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nick Easen CNN ( 24 May 2002 ) . `` CNN.com -- Aksai Chin : China 's disputed slice of Kashmir -- 24 May 2002 '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Fair , Militant Challenge in Pakistan 2011 , pp. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Faruqui , Ahmad . `` Remembering 6th of September 1965 '' . Pakistan Link . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Paul , Asymmetric Conflicts 1994 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Paul , Asymmetric Conflicts 1994 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Mankekar , D.R. ( 1967 ) . Twentytwo fateful days : Pakistan cut to size . Manaktalas . pp. 62 -- 63 , 67 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Crisis in Kashmir 1999 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Dixit , India - Pakistan in War and Peace 2003 , pp. 228 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Crisis in Kashmir 1999 , pp. 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Dixit , India - Pakistan in War and Peace ( 2003 , pp. 228 -- 229 ) ; Haqqani , Pakistan Between Mosque and Military ( 2010 , pp. 98 -- 99 ) ; Subramaniam , India 's Wars ( 2016 , Chapter 27 ) ; Ganguly , Crisis in Kashmir ( 1999 , pp. 60 -- 63 ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2002 ) , `` India , Pakistan and Kashmir '' , Journal of Strategic Studies , 25 ( 4 ) : 32 -- 60 , doi : 10.1080 / 01402390412331302865 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ See : Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ( 2010 ) , The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice Since 1945 , Oxford University Press , p. 340 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958330 - 0 Cheema , Zafar Iqbal ( 2009 ) , `` The strategic context of the Kargil conflict : A Pakistani perspective '' , in Peter René Lavoy , Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia : The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict , Cambridge University Press , p. 47 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76721 - 7 Schaffer , The Limits of Influence ( 2009 , pp. 122 -- 123 ) Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2002 ) , `` India , Pakistan and Kashmir '' , Journal of Strategic Studies , 25 ( 4 ) : 32 -- 60 , doi : 10.1080 / 01402390412331302865 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Kux , Dennis ( 1992 ) , India and the United States : Estranged Democracies , 1941 -- 1991 , DIANE Publishing , p. 434 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 0279 - 0 Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) , Conflict Between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , p. 166 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 Jump up ^ Guha , India after Gandhi 2008 , Sec. 20. VII . Jump up ^ Behera , Demystifying Kashmir 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Guha , Opening a Window in Kashmir 2004 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Puri , Across the Line of Control 2013 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History 2013 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ D.A. Low ( 18 June 1991 ) . Political Inheritance of Pakistan . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 226 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 11556 - 3 . Jump up ^ Behera , Demystifying Kashmir 2007 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Christopher Snedden ( 15 September 2015 ) . Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris . Hurst . pp. 133 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Puri , Across the Line of Control 2013 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Behera , Navnita . Demystifying Kashmir . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History 2013 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zutshi , Languages of Belonging 2004 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Snedden , Kashmir The Unwritten History 2013 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Puri , The Question of Accession 2010 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffrelot , Religion , Caste and Politics 2011 , pp. 288 , 301 . Jump up ^ Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement 1996 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Puri , The Question of Accession 2010 , p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir 2012 , pp. 194 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir 2012 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Kashmir : Roots of Conflict , Paths to Peace ; by Sumatra Bose . Harvard University Press . 2009 . pp. 55 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Ved Bhasin . `` Riots changed J&K politics '' . Kashmir Life . Jump up ^ Raghavan , War and Peace in Modern India 2010 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Ved Bhasin . `` Riots changed J&K politics '' . Kashmir Life . Senior Jammu journalist Ved Bhasin has said : `` That ( Abdullah 's ) government was not a democratic government . They did not behave in a democratic manner . Corruption had started. ( ... ) he denied democratic rights to people . He did not tolerate any opposition . He crushed the freedom of press . He and other NC leaders did not tolerate any voice of dissent . He acted as an authoritarian ruler . The constituent assembly elections of 1951 were totally rigged . ( ... ) Within the state , freedom was curbed , civil liberties were denied , there was no freedom for public meetings , demonstrations . '' Jump up ^ Zutshi , Chitralekha . Languages of Belonging : Islam , Regional Identity , and the Making of Kashmir . p. 314 . Jump up ^ Jammu and Kashmir ; by Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta . Springer . pp. 195 , 196 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Jammu and Kashmir ; by Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta . Springer . pp. 197 -- 203 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` What Delhi Agreement of 1952 is all about '' . Kashmir Reader . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir References '' . www.kashmirlibrary.org . Jump up ^ South Asian Politics and Religion ; By Donald Eugene Smith . Princeton University Press . pp. 86 , 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7908 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ved Bhasin . `` Riots changed J&K politics '' . Kashmir Life . Ved Bhasin has remarked : `` Obviously , Abdullah was more concerned in absolute power . His struggle was for greater autonomy , maximum powers , which he tried to concentrate in his own hands . He was interested in absolute power , and if India gave him absolute power , he was willing for it . It is not that for people he was interested . Initially he supported accession with India . '' Jump up ^ `` International Conspiracies Behind the J&K Imbroglio '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . In 1953 , Mr Adlai Stevenson the then Governor of Illinois ( USA ) met Sheikh Abdullah in Sri Nagar . Commenting on this meeting , Manchester Guardian disclosed in August 1953 , that he ( Mr Stevenson ) `` seems to have listened to suggestions that the best status for Kashmir could be independence from both India and Pakistan '' and that Sheikh Abdullah had been encouraged by Adlai Stevenson . `` Sheikh was suspected of planning a session of the constituent Assembly which instead of ratifying the accession to India , would declare the vale of Kashmir , independent . '' According to New York Times July , 1953 `` Kashmir valley would gain independence , possibly guaranteed by both countries and the rest of the state would be partitioned between them roughly along the present cease - fire line . It was said that John Foster Dulles , U.S Secretary of State supported a solution of this nature '' Jump up ^ Abdullah , Sheikh ; Taing , M.Y. ( 1985 ) , Atish - e-Chinar ( in Urdu ) . Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah 's autobiography . Srinagar : Shaukat Publications . It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah 's wishes . pp. 593 -- 607 . Jump up ^ Bimal Prasad ( Ed . ) , Selected Works of Jayaprakash Narayan ; Vol. 7 ; Manohar ; page 115 , quoted in A.G. Noorani , The Dixon Plan , Frontline , 12 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Jammu and Kashmir ; by Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta . Springer . pp. 209 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` JK ready to defend Article 35 - A in Supreme Court '' . Greater Kashmir . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Jammu and Kashmir : Analysis of Article 370 in Present Scenario '' . LexHindustan . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Longest August : The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan By Dilip Hiro . Nation Books . p. 151 . Led by him ( Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad ) , 64 of 74 - strong Constituent Assembly members ratified the state 's accession to India on February 15 , 1954 . `` We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it '' , declared Bakshi Muhammad . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir 's accession '' . The Hindu . The report of the Drafting Committee `` ratifying the accession '' of the Jammu and Kashmir State to India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Jammu on February 15 before it was adjourned sine die . Earlier , Premier Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed , speaking on the report , declared amidst cheers : `` We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it . '' ^ Jump up to : A.G. Noorani , Article 370 : Law and Politics , Frontline , 16 September 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir , UN Security Council Resolution 122 '' . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Negotiations on Kashmir : A concealed story '' . Foreign Policy Journal . Jump up ^ Kashmir : Towards Insurgency ; by Balraj Puri . Orient Longman. 1993 . pp. 18 , 19 . Jump up ^ Abdullah , Sheikh ; Taing , M.Y. ( 1985 ) , Atish - e-Chinar ( in Urdu ) . Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah 's autobiography . Srinagar : Shaukat Publications . It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah 's wishes . pp. 752 -- 786 . Jump up ^ Abdullah , Sheikh ; Taing , M.Y. ( 1985 ) , Atish - e-Chinar ( in Urdu ) . Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah 's autobiography . Srinagar : Shaukat Publications . It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah 's wishes . pp. 817 -- 825 . Jump up ^ Kashmir : Roots of Conflict , Paths to Peace ; by Sumantra Bose . Harvard University Press . 2009 . pp. 81 , 82 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Kashmir Roots of Conflict 2003 , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Abdullah , Sheikh ; Taing , M.Y. ( 1985 ) , Atish - e-Chinar ( in Urdu ) . Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah 's autobiography . Srinagar : Shaukat Publications . It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah 's wishes . pp. 827 -- 838 . Jump up ^ Abdullah , Sheikh ; Taing , M.Y. ( 1985 ) , Atish - e-Chinar ( in Urdu ) . Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah 's autobiography . Srinagar : Shaukat Publications . It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah 's wishes . pp. 860 -- 882 . Jump up ^ Noorani , A.G. ( 16 September 2000 ) , `` Article370 : Law and Politics '' , Frontline , 17 ( 19 ) Jump up ^ `` Recalling 1975 Accord '' . Greater Kashmir . Jump up ^ `` Poke Me : BJP must n't play the ' Jammu card ' in next month 's J&K elections '' . The Economic Times . ^ Jump up to : Weaver ( 10 June 1983 ) . `` Strategic Kashmiris divided by conflicting loyalties '' . ^ Jump up to : Mridu Rai , Hindu Rulers , Muslim Subjects 2004 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( July 2002 ) . `` The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at - i - Islami of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1940s -- 1990 ) '' . Modern Asian Studies . 36 ( 3 ) : 745 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X02003062 . ISSN 1469 - 8099 . Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( 2002 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at - i - Islami of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1940s -- 1990 ) '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 36 ( 3 ) : 705 -- 751 ( 746 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X02003062 . ISSN 1469 - 8099 . ^ Jump up to : Praveen Swami ; India , Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( July 2002 ) . `` The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at - i - Islami of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1940s -- 1990 ) '' . Modern Asian Studies . 36 ( 3 ) : 747 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X02003062 . ISSN 1469 - 8099 . Jump up ^ Sikand , The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at - i - Islami of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1940s -- 1990 ) 2002 , p. 746 . Jump up ^ Sikand , The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at - i - Islami of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1940s -- 1990 ) 2002 , p. 744 - 745 . Jump up ^ Verma , P.S. ( 1994 ) . Jammu and Kashmir at the Political Crossroads . Vikas Publishing House . p. 214 . ISBN 9780706976205 . Jump up ^ Colonel Tej K Tikoo . Kashmir : Its Aborigines and Their Exodus . Lancer Publishers LLC . pp. 397 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935501 - 58 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aiyar , Mani Shankar ( 2006 ) , Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist , Penguin Books India , pp. 148 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 306205 - 9 Jump up ^ Praveen Swami ; India , Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Victoria Schofield ( 2000 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War . I.B. Tauris . pp. 136 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 898 - 4 . Jump up ^ Muslim United Front . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Amin , Tahir ; Schofield , Victoria . Kashmir . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford University Press . Culturally , a growing emphasis on secularism generated a backlash , contributing to the popularity of Islamic political parties , especially the Jamāʿat - i Islāmī ( established in 1953 ) and the Islāmī Jamʿīyat - i T .. ulabā , its allied student body . Jump up ^ Schofield . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Sameer Arshad . `` History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K '' . Times of India . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elections in Kashmir '' . Jump up ^ `` The Tribue India '' . www.tribuneindia.com . Jump up ^ `` How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped the 1987 Elections in Kashmir '' . 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Praveen Donthi , How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir , The Caravan , 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Brass ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . pp. 222 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45970 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sumantra . Transforming India . Jump up ^ Hussain , Altaf ( 14 September 2002 ) . `` Kashmir 's flawed elections '' . Jump up ^ India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy , Ramachandra Guha , Pan Macmillan , 2008 , p. 654 Jump up ^ `` 1989 Insurgency '' . Kashmirlibrary.org . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contours of militancy '' . 2 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2002 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the conflict '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- India Pakistan -- Timeline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ PMO in secret talks with secessionists , The Hindu , 25 January 2006 Jump up ^ Malik Under Fire , Rebels Call For ' less Autocratic ' JKLF , The Indian Express , 23 December 2005 Jump up ^ Huey , Caitlin ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir '' . Usnews.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kashmir graves : Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry '' . BBC News . 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific Human Rights by region '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kashmir insurgency is being ' Talibanised ' Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jane 's Information Group , 5 October 2001 Jump up ^ Foreign militants creating mayhem in Kashmir : Omar Abdullah , The Hindu , 12 March 2006 Jump up ^ `` FBI has images of terror camp in Pak '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zardari expects world to come up with $100 bn '' . Dawn. 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fury over Zardari Kashmir comment '' . BBC News . 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian - administered Kashmir '' . 27 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Human rights in Kashmir : report of a mission '' . International Commission of Jurists. 1995 . p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Human rights in Kashmir : report of a mission '' . International Commission of Jurists. 1995 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Osama bin Laden ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` letter to the American people '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Osama bin Laden ( 24 November 2002 ) . `` Full text : bin Laden 's ' letter to America ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zaffar Abbas ( 13 June 2002 ) . `` Analysis : Is al - Qaeda in Kashmir ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rumsfeld offers US technology to guard Kashmir border '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 June 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Philip Smucker ( 2 July 2002 ) . `` Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Michael Smith ( 23 February 2002 ) . `` SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ John Diamond ( 29 May 2002 ) . `` Taliban , al - Qaeda linked to Kashmir '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jamal Afridi ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Kashmir Militant Extremists '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Amelia Gentleman ( 13 July 2006 ) . `` Al - Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir : Army '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 18 June 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda could provoke new India - Pakistan war : Gates '' . Dawn. 20 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak , Dawn , 17 September 2009 Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chicago Man Pleads Not Guilty in Terror Cases , The New York Times , 25 January 2010 Jump up ^ Al Qaeda 's American Mole Archived 24 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Brookings Institution , 15 December 2009 Jump up ^ Ilyas Kashmiri alive , lays out future terror strategy Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Daily Times ( Pakistan ) , 15 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS '' . The News . 18 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ US charges Ilyas Kashmiri in Danish newspaper plot , Dawn , 15 January 2010 Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Pro-India parties to take power in Indian Kashmir , International Herald Tribune , 30 December 2008 Jump up ^ Omar Abdullah sworn in , Tara Chand to be deputy CM , Rediff.com , 5 January 2009 Jump up ^ 800 ultras active in state : Omar , The Tribune , 2 March 2009 Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The changing character of the Kashmir movement , Al Jazeera 20 July 2010 Jump up ^ Duff , Gordon . `` Hurriyat ( G ) Launches ' Quit Kashmir ' Stir With Hartal '' . Kashmirobserver.net . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ; Kumar , Hari ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Buildings Are Set Ablaze During Protests in Kashmir '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Pohlgren , Lydia ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Kashmiris Storm the Street , Defying Curfew '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India to free protesters in Kashmir peace move '' . Reuters. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Syed Ali Shah Geelani 's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` turnout in J&K from November 17 '' , Rediff India , 2008 - 10 - 19 , accessed on 2008 - 12 - 30 Jump up ^ J&K assembly polls : Voters defy separatists ' election boycott call , 71.28 % turnout in first phase , Rediff India , 2008 - 12 - 24 Jump up ^ `` 71 % voting recorded in 2nd phase of Jammu & Kashmir poll '' . The Times Of India . 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polls in the Shadow of Terror : 58 % People Vote in Jammu and Kashmir '' . NDTV . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Braving bullets 58 % cast ballot in Jammu and Kashmir , 61 % voting in Jharkhand in third phase of elections '' . dna India . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Office of MEP Kosma Zlotowski ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` The European Parliament Welcomes the Elections in Jammu & Kashmir '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ANI ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` European Parliament welcomes elections in Jammu and Kashmir '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU hails huge turnout in J&K '' . Jammu Kashmir Latest News -- Tourism -- Breaking News J&K . Daily Excelsior . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan exchange fire in Kashmir border clashes '' . The Guardian ( UK ) . 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Baba Umar , Kashmir on fire , The Diplomat , 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Fahad Shah , Burhan Wani 's killing brings Kashmir to a crossroads , The Diplomat , 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ MSN `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . , MSN India , 18 July 2016 Jump up ^ `` PDP Legislator Injured After His Vehicle , Attacked By Crowd , Turns Over '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Indian soldiers killed in attack on Kashmir base '' . Al - Jazeera. 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bedi , Rahul ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Russia presses on with first ever joint exercise with Pakistan '' . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly . 53 ( 40 ) . Jump up ^ Safi , Michael ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` Seventeen Indian soldiers and four militants killed in Kashmir attack '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The full Obama Interview , Time Jump up ^ `` SELIG S. HARRISON , director of the Asia Program at the Center for International Policy '' . Ciponline.org . Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kashmir issue leading Obama into first ' tar pit ' , The Washington Times , 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ Asia 's Islamism engine , The Australian , 4 December 2008 Jump up ^ What Should Obama Do On Kashmir , Forbes , 1 December 2008 Jump up ^ A wrong role for Bill Clinton , Boston Globe , 28 December 2008 Jump up ^ `` Holbrooke Plans First Trip as Afghanistan - Pakistan Envoy '' . Voice of America . 2 November 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Partnering With Pakistan , The Washington Post , 28 January 2009 Jump up ^ Will Kashmir Be an Obama Foreign Policy Focus ? , Time 28 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` Kashmir taken out of Holbrooke 's brief , says report '' . Dawn. 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Removes Kashmir From Envoy 's Mandate ; India Exults '' , The Washington Post , 30 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` India warns Obama over Kashmir '' , Financial Times , 3 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` US welcomes Indo - Pak talks '' . The News . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ US to sign 0 billion defence accords with India , Dawn , 17 July 2009 Archived 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mishra , Pankaj ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` Kashmir : `` The World 's Most Dangerous Place '' `` . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ( 2004 ) . Engaging India : Diplomacy , Democracy , and the Bomb . Brookings Institution Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 8300 - 0 . Jump up ^ Talbott ( 2004 ) , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` Nuclear weapons : Who has what '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf moved nuclear weapons in Kargil war '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ One of the earliest applications of Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter was on the Kashmir dispute . Following negotiations and agreements among the parties , the Security Council adopted resolution 47 ( 1948 ) of 21 April 1948 which promised a free and fair plebiscite under UN auspices to enable the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine whether they wish to join Pakistan or India . Foreign Minister of Pakistan , on the role of the Security Council in the Pacific Settlement of Disputes Jump up ^ Korbel ( 1953 , p. 507 ) : `` In attempting to establish these responsibilities , one must not , first of all , lose sight of the fact that the Security Council 's intervention was limited to mediation . The nature of mediation inevitably implies that the final responsibility for the solution or lack of solution of the dispute rests with the governments concerned . '' Jump up ^ ' The Kashmir issue was taken to the UN by India in January , 1948 and remained active in the UN Security Council till the late fifties The Indian complaint was filed under Chapter VI of the UN Charter and not under Chapter VII , which requires mandatory enforcement of the UN Security Council 's decisions . ' Kashmir policy : an overview by Shamshad Ahmad , Dawn 2004 - 08 - 05 Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` There are two sorts of security council resolution : those under ' chapter 6 ' are non-binding recommendations dealing with the peaceful resolution of disputes ; those under ' chapter 7 ' give the council broad powers , including war , to deal with ' threats to the peace ... or acts of aggression ' . '' If Saddam steps out of line we must go straight to war by Bill Emmott , The Guardian , 2002 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Suterwalla , Azeem ( Winter 2000 ) . `` Collective Insecurities '' . Harvard International Review . 22 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Chapter VI establishes the appropriate methods of settling international disputes and the Security Council 's powers in relation to them . It is generally agreed that resolutions under Chapter VI are advisory rather than binding . These resolutions have generally been operative only with the consent of all parties involved . Traditionally , the Chapter has not been interpreted to support collective intervention by member states in the affairs of another member state . Jump up ^ `` A chronology of the Kashmir dispute '' . Sound Vision . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Low expectations from Indo - Pak talks '' . Jump up ^ `` The Rediff Interview / Ashraf Jehangir Qazi '' . Jump up ^ `` Do n't expect too much from talks : Officials '' . Jump up ^ `` Does India have a case in Kashmir ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Annan upbeat on Kashmir '' . BBC News . 16 March 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Terrorism to feature in talks with Kofi Annan '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 10 March 2001 . Jump up ^ `` We have ' left aside ' U.N. resolutions on Kashmir : Musharraf '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Musharraf formula '' . Jump up ^ `` Does Pakistan have sincere intention to resolve Kashmir issue : Omar to Musharraf '' . The Times Of India . 17 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kashmir is India 's ' internal ' issue : US envoy '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kashmir is India 's ' internal ' issue : US envoy '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir is India 's ' internal ' issue : US envoy '' . Pakistan Defence . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir is India 's ' internal ' issue : US envoy '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Subramanian Swamy ( 6 February 2003 ) . `` India 's bleeding head wound '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hashim Qureshi . `` Understanding UN Resolutions on Kashmir '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` rediff.com : The Rediff Interview / Pakistan 's High Commissioner for India Ashraf Jehangir Qazi '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir an international issue , not internal : Geelani '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir Not an Internal Issue : Separatist Leader '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kashmir Plebiscite : Is it Still Relevant ? by Jaipal Singh '' . Boloji . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Ballot and Boycott '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir 's Accession to India is strictly `` conditional '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Article 370 : 10 facts that you need to know : Highlights , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Art 370 , J&K 's only link with India : Omar Abdullah '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abrogation Of Article 370 Not Possible By Justice Rajindar Sachar '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abrogation of Article 370 a very complex affair , say legal experts '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Even Parliament ca n't abrogate Article 370 : Mufti '' . Rising Kashmir . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Art 370 permanent ... can not be repealed or amended : HC , The Indian Express , 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The importance of Article 370 , The Hindu , 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ganai , Naseer ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` Attacked from all sides : J&K leaders lash out at Modi over Article 370 comment '' . Mail Online . London . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noorani , A.G. `` Is It Constitutional to Ban Demand for Plebiscite in Kashmir ? '' Economic and Political Weekly , vol. 29 , no . 13 , 1994 , pp. 719 -- 720.www.jstor.org/stable/4400987 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Assembly of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arundhati Roy ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` They can file a charge posthumously against Jawaharlal Nehru too : Arundhati Roy '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Geelani reminds Modi of Nehru 's plebiscite promise '' . Kashmir Reader. 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geelani said the government has to fulfil Jawaharlal Nehru 's promise for a plebiscite in 1947 '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 19 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Read 15th Paragraph . Jump up ^ `` The blunder of the Pandit '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ citations needed ^ Jump up to : `` How a Bill Becomes an Act '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine Of Basic Structure ( Constitutional Law ) -- Author -- Himanshu Tyagi '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 27 October 2013 ) . `` Indira - Sheikh accord a milestone event : Vohra '' . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir ( PDF ) . Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on National Informatics Centre , India . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BJP is quiet since I explained Article 370 to Modi : Jethmalani '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody can touch Article 370 , says Ram Jethmalani '' . Greater Kashmir. 2014 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' The plebiscite has taken place ' '' . Rising Kashmir . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Refugees , United Nations High Commissioner for . `` Security Council resolution 91 ( 1951 ) ( The India - Pakistan Question ) '' . Refworld . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir , UN Security Council Resolution 122 '' . www.mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Till Freedom Come '' . Outlook . 18 October 1995 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' First ' Kashmir survey produces ' startling ' results '' . BBC . 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir : Paths to Peace '' . Chatham House . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Just 2 % of people in J&K want to join Pak : Survey '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bradnock , Robert W. ( May 2010 ) . `` Kashmir : Paths to Peace '' ( PDF ) . Chatham House : 19 . Jump up ^ Bradnock , Robert W. ( May 2010 ) . `` Kashmir : Paths to Peace '' ( PDF ) . Chatham House : 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Only 2 % Kashmiris want to join Pak : Survey '' . Zee News . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradnock , Robert W. ( May 2010 ) . `` Kashmir : Paths to Peace '' ( PDF ) . Chatham House : 17 . Bibliography Ankit , Rakesh ( 2016 ) , The Kashmir Conflict : From Empire to the Cold War , 1945 -- 66 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 22525 - 6 Ankit , Rakesh ( 2014 ) , Kashmir , 1945 -- 66 : From Empire to the Cold War , University of Southampton Ankit , Rakesh ( 2013 ) , `` Britain and Kashmir , 1948 : `` The Arena of the UN '' `` , Diplomacy & Statecraft , 24 ( 2 ) : 273 -- 290 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592296.2013. 789771 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Behera , Navnita Chadha ( 2007 ) , Demystifying Kashmir , Pearson Education India , ISBN 8131708462 Bagchi , Sanjoy ( 6 July 2002 ) , `` The First War with Pakistan '' , Economic and Political Weekly , 37 ( 27 ) : 2709 -- 2712 , JSTOR 4412323 Bose , Sumantra ( 2003 ) . Kashmir : Roots of Conflict , Paths to Peace . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01173 - 2 . Chattha , Ilyas ( 2011 ) , Partition and Locality : Violence , Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot 1947 -- 1961 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780199061723 Chattha , Ilyas Ahmad ( September 2009 ) , Partition and Its Aftermath : Violence , Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio - Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities , 1947 -- 1961 ( PDF ) , University of Southampton , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 April 2016 , retrieved 16 February 2016 Copland , Ian ( 2005 ) , State , Community and Neighbourhood in Princely India , c. 1900 -- 1950 , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 0230005985 Das Gupta , Jyoti Bhusan ( 2012 ) , Jammu and Kashmir , Springer , ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 Dasgupta , C ( 2002 ) , War and Diplomacy in Kashmir , 1947 -- 48 , SAGE Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9588 - 3 Dasgupta , Chandrasekhar ( 2005 ) , `` Jammu and Kashmir in the Indian Union : The Politics of Autonomy '' , in Rafiq Dossani ; Henry S. Rowen , Prospects for Peace in South Asia , Stanford University Press , pp. 239 -- 260 , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5085 - 8 Dixit , J.N. ( 2003 ) , India - Pakistan in War and Peace , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 40758 - 3 Fair , C. Christine ( January 2011 ) , `` The Militant Challenge in Pakistan '' , Asia Policy , 11 : 105 -- 37 , doi : 10.1353 / asp. 2011.0010 Šumit Ganguly ( 1999 ) , The Crisis in Kashmir : Portents of War , Hopes of Peace , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65566 - 8 Guha , Ramachandra ( 28 August 2004 ) , `` Opening a Window in Kashmir '' , Economic and Political Weekly , 39 ( 35 ) : 3905 -- 3913 , JSTOR 4415473 Guha , Ramachandra ( 2008 ) , India after Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy , Pan Macmillian , ISBN 0330396110 Gupta , Jyoti Bhusan Das ( 2012 ) , Jammu and Kashmir , Springer , ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 Haqqani , Husain ( 2010 ) , Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military , Carnegie Endowment , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 Ishaq Khan , Mohammad ( 1996 ) , `` Kashmiri Muslims : Social and Identity Consciousness '' ( PDF ) , Comparative Studies of South Asia , Africa and the Middle East , XVI ( 2 ) : 25 -- 38 Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 1996 ) , The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics , C. Hurst & Co . Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1850653011 Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2011 ) , Religion , Caste , and Politics in India , C Hurst & Co , ISBN 978 - 1849041386 Jha , Prem Shankar ( 2003 ) , The Origins of a Dispute : Kashmir 1947 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566486 - 7 Korbel , Josef ( 1953 ) , `` The Kashmir dispute after six years '' , International Organization , Cambridge University Press , 7 ( 4 ) : 498 -- 510 , doi : 10.1017 / s0020818300007256 , JSTOR 2704850 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Korbel , Josef ( 1966 ) ( first published 1954 ) , Danger in Kashmir ( second ed . ) , Princeton University Press Nawaz , Shuja ( May 2008 ) , `` The First Kashmir War Revisited '' , India Review , 7 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 154 , doi : 10.1080 / 14736480802055455 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Noorani , A.G. ( 2014 ) ( first published in 2013 by Tulika Books ) , The Kashmir Dispute , 1947 -- 2012 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 940018 - 8 Panigrahi , D.N. ( 2009 ) , Jammu and Kashmir , the Cold War and the West , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51751 - 8 Paul , T.V. ( 1994 ) , Asymmetric Conflicts : War Initiation by Weaker Powers , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46621 - 9 Puri , Balraj ( November 2010 ) , `` The Question of Accession '' , Epilogue , 4 ( 11 ) : 4 -- 6 Puri , Luv ( 2013 ) , Across the Line of Control : Inside Azad Kashmir , Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 80084 - 6 Raghavan , Srinath ( 2010 ) , War and Peace in Modern India , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 00737 - 7 Rai , Mridu ( 2004 ) . Hindu Rulers , Muslim Subjects : Islam , Rights , and the History of Kashmir. C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 1850656614 . Rizvi , Gowher ( 1992 ) , `` India , Pakistan and the Kashmir Problem '' , in Raju G.C. Thomas , Perspectives on Kashmir : the roots of conflict in South Asia , Westview Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 8343 - 9 Sarila , Narendra Singh ( 2007 ) , The Shadow of the Great Game : The Untold Story of India 's Partition , Constable , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 588 - 2 Schaffer , Howard B. ( 2009 ) , The Limits of Influence : America 's Role in Kashmir , Brookings Institution Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0370 - 9 Schofield , Victoria ( 2003 ) ( First published in 2000 ) , Kashmir in Conflict , London and New York : I.B. Taurus & Co , ISBN 1860648983 Shankar , Mahesh ( 2016 ) , `` Nehru 's Legacy in Kashmir : Why a plebiscite never happened '' , India Review , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 , doi : 10.1080 / 14736489.2016. 1129926 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Snedden , Christopher ( 2013 ) ( first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir , 2012 ) , Kashmir : The Unwritten History , HarperCollins India , ISBN 9350298988 Subbiah , Sumathi ( 2004 ) , `` Security Council Mediation and the Kashmir Dispute : Reflections on Its Failures and Possibilities for Renewal '' , Boston College International and Comparative Law Review , 27 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 185 Subramaniam , Arjun ( 2016 ) , India 's Wars : A Military History , 1947 -- 1971 , HarperCollins India , ISBN 9351777499 Swami , Praveen ( 2006 ) , India , Pakistan and the Secret Jihad : The Covert War in Kashmir , 1947 -- 2004 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 13752 - 7 Varshney , Ashutosh ( 1992 ) . `` Three Compromised Nationalisms : Why Kashmir has been a Problem '' ( PDF ) . In Raju G.C. Thomas . Perspectives on Kashmir : the roots of conflict in South Asia . Westview Press . pp. 191 -- 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 8343 - 9 . Zutshi , Chitralekha , Languages of Belonging : Islam , Regional Identity , and the Making of Kashmir , C. Hurst & Co . Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 700 - 2 Further reading Pre-independence history Drew , Federic. 1877 . The Northern Barrier of India : a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations. & ; # 8221 ; 1st edition : Edward Stanford , London . Reprint : Light & Life Publishers , Jammu. 1971 . Partition and Post-independence Webb , Matthew J. Kashmir 's right to secede : A critical examination of contemporary theories of secession . Vol. 54 . Routledge , 2012 Howard B. Schaffer Chester Bowles : New Dealer in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 11390 - 9 . Bradnock , Robert W ( 1998 ) . `` Regional geopolitics in a globalising world : Kashmir in geopolitical perspective '' . Geopolitics. 3 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1080 / 14650049808407617 . Heymann , Karen ( 2003 ) . `` Earned Sovereignty for Kashmir : The Legal Methodology to Avoiding a Nuclear Holocaust '' . Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 19 : 153 . Malik , Iftikhar H. `` The Kashmir Dispute : A Cul - De-Sac in Indo - Pakistan Relations ? . '' Perspectives on Kashmir ( 1992 ) : 299 -- 318 . Malik , Iftikhar H ( 1992 ) . `` Ethnicity and contemporary South Asian politics : The Kashmir conflict as a case study '' . The Round Table . 81 ( 322 ) : 203 -- 214 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358539208454099 . Malik , Iftikhar H ( 1992 ) . `` Indo ‐ Pakistani relations : A historical reappraisal : Lost case or turning ‐ point ? '' . Contemporary South Asia . 1 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 142 . doi : 10.1080 / 09584939208719672 . Garner , George ( 2013 ) . `` Chechnya and Kashmir : The jihadist evolution of nationalism to jihad and beyond '' . Terrorism and Political Violence. 25 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 434 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546553.2012. 664202 . Dr. Ijaz Hussain , 1998 , Kashmir Dispute : An International Law Perspective , National Institute of Pakistan Studies Alastair Lamb , Kashmir : A Disputed Legacy 1846 -- 1990 ( Hertingfordbury , Herts : Roxford Books , 1991 ) Kashmir Study Group , 1947 -- 1997 , the Kashmir dispute at fifty : charting paths to peace ( New York , 1997 ) Jaspreet Singh , Seventeen Tomatoes -- an unprecedented look inside the world of an army camp in Kashmir ( Vehicle Press ; Montreal , Canada , 2004 ) Navnita Behera , Demystifying Kashmir ( Washington , D.C. : Brooking Institute Press , 2006 ) . Navnita Behera , State , identity and violence : Jammu , Kashmir and Ladakh ( New Delhi : Manohar , 2000 ) Sumit Ganguly , The Crisis in Kashmir ( Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press ; Cambridge : Cambridge U.P. , 1997 ) Sumantra Bose , The challenge in Kashmir : democracy , self - determination and a just peace ( New Delhi : Sage , 1997 ) Robert Johnson , A Region in Turmoil ( London and New York , Reaktion , 2005 ) Hans Köchler , The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik . Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement . Keynote speech delivered at the `` Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008 . '' European Parliament , Brussels , 1 April 2008 . Prem Shankar Jha , Kashmir , 1947 : Rival Versions of History ( New Delhi : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) Manoj Joshi , The Lost Rebellion ( New Delhi : Penguin India , 1999 ) Alexander Evans , `` Why Peace Wo n't Come to Kashmir '' , Current History ( Vol 100 , No 645 ) April 2001 p170 - 175 . Surinder Mohan , `` Transforming the Line of Control : Bringing the ' Homeland ' Back In '' , Asian Politics & Policy ( Vol 5 , No 1 ) January 2013 p51 - 75 . Younghusband , Francis and Molyneux , E. 1917 . Kashmir . A. & C. Black , London . Victoria Schofield , Kashmir in the Crossfire , I.B. Tauris , London . Andrew Whitehead , A Mission in Kashmir , Penguin India , 2007 Muhammad Ayub , An Army ; Its Role & Rule ( A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947 -- 1999 ) . Rosedog Books , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania USA . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 ; Web sources Kashmir Conflict , Homepage Washington Post . The UN Security Council Resolution on Kashmir Capt Samarth Singh . External links Christine Fair Explains the Pakistan Army 's Way of War ( video ) , School of Public Policy at Central European University , 7 April 2015 The Future of Kashmir , Matthew A. Rosenstein et al. , ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares 16 : 1 ( winter 2007 - 8 ) , Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Centre for Contemporary Conflict on Kargil War BBC articles on Kashmir Recent Kashmir developments The Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict US Institute of Peace Report , June 2004 The Kashmir dispute - cause or symptom ? LoC - Line of Control situation in Kashmir An outline of the history of Kashmir News Coverage of Kashmir Accession Document Conflict in Kashmir : Selected Internet Resources by the Library , University of California , Berkeley , USA ; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web - Bibliographies list Timeline since April 2003 Kashmir resolution of the European Parliament , 24 May 2007 `` Election in Kashmir Begins Amid Boycott Calls '' Disputed territories of India Ongoing armed conflicts Africa ADF insurgency Anglophone Crisis Batwa - Luba clashes Boko Haram insurgency Burundian unrest Central African Republic Civil War Communal conflicts in Nigeria ( Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria ) Conflict in the Niger Delta Eritrean -- Ethiopian border conflict Second Afar insurgency Ethnic violence in South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb ISIL insurgency in Tunisia Islamist insurgency in Mozambique Ituri conflict Kamwina Nsapu rebellion ‎ Katanga insurgency Kivu conflict Libyan Crisis Second Civil War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Northern Mali conflict Ogaden insurgency Oromo - Somali clashes RENAMO insurgency Sinai insurgency Somali Civil War War in Somalia Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Sudanese nomadic conflicts War in Darfur Americas Colombian conflict EPP insurgency Mexican Drug War Peruvian internal conflict Mapuche conflict East and South Asia Balochistan conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgency in Laos Insurgency in Northeast India Assam Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Insurgency in the Philippines CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro Internal conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin Karen Rohingya Kashmir conflict Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency Papua conflict Sectarianism in Pakistan South Thailand insurgency War in Afghanistan 2001 -- present War in North - West Pakistan Xinjiang conflict Europe Insurgency in the North Caucasus War in Donbass Islamic terrorism in Europe West Asia Arab separatism in Khuzestan Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Kurdish separatism in Iran West Iran clashes Kurdish -- Turkish conflict 2015 -- present Lebanese conflict Nagorno - Karabakh conflict Qatif conflict 2017 Qatif unrest Syrian Civil War Yemeni Crisis civil war in World maps Kashmir Valley Passes Banihal Pass Zojila Burzil Pass Valleys Sind Valley Lidder Valley Lolab Valley Betaab Valley Cities Srinagar Anantnag Baramulla Towns Pulwama Budgam Ganderbal Shopian Bandipore Kulgam Downtown Nowshera Gurez Pattan Kangan Hazratbal Awantipora Tral Qazigund Kokernag Shangus Bijbehara Doru Pahalgam Pattan Uri Kreeri Boniyar Tangmarg Sopore Rafaiabad Karnah Kupwara Lolab Handwara Langate Charari Sharief Beerwah Chadoora Sumbal Sonawari Quimoh Pahloo D.H. Pora Devsar Soura Buchpora Rivers Jehlum Sind Lidder Neelum Veshaw Rambi Ara Glaciers Kolhoi Glacier Machoi Glacier Lakes Anchar Lake Dal Lake Nigeen Lake Manasbal Lake Wular Lake Vishansar Lake Krishansar Lake Gangabal Lake Gadsar Lake Sheshnag Lake Tarsar Lake Nundkol Lake Satsar Lake Kausar Nag Brari Nambal Khushal Sar Gil Sar Mountains Harmukh Kolhoi Peak Machoi Peak Amarnath Peak Sirbal Peak Tatakooti Peak Sunset Peak Mahadev Hill stations and Mughal gardens Pahalgam Sonamarg Yusmarg Gulmarg Aharbal Nishat Bagh Shalimar Bagh Chashme Shahi Verinag Kokernag See also History of Kashmir Kashmir Conflict The Valley Of Kashmir ( 1895 book ) Line of Control Jammu -- Baramulla line Kashmiri language Kashmir conflict Timeline of the Kashmir conflict 1846 -- 1946 1947 -- present Wars & conflicts Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 India -- Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo - Pakistani standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack Operations 1947 Poonch Rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Operation All Out Operation Sarp Vinash Operation Sadbhavana ( Goodwill ) Operation Calm Down Negotiations Jinnah -- Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement Related Kashmir region Jammu and Kashmir ( princely state ) 1947 Jammu massacres Rape during the Kashmir conflict Kashmir separatist movement Political parties All Parties Hurriyat Conference All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference Jammu and Kashmir National Front Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party United Kashmir People 's National Party Jihadist organisations Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front ( Yasin Malik ) Tehreek - e-Hurriyat Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar - e-Taiba Islamic State Jaish - e-Mohammed Harkat - ul - Mujahideen Harkat - ul - Ansar Separatists Afzal Guru Amanullah Khan Ashiq Hussain Faktoo Asiya Andrabi Ayub Thakur Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Burhan Wani Farooq Ahmed Dar Hafiz Saeed Hashim Qureshi Maqbool Bhat Masood Azhar Masarat Alam Farooq Siddiqi Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Mohammad Abbas Ansari Muhammad Ahsan Dar Sayeed Salahudeen Sheikh Abdul Aziz Syed Ali Shah Geelani Yasin Malik History Treaty of Amritsar ( 1846 ) Kashmir conflict Kashmir war Amarnath land transfer controversy 2008 Kashmir unrest 2010 Kashmir unrest Sopore massacre Ramban firing incident 2016 -- 17 Kashmir unrest Nationalism Kashmiriyat Elections Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 2014 Separatist movements in India Movements Dravida Nadu Insurgency in Northeast India Assam separatist movements Insurgency in Meghalaya Insurgency in Manipur Ethnic conflict in Nagaland Kashmir conflict Khalistan movement Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency Separatist organisations All Tripura Tiger Force Babbar Khalsa Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan Bodo Liberation Tigers Force Dal Khalsa Dashmesh Regiment International Sikh Youth Federation Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front ( Yasin Malik ) Kamtapur Liberation Organization Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup Khalistan Liberation Army Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front Khalistan Zindabad Force Mizo National Front Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam National Democratic Front of Bodoland People 's Liberation Army of Manipur People 's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak Tamil Nadu Liberation Army Tehreek - e-Hurriyat Tripura National Volunteers United Liberation Front of Asom United National Liberation Front United People 's Democratic Solidarity Political parties All - India Muslim League Bodoland People 's Front All Parties Hurriyat Conference All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party United Kashmir People 's National Party People Abhizeet Asom Amanullah Khan Angami Zapu Phizo Anup Chetia Arabinda Rajkhowa Ayub Thakur Biswamohan Debbarma Fateh Singh Hashim Qureshi Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Mohammad Abbas Ansari Muppala Lakshmana Rao Paresh Baruah Ranjit Debbarma Sheikh Abdul Aziz Syed Ali Shah Geelani Sukhdev Singh Babbar Talwinder Singh Parmar Nationalism Assamese nationalism Bodo nationalism Kashmiriyat Naga nationalism Sikh nationalism Tamil nationalism Tripuri nationalism Controversies 1984 Sikh Massacre Hashimpura massacre Human rights abuses in Assam Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Manipur Human rights issues in Northeast India Human rights abuses in Punjab Persecution of Chinese Indians India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes Kulbhushan Jadhav 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 Indian Line of Control strike 2016 - present border skirmishes Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Post -- Cold War conflicts in Asia South Asia Nepalese conflicts Civil War ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Royal massacre ( 2001 ) Sri Lankan Civil War ( 1983 -- 2009 ) Kashmir conflict ( 1947 -- present ) 2013 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes India -- Pakistan border skirmishes ( 2014 -- 2015 ) India -- Pakistan military confrontation ( 2016 -- present ) Kargil War ( 1999 ) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency ( 1989 -- present ) Insurgency in Northeast India ( 1964 -- present ) Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency ( 1967 -- present ) Afghanistan -- Pakistan skirmishes Afghan Wars 1989 -- 92 1992 -- 96 1996 -- 2001 2001 -- present War in North - 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Qaeda ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Houthi ( 2004 -- 15 ) South Yemen ( 2009 -- 15 ) Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Coup d'état ( 2014 -- 15 ) Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Civil conflict in Turkey Political violence ( 1976 -- 80 ) Maoist insurgency DHKP / C insurgency PKK conflict Turkey -- ISIL conflict Others Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency ( 1989 -- 96 ) Iran -- PJAK conflict ( 2004 -- present ) Sinai insurgency ( 2011 -- present ) Bahraini uprising ( 2011 ) Syrian Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Regional spillover Related topics War on Terror ( 2001 -- 13 ) Operation Inherent Resolve ( 2014 - present ) Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 11 ) Arab Winter Colour revolutions European conflicts African conflicts Conflicts in the Americas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_conflict&oldid=842388646 '' Categories : Disputed territories in Asia Independent India Kashmir conflict Natural resource conflicts Territorial disputes of India Territorial disputes of Pakistan Mountain warfare Conflicts in 2014 Conflicts in 2015 Ongoing conflicts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages containing links to subscription - 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who did wisconsin football loss to this year			2016 Wisconsin Badgers Football team	2016 wisconsin badgers football team	The 2016 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin -- Madison in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Badgers , led by second - year head coach Paul Chryst , were members of the West Division of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison , Wisconsin .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Watchlists and preseason awards 2 Schedule 3 Rankings 4 Game summaries 4.1 vs No. 5 LSU 4.2 Akron 4.3 Georgia State 4.4 at No. 8 Michigan State 4.5 at No. 4 Michigan 4.6 No. 2 Ohio State 4.7 at Iowa 4.8 No. 7 Nebraska 4.9 at Northwestern 4.10 Illinois 4.11 at Purdue 4.12 Minnesota 5 Coaching staff 6 Roster 6.1 Departures 7 Big Ten Players of the Week 8 Awards 9 2017 NFL Draft 9.1 2017 NFL Draft class 9.2 Signed undrafted free agents 10 References Watchlists and preseason awards ( edit ) Michael Deiter ( C ) Rimington Trophy Jack Cichy ( OLB ) Lott IMPACT Trophy Corey Clement ( RB ) Maxwell Award , Doak Walker Award Vince Biegel ( OLB ) Bednarik Award , Nagurski Award , Butkus Award , Allstate AFCA Good Works Team Dan Voltz ( G ) Outland Trophy Schedule ( edit ) Wisconsin announced its 2016 football schedule on July 11 , 2013 . The 2016 schedule consists of 6 home , 5 away , and 1 neutral site game in the regular season . The Badgers will host Big Ten foes Illinois , Minnesota , Nebraska , and Ohio State , and will travel to Iowa , Michigan , Michigan State , Northwestern , and Purdue . The teams three non -- conference games are against the Akron Zips from the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , Georgia State Panthers from the Sun Belt Conference , and the LSU Tigers from the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Associated Press and Coaches ' preseason top 25 polls were released in August and for the first time since 2009 the Badgers were unranked in both polls . Meanwhile , the first five of their Power 5 opponents were all ranked 17th or higher in the preseason polls with # 5 LSU , # 6 Ohio State , # 7 Michigan , # 12 Michigan State and # 17 Iowa . Date Time Opponent Rank Site TV Result Attendance September 3 2 : 30 p.m. vs. No. 5 LSU * Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI ABC W 16 -- 14 77,823 September 10 2 : 30 p.m. Akron * No. 10 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI BTN W 54 -- 10 77,331 September 17 11 : 00 a.m. Georgia State * No. 9 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI BTN W 23 -- 17 79,883 September 24 11 : 00 a.m. at No. 8 Michigan State No. 11 Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI BTN W 30 -- 6 75,505 October 1 3 : 30 p.m. at No. 4 Michigan No. 8 Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI ABC L 7 -- 14 111,846 October 15 7 : 00 p.m. No. 2 Ohio State No. 8 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI ABC L 23 -- 30 81,541 October 22 11 : 00 a.m. at Iowa No. 10 Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA ( Rivalry ) ESPN W 17 -- 9 70,585 October 29 6 : 00 p.m. No. 7 Nebraska No. 11 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI ( Rivalry ) ESPN W 23 -- 17 80,833 November 5 11 : 00 a.m. at Northwestern No. 8 Ryan Field Evanston , IL ABC W 21 -- 7 42,016 November 12 2 : 30 p.m. Illinois No. 7 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI ESPN2 W 48 -- 3 79,340 November 19 11 : 00 a.m. at Purdue No. 6 Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN ABC W 49 -- 20 30,465 November 26 2 : 30 p.m. Minnesota No. 5 Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI ( Rivalry ) BTN W 31 -- 17 77,216 December 3 7 : 30 p.m. vs. No. 8 Penn State No. 6 Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , IN ( Big Ten Championship ) FOX L 31 -- 38 65,018 January 2 , 2017 12 : 00 p.m. vs. No. 12 Western Michigan No. 8 AT&T Stadium Arlington , TX ( Cotton Bowl Classic ) ESPN W 24 -- 16 59,615 * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game . All times are in Central Time . Schedule Source : Rankings ( edit ) Further information : 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Ranking movements Legend : █ █ Increase in ranking . █ █ Decrease in ranking . NR = Not ranked . RV = Received votes . ( ) = First place votes . Week Poll Pre 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Final AP RV 10 9 11 8 11 8 10 11 8 7 6 5 6 8 9 Coaches RV 16 12 10 8 13 10 10 10 8 7 6 6 5 8 9 CFP Not released 8 7 7 6 6 8 Not released Game summaries ( edit ) Vs No. 5 LSU ( edit ) See also : 2016 LSU Tigers football team No. 5 LSU at Wisconsin Total No. 5 LSU 0 0 14 0 14 Wisconsin 0 6 7 16 Date : September 3 Location : Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI Game start : 2 : 40 Elapsed time : 3 : 20 Game attendance : 77,823 Game weather : Temperature : 75 , Wind : SSE 11 , Weather : Mostly Sunny Referee : M. Defee TV announcers ( ABC ) : Steve Levy ( play - by - play ) , Brian Griese ( color ) , Todd McShay ( sidelines ) ( show ) Scoring summary 04 : 13 WIS Gaglianone , R. 30 yd field goal 9 plays , 24 yards , TOP 4 : 12 3 -- 0 WIS 00 : 54 WIS Gaglianone , R. 48 yd field goal 5 plays , 15 yards , TOP 0 : 55 6 -- 0 WIS 10 : 55 WIS Clement , Corey 5 yd run ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 5 plays , 58 yards , TOP 1 : 56 13 -- 0 WIS 05 : 28 LSU T. White 21 yd interception ( C. Delahoussaye kick ) 13 -- 7 WIS 04 : 21 LSU Travin Dural 10 yd pass from Brandon Harris ( C. Delahoussaye kick ) 2 plays , 41 yards , TOP 0 : 18 14 -- 13 LSU 03 : 47 WIS Gaglianone , R. 47 yd field goal 8 plays , 48 yards , TOP 4 : 27 16 -- 14 WIS Overall record Last meeting Result 0 -- 3 (. 000 ) August 30 , 2014 L , 24 -- 28 The Badgers started off the regular season with a neutral site game against the LSU Tigers at Lambeau field in Green Bay , Wisconsin . LSU was favored to win the game by double - digits . The Badgers came out to lead 6 -- 0 by halftime with the Badgers kicker , Rafael Gaglianone , making two field goals ; one from 30 and the other 48 yards . Runningback Corey Clement led the Badgers on their opening drive of the third quarter and scored a touchdown on a five - yard run . LSU responded with two touchdowns shortly thereafter due to a quick succession of Badgers ' turnovers . Another field goal in the fourth quarter from 47 yards put the Badgers back in the lead . In the last minute of the game , and within field goal range , LSU quarterback Brandon Harris was nearly sacked by linebacker Vince Biegel and threw an interception which was caught by Safety D'Cota Dixon . The turnover secured the victory for the Badgers who in turn ran out the clock . The game was fifth - year senior Bart Houston 's debut as Wisconsin 's starting quarterback , after being a backup quarterback for four years . His debut passer rating of 33.2 was the worst for a Wisconsin quarterback since 1977 when Mike Kalasmicki 's debut passer rating was 5.20 . Rafael Gaglianone had his fourth game - winning field goal of his career , the most in school history . The game was described as a `` historic upset '' for the Badgers by ESPN and Yahoo ! Sports . After the game ESPN Staff Writer Jesse Temple stated that `` Wisconsin secured its most significant nonconference regular - season victory since 1974 , when the team upset fourth - ranked Nebraska 21 -- 20 at Camp Randall Stadium . '' The Badgers snapped the Tigers 52 - game win streak for non-conference regular season wins , an FBS record that stood since a 2002 loss to Virginia Tech . Following the game Wisconsin 's kicker Rafael Gaglianone was lauded with multiple ' Player of the Week ' awards , including Big Ten special teams player of the week , Rose Bowl Big Ten player of the week and one of three Lou Groza Award Stars of the Week . Wisconsin 's Jack Cichy was named the Lott IMPACT Player of the Week for his defensive efforts . Wisconsin coach Paul Chryst was announced as the `` Dodd Trophy Coach of the Week '' following the opening week of college football . Paul Chryst announced in a press conference that Chris Orr , who went down the first play of the game with a right leg injury , would be out for the rest of the year due to a torn ACL . He also stated that former linebacker - turned - fullback Leon Jacobs would now play both sides of the ball at fullback in addition to inside linebacker , to regain some depth at the position due to Chris Orr 's season - ending injury . Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 21 carries , 86 yards ( long 12 ) , 4.1 yards / carry , 1 touchdown Passing : Bart Houston -- 19 completions , 31 passing attempts , 205 yards , 6.6 avg , 0 touchdowns , 2 interceptions Receiving : Troy Fumagalli -- 7 receptions , 100 yards , 14.3 avg , 27 long Defense : Jack Cichy -- 8 Tackles ( 5 solo , 3 asst ) , 1 Tackle - for - loss for 5 yds , 1 Forced Fumble Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Bart Houston RS Sr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Micah Kapoi RS So Michael Dieter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Alec James RS Jr NT Olive Sagapolu RS So DE Connor Sheehy RS Jr OLB Vince Biegel RS Sr ILB Chris Orr So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : Akron ( edit ) See also : 2016 Akron Zips football team Akron at No. 10 Wisconsin Total Akron 0 10 0 0 10 No. 10 Wisconsin 9 21 10 14 54 Date : September 10 Location : Camp Randall Stadium , Madison , WI Game start : 2 : 36 CST Elapsed time : 3 : 19 Game attendance : 77,331 Game weather : Temperature : 69 , Wind : 10 WNW , Weather : Mostly Cloudy Referee : C. Johnson TV announcers ( BTN ) : Matt Devlin ( play - by - play ) Stanley Jackson ( analyst ) ( show ) Scoring summary 08 : 05 WIS Clement , C. 4 yard run ( Caglianone , R. kick ) , 13 plays , 83 yards , TOP 6 : 55 7 -- 0 WIS 02 : 28 WIS Team 1 yard safety 9 -- 0 WIS 13 : 45 WIS Clement , C. 1 yard run ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 8 plays , 53 yards , TOP 3 : 32 16 -- 0 WIS 04 : 58 WIS Peavy , J. 13 yard pass from Houston , B. ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 9 plays , 73 yards , TOP 4 : 12 23 -- 0 WIS 03 : 12 AKR Natson , J. 55 yard punt return ( O'Leary , T. kick ) 23 -- 7 WIS 02 : 10 WIS Peavy , J. 34 yard pass from Houston , B. ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 3 plays , 67 yards , TOP 0 : 57 30 -- 7 WIS 00 : 00 AKR O'Leary , T. 32 yard field goal , 8 plays , 60 yards , TOP 2 : 10 30 -- 10 WIS 06 : 25 WIS Gaglianone , R. 33 yard field goal , 12 plays , 57 yards , TOP 6 : 44 33 -- 10 WIS 01 : 07 WIS Ingold , A. 6 yard pass from Hornibrook , A. ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 8 plays , 83 yards , TOP 4 : 22 40 -- 10 WIS 11 : 17 WIS Ramesh , A. 1 yard run ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 7 plays , 63 yards , TOP 3 : 27 47 -- 10 WIS 07 : 54 WIS Shaw , B. 35 yard run ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 3 plays , 44 yards , TOP 1 : 23 54 -- 10 WIS Overall record Last meeting Result 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) August 30 , 2008 W , 38 -- 17 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 21 carries , 111 yards ( long 27 ) , 5.3 yards / carry , 2 touchdowns Passing : Bart Houston -- 15 completions , 22 passing attempts , 231 yards , 10.5 avg , 2 touchdowns Receiving : Jazz Peavy -- 7 receptions , 100 yards , 14.3 avg , 34 long , 2 touchdowns Defense : T.J. Watt -- 3 Tackles ( 3 solo ) , 1 Tackle - for - loss for 11 yds , 1 Sack Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Bart Houston RS Sr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Micah Kapoi RS So Michael Dieter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Alec James RS Jr DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr OLB Vince Biegel RS Sr ILB Ryan Connelly So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr CB Natrell Jamerson Jr Reference : Georgia State ( edit ) See also : 2016 Georgia State Panthers football team Georgia State at No. 9 Wisconsin Total Georgia State 0 0 10 7 17 No. 9 Wisconsin 6 0 7 10 23 Date : September 17 Location : Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI Game start : 11 : 01 CST Elapsed time : 3 : 04 Game attendance : 79,883 Game weather : Temperature : 71 , Wind : 6 WSW , Weather : Sunny Referee : G. Blum TV announcers : Brandon Gaudin ( play - by - play ) Chuck Long ( analyst ) ( show ) Scoring summary 07 : 20 WIS Gaglianone , R. 41 yard field goal , 15 plays , 52 yard , TOP 7 : 40 3 -- 0 WIS 00 : 51 WIS Gaglianone , R. 28 yard field goal , 10 plays , 58 yards , TOP 5 : 09 6 -- 0 WIS 06 : 00 GSU ten Lohuis , R. 45 yard field goal , 10 plays 49 yards , TOP 4 : 25 6 -- 3 WIS 02 : 58 WIS Ogunbowale , D. 2 yard run ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 6 plays , 69 yards , TOP 2 : 56 13 -- 3 WIS 00 : 19 GSU Davis , R. 13 yard pass from Manning , C. ( ten Lohuis , R. kick ) , 6 plays , 75 yards , TOP 2 : 39 13 -- 10 WIS 11 : 36 GSU Neal , K. 9 yard run ( ten Lohuis , R. kick ) , 3 plays , 38 yards , TOP 1 : 06 17 -- 13 GSU 07 : 25 WIS Penniston , K. 1 yard pass from Hornibrook , A. ( Gaglianone , R. kick ) , 8 plays , 59 yards , TOP 4 : 03 20 -- 17 WIS 03 : 36 WIS Gaglianone , R. 41 yard field goal , 7 plays , 19 yards , TOP 2 : 17 23 -- 17 WIS Overall record Last meeting Result First meeting The Badgers played against opponent Georgia State for the first time . The entire game was marked by offensive struggles on Wisconsin 's part . Wisconsin jumped out to an early 6 - 0 lead on the foot of kicker Rafael Gaglianone , who converted field goal attempts from 47 and 28 yards in the 1st quarter . In the second half , things got ugly for the Badgers as Georgia State countered a touchdown run by Dare Ogunbowale with a field goal and touchdown of their own . With Wisconsin struggling to make progress on offense , Paul Chryst replaced QB Bart Houston with redshirt freshman Alex Hornibrook . In the 4th quarter , the winless Panthers took the lead 17 - 10 on a 9 - yard run . Hornibrook , however , led the offense on two scoring drives - a touchdown pass to Kyle Penniston and another Gaglianone kick - to pull out the win . The Badgers improved to 3 - 0 on the season , but their struggles on offense led to questions about which quarterback would start next week 's crucial Big Ten matchup against Michigan State . Statistical Leaders Rushing : Dare Ogunbowale -- 20 carries , 65 yards ( long 19 ) , 3.3 yards / carry , 1 touchdown Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 8 completions , 12 passing attempts , 122 yards , 10.2 avg , 1 touchdown , 1 interception Receiving : Jazz Peavy -- 3 receptions , 67 yards , 22.3 avg , 29 long Defense : T.J. Edwards -- 11 Tackles ( 6 solo ) , 1 Tackle - for - loss for 2 yds Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Bart Houston RS Sr RB Taiwan Deal RS Fr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Micah Kapoi RS So Michael Dieter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr OLB Vince Biegel RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr CB Lubern Figaro Jr Reference : at No. 8 Michigan State ( edit ) See also : 2016 Michigan State Spartans football team No. 11 Wisconsin at No. 8 Michigan State Total No. 11 Wisconsin 7 6 17 0 30 No. 8 Michigan State 0 0 6 Date : September 24 Location : Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI Game start : 11 : 01 Elapsed time : 3 : 12 Game attendance : 75,505 Game weather : Temperature : 63 , Wind : 8 ENE , Weather : Partly Cloudy Referee : Jerry McGinn TV announcers ( BTN ) : Kevin Kugler ( play - by - play ) Matt Millen ( analyst ) ( show ) Scoring summary 08 : 03 MSU Geiger , M. 48 yard field goal , 7 plays , 16 yards , TOP 1 : 31 3 -- 0 MSU 00 : 25 WIS Steffes , E. 1 yard pass from Hornibrook , A. ( Endicott , A. kick ) , 16 plays , 65 yards , TOP 7 : 38 7 -- 3 WIS 07 : 14 WIS Clement , C. 1 yard run ( Endicott , A. kick failed , 6 plays 28 yards , TOP 2 : 40 13 -- 3 WIS 01 : 18 MSU Geiger , M. 40 yard field goal , 15 plays , 62 yards , TOP 5 : 51 13 -- 6 WIS 13 : 10 WIS Musso , L. 66 yard fumble return ( Endicott , A. kick ) 20 -- 6 WIS 04 : 58 WIS Endicott , A. 41 yard field goal , 10 plays , 54 yards , TOP 5 : 40 23 -- 6 WIS 03 : 52 WIS Clement , C. 5 yard run ( Endicott , A kick ) , 1 play , 5 yards , TOP 0 : 06 30 -- 6 WIS Overall record Last meeting Result 22 -- 30 (. 423 ) October 27 , 2012 L , 13 -- 16 Prior to the game , it was leaked that redshirt freshman quarterback Alex Hornibrook would make his debut and start against Michigan State after his performance the prior week against Georgia State . Wisconsin was also laden with injuries going into the game with two offensive line starters , Jon Dietzen and Micah Kapoi , out with injuries along with placekicker Rafael Gaglianone and fourth - string running back Bradrick Shaw . Michigan State opened the scoring with a field goal by Michael Geiger in the first quarter on a drive started when MSU defensive lineman Raequan Williams stripped and recovered a fumble from Wisconsin 's freshman quarterback . Wisconsin answered back with a seven - and - a-half minute drive resulting in a one - yard touchdown catch by tight end Eric Steffes . Thereafter , Wisconsin 's defense shut down the Spartan offense and an interception by Sojourn Shelton in the second quarter resulted in a one - yard rushing touchdown by running back Corey Clement . The Spartans made another field goal to close out the first half . In the third quarter , Badgers defensive back D'Cota Dixon forced a fumble which was recovered by fellow Badgers DB Leo Musso who returned it for a 66 - yard touchdown . Also in the third quarter , the Badgers replacement kicker Andrew Endicott made his first ever field goal attempt ( college or high school ) at 41 yards , Corey Clement had another five - yard rushing touchdown to round out the third quarter . Overall , the Badgers forced four turnovers . Hornibrook , on third down , completed nine of his 13 attempts for 136 yards and a touchdown and , on third and long ( 10 + yards ) , he was six for six for 100 yards . It was the first time since 1999 that a Big Ten team beat two top ten teams by the first of October in the same season , the last being Penn State in 1999 . The last time Wisconsin defeated two top ten teams in the same season was 1962 . The last time Wisconsin beat MSU in East Lansing was in 2002 when Barry Alvarez was head coach . The last time Wisconsin beat a top team team on the road was at No. 5 Purdue in 2004 . Wisconsin players were lauded after the game , including freshman QB Alex Hornibrook for making his debut on the road against No. 8 Michigan State and was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week . Outside Linebacker TJ Watt was named the Walter Camp Player of the Week and Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week for his dominant defensive performance , including 6 tackles , 3.5 tackles - for - loss , 2.5 sacks , one pass breakup and two QB hits . Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 23 carries , 54 yards ( long 22 ) , 2.3 yards / carry , 2 touchdowns Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 16 completions , 26 passing attempts , 195 yards , 7.5 avg , 1 touchdown , 1 interception Receiving : Jazz Peavy -- 4 receptions , 96 yards , 24 avg , 31 long Defense : T.J. Watt -- 6 Tackles ( 3 solo ) , 3.5 Tackle - for - loss for 12 yds , 2.5 sacks for 10 yds , 1 Pass breakup , 2 QB hits Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Michael Dieter RS So Brett Connors RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Connor Sheehy RS Jr NT Olive Sagapolu So DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr OLB Vince Biegel RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : at No. 4 Michigan ( edit ) See also : 2016 Michigan Wolverines football team No. 8 Wisconsin at No. 4 Michigan Total No. 8 Wisconsin 0 0 7 0 7 No. 4 Michigan 0 7 0 7 14 Date : October 1 Location : Michigan Stadium , Ann Arbor , MI Game start : 2 : 41 Elapsed time : 3 : 21 Game attendance : 111,846 Game weather : Temperature : 68 , Wind : 10 - 15 SE , Weather : Cloudy , light rain Referee : R. Snodgrass Television network : ABC ( show ) Scoring summary 14 : 56 MICH Khalid Hill 1 - yard run ( Kenny Allen kick ) MICH 7 -- 0 8 : 03 WIS Dare Ogunbowale 7 - yard pass from Alex Hornibrook ( Andrew Endicott kick ) TIE 7 -- 7 7 : 56 MICH Amara Darboh 46 - yard pass from Wilton Speight ( Kenny Allen kick ) MICH 14 -- 7 Overall record Last meeting Result 14 -- 49 -- 1 (. 227 ) November 20 , 2010 W , 48 -- 28 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 17 carries , 68 yards ( long 19 ) , 4.0 yards / carry Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 9 completions , 25 passing attempts , 88 yards , 3.5 avg , 1 touchdown , 3 interceptions Receiving : Dare Ogunbowale -- 3 receptions , 23 yards , 7.7 avg , 17 long Defense : Jack Cichy -- 12 Tackles ( 10 solo ) , 0.5 Tackle - for - loss for 1 yd , 0.5 sack for 1 yd Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Michael Dieter RS So Brett Connors RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Garret Dooley Jr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr CB Lubern Figaro Jr Reference : No. 2 Ohio State ( edit ) See also : 2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team No. 2 Ohio State at No. 8 Wisconsin OT Total No. 2 Ohio State 7 10 7 30 No. 8 Wisconsin 10 6 0 7 0 23 Date : October 15 Location : Camp Randall Stadium , Madison , WI Game start : 7 : 12 Elapsed time : 3 : 45 Game attendance : 81,541 Game weather : Temperature : 64 , Wind : 6 S , Weather : Cloudy Referee : D. Willard Television network : ABC ( show ) Scoring summary 9 : 03 WIS Andrew Endicott 46 - yard field goal WIS 3 -- 0 6 : 17 WIS Jazz Peavy 24 - yard pass from Alex Hornibrook ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 10 -- 0 2 : 46 OSU Tyler Durbin 25 - yard field goal WIS 10 -- 3 8 : 43 OSU Tyler Durbin 40 - yard field goal WIS 10 -- 6 2 : 47 WIS Andrew Endicott 32 - yard field goal WIS 13 -- 6 : 14 WIS Andrew Endicott 22 - yard field goal WIS 16 -- 6 2 : 52 OSU J.T. Barrett 1 - yard run ( Tyler Durbin kick ) WIS 16 -- 13 14 : 09 OSU J.T. Barrett 8 - yard run ( Tyler Durbin kick ) OSU 20 -- 16 7 : 54 WIS Austin Ramesh 4 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 23 -- 20 3 : 57 OSU Tyler Durbin 31 - yard field goal Tie 23 -- 23 OT OSU Noah Brown 7 - yard pass from J.T. Barrett ( Tyler Durbin kick ) OSU 30 -- 23 Overall record Last meeting Result 18 -- 57 -- 5 (. 256 ) December 6 , 2014 L , 0 -- 59 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 25 carries , 164 yards ( long 68 ) , 6.6 yards / carry Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 16 completions , 28 passing attempts , 214 yards , 7.6 avg , 1 touchdown , 1 interception Receiving : Troy Fumagalli -- 7 receptions , 84 yards , 12.0 avg , 30 long Defense : Jack Cichy -- 15 Tackles ( 11 solo ) , 3.5 Tackle - for - loss for 7 yds , 1.0 sack for 2 yds Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr WR Robert Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr TE Eric Steffes RS Sr . LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Michael Dieter RS So Brett Connors RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Connor Sheehy RS Jr NT Olive Sagapolu So DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Garret Dooley Jr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : at Iowa ( edit ) See also : 2016 Iowa Hawkeyes football team and Iowa -- Wisconsin football rivalry No. 10 Wisconsin at Iowa Total No. 10 Wisconsin 0 7 7 17 Iowa 0 6 0 9 Date : October 22 Location : Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA Game start : 11 : 01 a.m. Elapsed time : 3 : 25 Game attendance : 70,585 Game weather : Temperature : 49 , Wind : 9 S , Weather : Clear Referee : J. Servinski Television network : ESPN ( show ) Scoring summary 10 : 06 WIS Troy Fumagalli 17 - yard pass from Bart Houston ( Andrew Endicott Kick ) WIS 7 -- 0 3 : 49 IOWA Keith Duncan 41 - yard field goal WIS 7 -- 3 0 : 00 IOWA Miguel Recinos 47 - yard field goal WIS 7 -- 6 7 : 20 WIS Corey Clement 1 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 14 -- 6 1 : 24 WIS Andrew Endicott 36 - yard field goal WIS 17 -- 6 00 : 43 IOWA Keith Duncan 25 - yard field goal WIS 17 -- 9 Overall record Last meeting Result 44 -- 43 -- 2 (. 506 ) October 3 , 2015 L , 10 -- 6 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 35 carries , 134 yards ( long 34 ) , 3.8 yards / carry Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 11 completions , 19 passing attempts , 197 yards , 10.4 avg Receiving : Troy Fumagalli -- 2 receptions , 38 yards , 19.0 avg , 21 long , 1 touchdown Defense : Jack Cichy -- 10 Tackles ( 6 solo ) , 1 QB hurry Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Quintez Cephus Fr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Michael Dieter RS So Brett Connors RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT Jacob Maxwell RS So Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr NT Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Vince Biegal RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Jack Cichy RS Jr OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : No. 7 Nebraska ( edit ) See also : 2016 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team and Nebraska -- Wisconsin football rivalry No. 7 Nebraska at No. 11 Wisconsin OT Total No. 7 Nebraska 0 7 0 10 0 17 No. 11 Wisconsin 7 7 0 6 23 Date : October 29 Location : Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI Game start : 6 : 10 p.m. Elapsed time : 3 : 20 Game attendance : 80,833 Game weather : Temperature : 61 , Wind : 7 NE , Weather : Partly Cloudy Referee : D. Capron Television network : ESPN ( show ) Scoring summary 9 : 38 WIS Bradrick Shaw 21 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott Kick ) WIS 7 -- 0 13 : 41 NEB Devine Ozigbo 1 - yard run ( Drew Brown Kick ) TIE 7 -- 7 6 : 53 WIS Andrew Endicott 44 - yard field goal WIS 10 -- 7 8 : 17 WIS Rob Wheelwright 9 - yard pass from Alex Hornibrook ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 17 -- 7 13 : 45 NEB Tommy Armstrong 2 - yard run ( Drew Brown Kick ) WIS 17 -- 14 3 : 43 NEB Drew Brown 35 - yard field goal TIE 17 -- 17 OT 15 : 00 WIS Dare Ogunbowale 11 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott Kick Failed ) WIS 23 -- 17 Overall record Last meeting Result 6 -- 4 (. 600 ) October 10 , 2015 W , 23 -- 21 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Dare Ogunbowale -- 11 carries , 120 yards ( long 39 ) , 10.9 yards / carry , 1 touchdown Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 10 completions , 16 passing attempts , 71 yards , 4.4 avg , 1 touchdown , 1 interception Receiving : Rob Wheelwright -- 5 receptions , 43 yards , 8.6 avg , 16 long , 1 touchdown Defense : Ryan Connelly -- 11 Tackles ( 7 solo ) , 2.0 Tackle - for - loss for 2 yds Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr FB Austin Ramesh RS Jr WR Rob Wheelwright Sr WR Jazz Peavy RS Jr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Jon Dietzen RS Fr Michael Deiter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT David Edwards Fr Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr NT Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Vince Biegal RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Ryan Connelly RS So OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : at Northwestern ( edit ) See also : 2016 Northwestern Wildcats football team No. 8 Wisconsin at Northwestern Total No. 8 Wisconsin 0 10 8 21 Northwestern 0 7 0 0 7 Date : November 5 Location : Ryan Field Evanston , IL Game start : 11 : 06 a.m. Elapsed time : 3 : 18 Game attendance : 42,016 Game weather : Temperature : 59 , Wind : 9 WSW , Weather : Clear Referee : M. Cannon Television network : ABC ( show ) Scoring summary 11 : 11 WIS Andrew Endicott 40 - yard field goal WIS 3 -- 0 7 : 33 WIS Jazz Peavy 46 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 10 -- 0 0 : 39 NU Austin Carr 13 - yard pass from Charlie Thorson ( Jack Mitchell kick ) WIS 10 -- 7 8 : 06 WIS Andrew Endicott 28 - yard field goal WIS 13 -- 7 8 : 57 WIS Corey Clement 2 - yard run ( Alec Ingold rush ) WIS 21 -- 7 Overall record Last meeting Result 57 -- 35 -- 5 (. 613 ) November 21 , 2015 L , 7 -- 13 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 32 carries , 106 yards ( long 15 ) , 3.3 yards / carry , 1 touchdown Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 11 completions , 19 passing attempts , 92 yards , 4.8 avg Receiving : Jazz Peavy -- 4 receptions , 73 yards , 18.3 avg , 32 long Defense : Leo Musso -- 9 Tackles ( 9 solo ) , 1.0 Tackle - for - loss for 1 yd Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr WR Quintez Cephus Fr TE Eric Steffes RS Sr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr TE Kyle Penniston RS Fr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Jon Dietzen RS Fr Michael Deiter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT David Edwards Fr Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr NT Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Vince Biegal RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Ryan Connelly RS So OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : Illinois ( edit ) See also : 2016 Illinois Fighting Illini football team Illinois at No. 7 Wisconsin Total Illinois 0 0 0 No. 7 Wisconsin 21 10 14 48 Date : November 12 Location : Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI Game start : 2 : 35 p.m. Elapsed time : 3 : 05 Game attendance : 79,340 Game weather : Temperature : 50 , Wind : 11 WSW , Weather : Mostly sunny Referee : R. Snodgrass Television network : ESPN2 ( show ) Scoring summary 9 : 25 WIS Corey Clement 2 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 7 -- 0 6 : 59 WIS Corey Clement 4 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 14 -- 0 3 : 11 ILL Chase McLaughlin 31 - yard field goal WIS 14 -- 3 0 : 13 WIS Jazz Peavy 8 - yard pass from Alex Hornibrook ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 21 -- 3 12 : 24 WIS Kyle Penniston 7 - yard pass from Bart Houston ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 28 -- 3 0 : 04 WIS Andrew Endicott 37 - yard field goal WIS 31 -- 3 7 : 10 WIS Andrew Endicott 21 - yard field goal WIS 34 -- 3 14 : 18 WIS Corey Clement 2 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 41 -- 3 5 : 01 WIS Bradrick Shaw 3 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 48 -- 3 Overall record Last meeting Result 39 -- 36 -- 7 (. 518 ) October 24 , 2015 W , 24 -- 13 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 25 carries , 123 yards ( long 23 ) , 4.9 yards / carry , 3 touchdowns Passing : Alex Hornibrook -- 7 completions , 12 passing attempts , 85 yards , 7.1 avg , 1 touchdown Receiving : Jazz Peavy -- 3 receptions , 29 yards , 9.7 avg , 17 long , 1 touchdown Defense : Ryan Connelly -- 6 Tackles ( 2 solo ) , 1.5 Tackle - for - loss for 4 yds , 1 interception returned 12 yds Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr RB Bradrick Shaw RS Fr WR Quintez Cephus Fr TE Eric Steffes RS Sr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Jon Dietzen RS Fr Michael Deiter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT David Edwards Fr Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr NT Connor Sheehy RS Jr OLB Vince Biegal RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Ryan Connelly RS So OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr CB Lubern Figaro Jr Reference : at Purdue ( edit ) See also : 2016 Purdue Boilermakers football team No. 6 Wisconsin at Purdue Total No. 6 Wisconsin 0 35 7 7 49 Purdue 7 7 20 Date : November 19 Location : Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN Game start : 11 : 06 a.m. Elapsed time : 3 : 07 Game attendance : 30,465 Game weather : Temperature : 37 , Wind : 24 W , Weather : Cloudy Referee : J. O'Neill Television network : ABC ( show ) Scoring summary 4 : 56 PUR J.D. Dellinger 28 - yard field goal PUR 3 -- 0 8 : 34 WIS Alec Ingold 1 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 7 -- 3 8 : 26 WIS T.J. Watt 17 - yard interception return ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 14 -- 3 3 : 03 WIS Bradrick Shaw 7 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 21 -- 3 2 : 49 WIS Alec Ingold 19 - yard pass from Bart Houston ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 28 -- 3 2 : 38 PUR DeAngelo Yancey 75 - yard pass from David Blough ( J.D. Dellinger kick ) WIS 28 -- 10 0 : 51 WIS Bradrick Shaw 33 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 35 -- 10 8 : 47 PUR J.D. Dellinger 30 - yard field goal WIS 35 -- 13 3 : 23 WIS Jazz Peavy 25 - yard pass from Alex Hornibrook ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 42 -- 13 7 : 41 WIS Corey Clement 6 - yard run ( Andrew Endicott kick ) WIS 49 -- 13 4 : 15 PUR DeAngelo Yancey 10 - yard pass from David Blough ( J.D. Dellinger kick ) goal WIS 49 -- 20 Overall record Last meeting Result 46 -- 29 -- 8 (. 602 ) October 17 , 2015 W , 24 -- 7 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement -- 27 carries , 112 yards ( long 13 ) , 4.1 yards / carry , 1 touchdowns Passing : Bart Houston -- 5 completions , 6 passing attempts , 102 yards , 17.0 avg , 1 touchdown Receiving : Dare Ogunbowale -- 3 receptions , 62 yards , 20.7 avg , 34 long Defense : T.J. Watt -- 2 Tackles ( 1 solo ) , 1.0 Tackle - for - loss for 3 yds , 1.0 sack for loss 3 yds , 1 interception returned 17 yds for TD Starters on Offense Position Player Class QB Alex Hornibrook RS Fr RB Corey Clement Sr WR Quintez Cephus Fr TE Eric Steffes RS Sr TE Troy Fumagalli RS Jr TE Kyle Penniston RS Fr LT Ryan Ramczyk RS Jr LG Jon Dietzen RS Fr Michael Deiter RS So RG Beau Benzschawel RS So RT David Edwards Fr Reference : Starters on Defense Position Player Class DE Chikwe Obasih RS Jr NT Connor Sheehy RS Jr DE Alec James RS Jr OLB Vince Biegal RS Sr ILB T.J. Edwards RS So ILB Ryan Connelly RS So OLB TJ Watt RS Jr CB Soujorn Shelton Sr SS D'Cota Dixon Jr FS Leo Musso RS Sr CB Derrick Tindal Jr Reference : Minnesota ( edit ) See also : 2016 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team and Minnesota -- Wisconsin football rivalry Minnesota at No. 5 Wisconsin Total Minnesota 14 0 0 17 No. 5 Wisconsin 0 7 21 31 Date : November 26 Location : Camp Randall Stadium Madison , WI Game attendance : 77,216 Television network : BTN ( show ) Scoring summary Overall record Last meeting Result 58 -- 59 -- 8 (. 496 ) November 28 , 2015 W , 31 -- 21 Statistical Leaders Rushing : Corey Clement - 26 carries , 100 yards ( long 15 ) , 3.8 yards / carry , 2 touchdowns Passing : Bart Houston - 9 completions , 14 passing attempts , 8.8 avg , 123 yards Receiving : Jazz Peavy - 4 receptions , 47 yards , 11.8 avg , 14 long Defense : Sojourn Shelton - 1 tackle , 2 interceptions returned for a combined 40 yards Coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Joined Staff Alma Mater Paul Chryst Head coach / Quarterbacks coach 2015 Wisconsin Joe Rudolph Associate head coach / Offensive coordinator / Offensive line coach 2015 Wisconsin Justin Wilcox Defensive coordinator 2016 Oregon John Settle Running backs coach 2015 Appalachian State Mickey Turner Tight ends coach 2015 Wisconsin Ted Gilmore Wide receivers coach 2015 Wyoming Jim Leonhard Defensive backs coach 2016 Wisconsin Tim Tibesar Outside linebackers coach 2015 North Dakota Inoke Breckterfield Defensive line coach 2015 Oregon State Chris Haering Special teams coordinator 2015 West Virginia Ross Kolodziej Strength and Conditioning coach 2015 Wisconsin Roster ( edit ) The Badgers returned 13 starters , six on offense , six on defense and one on special teams . 2016 Wisconsin Badgers football team roster Players Coaches Offense Pos . # Name Class WR Love , Reggie Reggie Love 4.5 ! Sr RB 5 James , Chris Chris James 5.0 ! Jr RB 6 Clement , Corey Corey Clement 57.0 ! Sr RB 7 Shaw , Bradrick Bradrick Shaw 1.5 ! Fr QB 9 Lyles , Karé Karé Lyles 1.0 ! Fr WR 11 Peavy , Jazz Jazz Peavy 3.5 ! Jr QB 12 Hornibrook , Alex Alex Hornibrook 1.5 ! Fr QB 13 Houston , Bart Bart Houston 4.5 ! Sr QB 14 Groshek , Garrett Garrett Groshek 1.0 ! Fr WR 15 Wheelright , Robert Robert Wheelright 57.0 ! Sr WR 17 Rushing , George George Rushing 5.0 ! Jr WR 19 Dunn , Jack Jack Dunn 1.0 ! Fr FB 20 Ramesh , Austin Austin Ramesh 3.5 ! Jr RB 21 Saari , Mark Mark Saari 2.5 ! So RB 23 Ogunbowale , Dare Dare Ogunbowale 4.5 ! Sr WR 24 Krumholz , Adam Adam Krumholz 1.0 ! Fr WR 27 Pryor , Kendric Kendric Pryor 1.0 ! Fr RB 28 Deal , Taiwan Taiwan Deal 2.5 ! So RB 29 Laufenberg , Troy Troy Laufenberg 1.5 ! Fr FB 30 Maternowski , Aaron Aaron Maternowski 1.0 ! Fr FB / ILB 32 Jacobs , Leon Leon Jacobs 3.5 ! Jr TE 41 Hescock , Jake Jake Hescock 1.0 ! Fr TE 42 Lloyd , Gabe Gabe Lloyd 1.0 ! Fr WR 43 Roy , Peter Peter Roy 2.5 ! So TE 44 Steffes , Eric Eric Steffes 4.5 ! Sr FB 45 Ingold , Alec Alec Ingold 3.0 ! So WR 46 Popp , Jack Jack Popp 1.0 ! Fr TE 48 Herl , Mitchell Mitchell Herl 1.5 ! Fr TE 49 Penniston , Kyle Kyle Penniston 1.5 ! Fr TE 49 Rolfe , Michael Michael Rolfe 1.5 ! Fr OL 52 Maxwell , Jacob Jacob Maxwell 2.5 ! So OL 58 Panos , George George Panos 2.5 ! So OL 61 Biadasz , Tyler Tyler Biadasz 1.0 ! Fr OL 62 Kasl , Patrick Patrick Kasl 1.0 ! Fr OL 63 Deiter , Michael Michael Deiter 2.5 ! So OL 64 Connors , Brett Brett Connors 2.5 ! So OL 65 Ramczyk , Ryan Ryan Ramczyk 3.5 ! Jr OL 66 Benzschawel , Beau Beau Benzschawel 2.5 ! So OL 67 Dietzen , Jon Jon Dietzen 1.5 ! Fr OL 68 Moorman , David David Moorman 1.5 ! Fr OL 70 Voltz , Dan Dan Voltz 4.5 ! Sr OL 71 Van Lanen , Cole Cole Van Lanen 1.0 ! Fr OL 73 Estes , Kevin Kevin Estes 1.5 ! Fr OL 75 Kapoi , Micah Micah Kapoi 2.5 ! So OL 76 Schmidt , Logan Logan Schmidt 4.5 ! Sr OL 77 Dretzka , Ian Ian Dretzka 1.5 ! Fr OL 78 Erdmann , Jason Jason Erdmann 1.5 ! Fr OL 79 Edwards , David David Edwards 1.0 ! Fr TE 81 Fumagalli , Troy Troy Fumagalli 3.5 ! Jr WR 82 Houden , Henry Henry Houden 1.5 ! Fr WR 84 Taylor , A.J. A.J. Taylor 1.0 ! Fr WR 86 Finco , Ricky Ricky Finco 2.5 ! So WR 87 Cephus , Quintez Quintez Cephus 1.0 ! Fr Defense Pos . # Name Class CB 8 Shelton , Sojourn Sojourn Shelton 57.0 ! Sr CB 9 Booker , Titus Titus Booker 3.0 ! So 10 Currens , Seth Seth Currens 1.0 ! Fr CB 11 Nelson , Nick Nick Nelson 5.0 ! Jr CB 12 Jamerson , Natrell Natrell Jamerson 5.0 ! Jr 13 Bondoc , Evan Evan Bondoc 2.5 ! So 14 Dixon , D'Cota D'Cota Dixon 5.0 ! Jr CB 18 Williamss , Caesar Caesar Williamss 1.0 ! Fr 19 Musso , Leo Leo Musso 4.5 ! Sr DB 20 Volpentesta , Cristian Cristian Volpentesta 1.0 ! Fr 21 Farrar , Arrington Arrington Farrar 3.0 ! So 22 Johnson , Patrick Patrick Johnson 1.0 ! Fr ILB 23 Stokke , Mason Mason Stokke 1.0 ! Fr 24 Brookins , Keelon Keelon Brookins 3.5 ! Jr CB 25 Tindal , Derrick Derrick Tindal 5.0 ! Jr 28 Mielke , Blake Blake Mielke 1.5 ! Fr CB 29 Carriere - Williams , Dontye Dontye Carriere - Williams 1.0 ! Fr CB 30 Trezy , Serge Serge Trezy 4.5 ! Sr 31 Figaro , Lubern Lubern Figaro 5.0 ! Jr FB / ILB 32 Jacobs , Leon Leon Jacobs 3.5 ! Jr DE 34 Obasih , Chikwe Chikwe Obasih 3.5 ! Jr 36 Ferguson , Joe Joe Ferguson 3.5 ! Jr 37 Verstegen , Bret Bret Verstegen 1.5 ! Fr OLB 39 Whalen , Jake Jake Whalen 1.5 ! Fr OLB 41 Praschak , Max Max Praschak 1.0 ! Fr OLB 42 Watt , T.J. T.J. Watt 3.5 ! Jr ILB 43 Connelly , Ryan Ryan Connelly 2.5 ! So ILB 45 Thomas , Nick Nick Thomas 1.5 ! Fr OLB 47 Biegel , Vince Vince Biegel 4.5 ! Sr OLB 47 Brady , Griffin Griffin Brady 1.0 ! Fr ILB 48 Cichy , Jack Jack Cichy 3.5 ! Jr ILB 50 Orr , Chris Chris Orr 3.0 ! So OLB 51 Burks , Noah Noah Burks 1.0 ! Fr DE 52 Pfaff , David David Pfaff 1.5 ! Fr ILB 53 Edwards , T.J. T.J. Edwards 2.5 ! So ILB 54 Jeanty , Dallas Dallas Jeanty 1.0 ! Fr OLB 55 Dooley , Garret Garret Dooley 3.5 ! Jr OLB 56 Baun , Zack Zack Baun 1.5 ! Fr DE 57 James , Alec Alec James 3.5 ! Jr ILB 58 Maskalunas , Mike Mike Maskalunas 1.0 ! Fr OLB 59 Johnson , Tyler Tyler Johnson 1.5 ! Fr NT 65 Sagapolu , Olive Olive Sagapolu 3.0 ! So DE 66 Thomas , Kelly Kelly Thomas 1.5 ! Fr DE 68 Tiedt , Hegeman Hegeman Tiedt 1.0 ! Fr NT 74 Roberge , Gunnar Gunnar Roberge 1.5 ! Fr DE 91 Neuville , Zander Zander Neuville 2.5 ! So NT 92 Patterson , Jeremy Jeremy Patterson 2.5 ! So DE 93 Rand , Garrett Garrett Rand 1.0 ! Fr DE 94 Sheehy , Conor Conor Sheehy 5.0 ! Jr OLB 95 Preston , Keldric Keldric Preston 1.0 ! Fr DE 96 Hirschfeld , Billy Billy Hirschfeld 2.5 ! So DE 97 Loudermilk , Isaiahh Isaiahh Loudermilk 1.0 ! Fr DE 98 Howe , Kraig Kraig Howe 1.5 ! Fr Special teams Pos . # Name Class 15 Lotti , Anthony Anthony Lotti 1.0 ! Fr 27 Gaglianone , Rafael Rafael Gaglianone 5.0 ! Jr 37 Endicott , Andrew Andrew Endicott 57.0 ! Sr K / P 38 Rosowski , P.J. P.J. Rosowski 2.5 ! So 39 Hintze , Zach Zach Hintze 1.5 ! Fr LS 60 Udelhoven , Connor Connor Udelhoven 3.5 ! Jr LS 89 Cesear , Jake Jake Cesear 1.5 ! Fr 96 Allen , Connor Connor Allen 1.5 ! Fr 97 Hoffman , Zach Zach Hoffman 1.0 ! Fr Head coach Paul Chryst ( Wisconsin ) Also Quarterbacks coach Coordinators / assistant coaches Justin Wilcox ( Oregon ) Defensive Coordinator , Inside Linebackers Joe Rudolph ( Wisconsin ) Associate head coach , Offensive coordinator , Offensive line coach John Settle ( Appalachian State ) Running backs coach Mickey Turner ( Wisconsin ) Tight ends coach Ted Gilmore ( Wyoming ) Wide Receivers coach Jim Leonhard ( Wisconsin ) Defensive backs coach Tim Tibesar ( North Dakota ) Outside linebackers coach Inoke Breckterfield ( Oregon State ) Defensive line coach Chris Haering ( West Virginia ) Special teams coordinator Ross Kolodziej ( Wisconsin ) Strength and Conditioning coach Legend ( C ) Team captain ( S ) Suspended ( I ) Ineligible Injured Redshirt Roster Last update : August 23 , 2016 Departures ( edit ) In early August , after not making the 105 - man fall roster , wide receiver Krenwick Sanders announced his intent to transfer from UW due to being buried on the depth chart , he had one catch for 10 yards his true freshman year in 2014 and he redshirted the 2015 season . He was granted a release by the university and announced that he would transfer to Jacksonville State , an FCS team in Alabama . Later in August the Badgers ' 3 - year starter at center , fifth - year senior Dan Voltz , retired from football due to numerous injuries sustained over his career . In the 2015 season he tore his ACL against Illinois and was out for the remainder of the season . He suffered from various ankle issues during the 2014 season . Big Ten Players of the Week ( edit ) Weekly Awards Player Award Date Awarded Ref . Rafael Gaglianone Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week September 5 , 2016 T.J. Watt Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week September 24 , 2016 Alex Hornibrook Big Ten Freshman of the Week September 24 , 2016 Jack Cichy Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week October 17 , 2016 Ryan Connelly Co-Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week October 31 , 2015 Awards ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) 2017 NFL Draft ( edit ) 2017 NFL Draft class ( edit ) 2017 NFL Draft selections Round Pick # Team Player Position 30 Pittsburgh Steelers T.J. Watt Outside Linebacker 32 New Orleans Saints Ryan Ramczyk Offensive Tackle 108 Green Bay Packers Vince Biegel Outside Linebacker Signed undrafted free agents ( edit ) Corey Clement , RB , Philadelphia Eagles Dare Ogunbowale , RB , Houston Texans Sojourn Shelton , CB , Arizona Cardinals Robert Wheelwright , WR , New York Giants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin football : Vince Biegel , Dare Ogunbowale named team captains -- Bucky 's 5th Quarter '' . Buckys5thquarter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Evan Flood ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Deiter Named to Rimington Award Watch List '' . Wisconsin.247sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Evan Flood ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Cichy Named to Lott Impact Trophy Watch List '' . Wisconsin.247sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin football : Corey Clement , Vince Biegel named to 2016 watch lists -- Bucky 's 5th Quarter '' . Buckys5thquarter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Evan Flood ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Clement Named to Doak Walker Award Watch List '' . Wisconsin.247sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : JASON GALLOWAY [email protected] , 608 - 252 - 6174 ( 2016 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Badgers football : Vince Biegel , Dan Voltz added to watch lists for major awards College Football '' . host.madison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Butkus Award ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` College football : 2016 Butkus Award preseason watch list announced '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Evan Flood ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Biegel Nominated For AFCA Good Works Team '' . Wisconsin.247sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten slate gets a little bigger in 2016 '' ( Press release ) . University of Wisconsin Department of Athletics . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UW fails to crack AP top 25 poll '' . Jsonline.com. 2016 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Wisconsin Badgers Football Schedule '' . FB Schedules . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 1 second ago . `` Big Ten Football Players of the Week Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . Bigten.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening ouch : LSU sputters as Wisconsin lands historic upset -- Big Ten Blog '' . ESPN . 2016 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin shocks LSU in historic upset '' . Sports.yahoo.com. 2016 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steve . `` LSU falls to Badgers in season opener at Lambeau Field , 14 -- 16 -- KSLA News 12 Shreveport , Louisiana News Weather & Sports '' . Ksla.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconasin leaps up to No. 10 in AP poll College '' . journaltimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin 's Paul Chryst is named Dodd Trophy Coach of the Week '' . Landof10.com. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ JASON GALLOWAY [email protected] , 608 - 252 - 6174 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Badgers football : Leon Jacobs to play both ways after injury to Chris Orr College Football '' . host.madison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football -- Wisconsin Athletics -- Football vs LSU on 9 / 3 / 2016 '' . Uwbadgers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football -- Wisconsin Athletics -- Football vs Akron on 9 / 10 / 2016 '' . Uwbadgers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football - Wisconsin Athletics - Football vs Georgia State on 9 / 17 / 2016 '' . www.uwbadgers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Upon further review : Wisconsin at Michigan State '' . 25 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football - Wisconsin Athletics - Football vs Michigan State on 9 / 24 / 2016 '' . www.uwbadgers.com . Jump up ^ Polzin , Jim . `` Badgers football : Quick analysis of Wisconsin 's road win at Michigan State '' . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Party Like It 's 1962 '' . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Alvarez revels in UW 's victory '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Football Players of the Week '' . www.bigten.org . Big Ten Conference . September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State creamed by Wisconsin , 30 - 6 : ' We 'll take some shots ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin football : T.J. Watt named Walter Camp Player of the Week '' . 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Galloway ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Badgers football : Wide receiver Krenwick Sanders transferring from UW College Football '' . host.madison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Former Wisconsin WR Krenwick Sanders transfers to Jacksonville State '' . Landof10.com. 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jason Galloway ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Badgers football : Wisconsin senior offensive lineman Dan Voltz unexpectedly retires College Football '' . host.madison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Football Players of the Week Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . Bigten.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Football Players of the Week '' . www.bigten.org . Big Ten Conference . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Football Players of the Week '' . www.bigten.org . Big Ten Conference . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 undrafted free agent tracker : Signings from all 32 NFL teams in one place '' . Jump up ^ `` Undrafted free agent signings 2017 : Every team 's pickups in one place '' . Wisconsin Badgers football Venues Randall Field ( 1895 -- 1916 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1917 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Iowa ( Heartland Trophy ) Minnesota ( Slab of Bacon , 1930 -- 1943 ; Paul Bunyan 's Axe , 1948 -- present ) Nebraska ( Freedom Trophy ) Culture & lore Bucky Badger `` On , Wisconsin ! '' Marching band `` Jump Around '' Tall Grass Game People Head coaches Players in the NFL Draft Statistical leaders Seasons 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team&oldid=817265733 '' Categories : 2016 Big Ten Conference football season Wisconsin Badgers football seasons Cotton Bowl Classic champion seasons 2016 in sports in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 07 : 31 . 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what does nfc and afc stand for in the nfl	The American Football Conference ( AFC ) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the highest professional level of American football in the United States . This conference and its counterpart , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) , currently contain 16 teams each , making up the 32 teams of the NFL . Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) , with all ten of the former AFL teams and three NFL teams forming the AFC , and the remaining thirteen NFL clubs forming the NFC . A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger , thus making the current total 16 clubs per each conference .	National Football Conference\|American Football Conference	American Football conference	american football conference	The American Football Conference ( AFC ) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the highest professional level of American football in the United States . This conference and its counterpart , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) , currently contain 16 teams each , making up the 32 teams of the NFL . Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) , with all ten of the former AFL teams and three NFL teams forming the AFC , and the remaining thirteen NFL clubs forming the NFC . A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger , thus making the current total 16 clubs per each conference .	Since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger , the New England Patriots have won ten AFC titles , the most of any team in the conference ( and of any team in either conference since the merger ) , and are its current title holder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current teams 2 Season structure 3 History 4 Logo 5 References Current teams ( edit ) Since 2002 , the AFC has 16 teams , organized into four divisions each with four teams : East , North , South and West . Division Team City / Town Stadium East Buffalo Bills Orchard Park , NY New Era Field Miami Dolphins Miami Gardens , FL Hard Rock Stadium New England Patriots Foxborough , MA Gillette Stadium New York Jets East Rutherford , NJ MetLife Stadium North Baltimore Ravens Baltimore , MD M&T Bank Stadium Cincinnati Bengals Cincinnati , OH Paul Brown Stadium Cleveland Browns Cleveland , OH FirstEnergy Stadium Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh , PA Heinz Field South Houston Texans Houston , TX NRG Stadium Indianapolis Colts Indianapolis , IN Lucas Oil Stadium Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville , FL EverBank Field Tennessee Titans Nashville , TN Nissan Stadium West Denver Broncos Denver , CO Sports Authority Field at Mile High Kansas City Chiefs Kansas City , MO Arrowhead Stadium Los Angeles Chargers Carson , CA StubHub Center Oakland Raiders Oakland , CA Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Season structure ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : NFL regular season and NFL playoffs POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Texans Chiefs 2nd Dolphins Ravens Titans Raiders 3rd Bills Bengals Colts Broncos 4th Jets Browns Jaguars Chargers POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Falcons Seahawks 2nd Giants Lions Buccaneers Cardinals 3rd Redskins Vikings Saints Rams 4th Eagles Bears Panthers 49ers This chart of the 2016 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula . The Patriots in 2016 ( highlighted in green ) finished in first place in the AFC East . Thus , in 2017 , the Patriots will play two games against each of its division rivals ( highlighted in light blue ) , one game against each team in the AFC West and NFC South ( highlighted in yellow ) , and one game each against the first - place finishers in the AFC North and AFC South ( highlighted in orange ) . Currently , the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16 - game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula : Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice ( home and away ) during the regular season , in addition to 10 other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL . Two of these games are assigned on the basis of a particular team 's final divisional standing from the previous season . The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions . This assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle . Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example , each team in the AFC West plays against every team in the AFC North and NFC South . In this way , non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents -- the exception being the two games assigned based on the team 's prior - season divisional standing . At the end of each season , the winner of each division , in addition to the two remaining conference teams with the highest regular season records , proceed into the playoff . These teams consist of the four division winners and the top two wild card teams . The AFC playoffs culminate in the AFC Championship Game with the winner receiving the Lamar Hunt Trophy . The AFC Champion then plays the NFC Champion in the Super Bowl . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original American Football Conference logo , based on the AFL logo with blue stars Both the AFC and the NFC were created after the NFL merged with the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 . The AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams , and added two more expansion clubs ( the Miami Dolphins in 1966 and the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968 ) before the merger . In order to equalize the number of teams in each conference , three NFL teams that predated the AFL 's launch ( the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers , and the then - Baltimore Colts ) joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC . The two AFL divisions AFL East and AFL West were more or less intact , while the Century Division , in which the Browns and the Steelers had played since 1967 , was moved from the NFL to become the new AFC Central . Since the merger , five expansion teams have joined the AFC and two have left , thus making the current total 16 . When the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers joined the league in 1976 , they were temporarily placed in the NFC and AFC respectively . This arrangement lasted for one season only before the two teams switched conferences . The Seahawks eventually returned to the NFC as a result of the 2002 realignment . The expansion Jacksonville Jaguars joined the AFC in 1995 . There have been five teams that have relocated at least once . In 1984 , the Baltimore Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984 . In 1995 , the Cleveland Browns had attempted to move to Baltimore ; the resulting dispute between Cleveland and the team led to Modell establishing the Baltimore Ravens with the players and personnel from the Browns , while the Browns were placed in suspended operations before they were reinstated by the NFL . In California , the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles in 1982 , and back to Oakland in 1995 , while the San Diego Chargers moved to Los Angeles in 2017 . The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997 , where they were renamed the Tennessee Oilers . The team would change its name again , two years later , to the Tennessee Titans . The NFL would again expand in 2002 , adding the Houston Texans to the AFC . Between 1995 and 2017 , the AFC has sent less than half of the different teams with 7 of the 16 different teams to the Super Bowl . New England Patriots ( 9 times ) , Denver Broncos ( 4 times ) , Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 times ) , Baltimore Ravens ( 2 times ) , Indianapolis Colts ( 2 times ) , Oakland Raiders ( 1 time ) , and Tennessee Titans ( 1 time ) . By contrast , the NFC has sent 13 of the 16 different teams during that same time frame with only the Detroit Lions , Minnesota Vikings , and Washington Redskins missing out on an appearance in the Super Bowl. 15 of the last 17 AFC champions have started one of just three quarterbacks - Tom Brady , Peyton Manning , and Ben Roethlisberger - in the Super Bowl . Logo ( edit ) 2nd American Football Conference logo used from 1970 to 2009 The merged league created a new logo for the AFC that took elements of the old AFL logo , specifically the `` A '' and the six stars surrounding it . The AFC logo basically remained unchanged from 1970 to 2009 . The 2010 NFL season introduced an updated AFC logo , with the most notable revision being the removal of two stars ( leaving four representing the four divisions of the AFC ) , and moving the stars inside the letter , similar to the NFC logo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Opponents Determined '' ( PDF ) . NFL . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football -- History '' . Retrieved 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Lukas . `` But I Absolutely Refuse to Write About the Draft Caps '' . Uni Watch blog . Archived from the original on 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Links to related articles Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New York Jets Founded in 1960 Formerly the New York Titans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based in East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Flight Crew Stadiums Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Fireman Ed Alex Anthony Flash Gordon The Wonder Years West Side Stadium Generation Jets The King of Queens Lore Heidi Game The Guarantee Announcerless Game New York Sack Exchange Clock Play The Monday Night Miracle Spygate Butt fumble Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Giants Key personnel Owner : Woody Johnson Chairman / CEO : Christopher Johnson President Neil Glat General Manager : Mike Maccagnan Head Coach : Todd Bowles Division championships ( 4 ) 1968 1969 1998 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 1968 ( III ) does not include 1968 AFL championship Retired numbers 12 13 28 73 90 Ewbank Media Broadcasters WEPN WEPN - FM WCBS - TV SportsNet New York Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Draft history Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Key personnel Owner : Steve Bisciotti President : Dick Cass General manager : Ozzie Newsome Head coach : John Harbaugh Culture and lore Baltimore 's Marching Ravens ( The Band That Would n't Die ) Cheerleaders Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Edgar , Allan , and Poe Mile High Miracle Rivalries Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots Division championships ( 4 ) 2003 2006 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2000 2012 League championships ( 2 ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2012 ( XLVII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 22 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Cincinnati Bengals Founded in 1968 Based and headquartered in Cincinnati , Ohio Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Nippert Stadium Riverfront Stadium Paul Brown Stadium Rivalries Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Culture and lore Freezer Bowl Ickey Shuffle `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Ben -- Gals Bengalized Laura Vikmanis Division championships ( 9 ) 1970 1973 1981 1988 1990 2005 2009 2013 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1981 1988 Retired numbers 54 Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WCKY WEBN WLW Television : WKRC - TV Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 50 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble 0 -- 16 Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 23 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Houston Texans Founded in 2002 Based and headquartered in Houston , Texas Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks 2002 Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft selections Records Awards and Honors Pro Bowl selections Stadiums NRG Stadium Culture and lore Toro `` Bulls on Parade '' Bull Pen Pep Band Battle Red Day Cheerleaders `` Queasy Rider '' ( King of the Hill episode ) Rivalries Tennessee Titans Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 4 ) 2011 2012 2015 2016 Playoff appearances ( 4 ) 2011 2012 2015 2016 Key personnel Owner : Bob McNair General Manager : Rick Smith Head Coach : Bill O'Brien Media Broadcasters Fox Sports Houston KTRK - TV KILT - AM KILT - FM Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 16 ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Indianapolis Colts Founded in 1953 Played in Baltimore ( 1953 -- 83 ) Based and headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana Franchise History in Baltimore relocation to Indianapolis in Indianapolis Players Quarterbacks Coaches Seasons Draft First - round draft picks Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium RCA Dome Lucas Oil Stadium Culture Carroll Rosenbloom Robert Irsay Jim Irsay 12th Man AAFC Colts Baltimore Colts Marching Band The Band That Would n't Die Blue Cheerleaders Lore The Greatest Game Ever Played Ghost to the Post 1995 AFC Championship Game Deflategate Rivalries New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 16 ) 1968 1970 1976 1977 1999 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2013 2014 Conference championships ( 7 ) 1958 1959 1964 1968 1970 2006 2009 League championships ( 4 ) 1958 1959 1970 ( V ) 2006 ( XLI ) does not include 1968 NFL championship Retired numbers 18 19 22 24 70 77 82 89 Media Broadcasters WFNI - AM Bob Lamey Jim Sorgi Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 65 ) 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Jacksonville Jaguars Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Jacksonville , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Quarterbacks First - round draft picks Expansion draft Draft history Records Radio network Stadiums EverBank Field Wembley Stadium ( only in the International Series ) Culture Wayne Weaver Shahid Khan Jason Mendoza Jaxson de Ville Roar of the Jaguars Lore River City Relay Rivalries Tennessee Titans Division championships ( 3 ) 1998 1999 2017 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 23 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Tennessee Titans Founded in 1960 Formerly the Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 96 ) and the Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 98 ) Based and headquartered in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise History in Houston in Tennessee Coaches Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Jeppesen Stadium Rice Stadium Houston Astrodome Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Vanderbilt Stadium Nissan Stadium Culture Bud Adams Luv Ya Blue T - Rac Cheerleaders Lore The Choke Music City Miracle Rivalries Houston Texans Jacksonville Jaguars Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1967 1991 1993 2000 2002 2008 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1999 League championships ( 2 ) 1960 1961 Retired numbers 34 43 63 65 74 Media Broadcasters Titans All Access Titans Preseason Football Titans Radio Network WKRN - TV WTVF WZTV WGFX - FM Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. Wolf Marty Ball Cheerleaders Rivalries Denver Broncos Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders St. Louis Cardinals / Rams Playoff appearances ( 19 ) 1962 1966 1968 1969 1971 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015 2016 Division championships ( 10 ) 1962 1966 1971 1993 1995 1997 2003 2016 2017 League championships ( 2 ) 1962 1969 ( IV ) does not include 1966 or 1969 AFL championships Retired numbers 16 18 28 33 36 58 63 78 86 Media Broadcasters Television : KCTV WDAF - TV KSHB - TV Radio : KCFX Personalities : Dave Armstrong Len Dawson Kendall Gammon Bob Gretz Art Hains Bill Grigsby Kevin Harlan Mitch Holthus Roger Twibell Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles Chargers Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Football_Conference&oldid=821696935 '' Categories : National Football League American Football League Sports organisations established in 1970 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 02 : 30 . 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who does the voice for the hippo on doc mcstuffins	Loretta Devine ( US ) and Maria Darling ( UK ) as Hallie McStuffins , named after the `` Nurse Hallie '' incarnation of the `` Hallie Hippo '' toy series ) , a stuffed plush purple hippopotamus in a candy striped nurse 's outfit , and supporting characters Hattie the Nurse and Addie the Receptionist at the clinic where Myiesha McStuffins works with Dr. Peerless .	Loretta Devine	Doc McStuffins	doc mcstuffins	Doc McStuffins ( also known as Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital in the fourth season ) is an American - Irish animated children 's television series produced by Brown Bag Films . It was created and executive produced by Chris Nee and premiered on March 23 , 2012 , on Disney Channel and Disney Junior . The series is about a girl who can `` fix '' toys , with help from her toy friends . It features songs written and composed by Kay Hanley and Michelle Lewis . Reruns briefly aired Disney Channel and Disney Junior .	The series received positive reviews due to the show 's concept and the main character , as well as its portrayal of African - Americans ( Nee stated in 2013 that Doc is African - American , proposed by Disney during her initial pitch , Nee initially only knowing she wanted a girl doctor ) in a Disney series . Chris Nee describes the series as `` Cheers for Preschoolers . '' On November 16 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth season by Disney Junior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Humans 2.2 Toys 3 Main cast 4 Guest stars and additional voices 5 Episodes 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Accolades 8 DVD releases 9 Video game adaptations 9.1 Feel Good Games 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series chronicles freckled , seven - year - old ( later Eight ) Dotie `` Doc '' McStufins who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother , a pediatrician . The show takes place in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . She practices her dream by fixing toys and dolls . In the UK , the show was redubbed using British voice actors , replacing the original American soundtrack . When she activates her magic stethoscope ( similar to an amulet or talisman ) , she can create a variety of supernatural effects , including traveling through time . Her most regular use of it in the show is to cause toys , dolls , and stuffed animals to come to life . They are able to move , speak , hear , see and smell , and she can interact with them . With help from her stuffed friends -- Stuffy the Dragon ( a.k.a. Stuffy Filbert McStuffins ) , Hallie the Hippo , Lambie the Lamb , and Chilly the Snowman -- Doc helps toys recover , or `` feel better '' , by giving them check - ups and diagnosing their fictional illnesses with an encyclopedia called `` The Big Book of Boo Boos '' and another encyclopedia called `` The Big Vet Book '' for her toy pets when she 's a veterinarian . In Season four the Big Book of Boo Boos and The Big Vet Book goes Hi Tech in a tablet form . Each 11 - minute episode includes original songs . During ending credits in Season 1 , Doc gives advice to viewers about staying healthy . Seasons 1 and 2 have the original intro for the theme song , but in Season 3 , the spoken line by Doc at the end of the theme song was re-recorded with Doc 's new voice . In Season 3 Doc opens up a veterinarian clinic for fixing toy pets in addition to the regular medical services that she provides for the other toys . In Season 4 , Doc 's Grandma reveals her own magical stethoscope and teleports her and Doc to McStuffinsville , a magical city populated by living toys , and puts Doc in charge of the McStuffinsville Hospital . Recurring characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins , a 6 - year - old ( Later 7 ) girl with the power to bring toys to life with her magical stethoscope Donny McStuffins , Doc 's 4 ( Later 5 ) - year - old brother Mr. Marcus McStuffins , Doc 's stay - at - home dad Dr. Maisha McStuffins , Doc 's mother Maya Alana McStuffins , Doc and Donny 's new adopted baby sister , referred to as `` Baby McStuffins '' prior to being named April McStuffins , Doc , Donny and Maya 's paternal Grandmother Emily `` Emmie '' , Doc 's gymnast and pianist best human friend Alma , Emmie 's younger sister Dr. Peerless , Dr. Maisha McStuffins ' peer at the clinic Luca Stevens , one of Donny 's friends Tisha McStuffins , Doc 's paternal cousin who gives her Hootsburgh and Queen Ameena / Amina . She is the daughter of Marcus ' older sister . Will Wright , Donny 's friend and soccer teammate Carlos Ortiz , Doc and Donny 's friend Henry Dilly , Doc and Donny 's friend Dev , a kid who accidentally transported to McStuffinsville and becomes the leader of the McStuffinsville 's First Responders . Toys ( edit ) ( Queen ) Amena ( Amina ) Sparkly Queen of the World is a monarch Doc receives from her cousin Tisha . Some of the other toys including The Wicked King once consider her as `` bossy '' but Doc objects to that label . Army Al , a toy soldier Awesome Guy , a Super Hero action figure Bella , a ballerina Ben and Anna , a pair of Huggy Monkeys plushies Bonnie Blue , a toy horse on wheels Boppy , a toy punching bag shaped like a dog . ( Voiced By James Arnold Taylor ) Bronty , a waterproof brontosaurus Buddy , a toy dump truck ( Creepy Crawly ) Charlie , a stuffed three eye monster who is not scary but very friendly . Commander Crush , a Transformer type spacebot action figure that morphs into a space vehicle . Darla , a toy fox who helps in emergency 's ( Doc Toy Hospital ) Dragon - Bot a hi tech robotic dragon ( Dress - Up ) Daisy , a dress - up doll Farmer Mack , a toy farmer based on the Playmobil line of toys Gabby , a stuffed toy giraffe Gillian , an Irish Giantess doll based on a series of storybooks Glo - Bo , a six armed monster that glows in the dark Gloria , a purple stuffed toy gorilla who loves to giggle Hermie , a toy crab ( Professor ) Hootsburgh ( a.k.a. Hootie ) a stuffed owl ( Big ) Jack and ( Little ) Jack ( a.k.a. Little J ) , a pair of Jack in the Boxes who are also father and son Jony , a pony Lala Koala , the new baby toy Lenny , a toy pumper fire truck Lieutenant Luna 2200 an astronaut with a pet mechanical dog ( Space Rover ) Olivia 0 - 197 - 0 a.k.a. Liv ( Wicked ) King ( a.k.a. Percy ) , a limbless monarch , similar in style to the original Fisher - Price Little People toys . ( Sir ) Kirby , a knight Merlinda , a wind up mermaid Millie Microphone , a CD player & Karaoke machine Niles , a toy crane Nikki Nickel , a toy piggy bank Oooey Gablooey , a gel - filled stretch toy ( Officer ) Pete , a large scale metal die cast toy police car Pickles , a blue stuffed bunny with a green button nose , similar to the Care Bears / Care Bear Cousins stuffed toys Rescue Rhonda , a yellow remote - control helicopter who serves as an aerial ambulance for the hospital Robot Ray , a toy robot Squibbles McStuffins , Stuffy 's furry pet critter Star Blazer Zero , an intergalactic action figure Stanley , a toy lion with parts of a toy rabbit Surfer Girl , a surfboard - riding wind up toy Susie Sunshine , a large doll Tavia , a toy sea otter Teddy B , a teddy bear Twiggley , a toy squirrel Val , a heart shaped stuffed toy that Doc received as a gift for Valentine 's Day Main cast ( edit ) Laya DeLeon Hayes ( US ) and Abriella Bierer ( UK ) as Doctor Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins , a girl with the power to bring toys to life with her magical stethoscope , the main protagonist of the series . Her maternal grandfather has survived heart and knee replacement surgery . Doc was voiced by Kiara Muhammad ( US ) and Eden Jarret ( UK ) for seasons 1 - 2 . Robbie Rist ( US ) and Bob Golding ( UK ) ( or Ben Schwartz in `` The Doc Files '' ) as Stuffy Philbert McStuffins , a brave blue stuffed toy dragon who is the bravest yet clumsiest dragon around but has a terrifying fear of spiders . Lara Jill Miller ( US ) and Teresa Gallagher ( UK ) as Lambie McStuffins , a stuffed lamb in a pink tutu who is Doc 's best friend and loves to give out cuddles and supporting character Arcade Worker , a human character who works at Archie 's Arcade and Witch Hazel . Jess Harnell ( US ) and Tom Eastwood ( UK ) as Chilly McStuffins , a plump stuffed plush snowman who worries a lot , and supporting characters Buddy , the Singing Turtle on the Plaque , the Halloween Bat decoration , Morton , Rodriguez the Foosball Player , Bozini the Foosball Goaltender , Fabulous Fabio , the Wicked King , and the Dude . Loretta Devine ( US ) and Maria Darling ( UK ) as Hallie McStuffins , named after the `` Nurse Hallie '' incarnation of the `` Hallie Hippo '' toy series ) , a stuffed plush purple hippopotamus in a candy striped nurse 's outfit , and supporting characters Hattie the Nurse and Addie the Receptionist at the clinic where Myiesha McStuffins works with Dr. Peerless . Kimberly Brooks ( US ) and Niki Felstead ( UK ) ( also credited as Kim Brooks and Kimberly D. Brooks ) as Dr. Maisha McStuffins ( Doc and Donny 's mother , named based on Dr. Myiesha Taylor ) and supporting character Surfer Girl . Gary Anthony Williams ( US ) and Benjamin Small ( UK ) as Marcus McStuffins , Doc and Donny 's father , a stay - at - home dad and chef extraordinaire . Jaden Betts then Sayeed Shahidi and later Andre Robinson ( US ) and Luca Townsend ( UK ) as Donny McStuffins , Doc 's younger brother who is 4 years old . Guest stars and additional voices ( edit ) Karen O'Brien As Maya Alana McStuffins China Anne McClain as Tisha McStuffins Janice Kawaye as Kiko Ty Burrell as Big Jack Laraine Newman as Aurora , Professor Hootsburgh and Southwest Sal James Arnold Taylor as Boppy , Teddy , and Carl Chug - a-Chug Jeffrey Tambor as Santa Claus Jim Belushi as Glo - Bo Stephen Stanton as Gustav Ari Rubin as Hermie and Tremaine Nolan Gould as Little Jack Tiffany Thornton as Xyla Lisa Loeb as Millie Microphone Ian Gomez as Ricardo Racecar Dennis Farina as Riggo Dee Bradley Baker as Robot Ray , Sebastian , Squibbles and Fetchin ' Findo Camryn Manheim as Rescue Ronda Rob Paulsen as Angus and Sir Kirby G.K. Bowes as Merlinda John Michael Higgins as Star Blazer Zero Dharbi Jens as Melinda Amy Smith and Caitlin Carmichael as Alma Kyle Anderson as Emmie Curtis Harris as Henry Diloy Amy Betts as Anne Georgina Cordova a.k.a. Georgie Kidder as Louie Jay Gragnani as Will Wrighy Elan Garfias and Teo Briones as Carlo David Boat as Awesome Guy Tom Kenny as Walter and Rabbit Grey DeLisle ( also credited as Grey Griffin ) as Lula , and Gracie Dave B. Mitchell ( credited as Dave Mitchell ) as Boomer Colette Whitaker as Moo Moo Brad Abrell as Mr. Chomp Lacey Chabert as Gaby Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Bronty and Ben Jeff Fischer as Lenny the Fire Engine Charlie Schlatter as Niles Amber Hood as Susie Sunshine Julianne Buescher as Bella the Ballerina Hynden Walch as Bubble Monkey , Tavia and Nikki Nickel Audrey Wasilewski as Penny the Possum Caitlyn Leone as Pip , Flip and Trip Possum Colleen O'Shaughnessey as Pickles the Bunny Michael Gough as Officer Pete Jennifer Hale as Val Jason Marsden as Teddy B . James Buddy Handleson as Luca Pearl Tim Dadabo as Norton Angie Wu as Maddie Chow Tom Cavanagh as Big Jack ( Chip Off The Ol ' Box episode ) Brady Tutton as Little Jack ( Chip Off The Ol ' Box episode ) Sutton Foster as Frida Fairy Jack Conely as Dragon - Bot Josh Keaton as Johnny Foosball Liza Del Mundo as Leilani Amy Sedaris as Dress Up Daisy Mela Lee as Katherine Mike Vaughn as Stuntman Steve Gunnar Sizemore as Jacob Halfpenny David Kaufman as Wilbur and Sproingo Boingo Sam Riegel as Orville Lori Alan as Gloria the Gorilla Tony Hale as Tobias The Elf Steve Blum as Commander Crush and Sidney Molly Shannon as Rita the Cheetah Alexandra Ryan as Dolly and Dr. Peerless Matthew Wayne as Declan Smith Peter MacNicol as Lil Egghead Paula Rhodes as Peaches Pie Kath Soucie as Celeste Catherine Cavadini as Dart Grace Kaufman as Ramona Marcus Adam Croasdell as Wildlife Will Kyla Kenedy as Tamara Cranshaw Rio Mangini as Ian Sheridan Chris Nee as Emmie and Alma 's Mom Marieve Herington as Waddly Penguin Lexi Glouberman as Dress Up Daisy ( Blazer 's Bike episode ) Cherami Leigh as Nia and Curly Q Nika Futterman as Rosie Angelique Perri as Spritzy Mitzi Bernardo De Paula as Saltwater Serge Geena Davis as Princess Persephone Frank Welker as Creepy Cuddly Charlie Monster Joanne Froggatt as Florence Nightingale Lesley Nicol as Pip Matt Milne as Bernard Nigel Harman as Doodle Doo Robert Bathurst as Admiral Fiddlesticks Patton Oswalt as Count Clarence the Magnificent Rodger Bumpass as Army Al Arturo Del Puerto as Pop Up Paulo Michelle Obama as Herself Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Travis Oates as Piglet Peter Cullen as Eeyore Oliver Bell as Christopher Robin Ludacris as Get - Well Gus TBA as Gillian the Giant Cristina Milizia as Lala Ashley Nicole Selich as Stella Kelly Stables as Joni the Pony Anthony Anderson as Stanley Meira Blinkoff Joe Ochman Debi Derryberry as Twiggly Ellen Pompeo as Willow The show 's voice director is Maria Estrada . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Doc McStuffins episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) 37 September 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 29 July 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 28 July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 ) 5 28 March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) TBA Broadcast history ( edit ) In the United States , Doc McStuffins first premiered on March 23 , 2012 , on Disney - ABC networks Disney Channel and Disney Junior . On June 5 , 2012 , Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on September 6 , 2013 . On January 8 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on November 2 , 2014 . On April 14 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior , which premiered on August 5 , 2016 . It is titled `` Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital '' . In the UK , the show premiered on June 4 , 2012 , using British voice actors , replacing the original American soundtrack . In Canada , the show started airing on the Canadian Disney Junior channel on April 8 , 2012 . The show also is aired in many foreign countries and has been dubbed into several languages . Reception ( edit ) Creator and Executive Producer Chris Nee accepts the Peabody for `` Doc McStuffins '' along with Darragh O'Connell , Norton Virgien , Theresa Mayer , Chelsea Beyl , Kent Redeker , Kerri Grant , Cathal Gaffney , and Gillian Higgins . The series received positive reviews and criticisms after its release . Kia Morgan Smith of Cincomom.com said that `` It truly warmed my heart and almost brought tears to my eyes when my 8 - year - old , Mikaela , saw ' Doc McStuffins ' for the first time and said , ' Wow , mommy -- she 's brown , ' '' Myiesha Taylor of CoilyEmbrace.com said that `` This program featuring a little African - American girl and her family is crucial to changing the future of this nation . '' Taylor also applauded the concept of its portrayal of a young black girl who wishes to follow in the footsteps of her mother as a doctor as the lead character , that inspired her to collect pictures of 131 doctors -- all women of color -- and publish a collage online under the heading , ' We Are Doc McStuffins . ' '' The program is also a ratings hit on Disney Junior . The series premiere attracted 1.08 million children ages 2 to 5 , and the show has attracted an average of 918,000 viewers in the same demographic , leading AdWeek magazine to dub the show an `` improbable ratings juggernaut '' . In 2013 , $500 million worth of Doc McStuffins merchandise was sold , something New York Times writers claimed industry experts said `` seems to be setting a record '' for a `` toy line based on an African - American character '' . They also said the character had broad appeal and the toys sold well to all demographics . In 2016 , news that Disney had yet to formally renew the program for a fifth season resulted in a number of celebrities , including W. Kamau Bell , Jamilah Lemieux and Audra McDonald to appeal Disney to continue the program . Chris Nee , the show 's creator , tweeted that she would report immediately if she received any news of the show being picked up , commenting that the writing staff was eager to continue with new stories . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards International Norton Virgien , Theresa Mayer , Chris Nee Nominated 2016 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series Tied with Sarah & Duck Won 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Children 's Program `` Doc McStuffins '' Won 2014 74th Annual Peabody Award Peabody Award `` Doc McStuffins '' Won Dvd releases ( edit ) see List of Doc McStuffins episodes for original air dates Collection Included episodes Release date Friendship is the Best Medicine `` Engine Nine , Feelin ' Fine ! '' and `` The Right Stuff '' , `` Caught Blue - Handed '' and `` To Squeak , or Not to Squeak '' , `` Ben / Anna Split ! '' and `` That 's Just Claw - Ful '' , `` The Rip Heard Round the World '' and `` Walkie - Talkie Time '' , `` Dark Knight '' and `` Hallie Gets an Earful '' August 21 , 2012 Time for Your Check Up `` Gulpy , Gulpy Gators ! '' and `` One Note Wonder '' , `` Tea Party Tantrum '' and `` Blast Off ! '' , `` Arcade Escapade '' and `` Starry , Starry Night '' , `` Bronto Boo - Boos '' and `` Brontosaurus Breath '' , `` Doctoring The Doc '' and `` Hot Pursuit '' May 7 , 2013 Mobile Clinic `` Doc McStuffins Goes McMobile '' and `` Chip Off the Ol ' Box '' , `` Doc to the Rescue '' and `` Do n't Knock the Noggin '' , `` Out of the Box '' and `` Run Down Race Car '' , `` Rescue Ronda , Ready for Take off '' and `` All Washed Up '' , `` Rest Your Rotors , Ronda ! '' and `` Keep on Truckin ' '' March 18 , 2014 School of Medicine `` Chilly Gets Chilly '' and `` Through The Reading Glasses '' , `` Hallie 's Happy Birthday '' and `` Shark - Style Toothache '' , `` Think Pink '' and `` You Foose , You Lose '' , `` Disco Dress Up Daisy '' and `` The Glider Brothers '' , `` Celestial Celeste '' and `` Run Doc , Run ! '' September 9 , 2014 Cuddle Me Lambie `` My Huggy Valentine '' and `` Dusty Bear '' , `` Awesome Guy 's Awesome Arm '' and `` Lamb in a Jam '' , `` Kirby and the King '' and `` Bubble Monkey , Blow Your Nose ! '' , `` A Day Without Cuddles '' and `` Collide - o - scope '' , `` Mirror , Mirror On My Penguin '' and `` Hide and Eek ! '' February 3 , 2015 Pet Vet `` Fetchin Findo '' and `` Twin Tweaks '' , `` Three Goats A Cuddlin ' '' and `` Swimmer 's Belly '' , `` A Dragon 's Best Friend '' , `` Stuffy & Squibbles '' and `` Queen Of Thrones '' , `` Take Your Pet To The Vet '' and `` Master And Commander '' November 3 , 2015 Toy Hospital `` Welcome To McStuffinsville '' , `` Baby McStuffins and Selfless Snowman '' , `` Runaway Love and Tour De McStuffins '' , `` Bringing Home Baby '' , `` Baby Names and Night Night , Lala ! '' October 18 , 2016 Video game adaptations ( edit ) `` Doc McStuffins Pet Vet '' was released on iOS and Android . Feel good games ( edit ) There are a variety of games specifically focused on the series , including : Big Air Adventure a 5 - series crossover of title characters from Henry Hugglemonster , Jake and the Never Land Pirates , Miles from Tomorrowland , and Sofia the First Doc McStuffins Sticker Book Doc Me Doc 's Seek and Find Doc 's Snowman Rollup Doc 's Summertime Clinic Frost Magic Sparkly Ball Sports Stuffy 's Scramble The Doc Mobile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruiz , Lorena ( October 2013 ) . `` Meet Chris Nee , creator of Disney 's ' Doc McStuffins ' '' . I just thought that nobody needs another male doctor or another male leader in a group . What we needed was a female character . And Disney , in the first conversation that we had after they bought the pitch said , `` We 've been looking for a good character to bring some ethnicity into them , how do you feel if she 's African - American ? '' ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Creator Chris Nee : From ' Deadliest Catch ' to Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . It was Disney that suggested , in your first pitch meeting , that Doc , her doctor mother , and her stay - at - home dad be African - American . Jump up ^ `` The Peabody Awards - Doc McStuffins '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Winner 2014 Jump up ^ `` How The Creator Of `` Doc McStuffins '' Bucked The Norm And Made `` Cheers '' For Preschoolers `` . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Is In For Season 5 , Disney Junior Says '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Kiara ( as Doc ) . `` No Sweetah Cheetah '' . Doc McStuffins . We all have things on our bodies that make us special ... like my freckles Jump up ^ `` These Exclusive New Doc McStuffins Images Will Cure What Ails You '' . 21 July 2015 . Doc McStuffins , the Disney Junior series about a seven - year - old girl named Dottie McStuffins Jump up ^ Maria Pilar Clark ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Nancy Kanter announces five new animated series for Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . `` Doc McStuffins '' is an imaginative animated series about six - year - old Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins , who communicates with and heals stuffed animals and toys out of her backyard clinic . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Doc . `` Let the Nightingale Sing '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Oh , you never know what you can do with a little magic . ( in response to Hallie asking how it is possible when Doc suggests she could meet Florence Nightingale ) Jump up ^ `` McStuffins School of Medicine '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Hazel Has a Sleep - over '' . Doc McStuffins. 3 minutes in . I 'll come over right after my piano lesson . Jump up ^ `` Through the Reading Glasses '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` The Wicked King and the Mean Queen '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Queen of Thrones '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Mind Over Matter '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Luna on the Moon - a '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Live Long and Pawsper '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Stuffy . `` The Search for Squibbles '' . Doc McStuffins. 5 minutes in . Maybe there 's more than one Squibbles around here and he does n't know we 're calling him . His full name is Mister Squibbles Sylvester McStuffins the First . Jump up ^ `` Let the Nightingale Sing '' . Doc McStuffins. 8 minutes in . I 'm a Doctor to stuffed animals and toys . Jump up ^ `` Getting to the Heart of Things '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Stuffy ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Selfless Snowman '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 3 . Episode 84 . 16 minutes in . Stuffing 's my middle name . Actually it 's more like my first name . My middle name is Philbert , but close enough . ( the middle name may be first mentioned in an earlier episode preceding 2016 ) Jump up ^ McStuffins , Stuffy . `` Doc McStuffins Goes to Washington '' . Doc McStuffins. 7 minutes in . I can see it now . Stuffy McStuffins , the first toy president of the United States . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Dottoressa . `` The Search for Squibbles '' . Doc McStuffins. 9 minutes in . Squibbles needs a tag , like a real pet . It 's important to give your pet an ID tag to keep them safe if they ever get lost . I belong to Stuffy McStuffins . ( the latter sentence narrating what she is writing on Squibbles ' ID tag as she does so and sticks it on him ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Doc McStuffins Figure Cake Toppers / Cupcake Decorations Set of 6 '' . Amazon.com. 20 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Lambie - Doc 's best friend . Stuffy - the brave Blue Dragon , Chilly - the stuffed snowman who worries a lot , Donny McStuffin - Doc 's 4 year old brother ^ Jump up to : `` Serpent Sam Makes a Splash '' . Doc McStuffins . ^ Jump up to : McStuffins , Chilly ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` The Big Storm '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Episode 45 . 5 minutes in . I 'm glad I 'm a McStuffins , and I 'm even more glad you 're one too . McStuffins , Hallie ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` The Big Storm '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Episode 45 . 6 minutes in . Me too Chilly , me too . Jump up ^ `` Hide and Eek '' . Doc McStuffins . I 'm plump and ready for the picking . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Doc . `` Winded Winnie '' . Doc McStuffins. 2 minutes in . You wo n't melt because you 're a stuffed snowman . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins Goes To Washington '' . Doc McStuffins. 1 minutes in . I do n't think I 'm cut out to be an actor , my plush is not thick enough . Jump up ^ `` Big Head Hallie '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Doc . `` Hallie Halloween '' . Doc McStuffins. 7 minutes in . Now let 's check your plush ... no rips and no lost stuffing . Jump up ^ mother of Alma & Emmie ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` The Big Sleepover '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Episode 13a ( 39a overall ) . 4 minutes in . Bye , Maisha . ( official closed captions used by Disney Channel spell it `` Maisha '' not `` Myiesha '' ) Jump up ^ Nancy Churnin ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' to pay tribute to local doctor in January '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Dr. Myiesha Taylor has plans for Jan. 10 . She , her husband and their three children will be glued to their television , waiting to hear Doc McStuffins ' mother called Myiesha in her honor on Disney 's Doc McStuffins show . The character 's first name has never been mentioned before . Jump up ^ Maya Rhodan ( 26 September 2015 ) . `` First Lady Michelle Obama Will Appear on Disney Cartoon Doc McStuffins '' . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Visits ' Hundred Acre Wood ' Jan. 18 '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy Brown ( 6 April 2017 ) . http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-ludacris-doc-mcstuffins-pegasus-20170405-story.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed by Disney - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Sofia The First ' & ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed At Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior '' . Disney Junior . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins renewed for a second season ! An Interview with the show 's Creator Chris Nee ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 2012 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Disney Finds a Cure for the Common Stereotype With ' Doc McStuffins ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Wraps Major Upfront Sales '' . AdWeek. 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Perfect Answer to Barbie Is Doc McStuffins '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Merchandise based on the Disney Junior TV character Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins ... grossed around $500 million last year . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Vega , Tanzina ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Race in Toyland : A Nonwhite Doll Crosses Over '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Christian ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why adults are trying to keep 7 - year - old ' Doc McStuffins ' in business '' . WHIO - TV , via Newsy . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2017/02/14/and-the-2017-kidscreen-awards-winners-are/# Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins Pet Vet on the App Store '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins - All Games Page Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior Big Air Adventure Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins Sticker Book Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Me Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Seek and Find Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Snowman Roll - up Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Summertime Clinic Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Magic Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkly Ball Sports Doc McStuffins Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stuffy 's Scramble Doc McStuffins Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Doc Mobile Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Doc McStuffins at the Big Cartoon DataBase Doc McStuffins on IMDb VIAF : 23146936574513780495 LCCN : no2012109945 ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doc_McStuffins&oldid=809041777 '' Categories : 2012 American television series debuts 2010s American animated television series American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series American musical television series Animated musical television series Computer - animated television series Disney animated television series Disney Channel shows Irish children 's television programmes Irish fantasy television series Peabody Award - winning television programs Preschool education television series Sentient toys in fiction Television series by Brown Bag Films Television series by Disney Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Lumbaart Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 19 : 59 . 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morris a life with bells on rotten tomatoes			Morris : a Life with Bells on	morris : a life with bells on		Morris : A Life with Bells On Original film poster Directed by Lucy Akhurst Produced by Charles Thomas Oldham Lucy Akhurst Written by Charles Thomas Oldham Starring Charles Thomas Oldham Ian Hart Derek Jacobi Dominique Pinon Greg Wise Naomie Harris Aidan McArdle Sophie Thompson Harriet Walter Music by Richard Lumsden Cinematography Roger Chapman Edited by Nick Carew Release date 27 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 500,000 Morris : A Life with Bells On is a 2009 British independent film , a comic spoof documentary about morris dancing . Contents 1 Cast 2 Development 3 Filming 4 Release and reception 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Charles Thomas Oldham - Derecq Twist ( Millsham Morrisman ) Derek Jacobi - Quentin Neely Ian Hart - Endeavour Hungerfjord Welsh Dominique Pinon - Jean Baptiste Poquelin ( Millsham Morrisman ) Greg Wise - Miloslav Villandry Naomie Harris - Sonja Aidan McArdle - Jeremy - The Producer Sophie Thompson - Glenda Harriet Walter - Professor Compton Chamberlayne Jasper Britton - Will Frosser ( Millsham Morrisman ) Pascal Langdale - Preston Tannen Richard Lumsden - Plush Gurney ( Millsham Morrisman ) Clive Mantle - Muff Barcock ( Millsham Morrisman ) John Boswall as Mr Staveley Adam Ewan - Boothby Pagnell ( Millsham Morrisman ) Andy Black - Lydiard Sperling ( Millsham Morrisman ) Development ( edit ) Morris : A Life with Bells On was written by Charles Thomas Oldham ( known as Chaz Oldham ) , who also co-produced it with his wife , the film 's director Lucy Akhurst . The film 's production company was Twist Films , set up by Oldham and Akhurst . Oldham spent his later teen years living with a family who were keen morris dancers , and he realised that the English folk dance and its traditions were a rich subject for a film . He went on to qualify as a lawyer but turned to acting and writing . He gradually developed the script of Morris : A Life with Bells On , and drew up a wish - list of actors he would like to have in the film . Filming ( edit ) Although a low - budget film - it cost a total of £ 500,000 to make - Oldham was successful in fulfilling his wish - list and the film features some well - known actors including Derek Jacobi , Ian Hart , Dominique Pinon , Greg Wise , Harriet Walter , Naomie Harris and Sophie Thompson . Oldham plays the lead role and Akhurst also appears in the film . A number of real - life morris sides were used as extras in the filming . The film was shot in London and parts of south west England in the summer of 2007 , one of the wettest on record up to that date . Filming locations were predominantly in the West Country counties of Dorset and Wiltshire , and included Sandbanks beach in Dorset ( doubling with the addition of a few palm trees as Los Angeles ' Venice Beach ) , Poole in Dorset and Tisbury in Wiltshire . The Compasses Inn at Lower Chicksgrove in Wiltshire served as the Traveller 's Staff pub , and the climax of the film was shot at Wimborne Folk Festival at Wimborne in Dorset . Release and reception ( edit ) The film struggled to find a widespread distribution deal , as distributors felt it was too niche in its appeal to be profitable . Oldham and Akhurst organised a tour of village halls throughout the West Country from January to March 2009 , in local venues such as village halls . Moviola , a company and registered charity that specialises in such local screenings , showed the film . The film became a word - of - mouth hit through this route , and allowed Oldham and Akhurst to bypass the distributors and go directly to the exhibitors , bolstered by an internet petition . In May 2009 the film had its international premiere at the 35th Seattle International Film Festival , where it was awarded joint third place in the Golden Space Needle Audience Award for best film . The film had its British premiere at the Prince Charles Cinema in London on 24 September 2009 and was released in a few cinemas in the Picturehouse chain on 27 September 2009 . Although it had a limited release , on its opening day it had a higher take per screen than the studio - backed big budget film The Soloist . Reviews were generally positive . In an article in The Times , director Ken Russell ( another director renowned for filming in the West Country ) considered that the film was `` a sophisticated faux - naive film that combines the style of the style of Best in Show , The Full Monty , Zoolander and Babe ... Oldham has managed to walk that tightrope between irony and sincerity and come down squarely on the side of heart . '' Jonathan Brown of The Independent considered that `` shot in mockumentary style that evokes The Office and This is Spinal Tap , A Life with Bells On is an affectionate if uncompromisingly comic examination of this most peculiar of English traditions '' , while Jon Swaine of The Daily Telegraph called it `` a cult hit '' . Giving it two stars out of five , Xan Brooks in The Guardian wrote that `` At times its gentle , nuzzling brand of comedy is akin to being gummed by a sheep . And yet Akhurst and Oldham 's tale is obviously heartfelt and frequently charming '' . Rotten Tomatoes rates the film at `` 55 % of the audience liked it '' , based on 38 user ratings . The Rotten Tomatoes rating does not include any critics ' reviews . Part of the publicity for the film included a spoof audition tape for the lead role by Simon Pegg , and a spoof video diary by American actor Sendhil Ramamurthy from the television series Heroes . The film was released on DVD on 26 July 2010 . The soundtrack composed by Richard Lumsden is also available . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character 's unusual first name , a French surname , is used instead of Derek . Jump up ^ The character 's unusual first name may be a reference to Inspector Morse ; the middle name is a play on a placename , Hungerford in Berkshire , combined with fjord . Jump up ^ The character 's name is the full name of the 17th - century French playwright better known as Molière . Jump up ^ The character 's surname is a reference to the Château de Villandry , on the banks of the Loire . Jump up ^ The character 's name is a reference to the south Wiltshire village of Compton Chamberlayne , which is close to several of the filming locations used in the film . Jump up ^ The character 's first name may be another placename reference ( see e.g. Preston , Lancashire ) ; as a given name it is probably more common in North America than the UK . Jump up ^ The character 's surname may be another placename reference ( see Staveley ) . Jump up ^ The character 's name is a reference to the Lincolnshire village of Boothby Pagnell . Jump up ^ The character 's first name is also a placename shared by several Wiltshire villages close to Swindon , including Lydiard Tregoze ; Sperling is a surname of Jewish origin . Jump up ^ Lucy Akhurst ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` I thought Morris dancing was weird ... Now I know it 's the most fun you can have with bells on '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Brown ( 21 September 2009 ) . `` Hell 's bells ! The joy of Morris Dancing '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Churchill ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Venice Beach ? No , it 's Sandbanks '' . Bournemouth Daily Echo ( see the video for information ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Andy Davey ( 30 May 2007 ) . `` Location ! Location ! Location ! '' . Bournemouth Daily Echo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mike Turner ( 13 February 2009 ) . `` With bells on ! Salisbury basketball players ' role in Morris dancing movie '' . Salisbury Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Press release available on the Morris : A Life with Bells On website under `` Moviola '' in the Additional Media section . ^ Jump up to : Jon Swaine ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Morris dancing film becomes cult hit '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Morris : a Life with Bells on '' . Moviola . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Xan Brooks ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` The DIY films that vanish without trace '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Olivia Laing ( 15 February 2009 ) . `` Stick up for morris men '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Morris Dancers Invade Seattle '' . PR Log. 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( 14 June 2009 ) . `` Seattle fest announces winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Morris : A Life With Bells On - UK Film Premiere '' . Zimbio . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ken Russell ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` Dancers armed with staves are poised to storm the box office '' . The Times . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Xan Brooks ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Morris : A Life With Bells On '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/morris-a-life-with-bells-on/ Jump up ^ `` Rejected by film makers : Simon Pegg and Sendhil Ramamurthy audition tapes discovered ! '' . Unreality Shout . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Morris : A Life with Bells On on IMDb Morris : A Life with Bells On at AllMovie Film 4 review Empire review Interview on New Zealand tv with Chaz Oldham Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris:_A_Life_with_Bells_On&oldid=833794446 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films British films Mockumentary films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 13 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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different types of oils that can be used with an oio lens	Before the development of synthetic immersion oils in the 1940s , cedar tree oil was widely used . Cedar oil has an index of refraction of approximately 1.516 . The numerical aperture of cedar tree oil objectives is generally around 1.3 . Cedar oil has a number of disadvantages however : it absorbs blue and ultraviolet light , yellows with age , has sufficient acidity to potentially damage objectives with repeated use ( by attacking the cement used to join lenses ) , and diluting it with solvent changes its viscosity ( and refraction index and dispersion ) . Cedar oil must be removed from the objective immediately after use before it can harden , since removing hardened cedar oil can damage the lens . In modern microscopy synthetic immersion oils are more commonly used , as they eliminate most of these problems . NA values of 1.6 can be achieved with different oils . Unlike natural oils synthetic ones do not harden on the lens and can typically be left on the objective for months at a time .	cedar tree oil\|synthetic immersion oils	Oil immersion	oil immersion	In light microscopy , oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope . This is achieved by immersing both the objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil of high refractive index , thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens .	Immersion oils are transparent oils that have specific optical and viscosity characteristics necessary for use in microscopy . Typical oils used have an index of refraction around 1.515 . An oil immersion objective is an objective lens specially designed to be used in this way . Many condensers also give optimal resolution when the condenser lens is immersed in oil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theoretical background 2 Oil immersion objectives 3 Immersion oil 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Theoretical background ( edit ) Lenses reconstruct the light scattered by an object . To successfully achieve this end , ideally , all the diffraction orders have to be collected . This is related to the opening angle of the lens and its refractive index . The resolution of a microscope is defined as the minimum separation needed between two objects under examination in order for the microscope to discern them as separate objects . This minimum distance is labelled δ . If two objects are separated by a distance shorter than δ , they will appear as a single object in the microscope . A measure of the resolving power , R.P. , of a lens is given by its numerical aperture , NA : δ = λ 2 N A ( \ displaystyle \ delta = ( \ frac ( \ lambda ) ( \ mathrm ( 2NA ) ) ) ) where λ is the wavelength of light . From this it is clear that a good resolution ( small δ ) is connected with a high numerical aperture . The numerical aperture of a lens is defined as N A = n sin ⁡ α 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( NA ) = n \ sin \ alpha _ ( 0 ) \ ; ) where α is half the angle spanned by the objective lens seen from the sample , and n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and specimen ( ≈ 1 for air ) . State of the art objectives can have a numerical aperture of up to 0.95 . Because sin α is always less than or equal to unity ( the number `` 1 '' ) , the numerical aperture can never be greater than unity for an objective lens in air . If the space between the objective lens and the specimen is filled with oil however , the numerical aperture can obtain values greater than unity . This is because oil has a refractive index greater than 1 . Oil immersion objectives ( edit ) Oil - immersion objective in use From the above it is understood that oil between the specimen and the objective lens improves the resolving power by a factor 1 / n . Objectives specifically designed for this purpose are known as oil immersion objectives . Oil immersion objectives are used only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power . Objectives with high power magnification have short focal lengths , facilitating the use of oil . The oil is applied to the specimen ( conventional microscope ) , and the stage is raised , immersing the objective in oil . ( In inverted microscopes the oil is applied to the objective ) . The refractive indices of the oil and of the glass in the first lens element are nearly the same , which means that the refraction of light will be small upon entering the lens ( the oil and glass are optically very similar ) . The correct immersion oil for an objective lens has to be used to ensure that the refractive indices are correctly matched . Use of an oil immersion lens with the incorrect immersion oil , or without immersion oil altogether , will suffer from spherical aberration . The strength of this effect depends on the size of the refractive index mismatch . Oil immersion can generally only be used on rigidly mounted specimens otherwise the surface tension of the oil can move the coverslip and so move the sample underneath . This can also happen on inverted microscopes because the coverslip is below the slide . Immersion oil ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2008 ) Before the development of synthetic immersion oils in the 1940s , cedar tree oil was widely used . Cedar oil has an index of refraction of approximately 1.516 . The numerical aperture of cedar tree oil objectives is generally around 1.3 . Cedar oil has a number of disadvantages however : it absorbs blue and ultraviolet light , yellows with age , has sufficient acidity to potentially damage objectives with repeated use ( by attacking the cement used to join lenses ) , and diluting it with solvent changes its viscosity ( and refraction index and dispersion ) . Cedar oil must be removed from the objective immediately after use before it can harden , since removing hardened cedar oil can damage the lens . In modern microscopy synthetic immersion oils are more commonly used , as they eliminate most of these problems . NA values of 1.6 can be achieved with different oils . Unlike natural oils synthetic ones do not harden on the lens and can typically be left on the objective for months at a time . See also ( edit ) Water immersion objective Index - matching material Solid immersion lens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Microscope Objectives : Immersion Media '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Olympus Microscopy Resource Center ( website ) , 2002 . Jump up ^ Cargille , John ( 1985 ) ( 1964 ) , `` Immersion Oil and the Microscope '' , New York Microscopical Society Yearbook Practical Microscopy by L.C. Martin and B.K. Johnson , Glasgow ( 1966 ) . Light Microscopy by J.K. Solberg , Tapir Trykk ( 2000 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Microscope Objectives : Immersion Media '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Olympus Microscopy Resource Center ( website ) , 2002 . `` Immersion Oil Microscopy '' by David B. Fankhauser , Biology at University of Cincinnati , Clermont College ( website ) , December 30 , 2004 . `` History of Oil Immersion Lenses '' by Jim Solliday , Southwest Museum of Engineering , Communications , and Computation ( website ) , 2007 . `` Immersion Oil and the Microscope '' by John J. Cargille , New York Microscopical Society Yearbook , 1964 ( revised , 1985 ) . ( Archived at Cargille Labs ( website ) . ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_immersion&oldid=753844283 '' Categories : Microscopy Microscope components Lenses Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2016 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20immersion	2,831
when did the telephone become an accepted tool for primary data collection in marketing research			Marketing research	marketing research	Marketing research is `` the process or set of processes that links the producers , customers , and end users to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems ; generate , refine , and evaluate marketing actions ; monitor marketing performance ; and improve understanding of marketing as a process . Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues , designs the method for collecting information , manages and implements the data collection process , analyzes the results , and communicates the findings and their implications . ''	It is the systematic gathering , recording , and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services . The goal of marketing research is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior . The term is commonly interchanged with market research ; however , expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction , in that market research is concerned specifically with markets , while marketing research is concerned specifically about marketing processes . Marketing research is often partitioned into two sets of categorical pairs , either by target market : Consumer marketing research , and Business - to - business ( B2B ) marketing research . Or , alternatively , by methodological approach : Qualitative marketing research , and Quantitative marketing research . Consumer marketing research is a form of applied sociology that concentrates on understanding the preferences , attitudes , and behaviors of consumers in a market - based economy , and it aims to understand the effects and comparative success of marketing campaigns . The field of consumer marketing research as a statistical science was pioneered by Arthur Nielsen with the founding of the ACNielsen Company in 1923 . Thus , marketing research may also be described as the systematic and objective identification , collection , analysis , and dissemination of information for the purpose of assisting management in decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 History 3 Characteristics 4 Related business research 5 Classification 6 Types 7 Methods 8 Business to business 9 Small businesses and nonprofits 10 International plan 11 Common terms 12 Careers 13 Corporate hierarchy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Role ( edit ) The purpose of marketing research ( MR ) is to provide management with relevant , accurate , reliable , valid , and up to date market information . Competitive marketing environment and the ever - increasing costs attributed to poor decision making require that marketing research provide sound information . Sound decisions are not based on gut feeling , intuition , or even pure judgment . Managers make numerous strategic and tactical decisions in the process of identifying and satisfying customer needs . They make decisions about potential opportunities , target market selection , market segmentation , planning and implementing marketing programs , marketing performance , and control . These decisions are complicated by interactions between the controllable marketing variables of product , pricing , promotion , and distribution . Further complications are added by uncontrollable environmental factors such as general economic conditions , technology , public policies and laws , political environment , competition , and social and cultural changes . Another factor in this mix is the complexity of consumers . Marketing research helps the marketing manager link the marketing variables with the environment and the consumers . It helps remove some of the uncertainty by providing relevant information about the marketing variables , environment , and consumers . In the absence of relevant information , consumers ' response to marketing programs can not be predicted reliably or accurately . Ongoing marketing research programs provide information on controllable and non-controllable factors and consumers ; this information enhances the effectiveness of decisions made by marketing managers . Traditionally , marketing researchers were responsible for providing the relevant information and marketing decisions were made by the managers . However , the roles are changing and marketing researchers are becoming more involved in decision making , whereas marketing managers are becoming more involved with research . The role of marketing research in managerial decision making is explained further using the framework of the DECIDE model . History ( edit ) Marketing research has evolved in the decades since Arthur Nielsen established it as a viable industry , one that would grow hand - in - hand with the B2B and B2C economies . Markets naturally evolve , and since the birth of ACNielsen , when research was mainly conducted by in - person focus groups and pen - and - paper surveys , the rise of the Internet and the proliferation of corporate websites have changed the means by which research is executed . Web analytics were born out of the need to track the behavior of site visitors and , as the popularity of e-commerce and web advertising grew , businesses demanded details on the information created by new practices in web data collection , such as click - through and exit rates . As the Internet boomed , websites became larger and more complex and the possibility of two - way communication between businesses and their consumers became a reality . Provided with the capacity to interact with online customers , Researchers were able to collect large amounts of data that were previously unavailable , further propelling the marketing research industry . In the new millennium , as the Internet continued to develop and websites became more interactive , data collection and analysis became more commonplace for those marketing research firms whose clients had a web presence . With the explosive growth of the online marketplace came new competition for companies ; no longer were businesses merely competing with the shop down the road -- competition was now represented by a global force . Retail outlets were appearing online and the previous need for bricks - and - mortar stores was diminishing at a greater pace than online competition was growing. With so many online channels for consumers to make purchases , companies needed newer and more compelling methods , in combination with messages that resonated more effectively , to capture the attention of the average consumer . Having access to web data did not automatically provide companies with the rationale behind the behavior of users visiting their sites , which provoked the marketing research industry to develop new and better ways of tracking , collecting and interpreting information . This led to the development of various tools like online focus groups and pop - up or website intercept surveys . These types of services allowed companies to dig deeper into the motivations of consumers , augmenting their insights and utilizing this data to drive market share . As information around the world became more accessible , increased competition led companies to demand more of market researchers . It was no longer sufficient to follow trends in web behavior or track sales data ; companies now needed access to consumer behavior throughout the entire purchase process. This meant the Marketing Research Industry , again , needed to adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the marketplace , and to the demands of companies looking fora competitive edge . Today , marketing research has adapted to innovations in technology and the corresponding ease with which information is available . B2B and B2C companies are working hard to stay competitive and they now demand both quantitative ( `` What '' ) and qualitative ( `` Why ? '' ) marketing research in order to better understand their target audience and the motivations behind customer behaviors . This demand is driving marketing researchers to develop new platforms for interactive , two - way communication between their firms and consumers . Mobile devices such as Smart Phones are the best example of an emerging platform that enables businesses to connect with their customers throughout the entire buying process . Innovative research firms , such as OnResearch with their OnMobile app , are now providing businesses with the means to reach consumers from the point of initial investigation through to the decision and , ultimately , the purchase . As personal mobile devices become more capable and widespread , the marketing research industry will look to further capitalize on this trend . Mobile devices present the perfect channel for research firms to retrieve immediate impressions from buyers and to provide their clients with a holistic view of the consumers within their target markets , and beyond . Now , more than ever , innovation is the key to success for Marketing Researchers . Marketing Research Clients are beginning to demand highly personalized and specifically - focused products from the marketing research firms ; big data is great for identifying general market segments , but is less capable of identifying key factors of niche markets , which now defines the competitive edge companies are looking for in this mobile - digital age . Characteristics ( edit ) First , marketing research is systematic . Thus systematic planning is required at all the stages of the marketing research process . The procedures followed at each stage are methodologically sound , well documented , and , as much as possible , planned in advance . Marketing research uses the scientific method in that data are collected and analyzed to test prior notions or hypotheses . Experts in marketing research have shown that studies featuring multiple and often competing hypotheses yield more meaningful results than those featuring only one dominant hypothesis . Marketing research is objective . It attempts to provide accurate information that reflects a true state of affairs . It should be conducted impartially . While research is always influenced by the researcher 's research philosophy , it should be free from the personal or political biases of the researcher or the management . Research which is motivated by personal or political gain involves a breach of professional standards . Such research is deliberately biased so as to result in predetermined findings . The objective nature of marketing research underscores the importance of ethical considerations . Also , researchers should always be objective with regard to the selection of information to be featured in reference texts because such literature should offer a comprehensive view on marketing . Research has shown , however , that many marketing textbooks do not feature important principles in marketing research . Related business research ( edit ) Other forms of business research include : Market research is broader in scope and examines all aspects of a business environment . It asks questions about competitors , market structure , government regulations , economic trends , technological advances , and numerous other factors that make up the business environment ( see environmental scanning ) . Sometimes the term refers more particularly to the financial analysis of companies , industries , or sectors . In this case , financial analysts usually carry out the research and provide the results to investment advisors and potential investors . Product research -- This looks at what products can be produced with available technology , and what new product innovations near - future technology can develop ( see new product development ) . Advertising research - is a specialized form of marketing research conducted to improve the efficacy of advertising . Copy testing , also known as `` pre-testing , '' is a form of customized research that predicts in - market performance of an ad before it airs , by analyzing audience levels of attention , brand linkage , motivation , entertainment , and communication , as well as breaking down the ad 's flow of attention and flow of emotion . Pre-testing is also used on ads still in rough ( ripomatic or animatic ) form . ( Young , p. 213 ) Classification ( edit ) Organizations engage in marketing research for two reasons : firstly , to identify and , secondly , to solve marketing problems . This distinction serves as a basis for classifying marketing research into problem identification research and problem solving research . Problem identification research is undertaken to help identify problems which are , perhaps , not apparent on the surface and yet exist or are likely to arise in the future like company image , market characteristics , sales analysis , short - range forecasting , long range forecasting , and business trends research . Research of this type provides information about the marketing environment and helps diagnose a problem . For example , the findings of problem solving research are used in making decisions which will solve specific marketing problems . The Stanford Research Institute , on the other hand , conducts an annual survey of consumers that is used to classify persons into homogeneous groups for segmentation purposes . The National Purchase Diary panel ( NPD ) maintains the largest diary panel in the United States . Standardized services are research studies conducted for different client firms but in a standard way . For example , procedures for measuring advertising effectiveness have been standardized so that the results can be compared across studies and evaluative norms can be established . The Starch Readership Survey is the most widely used service for evaluating print advertisements ; another well - known service is the Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies . These services are also sold on a syndicated basis . Customized services offer a wide variety of marketing research services customized to suit a client 's specific needs . Each marketing research project is treated uniquely . Limited - service suppliers specialize in one or a few phases of the marketing research project . Services offered by such suppliers are classified as field services , coding and data entry , data analysis , analytical services , and branded products . Field services collect data through the internet , traditional mail , in - person , or telephone interviewing , and firms that specialize in interviewing are called field service organizations . These organizations may range from small proprietary organizations which operate locally to large multinational organizations with WATS line interviewing facilities . Some organizations maintain extensive interviewing facilities across the country for interviewing shoppers in malls . Coding and data entry services include editing completed questionnaires , developing a coding scheme , and transcribing the data on to diskettes or magnetic tapes for input into the computer . NRC Data Systems provides such services . Analytical services include designing and pretesting questionnaires , determining the best means of collecting data , designing sampling plans , and other aspects of the research design . Some complex marketing research projects require knowledge of sophisticated procedures , including specialized experimental designs , and analytical techniques such as conjoint analysis and multidimensional scaling . This kind of expertise can be obtained from firms and consultants specializing in analytical services . Data analysis services are offered by firms , also known as tab houses , that specialize in computer analysis of quantitative data such as those obtained in large surveys . Initially most data analysis firms supplied only tabulations ( frequency counts ) and cross tabulations ( frequency counts that describe two or more variables simultaneously ) . With the proliferation of software , many firms now have the capability to analyze their own data , but , data analysis firms are still in demand . Branded marketing research products and services are specialized data collection and analysis procedures developed to address specific types of marketing research problems . These procedures are patented , given brand names , and marketed like any other branded product . Types ( edit ) Marketing research techniques come in many forms , including : Ad Tracking -- periodic or continuous in - market research to monitor a brand 's performance using measures such as brand awareness , brand preference , and product usage . ( Young , 2005 ) Advertising Research -- used to predict copy testing or track the efficacy of advertisements for any medium , measured by the ad 's ability to get attention ( measured with AttentionTracking ) , communicate the message , build the brand 's image , and motivate the consumer to purchase the product or service . ( Young , 2005 ) Brand awareness research -- the extent to which consumers can recall or recognize a brand name or product name Brand association research -- what do consumers associate with the brand ? Brand attribute research -- what are the key traits that describe the brand promise ? Brand name testing - what do consumers feel about the names of the products ? Buyer decision making process -- to determine what motivates people to buy and what decision - making process they use ; over the last decade , Neuromarketing emerged from the convergence of neuroscience and marketing , aiming to understand consumer decision making process Commercial eye tracking research -- examine advertisements , package designs , websites , etc. by analyzing visual behavior of the consumer Concept testing - to test the acceptance of a concept by target consumers Coolhunting ( also known as trendspotting ) - to make observations and predictions in changes of new or existing cultural trends in areas such as fashion , music , films , television , youth culture and lifestyle Copy testing -- predicts in - market performance of an ad before it airs by analyzing audience levels of attention , brand linkage , motivation , entertainment , and communication , as well as breaking down the ad 's flow of attention and flow of emotion . ( Young , p 213 ) Customer satisfaction research - quantitative or qualitative studies that yields an understanding of a customer 's satisfaction with a transaction Demand estimation -- to determine the approximate level of demand for the product Distribution channel audits -- to assess distributors ' and retailers ' attitudes toward a product , brand , or company Internet strategic intelligence -- searching for customer opinions in the Internet : chats , forums , web pages , blogs ... where people express freely about their experiences with products , becoming strong opinion formers . Marketing effectiveness and analytics -- Building models and measuring results to determine the effectiveness of individual marketing activities . Mystery consumer or mystery shopping - An employee or representative of the market research firm anonymously contacts a salesperson and indicates he or she is shopping for a product . The shopper then records the entire experience . This method is often used for quality control or for researching competitors ' products . Positioning research -- how does the target market see the brand relative to competitors ? - what does the brand stand for ? Price elasticity testing -- to determine how sensitive customers are to price changes Sales forecasting -- to determine the expected level of sales given the level of demand . With respect to other factors like Advertising expenditure , sales promotion etc . Segmentation research - to determine the demographic , psychographic , cultural , and behavioral characteristics of potential buyers Online panel - a group of individual who accepted to respond to marketing research online Store audit -- to measure the sales of a product or product line at a statistically selected store sample in order to determine market share , or to determine whether a retail store provides adequate service Test marketing -- a small - scale product launch used to determine the likely acceptance of the product when it is introduced into a wider market Viral Marketing Research - refers to marketing research designed to estimate the probability that specific communications will be transmitted throughout an individual 's Social Network . Estimates of Social Networking Potential ( SNP ) are combined with estimates of selling effectiveness to estimate ROI on specific combinations of messages and media . All of these forms of marketing research can be classified as either problem - identification research or as problem - solving research . There are two main sources of data -- primary and secondary . Primary research is conducted from scratch . It is original and collected to solve the problem in hand . Secondary research already exists since it has been collected for other purposes . It is conducted on data published previously and usually by someone else . Secondary research costs far less than primary research , but seldom comes in a form that exactly meets the needs of the researcher . A similar distinction exists between exploratory research and conclusive research . Exploratory research provides insights into and comprehension of an issue or situation . It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution . Conclusive research draws conclusions : the results of the study can be generalized to the whole population . Exploratory research is conducted to explore a problem to get some basic idea about the solution at the preliminary stages of research . It may serve as the input to conclusive research . Exploratory research information is collected by focus group interviews , reviewing literature or books , discussing with experts , etc . This is unstructured and qualitative in nature . If a secondary source of data is unable to serve the purpose , a convenience sample of small size can be collected . Conclusive research is conducted to draw some conclusion about the problem . It is essentially , structured and quantitative research , and the output of this research is the input to management information systems ( MIS ) . Exploratory research is also conducted to simplify the findings of the conclusive or descriptive research , if the findings are very hard to interpret for the marketing managers . Methods ( edit ) Methodologically , marketing research uses the following types of research designs : Based on questioning Qualitative marketing research - generally used for exploratory purposes -- small number of respondents -- not generalizable to the whole population -- statistical significance and confidence not calculated -- examples include focus groups , in - depth interviews , and projective techniques Quantitative marketing research - generally used to draw conclusions -- tests a specific hypothesis - uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population -- involves a large number of respondents -- examples include surveys and questionnaires . Techniques include choice modelling , maximum difference preference scaling , and covariance analysis . Based on observations Ethnographic studies -- by nature qualitative , the researcher observes social phenomena in their natural setting -- observations can occur cross-sectionally ( observations made at one time ) or longitudinally ( observations occur over several time - periods ) - examples include product - use analysis and computer cookie traces . See also Ethnography and Observational techniques . Experimental techniques - by nature quantitative , the researcher creates a quasi-artificial environment to try to control spurious factors , then manipulates at least one of the variables -- examples include purchase laboratories and test markets Researchers often use more than one research design . They may start with secondary research to get background information , then conduct a focus group ( qualitative research design ) to explore the issues . Finally they might do a full nationwide survey ( quantitative research design ) in order to devise specific recommendations for the client . Business to business ( edit ) Business to business ( B2B ) research is inevitably more complicated than consumer research . The researchers need to know what type of multi-faceted approach will answer the objectives , since seldom is it possible to find the answers using just one method . Finding the right respondents is crucial in B2B research since they are often busy , and may not want to participate . Encouraging them to `` open up '' is yet another skill required of the B2B researcher . Last , but not least , most business research leads to strategic decisions and this means that the business researcher must have expertise in developing strategies that are strongly rooted in the research findings and acceptable to the client . There are four key factors that make B2B market research special and different from consumer markets : The decision making unit is far more complex in B2B markets than in consumer markets B2B products and their applications are more complex than consumer products B2B marketers address a much smaller number of customers who are very much larger in their consumption of products than is the case in consumer markets Personal relationships are of critical importance in B2B markets . Small businesses and nonprofits ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marketing research does not only occur in huge corporations with many employees and a large budget . Marketing information can be derived by observing the environment of their location and the competitions location . Small scale surveys and focus groups are low cost ways to gather information from potential and existing customers . Most secondary data ( statistics , demographics , etc . ) is available to the public in libraries or on the internet and can be easily accessed by a small business owner . Below are some steps that could be done by SME ( Small Medium Enterprise ) to analyze the market : Provide secondary and or primary data ( if necessary ) ; Analyze Macro & Micro Economic data ( e.g. Supply & Demand , GDP , Price change , Economic growth , Sales by sector / industries , interest rate , number of investment / divestment , I / O , CPI , Social analysis , etc . ) ; Implement the marketing mix concept , which is consist of : Place , Price , Product , Promotion , People , Process , Physical Evidence and also Political & social situation to analyze global market situation ) ; Analyze market trends , growth , market size , market share , market competition ( e.g. SWOT analysis , B / C Analysis , channel mapping identities of key channels , drivers of customers loyalty and satisfaction , brand perception , satisfaction levels , current competitor - channel relationship analysis , etc . ) , etc. ; Determine market segment , market target , market forecast and market position ; Formulating market strategy & also investigating the possibility of partnership / collaboration ( e.g. Profiling & SWOT analysis of potential partners , evaluating business partnership . ) Combine those analysis with the SME 's business plan / business model analysis ( e.g. Business description , Business process , Business strategy , Revenue model , Business expansion , Return of Investment , Financial analysis ( Company History , Financial assumption , Cost / Benefit Analysis , Projected profit & Loss , Cash flow , Balance sheet & business Ratio , etc . ) . Note as important : Overall analysis should be based on 6W + 1H ( What , When , Where , Which , Who , Why and How ) question . International plan ( edit ) International Marketing Research follows the same path as domestic research , but there are a few more problems that may arise . Customers in international markets may have very different customs , cultures , and expectations from the same company . In this case , Marketing Research relies more on primary data rather than secondary information . Gathering the primary data can be hindered by language , literacy and access to technology . Basic Cultural and Market intelligence information will be needed to maximize the research effectiveness . Some of the steps that would help overcoming barriers include : Collect secondary information on the country under study from reliable international source e.g. WHO and IMF Collect secondary information on the product / service under study from available sources Collect secondary information on product manufacturers and service providers under study in relevant country Collect secondary information on culture and common business practices Ask questions to get better understanding of reasons behind any recommendations for a specific methodology Common terms ( edit ) Market research techniques resemble those used in political polling and social science research . Meta - analysis ( also called the Schmidt - Hunter technique ) refers to a statistical method of combining data from multiple studies or from several types of studies . Conceptualization means the process of converting vague mental images into definable concepts . Operationalization is the process of converting concepts into specific observable behaviors that a researcher can measure . Precision refers to the exactness of any given measure . Reliability refers to the likelihood that a given operationalized construct will yield the same results if re-measured . Validity refers to the extent to which a measure provides data that captures the meaning of the operationalized construct as defined in the study . It asks , `` Are we measuring what we intended to measure ? '' Applied research sets out to prove a specific hypothesis of value to the clients paying for the research . For example , a cigarette company might commission research that attempts to show that cigarettes are good for one 's health . Many researchers have ethical misgivings about doing applied research . Sugging ( from SUG , for `` selling under the guise '' of market research ) forms a sales technique in which sales people pretend to conduct marketing research , but with the real purpose of obtaining buyer motivation and buyer decision - making information to be used in a subsequent sales call . Frugging comprises the practice of soliciting funds under the pretense of being a research organization . Careers ( edit ) Some of the positions available in marketing research include vice president of marketing research , research director , assistant director of research , project manager , field work director , statistician / data processing specialist , senior analyst , analyst , junior analyst and operational supervisor . The most common entry - level position in marketing research for people with bachelor 's degrees ( e.g. , BBA ) is as operational supervisor . These people are responsible for supervising a well - defined set of operations , including field work , data editing , and coding , and may be involved in programming and data analysis . Another entry - level position for BBAs is assistant project manager . An assistant project manager will learn and assist in questionnaire design , review field instructions , and monitor timing and costs of studies . In the marketing research industry , however , there is a growing preference for people with master 's degrees . Those with MBA or equivalent degrees are likely to be employed as project managers . A small number of business schools also offer a more specialized Master of Marketing Research ( MMR ) degree . An MMR typically prepares students for a wide range of research methodologies and focuses on learning both in the classroom and the field . The typical entry - level position in a business firm would be junior research analyst ( for BBAs ) or research analyst ( for MBAs or MMRs ) . The junior analyst and the research analyst learn about the particular industry and receive training from a senior staff member , usually the marketing research manager . The junior analyst position includes a training program to prepare individuals for the responsibilities of a research analyst , including coordinating with the marketing department and sales force to develop goals for product exposure . The research analyst responsibilities include checking all data for accuracy , comparing and contrasting new research with established norms , and analyzing primary and secondary data for the purpose of market forecasting . As these job titles indicate , people with a variety of backgrounds and skills are needed in marketing research . Technical specialists such as statisticians obviously need strong backgrounds in statistics and data analysis . Other positions , such as research director , call for managing the work of others and require more general skills . To prepare for a career in marketing research , students usually : Take all the marketing courses . Take courses in statistics and quantitative methods . Acquire computer skills . Take courses in psychology and consumer behavior . Acquire effective written and verbal communication skills . Think creatively . Corporate hierarchy ( edit ) Vice-President of Marketing Research : This is the senior position in marketing research . The VP is responsible for the entire marketing research operation of the company and serves on the top management team . Sets the objectives and goals of the marketing research department . Research Director : Also a senior position , the director has the overall responsibility for the development and execution of all the marketing research projects . Assistant Director of Research : Serves as an administrative assistant to the director and supervises some of the other marketing research staff members . ( Senior ) Project Manager : Has overall responsibility for design , implementation , and management of research projects . Statistician / Data Processing Specialist : Serves as an expert on theory and application of statistical techniques . Responsibilities include experimental design , data processing , and analysis . Senior Analyst : Participates in the development of projects and directs the operational execution of the assigned projects . Works closely with the analyst , junior analyst , and other personnel in developing the research design and data collection . Prepares the final report . The primary responsibility for meeting time and cost constraints rests with the senior analyst . Analyst : Handles the details involved in executing the project . Designs and pretests the questionnaires and conducts a preliminary analysis of the data . Junior Analyst : Handles routine assignments such as secondary data analysis , editing and coding of questionnaires , and simple statistical analysis . Field Work Director : Responsible for the selection , training , supervision , and evaluation of interviewers and other field workers . See also ( edit ) Ad Tracking A / B testing Advertising research Commercial eye tracking Copy testing Consumer behavior Experimental techniques Enterprise Feedback Management ( EFM ) Global Marketing Integrated Marketing Communications Journal of Marketing Research Knowledge management List of marketing research firms Marketing Marketing Research Association Marketing research mix Market research Marketing research process Master of Marketing Research Observational techniques Propaganda Quantitative marketing research Qualitative marketing research Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Definition of Marketing , American Marketing Association . http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Approved by the AMA Board of Directors in October 2007 , the Marketing Accountability Standards Board ( MASB ) endorses this definition as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project . Jump up ^ McDonald , Malcolm ( 2007 ) , Marketing Plans ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , England : Butterworth - Heinemann , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8386 - 9 Jump up ^ http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.d7deb7344c5a8ffe818e6c1047a062a0/?vgnextoid=10097f5e82854010VgnVCM100000880a260aRCRD Jump up ^ Malhotra , Naresha K. ( 2002 ) , Basic Marketing Research : A Decision - Making Approach , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall , ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 376856 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 376856 - 2 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 009048 - 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 009048 - 5 Jump up ^ Twedt , Dick Warren ( 1983 ) , 1983 Survey of Marketing Research , Chicago : American Marketing Association Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong , Roderick J. Brodie and Andrew G. Parsons ( 2001 ) . `` Hypotheses in Marketing Science : Literature Review and Publication Audit '' ( PDF ) . Marketing Letters. 12 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 187 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1011169104290 . Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong and Randall L. Schultz ( 1993 ) . `` Principles Involving Marketing Policies : An Empirical Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Marketing Letters. 4 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 265 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00999231 . Jump up ^ Marketing Research : An Applied Orientation 2006 ( 5th Edition ) by Naresh Malhotra . ISBN 0 - 13 - 222117 - 9 Jump up ^ Business - to - Business Marketing By Paul Hague , Nick Hague and Matt Harrison ( undated ) accessed October 9 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Boudreaux , Michael ( March 1984 ) , `` Prepare for Your Future in Marketing , Your Interviews , and Something ' Extra ' '' , Student Edition Marketing News ( 2 ) : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kinnear , Thomas C. ; Root , Ann R. ( 1988 ) , 1988 Survey of Marketing Research , Chicago : American Marketing Association References ( edit ) Bradley , Nigel Marketing Research . Tools and Techniques. Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 928196 - 3 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928196 - 1 Marder , Eric The Laws of Choice -- Predicting Customer Behavior ( The Free Press division of Simon & Schuster , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83545 - 2 Young , Charles E , The Advertising Handbook , Ideas in Flight , Seattle , WA , April 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9765574 - 0 - 1 Kotler , Philip and Armstrong , Gary Principles of Marketing Pearson , Prentice Hall , New Jersey , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 239002 - 6 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 239002 - 7 Berghoff , Hartmut , Philip Scranton , and Uwe Spiekermann , eds. , The Rise of Marketing and Market Research ( New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 34106 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Marketing ( hide ) Consumer behaviour Concepts Consumption Autonomous consumption Induced consumption Consumer culture theory Consumer debt Consumer economy Consumer spending Research types Consumer behaviour Consumer choice Consumer economics Consumer neuroscience Consumer product Marketing research Consumer attributes Consumer confidence Consumer confusion Consumer ethnocentrism Consumer socialization Consumer 's risk Consumption function Cultural consumer Homo economicus Processes Consumers ' co-operative Consumer - to - business Factory - to - consumer Consumer service Consumerization GND : 4037630 - 8 NDL : 00983094 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marketing_research&oldid=808392939 '' Categories : Marketing research Market research Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch فارسی Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ລາວ Latviešu Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 16 : 13 . 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