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when was harambe brought to the cincinnati zoo	On September 18 , 2014 , Harambe was transferred to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden to learn adult gorilla behavior and join a new social group .	September 18 , 2014	Killing of Harambe	killing of harambe	On May 28 , 2016 , a three - year - old boy climbed into a gorilla enclosure at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden and was grabbed and dragged by Harambe , a 17 - year - old Western lowland gorilla . Fearing for the boy 's life , a zoo worker shot and killed Harambe . The incident was recorded on video and received broad international coverage and commentary , including controversy over the choice to kill Harambe . A number of primatologists and conservationists wrote later that the zoo had no other choice under the circumstances , and that it highlighted the danger of zoo animals in close proximity to humans and the need for better standards of care .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Harambe 2 Incident 3 Reactions 3.1 Internet memes 3.2 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Harambe `` Harambe '' redirects here . For the Kenyan tradition , see Harambee . For other uses , see Harambe ( disambiguation ) . Harambe Species Western lowland gorilla Sex Male Born ( 1999 - 05 - 27 ) May 27 , 1999 Gladys Porter Zoo , Brownsville , Texas , U.S. Died May 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 28 ) ( aged 17 ) Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden , Cincinnati , Ohio , U.S. Known for Circumstances of death Residence Gladys Porter Zoo ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Weight 440 lb ( 200 kg ) Named after `` Harambe ( Working Together for Freedom ) '' , song by Rita Marley Harambe ( / həˈrɑːmbeɪ / hə - RAHM - bay ) was born at the Gladys Porter Zoo in Brownsville , Texas , on May 27 , 1999 . He was named by Dan Van Coppenolle , a local area counselor who won a naming contest sponsored by the zoo . He came up with the name after listening to the song `` Harambe ( Working Together for Freedom ) '' by Rita Marley , widow of Bob Marley . Harambee is a Swahili term for communal labor . On September 18 , 2014 , Harambe was transferred to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden to learn adult gorilla behavior and join a new social group . Incident On May 28 , 2016 , a three - year - old boy visiting the Cincinnati Zoo fell into the moat at the Gorilla World habitat . Witnesses said they heard the child say he wanted to go into the gorilla enclosure . The boy then climbed a 3 - foot - tall ( 0.91 m ) fence , crawled through 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) of bushes , and then fell 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) into a moat of shallow water . Zoo officials immediately signaled for the three gorillas in the habitat to return inside , and two females did so . However , the third gorilla , the inquisitive 440 - pound ( 200 kg ) male silverback , Harambe , climbed down into the moat to investigate the child splashing in the water . Over the next 10 minutes , Harambe became increasingly `` agitated and disoriented '' by the screams of onlookers . He dragged the child through the water , occasionally propping him up when he sat , or pushing him down when he stood . Harambe exhibited `` strutting '' behavior -- walking around with legs and arms stiffly extended to appear bigger -- a bluffing move , though one with inherent danger should he throw or drag the boy around too roughly . Harambe then carried the boy up a ladder out of the moat onto dry land . Afraid for the boy 's life , zoo officials made the decision to kill the gorilla , doing so with a single rifle shot . Cincinnati firefighters said the boy was between Harambe 's legs when the shot was fired . Harambe was killed one day after his 17th birthday . Reactions The shooting was controversial , with some observers stating that it was unclear whether Harambe was likely to harm the child . Others called for the boy 's parents or the zoo to be held accountable for the gorilla 's death . Director Thane Maynard stated , `` The child was being dragged around ... His head was banging on concrete . This was not a gentle thing . The child was at risk . '' Police investigated possible criminal charges against the parents , while the parents defended the zoo 's actions . The boy 's mother also became the target of harassment on the Internet and social media . On June 6 , 2016 , Ohio prosecutor Joe Deters said that the mother would not face any charges of wrongdoing . The zoo was being investigated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) , which sets the standards for zoos , and the USDA . Several vigils took place to honor Harambe 's death . As much as 3,400 people had attended a candlelight vigil at Hyde Park in London , United Kingdom . Anthony Seta , an activist who represents the Cincinnati Collective for Animal Rights and Education , organized a vigil at the Cincinnati Zoo to honor the loss of Harambe . In an interview by the press , he emphasized that animals feel and have emotions just like humans do . Seta said , `` I 'm not here to decide what was right and what was wrong , the fact is that a gorilla who just celebrated his birthday has been killed . I am out here to speak to remember him , because he ca n't do it . '' The incident was recorded by a bystander and uploaded to YouTube , where the video went viral and received global publicity . The incident received criticism from several high - profile celebrities , including Ricky Gervais , Brian May , and Piers Morgan . The incident sparked debate among biologists and primatologists on whether gorillas and other primates should be held in captivity at all . Primatologist Jane Goodall said that according to the video it seemed Harambe was trying to protect the child . Goodall later issued a longer explanation in an interview with the president of the International Fund for Animal Welfare , concluding that the zoo had no choice but to kill Harambe . She wrote , `` It was awful for the child , the parents , Harambe , the zoo , the keepers and the public . But when people come into contact with wild animals , life and death decisions sometimes have to be made . '' Goodall said that as long as humans and wild animals are kept in close proximity in zoos , there is no way to prevent accidents from happening , but she believed that zoos `` with the highest standards of care '' could play an important role . Zookeeper Jack Hanna strongly defended the zoo 's actions as the `` correct decision '' , noting that a tranquilizer dart might have taken five or ten minutes to take effect and could have aggravated Harambe further . Primatologist Frans de Waal said he saw few options for the zoo : `` A gorilla is so immensely strong that even with the best of intentions -- and we are not sure that Harambe had those -- the child 's death was a probable outcome . '' Internet memes Following the killing , Harambe became subject of multiple viral memes . Vox wrote in November that Harambe has an `` undeniable status as 2016 's meme of the year . '' As People magazine wrote : `` Harambe continues to live on in the collective mind of the internet , entering into a rarefied state of venerated meme status . '' One of the most widespread memes was noted by The Washington Post and New York magazine who observed a proliferation of over-the - top and fake tributes to Harambe . `` The idea is , the more intense and more sincere - seeming the expression of mourning is , the funnier the joke . '' For example , the `` Dicks out for Harambe '' meme can be seen as a fake tribute to an incident that would normally engender sincere mourning . As Aja Romano of Vox wrote , `` If you were a progressive , the Harambe meme gave you a chance to mock what you viewed as the hypocritical haranguing of the mainstream while avoiding real issues of social justice ; and if you were a conservative , the Harambe meme gave you a chance to mock liberal hysteria . '' One meme is a play on conspiracy theories , such as `` Bush did Harambe '' , a reference to the 9 / 11 conspiracy theories . In Australia , people joked about supporting Harambe 's corpse as a write - in candidate on the ballot for the federal election . Public Policy Polling included Harambe in their polling for the U.S. presidential election . The dead gorilla had 5 % support in late July 2016 ( ahead of Green Party nominee Jill Stein ) and 2 % in August 2016 ( tied with Stein ) . Cincinnati Zoo director Thane Maynard reacted negatively : `` We are not amused by the memes , petitions and signs about Harambe . Our zoo family is still healing , and the constant mention of Harambe makes moving forward more difficult for us . We are honoring Harambe by redoubling our gorilla conservation efforts and encouraging others to join us . '' In late August , the zoo deleted its Twitter account after being daily targeted by trolls mentioning Harambe . However , after two months , the zoo had resumed its account . Popular culture A self - described underground culture collective known as Otaku Gang released a computer parody fighting game known as Harambe vs. Capcom , with Harambe being able to fight characters from Capcom 's Street Fighter franchise . The game itself is a fullgame of M.U.G.E.N , a customizable fighting game . American rappers Young Thug and Dumbfoundead each released songs entitled `` Harambe '' . The former did so on his album Jeffery , each track of which is named after one of his `` idols '' , although the song does not reference the gorilla ; the latter likens the fate of the ape to gang violence and police brutality . Canadian dubstep producer Excision included a song titled `` Harambe '' on his 2016 album Virus . On naming contests for newborn baby gorillas , a teenager made a petition to Dublin Zoo to name a newborn baby gorilla as `` Harambe Jr . '' ( `` Harambetta '' if female ) after Dublin Zoo announced the newborn baby gorilla by tweet . On June 16 , 2017 , satire news site The Onion featured an article of professional wrestler The Big Show being killed by WWE after a seven - year - old boy wandered into a steel cage during a live event in Indianapolis . The article , meant to lampoon the Harambe incident , received criticism for satirizing the murder of an actual person and leading many wrestling fans to believe Big Show was dead . See also Cincinnati portal Ohio portal 2010s portal Animal rights portal Binti Jua Jambo Killing of Cecil the lion Tatiana the Tiger Mary_ ( elephant ) Topsy ( elephant ) Vince ( rhinoceros ) References Jump up ^ Bigfoot Journeys ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Announcing the name of a baby lowland gorilla , `` Harambe '' '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Coppenolle , Dan Van . `` The real lesson of Harambe '' . Jump up ^ Staff , WCPO ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cincinnati Zoo gets silverback gorilla Harambe for ' spring training ' '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Rookie Silverback in Gorilla World for Spring Training - The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden '' . 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gorilla killing : 3 - year - old boy 's mother wo n't be charged '' . CNN . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Knight ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` How boy got into gorilla enclosure '' . USA Today . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . a 3 - year - old boy dropped into the Gorilla World exhibit Jump up ^ John Shammas ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Mum of boy who fell into gorilla zoo enclosure blasts critics saying ' accidents happen ' '' . Mirror . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carla Hall ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Lesson of the Cincinnati gorilla killing : The zoo is not a playground '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Natalie Angier ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Do Gorillas Even Belong in Zoos ? Harambe 's Death Spurs Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zoo faces backlash over decision to shoot gorilla dead after boy , 4 , fell into enclosure '' . London Evening Standard . May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killed Gorilla Seemed to Protect Child Who Fell in Enclosure : Witness '' . NBC News . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gorilla shot dead in zoo : Killing unnecessary , primate expert says - Video '' . NewsComAu . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emanuella ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Critics blame parents , Cincinnati Zoo for gorilla 's death '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ McPhate , Kate ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Zoo 's Killing of Gorilla Holding a Boy Prompts Outrage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Ellis ; Rose , Rashard ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Gorilla shot to save child at Cincinnati zoo '' . CNN . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gorilla Killed After Child Enters Enclosure at Cincinnati Zoo '' . The New York Times . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gorilla killing at Cincinnati zoo sparks probe into possible criminal charges '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ John Shammas ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Astonishing new footage shows gorilla ' PROTECTING ' boy and holding his hand before being shot dead '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Chai , Carmen . `` Harambe 's death : Is the parent - shaming over gorilla 's death going overboard ? '' . Jump up ^ CNN , Madison Park and Holly Yan . `` Gorilla killing : 3 - year - old boy 's mother wo n't be charged '' . ^ Jump up to : Jane Goodall ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Goodall , Azzedine Downes together offer thoughts on tragic Harambe killing '' . International Fund for Animal Welfare . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Yasmin ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) . `` CANDLES OUT FOR HARAMBE 3,400 people to attend candlelit vigil for Harambe the Gorilla in London '' . The Sun . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Vigil called at Cincinnati Zoo in tribute to slain gorilla '' . The Los Angeles Times . 2016 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati zoo kills gorilla to save boy who fell into enclosure on YouTube Jump up ^ Chris Graham ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Celebrities joins backlash over shooting of Harambe the gorilla - but Ohio zoo defends decision '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodall , Jane . `` Memo RE : Shooting of Harambe at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens '' ( PDF ) . janegoodall.org . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Melissa Chan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Goodall Says Zoo Was Right to Kill Harambe the Gorilla '' . Time . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hanna defends Cincinnati Zoo 's decision to kill gorilla '' . USA Today . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Harambe 's Behavior May Have Been Normal Gorilla Play , Michael Greshko . National Geographic , May 31 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Abby Ohlheiser ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Internet wo n't let Harambe rest in peace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` Those claims that Harambe won 20,000 votes are based on nothing '' . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Harambe the Gorilla 's Bizarre Eternal Life as an Internet Meme '' . People . ^ Jump up to : Brian Feldman ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Internet Humor of Harambe Jokes '' . New York . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Aja ( 17 August 2016 ) . `` The Harambe meme is still going strong . And it 's about a lot more than a dead gorilla . '' . Vox . Jump up ^ Reigstad , Leif ( 17 August 2016 ) . `` George W. Bush Did n't Kill Harambe , The Internet Is Just Weird '' . Texas Monthly . Jump up ^ Elle Hunt ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Vote for Harambe : Australian election gives second life to Cincinnati zoo gorilla '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Firozi , Paulina ( 17 August 2016 ) . `` Poll : Jill Stein tied with Harambe , trailing Deez Nutz in Texas '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Jason ( 31 July 2016 ) . `` Harambe the dead gorilla would fare well as independent presidential candidate , poll says '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( 22 August 2016 ) . `` Harambe : Stop making memes of our dead gorilla , Cincinnati Zoo pleads '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Mark Molloy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cincinnati Zoo deletes Twitter account over abuse and memes of dead gorilla Harambe '' . The Daily Telegraph . Associated Press . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Zoo rejoins Twitter following Harambe controversy '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Dan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Premature hippo a happy hit for Ohio zoo after gorilla death '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia . `` Someone Put Harambe In Street Fighter , Because Why Not '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen . `` Dear God , someone has made Harambe vs. Capcom '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Marshall . `` Harambe Vs Capcom turns tragic story into a parody game '' . VG247 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Young Thug 's New No , My Name Is JEFFERY Mixtape Has Songs for Harambe and Rihanna , and an Incredible Cover : Listen '' . Pitchfork Media . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Young Thug writes a song for Harambe , forgets Harambe '' . The Verge. 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Braboy , Mark ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dumbfoundead Addresses These Turbulent Times In `` Harambe '' `` . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meadow , Matthew ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Excision releases his third studio album `` Virus '' `` . Your EDM . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Teen petitions Dublin Zoo to name baby gorilla Harambe Jr . '' . The Daily Dot. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Staff Forced To Shoot Aggressive Wrestler After Child Climbs Into Steel Cage '' . theonion.com. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE News : Parody news website under fire for article about WWE killing Big Show '' . sportskeeda.com. 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . External links Photos of Harambe at Gladys Porter Zoo ( hide ) Notable non-human apes List of individual apes Monkeys and apes in space List of fictional primates Bonobos Kanzi Nyota Panbanisha Chimpanzees Ai Ayumu Bonzo Pierre Brassau Bubbles Cheeta Congo Enos Gregoire Gua Ham Jiggs Julius Kasakela Chimpanzee Community Lana Little Mama Loulis Lucy Macaco Tião Matthew Hiasl Pan Mitumba Chimpanzee Community Moja J. 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Orangutans Abang Ah Meng Azy Bonnie Chantek Jenny Ken Allen Manis Austrian Nonja Malaysian Nonja Sandra Tonda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_of_Harambe&oldid=797371755 '' Categories : 2016 controversies in the United States 2016 in Ohio Animal deaths in Ohio 2016 animal deaths Deaths by firearm in Ohio Internet memes May 2016 events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia العربية हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Lumbaart Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Harambe	2,833
write the name of the fuels commonly used for cooking	Conventional diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum . Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking , heating , and small engines . Natural gas , composed chiefly of methane , can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures ( regardless of pressure ) , which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications . LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane , both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions . It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas ( CNG ) , but is denser than air , does not burn as cleanly , and is much more easily compressed . Commonly used for cooking and space heating , LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles ; propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally .	Kerosene\|LP gas	Fuel	fuel	A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work . The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing chemical energy but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy such as nuclear energy ( via nuclear fission and nuclear fusion ) .	The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine . Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth , cooking , or industrial processes , as well as the illumination that comes with combustion . Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration , where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy . Hydrocarbons and related oxygen - containing molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans , but other substances , including radioactive metals , are also utilized . Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices storing potential energy , such as those that directly release electrical energy ( such as batteries and capacitors ) or mechanical energy ( such as flywheels , springs , compressed air , or water in a reservoir ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chemical 2.1 Solid fuel 2.2 Liquid fuels 2.3 Gaseous fuels 2.4 Biofuels 2.5 Fossil fuels 2.6 Energy 3 Nuclear 3.1 Fission 3.2 Fusion 4 World trade 5 Liquid fuels for transportation 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading History ( edit ) The first known use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus nearly 2,000,000 ( two million ) years ago . Throughout most of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were only used by humans . Charcoal , a wood derivative , has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals . It was only supplanted by coke , derived from coal , as European forests started to become depleted around the 18th century . Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking . Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China . With the energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion , but the concept development of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769 , coal came into more common use as a power source . Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives . By the 19th century , gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London . In the 20th and 21st centuries , the primary use of coal is to generate electricity , providing 40 % of the world 's electrical power supply in 2005 . Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the Industrial Revolution , because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources , such as water power . They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society , with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power . Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels , such as biofuels like alcohols . Chemical ( edit ) Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them , most notably by the process of combustion . Most of the chemical energy released in combustion was not stored in the chemical bonds of the fuel , but in the weak double bond of molecular oxygen . Chemical fuels are divided in two ways . First , by their physical properties , as a solid , liquid or gas . Secondly , on the basis of their occurrence : primary ( natural fuel ) and secondary ( artificial fuel ) . Thus , a general classification of chemical fuels is : General types of chemical fuels Primary ( natural ) Secondary ( artificial ) Solid fuels wood , coal , peat , dung , etc . coke , charcoal Liquid fuels petroleum diesel , gasoline , kerosene , LPG , coal tar , naphtha , ethanol Gaseous fuels natural gas hydrogen , propane , methane , coal gas , water gas , blast furnace gas , coke oven gas , CNG Solid fuel ( edit ) Main article : Solid fuel Coal is an important solid fuel Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating , usually released through combustion . Solid fuels include wood ( see wood fuel ) , charcoal , peat , coal , Hexamine fuel tablets , and pellets made from wood ( see wood pellets ) , corn , wheat , rye and other grains . Solid - fuel rocket technology also uses solid fuel ( see solid propellants ) . Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to create fire . Coal was the fuel source which enabled the industrial revolution , from firing furnaces , to running steam engines . Wood was also extensively used to run steam locomotives . Both peat and coal are still used in electricity generation today . The use of some solid fuels ( e.g. coal ) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas , due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions . The use of other solid fuels such as wood is decreasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves . In some areas , smokeless coal is often the only solid fuel used . In Ireland , peat briquettes are used as smokeless fuel . They are also used to start a coal fire . Liquid fuels ( edit ) Main article : Liquid fuel A gasoline station Liquid fuels are combustible or energy - generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy , usually producing kinetic energy ; they also must take the shape of their container . It is the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid . Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth 's crust . However , there are several types , such as hydrogen fuel ( for automotive uses ) , ethanol , jet fuel and biodiesel which are all categorized as a liquid fuel . Emulsified fuels of oil - in - water such as orimulsion have been developed a way to make heavy oil fractions usable as liquid fuels . Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy . Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport , and can be handled with relative ease . Also they are relatively easy to use for all engineering applications , and home use . Fuels like kerosene are rationed in some countries , for example available in government subsidized shops in India for home use . Conventional diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum . Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking , heating , and small engines . Natural gas , composed chiefly of methane , can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures ( regardless of pressure ) , which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications . LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane , both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions . It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas ( CNG ) , but is denser than air , does not burn as cleanly , and is much more easily compressed . Commonly used for cooking and space heating , LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles ; propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally . Gaseous fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fuel gas A 20 - pound ( 9.1 kg ) propane cylinder Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous . Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons ( such as methane or propane ) , hydrogen , carbon monoxide , or mixtures thereof . Such gases are sources of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption . Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels , though some fuel gases are liquefied for storage or transport . While their gaseous nature can be advantageous , avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels , it can also be dangerous . It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas , leading to the risk of a gas explosion . For this reason , odorizers are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell . The most common type of fuel gas in current use is natural gas . Biofuels ( edit ) Main article : Biofuel Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid , liquid , or gas fuel consisting of , or derived from biomass . Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power -- known as biomass fuel . Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants . Many different plants and plant - derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture . Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood . Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans , South Africa . It is unknown which hominid species first used fire , as both Australopithecus and an early species of Homo were present at the sites . As a fuel , wood has remained in use up until the present day , although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources . Wood has an energy density of 10 -- 20 MJ / kg . Recently biofuels have been developed for use in automotive transport ( for example Bioethanol and Biodiesel ) , but there is widespread public debate about how carbon efficient these fuels are . Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel Extraction of petroleum Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons , primarily coal and petroleum ( liquid petroleum or natural gas ) , formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth 's crust over hundreds of millions of years . Commonly , the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon - containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources , such as tar sands . These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels . Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal , petroleum , and natural gas . They range from volatile materials with low carbon : hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields , alone , associated with oil , or in the form of methane clathrates . Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth 's crust over millions of years . This biogenic theory was first introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century . It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0 % , coal 27.4 % , natural gas 23.0 % , amounting to an 86.4 % share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world . Non-fossil sources in 2006 included hydroelectric 6.3 % , nuclear 8.5 % , and others ( geothermal , solar , tidal , wind , wood , waste ) amounting to 0.9 % . World energy consumption was growing about 2.3 % per year . Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form , and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made . So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously . The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns . A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs . The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes ( 21.3 gigatonnes ) of carbon dioxide ( CO ) per year , but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount , so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year ( one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44 / 12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide ) . Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming , causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response , which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects . Fuels are a source of energy . Energy ( edit ) The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on the stoichiometric ratio , the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel , and its specific energy , the energy per unit mass . Energy capacities of common types of fuel Fuel Specific energy ( MJ / kg ) AFR stoich . FAR stoich . Energy @ λ = 1 ( MJ / kg ) Diesel 48 14.5 : 1 0.069 : 1 3.310 Ethanol 26.4 9 : 1 0.111 : 1 2.933 Gasoline 46.4 14.7 : 1 0.068 : 1 3.156 Hydrogen 142 34.3 : 1 0.029 : 1 4.140 Kerosene 46 15.6 : 1 0.064 : 1 2.949 LPG 46.4 17.2 : 1 0.058 : 1 2.698 Methanol 19.7 6.47 : 1 0.155 : 1 3.045 Nitromethane 11.63 1.7 : 1 0.588 : 1 6.841 1 MJ ≈ 0.28 kWh ≈ 0.37 HPh . Nuclear ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear fuel CANDU fuel bundles Two CANDU ( `` CANada Deuterium Uranium '' ) fuel bundles , each about 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy . Technically speaking , All matter can be a nuclear fuel because any element under the right conditions will release nuclear energy , but the materials commonly referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress . Nuclear fuel is a material that can be ' burned ' by nuclear fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy . Nuclear fuel can refer to the fuel itself , or to physical objects ( for example bundles composed of fuel rods ) composed of the fuel material , mixed with structural , neutron moderating , or neutron reflecting materials . Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of nuclear fission . When these fuels are struck by neutrons , they are in turn capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart . This makes possible a self - sustaining chain reaction that releases energy with a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or with a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon . The most common fissile nuclear fuels are uranium - 235 ( U ) and plutonium - 239 ( Pu ) . The actions of mining , refining , purifying , using , and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the nuclear fuel cycle . Not all types of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission . Plutonium - 238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear power by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries . Also , light nuclides such as tritium ( H ) can be used as fuel for nuclear fusion . Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density of all practical fuel sources . Fission ( edit ) Nuclear fuel pellets are used to release nuclear energy The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor ; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects ( for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods ) composed of the fuel material , perhaps mixed with structural , neutron moderating , or neutron reflecting materials . The most common fissile nuclear fuels are U and Pu , and the actions of mining , refining , purifying , using , and ultimately disposing of these elements together make up the nuclear fuel cycle , which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons . Fusion ( edit ) Fuels that produce energy by the process of nuclear fusion are currently not utilized by humans but are the main source of fuel for stars . Fusion fuels tend to be light elements such as hydrogen which will combine easily . Energy is required to start fusion by raising temperature so high all materials would turn into plasma , and allow nuclei to collide and stick together with each other before repelling due to electric charge . This process is called fusion and it can give out energy . In stars that undergo nuclear fusion , fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release energy by the absorption of a proton or neutron . In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen , which can combine to form helium through the proton - proton chain reaction or by the CNO cycle . When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted , nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements , although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy . Once iron - 56 or nickel - 56 nuclei are produced , no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies . The elements then on use up energy instead of giving off energy when fused . Therefore , fusion stops and the star dies . In attempts by humans , fusion is only carried out with hydrogen ( isotope of 2 and 3 ) to form helium - 4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy . Electric confinement ( ITER ) , inertial confinement ( heating by laser ) and heating by strong electric currents are the popular methods used ... World trade ( edit ) Fuel imports in 2005 The World Bank reported that the USA was the top fuel importer in 2005 followed by the EU and Japan . Liquid fuels for transportation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most transportation fuels are liquids , because vehicles usually require high energy density . This occurs naturally in liquids and solids . High energy density can also be provided by an internal combustion engine . These engines require clean - burning fuels . The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases . Thus , liquids meet the requirements of being both energy - dense and clean - burning . In addition , liquids ( and gases ) can be pumped , which means handling is easily mechanized , and thus less laborious . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Alcohol fuel Alternative fuels Ammonia Battery ( electricity ) Bitumen - based fuel Biofuels Compressed natural gas Cryogenic fuel Emulsified fuel Fuel card Fuel cell Fuel management systems Fuel oil Fuel poverty Filling station Hydrogen economy Hydrogen fuel Liquid fuels List of energy topics Marine fuel management Propellant Recycled fuel Solid fuel World energy resources and consumption Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schobert , Harold ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) . Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521114004 . Jump up ^ Leakey , Richard ( 1994 ) . Origin of Humankind . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 03135 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hall , Loretta ( 2007 ) . `` Charcoal Briquette '' . How Products Are Made . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Fuel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 274 -- 286 . Jump up ^ `` History of Coal Use '' . World Coal Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schmidt - Rohr , K ( 2015 ) . `` Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic , Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O '' . J. Chem. Educ. 92 ( 12 ) : 2094 -- 2099 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jchemed. 5b00333 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` Bones hint at first use of fire '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Elert , Glenn ( 2007 ) . `` Chemical Potential Energy '' . The Physics Hypertextbook . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Irene Novaczek . `` Canada 's Fossil Fuel Dependency '' . Elements . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil fuel '' . EPA . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil fuel '' . Jump up ^ `` Fossil fuel '' . EPA . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. EIA International Energy Statistics '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Annual 2006 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Energy on greenhouse gases '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fewell , M.P. ( 1995 ) . `` The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy '' . American Journal of Physics. 63 ( 7 ) : 653 -- 658 . Bibcode : 1995AmJPh ... 63 ... 653F . doi : 10.1119 / 1.17828 . References ( edit ) Ratcliff , Brian ; et al. ( 2000 ) . Chemistry 1 . Cambridge University press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78778 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuels . `` Directive 1999 / 94 / EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 13 December 1999 , relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars '' ( PDF ) . ( 140 KB ) . Council Directive 80 / 1268 / EEC Fuel consumption of motor vehicles . Firelighting Campfire Bonfire Glossary Components Ember Fire triangle Firewood Spark Tinder Wood ash Wood fuel Topics Autoignition temperature Combustion Friction fire Minimum ignition energy Smouldering Early starters Burning glass ( Solar Spark Lighter ) Fire piston Fire plough Fire - saw Fire striker Flint Hand drill Bow drill Pump drill Modern starters Match Chisquero Black match Electric match Ferrocerium Lighter Blowtorch Other equipment Char cloth Feather stick Fire pan Fire pit Fire ring Matchbook Matchbox Punk Tinderbox Torch Chuckmuck Related articles Arson Control of fire by early humans Native American use of fire Outdoor cooking Firem'n Chit Pyrolysis Pyromania Survival skills Fire portal Energy Fundamental concepts Energetics Energy Units Energy system Energy transformation Mass Mass -- energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Exergy Forms Kinetic Potential Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical Ionization Nuclear Chromodynamic Elastic Mechanical wave Sound wave Radiant Rest Thermal Energy carriers Enthalpy Fuel fossil fuel Heat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor Primary energy Fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Gravitational energy Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Radiant energy Solar Wind Bioenergy Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal Energy system components Energy engineering Oil refinery Fossil - fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High - altitude wind power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass Geothermal power Use and supply Energy consumption World energy consumption Energy security Energy conservation Efficient energy use Transport Agriculture Renewable energy Sustainable energy Energy policy Energy development Worldwide energy supply South America USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia Misc . Jevons 's paradox Carbon footprint GND : 4008186 - 2 NDL : 00568095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel&oldid=801762337 '' Categories : Fuels Energy development Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latgaļu Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 55 . 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how did the permian period get its name			Permian	permian	The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya . It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era ; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era . The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison , who named it after the city of Perm .	The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals , turtles , lepidosaurs , and archosaurs . The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia , surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa . The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior . Amniotes , who could better cope with these drier conditions , rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors . The Permian ( along with the Paleozoic ) ended with the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history , in which nearly 90 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial species died out . It would take well into the Triassic for life to recover from this catastrophe . Recovery from the Permian - Triassic extinction event was protracted ; on land , ecosystems took 30 million years to recover . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 ICS Subdivisions 3 Oceans 4 Paleogeography 5 Climate 6 Life 6.1 Marine biota 6.2 Terrestrial biota 6.2. 1 Insects 6.2. 2 Synapsid and amphibian fauna 7 Permian -- Triassic extinction event 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) The term `` Permian '' was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir R.I. Murchison , president of the Geological Society of London , who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil . The region now lies in the Perm Krai of Russia . ICS subdivisions ( edit ) Official ICS 2017 Subdivisions of the Permian System from most recent to most ancient rock layers are : Lopingian epoch ( 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya - 251.902 ± 0.06 Mya ) Changhsingian ( Changxingian ) ( 254.1 ± 0.07 Mya - 251.902 ± 0.06 Mya ) Wuchiapingian ( Wujiapingian ) ( 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya - 254.1 ± 0.07 Mya ) Others : Waiitian ( New Zealand ) ( 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya - 253.8 ± 0.7 Mya ) Makabewan ( New Zealand ) ( 253.8 - 251.0 ± 0.4 Mya ) Ochoan ( North American ) ( 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya - 251.0 ± 0.4 Mya ) Guadalupian epoch ( 272.3 ± 0.5 - 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya ) Capitanian stage ( 265.1 ± 0.4 - 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya ) Wordian stage ( 268.8 ± 0.5 - 265.1 ± 0.4 Mya ) Roadian stage ( 272.3 ± 0.5 - 268.8 ± 0.5 Mya ) Others : Kazanian or Maokovian ( European ) ( 270.6 ± 0.7 - 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya ) Braxtonian stage ( New Zealand ) ( 270.6 ± 0.7 - 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya ) Cisuralian epoch ( 298.9 ± 0.15 - 272.3 ± 0.5 Mya ) Kungurian stage ( 283.5 ± 0.7 - 272.3 ± 0.5 Mya ) Artinskian stage ( 290.1 ± 0.7 - 283.5 ± 0.7 Mya ) Sakmarian stage ( 295 . ± 0.8 - 290.1 ± 0.7 Mya ) Asselian stage ( 298.9 ± 0.15 - 294.6 ± 0.8 Mya ) Others : Telfordian ( New Zealand ) ( 289 - 278 ) Mangapirian ( New Zealand ) ( 278 - 270.6 ) Oceans ( edit ) Sea levels in the Permian remained generally low , and near - shore environments were reduced as almost all major landmasses collected into a single continent -- Pangaea . This could have in part caused the widespread extinctions of marine species at the end of the period by severely reducing shallow coastal areas preferred by many marine organisms . Paleogeography ( edit ) Geography of the Permian world During the Permian , all the Earth 's major landmasses were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea . Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ( `` Panthalassa '' , the `` universal sea '' ) , and the Paleo - Tethys Ocean , a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana . The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia , causing the Paleo - Tethys ocean to shrink . A new ocean was growing on its southern end , the Tethys Ocean , an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era . Large continental landmass interiors experience climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ( `` continental climate '' ) and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns . Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea . Such dry conditions favored gymnosperms , plants with seeds enclosed in a protective cover , over plants such as ferns that disperse spores in a wetter environment . The first modern trees ( conifers , ginkgos and cycads ) appeared in the Permian . Three general areas are especially noted for their extensive Permian deposits -- the Ural Mountains ( where Perm itself is located ) , China , and the southwest of North America , where the Permian Basin in the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico is so named because it has one of the thickest deposits of Permian rocks in the world . Climate ( edit ) Selwyn Rock , South Australia , an exhumed glacial pavement of Permian age The climate in the Permian was quite varied . At the start of the Permian , the Earth was still in an Ice Age , which began in the Carboniferous . Glaciers receded around the mid-Permian period as the climate gradually warmed , drying the continent 's interiors . In the late Permian period , the drying continued although the temperature cycled between warm and cool cycles . Life ( edit ) Hercosestria cribrosa , a reef - forming productid brachiopod ( Middle Permian , Glass Mountains , Texas ) . Marine biota ( edit ) Permian marine deposits are rich in fossil mollusks , echinoderms , and brachiopods . Fossilized shells of two kinds of invertebrates are widely used to identify Permian strata and correlate them between sites : fusulinids , a kind of shelled amoeba - like protist that is one of the foraminiferans , and ammonoids , shelled cephalopods that are distant relatives of the modern nautilus . By the close of the Permian , trilobites and a host of other marine groups became extinct . Terrestrial biota ( edit ) Terrestrial life in the Permian included diverse plants , fungi , arthropods , and various types of tetrapods . The period saw a massive desert covering the interior of Pangaea . The warm zone spread in the northern hemisphere , where extensive dry desert appeared . The rocks formed at that time were stained red by iron oxides , the result of intense heating by the sun of a surface devoid of vegetation cover . A number of older types of plants and animals died out or became marginal elements . The Permian began with the Carboniferous flora still flourishing . About the middle of the Permian a major transition in vegetation began . The swamp - loving lycopod trees of the Carboniferous , such as Lepidodendron and Sigillaria , were progressively replaced in the continental interior by the more advanced seed ferns and early conifers . At the close of the Permian , lycopod and equisete swamps reminiscent of Carboniferous flora survived only on a series of equatorial islands in the Paleotethys Sea that later would become South China . The Permian saw the radiation of many important conifer groups , including the ancestors of many present - day families . Rich forests were present in many areas , with a diverse mix of plant groups . The southern continent saw extensive seed fern forests of the Glossopteris flora . Oxygen levels were probably high there . The ginkgos and cycads also appeared during this period . Insects ( edit ) From the Pennsylvanian Subperiod of the Carboniferous period until well into the Permian , the most successful insects were primitive relatives of cockroaches . Six fast legs , four well - developed folding wings , fairly good eyes , long , well - developed antennae ( olfactory ) , an omnivorous digestive system , a receptacle for storing sperm , a chitin - based exoskeleton that could support and protect , as well as a form of gizzard and efficient mouth parts , gave it formidable advantages over other herbivorous animals . About 90 % of insects at the start of the Permian were cockroach - like insects ( `` Blattopterans '' ) . Primitive forms of dragonflies ( Odonata ) were the dominant aerial predators and probably dominated terrestrial insect predation as well . True Odonata appeared in the Permian , and all are effectively semi-aquatic insects ( aquatic immature stages , and terrestrial adults ) , as are all modern odonates . Their prototypes are the oldest winged fossils , dating back to the Devonian , and are different in several respects from the wings of other insects . Fossils suggest they may have possessed many modern attributes even by the late Carboniferous , and it is possible that they captured small vertebrates , for at least one species had a wing span of 71 cm ( 28 in ) . Several other insect groups appeared during the Permian , including the Coleoptera ( beetles ) and Hemiptera ( true bugs ) . Synapsid and amphibian fauna ( edit ) Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs , diadectids and amphibians , the middle Permian by primitive therapsids such as the dinocephalia , and the late Permian by more advanced therapsids such as gorgonopsians and dicynodonts . Towards the very end of the Permian the first archosaurs appeared , a group that would give rise to the crurotarsans and the dinosaurs in the following period . Also appearing at the end of the Permian were the first cynodonts , which would go on to evolve into mammals during the Triassic . Another group of therapsids , the therocephalians ( such as Lycosuchus ) , arose in the Middle Permian . There were no aerial vertebrates ( with the exception of gliding lizards , the avicephalans ) . The Permian period saw the development of a fully terrestrial fauna and the appearance of the first large herbivores and carnivores . It was the high tide of the anapsids in the form of the massive Pareiasaurs and host of smaller , generally lizard - like groups . A group of small reptiles , the diapsids , started to abound . These were the ancestors to most modern reptiles and the ruling dinosaurs as well as pterosaurs and crocodiles . The synapsid , early ancestors to mammals , also thrived at this time . Synapsids included some large members such as Dimetrodon . The special adaptations of reptiles enabled them to flourish in the drier climate of the Permian and they grew to dominate the vertebrates . Permian amphibians consisted of temnospondyli , lepospondyli and batrachosaurs . Edaphosaurus pogonias and Platyhystrix -- Early Permian , North America and Europe Dimetrodon grandis and Eryops -- Early Permian , North America Ocher fauna , Estemmenosuchus uralensis and Eotitanosuchus -- Middle Permian , Ural Region Titanophoneus and Ulemosaurus -- Ural Region Inostrancevia alexandri and Scutosaurus -- Late Permian , North European Russia ( Northern Dvina ) Permian -- Triassic extinction event ( edit ) The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , labeled `` End P '' here , is the most significant extinction event in this plot for marine genera which produce large numbers of fossils . Main article : Permian -- Triassic extinction event The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology : the Permian - Triassic extinction event . 90 % to 95 % of marine species became extinct , as well as 70 % of all land organisms . It is also the only known mass extinction of insects . Recovery from the Permian - Triassic extinction event was protracted ; on land , ecosystems took 30 million years to recover . Trilobites , which had thrived since Cambrian times , finally became extinct before the end of the Permian . Nautiluses , a species of cephalopods , surprisingly survived this occurrence . There is evidence that magma , in the form of flood basalt , poured onto the surface in what is now called the Siberian Traps , for thousands of years , contributing to the environmental stress that led to mass extinction . The reduced coastal habitat and highly increased aridity probably also contributed . Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period , the worst - case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius . Another hypothesis involves ocean venting of hydrogen sulfide gas . Portions of the deep ocean will periodically lose all of its dissolved oxygen allowing bacteria that live without oxygen to flourish and produce hydrogen sulfide gas . If enough hydrogen sulfide accumulates in an anoxic zone , the gas can rise into the atmosphere . Oxidizing gases in the atmosphere would destroy the toxic gas , but the hydrogen sulfide would soon consume all of the atmospheric gas available . Hydrogen sulfide levels might have increased dramatically over a few hundred years . Models of such an event indicate that the gas would destroy ozone in the upper atmosphere allowing ultraviolet radiation to kill off species that had survived the toxic gas . Of course , there are species that can metabolize hydrogen sulfide . Another hypothesis builds on the flood basalt eruption theory . An increase in temperature of five degrees Celsius would not be enough to explain the death of 95 % of life . But such warming could slowly raise ocean temperatures until frozen methane reservoirs below the ocean floor near coastlines melted , expelling enough methane ( among the most potent greenhouse gases ) into the atmosphere to raise world temperatures an additional five degrees Celsius . The frozen methane hypothesis helps explain the increase in carbon - 12 levels found midway in the Permian -- Triassic boundary layer . It also helps explain why the first phase of the layer 's extinctions was land - based , the second was marine - based ( and starting right after the increase in C - 12 levels ) , and the third land - based again . An even more speculative hypothesis is that intense radiation from a nearby supernova was responsible for the extinctions . It has been hypothesised that huge meteorite impact crater ( Wilkes Land crater ) with a diameter of around 500 kilometers in Antarctica represents an impact event that may be related to the extinction . The crater is located at a depth of 1.6 kilometers beneath the ice of Wilkes Land in eastern Antarctica . The scientists speculate that this impact may have caused the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , although its age is bracketed only between 100 million and 500 million years ago . They also speculate that it may have contributed in some way to the separation of Australia from the Antarctic landmass , which were both part of a supercontinent called Gondwana . Levels of iridium and quartz fracturing in the Permian - Triassic layer do not approach those of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary layer . Given that a far greater proportion of species and individual organisms became extinct during the former , doubt is cast on the significance of a meteorite impact in creating the latter . Further doubt has been cast on this theory based on fossils in Greenland that show the extinction to have been gradual , lasting about eighty thousand years , with three distinct phases . Many scientists argue that the Permian - Triassic extinction event was caused by a combination of some or all of the hypotheses above and other factors ; the formation of Pangaea decreased the number of coastal habitats and may have contributed to the extinction of many clades . See also ( edit ) Permian portal List of fossil sites ( with link directory ) Olson 's Extinction Permian tetrapods References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Image : Sauerstoffgehalt - 1000mj. svg Jump up ^ File : OxygenLevel - 1000ma. svg Jump up ^ Image : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Image : All palaeotemps. png Jump up ^ Haq , B.U. ; Schutter , SR ( 2008 ) . `` A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea - Level Changes '' . Science . 322 ( 5898 ) : 64 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 322 ... 64H . PMID 18832639 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1161648 . Jump up ^ Sahney , S. , Benton , M.J. & Falcon - Lang , H.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 38 ( 12 ) : 1079 -- 1082 . doi : 10.1130 / G31182. 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/p/permian-triassic_extinction_event.htm ^ Jump up to : `` GeoKansas -- Geotopics -- Mass Extinctions '' . ku.edu . ^ Jump up to : Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society : Biological . 275 ( 1636 ) : 759 -- 65 . PMC 2596898 . PMID 18198148 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1370 . Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. et al. , Murchison 's first sighting of the Permian , at Vyazniki in 1841 , Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association , accessed 2012 - 02 - 21 Jump up ^ Murchison , Roderick Impey ( 1841 ) `` First sketch of some of the principal results of a second geological survey of Russia , '' Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science , series 3 , 19 : 417 - 422 . From p. 419 : `` The carboniferous system is surmounted , to the east of the Volga , by a vast series of marls , schists , limestones , sandstones and conglomerates , to which I propose to give the name of `` Permian System , '' ... . '' Jump up ^ http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale Jump up ^ `` Kazanian '' GeoWhen Database , International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) ^ Jump up to : Palaeos : Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period Accessed 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Permian Period '' . berkeley.edu . Jump up ^ Xu , R. & Wang , X. - Q. ( 1982 ) : Di zhi shi qi Zhongguo ge zhu yao Diqu zhi wu jing guan ( Reconstructions of Landscapes in Principal Regions of China ) . Ke xue chu ban she , Beijing . 55 pages , 25 plates . Jump up ^ Zimmerman EC ( 1948 ) Insects of Hawaii , Vol. II . Univ . Hawaii Press Jump up ^ Grzimek HC Bernhard ( 1975 ) Grzimek 's Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 22 Insects. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co . NY . Jump up ^ Riek EF Kukalova - Peck J ( 1984 ) A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based on early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina ( Insecta : Odonatoida and basic character states in Pterygote wings . ) Can . J. Zool. 62 ; 1150 - 1160 . Jump up ^ Wakeling JM Ellington CP ( 1997 ) Dragonfly flight III lift and power requirements '' Journal of Experimental Biology 200 ; 583 - 600 , on p589 Jump up ^ Matsuda R ( 1970 ) Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax . Mem . Ent . Soc . Can . 76 ; 1 - 431 . Jump up ^ Riek EF Kukalova - Peck J ( 1984 ) A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based on early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina ( Insecta : Odonatoida and basic character states in Pterygote wings . ) Can . J. Zool. 62 ; 1150 - 1160 ^ Jump up to : Huttenlocker , A.K. , and E. Rega. 2012 . The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian - grade Synapsids . Pp. 90 -- 119 in A. Chinsamy ( ed . ) Forerunners of Mammals : Radiation , Histology , Biology . Indiana University Press . Jump up ^ `` NAPC Abstracts , Sto - Tw '' . berkeley.edu . Jump up ^ Huttenlocker A.K. ( 2009 ) . `` An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids ( Amniota : Synapsida ) '' . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 157 : 865 -- 891 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009. 00538. x . Jump up ^ Huttenlocker A.K. ; Sidor C.A. ; Smith R.M.H. ( 2011 ) . `` A new specimen of Promoschorhynchus ( Therapsida : Therocephalia : Akidnognathidae ) from the lowermost Triassic of South Africa and its implications for therocephalian survival across the Permo - Triassic boundary '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 : 405 -- 421 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011. 546720 . Jump up ^ Andrew Alden . `` The Great Permian - Triassic Extinction '' . About.com Education . Jump up ^ Kump , L.R. , A. Pavlov , and M.A. Arthur ( 2005 ) . `` Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia '' . Geology. 33 ( May ) : 397 -- 400 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 397K . doi : 10.1130 / G21295. 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Benton , Michael J. ; Twitchett , Richard J. ( 7 July 2003 ) . `` How to kill ( almost ) all life : the end - Permian extinction event '' . Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 18 ( 7 ) : 358 -- 365 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5347 ( 03 ) 00093 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ellis , J ( January 1995 ) . `` Could a nearby supernova explosion have caused a mass extinction ? '' . Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences . 92 : 235 -- 8 . PMC 42852 . PMID 11607506 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.1. 235 . Jump up ^ Gorder , Pam Frost ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Big Bang in Antarctica -- Killer Crater Found Under Ice '' . Ohio State University Research News . Jump up ^ Shen S. - Z. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Calibrating the End - Permian Mass Extinction '' . Science . 334 : 1367 -- 72 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334.1367 S. PMID 22096103 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1213454 . Further reading ( edit ) Ogg , Jim ( June 2004 ) . `` Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points ( GSSP 's ) '' . stratigraphy.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved April 30 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Paleozoic # Permian University of California offers a more modern Permian stratigraphy Classic Permian strata in the Glass Mountains of the Permian Basin `` International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) '' . Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Retrieved September 19 , 2005 . Examples of Permian Fossils Fossil of Giant Permian Amphibian Schneebeli - Hermann , Elke , `` Extinguishing a Permian World '' , Geology , 40 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 288 , doi : 10.1130 / focus032012. 1 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Permian . Preceded by Proterozoic Eon Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 4ry Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era ( 66.0 -- 252.17 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 252.17 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 252.17 Mya ) Paleozoic era ( 252.17 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 252.17 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 252.17 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Series 3 ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 - ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 - ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya - 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 - 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 - 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 - 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 - 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 - 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 - 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 - 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) ( Informal ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago . Source : ( 2015 / 01 ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Divisions of Geologic Time -- Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013 . GND : 4173820 - 2 NDL : 00568589 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permian&oldid=802811529 '' Categories : Permian Geological periods Paleozoic Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 16 : 48 . 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where was gimme gimme gimme filmed	The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience in Studio 2 at The London Studios , South Bank , London	in Studio 2 at The London Studios , South Bank , London	Gimme Gimme Gimme ( TV series )	gimme gimme gimme ( tv series )		Gimme Gimme Gimme Part of the Gimme Gimme Gimme title sequence . Genre Sitcom Created by Jonathan Harvey Developed by Jonathan Harvey Kathy Burke Starring Kathy Burke James Dreyfus Brian Bovell Beth Goddard Rosalind Knight Opening theme `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' Ending theme `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 19 ( + 1 Comic Relief sketch ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Plowman Peter Bennett - Jones Mark Chapman Producer ( s ) Sue Vertue Matthew Francis Running time 29 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiger Aspect Productions Distributor Endemol UK Release Original network BBC Two ( series 1 - 2 ) BBC One ( series 3 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 8 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 08 ) -- 14 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ) External links Website Gimme Gimme Gimme is a BBC television sitcom by Tiger Aspect Productions that was first aired in three series from 1999 to 2001 . It was written by Jonathan Harvey , who developed the series with Kathy Burke . The title from the show stems from both the main characters ' continual search for a male partner , and the theme music is a cover of ABBA 's `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' . The first two series were originally shown on BBC Two and were deemed successful enough for the third series to be shown on BBC One . The series is repeated on Gold . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Characters 3.1 Regular 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Episodes 6 Ratings 7 Home media 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Gimme Gimme Gimme centres around loudmouthed Londoner Linda La Hughes ( played by comedian and director Kathy Burke ) and her gay flatmate , actor Tom Farrell ( played by James Dreyfus ) . A modern twist on the traditional `` odd couple '' format , much of Gimme Gimme Gimme 's humour springs from its lubricious innuendo subplot , which comes from the mouths of both Tom and Linda . Linda is characterised by her red perm , white glasses , and plump , lycra - clad figure . Boorish , unattractive Linda is convinced she is a `` stunner '' ; in series three she is finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder . It is suggested that Linda and Tom first met at a nightclub , bonded instantly ( due to both being on ecstasy ) , and decided to live together . What follows is , as writer Jonathan Harvey describes , `` one long comedown '' . Linda often tells humorous anecdotes about her family and childhood which suggest abuse or neglect ( such as how she apparently slept on a doormat as a baby , lived in a kennel as a child , and was left in a car - boot for the two weeks her aunt went on holiday ) , but she always thinks of these as positive experiences . She also claims that her Daddy now lives in an iron lung , although the only proof she has is a photo of a sideboard . Linda also lived in a convent and a borstal as a teenager . She has crushes on Liam Gallagher ( in whom she lost interest after series one as she `` could n't bring up another bird 's child '' ) , Robbie Williams , and both male members of Hear'Say . She also imagines having sex with Dale Winton in a toilet cubicle . Tom is melodramatic yet fails in his desire to get acting roles . He believes himself to be truly gifted in the art of acting , and often blames his failures on his agent or society itself . He did appear in one episode of EastEnders and often brags about it , delaying for as long as he can the fact that he was in one scene , had one line , and did nothing but buy a cagoule from Bianca Jackson 's market stall . He also appeared in Daylight Robbery as an extra , standing in a queue in the background . He had one line but it was cut due to timekeeping . He insists that the entire series was ruined due to the axing of his line . Tom has an obsession with appearing to be middle - class even though he hails from a working - class background , possibly because he also hates his parents . It is often suggested that Tom has no friends whatsoever ( apart from Linda and his housemates ) but unlike Linda he usually tries to pretend he is popular . Tom is in love with the actor Simon Shepherd . Although they appear to loathe each other , Tom and Linda are beholden to each other due to the simple fact that nobody else can tolerate them . They are in many ways alike : selfish , unsuccessful , and physically and personally unattractive - although Tom less so . The hapless duo live in a Kentish Town flat ( 69 Paradise Passage , Kentish Town ) rented from elderly ex-prostitute Beryl Merit ( Rosalind Knight ) . Other regular characters are the middle - class , horny married couple Jez ( Brian Bovell ) and Suze ( Beth Goddard ) . Many of the storylines revolve around the fact that Tom and Linda find Jez sexually attractive and ( particularly Linda ) despise the oblivious Suze . Another recurring character is Sugar Walls ( Elaine Lordan ) , Linda 's celebrity sister . Many of the other characters can be just as hapless as Tom and Linda ; Beryl still engages in sexual activities such as S&M and picking up young and married men , while Jez and Suze generally lack common sense . For example , they once cancelled their holiday to the Algarve and paid £ 500 to stay in their own back garden after Linda opened it up as a campsite . Simon Shepherd , Su Pollard , Charlie Condou , and Rose Keegan have made guest appearances . Su Pollard played a character called Heidi Honeycombe ; when she appeared , Linda greeted her with `` Heidi ! Hi ! '' ( a reference to Pollard 's character in the sitcom Hi - de-Hi ! ) . At the end of series three , Tom finally got his big break in TV soap opera Crossroads . The last episode ended with Tom leaving the flat and Linda taking off her hair ( revealing it to be a wig ) and sitting in the flat alone . Cast ( edit ) Kathy Burke as Linda La Hughes ( 19 episodes ) James Dreyfus as Tom Farrell ( 19 episodes ) Beth Goddard as Suze Littlewood ( 14 episodes ) Brian Bovell as Jez Littlewood ( 13 episodes ) Rosalind Knight as Beryl Merit ( 13 episodes ) Doña Croll as Norma ( 4 episodes , inc 2 voice appearances ) Simon Shepherd as Himself ( 3 episodes ) Elaine Lordan as Sugar Walls ( 2 episodes ) Jonathan Harvey as Man on sofa & Louie ( 2 episodes ) Characters ( edit ) Regular ( edit ) Linda La Hughes -- Linda is an unattractive middle - aged woman who usually wears skin tight , colourful clothing . Linda grabs any opportunity to bluntly flirt with any man she sees . She is delusional about her appearance ; in the Series 3 episode `` Trauma , '' she 's finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder . Her age is uncertain as she has announced different ages through the three series e.g. 16 , 18 , 19 , 23 and 28 . In the Series 2 episode `` Dirty Thirty '' , her birth certificate reveals that she is 39 -- but in the Series 3 episode `` Secrets and Flies '' she is unexpectedly reunited with her 28 - year - old son ; she says she was 15 when she gave birth to him , meaning she must be 43 . Linda has a large family consisting of a son named Zippy , two cousins , Simon who has a wonky eye , Velma who works in Soho who has an act called `` Snatch and Ladders '' , two aunties , Nitty and Ivy , an uncle called Tyrone and a sister called Sharon La Hughes who changed her name to Sugar Walls . Her Mother , called `` Queenie '' ( and oddly referred to in one episode as `` Dolly '' ) died when Linda was a child but there is some uncertainty as to the cause ; Linda tells Tom 's mum that she collapsed in a paddling pool in Pinner , but her sister Sugar Walls states that she electrocuted herself on her own Slendertone pads . Her Daddy hides from her , although she thinks he 's in an iron lung , but he does send her Christmas Presents . When Linda is asked what her father 's name is by her son Zippy , she replies `` Daddy '' . Thomas Thessalonius `` Tom '' Farrell -- Tom is a 30 - year - old wannabe ( but bad ) actor who has only had small roles on TV and on stage . Tom is openly gay and seizes every possible opportunity to get a boyfriend . Throughout Series 1 , he often refers to using drugs once at home when he mistook a sleeping tablet for an E , the other when reading what `` middle class '' people should do `` the middle class person will not go to sleazy night club and get off his tits on ecstasy '' He also tends to exaggerate a lot . Series 3 concludes with him moving to Nottingham to join the cast of Crossroads . Beryl Merit -- Beryl is the elderly landlady of 69 Paradise Passage . She is a retired prostitute but stays involved in criminal activities such as shoplifting and bootlegging ; in the Series 2 episode `` Glad to be Gay ? '' she 's seen to be an escort . Her best friend is Reenie , a fellow former prostitute whom she often mentions and is seen chatting to on the phone , but who never appears . Jez Littlewood -- Jez is Tom and Linda 's hunky middle - class neighbour . When Tom and Linda first meet Jez , they think one of them has slept with him , but actually he had just slept on the sofa . Both Tom and Linda constantly lust after him ; whilst Tom tends to be subtle about his feelings , Linda boorishly propositions Jez at every opportunity -- even in Suze 's presence . However , Jez is devoted to his wife . Suze Littlewood -- Suze is Jez 's ditzy wife . She can sometimes be nice but on other occasions she can be hyperactive and rather irritating , unintentionally coming off as a burden . Tom and Linda loathe Suze for standing in the way of their pursuit of Jez . Linda , especially , showers her with vicious insults , most of which go way over her head . She and Jez have a voracious -- often vociferous -- sex life . In the Series 3 episode `` Secrets and Flies '' ( featuring Linda 's own long - lost son ) , she gives birth to their baby boy , Lee - on - Solent `` Lee '' Littlewood . Suze has also stated that she is a `` committed vegetarian '' , with a liking for spinach pie and quorn placenta . Recurring ( edit ) Norma -- Norma is Tom 's agent and appears throughout all three of the series . Sugar Walls -- Sugar ( Birthname Sharon La Hughes ) is Linda 's famous sister . She is a model , but is more famous for her promiscuity than her modelling career . She appears once in series 1 and again in series 2 . Simon Shepherd -- Simon is Tom 's celebrity crush . Simon is famous for starring in Peak Practice . He appears in every series . Production ( edit ) The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience in Studio 2 at The London Studios , South Bank , London Writer Jonathan Harvey appeared in three episodes ; as a guest at the series 1 wedding , once as make - up artist Louis , and then as a customer in a sofa store . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gimme Gimme Gimme episodes Gimme Gimme Gimme has broadcast three series and 19 episodes in total . The first series premiered on BBC Two on 8 January 1999 and lasted for six episodes , concluding on 12 February 1999 . Following this , a Millennium special was screened at the end of the year on 29 December 1999 . A second series commenced on 14 January 2000 and finished on 18 February 2000 , again including six episodes . A short sketch included as part of Comic Relief was broadcast on 16 March 2001 . Due to the high viewing figures and success the show received , it was moved to BBC One for a six - episode third series which was the last . Each episode was written by Jonathan Harvey and directed by Liddy Oldroyd for the first two series and the special ; the third series was directed by Tristram Shapeero . Ratings ( edit ) Series Episode Viewers 6,550,000 6,290,000 5,950,000 6,100,000 5 5,840,000 6 5,350,000 Series Episode Viewers Millennium special 3,980,000 6,790,000 5,420,000 5,570,000 6,160,000 5 4,720,000 6 7,100,000 Series Episode Viewers 6,790,000 underneath 6,150,000 underneath 5,830,000 underneath 5,960,000 5 underneath 5,920,000 6 underneath 5,550,000 Home media ( edit ) Title Episodes No. of discs Release date VHS / Region 2 DVD Region 2 DVD ( re-release ) Region 4 DVD The Complete First Series 6 1 October 2001 30 April 2007 22 April 2003 The Complete Second Series 7 17 November 2003 27 August 2007 3 June 2009 The Complete Third Series 6 11 November 2002 27 August 2007 TBA The Complete Collection 19 17 November 2003 20 November 2006 / 2011 * TBA The Complete Collection was re-released again in 2011 in standard DVD case , as the 2006 box set went out of print . The UK DVD releases have both Region 2 and Region 4 encoding on each season and the complete set . References ( edit ) Brown , David ( 2015 ) The BBC would never make Gimme Gimme Gimme today , says its writer Jonathan Harvey Radio Times Harvey , Jonathan ( 2002 ) . Gimme Gimme Gimme : The Book Boxtree . ISBN 978 - 0752272689 . Jump up ^ `` Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 1 on DVD '' . dvdorachar.com.au . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 2 on DVD '' . dvdorachar.com.au . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Padva . Gilad ( 2005 ) . Desired Bodies and Queer Masculinities in Three Popular TV Sitcoms . In Lorek - Jezinska , Edyta and Wieckowska , Katarzyna ( Eds . ) , Corporeal Inscriptions : Representations of the Body in Cultural and Literary Texts and Practices ( pp. 127 -- 138 ) . Torun , Poland : Nicholas Copernicus University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gimme Gimme Gimme Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Online Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Programmes Gimme Gimme Gimme on IMDb Gimme Gimme Gimme at British Comedy Guide Gimme Gimme Gimme at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Gimme_Gimme_(TV_series)&oldid=835714625 '' Categories : 1999 British television programme debuts 2001 British television programme endings 1990s British LGBT - related television series 1990s British sitcoms 1990s LGBT comedy television series 1990s sex comedy television series 2000s British LGBT - related television series 2000s British sex comedy television series 2000s British sitcoms 2000s LGBT comedy television series BBC television sitcoms British LGBT - related sitcoms English - language television programs Gay - related television programs Television series by Endemol Television shows set in London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use British English from May 2011 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Eesti فارسی Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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what happens to theon greyjoy in game of thrones			Theon Greyjoy	theon greyjoy	Theon Greyjoy is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . Theon is the son and heir of Balon Greyjoy , taken as a ward by Lord Eddard Stark following Balon 's failed rebellion .	Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Theon is the son of Balon Greyjoy from the kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . He is one of the major third person points - of - view through which Martin narrates both books . Theon is portrayed by Alfie Allen in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Reception 3 Storylines 3.1 Books 3.1. 1 A Game of Thrones 3.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 3.1. 3 A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows 3.1. 4 A Dance with Dragons 3.1. 5 The Winds of Winter 3.2 Television adaptation 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.3 Family tree of House Greyjoy 4 References Character description ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy is the heir apparent and only living son of Balon Greyjoy . After not being a third - person narrator in the first novel , Theon is the narrator for a total of thirteen chapters in the second and fifth novels , A Clash of Kings and A Dance with Dragons . Ten years before the events of the series , Theon was taken hostage by Eddard Stark . He would have been executed had his father Balon displeased King Robert Baratheon . Theon was raised at Winterfell with the Stark children and developed a close friendship with Robb Stark . As an adult , Theon was arrogant , cocky , and proud until being imprisoned by Ramsay Snow , who is the eldest and bastard son of Roose Bolton . During the imprisonment , Ramsay severely tortured Theon physically and psychologically before emasculating him and mockingly changing his name to `` Reek '' . Reception ( edit ) Originally auditioning for the role of Jon Snow , the English actor Alfie Allen has received positive reviews for his role as Theon Greyjoy in the TV series . Paul Tassi of Forbes explained : In one scene , six year 's worth of character development gets thrown out the window . It 's maddening . I know the counter-argument to this , that Theon will always be haunted by his time spent being abused by Ramsay , and Reek will always be in there somewhere . But we 've done this already . We 've had him suffer and suffer and suffer and be a coward and refuse to be rescued by his own sister in an earlier season because he was just that broken . We spent the last year and a half watching Theon crawl his way back to being Theon again , in some capacity , and now the show does him this disservice , having him revert back to being a coward in the goofiest way possible . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Greyjoy Books ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy becomes a trusted companion of Robb Stark on the battlefield , participating in the North 's victories at Riverrun and the Whispering Wood . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Robb sends Theon as an envoy to Pyke , seeking Balon Greyjoy 's aid in his rebellion against House Lannister . Theon arrives to find Balon instead intends to seize the North while Robb is fighting in the Riverlands . Theon is charged to reave on the Stony Shore , but is jealous when he learns that his sister Asha has captured Deepwood Motte . After sending some of his men to besiege Torrhen 's Square and lure Winterfell 's garrison away from the castle , Theon and his party invade and capture Winterfell . He releases the prisoner Reek , formerly a servant of House Bolton . When Bran and Rickon Stark apparently escape Winterfell , Reek advises Theon to kill two young boys and pass their bodies off as those of the Stark children . Winterfell 's garrison soon repels the ironborn at Torrhen 's Square and besieges Winterfell . When Asha refuses to give Theon men to hold the castle , he allows Reek to seek reinforcements from the Dreadfort . Reek returns with several hundred Bolton men and defeats the Stark soldiers , but then reveals his true identity is Roose Bolton 's bastard Ramsay Snow and takes Theon prisoner . A storm of swords and a Feast for Crows ( edit ) Ramsay imprisons Theon in the Dreadfort 's dungeons and tortures him for his own amusement , though most of the Ironborn believe that Theon is dead . At some point , Theon manages to escape with his former bedwarmer , Kyra , though this turns out to be a trick of Ramsay 's and the two are soon recaptured . A Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Ramsay 's torture leaves Theon with many of his toes , fingers and teeth missing ; it is implied that Ramsay also removes his penis . The trauma of this torture causes Theon to lose much of his body weight , turns his hair white , and leaves him resembling an old man . Psychologically broken , he is forced to assume the identity of Reek . When Roose Bolton begins to lead his forces back to the North , Ramsay ( who has since been legitmised as a Bolton ) has Theon convince the Ironborn garrison holding Moat Cailin to surrender , but flays them regardless . Theon is ordered to give away Jeyne Poole ( who is posing as Arya Stark ) at her wedding to Ramsay , who later forces Theon to participate in his sexual abuse of Jeyne . Theon later encounters Mance Rayder ( disguised as Abel the bard ) and his spearwives , who enlist his help in freeing Jeyne , having been sent by Jon Snow . When the alarm is raised , Theon jumps from Winterfell 's battlements with Jeyne and is rescued by Mors Umber , who sends him to Stannis Baratheon 's camp several days ' ride away . There he is reunited with Asha , who initially does not recognise him . The winds of winter ( edit ) Theon is kept prisoner by Stannis , who notes that he may have useful information about the Boltons but means to execute him for the supposed murders of Bran and Rickon . Asha unsuccessfully tries to ransom Theon before convincing Stannis to behead him rather than burn him alive . Television adaptation ( edit ) Alfie Allen plays the role of Theon Greyjoy in the television series Theon Greyjoy is played by Alfie Allen in the television adaptation of the series of books . Season 1 ( edit ) Theon is introduced as the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion Lannister tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and that not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . Season 2 ( edit ) Theon is sent to the Iron Islands to persuade Balon to ally with the Starks against the Lannisters , but Balon instead intends to conquer the North while its army is fighting in the Westerlands . Theon is insulted when he is given command of a single ship to raid the Stony Shore and contemplates sending a warning to Robb , but ultimately decides to remain loyal to his family . When his crew proves to be disrespectful of Theon 's station , his first mate Dagmer Cleftjaw suggests that Theon prove himself by capturing Winterfell . Theon lures the Stark garrison away from Winterfell and easily captures the castle , but is forced to execute his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel when he refuses to yield . Theon is seduced by the wildling servant Osha , who later frees Bran and Rickon Stark . Theon 's men are unable to recapture the two and Theon kills two farm boys to pass their bodies off as those of the Stark boys , an act he soon feels guilty for . Theon asks his sister Yara to bring 500 men as reinforcements , but instead she arrives with a paltry force to warn Theon of his unstable position and to return to the Iron Islands . Theon refuses , and soon afterwards Winterfell is besieged by men of House Bolton commanded by ( the then unnamed ) Ramsay Snow , bastard son of Lord Roose Bolton . Theon attempts to rally his men to fight to the death , but they knock him out and hand him over to Ramsay , hoping for amnesty . Unknown to the viewer , Ramsay disobeys his orders to free the Ironborn and instead flays them all and sacking Winterfell , before taking Theon back to the Dreadfort as prisoner . Season 3 ( edit ) Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to work for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard child . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and castrated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North . Balon refuses , as Theon defied him and is now unable to further the Greyjoy line . Outraged , Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . Season 4 ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy remains a prisoner , locked in the cages of the dogs under Ramsay 's watch . Theon , now adopting and living under the name Reek he was given , is a broken man living in this squalor . Yara Greyjoy , his sister comes to his rescue , however the torture he has endured has begun to take his mind and he thoroughly believes he is Reek . He refuses to go with her , and in a fight with Ramsay , she is beaten and sent away without her brother and running from bloodthirsty hounds . Ramsay rewards his tortured prisoner with a bath and soft words . Easing the body of the tortured Theon into the bath , he asks him to do a job , to play a role . Ramsay tells Reek to assume the name of Theon Greyjoy , and help him fight . He is taken to Moat Cailin , a heavily defended , but winded fortress of the Iron Hills . Surrounded and blockaded the Castle has all but fallen . Theon rides to the gates , holding a white flag of truce and presents the offer of Ramsay extending peace for submission . He is met with contempt , and just as his personality begins to break and blood is spit in his face , another soldier kills the commander with an axe to the head , and accepts the doomed proposal . Theon watches as Ramsay has the keep raided , and all the men were killed . He rides with Ramsay north to Winterfell , now recognized by his father as a trueborn Bolton . Season 5 ( edit ) Theon is stunned to find that Ramsay has been betrothed to Sansa Stark . He tries to avoid her until Ramsay 's psychotic paramour Myranda leads Sansa to Theon 's sleeping quarters , a cage in the kennels . After learning of their reunion , Ramsay involves Theon in his torment of Sansa by having him give her away at the wedding and then forces him to watch as he rapes her on their wedding night . Sansa asks for Theon 's assistance to escape from Ramsay , but Theon , wishing to spare her Ramsay 's wrath , instead warns Ramsay , causing him to flay the maid who had tried to help Sansa escape . When Sansa confronts Theon , he confesses that he did not kill her brothers . While Ramsay and the Bolton army attack Stannis Baratheon 's forces , Sansa makes another escape attempt , but is caught and threatened by Myranda . Finally snapping , Theon pushes Myranda over a walkway to her death , just as the victorious Boltons return . Rather than face Ramsay 's anger , Theon and Sansa jump from the Winterfell wall into the snow and flee . Season 6 ( edit ) Theon and Sansa are caught by Bolton soldiers in the woods surrounding Winterfell , but are saved by the arrival of Brienne of Tarth , who kills the hunters . Although Sansa and Brienne decide to make for Castle Black , where Sansa 's half - brother Jon Snow is Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Theon tells her that he does not deserve the Starks ' forgiveness and instead decides to return to the Iron Islands . Theon returns to the Iron Islands to discover that Balon is dead , and offers to support Yara at the Kingsmoot , a ceremony where the Ironborn elect their new leader . However , the Kingsmoot is won by Theon 's uncle Euron Greyjoy , who admits to killing Balon but wins over the Ironborn by promising to conquer Westeros through marriage to Daenerys Targaryen , who possesses the only living dragons in the world . Correctly surmising that Euron will have them put to death , Theon , Yara , and their loyalists flee the Iron Islands with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Theon remains psychologically traumatized by Ramsay 's torture , but is urged by Yara to find courage . They travel to Meereen , which Daenerys has taken as her seat , and offer her the Iron Fleet in exchange for the Iron Islands ' independence and the removal of Euron as king . Daenerys agrees , on the condition that the Ironborn cease their practices of pillaging . Theon and Yara then join Daenerys as she sets sail for Westeros . Season 7 ( edit ) After Daenerys seizes Dragonstone as her base for the invasion of Westeros , Theon and Yara are sent with Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes to Dorne to transport the Dornish army to besiege King 's Landing . However , Yara 's fleet is attacked by Euron in the Narrow Sea , with Euron personally taking Yara captive . Theon is triggered after watching the carnage and jumps overboard , being rescued some time later by survivors of the battle unimpressed by his cowardice . Theon returns to Dragonstone , seeking Daenerys ' aid in freeing Yara , but discovers that Daenerys has left to confront the Lannister army on the Roseroad . He is confronted by Jon Snow , now King in the North after defeating Ramsay . Jon reassures Theon that Sansa is safe , but that it is the only reason Jon is sparing his life . After Jon captures a wight beyond the Wall , Theon joins Daenerys , Jon , and their retinues as they present the wight to Queen Cersei Lannister as evidence of the White Walkers ' threat . During the meeting , Theon is confronted by Euron , who threatens to execute Yara if Theon does not bend the knee to him . Returning to Dragonstone , Theon speaks to Jon , who reassures him that Theon is both a Stark and a Greyjoy and forgives him . Inspired by this , and remembering that Yara was the only one who tried to free him from Ramsay , Theon orders the Ironborn survivors to aid him in freeing Yara . Their leader , Harrag , defies Theon and nearly beats him to death , but Theon eventually gains the upper hand and beats Harrag senseless . Having regained the respect of the Ironborn , Theon leads his men to find Yara . Family tree of House Greyjoy ( edit ) ( hide ) Family tree of House Greyjoy Lady Stonetree Quellon Lady Piper Lady Sunderly Harlon Quenton Donel Balon IX Alannys Harlaw Euron III `` Crow 's Eye '' Victarion Urrigon Aeron `` Damphair '' Robin Rodrik Maron Asha Erik Ironmaker Theon several bastard children Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` The Old Way and the New '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 , The Prophet '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : King of the Isles and the North '' . A Dance with Dragons . ISBN 978 - 0553801477 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 11 , The Kraken 's Daughter '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 11 , Theon I '' . A Clash of Kings . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10803 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 29 , The Reaver '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Theon Greyjoy played by Alfie Allen '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Home Box Office . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star Alfie Allen on Theons torture '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 5 : what we learned from the Blu - rays '' . Jump up ^ `` Theon Greyjoy : ' Game of Thrones ' actor reveals all '' . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` What On Earth Is ' Game Of Thrones ' Doing To Theon Greyjoy ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Alfie Allen on Theon Greyjoy '' . Esquire . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio . `` EP201 : The North Remembers '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Scene : Yara & Balon Greyjoy , Game of Thrones : Mhysa '' . 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ; Roots , Kimberly ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Recap : The Reek Shall Inherit the Worst '' . Jump up ^ Television . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Fans Need To Understand Sansa 's Rape '' . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theon_Greyjoy&oldid=826527082 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional nobility Fictional amputees Fictional murderers Fictional slaves Fictional child killers Fictional princes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Italiano עברית Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 17 : 11 . 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when did us first send troops to afghanistan	Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda ; bin Laden had already been wanted by the U.S. since 1998 . The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given evidence of his involvement in the September 11 attacks and also declined demands to extradite others on the same grounds . The U.S. dismissed the request for evidence as a delaying tactic , and on 7 October 2001 launched Operation Enduring Freedom with the United Kingdom . The two were later joined by other forces , including the Northern Alliance which had been fighting the Taliban in the ongoing civil war since 1996 . In December 2001 , the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , to assist the Afghan interim authorities with securing Kabul . At the Bonn Conference the same month , Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga ( grand assembly ) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . In the popular elections of 2004 , Karzai was elected president of the country , now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan .	7 October 2001	War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present )	war in afghanistan ( 2001 - - present )	ISAF phase ( 2001 -- 14 ) : Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ISAF United States United Kingdom Italy Germany Georgia Jordan Turkey Bulgaria Poland Romania Spain Australia Czech Republic	Continued list ( show ) Macedonia Denmark Armenia Azerbaijan Finland France Croatia Hungary Norway Lithuania Mongolia United Arab Emirates Belgium Portugal Slovakia Netherlands Montenegro Latvia Sweden Albania Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece Ireland Iceland Estonia Malaysia Slovenia Austria Bahrain El Salvador Luxembourg New Zealand South Korea Tonga Canada Pakistan Singapore ( 2008 -- 13 ) Switzerland ( 2004 -- 08 ) RS phase ( from 2015 ) : Resolute Support United States Italy Germany Georgia Turkey Romania United Kingdom Australia Czech Republic Poland Continued list ( show ) Armenia Mongolia Netherlands Denmark Croatia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Hungary Albania Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Norway Macedonia Slovakia Finland Sweden Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Austria New Zealand Portugal Ukraine Spain Slovenia Estonia Greece Iceland Luxembourg Support : ( show ) India ISAF / RS Phase ( from 2001 ) : Taliban Islamic Jihad Union Haqqani network ( from 2002 ) al - Qaeda Allied groups : HIG ( until 2016 ) IJU ( from 2002 ) IMU ( until 2015 ) ETIM Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz ( from 2013 ) `` Renouncers '' loyal to Muhammad Rasul ( from 2015 ) ISIL - KP ( from 2015 ) IMU Allied groups : LeJ Pakistani Taliban LeI Commanders and leaders Hamid Karzai Ashraf Ghani Donald Trump Theresa May Malcolm Turnbull Paolo Gentiloni Angela Merkel John F. Campbell List of former ISAF Commanders Former ( show ) Gerhard Schröder Silvio Berlusconi Romano Prodi Mario Monti Enrico Letta Matteo Renzi Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron George W. Bush Barack Obama Jean Chrétien Paul Martin Stephen Harper John Howard Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Tony Abbott Mohammed Omar † Akhtar Mansoor † Abdul Ghani Baradar ( POW ) Hibatullah Akhundzada Jalaluddin Haqqani Obaidullah Akhund † Dadullah Akhund † Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Osama bin Laden † Ayman al - Zawahiri Haji Najibullah Strength Afghan National Security Forces : 352,000 ISAF : 18,000 + Military Contractors : 20,000 + Taliban : 60,000 ( tentative estimate ) Haqqani network : 4,000 -- 15,000 HIG : 1,500 -- 2,000 + al - Qaeda : 50 -- 100 ~ 3,000 in 2001 Fidai Mahaz : 8,000 Casualties and losses Afghan security forces : 38,296 killed Northern Alliance : 200 killed Coalition Dead : 3,405 ( United States : 2,271 , United Kingdom : 456 , Canada : 158 , France : 89 , Germany : 57 , Italy : 53 , Others : 321 ) Wounded : 22,773 ( United States : 19,950 , United Kingdom : 2,188 , Canada : 635 ) Contractors Dead : 2,000 Wounded : 15,000 + Total killed : 43,362 Total killed : 51,000 -- 67,000 Civilians killed : 31,000 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014 . The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of May 2017 . Afghan Civil War Saur Revolution ( 1978 ) Herat uprising ( 1979 ) Soviet -- Afghan War ( 1979 -- 89 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) War in North - West Pakistan Wana Sunrise Mir Ali Rah - e-Haq Earthquake Righteous Path Sherdil Angur Ada Black Thunderstorm Rah - e-Raast Janbaz Khyber Pass Rah - e-Nijat Khwakh Ba De Sham Mohmand Neptune Spear Tight Screw Zarb - e-Azb Khyber Ghazi Radd - ul - Fasaad American airstrikes Damadola Chenagai Dande Darpakhel Miramshah Baghar China Laghman Shrawangai Nazarkhel Datta Khel Afghanistan -- Pakistan skirmishes ( since 2003 ) Pakistan -- United States skirmishes ( 2008 -- 2012 ) 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan India -- Pakistan border skirmishes ( 2014 -- 2015 ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Battles and operations Invasion Crescent Wind Rhino Mazar - i - Sharif Kunduz Herat Kabul Tawin Kowt Trent Kandahar Qala - i - Jangi Shawali Kowt Sayyd Alma Kalay Tora Bora Helmand Province campaign Lejay Eagle Fury Lashkar Gah Mountain Thrust 1st Sangin Mountain Fury Now Zad Achilles Musa Qala I Volcano Kryptonite Silver Pickaxe - Handle Hammer Nasrat Musa Qala II Garmsir Eagle 's Summit Red Dagger Shahi Tandar Diesel Mar Lewe Panther 's Claw Nad Strike of the Sword Dahaneh Cobra 's Anger Moshtarak Tor Shezada 2nd Sangin Camp Bastion Fall of Sangin Kandahar Province Tarnak Farm Airstrike Medusa Avalanche Kaika Panjwaii Falcon Summit Hoover Luger Kamin Shah Wali Kot 1st Kandahar Spin Boldak Sarposa Prison Arghandab Wech Baghtu 2nd Kandahar Nadahan wedding bombing Hamkari Dragon Strike Baawar Kandahar Eastern Afghanistan Hazar Qadam Anaconda ( Takur Ghar ) Warrior Sweep Jacana Haven Denial Mountain Resolve Tar Heels Korangal valley ( Red Wings ) Afghanya Ebrahimkhel Jaji border incident Nangar Khel South Korean hostages Wanat Alasay Nishagam Ganjal Kamdesh 2010 Badakhshan massacre Narang Khataba Bad Pakh Bulldog Bite Do Ab Asadabad Battle of Barawala Kalay Valley Nangarhar Jani Khel Tora Bora Kabul Province 1st Kabul Hotel Serena 1st Indian Embassy Uzbin Feb 2009 Kabul raid 2nd Indian Embassy Bakhtar guest house NATO headquarters Jan 2010 Kabul raid Feb 2010 Kabul raid May 2010 Kabul bombing NATO convoy 2nd Kabul Kunduz Province Kunduz airstrike Oqab Sahda Ehlm Gala - e Gorg Harekate Yolo Karez Halmazag 1st Kunduz 2nd Kunduz 3rd Kunduz Mountain Viper Asbury Park Perth Chora Firebase Anaconda Shewan Balamorghab Derapet Doan Omari Tarinkot 1st Darzab Airstrikes Azizabad Baraki Barak Deh Bala Gora Prai Granai Hyderabad Kapisa Kunar Raid Kunduz Mano Gai Sayyd Alma Kalay Sangin Uruzgan Wech Baghtu MSF hospital Sangin Nangarhar Major insurgent attacks 2002 - 2007 Kabul ( 2002 ) 1st Bagram Airfield ( 2007 ) South Korean hostage crisis ( 2007 ) Baghlan ( 2007 ) 2008 Kandahar Spin Boldak Khost Kabul Indian Embassy 1st Kabul Serena Hotel 2009 Kabul raids Kandahar Kabul Indian Embassy Kabul UN guesthouse Camp Chapman Kabul central district Kabul guesthouses Kabul U.S. convoy Nadahan 2011 Logar Kabul Inter-Continental Hotel Nimruz Zabul 1st Kabul embassy district Kabul & Mazar - e-Sharif 2012 April 2012 raids Camp Bastion 2013 Farah 1st Kabul Supreme Court Kabul Presidential palace Jalalabad Indian embassy Herat U.S. consulate 2014 Kabul restaurant 2nd Kabul Serena Hotel Herat Indian consulate 2nd Bagram Airfield 1st Paktika 2nd Paktika Kabul French high school 2015 Jalalabad Kabul Park Palace Hotel Kabul Parliament Khost Kabul Police Academy Kabul Airport Kabul NATO convoy Ghazni prison escape Kandahar Airport Kabul Spanish Embassy 3rd Bagram Airfield 2016 Kabul ANCOP Jalalabad Kabul NDS Kunduz - Takhar highway Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy Wardak Province Kabul Hazara protest Kabul Northgate Hotel Kabul American University Kabul Defense Ministry Mazar - i - Sharif German consulate 4th Bagram Airfield Kabul Shia mosque 2017 10 January bombings 2nd Kabul Supreme Court Kabul Sardar Daud Khan hospital Camp Shaheen 2nd Kabul embassy district Kabul funeral 1st Herat mosque Kabul mosque Lashkargah Kabul Iraqi embassy 2nd Herat mosque Ghazni & Gardez Kandahar Army base Kabul & Ghor Province mosques Massacres Dasht - i - Leili Shinwar Nangar Narang Maywand Khataba Badakhshan Kandahar FOB Delhi Other U.S. urination incident 2012 Quran burning protests Insurgents ' bodies U.S. -- Afghan Strategic Agreement U.S. Withdrawal The War in Afghanistan ( or the U.S. War in Afghanistan , code named Operation Enduring Freedom ( 2001 - 2014 ) and Operation Freedom 's Sentinel ( 2015 - present ) ) followed the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan . The U.S. was supported initially by Canada and the United Kingdom and later by a coalition of over 40 countries , including all NATO members . The war 's public aims were to dismantle al - Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power . The War in Afghanistan is the longest war in United States history . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda ; bin Laden had already been wanted by the U.S. since 1998 . The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given evidence of his involvement in the September 11 attacks and also declined demands to extradite others on the same grounds . The U.S. dismissed the request for evidence as a delaying tactic , and on 7 October 2001 launched Operation Enduring Freedom with the United Kingdom . The two were later joined by other forces , including the Northern Alliance which had been fighting the Taliban in the ongoing civil war since 1996 . In December 2001 , the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , to assist the Afghan interim authorities with securing Kabul . At the Bonn Conference the same month , Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga ( grand assembly ) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . In the popular elections of 2004 , Karzai was elected president of the country , now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . NATO became involved in ISAF in August 2003 , and later that year assumed leadership of it . At this stage , ISAF included troops from 43 countries with NATO members providing the majority of the force . One portion of U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command ; the rest remained under direct U.S. command . Following defeat in the initial invasion , the Taliban was reorganized by its leader Mullah Omar , and launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF in 2003 . Though outgunned and outnumbered , insurgents from the Taliban , Haqqani Network , Hezb - e-Islami Gulbuddin and other groups have waged asymmetric warfare with guerilla raids and ambushes in the countryside , suicide attacks against urban targets and turncoat killings against coalition forces . The Taliban exploited weaknesses in the Afghan government , which is among the most corrupt in the world , to reassert influence across rural areas of southern and eastern Afghanistan . In the initial years there was little fighting , but from 2006 the Taliban made significant gains and showed an increased willingness to commit atrocities against civilians . ISAF responded in 2006 by increasing troops for counterinsurgency operations to `` clear and hold '' villages and `` nation building '' projects to `` win hearts and minds '' . Violence sharply escalated from 2007 to 2009 . While ISAF continued to battle the Taliban insurgency , fighting crossed into neighboring North - West Pakistan . Troop numbers began to surge in 2009 continued to increase through 2011 when roughly 140,000 foreign troops operated under ISAF and U.S. command in Afghanistan . Of these 100,000 were from the U.S. On 1 May 2011 , United States Navy SEALs killed Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad , Pakistan . In May 2012 , NATO leaders endorsed an exit strategy for withdrawing their forces . UN-backed peace talks have since taken place between the Afghan government and the Taliban . In May 2014 , the United States announced that its major combat operations would end in December 2014 , and that it would leave a residual force in the country . In October 2014 , British forces handed over the last bases in Helmand to the Afghan military , officially ending their combat operations in the war . On 28 December 2014 , NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government . The NATO led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF . As of May 2017 , over 13,000 foreign troops remain in Afghanistan without any formal plans to withdraw . Tens of thousands of people have been killed in the war . Over 4,000 ISAF soldiers and civilian contractors , over 15,000 Afghan national security forces were killed , as well as over 31,000 civilians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the start of war 1.1 Origins of Afghanistan 's civil war 1.2 Warlord rule ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 1.3 Taliban Emirate vs Northern Alliance 1.3. 1 Al - Qaeda 1.3. 2 Change in U.S. policy toward Afghanistan 1.3. 3 Northern Alliance on the eve of 9 / 11 1.4 September 11 attacks 2 History 2.1 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan 2.2 2003 -- 2005 Taliban resurgence , war with Afghan forces 2.3 2006 : War between NATO forces and Taliban 2.4 2007 : US build - up , war ISAF against Taliban 2.5 Reassessment and renewed commitment 2008 2.6 Taliban attacks on supply lines 2008 2.7 US action into Pakistan 2008 -- 2009 2.8 2009 US reinforcements , Taliban progress 2.8. 1 Northern Distribution Network 2.8. 2 2009 Increase in U.S. troops 2.8. 3 Kunduz airstrike 2.8. 4 Operation Khanjar and Operation Panther 's Claw 2.8. 5 Taliban gains 2.9 2010 : American -- British offensive and Afghan peace initiative 2.9. 1 Troop surge 2.9. 2 WikiLeaks disclosure 2.9. 3 Pakistan and U.S. tensions 2.10 2011 : U.S. and NATO drawdown 2.10. 1 Battle of Kandahar 2.10. 2 Death of Osama bin Laden 2.10. 3 Withdrawal 2.10. 4 2011 U.S. -- NATO attack in Pakistan 2.11 2012 : Strategic agreement 2.11. 1 Reformation of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) 2.11. 2 High - profile U.S. military incidents 2.11. 3 Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement 2.11. 4 NATO Chicago Summit : Troops withdrawal and long - term presence 2.12 2013 : Withdrawal 2.12. 1 Karzai -- Obama meeting 2.12. 2 Security transfer 2.13 2014 : Withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases 2.14 2015 Taliban resurgence 2.14. 1 Kabul Parliament attack 2.14. 2 Kunduz Offensive 2.15 Taliban negotiations , 2015 -- 16 2.16 Taliban infighting , 2015 -- 16 2.17 Taliban offensive in Helmand Province , 2015 -- 17 2.18 2016 2.18. 1 2016 peace deal 2.19 2017 to present 2.19. 1 Events 2.19. 2 Donald Trump 's Afghanistan policy 3 Impact on Afghan society 3.1 Civilian casualties 3.2 Health 3.3 Refugees 3.4 Drug trade 3.5 Public education 4 War crimes 4.1 Taliban 4.2 Northern Alliance 4.3 Coalition 5 Costs 6 Stability problems 7 Afghan security forces 7.1 Afghan National Army 7.2 Afghan National Police 8 U.S. Army 9 Tactics / strategy of anti-government elements 9.1 ISAF - conception of Taliban strategy 10 Insider attacks 11 Reactions 11.1 Domestic reactions 11.2 International reactions 11.3 Public opinion in 2001 11.4 Development of public opinion 11.5 Protests , demonstrations and rallies 12 Human rights abuses 12.1 Taliban 12.2 White phosphorus use 13 Environmental legacy 14 See also 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External links Before the start of war ( edit ) Origins of Afghanistan 's civil war ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) Soviet troops in 1986 , during the Soviet war in Afghanistan Afghanistan 's political order began to break down with the overthrow of King Zahir Shah by his distant cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan in a bloodless 1973 Afghan coup d'état . Daoud Khan had served as prime minister since 1953 and promoted economic modernization , emancipation of women , and Pashtun nationalism . This was threatening to neighboring Pakistan , faced with its own restive Pashtun population . In the mid-1970s , Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto began to encourage Afghan Islamist leaders such as Burhanuddin Rabbani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , to fight against the regime . In 1978 , Daoud Khan was killed in a coup by Afghan 's Communist Party , his former partner in government , known as the People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) . The PDPA pushed for a socialist transformation by abolishing arranged marriages , promoting mass literacy and reforming land ownership . This undermined the traditional tribal order and provoked opposition across rural areas . The PDPA 's crackdown was met with open rebellion , including Ismail Khan 's Herat Uprising . The PDPA was beset by internal leadership differences and was weakened by an internal coup on 11 September 1979 when Hafizullah Amin ousted Nur Muhammad Taraki . The Soviet Union , sensing PDPA weakness , intervened militarily three months later , to depose Amin and install another PDA faction led by Babrak Karmal . The entry of Soviet forces in Afghanistan in December 1979 prompted its Cold War rivals , the United States , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and China to support rebels fighting against the Soviet - backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . In contrast to the secular and socialist government , which controlled the cities , religiously motivated mujahideen held sway in much of the countryside . Beside Rabbani , Hekmatyar , and Khan , other mujahideen commanders included Jalaluddin Haqqani . The CIA worked closely with Pakistan 's Inter-Service Intelligence to funnel foreign support for the mujahideen . The war also attracted Arab volunteers , known as `` Afghan Arabs '' , including Osama bin Laden . After the withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan in May 1989 , the PDPA regime under Najibullah held on until 1992 , when the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the regime of aid , and the defection of Uzbek general Abdul Rashid Dostum cleared the approach to Kabul . With the political stage cleared of socialists , the warlords , some of them Islamist , vied for power . By then , Bin Laden had left the country and the United States ' interest in Afghanistan also diminished . Warlord rule ( 1992 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Massoud ( right ) with Pashtun anti-Taliban leader and later Vice-President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Haji Abdul Qadir Main article : Civil war in Afghanistan ( 1992 -- 96 ) In 1992 , Rabbani officially became president of the Islamic State of Afghanistan , but had to battle other warlords for control of Kabul . In late 1994 , Rabbani 's defense minister , Ahmad Shah Massoud , defeated Hekmatyr in Kabul and ended ongoing bombardment of the capital . Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide political process with the goal of national consolidation . Other warlords , including Ismail Khan in the west and Dostum in the north , maintained their fiefdoms . In 1994 , Mohammed Omar , a mujahideen member who taught at a Pakistani madrassa , returned to Kandahar and formed the Taliban movement . His followers were religious students , known as the Talib and they sought to end warlordism through strict adherence to Islamic law . By November 1994 , the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province . They declined the government 's offer to join in a coalition government and marched on Kabul in 1995 . Taliban Emirate vs Northern Alliance ( edit ) Main article : Civil war in Afghanistan ( 1996 -- 2001 ) The Taliban 's early victories in 1994 were followed by a series of costly defeats . Pakistan provided strong support to the Taliban . Analysts such as Amin Saikal described the group as developing into a proxy force for Pakistan 's regional interests , which the Taliban denied . The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 , but were driven back by Massoud . On 27 September 1996 , the Taliban , with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . They imposed their fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in areas under their control , issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home , attend school , or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative . According to the Pakistani expert Ahmed Rashid , `` between 1994 and 1999 , an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan '' on the side of the Taliban . Massoud and Dostum , former arch - enemies , created a United Front against the Taliban , commonly known as the Northern Alliance . In addition to Massoud 's Tajik force and Dostum 's Uzbeks , the United Front included Hazara factions and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as Abdul Haq and Haji Abdul Qadir . Abdul Haq also gathered a limited number of defecting Pashtun Taliban . Both agreed to work together with the exiled Afghan king Zahir Shah . International officials who met with representatives of the new alliance , which the journalist Steve Coll referred to as the `` grand Pashtun - Tajik alliance '' , said , `` It 's crazy that you have this today ... Pashtuns , Tajiks , Uzbeks , Hazara ... They were all ready to buy in to the process ... to work under the king 's banner for an ethnically balanced Afghanistan . '' The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia , Iran , Tajikistan and India . The Taliban captured Mazar - i - Sharif in 1998 and drove Dostum into exile . The conflict was brutal . According to the United Nations ( UN ) , the Taliban , while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan , committed systematic massacres against civilians . UN officials stated that there had been `` 15 massacres '' between 1996 and 2001 . The Taliban especially targeted the Shia Hazaras . In retaliation for the execution of 3,000 Taliban prisoners by Uzbek general Abdul Malik Pahlawan in 1997 , the Taliban executed about 4,000 civilians after taking Mazar - i - Sharif in 1998 . Bin Laden 's 055 Brigade was responsible for mass killings of Afghan civilians . The report by the United Nations quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing `` Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people '' . By 2001 , the Taliban controlled as much as 90 % of Afghanistan , with the Northern Alliance confined to the country 's northeast corner . Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000 -- 30,000 Pakistanis ( usually also Pashtun ) and 2,000 -- 3,000 Al - Qaeda militants . Many of the Pakistanis were recruited from madrassas . A 1998 document by the U.S. State Department confirmed that `` 20 -- 40 percent of ( regular ) Taliban soldiers are Pakistani . '' The document said that many of the parents of those Pakistani nationals `` know nothing regarding their child 's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan '' . According to the U.S. State Department report and reports by Human Rights Watch , other Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan were regular soldiers , especially from the Frontier Corps , but also from the Pakistani Army providing direct combat support . Al - Qaeda ( edit ) In August 1996 , Bin Laden was forced to leave Sudan and arrived in Jalalabad , Afghanistan . He had founded Al - Qaeda in the late 1980s to support the mujahideen 's war against the Soviets , but became disillusioned by infighting among warlords . He grew close to Mullah Omar and moved Al - Qaeda 's operations to eastern Afghanistan . The 9 / 11 Commission in the U.S. reported found that under the Taliban , al - Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and indoctrinate fighters , import weapons , coordinate with other jihadists , and plot terrorist actions . While al - Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan , it also supported training camps of other organizations . An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9 / 11 , most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the United Front . A smaller number were inducted into al - Qaeda . After the August 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden , President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan . U.S. officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden . In 1999 , the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban , calling for bin Laden to be surrendered . The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands . Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden . These teams planned several operations , but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton . Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion . Change in U.S. policy toward Afghanistan ( edit ) During the Clinton administration , the U.S. tended to favor Pakistan and until 1998 -- 1999 had no clear policy toward Afghanistan . In 1997 , for example , the U.S. State Department 's Robin Raphel told Massoud to surrender to the Taliban . Massoud responded that , as long as he controlled an area the size of his hat , he would continue to defend it from the Taliban . Around the same time , top foreign policy officials in the Clinton administration flew to northern Afghanistan to try to persuade the United Front not to take advantage of a chance to make crucial gains against the Taliban . They insisted it was the time for a cease - fire and an arms embargo . At the time , Pakistan began a `` Berlin - like airlift to resupply and re-equip the Taliban '' , financed with Saudi money . U.S. policy toward Afghanistan changed after the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings . Subsequently , Osama bin Laden was indicted for his involvement in the embassy bombings . In 1999 both the U.S. and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 , which demanded the Taliban surrender Osama bin Laden for trial in the U.S. and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan . The only collaboration between Massoud and the U.S. at the time was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden following the 1998 bombings . The U.S. and the European Union provided no support to Massoud for the fight against the Taliban . By 2001 the change of policy sought by CIA officers who knew Massoud was underway . CIA lawyers , working with officers in the Near East Division and Counter-terrorist Center , began to draft a formal finding for President George W. Bush 's signature , authorizing a covert action program in Afghanistan . It would be the first in a decade to seek to influence the course of the Afghan war in favor of Massoud . Richard A. Clarke , chair of the Counter-Terrorism Security Group under the Clinton administration , and later an official in the Bush administration , allegedly presented a plan to incoming Bush National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice in January 2001 . A change in U.S. policy was effected in August 2001 . The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud . A meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al - Qaeda operatives . If the Taliban refused , the U.S. would provide covert military aid to anti-Taliban groups . If both those options failed , `` the deputies agreed that the United States would seek to overthrow the Taliban regime through more direct action . '' Northern Alliance on the eve of 9 / 11 ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Massoud was the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan . In the areas under his control , Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the Women 's Rights Declaration . As a consequence , many civilians had fled to areas under his control . In total , estimates range up to one million people fleeing the Taliban . Further information : Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) In late 2000 , Ahmad Shah Massoud , a Tajik nationalist and leader of the Northern Alliance , invited several other prominent Afghan tribal leaders to a jirga in northern Afghanistan `` to settle political turmoil in Afghanistan '' . Among those in attendance were Pashtun nationalists , Abdul Haq and Hamid Karzai . In early 2001 , Massoud and several other Afghan leaders addressed the European Parliament in Brussels , asking the international community to provide humanitarian help . The Afghan envoy asserted that the Taliban and al - Qaeda had introduced `` a very wrong perception of Islam '' and that without the support of Pakistan and Osama bin Laden , the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for another year . Massoud warned that his intelligence had gathered information about an imminent , large - scale attack on U.S. soil . On 9 September 2001 , two French - speaking Algerians posing as journalists killed Massoud in a suicide attack in Takhar Province of Afghanistan . The two perpetrators were later alleged to be members of al - Qaeda . They were interviewing Massoud before detonating a bomb hidden in their video camera . Both of the alleged al - Qaeda men were subsequently killed by Massoud 's guards . September 11 attacks ( edit ) Main article : September 11 attacks Ground Zero in New York following the attacks of 11 September 2001 On the morning of 11 September 2001 , a total of 19 Arab men carried out four coordinated attacks in the United States . Four commercial passenger jet airliners were hijacked . The hijackers -- members of al - Qaeda 's Hamburg cell -- intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , killing everyone on board and more than 2000 people in the buildings . Both buildings collapsed within two hours from damage related to the crashes , destroying nearby buildings and damaging others . The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. . The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville , in rural Pennsylvania , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane , which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington , D.C. , to target the White House , or the U.S. Capitol . No one aboard the flights survived . According to the New York State Health Department , the death toll among responders including firefighters and police was 836 as of June 2009 . Total deaths were 2996 , including the 19 hijackers . History ( edit ) U.S. invasion of Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : United States invasion of Afghanistan U.S. Army Special Forces and U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers with Northern Alliance troops on horseback The United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001 , supported by allies including the United Kingdom . U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda from Afghanistan . Bin Laden had been wanted by the U.S. since 1998 for the bombing of two U.S. embassies and was never officially charged for the 9 / 11 attacks . The Taliban government refused to extradite him ( or others sought by the U.S. ) unless it provided evidence of his involvement in the 9 / 11 attacks . They ignored U.S. demands to shut down al - Qaeda bases . The request for proof of bin Laden 's involvement was dismissed by the U.S. as a delaying tactic . Immediately after the attacks , General Tommy Franks , then - commanding general of Central Command ( CENTCOM ) , initially proposed to President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops , preceded by six months of preparation . Rumsfield and Bush feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets and the British . Rumsfield rejected Franks 's plan , saying `` I want men on the ground now ! '' Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing U.S. Special Forces . On 26 September 2001 , fifteen days after the 9 / 11 attack , the U.S. covertly inserted members of the CIA 's Special Activities Division led by Gary Schroen as part of team Jawbreaker into Afghanistan , forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team . They linked up with the Northern Alliance as part of Task Force Dagger . Two weeks later , Task Force Dagger ; Operational Detachment Alpha ( ODA ) 555 and 595 , both 12 - man Green Beret teams from 5th Special Forces Group , plus Air Force combat controllers , were airlifted by helicopter from the Karshi - Khanabad Air Base in Uzbekistan more than 300 kilometers ( 190 mi ) across the 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) Hindu Kush mountains in zero - visibility conditions by two SOAR MH - 47E Chinook helicopters . The Chinooks were refueled in - flight three times during the 11 - hour mission , establishing a new world record for combat rotorcraft missions at the time . They linked up with the CIA and Northern Alliance . Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance , with assistance from the U.S. ground and air forces , captured several key cities from the Taliban . American and British special forces operators at Tora Bora , 2001 . The U.S. officially launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the assistance of the United Kingdom . The two were later joined by other countries . The U.S. and its allies drove the Taliban from power and built military bases near major cities across the country . Most al - Qaeda and Taliban were not captured , escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions . On 20 December 2001 , the United Nations authorized an International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas . It was initially established from the headquarters of the British 3rd Mechanised Division under Major General John McColl , and for its first years numbered no more than 5,000 . Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years . Eighteen countries were contributing to the force in February 2002 . At the Bonn Conference in December 2001 , Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . In the popular elections of 2004 , Karzai was elected president of the country , now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . The U.S. detected the buildup , and on 2 March 2002 , U.S. , Canadian , and Afghan forces began `` Operation Anaconda '' against remaining Al - Qaeda and Taliban elemants . The trucks of Task Force Hammer become stuck in the mud while owing to a communications mistake , the massive aerial bombardment did not take place . The poorly trained Afghan government troops proved incapable of fighting al - Qaeda without air support . Mujahideen forces , using small arms , rocket - propelled grenades , and mortars , were entrenched into caves and bunkers in the hillsides largely above 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) . They used `` hit and run '' tactics , opening fire and then retreating to their caves and bunkers to weather the return fire and bombing . U.S. commanders initially estimated their opponents as an isolated pocket numbering fewer than 200 . Instead the guerrillas numbered between 1,000 -- 5,000 , according to some estimates . By 6 March , eight American , seven Afghan allied , and up to 400 Al Qaida opposing fighters had been killed . At one point , while coming under heavy al - Qaeda force , the Afghan government forces fled in panic and refused to fight , leading to the men of Task Force Hammer to take on al - Qaeda alone . `` Friendly fire '' incidents where American troops were bombed by their air force several times added to further difficulties . Sub-engagements included the Battle of Takur Ghar on ' Roberts Ridge , ' and follow - up Operations Glock and Polar Harpoon . In August 2003 , NATO became involved , taking the helm at ISAF . Some U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command ; the rest remained under direct U.S. command . Taliban leader Mullah Omar reorganized the movement , and in 2003 , launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF . 2003 -- 2005 Taliban resurgence , war with Afghan forces ( edit ) Further information : Taliban insurgency , War in North - West Pakistan , 2003 in Afghanistan , 2004 in Afghanistan , and 2005 in Afghanistan Map detailing the spread of the Taliban - insurgency in Afghanistan 2002 -- 2006 A U.S. Navy Corpsman searches for Taliban fighters in the spring of 2005 . A number of 1.25 lb M112 Demolition Charges , consisting of a C - 4 compound , sit atop degraded weaponry scheduled for destruction . Pamphlets early 2003 turned up strewn in towns and countryside , by Taliban and other groups , urging Islamic faithful to rise up against US forces and other foreign soldiers in holy war . On 27 January 2003 , during Operation Mongoose , a band of fighters were assaulted by U.S. forces at the Adi Ghar cave complex 25 km ( 15 mi ) north of Spin Boldak. 18 rebels were reported killed with no U.S. casualties . The site was suspected to be a base for supplies and fighters coming from Pakistan . The first isolated attacks by relatively large Taliban bands on Afghan targets also appeared around that time . In May 2003 , Taliban 's Supreme Court 's chief justice , Abdul Salam , proclaimed that the Taliban were back , regrouped , rearmed , ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan . Omar assigned five operational zones to Taliban commanders such as Dadullah , who took charge in Zabul province . Small mobile training camps were established along the border to train recruits in guerrilla warfare , said senior Taliban warrior Mullah Malang in June 2003 . Most were drawn from tribal area madrassas in Pakistan . Bases , a few with as many as 200 fighters , emerged in the tribal areas by the summer of 2003 . Pakistani will to prevent infiltration was uncertain , while Pakistani military operations proved of little use . U.S. troops board a helicopter An Apache helicopter provides protection from the air , October 2005 As the summer of 2003 continued , Taliban attacks gradually increased in frequency . Dozens of Afghan government soldiers , NGO humanitarian workers , and several U.S. soldiers died in the raids , ambushes and rocket attacks . Besides guerrilla attacks , Taliban fighters began building up forces in the district of Dai Chopan in Zabul Province . The Taliban decided to make a stand there . Over the course of the summer , up to 1,000 guerrillas moved there . Over 220 people , including several dozen Afghan police , were killed in August 2003 . On 11 August 2003 , NATO assumed control of ISAF . In late 2004 , the then hidden Taliban leader Mohammed Omar announced an insurgency against `` America and its puppets '' ( referring to transitional Afghan government forces ) to `` regain the sovereignty of our country '' . In late August 2005 , Afghan government forces attacked , backed by U.S. troops with air support . After a one - week battle , Taliban forces were routed with up to 124 fighters killed . On 31 July 2006 , ISAF assumed command of the south of the country , and by 5 October 2006 , of the east . Once this transition had taken place , ISAF grew to a large coalition involving up to 46 countries , under a U.S. commander . 2006 : war between NATO forces and Taliban ( edit ) Further information : Taliban insurgency , Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006 , and 2006 in Afghanistan A U.S. Army soldier from 10th Mountain Division , patrols Aranas , Afghanistan From January 2006 , a multinational ISAF contingent started to replace U.S. troops in southern Afghanistan . The British 16th Air Assault Brigade ( later reinforced by Royal Marines ) formed the core of the force , along with troops and helicopters from Australia , Canada and the Netherlands . The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,300 Canadian , 1,963 Dutch , 300 Australian , 290 Danish and 150 Estonian troops . Air support was provided by U.S. , British , Dutch , Norwegian and French combat aircraft and helicopters . In January 2006 , NATO 's focus in southern Afghanistan was to form Provincial Reconstruction Teams with the British leading in Helmand while the Netherlands and Canada would lead similar deployments in Orūzgān and Kandahar , respectively . Local Taliban figures pledged to resist . Swedish Army medic in the Mazar - e Sharif region . NATO operations in Southern Afghanistan in 2006 were led by British , Canadian and Dutch commanders . Operation Mountain Thrust was launched on 17 May 2006 . On 29 May 2006 , while according to American website The Spokesman - Review Afghanistan faced `` a mounting threat from armed Taliban fighters in the countryside '' , a US military truck that was part of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into twelve civilian vehicles , killing one and injuring six people . The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose , lasting all day ending with 20 dead and 160 injured . When stone - throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men , the US troops had used their weapons `` to defend themselves '' while leaving the scene , a US military spokesman said . A correspondent for the Financial Times in Kabul suggested that this was the outbreak of `` a ground swell of resentment '' and `` growing hostility to foreigners '' that had been growing and building since 2004 , and may also have been triggered by a US air strike a week earlier in southern Afghanistan killing 30 civilians , where she assumed that `` the Taliban had been sheltering in civilian houses '' . In July , Canadian Forces , supported by U.S. , British , Dutch and Danish forces , launched Operation Medusa . A combined force of Dutch and Australians launched a successful offensive between late April to mid July 2006 to push the Taliban out of the Chora and Baluchi areas . On 18 September 2006 Italian special forces of Task Force 45 and airborne troopers of the `` Trieste '' infantry regiment of the Rapid Reaction Corps composed of Italian and Spanish forces , took part in the Wyconda Pincer operation in the districts of Bala Buluk and Pusht - i - Rod , in Farah Province . Italian forces killed at least 70 Taliban . The situation in RC - W then deteriorated . Hotspots included Badghis in the far north and Farah in the southwest . Further NATO operations included the Battle of Panjwaii , Operation Mountain Fury and Operation Falcon Summit . NATO achieved tactical victories and area denial , but the Taliban were not completely defeated . NATO operations continued into 2007 . 2007 : U.S. build - up , war ISAF against Taliban ( edit ) Main article : Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2007 Further information : 2007 in Afghanistan U.S. and British troops during a patrol in Helmand Province In January and February 2007 , British Royal Marines mounted Operation Volcano to clear insurgents from firing - points in the village of Barikju , north of Kajaki . Other major operations during this period included Operation Achilles ( March -- May ) and Operation Lastay Kulang . The UK Ministry of Defence announced its intention to bring British troop levels in the country up to 7,700 ( committed until 2009 ) . Further operations , such as Operation Silver and Operation Silicon , took place to keep up the pressure on the Taliban in the hope of blunting their expected spring offensive . A U.S. Soldier conducts a mountain patrol in Nuristan Province . In February 2007 , Combined Forces Command - Afghanistan inactivated . Combined Joint Task Force 76 , a two - star U.S. command headquartered on Bagram Airfield , assumed responsibility as the National Command Element for U.S. forces in Afghanistan . Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan , or CSTC - A , the other two - star U.S. command , was charged with training and mentoring the Afghan National Security Forces . On 4 March 2007 , U.S. Marines killed at least 12 civilians and injured 33 in Shinwar district , Nangrahar , in a response to a bomb ambush . The event became known as the `` Shinwar massacre '' . The 120 member Marine unit responsible for the attack were ordered to leave the country by Army Major General Frank Kearney , because the incident damaged the unit 's relations with the local Afghan population . Chinooks transporting troops to Bagram Later in March 2007 , the U.S. during the Bush Administration deployed another more than 3,500 troops to Afghanistan to expand the fight against the Taliban . On 12 May 2007 , ISAF forces killed Mullah Dadullah . Eleven other Taliban fighters died in the same firefight . During the summer , NATO forces achieved tactical victories at the Battle of Chora in Orūzgān , where Dutch and Australian ISAF forces were deployed . U.S. Army paratroopers navigate to Observation Post Chuck Norris in Dangam . On 16 August , eight civilians including a pregnant woman and a baby died when , few hours after an insurgent IED ambush damaged a Polish wheeled armored vehicle , Polish soldiers shelled the village of Nangar Khel , Paktika Province . Seven soldiers were charged with war crimes , after locals stated the Polish unit fired mortar rounds and machine guns into a wedding celebration without provocation , but they were cleared of all charges in 2011 . On 28 October about 80 Taliban fighters were killed in a 24 - hour battle in Helmand . Western officials and analysts estimated the strength of Taliban forces at about 10,000 fighters fielded at any given time . Of that number , only 2,000 to 3,000 were highly motivated , full - time insurgents . The rest were volunteer units , made up of young Afghans , angered by deaths of Afghan civilians in military airstrikes and American detention of Muslim prisoners who had been held for years without being charged . In 2007 , more foreign fighters came into Afghanistan than ever before , according to officials . Approximately 100 to 300 full - time combatants were foreigners , many from Pakistan , Uzbekistan , Chechnya , various Arab countries and perhaps even Turkey and western China . They were reportedly more violent , incontrollable and extreme , often bringing superior video - production or bombmaking expertise . On 2 November security forces killed a top - ranking militant , Mawlawi Abdul Manan , after he was caught crossing the border . The Taliban confirmed his death . On 10 November the Taliban ambushed a patrol in eastern Afghanistan . This attack brought the U.S. death toll for 2007 to 100 , making it the Americans ' deadliest year in Afghanistan . The Battle of Musa Qala took place in December . Afghan units were the principal fighting force , supported by British forces . Taliban forces were forced out of the town . Reassessment and renewed Commitment 2008 ( edit ) Main article : Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 Further information : 2008 in Afghanistan Development of ISAF troop strength A U.S. Army Special Forces medic in Kandahar Province in September 2008 . Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , said that while the situation in Afghanistan is `` precarious and urgent '' , the 10,000 additional troops needed there would be unavailable `` in any significant manner '' unless withdrawals from Iraq are made . The priority was Iraq first , Afghanistan second . In the first five months of 2008 , the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan increased by over 80 % with a surge of 21,643 more troops , bringing the total from 26,607 in January to 48,250 in June . In September 2008 , President Bush announced the withdrawal of over 8,000 from Iraq and a further increase of up to 4,500 in Afghanistan . In June 2008 , British prime minister Gordon Brown announced the number of British troops serving in Afghanistan would increase to 8,030 -- a rise of 230 . The same month , the UK lost its 100th serviceman . U.S. troops burn a suspected Taliban safe house On 13 June , Taliban fighters demonstrated their ongoing strength , liberating all prisoners in Kandahar jail . The operation freed 1200 prisoners , 400 of whom were Taliban , causing a major embarrassment for NATO . On 13 July 2008 , a coordinated Taliban attack was launched on a remote NATO base at Wanat in Kunar province . On 19 August , French troops suffered their worst losses in Afghanistan in an ambush with 10 soldiers killed in action and 21 injured . Later in the month , an airstrike targeted a Taliban commander in Herat province and killed 90 civilians . Late August saw one of NATO 's largest operations in Helmand , Operation Eagle 's Summit , aiming to bring electricity to the region . On 3 September , commandos , believed to be U.S. Army Special Forces , landed by helicopter and attacked three houses close to a known enemy stronghold in Pakistan . The attack killed between seven and twenty people . Local residents claimed that most of the dead were civilians . Pakistan condemned the attack , calling the incursion `` a gross violation of Pakistan 's territory '' . Burning hashish seized in Operation Albatross , a combined operation of Afghan officials , NATO and the DEA . On 6 September , in an apparent reaction , Pakistan announced an indefinite disconnection of supply lines . On 11 September , militants killed two U.S. troops in the east . This brought the total number of U.S. losses to 113 , more than in any prior year . Several European countries set their own records , particularly the UK , who suffered 108 casualties . Taliban attacks on supply lines 2008 ( edit ) In November and December 2008 , multiple incidents of major theft , robbery , and arson attacks afflicted NATO supply convoys in Pakistan . Transport companies south of Kabul were extorted for money by the Taliban . These incidents included the hijacking of a NATO convoy carrying supplies in Peshawar , the torching of cargo trucks and Humvees east of the Khyber pass and a half - dozen raids on NATO supply depots near Peshawar that destroyed 300 cargo trucks and Humvees in December 2008 . U.S. action into Pakistan 2008 -- 2009 ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan 's role in the War on Terror and Pakistan -- United States skirmishes Barack Obama with Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari in 2009 An unnamed senior Pentagon official told the BBC that at some point between 12 July and 12 September 2008 , President Bush issued a classified order authorizing raids against militants in Pakistan . Pakistan said it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory and that it would vigorously protect its sovereignty . In September , the Pakistan military stated that it had issued orders to `` open fire '' on U.S. soldiers who crossed the border in pursuit of militant forces . On 25 September 2008 , Pakistani troops fired on ISAF helicopters . This caused confusion and anger in the Pentagon , which asked for a full explanation into the incident and denied that U.S. helicopters were in Pakistani airspace . Chief Pakistani military spokesman Major General Athar Abbas said that the helicopters had `` crossed into our territory in Ghulam Khan area . They passed over our checkpost so our troops fired warning shots '' . A few days later a CIA drone crashed into Pakistan territory . A further split occurred when U.S. troops apparently landed on Pakistani soil to carry out an operation against militants in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province . Pakistanis reacted angrily to the action , saying that 20 innocent villagers had been killed by U.S. troops . However , despite tensions , the U.S. increased the use of remotely piloted drone aircraft in Pakistan 's border regions , in particular the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) and Balochistan ; as of early 2009 , drone attacks were up 183 % since 2006 . By the end of 2008 , the Taliban apparently had severed remaining ties with al - Qaeda . According to senior U.S. military intelligence officials , perhaps fewer than 100 members of al - Qaeda remained in Afghanistan . In a meeting with General Stanley McChrystal , Pakistani military officials urged international forces to remain on the Afghan side of the border and prevent militants from fleeing into Pakistan . Pakistan noted that it had deployed 140,000 soldiers on its side of the border to address militant activities , while the coalition had only 100,000 soldiers to police the Afghanistan side . 2009 U.S. reinforcements , Taliban progress ( edit ) A U.S. Army soldier with 1st Battalion , 32nd Infantry Regiment , 10th Mountain Division , fires his weapon during a battle with insurgent forces in Barge Matal , during Operation Mountain Fire in 2009 . Further information : 2009 in Afghanistan , List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) § 2009 operations , and Khyber Border Coordination Center Northern Distribution Network ( edit ) Main article : NATO logistics in the Afghan War § Northern Distribution Network A U.S. soldier and an Afghan interpreter in Zabul , 2009 . In response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan , work began on the establishment of a Northern Distribution Network ( NDN ) through Russia and Central Asian republics . Initial permission to move supplies through the region was given on 20 January 2009 , after a visit to the region by General David Petraeus . The first shipment along the NDN route left on 20 February from Riga , Latvia , then traveled 5,169 km ( 3,212 mi ) to the Uzbek town of Termez on the Afghanistan border . In addition to Riga , other European ports included Poti , Georgia and Vladivostok , Russia . U.S. commanders hoped that 100 containers a day would be shipped along the NDN . By comparison , 140 containers a day were typically shipped through the Khyber Pass . By 2011 , the NDN handled about 40 % of Afghanistan - bound traffic , versus 30 % through Pakistan . On 11 May 2009 , Uzbekistan president Islam Karimov announced that the airport in Navoi ( Uzbekistan ) was being used to transport non-lethal cargo into Afghanistan . Due to the still unsettled relationship between Uzbekistan and the U.S. following the 2005 Andijon massacre and subsequent expulsion of U.S. forces from Karshi - Khanabad airbase , U.S. forces were not involved in the shipments . Instead , South Korea 's Korean Air , which overhauled Navoi 's airport , officially handled logistics . U.S. soldiers fire mortars in Zabul . Originally only non-lethal resources were allowed on the NDN . In July 2009 , however , shortly before a visit by new President Barack Obama to Moscow , Russian authorities announced that U.S. troops and weapons could use the country 's airspace to reach Afghanistan . Human rights advocates were ( as of 2009 ) concerned that the U.S. was again working with the government of Uzbekistan , which is often accused of violating human rights . U.S. officials promised increased cooperation with Uzbekistan , including further assistance to turn Navoi into a regional distribution center for both military and civilian ventures . 2009 increase in U.S. troops ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers patrol the Korangal Valley in Kunar province . In January 2009 , about 3,000 U.S. soldiers from the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 10th Mountain Division moved into the provinces of Logar and Wardak . Afghan Federal Guards fought alongside them . The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by President Bush and increased by President Obama . U.S. Army soldiers fire mortar rounds at suspected Taliban fighting positions in Nuristan province . In mid-February 2009 , it was announced that 17,000 additional troops would be deployed in two brigades and support troops ; the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade of about 3,500 and the 5th Brigade , 2nd Infantry Division , a Stryker Brigade with about 4,000 . ISAF commander General David McKiernan had called for as many as 30,000 additional troops , effectively doubling the number of troops . On 23 September , a classified assessment by General McChrystal included his conclusion that a successful counterinsurgency strategy would require 500,000 troops and five years . In November 2009 , Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry sent two classified cables to Washington expressing concerns about sending more troops before the Afghan government demonstrates that it is willing to tackle the corruption and mismanagement that has fueled the Taliban 's rise . Eikenberry , a retired three - star general who in 2006 -- 2007 commanded U.S. troops in Afghanistan , also expressed frustration with the relative paucity of funds set aside for development and reconstruction . In subsequent cables , Eikenberry repeatedly cautioned that deploying sizable American reinforcements would result in `` astronomical costs '' -- tens of billions of dollars -- and would only deepen the Afghan government 's dependence on the United States . U.S. Army soldiers watch the surrounding hills for insurgents during a three - hour gun battle in Kunar province . On 26 November 2009 , Karzai made a public plea for direct negotiations with the Taliban leadership . Karzai said there is an `` urgent need '' for negotiations and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks . There was no formal U.S. response . On 1 December , Obama announced at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point that the U.S. would send 30,000 more troops . Antiwar organizations in the U.S. responded quickly , and cities throughout the U.S. saw protests on 2 December . Many protesters compared the decision to deploy more troops in Afghanistan to the expansion of the Vietnam War under the Johnson administration . Kunduz airstrike ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Kunduz airstrike On 4 September , during the Kunduz Province Campaign a devastating NATO air raid was conducted 7 kilometres southwest of Kunduz where Taliban fighters had hijacked civilian supply trucks , killing up to 179 people , including over 100 civilians . Operation Khanjar and Operation Panther 's Claw ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Strike of the Sword and Operation Panther 's Claw On 25 June U.S. officials announced the launch of Operation Khanjar ( `` strike of the sword '' ) . About 4000 U.S. Marines from the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade and 650 Afghan soldiers participated . Khanjar followed a British - led operation named Operation Panther 's Claw in the same region . Officials called it the Marines ' largest operation since the 2004 invasion of Fallujah , Iraq . Operation Panther 's Claw was aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a long - term ISAF presence . U.S. soldiers conduct an operation . Initially , Afghan and American soldiers moved into towns and villages along the Helmand River to protect the civilian population . The main objective was to push into insurgent strongholds along the river . A secondary aim was to bring security to the Helmand Valley in time for presidential elections , set to take place on 20 August . A soldier on patrol . Taliban gains ( edit ) Former Taliban fighters turn in their weapons as part of a reintegration program According to a 22 December briefing by Major General Michael T. Flynn , the top U.S. intelligence officer in Afghanistan , `` The Taliban retains ( the ) required partnerships to sustain support , fuel legitimacy and bolster capacity . '' The 23 - page briefing states that `` Security incidents ( are ) projected to be higher in 2010 . '' Those incidents were already up by 300 percent since 2007 and by 60 percent since 2008 , according to the briefing . NATO intelligence at the time indicated that the Taliban had as many as 25,000 dedicated soldiers , almost as many as before 9 / 11 and more than in 2005 . On 10 August McChrystal , newly appointed as U.S. commander in Afghanistan , said that the Taliban had gained the upper hand . In a continuation of the Taliban 's usual strategy of summer offensives , the militants aggressively spread their influence into north and west Afghanistan and stepped up their attack in an attempt to disrupt presidential polls . Calling the Taliban a `` very aggressive enemy '' , he added that the U.S. strategy was to stop their momentum and focus on protecting and safeguarding Afghan civilians , calling it `` hard work '' . The Taliban 's claim that the over 135 violent incidents disrupting elections was largely disputed . However , the media was asked to not report on any violent incidents . Some estimates reported voter turn out as much less than the expected 70 percent . In southern Afghanistan where the Taliban held the most power , voter turnout was low and sporadic violence was directed at voters and security personnel . The chief observer of the European Union election mission , General Philippe Morillon , said the election was `` generally fair '' but `` not free '' . Western election observers had difficulty accessing southern regions , where at least 9 Afghan civilians and 14 security forces were killed in attacks intended to intimidate voters . The Taliban released a video days after the elections , filming on the road between Kabul and Kandahar , stopping vehicles and asking to see their fingers . The video went showed ten men who had voted , listening to a Taliban militant . The Taliban pardoned the voters because of Ramadan . The Taliban attacked towns with rockets and other indirect fire . Amid claims of widespread fraud , both top contenders , Hamid Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah , claimed victory . Reports suggested that turnout was lower than in the prior election . After Karzai 's alleged win of 54 per cent , which would prevent a runoff , over 400,000 Karzai votes had to be disallowed after accusations of fraud . Some nations criticized the elections as `` free but not fair '' . In December , an attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman , used by the CIA to gather information and to coordinate drone attacks against Taliban leaders , killed at least six CIA officers . 2010 : American -- British offensive and Afghan peace initiative ( edit ) A U.S. Marine Corps sergeant exits an Italian Army CH - 47 Chinook helicopter , 30 November 2010 U.S. Marines with Bravo Company , 1st Battalion , 6th Marine Regiment return fire on Taliban forces in Marjeh in February 2010 U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal ( EOD ) destroy an Improvised Explosive Device ( IED ) cache in Southern Shorsurak , Helmand province in June 2010 . U.K. service members of the Royal Air Force Regiment stop on a road while conducting a combat mission near Kandahar Airfield , Afghanistan , 2 January 2010 Australian and Afghan soldiers patrol the poppy fields in the Baluchi Valley Region , April 2010 Main article : 2010 in Afghanistan In public statements U.S. officials had previously praised Pakistan 's military effort against militants during its offensive in South Waziristan in November 2009 . Karzai started peace talks with Haqqani network groups in March 2010 , and there were other peace initiatives including the Afghan Peace Jirga 2010 . In July 2010 , a U.S. Army report read : `` It seems to always be this way when we go there ( to meet civilians ) . No one wants anything to do with us . '' A report on meeting up with school representatives mentioned students throwing rocks at soldiers and not welcoming their arrival , as had been reported on several occasions elsewhere . President Zardari said that Pakistan had spent over 35 billion U.S. dollars during the previous eight years fighting against militancy . According to the Afghan government , approximately 900 Taliban were killed in operations conducted during 2010 . Due to increased use of IEDs by insurgents the number of injured coalition soldiers , mainly Americans , significantly increased . Beginning in May 2010 NATO special forces began to concentrate on operations to capture or kill specific Taliban leaders . As of March 2011 , the U.S. military claimed that the effort had resulted in the capture or killing of more than 900 low - to mid-level Taliban commanders . Overall , 2010 saw the most insurgent attacks of any year since the war began , peaking in September at more than 1,500 . Insurgent operations increased `` dramatically '' in two - thirds of Afghan provinces . Troop surge ( edit ) Deployment of additional U.S. troops continued in early 2010 , with 9,000 of the planned 30,000 in place before the end of March and another 18,000 expected by June , with the 101st Airborne Division as the main source . U.S. troops in Afghanistan outnumbered those in Iraq for the first time since 2003 . The CIA , following a request by General McChrystal , planned to increase teams of operatives , including elite SAD officers , with U.S. military special operations forces . This combination worked well in Iraq and was largely credited with the success of that surge . The CIA also increased its campaign using Hellfire missile strikes on Al - Qaeda in Pakistan . The number of strikes in 2010 , 115 , more than doubled the 50 drone attacks that occurred in 2009 . The surge in troops supported a sixfold increase in Special Forces operations . 700 airstrikes occurred in September 2010 alone versus 257 in all of 2009 . From July 2010 to October 2010 , 300 Taliban commanders and 800 - foot - soldiers were killed . Hundreds more insurgent leaders were killed or captured as 2010 ended . Petraeus said , `` We 've got our teeth in the enemy 's jugular now , and we 're not going to let go . '' The CIA created Counter-terrorism Pursuit Teams ( CTPT ) staffed by Afghans at the war 's beginning . This force grew to over 3,000 by 2010 and was considered one of the `` best Afghan fighting forces '' . Firebase Lilley was one of SAD 's nerve centers . These units were not only effective in operations against the Taliban and al - Qaeda forces in Afghanistan , but have expanded their operations into Pakistan . They were also important factors in both the `` counterterrorism plus '' and the full `` counter-insurgency '' options discussed by the Obama administration in the December 2010 review . WikiLeaks disclosure ( edit ) Main article : Afghan War documents leak On 25 July 2010 , the release of 91,731 classified documents from the WikiLeaks organization was made public . The documents cover U.S. military incident and intelligence reports from January 2004 to December 2009 . Some of these documents included sanitized , and `` covered up '' , accounts of civilian casualties caused by Coalition Forces . The reports included many references to other incidents involving civilian casualties like the Kunduz airstrike and Nangar Khel incident . The leaked documents also contain reports of Pakistan collusion with the Taliban . According to Der Spiegel , `` the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence ( usually known as the ISI ) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan . '' Pakistan and U.S. tensions ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan -- United States skirmishes and Pakistan -- United States relations Tensions between Pakistan and the U.S. were heightened in late September after several Pakistan Frontier Corps soldiers were killed and wounded . The troops were attacked by a U.S. piloted aircraft that was pursuing Taliban forces near the Afghan - Pakistan border , but for unknown reasons opened fire on two Pakistan border posts . In retaliation for the strike , Pakistan closed the Torkham ground border crossing to NATO supply convoys for an unspecified period . This incident followed the release of a video allegedly showing uniformed Pakistan soldiers executing unarmed civilians . After the Torkham border closing , Pakistani Taliban attacked NATO convoys , killing several drivers and destroying around 100 tankers . 2011 : U.S. and NATO drawdown ( edit ) Soldiers prepare for operation U.S. Army soldiers return fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Kunar Province , 31 March 2011 U.S. Army National Guard soldiers patrol the villages in the Bagram Security Zone , 23 March 2011 Soldiers from 34th Infantry Division , Task Force Red Bulls , discuss plans to maneuver into Pacha Khak village , Kabul Province , while conducting a dismounted patrol , 7 April 2011 An Australian service light armored vehicle drives through Tangi Valley , 29 March 2011 Further information : 2011 in Afghanistan and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Battle of Kandahar ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kandahar The Battle of Kandahar was part of an offensive named after the Battle of Bad'r that took place on 13 March 624 , between Medina and Mecca . The Battle followed a 30 April announcement that the Taliban would launch their Spring offensive . On 7 May the Taliban launched a major offensive on government buildings in Kandahar . The Taliban said their goal was to take control of the city . At least eight locations were attacked : the governor 's compound , the mayor 's office , the NDS headquarters , three police stations and two high schools . The battle continued onto a second day . The BBC 's Bilal Sarwary called it `` the worst attack in Kandahar province since the fall of the Taliban government in 2001 , and a embarrassment for the Western - backed Afghan government . '' Death of Osama bin Laden ( edit ) Main article : Death of Osama bin Laden On 2 May U.S. officials announced that al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden had been killed in Operation Neptune Spear , conducted by the CIA and U.S. Navy SEALs , in Pakistan . Crowds gathered outside the White House chanting `` U.S.A , U.S.A '' after the news emerged . Withdrawal ( edit ) On 22 June President Obama announced that 10,000 troops would be withdrawn by the end of 2011 and an additional 23,000 troops would return by the summer of 2012 . After the withdrawal of 10,000 U.S. troops , only 80,000 remained . In July 2011 Canada withdrew its combat troops , transitioning to a training role . Following suit , other NATO countries announced troop reductions . The United Kingdom stated that it would gradually withdraw its troops , however it did not specify numbers or dates . France announced that it would withdraw roughly 1,000 soldiers by the end of 2012 , with 3,000 soldiers remaining . Hundreds would come back at the end of 2011 and in the beginning of 2012 , when the Afghan National Army took control of Surobi district . The remaining troops would continue to operate in Kapisa . Their complete withdrawal was expected by the end of 2014 or earlier given adequate security . Belgium announced that half of their force would withdraw starting in January 2012 . Norway announced it had started a withdrawal of its near 500 troops and would be completely out by 2014 . Equally , the Spanish Prime Minister announced the withdrawal of troops beginning in 2012 , including up to 40 percent by the end of the first half of 2013 , and complete withdrawal by 2014 . 2011 U.S. -- NATO attack in Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan After Neptune Spear , ISAF forces accidentally attacked Pakistan 's armed forces on 26 November , killing 24 Pakistani soldiers . Pakistan blocked NATO supply lines and ordered Americans to leave Shamsi Airfield . NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said the attack was ' tragic ' and ' unintended ' . `` This ( regret ) is not good enough . We strongly condemn the attacks and reserve the right to take action , '' said DG ISPR Major General Athar Abbas . `` This could have serious consequences in the level and extent of our cooperation . 2012 : strategic agreement ( edit ) Main article : 2012 in Afghanistan Taliban attacks continued at the same rate as they did in 2011 , around 28,000 attacks . In September 2012 , the surge of American personnel that began in late 2009 ended . Reformation of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) ( edit ) Ahmad Zia Massoud ( left ) , former Vice-President of Afghanistan , shaking hands with a U.S. Provincial Reconstruction Team at the ceremony for a new road . In late 2011 the National Front of Afghanistan ( NFA ) was created by Ahmad Zia Massoud , Abdul Rashid Dostum and Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq in what many analysts have described as a reformation of the military wing of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) to oppose a return of the Taliban to power . Meanwhile , much of the political wing reunited under the National Coalition of Afghanistan led by Abdullah Abdullah becoming the main democratic opposition movement in the Afghan parliament . Former head of intelligence Amrullah Saleh has created a new movement , Basej - i Milli ( Afghanistan Green Trend ) , with support among the youth mobilizing about 10,000 people in an anti-Taliban demonstration in Kabul in May 2011 . In January 2012 , the National Front of Afghanistan raised concerns about the possibility of a secret deal between the U.S. , Pakistan and the Taliban during a widely publicized meeting in Berlin . U.S. Congressman Louie Gohmert wrote , `` These leaders who fought with embedded Special Forces to initially defeat the Taliban represent over 60 - percent of the Afghan people , yet are being entirely disregarded by the Obama and Karzai Administrations in negotiations . '' After the meeting with U.S. congressmen in Berlin the National Front signed a joint declaration stating among other things : We firmly believe that any negotiation with the Taliban can only be acceptable , and therefore effective , if all parties to the conflict are involved in the process . The present form of discussions with the Taliban is flawed , as it excludes anti-Taliban Afghans . It must be recalled that the Taliban extremists and their Al - Qaeda supporters were defeated by Afghans resisting extremism with minimal human embedded support from the United States and International community . The present negotiations with the Taliban fail to take into account the risks , sacrifices and legitimate interests of the Afghans who ended the brutal oppression of all Afghans . -- National Front Berlin Statement , January 2012 High - profile U.S. military incidents ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers prepare to conduct security checks near the Pakistan border , February 2012 Beginning in January 2012 , incidents involving U.S. troops occurred which were described by The Sydney Morning Herald as `` a series of damaging incidents and disclosures involving U.S. troops in Afghanistan ( ... ) '' . These incidents created fractures in the partnership between Afghanistan and ISAF , raised the question whether discipline within U.S. troops was breaking down , undermined `` the image of foreign forces in a country where there is already deep resentment owing to civilian deaths and a perception among many Afghans that U.S. troops lack respect for Afghan culture and people '' and strained the relations between Afghanistan and the United States . Besides an incident involving U.S. troops who posed with body parts of dead insurgents and a video apparently showing a U.S. helicopter crew singing `` Bye - bye Miss American Pie '' before blasting a group of Afghan men with a Hellfire missile these `` high - profile U.S. military incidents in Afghanistan '' also included the 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests and the Panjwai shooting spree . Enduring strategic Partnership agreement ( edit ) Main article : U.S. - Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement Afghan Army units neutralizes an IED in Sangin , Helmand province On 2 May 2012 , Presidents Karzai and Obama signed a strategic partnership agreement between the two countries , after the U.S. president had arrived unannounced in Kabul on the first anniversary of Osama bin Laden 's death . The U.S. - Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement , officially entitled the `` Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America '' , provides the long - term framework for the two countries ' relationship after the drawdown of U.S. forces . The Strategic Partnership Agreement went into effect on 4 July 2012 , according to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on 8 July 2012 at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan . On 7 July 2012 , as part of the agreement , the U.S. designated Afghanistan a major non-NATO ally after Karzai and Clinton met in Kabul . On 11 November 2012 , as part of the agreement , the two countries launched negotiations for a bilateral security agreement . NATO Chicago Summit : troops withdrawal and Long - term presence ( edit ) Further information : 2012 Chicago Summit , 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan , and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan On 21 May 2012 the leaders of NATO - member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the NATO Summit . ISAF Forces would transfer command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013 , while shifting from combat to advising , training and assisting Afghan security forces . Most of the 130,000 ISAF troops would depart by the end of December 2014 . A new NATO mission would then assume the support role . 2013 : withdrawal ( edit ) Karzai -- Obama meeting ( edit ) Karzai visited the U.S. in January 2012 . At the time the U.S. Government stated its openness to withdrawing all of its troops by the end of 2014 . On 11 January 2012 Karzai and Obama agreed to transfer combat operations from NATO to Afghan forces by spring 2013 rather than summer 2013 . `` What 's going to happen this spring is that Afghans will be in the lead throughout the country '' , Obama said . `` They ( ISAF forces ) will still be fighting alongside Afghan troops ... We will be in a training , assisting , advising role . '' Obama added He also stated the reason of the withdrawals that `` We achieved our central goal , or have come very close ... which is to de-capacitate al - Qaeda , to dismantle them , to make sure that they ca n't attack us again . '' Soldiers from the Michigan Army National Guard and the Latvian army patrol through a village in Konar province . Obama also stated that he would determine the pace of troop withdrawal after consultations with commanders . He added that any U.S. mission beyond 2014 would focus solely on counterterrorism operations and training . Obama insisted that a continuing presence must include an immunity agreement in which U.S. troops are not subjected to Afghan law . `` I can go to the Afghan people and argue for immunity for U.S. troops in Afghanistan in a way that Afghan sovereignty will not be compromised , in a way that Afghan law will not be compromised , '' Karzai replied . Both leaders agreed that the United States would transfer Afghan prisoners and prisons to the Afghan government and withdraw troops from Afghan villages in spring 2013 . `` The international forces , the American forces , will be no longer present in the villages , that it will be the task of the Afghan forces to provide for the Afghan people in security and protection , '' the Afghan president said . Security transfer ( edit ) On 18 June 2013 the transfer of security responsibilities was completed . The last step was to transfer control of 95 remaining districts . Karzai said , `` When people see security has been transferred to Afghans , they support the army and police more than before . '' NATO leader Rasmussen said that Afghan forces were completing a five - stage transition process that began in March 2011 . `` They are doing so with remarkable resolve , '' he said . `` Ten years ago , there were no Afghan national security forces ... now you have 350,000 Afghan troops and police . '' ISAF remained slated to end its mission by the end of 2014 . Some 100,000 ISAF forces remained in the country . 2014 : withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases ( edit ) Resolute Support Colors presented at Kabul on 28 December , after the ISAF colors are encased . See also : NATO logistics in the Afghan War After 2013 , Afghanistan was shaken hard with suicide bombings by the Taliban . A clear example of this is a bombing of a Lebanese restaurant in the Wazir Akbar Khan area of Kabul on 18 February 2014 . Among the dead in this attack was UN staff and the owner of a restaurant , who died protecting his business ; 21 people altogether were killed . Meanwhile , the withdrawal continued , with 200 more U.S. troops going home . The UK halved their force and were slowing withdrawal with all but two bases being closed down . On 20 March 2014 , more than 4 weeks after a bomb in a military bus by the Taliban rocked the city once again , a raid on the Serena Hotel 's restaurant in Kabul by the Taliban resulted in the deaths of 9 people , including the 4 perpetrators . The attack came just 8 days after Swedish radio journalist Nils Horner was shot dead by the Taliban . However , as the U.S. troops withdrew from Afghanistan , they were replaced by private security companies hired by the United States government and the United Nations . Many of these private security companies ( also termed military contractors ) consisted of ex U.S. Army , U.S. Marine , British , French and Italian defense personnel who had left the defense after a few years of active service . Their past relations with the defense helped establish their credentials , simultaneously allowing the U.S. and British to continue to be involved in ground actions without the requirement to station their own forces . This included companies such as the Ohio - based military contracting company , Mission Essential Personal ( MEP ) set up by Sunil Ramchand , a former White House staffer and U.S. Navy veteran . Despite the crisis in Crimea , by March 2014 Russia had not tried to exert pressure on the U.S. via the Northern Distribution Network supply line . On 9 June 2014 a coalition air strike mistakenly killed five U.S. troops , an Afghan National Army member and an interpreter in Zabul Province . A dust storm enveloping Camp Bastion in May 2014 On 5 August 2014 , a gunman in an Afghan military uniform opened fire on a number of U.S. , foreign and Afghan soldiers , killing a U.S. general , Harold J. Greene and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers including a German brigadier general and a large number of U.S. soldiers at Camp Qargha , a training base west of Kabul . Two longterm security pacts , the Bilaterial Security agreement between Afghanistan and the United States of America and the NATO Status of Forces Agreement between NATO and Afghanistan , were signed on 30 September 2014 . Both pacts lay out the framework for the foreign troop involvement in Afghanistan after the year 2014 . After 13 years Britain and the United States officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 26 October 2014 . On that day Britain handed over its last base in Afghanistan , Camp Bastion , while the United States handed over its last base , Camp Leatherneck , to Afghan forces . As early as November 2012 , the U.S. and NATO were considering the precise configuration of their post-2014 presence in Afghanistan . On 27 May 2014 , President Barack Obama announced that U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan would end in December 2014 ( see Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan ) . 9,800 troops were to remain , training Afghan security forces and supporting counterterrorism operations against remnants of al - Qaeda . This force would be halved by the end of 2015 , and consolidated at Bagram Air Base and in Kabul . All U.S. forces , with the exception of a `` normal embassy presence , '' would be removed from Afghanistan by the end of 2016 . In 2014 , 56 United States service members , and 101 contractors , died in Afghanistan . On 28 December 2014 NATO officially ended combat operations in a ceremony held in Kabul . Continued operations by United States forces within Afghanistan will continue under the name Operation Freedom 's Sentinel ; this was joined by a new NATO mission under the name of Operation Resolute Support . Operation Resolute Support , will involve 28 NATO nations , 14 partner nations , eleven thousand American troops , and eight hundred fifty German troops . The Special Operations Joint Task Force -- Afghanistan , the remnant U.S. / NATO special forces organisation , includes a counter-terrorism task force . In the words of the U.S. Special Operations Command Factbook for 2015 , this task force ' ( c ) onducts offensive operations in Afghanistan to degrade the Taliban , al - Qaeda , and the Haqqani Networks in order to prevent them from establishing operationally significant safe havens which threaten the stability and sovereignty of Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States . ' This task force is similar to previous forces such as Task Force 373 . The UK officially commemorated the end of its role in the Afghan war in a ceremony held in St Paul 's cathedral on 13 March 2015 . Around 500 UK troops remain in `` non-combat '' roles . 2015 Taliban resurgence ( edit ) Further information : 2015 in Afghanistan The Taliban began a resurgence due to several factors . At the end of 2014 , the US and NATO combat mission ended and the withdrawal of most foreign forces from Afghanistan reduced the risk the Taliban faced of being bombed and raided . In June 2014 , the Pakistani military 's Operation Zarb - e-Azb , launched in the North Waziristan tribal area in June 2014 , dislodged thousands of mainly Uzbek , Arab and Pakistani militants , who flooded into Afghanistan and swelled the Taliban 's ranks . The group was further emboldened by the comparative lack of interest from the international community and the diversion of its attention to crisis in other parts of the world , such as Syria , Iraq and Ukraine . Afghan security forces also lack certain capabilities and equipment , especially air power and reconnaissance . The political infighting in the central government in Kabul and the apparent weakness in governance at different levels are also exploited by the Taliban . In May 2015 , Russia has closed a key military transport corridor which allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to Afghanistan through the Russian territory . On 5 January , a suicide car bomber attacked the HQ of EUPOL Afghanistan in Kabul , killing 1 person and injuring 5 . The Taliban claimed responsibility . On 15 January , Afghan security officials arrested five men in Kabul in relation to their suspected involvement in the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in Pakistan . In mid-January 2015 , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant established a branch in Afghanistan called Wilayah Khorasan and began recruiting fighters and clashing with the Taliban . However , an Afghan military officer stated that he believed the Afghan military could handle any threat that the group presented in the country . American forces have increased raids against `` Islamist militants , '' moving beyond counter-terrorism missions . This is partially due to improved relations with the United States due to the Ghani presidency . Reasoning used for these raids include protecting American forces , which has been broadly interpreted . One raid , a joint raid by American and Afghan forces arrested six Taliban connected to the 2014 Peshawar school massacre . American Secretary of Defense Ash Carter traveled to Afghanistan in February 2015 ; during a period when it was discussed that the U.S. would slow down its withdrawal from Afghanistan . In February 2015 , the headquarters element of the U.S. 7th Infantry Division began to deploy to Afghanistan . It will serve as the Resolute Support Mission 's Train Advise Assist Command - South headquarters . It will be joined by 10th Mountain Division 's 2nd Brigade Combat Team , and 101st Combat Aviation Brigade . On 18 March 2015 , Hafiz Wahidi , ISIL 's replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan , was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces , along with 9 other ISIL militants who were accompanying him . On 19 March 2015 , it was reported by Reuters that the U.S. military bases in Kandahar and Jalalabad are likely to remain open beyond the end of 2015 , a senior U.S. official said , as the Federal Government of the United States considers slowing its military withdrawal to help the new government fight the Taliban . The anticipated policy reversal reflects U.S. support of Afghanistan 's new and more cooperative president , Ashraf Ghani , and a desire to avoid the collapse of local security forces that occurred in Iraq after the U.S. withdrawal there . On 25 March , the Afghan National Army killed twenty - nine insurgents and injured twenty - one others in a series of operations in the Daikundi , Ghazni , and Parwan provinces . Eleven people , including one U.S. service member , died in a Taliban attack on Camp Integrity in Kabul in August . Suicide bombers attack Hetal Hotel in May 2015 . Norwegian Marinejegerkommandoen special forces were central in saving 37 Australian hostages while they were in direct contact with the Australian ambassador in Kabul . Kabul parliament attack ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Kabul Parliament attack On 22 June 2015 , the Taliban detonated a car bomb outside the National Assembly in Kabul , and Taliban fighters attacked the building with assault rifles and RPGs . A Taliban fighter driving a car loaded with explosives managed to get though security checkpoints before detonating the vehicle outside the parliament 's gates . Six Taliban insurgents with AK - 47 rifles and RPGs took up positions in a construction site nearby . Members of Parliament were evacuated to safety , while security forces engaged the insurgents in a two - hour gun battle . Afghan Interior Ministry spokesman Sediq Sediqqi said all seven attackers were killed by police and no MPs were wounded . The UN mission in Afghanistan said a woman and a child were killed in the attack , and forty civilians were injured . Kunduz offensive ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kunduz Heavy fighting has occurred in the Kunduz province , which was the site of clashes from 2009 onwards . In May , flights into the Northern city of Kunduz were suspended due to weeks of clashes between the Afghan security forces and the Taliban outside the city . The intensifying conflict in the Northern Char Dara District within the Kunduz province led the Afghan government to enlist local militia fighters to bolster opposition to the Taliban insurgency . In June , the Taliban intensified attacks around the Northern city of Kunduz as part of a major offensive in an attempt to capture the city . Tens of thousands of inhabitants have been displaced internally in Afghanistan by the fighting . The government recaptured the Char Dara district after roughly a month of fighting . In late September , Taliban forces launched an attack on Kunduz , seizing several outlying villages and entering the city . The Taliban stormed the regional hospital and clashed with security forces at the nearby university . The fighting saw the Taliban attack from four different districts : Char Dara to the west , Aliabad to the south - west , Khanabad to the east and Imam Saheb to the north . The Taliban took the Zakhel and Ali Khel villages on the highway leading south , which connects the city to Kabul and Mazar - e Sharif through Aliabad district , and reportedly made their largest gains in the south - west of Kunduz , where some local communities had picked up weapons and supported the Taliban . Taliban fighters had allegedly blocked the route to the Airport to prevent civilians fleeing the city . One witness reported that the headquarters of the National Directorate of Security was set on fire . Kunduz was recaptured by Afghan and American forces on October 14 , 2015 . Taliban negotiations , 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) Chinese officials have declared that Afghan stability affects separatist movements in the region , including in China 's West as well as the security of the China -- Pakistan Economic Corridor . China and Pakistan have been involved in negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban . The Quadrilateral Coordination Group - consisting of Afghan , American , Chinese and Pakistani officials have been inviting the Taliban to discuss peace talks since January 2016 , but currently they are presumably preoccupied with fighting each other and the government forces . A meeting between representatives of both sides were expected to take place in early March but the Taliban stated they would not participate . The bombing of the Kabul parliament has highlighted differences within the Taliban in their approach to peace talks . In April 2016 , President Ashraf Ghani `` pulled the plug '' on the Afghan governments failing effort to start peace talks with the Taliban . And due to the Haqqani Networks integration into the Taliban leadership , it will now be harder for peace talks to take place . Although leader of the Taliban , Haibatullah Akhundzada , said a peace agreement was possible if the government in Kabul renounced its foreign allies . Taliban infighting , 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) On 11 November 2015 , it was reported that infighting had broken out between different Taliban factions in Zabul Province . Fighters loyal to the new Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor fought a Pro-ISIL splinter faction led by Mullah Mansoor Dadullah . Even though Dadullah 's faction enjoyed the support of foreign ISIL fighters , including Uzbeks and Chechens , it was reported that Mansoor 's Taliban loyalists had the upper hand . According to Ghulam Jilani Farahi , provincial director of security in Zabul , more than 100 militants from both sides were killed since the fighting broke out . The infighting has continued into 2016 ; on 10 March 2016 , officials said that the Taliban clashed with the Taliban splinter group ( led by Muhammad Rasul ) in the Shindand district of Herat with up to 100 militants killed ; the infighting has also stifled peace talks . As a result of the infighting , which has resulted in Mansour being consumed with a campaign to quell dissent against his leadership ; Sirajuddin Haqqani , chief of the Haqqani Network was selected to become the deputy leader of the Taliban in the summer of 2015 , during a leadership struggle within the Taliban . Sirajuddin and other Haqqani leaders increasingly run the day - to - day military operations for the Taliban , in particular ; refining urban terrorist attacks and cultivating a sophisticated international fund - raising network , they have also appointing Taliban governors and began uniting the Taliban . As a result , the Haqqani Network is now closely integrated with the Taliban at a leadership level , and is growing in influence within the insurgency , whereas the network was largely autonomous before , and there are concerns that the fighting is going to be deadlier . Tensions with the Pakistani military have also been raised because American and Afghan officials accuse them of sheltering the Haqqanis as a proxy group . Taliban offensive in Helmand province , 2015 -- 17 ( edit ) In 2015 the Taliban began an offensive in Helmand Province , taking over parts of the Province . By June 2015 , they had seized control of Dishu and Bagharm killing 5,588 Afghan government security forces ( 3,720 of them were police officers ) . By the end of July , the Taliban had overrun Nawzad District and on 26 August , the Taliban took control of Musa Qala . the status of the remaining districts , by 18 December 2015 , is that Taliban and Afghan security forces are contesting Nahr - i - Sarraj , Sangin , Kajaki , Nad Ali and Khanashin ( Afghan security forces claim to have previously `` ejected '' the Taliban from the Khanashin district center , with 42 Taliban fighters killed ) whilst Garmsir , Washir , and Nawa - i - Barak are believed to be contested . In October 2015 , Taliban forces had attempted to take Lashkar Gah ; the capital of Helmand province , the Afghan 's 215th Corps and special operations forces launched a counteroffensive against the Taliban in November , Whilst the assault was repelled , Taliban forces remained dug into the city 's suburbs as of December 2015 . December 2015 saw a renewed Taliban offensive in Helmand focused on the town of Sangin , Sangin district fell to the Taliban on 21 December , after fierce clashes that killed more than 90 soldiers in two days . It was reported that 30 members of the SAS alongside 60 US special forces operators joined the Afghan Army in the Battle to retake parts of Sangin from Taliban insurgents , in addition , about 300 U.S. troops and a small number of British troops are in Helmand and are advising Afghan commanders at the Corps level . On or around 23 December , approximately 200 Afghan Police and Army forces were besieged inside the towns police headquarters , with ammunition , military equipment and food having to be airdropped to their positions , with the rest of Sangin being under Taliban control , and an attempted relief mission failing . As of 27 December 2015 , the Taliban control the districts of Musa Qala , Nawzad , Baghran , and Disho and districts of Sangin , Marja , Khanishin , Nad Ali , and Kajaki have also experienced sustained fighting according to Mohammad Karim Attal , the chief of the Helmand Provincial council . U.S. Army soldier in Nangarhar Province , 6 January 2015 Senior American commanders said that the Afghan troops in the province have lacked effective leaders as well as the necessary weapons and ammunition to hold off persistent Taliban attacks . Some Afghan soldiers in Helmand have been fighting in tough conditions for years without a break to see their family , leading to poor morale and high desertion rates . In early February 2016 , Taliban insurgents renewed their assault on Sangin , after previously being repulsed in December 2015 , launching a string of ferocious attacks on Afghan government forces earlier in the month . As a result , the United States decided to send 700 to 800 soldiers American troops from 2nd battalion 87th Infantry Regiment , 10th Mountain Division , in order to prop up Afghan army 's 215th Corps in Helmand province , particularly around Sangin , joining US special operations forces already in the area . On 23 February 2016 , CNN announced that Afghan troops pulled out of Nawzad and Musa Qala districts in Helmand Province on 20 and 21 February in what a senior military official said was a `` tactical '' move . Head of the local provincial council Mohammad Karim Atal told CNN , `` Afghan soldiers had paid a heavy price and had recaptured some of the areas in those districts by shedding their blood only few months back , but now because of mismanagement , lack of coordination and weak leadership they left them in the hands of enemies . '' On 14 March 2016 , Khanneshin District in Helmand Province fell to the Taliban ; and district by district , Afghan troops are retreating back to urban centers in Helmand . In early April 2016 , 600 Afghan troops launched a major offensive to retake Taliban - occupied areas of Sangin and the area around it , an Afghan army offensive to retake the town of Khanisheen was repelled by the Taliban , desertions from the army in the area are rife . By 28 July 2016 , the outlook on the situation in Helmand province was good , U.S. military officials are now expecting a major Taliban offensive . General Nicholson said , `` Now , fighting season 's not over . We anticipate we 'll see other enemy attempts to regain territory in Helmand . But thus far , things are on a real positive trajectory . '' TAAC - E advisers in February 2015 Despite US airstrikes , militants besieged Lashkar Gah , reportedly controlling all roads leading to the city and areas a few miles away . The US stepped up airstrikes in support of Afghan ground forces . Afghan forces in Lashkar Gah were reported as `` exhausted '' whilst police checkpoints around the capital were falling one by one ; whilst the Taliban sent a new elite commando force into Helmand called `` Sara Khitta '' in Pashto . Afghan security forces beat back attacks by Taliban fighters encroaching on Chah - e-Anjir , just 10 km from Lashkar Gah ; Afghan special forces backed by U.S. airstrikes battled increasingly well - armed and disciplined Taliban militants . An Afghan special forces commander said `` The Taliban have heavily armed , uniformed units that are equipped with night vision and modern weapons . '' On August 22 , 2016 , the US announced that 100 U.S. troops were sent to Lashkar Gah to help prevent the Taliban from overrunning it , in what Brigadier General Charles Cleveland called a `` temporary effort '' to advise the Afghan police . The deployment brought the number of US troops deployed in and around Lashkar Gah to about 700 ; according to a spokesman for the provincial governor of Helmand , U.S. forces have been carrying out operations with Afghan forces in the Chah Anjir area of Nad - e-Ali district and around the Babaji area . On October 1 , 2016 , it was reported that Taliban fighters advanced closer to Lashkar Gah by pushing into a farming district on the other side of the river from the town . Despite pushing back the Taliban with the support of US airstrikes in August , the Afghan government is struggling to reverse the tide of fighting . Local officials said that security forces were engaging insurgents and were expected to begin offensive operations soon . On October 10 , it was reported that the Taliban launched a large - scale attack on Lashkar Gah , pushing into the town , and were said to have taken Bolan and Nawa . On December 31 , 2016 , the Taliban continued their assault on the province with attacks on Sangin and Marjah districts . In January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that in spring 2017 , the U.S. Marine Corps will deploy a task force of 300 personnel ( known as Task Force Southwest ) for nine months to southwestern Afghanistan to advise - and - assist local security forces in countering Taliban gains in the Helmand province . Officials said the Marines will work alongside `` key leaders '' from the Afghan National Army 's 215th Corps and the 505th Zone National Police `` to further optimize their capabilities in that region . '' Task Force Southwest will comprise mostly more - senior military personnel selected from units across II Marine Expeditionary Force , including the 6th Marine Regiment ; the Task Force will be replacing the US Army 's Task Force Forge , which has conducted a similar advisory role for much of 2016 . Some estimates suggest the Taliban has retaken more than 80 % of Helmand province . According to Defense Department statistics 9 U.S. service members were killed in action and another 70 were wounded there by hostile activity throughout 2016 . The Washington Post reported that the Afghan government control 2 districts whilst 6 districts are contested and the 6 others are largely controlled by the Taliban . On February 12 , 2017 , the Huffington Post reported that , according to a UN report , that US aircraft conducted around 30 air strikes in Helmand Province in the preceding week ; according to a U.N. statement , air strikes in Sangin district on February 9 and 10 killed as many as 18 civilians . Military.com reported that the Helmand governor 's office said 60 Taliban fighters , including 8 commanders , were killed in the recent fighting but denied any civilian deaths . During the early hours of March 23 , 2017 Sangin district was captured by the Taliban as they have overrun the district center , the town of Sangin . During earlier phase of the war almost a quarter of British casualties were caused by fighting for the town , while more recently hundreds of Afghan troops lost their lives defending it . On 29 April 2017 , the Donald Trump administration deployed an additional 5,000 US Marines to the Southern Helmand Province , this marks the return of US marines to the province since 2014 . 2016 ( edit ) Further information : 2016 in Afghanistan See also : Nangarhar Offensive ( 2016 ) , Battle of Kunduz ( 2016 ) , Battle of Boz Qandahari , April 2016 Kabul attack , July 2016 Kabul bombing , August 2016 Kabul attack , Jani Khel offensive , September 2016 Kabul bombing , and Battle of Tarinkot ( 2016 ) In January 2016 , the US government sent a directive to the Pentagon which granted new legal authority for the U.S. military to go on the offensive against Militants affiliated with the ISIS - K ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- Khorasan Province ) , after the State Department announced the designation of ISIS in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a foreign terrorists organisation . ISIS - K formed in January 2015 after it pledged its allegiance to Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi , the number of militants started with around 60 or 70 , with most of them coming over the border with Pakistan but now they range between 1,000 and 3,000 militants , mainly defectors from the Afghan and the Pakistani Taliban , and is generally confined to Nangarhar Province but also has / had a presence in Kunar province . A USAF F - 16 Fighting Falcon takes off at Bagram Airfield for a combat sortie , 14 March 2016 For 3 weeks in that month , the U.S. military carried out at least a dozen operations , including commando raids and airstrikes , many of these raids and strikes taking place in the Tora Bora region of Nangarhar Province . American commanders in Afghanistan said they believed that between 90 and 100 Islamic State militants had been killed in these recent operations . By 11 February , ABC news reported the U.S. military had carried out 20 airstrikes on ISIS in eastern Afghanistan in the previous 3 weeks . On 21 February , the Wall Street Journal reported that , just over a week before , Afghan forces supported by U.S. airstrikes launched an operation dubbed `` Eagle 18 , '' against ISIL forces in Nangarhar province . Ground forces led by the Afghan army and backed by police and paramilitary groups pushed into Achin district , the group 's main base and Dislodged Islamic State From their Stronghold , U.S. airstrikes had hit the area almost daily for weeks , killing militants affiliated with Islamic State and weakening their grip on the district . Two Afghan soldiers were wounded in the operation but ISIL militants retreated from Achin and other districts . On 6 March 2016 , Afghanistan 's President Ashraf Ghani announced in the Afghan parliament that the Islamic State has been defeated in the eastern parts of the country , Afghan forces claimed victory following the 21 - day operation in Achin and Shinwar districts of Nangarhar province , claiming at least 200 militants killed . The operation was aided by local civilians who set up checkpoints to help maintain security in their villages and later supplemented the Afghan forces . On March 15 , 2016 , an official confirmed that Islamic State militants had moved into Chahar Dara district of Kunduz province and into Kunar province . In early April 2016 , it was reported that US and Afghan forces had killed 1,979 suspected militants , 736 others wounded and 965 detained between April 2015 and March 2016 , ISIS militants have also been trying to flee into Ghazni and Nuristan province , whilst a rise in defections from the group to the government and the Taliban . On 12 April 2016 , the Taliban announced that they would launch an offensive called Operation Omari . U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter speaks to troops at Bagram Airfield , 12 July 2016 In late June 2016 , IS militants attacked police checkpoints in the Kot area of Nangarhar province , heavy fighting between Islamic State militants and government security forces has claimed dozens of lives in eastern Afghanistan , as many as 36 IS militants are reported to have been killed in the assaults , at least a dozen Afghan security forces and civilians have been killed , with another 18 wounded . The latest attacks indicate the group remains a potent threat to a government already battling an insurgency dominated by the rival Taliban . U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in Kabul , 9 April 2016 Afghan forces have been battling the Taliban in northeastern Kunduz as part of the Afghan forces ' own spring offensive . On 14 April , hundreds of Taliban and other insurgents attempted to retake Kunduz , however Afghan forces repelled the assault , according to Kunduz provincial police chief , allegedly killing 40 and injuring between 8 and 60 Taliban , whilst Afghan forces suffered 4 killed and 6 wounded . U.S. surveillance aircraft are supporting Afghan forces as they try to push the Taliban back , there has also been fighting in at least 6 other districts , where a further 28 Taliban fighters were killed with another 28 wounded . On 18 July 2016 , at least 100 Taliban fighters attacked Qalai Zal district , Kunduz Province , in an attempt to take the district , but Afghan forces pushed them back , 8 Taliban -- including a commander -- were killed , while 1 Afghan security force member was killed and three others wounded . The Taliban executed at least 10 people , some of whom were reportedly off - duty soldiers from the Afghan army on 31 May 2016 after kidnapping up to 220 people from buses and cars at a checkpoint on the Kunduz - Takhar highway . The majority of the passengers were released after they were interrogated by the Taliban insurgents , however at least 18 individuals still remained hostage . On 7 June 2016 , in Ghazni province 12 members of Afghan security forces were killed , they include seven policemen , three soldiers , and two officials from the National Directorate of Security , the next day in the northern province of Kunduz Taliban fighters stopped a bus on a highway near the provincial capital and abducted 40 passengers -- the second such abduction in the province in less than two weeks . On 1 June 2016 , Taliban insurgents stormed a court in the Afghan city of Ghazni , clashing with police for at least an hour in an attack in which 10 people , including all five of the militants , were killed , police said . The attack came days after the Taliban , vowed to seek revenge for the execution last month of six Taliban prisoners by the Afghan government . Another retaliatory attack for the execution of prisoners by the Afghan government came on 5 June 2016 , leaving at least 5 people killed and at least 19 others injured at an appeals court in Pul - e Alam in Logar province , among the five killed in the attack was the newly named head of the appeals court . Later same day an Afghan member of parliament , Shir Wali Wardak , was killed by a bomb planted near his residence in the capital Kabul , another 11 people were injured by the blast , no group has claimed responsibility . In June 2016 , President Obama approved a policy to give the U.S. military greater ability to accompany and enable Afghan forces fighting the Taliban ; the decision also allows greater use of US air power , particularly in CAS missions . The US commander in Afghanistan , General John Nicholson , will now be able to decide when it is appropriate for American troops to accompany conventional Afghan forces into the field ; something they have so far only been allowed to do with Afghan special forces . A senior US defence official said that the expanded powers are only meant to be employed `` in those select instances in which their engagement can enable strategic effects on the battlefield '' . Previous US rules of engagement in Afghanistan impose limits on US forces ability to strike at insurgents ; being allowed to take action against the Taliban in moments when their assistance was needed to prevent a significant Afghan military setback . The Taliban are refocusing their attention mostly on Helmand , Kandahar and Uruzgan province , according to U.S. and Afghan military officials , although the insurgents also have struck elsewhere . The Taliban still have a large presence in the region with as many as 25,000 fighters with more than 30,000 Afghan security forces fighting to quell the group 's resurgence . On June 24 , it was reported that in the previous week , the U.S. military had launched its first airstrikes against the Taliban since the change in US policy ; carrying out a `` couple '' of airstrikes on targets in southern Afghanistan . In July 2016 , President Obama announced that he plans to leave 8,400 US troops in Afghanistan when he finishes his term -- instead of reducing the number of personnel to 5,500 troops by the end of this year , reflecting the difficulty of drawing down the US presence in the country . Whilst the UK sent up to 50 additional military personnel to Afghanistan : 21 will join the counter-terrorism mission , 15 will be involved in a leadership development at the Afghan army 's officer training academy , and 13 will join the Resolute Support Mission , joining the 450 British troops already in the country . UK troops had been due to leave Afghanistan this year but will now have their mission extended into 2017 . On 30 June 2016 , two suicide bombers attacked an Afghan police convoy carrying recently graduated cadets on the western outskirts of the capital Kabul , killing up to 40 cadets , while injuring 40 more . The incident comes 10 days after an attack on a bus carrying Nepali security guards working for the Canadian embassy in Kabul that killed 14 people . As of July 2016 , the US American Time magazine estimated that at least 20 % of Afghanistan was under Taliban control with southernmost Helmand Province as major stronghold , while US commanding General in Afghanistan , J.M. Nicholson , stated that Afghan official armed forces ' casualties had risen 20 percent compared to 2015 . On July 23 , 2016 , Afghan and U.S. forces began an offensive to clear Nangarhar province of Islamic State militants hours after the Kabul bombing , the operation was dubbed `` Wrath of the Storm '' involving both Afghan regular army and special forces and is the Afghan army 's first major strategic offensive of the summer . The operation was backed by U.S. special forces troops and airstrikes ; 5 US special forces troops were wounded by small arms fire or shrapnel over July 24 and 25 whilst clearing areas of southern Nangarhar with Afghan special operations troops , it appeared to be the first reported instance of U.S. troops being wounded in fighting IS in Afghanistan . On July 26 , in overnight raid in Kot district during the operation , supported by foreign air support , one of the most important leaders of IS in the region , Saad Emarati , one of the founders of the ISIS - K , was killed along with 120 other suspected militants killed ; by July 30 killed hundreds of IS militants in eastern Afghanistan . Afghan troops pushed into Kot district after a heavy air and artillery bombardment that forced Daesh to flee into nearby mountain areas , Afghan forces met little resistance , finding an already destroyed training camp , by July 30 , the provincial governor said that 78 Daesh fighters had been killed in the operation . The operation reclaimed large and significant parts of eastern Afghanistan , forcing Daesh militants back into the mountains of southern Nangarhar . The estimated size of the ISIS - K in January 2016 was around 3,000 , but by July 2016 the number had been reduced to closely 1,000 to 1,500 , with 70 % of its fighters come from the TTP . Green Berets of the 10th SFG memorialize two comrades who were killed in action during the Battle of Boz Qandahari on November 2 -- 3 , 2016 On October 4 , 2016 , A US soldier from B Company , 2nd Battalion , 10th SFG was killed by a roadside bomb blast in Achin , Nangarhar province , he was on a patrol with Afghan forces during an operation against ISIL - K militants . This marked the first time a U.S. serviceman was killed in combat against IS militants in the country . In December 2016 , CNN reported that The Afghan air force was just beginning to conduct its first independent airstrikes ; whilst the Afghan government had become increasingly reliant on Afghan Special Forces to carry out the fight against ISIS and the Taliban -- the 17,000 - strong force is responsible for 70 % of offensive military operations , an operational tempo that the commander of the international coalition , General John Nicholson acknowledged is difficult to sustain . As of December 2016 , there are 9,800 US service members in Afghanistan , Nicholson told reporters at the Pentagon that the number of US forces would be reduced to 8,450 by 2017 ; the US and its 39 coalition partners in Afghanistan are committed to providing support to Afghanistan for through 2020 , in particular , Nicholson added that the international community had pledged millions of dollars and advisory support to Afghanistan -- these commitments would help grow the size of the Afghan Special Forces . Even with the US providing advisers and airstrikes to the Afghan forces , the US military believes that the government only controls about 64 % of the country , with the Taliban controlling about 10 % and the remainder being contested by the army and the insurgency ; Nicholson also said that US - led operations in 2016 had killed or captured 50 leaders from al Qaeda and AQIS . On 24 December 2016 , Military.com reported that Brigadier General Charles Cleveland said that ISIL - K 's presence in the country has been pushed back from nearly a dozen districts to just two or three , the number of its members in Afghanistan had been reduced to about 1,000 from an estimated strength of between 1,500 and 3,000 members the previous year . Overall , U.S. troops in Afghanistan conducted more than 350 operations against the IS and al - Qaeda this year , more than 200 al - Qaeda members were killed or captured . In early December , General John Nicholson said U.S. - led counter-terrorism operations and Afghan government forces had killed 12 of the organization 's top leaders in the country ; U.S. officials have said IS fighters are primarily located in Nangarhar and Kunar Province 's and Al - Qaida fighters operate in at least 6 provinces also along the country 's eastern border . In January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that according to an inspector general , the Afghan army comprises about 169,000 soldiers , but in 2016 they suffered a 33 percent attrition rate -- a 7 percent increase from 2015 . 2016 peace deal ( edit ) On 22 September 2016 , the Afghan government signed a draft peace deal with Hezb - i - Islami . According to the draft agreement , Hezb - i - Islami agreed to cease hostilities , cut ties to extremist groups and respect the Afghan Constitution , in exchange for government recognition of the group and support for the removal of United Nations and American sanctions against Hekmatyar , who was also promised an honorary post in the government . The agreement was formalized on 29 September by both Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and Hekmatyar who appeared via a video link in the presidential palace , signing the agreement . 2017 to present ( edit ) Further information : 2017 in Afghanistan See also : 2017 Sangin airstrike , Fall of Sangin , 10 January 2017 Afghanistan bombings , February 2017 Afghanistan 's Supreme Court in Kabul attack , March 2017 Kabul attack , 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , 2017 Camp Shaheen attack , Battle of Darzab , and May 2017 Kabul attack Events ( edit ) Map showing insurgent and government - controlled areas of Afghanistan as of 19 February 2017 In early January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that Afghan forces seek to rebuild , following an exhausting 2016 fighting season ; 33 districts , which are spread across 16 Afghan provinces , are under insurgent control whilst 258 are under government control and nearly 120 districts remain `` contested '' . On 9 February 2017 , General John W. Nicholson Jr. told Congress that NATO and allied forces in Afghanistan are facing a `` stalemate '' and that he needed a few thousand additional troops to more effectively train and advise Afghan soldiers . He also asserted that Russia was trying to `` legitimize '' the Taliban by creating the `` false narrative '' that the militant organization has been fighting the Islamic State and that Afghan forces have not , he asserted Russia 's goal , was `` to undermine the United States and NATO '' in Afghanistan . However he said that the area in which Islamic State fighters operate in Afghanistan had been greatly reduced . A U.S. Special Forces soldier was severely wounded that day when the base he was at was attacked in Helmand province , raising the number of U.S. troops injured in combat nationwide so far this year to at least 6 , Nicholson indicated the soldier was wounded in Sangin . The Military Times reported that on 26 February 2017 , a USAF airstrike that killed the Taliban leadership commander Mullah Abdul Salam in Kunduz province in a joint operation with Afghan security forces . The airstrike marked a renewed strategy by U.S. forces under the Trump administration to remove the Taliban leadership / commanders from the battlefield . The Obama administration strategy had focused much of its efforts in pushing reconciliation between the Taliban and the central government of Afghanistan ; although in June 2016 , to turn back the tide of Taliban gains , President Obama changed the rules of engagement to give U.S. commanders more flexibility to provide airstrikes and ground support to struggling Afghan forces , if those efforts were perceived to provide `` strategic effects . '' It made a concerted effort to kill high - profile al - Qaeda and Haqqani terrorists - groups officially designated as terrorist organizations by the U.S. State Department - while attempting to draw down U.S. and NATO forces in the region , having a tangible successes . The Army Times reported that in early March 2017 , American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to `` flush '' ISIS - K from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan , engaging in regular ground battles . Stars and Stripes reported that General Dawlat Waziri , spokesman for Afghanistan 's Defense Ministry , said that for four weeks before the 13 April Nangarhar airstrike ( which was part of the operation ) , Afghan special forces unsuccessfully attempted to penetrate the area because of the difficult terrain and improvised explosive device ( IEDs ) planted by ISIS - KP militants . The governor of Achin province Ismail Shinwary , confirmed to the BBC that two weeks preceding the strike that Afghan special forces , with the US air support , had begun anti-IS operations in the area two weeks ago . In April 2017 , the Washington Post reported that Captain Bill Salvin , a spokesman for NATO 's mission to Afghanistan , said that Afghan and international forces had reduced ISIS - K controlled territory in Afghanistan by two - thirds and had killed around half the their fighters in the previous two years . Since the beginning of 2017 , 460 airstrikes against terrorists ( with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants ) ; he added that the affiliate has an estimated 600 - 800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces . On 13 April 2017 , the United States dropped the largest non-nuclear bomb , known as the GBU - 43 / B Massive Ordnance Air Blast ( MOAB ) Mother of All Bombs , at 34.073336 , 70.631215 ( latitude and longitude coordinates ) near Momand village upon a Nangahar 's Achin District village in eastern Afghanistan to destroy tunnel complexes used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- Khorasan Province ( ISIL - KP or ISIS - K ) . The Guardian reported that following the strike , US and Afghan forces conducted clearing operations and airstrikes in the area and assessed the damage . On 21 April 2017 , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan fighters along with Afghan security forces allied to them stormed 209th Corps military base near Mazar - e-Sharif , killing over 140 Afghan soldiers . On 28 April 2017 , the Washington Post reported that the Taliban announced the beginning of their spring offensive dubbed `` Operation Mansouri . '' On 20 May , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan fully secured Waghaz District in the province of Ghazni , while at the same time stormed Dih Yak district center and blew up Governor of Ghazni compound in Ghazni city . Another major assault took place on 22 May in Shah Wali Kot district , Northern Kandahar province , during which Taliban managed to capture large military base , while inflicting heavy casualties to the Afghan army , reportedly killing 35 and capturing 4 soldiers as well as 3 Armoured Personnel Carriers . During the same day they have overran a border outpost in southern Shorabak district ending the lives of 15 soldiers and another outpost in district of Khakrez , killing 8 more . The next day rebels assaulted another military base in Shah Wali Kot and an outpost , killing 4 soldiers and injuring 4 more , while pro-government forces abandoned a village in northern district of Maruf . On 24 May Taliban assaulted a base in Maiwand district killing 13 soldiers . Taliban launched another attack in province of Kandahar on 26 May , killing at least 18 soldiers , injuring 16 more and capturing 4 according to security officials , while the group itself claimed to have killed 35 soldiers and capturing 7 more , while also seizing 7 Armoured Personnel Carriers and an array of weapons On 27 May , 13 members of Khost Provincial Force , a CIA funded and equipped paramilitary group , known for torture and extrajudicial killings , were killed after a Taliban car bomb blew up in Khost city . On 31 May 2017 , the German embassy in Kabul was attacked by a suicide truck , located in the heavily fortified area of Kabul , killing over 90 and injuring over 350 . No one has claimed responsibility for the attack yet . The bomb went off at about 08 : 25 local time ( 03 : 55 GMT ) during rush hour . The fortified area is considered the safest area of Kabul , with 3 m ( 10 ft ) tall blast walls . India 's foreign minister Sushma Swaraj said its embassy staff were safe . On 23 August 2017 , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan captured the district of Zana Khan in Ghazni Province after a series of clashes with Afghan security forces . On 29 September , 2017 , a suicide bomber blew himself up near one of the biggest Shia centers in Kabul , where Ashura was being commemorated . The attack left six people dead . On 14 October 2017 , The Guardian reported that there were then between 600 and 800 ISIS - K militants left in Afghanistan , that are mostly concentrated in Nangarhar Province . On 20 October 2017 , two Shia mosques were attacked . One , in Kabul , left at least 30 people dead and at least 45 people injured . The other attack , in the Afghan province of Ghor , left at least 10 people dead . Donald Trump 's Afghanistan policy ( edit ) On 21 August 2017 , US President Donald Trump stated that he would expand the American presence in Afghanistan , without giving details on how or when . Trump did not formulate any timelines , troop numbers or specific purposes to be met ; only that a US withdrawal was not an option now as it would play into the hands of terrorists and that publicising deadlines and exact plans would only help those groups prepare . Trump also said that 20 US designated terrorist organizations are active in Afghanistan and Pakistan . According to The Washington Post , this contradicts the official US Government list which only has 13 such organizations . On 19 September 2017 , the Trump Administration deployed another 3,000 US troops to Afghanistan . They will add to the approximately 11,000 US troops already serving in Afghanistan , bringing the total to at least 14,000 US troops stationed in Afghanistan . Impact on Afghan Society ( edit ) Civilian casualties ( edit ) Main article : Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) According to the Watson Institute for International Studies Costs of War Project , roughly 31,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the war up to the middle of 2016 . Victims of the Narang night raid that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians , December 2009 The US website of The Weekly Standard stated in 2010 , referring to a UN Report , that 76 % of civilian deaths in Afghanistan over the past year had been `` caused by the Taliban '' . That is a misquotation of the UNAMA Report , which does not attribute numbers of deaths directly to the Taliban , but to `` anti-government elements '' ( AGE ) and to `` pro-government forces '' ( PGF ) . Over the period January until June 2010 , indeed the report published in August 2010 stated that , of all 3,268 civilian casualties ( dead or wounded ) , 2,477 casualties ( 76 % ) were caused by AGE , 386 caused by PGF ( 11 % ) . A UN report over the year 2009 stated that , of the 1,500 civilians having died from January until the end of August 2009 , 70 % were blamed on `` anti-government elements '' . Over the whole of 2010 , with a total of 2,777 civilians killed , the UN reported 2,080 civilian deaths caused by `` anti-government elements '' ( 75 % ) , `` pro-government forces '' caused 440 deaths , and 257 deaths `` could not be attributed to any party '' . A July 2011 UN report said `` 1,462 non-combatants died '' in the first six months of 2011 ( insurgents 80 % ) . In 2011 a record 3,021 civilians were killed , the fifth successive annual rise . According to a UN report , in 2013 there were 2,959 civilian deaths with 74 % being blamed on anti-government forces , 8 % on Afghan security forces , 3 % on ISAF forces , 10 % to ground engagements between anti-Government forces and pro-Government forces and 5 % of the deaths were unattributed. 60 % of Afghans have direct personal experience and most others report suffering a range of hardships . 96 % have been affected either personally or from the wider consequences . A report titled Body Count put together by Physicians for Social Responsibility , Physicians for Global Survival and the Nobel Peace Prize - winning International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War ( IPPNW ) concluded that 106,000 -- 170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict . Health ( edit ) According to Nicholas Kristoff , improved healthcare resulting from the war has saved hundreds of thousands of lives . Refugees ( edit ) Since 2001 , more than 5.7 million former refugees have returned to Afghanistan , but 2.2 million others remained refugees in 2013 . In January 2013 the UN estimated that 547,550 were internally displaced persons , a 25 % increase over the 447,547 IDPs estimated for January 2012 Drug Trade ( edit ) Main article : Opium production in Afghanistan Opium production levels for 2005 -- 2007 Regional security risks and levels of opium poppy cultivation in 2007 -- 2008 . From 1996 to 1999 , the Taliban controlled 96 % of Afghanistan 's poppy fields and made opium its largest source of revenue . Taxes on opium exports became one of the mainstays of Taliban income . According to Rashid , `` drug money funded the weapons , ammunition and fuel for the war . '' In The New York Times , the Finance Minister of the United Front , Wahidullah Sabawoon , declared the Taliban had no annual budget but that they `` appeared to spend U.S. $300 million a year , nearly all of it on war '' . He added that the Taliban had come to increasingly rely on three sources of money : `` poppy , the Pakistanis and bin Laden '' . By 2000 Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75 % of the world 's opium supply and in 2000 produced an estimated 3276 tonnes from 82,171 hectares ( 203,050 acres ) . Omar then banned opium cultivation and production dropped to an estimated 74 metric tonnes from 1,685 hectares ( 4,160 acres ) . Some observers say the ban -- which came in a bid for international recognition at the United Nations -- was issued only to raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. 1999 had yielded a record crop and had been followed by a lower but still large 2000 harvest . The trafficking of accumulated stocks continued in 2000 and 2001 . In 2002 , the UN mentioned the `` existence of significant stocks of opiated accumulated during previous years of bumper harvests '' . In September 2001 -- before 11 September attacks against the U.S. -- the Taliban allegedly authorized Afghan peasants to sow opium again . Soon after the invasion opium production increased markedly . By 2005 , Afghanistan was producing 90 % of the world 's opium , most of which was processed into heroin and sold in Europe and Russia . In 2009 , the BBC reported that `` UN findings say an opium market worth $65 bn ( £ 39bn ) funds global terrorism , caters to 15 million addicts , and kills 100,000 people every year '' . Public education ( edit ) As of 2013 , 8.2 million Afghans attended school , including 3.2 million girls , up from 1.2 million in 2001 , including fewer than 50,000 girls . War crimes ( edit ) Further information : List of war crimes § Civil war in Afghanistan 1978 -- present War crimes ( a serious violation of the laws and customs of war giving rise to individual criminal responsibility ) have been committed by both sides including civilian massacres , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes include theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . Taliban ( edit ) In 2011 , The New York Times reported that the Taliban was responsible for ⁄ of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan . In 2013 the UN stated that the Taliban had been placing bombs along transit routes . In 2015 , Amnesty International reported that the Taliban committed mass murder and gang rape of Afghan civilians in Kunduz . Taliban fighters killed and raped female relatives of police commanders and soldiers as well as midwives . One female human rights activist described the situation in the following manner : When the Taliban asserted their control over Kunduz , they claimed to be bringing law and order and Shari'a to the city . But everything they 've done has violated both . I do n't know who can rescue us from this situation . Northern Alliance ( edit ) In December 2001 , the Dasht - i - Leili massacre took place , where between 250 and 3,000 Taliban fighters who had surrendered , were shot and / or suffocated to death in metal truck containers during transportation by Northern Alliance forces . Reports place U.S. ground troops at the scene . The Irish documentary Afghan Massacre : The Convoy of Death investigated these allegations and claimed that mass graves of thousands of victims were found by UN investigators and that the U.S. blocked investigations into the incident . Coalition ( edit ) Young Afghan farmer boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of U.S. Army soldiers called the Kill Team . On 21 June 2003 , David Passaro , a CIA contractor and former United States Army Ranger , killed Abdul Wali , a prisoner at a U.S. base 16 km ( 10 mi ) south of Asadabad , in Kunar Province . Passaro was found guilty of one count of felony assault with a dangerous weapon and three counts of misdemeanor assault . On 10 August 2009 , he was sentenced to 8 years and 4 months in prison . In 2002 , two unarmed civilian Afghan prisoners were tortured and later killed by U.S. armed forces personnel at the Bagram Theater Internment Facility ( also Bagram Collection Point or B.C.P. ) in Bagram , Afghanistan . The prisoners , Habibullah and Dilawar , were chained to the ceiling and beaten , which caused their deaths . Military coroners ruled that both the prisoners ' deaths were homicides . Autopsies revealed severe trauma to both prisoners ' legs , describing the trauma as comparable to being run over by a bus . Fifteen soldiers were charged . During the summer of 2010 , ISAF charged five United States Army soldiers with the murder of three Afghan civilians in Kandahar province and collecting their body parts as trophies in what came to be known as the Maywand District murders . In addition , seven soldiers were charged with crimes such as hashish use , impeding an investigation and attacking the whistleblower , Specialist Justin Stoner . Eleven of the twelve soldiers were convicted on various counts . A British Royal Marine Sergeant , identified as Sergeant Alexander Blackman from Taunton , Somerset , was convicted at court martial in Wiltshire of the murder of an unarmed , reportedly wounded , Afghan fighter in Helmand Province in September 2011 . In 2013 , he received a life sentence from the court martial in Bulford , Wiltshire , and was dismissed with disgrace from the Royal Marines . In 2017 , after appeal to the Court Martial Appeal Court ( CMAC ) , his conviction was lessened to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility and the sentence was reduced to seven years effectively releasing Blackman due to time served . On 11 March 2012 , the Kandahar massacre occurred when sixteen civilians were killed and six wounded in the Panjwayi District of Kandahar Province , Afghanistan . Nine of the victims were children , and eleven of the dead were from the same family . United States Army Staff Sergeant Robert Bales was taken into custody and charged with sixteen counts of premeditated murder . After pleading guilty to sixteen counts of premeditated murder , Bales was sentenced to life in prison without parole and dishonorably discharged from the United States Army . Costs ( edit ) The cost of the war reportedly was a major factor as U.S. officials considered drawing down troops in 2011 . A March 2011 Congressional Research Service report noted , 1 ) following the Afghanistan surge announcement in 2009 , Defense Department spending on Afghanistan increased by 50 % , going from $4.4 billion to $6.7 billion a month . During that time , troop strength increased from 44,000 to 84,000 , and was expected to be at 102,000 for fiscal year 2011 ; 2 ) The total cost from inception to the fiscal year 2011 was expected to be $468 billion . The estimate for the cost of deploying one U.S. soldier in Afghanistan is over U.S. $1 million a year . According to `` Investment in Blood '' , a book by Frank Ledwidge , summations for the UK contribution to the war in Afghanistan came to £ 37bn ( $56.46 billion ) . Stability problems ( edit ) A soldier fits shoes for Afghan children in the Zabul Province An Afghan market teems with vendors and shoppers on 4 February 2009 U.S. Army soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala , 5 December 2009 In a 2008 interview , the then - head U.S. Central Command General David H. Petraeus , insisted that the Taliban were gaining strength . He cited a recent increase in attacks in Afghanistan and in neighboring Pakistan . Petraeus insisted that the problems in Afghanistan were more complicated than the ones he had faced in Iraq during his tour and required removing widespread sanctuaries and strongholds . Observers have argued that the mission in Afghanistan is hampered by a lack of agreement on objectives , a lack of resources , lack of coordination , too much focus on the central government at the expense of local and provincial governments , and too much focus on the country instead of the region . In 2009 , Afghanistan moved three places in Transparency International 's annual index of corruption , becoming the world 's second most - corrupt country just ahead of Somalia . In the same month , Malalai Joya , a former member of the Afghan Parliament and the author of `` Raising My Voice '' , expressed opposition to an expansion of the U.S. military presence and her concerns about the future . `` Eight years ago , the U.S. and NATO -- under the banner of women 's rights , human rights , and democracy -- occupied my country and pushed us from the frying pan into the fire . Eight years is enough to know better about the corrupt , mafia system of President Hamid Karzai . My people are crushed between two powerful enemies . From the sky , occupation forces bomb and kill civilians ... and on the ground , the Taliban and warlords continue their crimes . It is better that they leave my country ; my people are that fed up . Occupation will never bring liberation , and it is impossible to bring democracy by war . '' Pakistan plays a central role in the conflict . A 2010 report published by the London School of Economics says that Pakistan 's ISI has an `` official policy '' of support to the Taliban . `` Pakistan appears to be playing a double - game of astonishing magnitude , '' the report states . Amrullah Saleh , former director of Afghanistan 's intelligence service , stated , `` We talk about all these proxies ( Taliban , Haqqanis ) but not the master of proxies , which is the Pakistan army . The question is what does Pakistan 's army want to achieve ... ? They want to gain influence in the region '' About the presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan he stated : `` ( T ) hey fight for the U.S. national interest but ... without them we will face massacre and disaster and God knows what type of a future Afghanistan will have . '' Afghan security forces ( edit ) Further information : Afghan National Army § Current status Afghan National Army ( edit ) Afghan Commandos practice infiltration techniques , 1 April 2010 at Camp Morehead in the outer regions of Kabul . U.S. Marines and ANA soldiers take cover in Marja on 13 February 2010 during their offensive to secure the city from the Taliban . U.S. policy called for boosting the Afghan National Army to 134,000 soldiers by October 2010 . By May 2010 the Afghan Army had accomplished this interim goal and was on track to reach its ultimate number of 171,000 by 2011 . This increase in Afghan troops allowed the U.S. to begin withdrawing its forces in July 2011 . In 2010 , the Afghan National Army had limited fighting capacity . Even the best Afghan units lacked training , discipline and adequate reinforcements . In one new unit in Baghlan Province , soldiers had been found cowering in ditches rather than fighting . Some were suspected of collaborating with the Taliban . `` They do n't have the basics , so they lay down , '' said Capt . Michael Bell , who was one of a team of U.S. and Hungarian mentors tasked with training Afghan soldiers . `` I ran around for an hour trying to get them to shoot , getting fired on . I could n't get them to shoot their weapons . '' In addition , 9 out of 10 soldiers in the Afghan National Army were illiterate . The Afghan Army was plagued by inefficiency and endemic corruption . U.S. training efforts were drastically slowed by the problems . U.S. trainers reported missing vehicles , weapons and other military equipment , and outright theft of fuel . Death threats were leveled against U.S. officers who tried to stop Afghan soldiers from stealing . Afghan soldiers often snipped the command wires of IEDs instead of marking them and waiting for U.S. forces to come to detonate them . This allowed insurgents to return and reconnect them . U.S. trainers frequently removed the cell phones of Afghan soldiers hours before a mission for fear that the operation would be compromised . American trainers often spent large amounts of time verifying that Afghan rosters were accurate -- that they are not padded with `` ghosts '' being `` paid '' by Afghan commanders who stole the wages . Desertion was a significant problem . One in every four combat soldiers quit the Afghan Army during the 12 - month period ending in September 2009 , according to data from the U.S. Defense Department and the Inspector General for Reconstruction in Afghanistan . In early 2015 , Philip Munch of the Afghanistan Analysts ' Network wrote that ' ... the available evidence suggests that many senior ANSF members , in particular , use their positions to enrich themselves . Within the ANSF there are also strong external loyalties to factions who themselves compete for influence and access to resources . All this means that the ANSF may not work as they officially should . Rather it appears that the political economy of the ANSF prevents them from working like modern organisations -- the very prerequisite ' of the Resolute Support Mission . Formal and informal income , Munch said , which can be generated through state positions , is rent - seeking -- income without a corresponding investment of labour or capital . ' Reportedly , ANA appointees also often maintain clients , so that patron - client networks , structured into competing factions , can be traced within the ANA down to the lowest levels ... There is evidence that Afghan officers and officials , especially in the higher echelons , appropriate large parts of the vast resource flows which are directed by international donors into the ANA . Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction has reported that roughly half of Afghan soldiers brought to the United States for training go absent without leave which may inhibit the operational readiness of their units back in Afghanistan , negatively impact the morale of other trainees and home units and pose security risks to the United States . Afghan National police ( edit ) The Afghan National Police provides support to the Afghan army . Police officers in Afghanistan are also largely illiterate . Approximately 17 percent of them tested positive for illegal drugs in 2010 . They were widely accused of demanding bribes . Attempts to build a credible Afghan police force were faltering badly , according to NATO officials . A quarter of the officers quit every year , making the Afghan government 's goals of substantially building up the police force even harder to achieve . U.S. Army ( edit ) A US Army patrol ( Company A , 1st Battalion , 133rd Infantry Regiment , Task Force Ironman , etc . ) through Laghman province , June 2011 US Forces have been involved . For example , the 133rd Infantry Regiment was in 2010 deployed to Laghman & Nuristan provinces in Afghanistan . Tasked with conducting counterinsurgency , the 1 - 133 Infantry Battalion excelled at lethal and nonlethal targeting to secure the populace , civil - military operations to improve the infrastructure and education , and mentoring host nation forces for eventual hand off of security . After nine months , the 1 - 133 Infantry was relieved in place and reverted to state control in August 2011 . Tactics / strategy of anti-government elements ( edit ) The armed opposition or anti-government elements -- some Western news media tend to address them all simply as `` Taliban '' -- have from 2008 into 2009 shifted their tactics from frontal attacks on pro-government forces to guerrilla type activities , including suicide , car and road side bombs ( IEDs ) , and targeted assassinations , said a UNAMA report in July 2009 . Mr. Maley , an Afghanistan expert at the Australian National University , stated in 2009 that IEDs had become Taliban 's weapon of choice . In 2008 -- 2009 , according to the Christian Science Monitor , 16 improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) were planted in girls ' schools in Afghanistan , but there 's no certainty who did that . ISAF - conception of Taliban strategy ( edit ) In 2009 , Colonel Richard Kemp , formerly Commander of British forces in Afghanistan and current intelligence coordinator for the British government -- thus part of the anti-Taliban coalition ( ISAF ) , made these comments about the Taliban tactics and strategy as he perceived them : `` Like Hamas in Gaza , the Taliban in southern Afghanistan are masters at shielding themselves behind the civilian population and then melting in among them for protection . Women and children are trained and equipped to fight , collect intelligence , and ferry arms and ammunition between battles . Female suicide bombers are increasingly common . The use of women to shield gunmen as they engage NATO forces is now so normal it is deemed barely worthy of comment . Schools and houses are routinely booby - trapped . Snipers shelter in houses deliberately filled with women and children . '' Insider attacks ( edit ) Beginning in 2011 , insurgent forces in Afghanistan began using a tactic of insider attacks on ISAF and Afghan military forces . In the attacks , Taliban personnel or sympathizers belonging to , or pretending to belong to , the Afghan military or police forces attack ISAF personnel , often within the security of ISAF military bases and Afghan government facilities . In 2011 , for example , 21 insider attacks killed 35 coalition personnel . Forty - six insider attacks killed 63 and wounded 85 coalition troops , mostly American , in the first 11 months of 2012 . The attacks continued but began diminishing towards the planned 31 December 2014 ending of combat operations in Afghanistan by ISAF . However , on 5 August 2014 , a gunman in an Afghan military uniform opened fire on a number of international military personnel , killing a U.S. general and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers , including a German brigadier general and 8 U.S. troops , at a training base west of Kabul . Reactions ( edit ) Domestic reactions ( edit ) In November 2001 , the CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul 's residents after the Taliban fled the city , with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas . Later that month the BBC 's longtime Kabul correspondent Kate Clark reported that `` almost all women in Kabul are still choosing to veil '' but that many felt hopeful that the ousting of the Taliban would improve their safety and access to food . A 2006 WPO opinion poll found that the majority of Afghans endorsed America 's military presence , with 83 % of Afghans stating that they had a favorable view of the U.S. military forces in their country . Only 17 % gave an unfavorable view . The majority of Afghans , among all ethnic groups including Pashtuns , stated that the overthrowing of the Taliban was a good thing . 82 % of Afghans as a whole and 71 % of those living in the war zone held this anti-Taliban view . The Afghan population gave the U.S.A one of its most favorable ratings in the world . A solid majority ( 81 % ) of Afghans stated that they held a favorable view of the U.S.A. However , the majority of Afghans ( especially those in the war zone ) held negative views on Pakistan and most Afghans also stated that they believe that the Pakistani government was allowing the Taliban to operate from its soil . Polls of Afghans displayed strong opposition to the Taliban and significant support of the U.S. military presence . However the idea of permanent U.S. military bases was not popular in 2005 . Afghan women wait outside a U.S. AID - supported health care clinic . According to a May 2009 BBC poll , 69 % of Afghans surveyed thought it was at least mostly good that the U.S. military came in to remove the Taliban -- a decrease from 87 % of Afghans surveyed in 2005 . 24 % thought it was mostly or very bad -- up from 9 % in 2005 . The poll indicated that 63 % of Afghans were at least somewhat supportive of a U.S. military presence in the country -- down from 78 % in 2005 . Just 18 % supported increasing the U.S. military 's presence , while 44 % favored reducing it . 90 % of Afghans surveyed opposed the Taliban , including 70 % who were strongly opposed . By an 82 % -- 4 % margin , people said they preferred the current government to Taliban rule . In a June 2009 Gallup survey , about half of Afghan respondents felt that additional U.S. forces would help stabilize the security situation in the southern provinces . But opinions varied widely ; residents in the troubled South were mostly mixed or uncertain , while those in the West largely disagreed that more U.S. troops would help the situation . In December 2009 , many Afghan tribal heads and local leaders from the south and east called for U.S. troop withdrawals . `` I do n't think we will be able to solve our problems with military force , '' said Muhammad Qasim , a Kandahar tribal elder . `` We can solve them by providing jobs and development and by using local leaders to negotiate with the Taliban . '' `` If new troops come and are stationed in civilian areas , when they draw Taliban attacks civilians will end up being killed , '' said Gulbadshah Majidi , a lawmaker and close associate of Mr. Karzai . `` This will only increase the distance between Afghans and their government . '' In late January 2010 , Afghan protesters took to the streets for three straight days and blocked traffic on a highway that links Kabul and Kandahar . The Afghans were demonstrating in response to the deaths of four men in a NATO - Afghan raid in the village of Ghazni . Ghazni residents insisted that the dead were civilians . A 2015 survey by Langer Research Associates found that 77 % of Afghans support the presence of U.S. forces ; 67 % also support the presence of NATO forces . Despite the problems in the country , 80 % of Afghans still held the view that it was a good thing for the United States to overthrow the Taliban in 2001 . More Afghans blame the Taliban or al - Qaeda for the country 's violence ( 53 % ) than those who blame the U.S.A ( 12 % ) . Jump up ^ Reporting in Kabul had been severely limited first by the Taliban 's ban on nearly all foreign news organizations and subsequently by US bombing which destroyed Al Jazeera 's Kabul headquarters and damaged the BBC 's and Associated Press ' offices ; no journalists died as a result of the US bombing . https://cpj.org/2002/03/attacks-on-the-press-2001-afghanistan.php International reactions ( edit ) Main article : International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan Public opinion in 2001 ( edit ) Home - made sign ( 2015 ) in Devine , Texas , south of San Antonio , welcomes returning troops from the war in Afghanistan . When the invasion began in October 2001 , polls indicated that about 88 % of Americans and about 65 % of Britons backed military action . A large - scale 37 - nation poll of world opinion carried out by Gallup International in late September 2001 found that large majorities in most countries favored a legal response , in the form of extradition and trial , over a military response to 9 / 11 : only three countries out of the 37 surveyed -- the U.S. , Israel and India -- did majorities favor military action . In the other 34 countries surveyed , the poll found many clear majorities that favored extradition and trial instead of military action : in the United Kingdom ( 75 % ) , France ( 67 % ) , Switzerland ( 87 % ) , Czech Republic ( 64 % ) , Lithuania ( 83 % ) , Panama ( 80 % ) and Mexico ( 94 % ) . An Ipsos - Reid poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada ( 66 % ) , France ( 60 % ) , Germany ( 60 % ) , Italy ( 58 % ) , and the UK ( 65 % ) approved of U.S. airstrikes while majorities in Argentina ( 77 % ) , China ( 52 % ) , South Korea ( 50 % ) , Spain ( 52 % ) , and Turkey ( 70 % ) opposed them . Development of Public opinion ( edit ) See also : International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan 22 June 2007 demonstration in Québec City against the Canadian military involvement in Afghanistan . In a 47 - nation June 2007 survey of global public opinion , the Pew Global Attitudes Project found international opposition to the war . Out of the 47 countries surveyed , 4 had a majority that favored keeping foreign troops : the U.S. ( 50 % ) , Israel ( 59 % ) , Ghana ( 50 % ) , and Kenya ( 60 % ) . In 41 , pluralities wanted NATO troops out as soon as possible . In 32 out of 47 , clear majorities wanted war over as soon as possible . Majorities in 7 out of 12 NATO member countries said troops should be withdrawn as soon as possible . A 24 - nation Pew Global Attitudes survey in June 2008 similarly found that majorities or pluralities in 21 of 24 countries want the U.S. and NATO to remove their troops from Afghanistan as soon as possible . Only in three out of the 24 countries -- the U.S. ( 50 % ) , Australia ( 60 % ) , and Britain ( 48 % ) -- did public opinion lean more toward keeping troops there until the situation has stabilized . Coalition fatalities per month since the start of the war . Canadian Forces personnel carry the casket of a fallen comrade onto an aircraft at Kandahar Air Field , 17 July 2009 Following that June 2008 global survey , however , public opinion in Australia and Britain diverged from that in the U.S. A majority of Australians and Britons now want their troops home . A September 2008 poll found that 56 % of Australians opposed continuation of their country 's military involvement . A November 2008 poll found that 68 % of Britons wanted their troops withdrawn within the next 12 months . In the U.S. , a September 2008 Pew survey found that 61 % of Americans wanted U.S. troops to stay until the situation has stabilized , while 33 % wanted them removed as soon as possible . Public opinion was divided over Afghan troop requests : a majority of Americans continued to see a rationale for the use of military force in Afghanistan . A slight plurality of Americans favored troop increases , with 42 % -- 47 % favoring some troop increases , 39 % -- 44 % wanting reduction , and 7 -- 9 % wanting no changes . Just 29 % of Democrats favored troop increases while 57 % wanted to begin reducing troops . Only 36 % of Americans approved of Obama 's handling of Afghanistan , including 19 % of Republicans , 31 % of independents , and 54 % of Democrats . In a December 2009 Pew Research Center poll , only 32 percent of Americans favored increasing U.S. troops in Afghanistan , while 40 percent favored decreasing them . Almost half of Americans , 49 percent , believed that the U.S. should `` mind its own business '' internationally and let other countries get along the best they can . That figure was an increase from 30 percent who said that in December 2002 . An April 2011 Pew Research Center poll showed little change in American views , with about 50 % saying that the effort was going very well or fairly well and only 44 % supporting NATO troop presence in Afghanistan . Protests , demonstrations and rallies ( edit ) Further information : Opposition to the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) and Protests against the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) The war has been the subject of large protests around the world starting with the large - scale demonstrations in the days leading up to the invasion and every year since . Many protesters consider the bombing and invasion of Afghanistan to be unjustified aggression . The deaths of Afghan civilians caused directly and indirectly by the U.S. and NATO bombing campaigns is a major underlying focus of the protests . In January 2009 , Brave New Foundation launched Rethink Afghanistan , a national campaign for non-violent solutions in Afghanistan built around a documentary film by director and political activist Robert Greenwald . Dozens of organizations planned ( and eventually held ) a national march for peace in Washington , D.C. on 20 March 2010 . Human Rights Abuses ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Afghanistan Multiple accounts document human rights violations in Afghanistan . Taliban ( edit ) The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission ( AIGRC ) called the Taliban 's terrorism against the Afghan civilian population a war crime . According to Amnesty International , the Taliban commit war crimes by targeting civilians , including killing teachers , abducting aid workers and burning school buildings . Amnesty International said that up to 756 civilians were killed in 2006 by bombs , mostly on roads or carried by suicide attackers belonging to the Taliban . NATO has alleged that the Taliban have used civilians as human shields . As an example , NATO pointed to the victims of NATO air strikes in Farah province in May 2009 , during which the Afghan government claims up to 150 civilians were killed . NATO stated it had evidence the Taliban forced civilians into buildings likely to be targeted by NATO aircraft involved in the battle . A spokesman for the ISAF commander said : `` This was a deliberate plan by the Taliban to create a civilian casualty crisis . These were not human shields ; these were human sacrifices . We have intelligence that points to this . '' according to the U.S. State Department , the Taliban committed human rights violations against women in Afghanistan . White phosphorus use ( edit ) White phosphorus has been condemned by human rights organizations as cruel and inhumane because it causes severe burns . White phosphorus burns on the bodies of civilians wounded in clashes near Bagram were confirmed . The U.S. claims at least 44 instances in which militants have used white phosphorus in weapons or attacks . In May 2009 , the U.S. confirmed that Western military forces in Afghanistan use white phosphorus to illuminate targets or as an incendiary to destroy bunkers and enemy equipment . U.S. forces used white phosphorus to screen a retreat in the Battle of Ganjgal when regular smoke munitions were not available . Environmental legacy ( edit ) Since 1979 landmines , shells , bombs , and other unexploded ordnance have been left behind . In 2015 the NATO 's International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) was replaced by the U.S. - led `` Resolute Support '' The director of the Mine Action Coordination Centre for Afghanistan ( MACCA ) . ISAF stressed it had never used landmines . See also ( edit ) Terrorism portal NATO portal Military of the United States portal Afghanistan portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Afghanistan -- United States relations Criticism of the War on Terror Ethnic conflict NATO logistics in the Afghan War Opposition to the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) U.S. -- Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests Lists : List of Afghanistan War ( 2001 -- 14 ) documentaries List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Footnotes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Operation Enduring Freedom Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` Obama Signs Pact in Kabul , Turning Page in Afghan War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America '' . Scribd . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Lynn ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` U.S. - Afgan strategic agreement : Roadmap to Chicago NATO Summit . Briefing transcript '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Hillary ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` Press Releases : Intervention at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan '' ( Press release ) . NewsRoomAmerica.com . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` U.S. designates Afghanistan a major ally , creates defense ties '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , US launch negotiations on Bilateral Security Agreement ( BSA ) '' . DiploNews. 15 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NATO sets `` irreversible '' but risky course to end Afghan war `` . Reuters . Reuters. 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration '' . NATO . Defence Talk -- Global Defense , Aerospace & Military Portal. 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Wilson & Karen DeYoung ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` NATO leaders agree on framework to wind down Afghan mission '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Elise Labott & Mike Mount ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` NATO accepts Obama timetable to end war in Afghanistan by 2014 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Landler & Michael R. Gordon ( 8 January 2012 ) . `` U.S. Is Open to Withdraw Afghan Force After 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Afghan War 's Last Chapter ? '' . The New York Times . 12 January 2013 . 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Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bomb blast hits Afghanistan on security handover day '' . Deutsche Welle . Deutsche Welle. 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadly blast marks Afghan security handover '' . Al Jazeera English . Al Jazeera English . 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karzai announces Afghan security handover '' . Agence France - Presse . Global Post . 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Nathan ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Blast Mars Day of Security Handover in Kabul '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ LaPorta , James ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Afghan interpreter hoping for asylum gets little help from those he worked for '' . Jacksonville Daily News . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punish Russia ? Why some Pentagon officials would prefer restraint. , '' The Christian Science Monitor , 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jet bombing kills seven including five US troops in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shapira , Ian ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Mourners gather at Arlington Cemetery for burial of general killed in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American army officer killed , many wounded in Afghan insider attack '' . Afghanistan Sun . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Declan Walsh and Azam Ahmed ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Mending Alliance , U.S. and Afghanistan Sign Long - Term Security Agreement '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Sudarsan Raghavan and Karen DeYoung ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` U.S. and Afghanistan sign vital , long - delayed security pact '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Syal , Ryan ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` UK troops hand over Camp Bastion to Afghan forces , ending 13 - year campaign '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Kay Johnson , Raissa Kasolowsky , Michael Perry and Kevin Liffey . `` Britain ends combat role in Afghanistan , last US Marines hand over base '' . Reuters . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Loyn , David ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` What have British troops achieved in Afghanistan ? '' . BBC News Asia . BBC News Asia . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Time Slipping , U.S. Ponders Afghan Role After 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DeYoung , Karen ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` U.S. reducing plans for large civilian force in post-2014 Afghanistan '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` U.S. Will Complete Afghan Pullout by End of 2016 , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zenjo , Micah ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` The New Unknown Soldiers of Afghanistan and Iraq '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resolute Support '' . Afghan War News . Afghan War News . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Lamothe , Dan ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Meet Operation Freedom 's Sentinel , the Pentagon 's new mission in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan marks takeover of security responsibility from NATO '' . Deutsche Welle. 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . `` 18 Suspected insurgents slain in NATO airstrike in Afghanistan '' . Fox News Latino . Reuters. 3 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . `` Afghans Take Over Country 's Security '' . Voice of America . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Domínguez ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` What can NATO 's new Afghanistan mission achieve ? '' . Deutsche Welle . 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Jump up ^ `` Five men arrested in Afghanistan over involvement in Pakistan school massacre '' . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS active in south Afghanistan , officials confirm for first time '' . 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capture the Flag in Afghanistan '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matthew ; Schmitt , Eric ; Mazzetti , Mark ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` U.S. Is Escalating a Secretive War in Afghanistan '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` U.S. forces , Afghan troops arrest Taliban militants wanted for school massacre '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Phil ( 20 February 2015 ) . `` New Defense Secretary Ash Carter goes to Afghanistan to ensure ' lasting success ' as US troops withdraw '' . Business Insider . Reuters . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rampton , Roberta ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Obama administration weighs Afghan request to slow withdrawal of U.S. troops '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Ryan , Missy ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` White House weighs adjusting Afghan exit plan to slow withdrawal of troops '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Eberspacher , Sarah ( 21 February 2015 ) . `` New Defense Secretary Carter says U.S. may slow Afghan troop withdrawal '' . The Week . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Gul , Ayaz ( 21 February 2015 ) . `` New Pentagon Chief in Kabul Talks With Afghan President '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . `` U.S. commander proposes slower Afghan withdrawal '' . The Japan Times . Agence France - Presse. 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Ashton ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Army to send headquarters group to Kandahar in first sign of revision to Afghan withdrawal plan '' . McClatchy . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Walts ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Fort Drum brigade prepares for deployment to Afghanistan '' . The Post-Standard . Syracuse Media Group . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Tan , Michelle ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Army announces new Afghanistan deployments '' . ArmyTimes . Gannett . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Al - Masdar News . `` Afghan Army Kills Commander of ISIL Affiliate '' . Al - Masdar News . Jump up ^ `` 29 Insurgents Killed In Military Operations '' . Tolonews. 25 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban suicide bomb attack near Kabul airport '' . BBC . 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norske spesialsoldater i Afghanistan : -- De vi slåss mot kjemper til døden '' . Jump up ^ Masoud Popalzai and Jethro Mullen , CNN ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Taliban attempt attack on Afghan Parliament in Kabul - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban launch brazen attack on Afghan parliament , seize second district in north '' . Reuters . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan explosion : Taliban suicide bomber , gunmen attack parliament building in Kabul killing two , wounding at least 30 '' . ABC News . 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ RAHIM , FAIEZ ; AMIR , SHAH . `` Taliban suicide bomber , gunmen attack Afghan parliament '' . The Big Story . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew Weaver . `` Afghanistan parliament attacked by Taliban suicide bomber and gunmen -- rolling updates '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces struggle to drive back Taliban from besieged city '' . Reuters. 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy fighting as Taliban attack northern Afghan city '' . Reuters. 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flights to besieged Afghan city cancelled as Taliban , army clash '' . Reuters. 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INSIGHT -- Stretched Afghan army falls back on militias to help defend Kunduz '' . Reuters. 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghans counter Taliban offensive in northern Kunduz province '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Taliban and Afghan Government Dispute Status of Kunduz '' . New York Times . 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban advance on key northern city '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces recapture key district from Taliban '' . Reuters. 23 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sune Engel Rasmussen ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Taliban attempt to capture key Afghan city '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban seize Kunduz city center in landmark gain '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters raid Kunduz in Afghanistan '' . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban seizes control of major Afghan city Kunduz for first time since US - led invasion '' . ABC News . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top official says Chinese security depends on Afghan stability '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Untangling the web of India , China and Pakistan diplomacy '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Taliban , Afghan figures talk ceasefire but fail to agree '' . Reuters . `` Exclusive : Secret meetings in Pakistan expose obstacles to Afghan peace talks '' . Reuters . `` Exclusive : China seeks greater role in Afghanistan with peace talk push '' . Reuters . `` China offers to mediate in stalled Afghan Taliban peace talks '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Dozens killed in clashes between rival Taliban factions in Afghanistan '' . the guardian . 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials to begin talks aimed at reviving Afghan peace process '' . the guardian . 10 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . `` Taliban reject invite to Afghanistan peace talks '' . CNN . 5 March 2016 . `` Official Says ISIL Contained , Taliban Fracturing in Afghanistan '' . Department of Defence. 10 March 2016 . `` NATO chief predicts another tough year ahead for Afghanistan '' . militarytimes. 16 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : Taliban wo n't talk because it is winning '' . Al Jazeera. 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Afghanistan 's parliament -- When even failure is success '' . The Economist. 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Peace Talks Expose Rifts in Taliban Leadership '' . VOA News . 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No more peace talks with Taliban , Afghanistan 's president says '' . Los Angeles Times . 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haqqanis Steering Deadlier Taliban in Afghanistan , Officials Say '' . the New York Times . 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan Faces Tough Battle as Haqqanis Unify the Taliban '' . ABC news . 7 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban leader says foreigners must quit Afghanistan for peace '' . Reuters. 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban - on - Taliban turf war erupts in Afghanistan '' . worldbulletin News . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number of ISIL Fighters in Afghanistan Drops Significantly , Official Says '' . US department of defence. 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Attack Police Base in Afghanistan , Killing 17 '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban seize district in Helmand province '' . The Long War Journal . 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Setbacks for Coalition in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban lose control of district in southern Afghanistan , gain another in northeast '' . The Long War Journal . 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Airstrikes Target Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . abc news . 11 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prepare 200 graves , warn Sangin police besieged by Taliban '' . The Times . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fierce fight for Helmand as Afghan Taliban gains ground '' . Aljazeera. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAS in battle to stop Taliban overrunning Sangin '' . The Telegraph . 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. was supposed to leave Afghanistan by 2017 . Now it might take decades '' . the Washington Post . 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British military deployed to Afghanistan : Why Sangin matters '' . the telegraph. 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Besieged Afghan forces in Sangin receive airdrops as UK sends troops '' . The Guardian . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban take control of large parts of Sangin '' . The Guardian . 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Taliban : Militants ' close to capturing ' Sangin '' . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces in desperate fight to hold off Taliban in Sangin '' . CNN . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Refuge From Taliban for Afghans May Prove No Refuge at all '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Army orders hundreds of soldiers back to southern Afghanistan '' . Fox News . 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ' close to capturing Sangin ' as militants step up assault on Helmand '' . The Guardian . 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban are ' close to overrunning Sangin ' where 106 British soldiers died '' . The Telegraph . 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. troop reinforcements head for embattled southern Afghan province '' . Reuters. 9 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A 5th District in Helmand Province Falls to the Taliban '' . The New York Times . 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anger as Afghan troops pull out of parts of Helmand province '' . CNN . 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces face ' decisive ' battle in Helmand '' . BBC News . 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan soldiers desert as Taliban threaten key Helmand capital '' . CNN . 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American troops wounded fighting ISIS in Afghanistan as operations there grow '' . military.com. 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US airstrikes undermining Afghan security , says former president '' . the guardian . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Helmand Capital May Fall To Taliban '' . sky news . 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban 's new commando force tests Afghan army 's strength '' . the Washington post . 6 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ' special forces ' lead Helmand assault : Afghan officials '' . reuters. 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over a hundred US troops sent to Lashkar Gah to battle Taliban '' . the guardian . 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US servicemember killed in Afghanistan '' . stars and stripes . 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban fighters press advance on Helmand capital '' . reuters. 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters push into Helmand capital Lashkar Gah '' . BBC . 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban launch large - scale attack on Helmand ; suicide blast kills 14 '' . fox news . 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ramp up attacks in southwestern Afghanistan as NATO casualties hit a low '' . Stars and Stripes. 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. Marines are sending a task force back to Afghanistan 's Helmand province '' . Marine Corps Times . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Airstrikes Hit Taliban After Attack on an Afghan Army Post '' . Washington Post . 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Airstrikes In Afghanistan Kill At Least 18 Civilians : UN Report '' . Huffington post . 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2 US Soldiers Wounded in Afghanistan Clash '' . military.com. 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban take key Afghan district in south ; 9 killed in north '' . Fox News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban capture city of Sangin '' . BBC News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( cite web url = https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/05/01/520189/US-weighs-5000-more-troops-for-Afghanistan Jump up ^ `` U.S. forces can now pursue ISIS in Afghanistan '' . CNN . 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How IS has been making enemies in Afghanistan '' . bbc. 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Department lists Islamic State 's ' Khorasan Province ' as Foreign Terrorist Organization '' . the long war journal . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Broadens Fight Against ISIS With Attacks in Afghanistan '' . the New York Times . 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Airstrikes Target Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . abc news . 11 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Forces Dislodge Islamic State From Eastern Stronghold '' . the wall street journal . 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan President : IS Being Wiped out in Afghanistan '' . ABC news . 6 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan president : ISIS is ' on the run ' in Afghanistan '' . military times . 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State fighters in Afghanistan flee to Kunar province '' . reuters. 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 39 IS members killed in clashes with troops in eastern Afghanistan '' . fox news latino. 6 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Mackenzie ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Taliban announce start of spring offensive in Afghanistan '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Launches Anti-Government Spring Offensive '' . VOA . Jump up ^ `` Dozens killed as Islamic State pushes for territory in Afghanistan '' . the telegraph. 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State militants launch new attacks in eastern Afghanistan '' . Reuters. 2016 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Scores of Taliban dead in Kunduz attack '' . Aljazeera. 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan officials say Taliban driven back in Kunduz fighting '' . Reuters. 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy fighting continues in Afghan city Kunduz '' . reuters. 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taliban attacks rock Afghanistan 's Kunduz province '' . al Jazeera. 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill ten in Afghanistan 's Kunduz : Officials -- The Journal of Turkish Weekly '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill 17 passengers after kidnapping around 185 in Kunduz -- Khaama Press ( KP ) Afghan News Agency '' . www.khaama.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban kill nine , kidnap 20 bus passengers , army rescues 140 others '' . Reuters. 2016 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Kills 12 Afghan Captives In East , Abducts 40 Bus Passengers In North '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty. 2016 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban storm Afghan court , kill five , after vowing revenge for executions '' . Reuters. 2016 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack kills five at Afghan court '' . Reuters. 2016 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan lawmaker killed in blast at his home in Kabul '' . Reuters. 2016 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama approves broader role for US forces in Afghanistan '' . the telegprah. 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda leader appears to pledge allegiance to Taliban in Afghanistan '' . fox news . 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Obama Decision , First US Airstrikes Hit Afghan Taliban '' . ABC news . 24 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK to send 50 additional troops to Afghanistan '' . BBC news . 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack on police cadets near Kabul kills dozens -- BBC News '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban suicide bombers kill 27 in attack on Afghan police cadets '' . Reuters. 2016 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` When War Is Just Another Day in Afghanistan '' . Time . 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 5 US troops wounded in Afghanistan fighting Islamic State '' . fox news . 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan troops press offensive against Islamic State '' . reuters. 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Five US troops wounded in Afghanistan , military says '' . yahoo news . 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key Islamic State leader Saad Emarati ' killed in Afghanistan ' '' . BBC news . 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Soldier Killed by Roadside Bomb in Afghanistan '' . nbcwashington. 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US special operator was 1st US casualty in fight against Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . Stars and Stripes. 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter visits Afghanistan as Obama plans handoff of 15 - year war '' . CNN . 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US , Afghan Forces Push Back Islamic State , al - Qaida '' . military.com. 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Afghanistan Signs Draft Peace Deal With Faction Led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar The New York Times , 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( `` Afghanistan takes a step toward peace with notorious ex-warlord ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Formalised was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. General Seeks ' a Few Thousand ' More Troops in Afghanistan '' . New York Times . 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A U.S. soldier is wounded in Sangin , highlighting a tragic irony about the Afghanistan war '' . military.com. 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. airstrike in Kunduz signals a new chapter in Afghanistan '' . Military Times . 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire '' . Army Times . 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan official : Death toll from massive US bomb rises to 94 , including 4 ISIS commanders '' . Stars and Stripes. 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MOAB strike : 90 IS fighters killed in Afghanistan '' . BBC . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US cites progress against Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . Washington post . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Drone footage shows MOAB drop in Afghanistan '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Sune Engel ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` ' It felt like the heavens were falling ' : Afghans reel from MOAB impact '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. drops ' mother of all bombs ' in Afghanistan , marking weapon 's first use '' . CBS News . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Lucas ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` US drops largest non-nuclear bomb in Afghanistan after Green Beret killed '' . Fox News . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Starr , Barbara ; Browne , Ryan . `` US drops largest non-nuclear bomb in Afghanistan '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ' mother of all bombs ' killed 92 Isis militants , say Afghan officials '' . the Guardian . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters attack Afghan army base , ' killing 140 ' '' . Al Jazeera. 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill more than 140 Afghan soldiers at army base World news '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kills more than 140 Afghan soldiers in suicide assault FDD 's Long War Journal '' . Longwarjournal.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban announce spring offensive , vow to build institutions '' . Washington Post . 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban assaults provincial capital in southeastern Afghanistan FDD 's Long War Journal '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban assaults Afghan Army bases in Kandahar FDD 's Long War Journal '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attacks another base in Kandahar FDD 's Long War Journal '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen dead as Taliban car bomber hits CIA - funded Afghan militia '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kabul blast : At least 90 killed & over 350 wounded in explosion in Afghan capital 's embassy district '' . RT International . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabul bomb : Dozens killed in Afghan capital 's diplomatic zone '' . BBC News . 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ehsan Popalzai and Faith Karimi . `` Afghanistan explosion : 90 killed in blast near diplomatic area '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban Captures Zane Khan '' . 2017 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadly attacks strike mosques in Kabul and Ghor '' . Al Jazeera . Al Jazeera Media Network . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/14/us-drone-strike-kills-14-isis-militants-in-afghanistan '' . the Guardian . 14 October 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ' Trump calls out Pakistan , India as he pledges to ' fight to win ' in Afghanistan . cnn.com , 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia '' . whitehouse.gov. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) ' Trump : terugtrekking uit Afghanistan is geen optie ' ( ' withdrawal from Afghanistan is no option ' ) . NRC Handelsblad , 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Trump gets it right on Afghanistan and Pakistan ' . The Washington Post , 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` UN : Taliban Responsible for 76 % of Deaths in Afghanistan '' . The Weekly Standard . 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Afghan civilian casualties rise thirty - one per cent in first six months of 2010 ' . Press Release UNAMA , 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` August deadliest month of 2009 for Afghan civilians , UN says '' . CNN . 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citing rising death toll , UN urges better protection of Afghan civilians '' . United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan . 9 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Attack on Logar hospital kills dozens '' . BBC News . 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan civilian deaths rise , insurgents responsible for most casualties -- UN '' . U.N. News Centre . 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Damien Pearse and agencies ( 4 February 2012 ) . `` Afghan civilian death toll reaches record high '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Civilian casualties in Afghanistan up 14 per cent last year , says new UN report UN.org . Jump up ^ Afghanistan , Opinion survey 2009 , by ICRC and Ipsos Jump up ^ Body Count -- Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the `` War on Terror '' -- Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan '' ( PDF ) , by IPPNW , PGS and PSR , First international edition ( March 2015 ) Gabriela Motroc ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` U.S. War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade '' . Australian National Review . `` 220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan : report '' . Daily Times . 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. , `` A Merciful War '' , The New York Times , 1 February 2002 . `` Now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale . UNICEF , for example , has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months , in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years . Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan , the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children 's lives each year ... Heidi J. Larson of UNICEF says that if all goes well , child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years . That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year . '' Jump up ^ UNHCR country operations profile -- Afghanistan unhcr.org Jump up ^ Afghan Refugees , Costs of War , http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Numbers taken from UNHCR , `` 2011 UNHCR Country Operations Profile -- Afghanistan '' , http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e486eb6 ^ Jump up to : 2013 UNHCR country operations profile -- Afghanistan , http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html Jump up ^ Afghans fleeing war find misery in urban slums Feb. 2012 , Amnesty International `` Afghan refugees abandoned by their own government , report finds : About half a million Afghans who fled homes because of violence are living in desperate conditions , says Amnesty '' , The Guardian , 23 February 2012 ^ Jump up to : Chouvy , Pierre - Arnaud ( 2010 ) . Opium : uncovering the politics of the poppy . Harvard University Press . pp. 52ff . Jump up ^ Thourni , Francisco E. ( 2006 ) . Frank Bovenkerk , ed . The Organized Crime Community : Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block . Springer . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 39019 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Michael D. ( 2010 ) . Drugs in Society : Causes , Concepts and Control . Elsevier . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4377 - 4450 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Is Afghanistan 's Drug Trade Paying Al Qaeda ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan riddled with drug ties '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan opium fuels ' global chaos ' '' . BBC News . 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ ISAF Spokesman Discusses Progress in Afghanistan Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... International Security Assistance Force / NATO . 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Successes and challenges in Afghan girls ' education . BBC News . 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 301 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rod Nordland ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Afghan Rights Groups Shift Focus to Taliban '' . The New York Times . p . A6 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kegley , Charles W. ; Shannon L Blanton ( 2011 ) . World Politics : Trend and Transformation . Cengage . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90655 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spencer Ackerman ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan Gets Safer for Civilians as U.N. Warns Taliban of ' War Crimes ' '' . Wired . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . `` This is a war crime and people will be held responsible in the future for this war crime , '' said Ján Kubiš , the U.N. 's man in Afghanistan . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban 's reign of terror in Kunduz '' . Amnesty International . 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 14 September 2002 ) . `` Afghan Massacre Haunts Pentagon '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starved , hurt and buried alive in Afghanistan '' . Independent Online . 2 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dasht - e-Leili Photos ; Sheberghan Prison and Pit Locations at Dasht - e-Leili , Physicians for Human Rights , Retrieved 19 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` As possible Afghan war - crimes evidence removed , U.S. silent '' . McClatchy Newspapers. 12 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US blocked probes into Afghan prisoner killings '' . AFP . 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weigl , Andrea ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Passaro will serve 8 years for beating '' . The News and Observer . Archived from the original on 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Elizabeth ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Passaro Sentenced To 8 - plus Years '' . Star News . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Golden ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` In U.S. Report , Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates ' Deaths '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Josh ( 12 March 2005 ) . `` 2 Died After ' 02 Beatings by U.S. Soldiers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Golden , Tim ( 22 May 2005 ) . `` Army Faltered in Investigating Detainee Abuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara Starr ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` Army : 12 soldiers killed Afghans , mutilated corpses '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Additional charges filed in Afghan civilians ' deaths '' . Seattle Times . 24 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hal Bernton ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` Stryker soldiers allegedly took corpses ' fingers '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US military drops ' kill team ' charges against soldier '' . The Guardian . London . 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marine convicted of Afghan murder named '' . BBC News . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marine guilty of Afghanistan murder '' . BBC News . 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Marine Alexander Blackman to be free in weeks after new sentence '' . BBC . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army drops one charge against soldier accused in Afghan massacre '' . Reuters. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` No one asked their names '' . Al Jazeera. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Taimoor Shah ; Graham Bowley ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` An Afghan Comes Home to a Massacre '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jack Healy ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Soldier Sentenced to Life Without Parole in Deaths of Afghan Civilians '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` Cost of Wars a Rising Issue as Obama Weighs Troop Levels '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan and Anti-Terrorism Operations '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of the FY2011 Defense Budget '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan war has cost Britain more than £ 37bn , new book claims '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Carlotta Gall ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Insurgents in Afghanistan Are Gaining , Petraeus Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Changing the Frame , Changing the Game . Harvard Kennedy School 's Belfer Center '' . Belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Research -- CPI -- Overview '' . Transparency.org . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lupick , Travis ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Suspended Afghan MP Malalai Joya wants NATO 's mission to end '' . Straight.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discussion Papers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Conference 2010 , Amrullah Saleh speech '' . 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 Terrorism Conference . Vimeo . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Michael E. `` A Bright Spot Among Afghan Woes '' Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , The Brookings Institution , 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ What Mr. Obama changed . The Washington Post . 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Al Pessin ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Afghan Forces Could Start to Lead Soon , Big Challenges Remain '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cahn , Dianna ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Troops fear corruption outweighs progress of Afghan forces '' . Stripes.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. trainers bemoan Afghan corruption '' . UPI.com. 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illiteracy undermines Afghan army -- Air Force News , news from Iraq '' . Air Force Times . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. surge is big , Afghan army is crucial '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption , indiscipline slow Afghan training '' . Army Times . 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Afghanistan troops gets tough for U.S. troops as trust issues worsen '' . Daily News . New York . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Filkins , Dexter ( 2 December 2009 ) . `` With Troop Pledge , New Demands on Afghans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=4939 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Philip Munch ( 20 January 2015 ) . Resolute Support Lite : NATO 's New Mission versus the Political Economy of the Afghan National Security Forces ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Afghanistan Analysts ' Network . p. 5 . Retrieved February 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Munch 2015 , p. 6 , and Giustozzi , A. & Quentin , P. , `` The Afghan National Army : sustainability challenges beyond financial aspects . '' Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit , Kabul , February 2014 , 2014 , p. 30 - 37 Jump up ^ `` ' Unacceptably high ' number of Afghans flee military training in U.S. : report '' . Reuters . Fri Oct 20 16 : 01 : 49 UTC 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For U.S. , Vast Challenge To Expand Afghan Forces '' . NPR . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nordland , Rod ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` With Raw Recruits , Afghan Police Buildup Falters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ For reference sources , see our article : 133rd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) . ^ Jump up to : Ben Arnoldy ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Taliban kills more civilians than US '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Civilian casualties keep on rising , says UN report ' . UNAMA , 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The UN Goldstone Commission : A Lesson in Farcical Hypocrisy , Defense Update . By David Eshel '' . Defense-update.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Israel and the New Way of War Archived 2010 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , The Journal of International Security Affairs , Spring 2010 -- Number 18 Jump up ^ Burns , Robert , ( Associated Press ) , `` AP IMPACT : An insider attack : Trust cost 2 lives '' , Yahoo ! News , 5 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kabul residents relish new freedoms '' . CNN . 14 November 2001 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Barbers too were doing brisk business as young men with trimmed beards and bare faces walked the streets listening to music from roadside stalls , no longer fearing imprisonment . Yet relief at the fall of the Taliban in Kabul does not mean residents are now completely relaxed . Scenes of joy mask concerns that the alliance 's capture of the city will again result in the ethnic infighting that ravaged Kabul before the Taliban capture in 1996 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kate . `` BBC News MIDDLE EAST Kabul women keep the veil '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan . Eighty - three percent said they have a favorable view of `` the US military forces in our country '' ( 39 % very favorable ) . Just 17 % have an unfavorable view . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Perhaps most telling , 82 % said that overthrowing the Taliban government was a good thing for Afghanistan , with just 11 % saying it was a bad thing . In the war zone , 71 % endorsed the Taliban 's overthrow while 16 % saw it as a bad thing ; in the north , 18 % saw it as a bad thing . These views were held by large majorities of all ethnic groups , including the large Pashtun and Tajik groups and the smaller Uzbek and Hazara groups . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . This general support for US military presence and for the overthrow of the Taliban government is also reflected in some of the most positive ratings of the United States found in the world . Eighty - one percent said that they have a favorable view of the US ( 40 % very favorable ) , with just 16 % giving an unfavorable rating . In the war zone , one in four ( 26 % ) had an unfavorable view of the US , but 73 % were favorable . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Afghans do not , however , feel positively about Pakistan in general and specifically believe that , contrary to its claims , it is not pursuing the Taliban . Asked , `` Do you think the Pakistan government is allowing the Taliban to operate in Pakistan , or is seriously trying to stop the Taliban from operating in Pakistan ? '' only 21 % said they thought that Pakistan is seriously trying to stop the Taliban from operating in Pakistan , while two out of three ( 66 % ) said they believe the government is allowing the Taliban to operate in Pakistan ... Asked their general opinion of Pakistan , 63 % of Afghans said they have an unfavorable view ( 70 % in the war zone ) . Just 13 % said they have a favorable view . Jump up ^ `` Permanent U.S. bases ? Afghans see an election issue '' . International Herald Tribune . 27 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Poll 2009 '' ( PDF ) . BBC News . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup poll '' . Gallup.com. 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Anand ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Karzai Aides , Tribal Leaders Say Surge Is Wrong Strategy '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Karzai Divides Afghanistan in Reaching Out to Taliban '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ epaper.orlandosentinel.com Jump up ^ `` Afghan Futures : A National Public Opinion Survey '' ( PDF ) . 29 January 2015 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Seventy - seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces ; 67 percent say the same of NATO / ISAF forces more generally . Despite the country 's travails , eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001 . And many more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country 's violence , 53 percent , than blame the United States , 12 percent . The latter is about half what it was in 2012 , coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment . Jump up ^ AEI 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Opinion Opposes the Attack on Afghanistan '' . Globalpolicy.org . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Victory : A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war '' . Jump up ^ AEI 2008 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : `` 47 - Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey p. 24 , p. 116 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Global Unease With Major World Powers '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` June 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Project Survey '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` 24 - Nation Pew Global Attitudes Project Survey p. 8 , p. 29 '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australians lose faith in Afghan war effort '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Government losing support for Afghanistan campaign '' . Jump up ^ Flitton , Daniel ( 30 September 2008 ) . `` Opposition mounts against Afghan war '' . The Age . Australia . Jump up ^ `` Britons call for troop withdrawal '' . BBC News . 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Most Britons wanted troops out of Afghanistan : poll '' . Google . 12 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Britons Would Leave Afghanistan in 2009 '' . Angus-reid.com. 22 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Views on Iraq and Afghanistan Archived 9 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Public Divided Over Afghan Troop Requests , But Still Sees Rationale for War '' . Pew Research Center Publications . 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , More Support for Increasing Troops in Afghanistan '' . Gallup.com. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Seen as Less Important , China as More Powerful : Overview -- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press '' . People-press.org. 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of Libyan Operation Less Clear to Public '' . Pew Research Center . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Harold J. Protesters oppose sending more troops to Afghanistan . Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Louisville Courier - Journal . 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-war protesters arrested outside West Point '' . Wcax.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-war protesters arrested outside West Point '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . 2 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` Released on Web , a Film Stays Fresh '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 20 March -- Anti-War March on Washington : '' . Pephost.org . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Janie Lorber ( 20 March 2010 ) . `` Saturday Word : Health Care ( and Finance ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Enduring Freedom : Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan '' . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack civilians to spread fear : Amnesty '' . Reuters. 24 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Carter , Sara A. ; Gertz , Bill ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` Afghan commander 's aide blames deaths on Taliban '' . Washington Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ Straziuso , Jason ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` U.S. : Afghan Militants Use White Phosphorus '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Associated Press . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Afghan girl 's burns show horror of chemical strike '' . Reuters India . 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Pinned Down , a Sprint to Escape Taliban Zone '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan S. Landay . `` ' We 're pinned down : ' 4 U.S. Marines die in Afghan ambush '' . McClatchy . Sources ( edit ) Coll , Steve ( 2004 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . Girardet , Edward ( 2011 ) . Killing the Cranes : A Reporter 's Journey Through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan ( 3 August 2011 ed . ) . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 416 . 911 Commission ( 20 September 2004 ) . `` National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Risen , James ( 4 September 2008 ) . State of War : The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration . Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84737 - 511 - 7 . Auerswald , David P. & Stephen M. Saideman , eds . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone ( Princeton U.P. 2014 ) This book breaks down the history of the U.S. effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander . Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan , `` The Insurgents '' , and `` A Different Kind of War . '' Stewart , Richard W. ( 2004 ) . Operation Enduring Freedom . BG John S. Brown . United States Army . p. 46 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 14 . AEI ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` America and the War on Terror '' . AEI Public Opinion Study . Call , Steve ( 15 January 2010 ) . Danger Close . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 304 - 3 . Woodward , Bob ( 27 September 2010 ) . Obama 's Wars . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7251 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Duty : Memoirs of a Secretary at War '' . by Robert Gates . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2014 . `` U.S. War in Afghanistan '' . Council on Foreign Relations . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Afghanistan profile -- A chronology of key events as provided by BBC 75,000 documents on Wikileaks Wikimedia Commons has media related to War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) . 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who did morgan freeman play in driving miss daisy	Morgan Freeman as Hoke Colburn	Hoke Colburn	Driving Miss Daisy	driving miss daisy	Driving Miss Daisy is a 1989 American comedy - drama film directed by Bruce Beresford and written by Alfred Uhry , based on Uhry 's play of the same name . The film stars Jessica Tandy , Morgan Freeman , and Dan Aykroyd . Freeman reprised his role from the Original Off - Broadway production . The story defines Daisy and her point of view through a network of relationships and emotions by focusing on her home life , synagogue , friends , family , fears , and concerns over a 25 - year period .	At the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990 , Driving Miss Daisy received nine nominations , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture , Best Actress ( Jessica Tandy ) , Best Makeup , and Best Adapted Screenplay . At the age of 81 , Jessica Tandy became the oldest actress to win an Academy Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical reaction 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 Soundtrack 5 Home release 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1948 , Mrs. Daisy Werthan , or Miss Daisy ( Jessica Tandy ) , a 72 - year - old wealthy , white , Jewish , widowed , retired school teacher , lives alone in Atlanta , Georgia , except for a black housemaid named Idella ( Esther Rolle ) . When Miss Daisy drives her 1946 Chrysler Windsor into her neighbor 's yard , her 40 - year - old son Boolie ( Dan Aykroyd ) buys her a 1949 Hudson Commodore and hires Hoke Colburn ( Morgan Freeman ) , a black chauffeur . Miss Daisy at first refuses to let anyone else drive her , but gradually gives in . As Miss Daisy and Hoke spend time together , she gains appreciation for his many skills . After Idella dies in 1962 , rather than hire a new maid , Miss Daisy decides to care for her own house and have Hoke do the cooking and the driving . The film explores racism against black people , which affects Hoke at that time . The film also touches on anti-semitism in the South . After her synagogue is bombed , Miss Daisy realizes that she is also a victim of prejudice . But American society is undergoing radical changes , and Miss Daisy attends a dinner at which Dr. Martin Luther King gives a speech . She initially invites Boolie to the dinner , but he declines , and suggests that Miss Daisy invite Hoke . However , Miss Daisy only asks him to be her guest during the car ride to the event and ends up attending the dinner alone , with Hoke insulted by the manner of the invitation , listening to the speech on the car radio outside . Hoke arrives at the house one morning in 1971 to find Miss Daisy agitated and showing signs of dementia , believing she is a young teacher again . Hoke calms her down with a conversation in which Daisy calls Hoke her `` best friend . '' Boolie arranges for Miss Daisy to enter a retirement home . In 1973 , Hoke , now 85 and rapidly losing his eyesight , retires . Boolie , now 65 , drives Hoke to the retirement home to visit Miss Daisy , now 97 . Cast ( edit ) Morgan Freeman as Hoke Colburn Jessica Tandy as Daisy Werthan Dan Aykroyd as Boolie Werthan Patti LuPone as Florine Werthan Esther Rolle as Idella Joann Havrilla as Miss McClatchey William Hall , Jr. as Oscar Muriel Moore as Miriam Sylvia Kaler as Beulah Crystal R. Fox as Katey Bell Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Driving Miss Daisy was given a limited release on December 15 , 1989 , earning $73,745 in three theaters . The film was given a wide release on January 26 , 1990 , earning $5,705,721 over its opening weekend in 895 theaters . The film ultimately grossed $106,593,296 in North America and $39,200,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $145,793,296 . Critical reaction ( edit ) Driving Miss Daisy was well received by critics , with particular emphasis on Morgan Freeman 's and Jessica Tandy 's performances . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 82 % based on reviews from 55 critics , with an average score of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Warm and smartly paced , and boasting impeccable performances from Morgan Freeman and Jessica Tandy . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics , the film has a score of 81 based on 16 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore similarly reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune declared Driving Miss Daisy one of the best films of 1989 . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called it `` a film of great love and patience '' and wrote , `` It is an immensely subtle film , in which hardly any of the most important information is carried in the dialogue and in which body language , tone of voice or the look in an eye can be the most important thing in a scene . After so many movies in which shallow and violent people deny their humanity and ours , what a lesson to see a film that looks into the heart . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film a positive review , calling Tandy 's performance `` glorious '' and opining , `` This is Tandy 's finest two hours ( sic ) onscreen in a film career that goes back to 1932 . '' The performances of Tandy and Freeman were also praised by Vincent Canby of The New York Times , who observed , `` The two actors manage to be highly theatrical without breaking out of the realistic frame of the film . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Recipient ( s ) Result 62nd Academy Awards Best Picture Richard D. Zanuck Lili Fini Zanuck Won Best Actress Jessica Tandy Won Best Adapted Screenplay Alfred Uhry Won Best Makeup Manlio Rocchetti Lynn Barber Kevin Haney Won Best Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Supporting Actor Dan Aykroyd Nominated Best Art Direction - Set Decoration Bruno Rubeo Crispian Sallis Nominated Best Costume Design Elizabeth McBride Nominated Best Film Editing Mark Warner Nominated 47th Golden Globe Awards ( January 20 , 1990 ) Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Driving Miss Daisy Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Morgan Freeman Won Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Jessica Tandy Won Driving Miss Daisy also achieved the following distinctions at the 62nd Academy Awards : It is the only film based on an off Broadway production ever to win an Academy Award for Best Picture ; Jessica Tandy , at age 81 , became the oldest winner in the history of the Best Actress category . It was the first Best Picture winner since 1932 's Grand Hotel which did not receive a Best Director nomination . ( This has only occurred once since , for Argo in 2012 ) . Wings , the 1927 film that was the first to win Best Picture , did not have a nomination for director William Wellman . In his opening monologue at the 62nd Academy Awards , Billy Crystal made fun of this fact by calling it `` the film that apparently directed itself '' . Driving Miss Daisy also won three Golden Globe Awards ( Best Picture , Best Actor Morgan Freeman , and Best Actress Jessica Tandy ) in the Comedy / Musical categories . At the 1989 Writers Guild of America Awards , the film won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category . Rounding out its United States awards , the film won both Best Picture and Best Actor from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . In the United Kingdom , Driving Miss Daisy was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards , with Jessica Tandy winning in the Best Actress category . Jessica Tandy and Morgan Freeman won the Silver Bear for the Best Joint Performance at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's score was composed by Hans Zimmer , who won a BMI Film Music Award and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television for his work . The score was performed entirely by Zimmer , done electronically using samplers and synthesizers , and did not feature a single live instrument . There is a scene , however , in which the `` Song to the Moon '' from the opera Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák is heard on a radio as sung by Gabriela Beňačková . Similarities have been noted between the main theme and the `` plantation '' folk song Shortnin ' Bread . The soundtrack was issued on Varèse Sarabande . Home release ( edit ) The film was also successful on home video . The film was released on DVD in the USA on April 30 , 1997 , and the special edition was released on February 4 , 2003 . The movie was first released on Blu - ray disc in Germany and finally was released on Blu - ray in the US in a special edition digibook in January 2013 by Warner Bros . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fabrikant , Geraldine ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` How Major Studios Missed a Hit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving Miss Daisy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Uhry , Alfred ( January 1 , 1998 ) . `` Driving Miss Daisy '' . Dramatists Play Service , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Driving Miss Daisy '' . CBS Interactive Metacritic . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 18 of the Most Loved or Hated Movies : Films That Got A+ or F CinemaScores ( Photos ) '' . thewrap.com . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( January 12 , 1990 ) . `` ' Roger & Me ' Makes Point About The Common Man '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 12 , 1990 ) . `` Driving Miss Daisy '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . `` Driving Miss Daisy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( December 13 , 1989 ) . `` Review / Film ; ' Miss Daisy , ' Chamber Piece From the Stage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy 's Diamond Anniversary Screening Series to Feature `` Driving Miss Daisy '' '' ( Press release ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Director '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( March 27 , 1990 ) . `` ' Miss Daisy , ' Jessica Tandy Win Top Oscars '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1990 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettencourt , Scott . `` THE YEAR IN FILM MUSIC : 1989 '' . Film Score Monthly . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( September 27 , 1990 ) . `` VIDEO RENTALS : ' Born ' Ca n't Pass High - Revving ' Daisy ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . 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who are the sixteen heirs in the westing game			The Westing game	the westing game	The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin and published by Dutton in 1978 . It won the Newbery Medal recognizing the year 's most distinguished contribution to American children 's literature . The story involves 16 seemingly unrelated heirs of reclusive businessman Sam Westing and his challenge to figure out the secret of his death . The heirs must figure out who killed Westing by clues in his will .	The Westing Game was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal in 2012 . It has been adapted as the 1997 feature film Get a Clue ( also distributed as The Westing Game ) . Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan , north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self - made millionaire Samuel W. Westing . ( Despite the name , Sunset Towers faces east -- into the sunrise . ) As the story opens , a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants . It soon emerges that most of the tenants -- regardless of age or occupation -- are named as heirs in Westing 's will . The will is structured as a puzzle , with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution . Each of the eight pairs , assigned seemingly at random , is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues . The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing 's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company . Contents 1 Characters 1.1 Pair One 1.2 Pair Two 1.3 Pair Three 1.4 Pair Four 1.5 Pair Five 1.6 Pair Six 1.7 Pair Seven 1.8 Pair Eight 1.9 Other characters 2 Epilogue 3 References 4 External links Characters ( edit ) Sam Westing was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products . He was very patriotic and never smoked , drank , or gambled . Pair one ( edit ) Jacob `` Jake '' Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist , and a bookie on the side . He is married to Grace Wexler , whom he loves , but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation . Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler . He later becomes a state gambling commissioner . Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much - younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo . She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr Hoo 's restaurant . It is rumoured that Mr Hoo married her for her 100 - year - old sauce recipe . Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China . Madame Hoo is the step - mother of Doug Hoo . Although she is an heir , she does n't really contribute to the game . Pair two ( edit ) Judge J.J. Ford , an intelligent and serious African - American woman in her forties who rarely smiles . She is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing . Instead of winning , her goal is to discover the past of every heir . She prefers to work on her own , but uses her partner 's ear for gossip to her advantage . Her connection to Westing is that she is the daughter of his former servants . Growing up , Westing would play chess with Ford and funded her education . As Sandy , Westing suggested that he did so as he saw her potential instead of pity as she believes . Alexander `` Sandy '' McSouthers was a doorman in Sunset Towers . That was his disguise , as he was actually one of the four identities of Sam Westing . His description says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers . McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers ' gossip . Pair three ( edit ) Grace Wexler , married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle , is a self - centered woman who is obsessed with her own image . She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle . She claims to be Mr. Westing 's niece , and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler , although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer . However , as the game goes on , she develops a growing interest in her partner 's restaurant and the restaurant business in general . James Shin `` Jimmy '' Hoo is a middle - aged Chinese man , owner of Shin Hoo 's restaurant and former entrepreneur , as well as Madame Hoo 's husband and Doug 's father . He claims Mr Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason . He suffers from ulcers , and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study . Pair four ( edit ) Tabitha - Ruth Wexler , known as Turtle or `` Alice '' , is a highly intelligent 13 - year - old girl . She is very protective of her long , dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it . She excels at playing the stock market . She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach , and she also loves her family , even though her sister Angela seems to be favoured . She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo . At the end , she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself . Flora Baumbach is a shy 60 - year - old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner , Turtle . Her daughter , Rosalie , had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19 . Her husband disappeared , and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce . Flora is kind to everyone and prefers to see the best in people . Turtle refers to her as `` Baba , '' while she refers to Turtle as `` Alice . '' She is an heir because she made the wedding dress for Westing 's deceased daughter . Pair five ( edit ) Christos `` Chris '' Theodorakis is a 15 - year - old boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease . He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching . His brother , Theo , is very protective of him . Chris 's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech , but he is much more observant than he lets on -- in part because he is often dismissed by others . Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski . Chris is observant of others and is ready for any challenge given , by the game Dr. Denton Deere is a 25 - year - old medical intern . He is engaged to Angela . Dr Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry . He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone . He later becomes a neurologist , gaining fame for his treatment of Chris 's condition . Pair six ( edit ) Berthe Erica Crow , usually referred to as simply Crow , is an extremely religious 57 - year - old woman . Tight and introverted , she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers , while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless . She plays a major role in Westing 's plot , as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr Westing 's wife . She was put in jail but J.J Ford was ready to defend Crow . Otis J. Amber is a 62 - year - old `` delivery boy . '' Even outside of the game , he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow , in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow . He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen . At the beginning of the story , he tells the tale of the bloody bet that a boy once made involving the Westing mansion , which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book , using two words : `` purple waves . '' Pair seven ( edit ) Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student , and very loyal to his family . He is protective of his brother Chris and works hard in his parents ' coffee shop . He is interested in becoming a writer , and also becomes friends with his partner , Doug Hoo . Doug Hoo , son of Jimmy Hoo , is a high school track star , one of the best mile - runners in the state . Running is his passion , but his father often criticizes him for not studying . Doug 's partner Theo tells Doug to follow Otis Amber because they were suspicious of him . At the end , he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well . Pair eight ( edit ) Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20 - year - old girl : fair , blonde , and very pretty . She is considered the ' perfect ' daughter , often getting more attention than her sister Turtle . However , people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere , and not an intelligent woman in her own right . Throughout the book , Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified . Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace 's every command . She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty . She is the bomber that causes several catastrophes through the book though only Turtle is aware of this . Eventually , she goes to college . Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs . No one pays any attention to her , so she tries hard to be noticed . She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis . Eventually , it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing , as Westing 's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski . Other characters ( edit ) Barny Northup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs . After this , he is rarely seen by any of the tenants . ( Sam Westing ) Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr Westing 's absence . He was a witness to Mr Westing 's will . ( Sam Westing ) Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing and a witness to his will . Was the one who declared both Westing and Sandy McSouthers ( Sam Westing ) dead and appears to be in on Westing 's plan . Edgar J. Plum is the young and fairly incompetent lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing 's estate . Aside from reading Westing 's will to the players , Plum has no part in the game . Mr. and Mrs Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop . They have no role in the game , though their sons Chris and Theo do . Epilogue ( edit ) The epilogue of the story is told in the book 's last three chapters , which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful , many of them changing their lives as a result of the game . Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married , both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow 's soup kitchen , which many of the heirs leave donations to . Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together . Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game 's conclusion , becoming Turtle 's close friend and later Alice 's nanny . Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate . Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis ' disease , and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon . Five years after the game 's conclusion , the two are reunited , marry , and have a daughter named Alice . Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris ' education in homage to her mentor , Sam Westing . She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court . Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname `` Sunny . '' She becomes fluent in English and becomes James ' secretary in his new company . After he dies she finally takes her trip to China but returns to take up the family business . James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives `` Hoo 's on First '' to Grace . He patents his shoe - sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire , and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family . He dies briefly before the book 's conclusion and is succeeded in the company by his wife . Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500 - meter run shortly after the game ends , and goes on to win two more . Retiring from athletics , he becomes a popular sports announcer . Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton 's extensive research . However , he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life . His college education is financed by Judge Ford , and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year . The two later marry and become professors at the local university . Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot ( the `` something - Christos parrot '' ) during an expedition in Central America . Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr Schultz has a crush on her . She later marries him . The pair moves to Hawaii , though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela . She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel . Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist , quits , and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford . He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner , though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife . Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo 's restaurant , renaming it `` Hoo 's on First '' and giving it a theme of local sports stars . It gets rave reviews . The success of `` Hoo 's on First '' ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants , the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison . Theo Theodorakis attends a literary college , becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug 's first gold medal . He later becomes a novelist . His first novel does not sell well , but at the book 's end , he has almost finished his second book . Theo marries Turtle , though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris ' disease . Theo and Chris ' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business . Turtle Wexler , having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing 's secret life , is dedicated to becoming his successor -- and , ultimately , the president of Westing Paper Products . She takes on the nickname of T.R. ( real name : Tabitha - Ruth Wexler ) , attends college early ( she is only 18 in her second year of college ) , and makes over $5 million in the stock market . Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton 's daughter Alice how to play chess . Sandy McSouthers , who supposedly died after the game 's conclusion , is revealed as Samuel Westing , Barney Northrup , and ( primarily ) Julian Eastman . He becomes Turtle Wexler 's mentor , pays for her expensive education , and plays chess with her every Saturday , although she tells people she is `` at the library . '' He dies on the Fourth of July . Sam Westing , died from old age and was not murdered . The Westing Game , adapted by Darian Lindle and directed by Terry Brino - Dean , was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009 . The script is published by Dramatic Publishing . Get a Clue , adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newbery Medal & Honor Books , 1922 -- Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Novels portal Children 's literature portal The Westing Game manuscript online at UW Madison The Westing Game on IMDb The Game learning guide , analysis , quotes , & teacher resources Awards Preceded by Bridge to Terabithia Newbery Medal recipient 1979 Succeeded by A Gathering of Days : A New England Girl 's Journal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Westing_Game&oldid=847799193 '' Categories : Newbery Medal - winning works 1978 American novels American children 's novels Children 's mystery novels Novels by Ellen Raskin American novels adapted into films Novels set in Milwaukee E.P. Dutton books 1978 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Westing%20Game	270
meaning and nature of human rights in india			Human rights	human rights	Human rights are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour , and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international law . They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights `` to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being '' , and which are `` inherent in all human beings '' regardless of their nation , location , language , religion , ethnic origin or any other status . They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal , and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone . They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others , and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances ; for example , human rights may include freedom from unlawful imprisonment , torture and execution .	The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law , global and regional institutions . Actions by states and non-governmental organisations form a basis of public policy worldwide . The idea of human rights suggests that `` if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language , it is that of human rights '' . The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable scepticism and debates about the content , nature and justifications of human rights to this day . The precise meaning of the term right is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate ; while there is consensus that human rights encompasses a wide variety of rights such as the right to a fair trial , protection against enslavement , prohibition of genocide , free speech , or a right to education , there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights ; some thinkers suggest that human rights should be a minimum requirement to avoid the worst - case abuses , while others see it as a higher standard . Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the events of the Holocaust , culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 . Ancient peoples did not have the same modern - day conception of universal human rights . The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke , Francis Hutcheson and Jean - Jacques Burlamaqui , and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution . From this foundation , the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century , possibly as a reaction to slavery , torture , genocide and war crimes , as a realisation of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society . Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom , justice and peace in the world ... -- 1st sentence of the Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . -- Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the concept 1.1 16th -- 18th century 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 2 Philosophy 2.1 Criticism 3 Classification 3.1 Indivisibility 3.2 Categorisation 3.3 Three generations 4 International protection and promotion 4.1 United Nations Charter 4.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4.3 International treaties 4.4 Customary international law 4.5 International humanitarian law 4.6 United Nations system 4.6. 1 Political bodies 4.6. 1.1 Security Council 4.6. 1.2 General Assembly 4.6. 1.3 Human Rights Council 4.6. 2 Treaty bodies 4.7 Regional human rights regimes 4.8 Human rights promotion 5 Non-governmental actors 5.1 Non-governmental organisations 5.2 Human rights defenders 5.3 Corporations 6 Violations 7 Substantive rights 7.1 Right to life 7.2 Freedom from torture 7.3 Freedom from slavery 7.4 Right to a fair trial 7.5 Freedom of speech 7.6 Freedom of thought , conscience and religion 7.7 Freedom of movement 7.8 Rights debates 7.8. 1 Right to keep and bear arms 7.8. 2 Future generations 7.8. 3 Sexual orientation and gender identity 7.8. 4 Trade 7.8. 5 Water and sanitation 7.8. 6 Sexual and reproductive rights 7.8. 7 World Health Organisation 7.8. 8 Information and communication technologies 7.8. 9 Right to non-refoulement vs. right to asylum 8 Relationship with other topics 8.1 The environment 8.2 National security 8.3 Relativism and universalism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Books 11.2 Articles 11.3 Online 11.4 Miscellaneous 12 Further reading 13 External links History of the concept Main article : History of human rights The Cyrus Cylinder , created by king Cyrus the Great , is sometimes argued to be the world 's first charter of human rights . The Bill of Rights Bill of Rights 1689 Ratified 16 December 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert certain rights Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history , there is agreement that the earlier conceptions do not closely resemble the modern conceptions of human rights . According to Jack Donnelly , in the ancient world , `` traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties ... conceptions of justice , political legitimacy , and human flourishing that sought to realise human dignity , flourishing , or well - being entirely independent of human rights . These institutions and practices are alternative to , rather than different formulations of , human rights '' . The history of human rights can be traced to past documents , particularly Constitution of Medina ( 622 ) , Al - Risalah al - Huquq ( late 7th to early 8th century ) , Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , the German Peasants ' War Twelve Articles ( 1525 ) , the English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) , and the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution ( 1791 ) . The modern sense of human rights can be traced to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation , alongside the disappearance of the feudal authoritarianism and religious conservativism that dominated the Middle Ages . One theory is that human rights were developed during the early Modern period , alongside the European secularisation of Judeo - Christian ethics . The most commonly held view is that the concept of human rights evolved in the West , and that while earlier cultures had important ethical concepts , they generally lacked a concept of human rights . For example , McIntyre argues there is no word for `` right '' in any language before 1400 . Medieval charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human rights , rather they were the foundation and constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances , in the case of Magna Carta later being recognised in the course of early modern debates about rights . One of the oldest records of human rights is the statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ) , giving privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech . Samuel Moyn suggests that the concept of human rights is intertwined with the modern sense of citizenship , which did not emerge until the past few hundred years . 16th -- 18th century The earliest conceptualisation of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law . In particular , the issue of universal rights was introduced by the examination of extending rights to indigenous peoples by Spanish clerics , such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas . In the Valladolid debate , Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda , who maintained an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth , argued with Las Casas , who argued in favour of equal rights to freedom from slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion . 17th - century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work , identifying them as being `` life , liberty , and estate ( property ) '' , and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract . In Britain in 1689 , the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions . Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century , in the United States ( 1776 ) and in France ( 1789 ) , leading to the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively , both of which articulated certain human rights . Additionally , the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms . Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by the National Assembly of France , 26 August 1789 We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . -- United States Declaration of Independence , 1776 These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine , John Stuart Mill and G.W.F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries . The term human rights probably came into use some time between Paine 's The Rights of Man and William Lloyd Garrison 's 1831 writings in The Liberator , in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in `` the great cause of human rights '' . Although the term had been used by at least one author as early as 1742 . 19th century In the 19th century , human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery . A number of reformers , notably British Member of Parliament William Wilberforce , worked towards the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and abolition of slavery . This was achieved across the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807 , which was enforced internationally by the Royal Navy under treaties Britain negotiated with other nations , and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . In the United States , all the northern states had abolished the institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804 , although southern states clung tightly to the `` peculiar institution '' . Conflict and debates over the expansion of slavery to new territories constituted one of the reasons for the southern states ' secession and the American Civil War . During the reconstruction period immediately following the war , several amendments to the United States Constitution were made . These included the 13th amendment , banning slavery , the 14th amendment , assuring full citizenship and civil rights to all people born in the United States , and the 15th amendment , guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote . In Russia , the reformer Tsar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861 , although the freed serfs often faced restrictions of their mobility within the nation . Many groups and movements have achieved profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights . In Europe and North America , labour unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike , establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating child labour . The women 's rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote . National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers . One of the most influential was Mahatma Gandhi 's movement to free his native India from British rule . Movements by long - oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world , among them the Civil Rights Movement , and more recent movements , on behalf of women and minorities in the United States . The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross , the 1864 Lieber Code and the first of the Geneva Conventions in 1864 laid the foundations of International humanitarian law , to be further developed following the two World Wars . 20th century The World Wars , and the huge losses of life and gross abuses of human rights that took place during them , were a driving force behind the development of modern human rights instruments . The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I . The League 's goals included disarmament , preventing war through collective security , settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy , and improving global welfare . Enshrined in its charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . At the 1945 Yalta Conference , the Allied Powers agreed to create a new body to supplant the League 's role ; this was to be the United Nations . The United Nations has played an important role in international human - rights law since its creation . Following the World Wars , the United Nations and its members developed much of the discourse and the bodies of law that now make up international humanitarian law and international human rights law . Analyst Belinda Cooper argued that human rights organisations flourished in the 1990s , possibly as a result of the dissolution of the western and eastern Cold War blocs . Ludwig Hoffmann argues that human rights became more widely emphasised in the latter half of the twentieth century because it `` provided a language for political claim making and counter-claims , liberal - democratic , but also socialist and post colonialist . Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam Main article : Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam The CDHR was signed by member states of the OIC in 1990 at the 19th Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Cairo , Egypt . It was seen as the answer to the UDHR . In fact , the CDHR was `` patterned after the UN-sponsored UDHR of 1948 '' . The object of the CDHR was to `` serve as a guide for member states on human rights issues . CDHR translated the Qur'anic teachings as follows : `` All men are equal in terms of basic human dignity and basic obligations and responsibilities , without any discrimination on the basis of race , colour , language , belief , sex , religion , political affiliation , social status or other considerations . True religion is the guarantee for enhancing such dignity along the path to human integrity . On top of references to the Qur'an , the CDHR also referenced prophetic teachings and Islamic legal tradition . Philosophy Main article : Philosophy of human rights The philosophy of human rights attempts to examine the underlying basis of the concept of human rights and critically looks at its content and justification . Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights have become a part of social expectations . One of the oldest Western philosophies of human rights is that they are a product of a natural law , stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds . Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behaviour which is a human social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution ( associated with Hume ) . Human rights are also described as a sociological pattern of rule setting ( as in the sociological theory of law and the work of Weber ) . These approaches include the notion that individuals in a society accept rules from legitimate authority in exchange for security and economic advantage ( as in Rawls ) -- a social contract . The two theories that dominate contemporary human rights discussion are the interest theory and the will theory . Interest theory argues that the principal function of human rights is to protect and promote certain essential human interests , while will theory attempts to establish the validity of human rights based on the unique human capacity for freedom . Other positions attempt to categorise rights into basic types , rather than make claims about the function or derivation of particular rights . Criticism The claims made by human rights to universality have led to criticism . Philosophers who have criticised the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham , Edmund Burke , Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx . Canadian political philosophy professor Charles Blattberg argues that discussion of human rights , being abstract , demotivates people from upholding the values that rights are meant to affirm . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives particular attention to two types of criticisms : the one questioning universality of human rights and the one denying them objective ground . Alain Pellet , a French scholar on international law , criticises `` human rightism '' approach as denying the principle of sovereignty and claiming a special place for human rights among the branches of international law ; French journalist Alain de Benoist questions human rights premises of human equality . American scholar David Kennedy had listed pragmatic worries and polemical charges concerning human rights in 2002 in Harvard Human Rights Journal . Classification Human rights can be classified and organised in several different ways . At an international level the most common categorisation of human rights has been to split them into civil and political rights , and economic , social and cultural rights . Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) . Economic , social and cultural rights are enshrined in articles 22 to 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) . Indivisibility The UDHR included both economic , social and cultural rights and civil and political rights because it was based on the principle that the different rights could only successfully exist in combination : The ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights , as well as his social , economic and cultural rights . -- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights , 1966 This is held to be true because without civil and political rights the public can not assert their economic , social and cultural rights . Similarly , without livelihoods and a working society , the public can not assert or make use of civil or political rights ( known as the full belly thesis ) . The indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights has been confirmed by the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action : All human rights are universal , indivisible and interdependent and related . The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner , on the same footing , and with the same emphasis . -- Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , World Conference on Human Rights , 1993 This statement was again endorsed at the 2005 World Summit in New York ( paragraph 121 ) . Although accepted by the signatories to the UDHR , most do not in practice give equal weight to the different types of rights . Some Western cultures have often given priority to civil and political rights , sometimes at the expense of economic and social rights such as the right to work , to education , health and housing . Similarly the ex Soviet bloc countries and Asian countries have tended to give priority to economic , social and cultural rights , but have often failed to provide civil and political rights . Categorisation Opponents of the indivisibility of human rights argue that economic , social and cultural rights are fundamentally different from civil and political rights and require completely different approaches . Economic , social and cultural rights are argued to be : aspirations or goals , as opposed to real ' legal ' rights ideologically divisive / political , meaning that there is no consensus on what should or should not be provided as a right non-justiciable , meaning that their provision , or the breach of them , can not be judged in a court of law positive , meaning that they require active provision of entitlements by the state ( as opposed to the state being required only to prevent the breach of rights ) progressive , meaning that they will take significant time to implement resource - intensive , meaning that they are expensive and difficult to provide socialist , as opposed to capitalist vague , meaning they can not be quantitatively measured , and whether they are adequately provided or not is difficult to judge . Similarly civil and political rights are categorized as : capitalist cost - free immediate , meaning they can be immediately provided if the state decides to justiciable negative , meaning the state can protect them simply by taking no action non-ideological / non-political precise , meaning their provision is easy to judge and measure real ' legal ' rights Australian politician Olivia Ball and British scholar Paul Gready argue that for both civil and political rights and economic , social and cultural rights , it is easy to find examples which do not fit into the above categorisation . Among several others , they highlight the fact that maintaining a judicial system , a fundamental requirement of the civil right to due process before the law and other rights relating to judicial process , is positive , resource - intensive , progressive and vague , while the social right to housing is precise , justiciable and can be a real ' legal ' right . Three generations Another categorisation , offered by Czech - French scholar Karel Vasak , is that there are three generations of human rights : first - generation civil and political rights ( right to life and political participation ) , second - generation economic , social and cultural rights ( right to subsistence ) and third - generation solidarity rights ( right to peace , right to clean environment ) . Out of these generations , the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political recognition . This categorisation is at odds with the indivisibility of rights , as it implicitly states that some rights can exist without others . Prioritisation of rights for pragmatic reasons is however a widely accepted necessity . American human rights scholar Philip Alston argues : If every possible human rights element is deemed to be essential or necessary , then nothing will be treated as though it is truly important . He , and others , urge caution with prioritisation of rights : ( T ) he call for prioritizing is not to suggest that any obvious violations of rights can be ignored . -- Philip Alston Priorities , where necessary , should adhere to core concepts ( such as reasonable attempts at progressive realization ) and principles ( such as non-discrimination , equality and participation . -- Olivia Ball , Paul Gready Some human rights are said to be `` inalienable rights '' . The term inalienable rights ( or unalienable rights ) refers to `` a set of human rights that are fundamental , are not awarded by human power , and can not be surrendered . '' International protection and Promotion Main article : International human rights law In the aftermath of the atrocities of World War II , there was increased concern for the social and legal protection of human rights as fundamental freedoms . The foundation of the United Nations and the provisions of the United Nations Charter provided a basis for a comprehensive system of international law and practice for the protection of human rights . Since then , international human rights law has been characterised by a linked system of conventions , treaties , organisations , and political bodies , rather than any single entity or set of laws . However , American analyst Pierre Leval suggested that respect for fundamental human rights in the world today ( in 2013 ) is `` dismal '' within some nations : Despotic regimes murder , mutilate , and rape civilian populations and arbitrarily imprison and torture political opponents . Human traffickers , almost invariably operating with the protection of corrupt local officials and police , enslave children and young women in the sex trade . So long as the regimes that sponsor and protect these criminals remain in power , their crimes go unrecognized . -- Pierre N. Leval in Foreign Affairs , 2013 United Nations charter Main article : United Nations Charter The provisions of the United Nations Charter provided a basis for the development of international human rights protection in the opinion of British barrister Ian Brownlie . The preamble of the charter provides that the members `` reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights , in the equal rights of men and women '' and Article 1 ( 3 ) of the United Nations charter states that one of the purposes of the UN is : `` to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic , social , cultural , or humanitarian character , and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' . Article 55 provides that : The United Nations shall promote : a ) higher standards of living , full employment , and conditions of economic and social progress and development ; b ) solutions of international economic , social , health , and related problems ; c ) international cultural and educational cooperation ; d ) universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion . Of particular importance is Article 56 of the charter : `` All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55 . '' This is a binding treaty provision applicable to both the organization and its members and has been taken to constitute a legal obligation for the members of the United Nations . Overall , the references to human rights in the charter are general and vague . The charter does not contain specific legal rights , nor does it mandate any enforcement procedures to protect these rights . According to Shaw , the importance of human rights on the global stage can be traced to the importance of human rights within the United Nations framework and the UN Charter can be seen as the starting point for the development of a broad array of declarations , treaties , implementation and enforcement mechanisms , UN organs , committees and reports on the protection of human rights . The rights espoused in the UN charter were codified and defined in a non-binding context within the International Bill of Human Rights , composing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Universal Declaration of human rights Main article : Universal Declaration of Human Rights `` It is not a treaty ... ( In the future , it ) may well become the international Magna Carta . '' Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish text of the Universal Declaration in 1949 . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 , partly in response to the atrocities of World War II . It is generally viewed as the preeminent statement of international rights and has been identified as being a culmination of centuries of thinking along both secular and religious lines . Although the UDHR is a non-binding resolution , it is now considered by some to have acquired the force of international customary law which may be invoked in appropriate circumstances by national and other tribunals . The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human , civil , economic and social rights , asserting these rights as part of the `` foundation of freedom , justice and peace in the world . '' The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens . ... recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom , justice and peace in the world . -- Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , 1948 The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission , with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair , who began to discuss an International Bill of Rights in 1947 . The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights , and whether , or how , it should be enforced . The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties , but the UDHR quickly became the priority . Canadian law professor John Humphrey and French lawyer René Cassin were responsible for much of the cross-national research and the structure of the document respectively , where the articles of the declaration were interpretative of the general principle of the preamble . The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity , liberty , equality and brotherhood in the first two articles , followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals ; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups ; spiritual , public and political rights ; and economic , social and cultural rights . According to Cassin , the final three articles place rights in the context of limits , duties and the social and political order in which they are to be realised . Humphrey and Cassin intended the rights in the UDHR to be legally enforceable through some means , as is reflected in the third clause of the preamble : Whereas it is essential , if man is not to be compelled to have recourse , as a last resort , to rebellion against tyranny and oppression , that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . -- Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , 1948 Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a committee of international experts on human rights , including representatives from all continents and all major religions , and drawing on consultation with leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi . The inclusion of civil , political , economic , social and cultural rights was predicated on the assumption that all human rights are indivisible and that the different types of rights listed are inextricably linked . This principle was not then opposed by any member states ( the declaration was adopted unanimously , Byelorussian SSR , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Ukrainian SSR , Union of South Africa , USSR , Yugoslavia . ) ; however , this principle was later subject to significant challenges . The Universal Declaration was bifurcated into treaties , a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and another on social , economic , and cultural rights , due to questions about the relevance and propriety of economic and social provisions in covenants on human rights . Both covenants begin with the right of people to self - determination and to sovereignty over their natural resources . This debate over whether human rights are more fundamental than economic rights has continued to the present day . The United States declared after the World Food Summit that a right to be free from hunger does not give rise to any international obligations which has been interpreted as a negative duty . The drafters of the Covenants initially intended only one instrument . The original drafts included only political and civil rights , but economic and social rights were also proposed . The disagreement over which rights were basic human rights resulted in there being two covenants . The debate was whether economic and social rights are aspirational , as contrasted with basic human rights which all people possess purely by being human , because economic and social rights depend on wealth and the availability of resources . In addition , which social and economic rights should be recognised depends on ideology or economic theories , in contrast to basic human rights , which are defined purely by the nature ( mental and physical abilities ) of human beings . It was debated whether economic rights were appropriate subjects for binding obligations and whether the lack of consensus over such rights would dilute the strength of political - civil rights . There was wide agreement and clear recognition that the means required to enforce or induce compliance with socioeconomic undertakings were different from the means required for civil - political rights . This debate and the desire for the greatest number of signatories to human - rights law led to the two covenants . The Soviet bloc and a number of developing countries had argued for the inclusion of all rights in a so - called Unity Resolution . Both covenants allowed states to derogate some rights . Those in favour of a single treaty could not gain sufficient consensus . International treaties In 1966 , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) were adopted by the United Nations , between them making the rights contained in the UDHR binding on all states that have signed this treaty , creating human - rights law . Since then numerous other treaties ( pieces of legislation ) have been offered at the international level . They are generally known as human rights instruments . Some of the most significant , referred to ( with ICCPR and ICESCR ) as `` the seven core treaties '' , are : Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) ( adopted 1979 , entry into force : 1981 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( CERD ) ( adopted 1966 , entry into force : 1969 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( CRPD ) ( adopted 2006 , entry into force : 2008 ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) ( adopted 1989 , entry into force : 1989 ) United Nations Convention Against Torture ( CAT ) ( adopted 1984 , entry into force : 1987 ) International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families ( ICRMW or more often MWC ) ( adopted 1990 , entry into force : 2003 ) Customary international law Main article : Customary international law In addition to protection by international treaties , customary international law may protect some human rights , such as the prohibition of torture , genocide and slavery and the principle of non-discrimination . International humanitarian law Main articles : Geneva Conventions and International humanitarian law The Geneva Conventions came into being between 1864 and 1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant , the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross . The conventions safeguard the human rights of individuals involved in armed conflict , and build on the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , the international community 's first attempt to formalise the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of secular international law . The conventions were revised as a result of World War II and readopted by the international community in 1949 . United Nations system Main article : United Nations Under the mandate of the UN charter , and the multilateral UN human rights treaties , the United Nations ( UN ) as an intergovernmental body seeks to apply international jurisdiction for universal human - rights legislation . Within the UN machinery , human - rights issues are primarily the concern of the United Nations Security Council and the United Nations Human Rights Council , and there are numerous committees within the UN with responsibilities for safeguarding different human - rights treaties . The most senior body of the UN in the sphere of human rights is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . The United Nations has an international mandate to : achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic , social , cultural , or humanitarian character , and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , gender , language , or religion . -- Article 1 -- 3 of the United Nations Charter Political bodies Security Council Main article : United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and is the only body of the UN that can authorise the use of force . It has been criticised for failing to take action to prevent human rights abuses , including the Darfur crisis , the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan Genocide . For example , critics blamed the presence of non-democracies on the Security Council for its failure regarding . On April 28 , 2006 the Security Council adopted resolution 1674 that reaffirmed the responsibility to protect populations from genocide , war crimes , ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity '' and committed the Security Council to action to protect civilians in armed conflict . General Assembly The UN General Assembly Main article : United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly , under Article 13 of the UN Charter , has the power to initiate studies and make recommendations on human rights issues . Under this provision , the general assembly passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , and since then a wide variety of other human rights instruments . The assembly has several subsidiary organs that deal with specific human rights issues , such as the Special Committee on Decolonisation and the Special Commission against Apartheid ( no longer operational ) . In addition the general assembly has set up a number of subsidiary organs that consider human rights issues in a number of high - profile contexts : such as the UN Council on Namibia , the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practises in the Occupied territories and the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable rights of the Palestine People . Human rights Council Main article : United Nations Human Rights Council The United Nations Human Rights Council , created at the 2005 World Summit to replace the United Nations Commission on Human Rights , has a mandate to investigate violations of human rights . The Human Rights Council is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly and reports directly to it . It ranks below the Security Council , which is the final authority for the interpretation of the United Nations Charter . Forty - seven of the one hundred ninety - one member states sit on the council , elected by simple majority in a secret ballot of the United Nations General Assembly . Members serve a maximum of six years and may have their membership suspended for gross human rights abuses . The Council is based in Geneva , and meets three times a year ; with additional meetings to respond to urgent situations . Independent experts ( rapporteurs ) are retained by the Council to investigate alleged human rights abuses and to provide the Council with reports . The Human Rights Council may request that the Security Council take action when human rights violations occur . This action may be direct actions , may involve sanctions , and the Security Council may also refer cases to the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) even if the issue being referred is outside the normal jurisdiction of the ICC . Treaty bodies In addition to the political bodies whose mandate flows from the UN charter , the UN has set up a number of treaty - based bodies , comprising committees of independent experts who monitor compliance with human rights standards and norms flowing from the core international human rights treaties . They are supported by and are created by the treaty that they monitor , With the exception of the CESCR , which was established under a resolution of the Economic and Social Council to carry out the monitoring functions originally assigned to that body under the Covenant , they are technically autonomous bodies , established by the treaties that they monitor and accountable to the state parties of those treaties - rather than subsidiary to the United Nations . Though in practice they are closely intertwined with the United Nations system and are supported by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( UNHCHR ) and the UN Centre for Human Rights . The Human Rights Committee promotes participation with the standards of the ICCPR . The members of the committee express opinions on member countries and make judgments on individual complaints against countries which have ratified an Optional Protocol to the treaty . The judgments , termed `` views '' , are not legally binding . The member of the committee meets around three times a year to hold sessions The Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights monitors the ICESCR and makes general comments on ratifying countries performance . It will have the power to receive complaints against the countries that opted into the Optional Protocol once it has come into force . It is important to note that unlike the other treaty bodies , the economic committee is not an autonomous body responsible to the treaty parties , but directly responsible to the Economic and Social Council and ultimately to the General Assembly . This means that the Economic Committee faces particular difficulties at its disposal only relatively `` weak '' means of implementation in comparison to other treaty bodies . Particular difficulties noted by commentators include : perceived vagueness of the principles of the treaty , relative lack of legal texts and decisions , ambivalence of many states in addressing economic , social and cultural rights , comparatively few non-governmental organisations focused on the area and problems with obtaining relevant and precise information . The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination monitors the CERD and conducts regular reviews of countries ' performance . It can make judgments on complaints against member states allowing it , but these are not legally binding . It issues warnings to attempt to prevent serious contraventions of the convention . The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women monitors the CEDAW . It receives states ' reports on their performance and comments on them , and can make judgments on complaints against countries which have opted into the 1999 Optional Protocol . The Committee Against Torture monitors the CAT and receives states ' reports on their performance every four years and comments on them . Its subcommittee may visit and inspect countries which have opted into the Optional Protocol . The Committee on the Rights of the Child monitors the CRC and makes comments on reports submitted by states every five years . It does not have the power to receive complaints . The Committee on Migrant Workers was established in 2004 and monitors the ICRMW and makes comments on reports submitted by states every five years . It will have the power to receive complaints of specific violations only once ten member states allow it . The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was established in 2008 to monitor the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . It has the power to receive complaints against the countries which have opted into the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . The Committee on Enforced Disappearances monitors the ICPPED . All States parties are obliged to submit reports to the Committee on how the rights are being implemented . The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of `` concluding observations '' . Each treaty body receives secretariat support from the Human Rights Council and Treaties Division of Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights ( OHCHR ) in Geneva except CEDAW , which is supported by the Division for the Advancement of Women ( DAW ) . CEDAW formerly held all its sessions at United Nations headquarters in New York but now frequently meets at the United Nations Office in Geneva ; the other treaty bodies meet in Geneva . The Human Rights Committee usually holds its March session in New York City . Regional human rights regimes Main article : Regional human rights regimes International human rights regimes are in several cases `` nested '' within more comprehensive and overlapping regional agreements . These regional regimes can be seen as relatively independently coherent human rights sub-regimes . Three principal regional human rights instruments can be identified ; the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights , the American Convention on Human Rights ( the Americas ) and the European Convention on Human Rights . The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe . All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed the Convention and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg . See also : List of human rights articles by country and National human rights institutions Human rights Promotion Human rights continue to be promoted around the world through governmental organisations and museums including the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Non-governmental actors Main article : Human rights group Non-governmental organisations Visitors to an LGBT Pride event in Greece interact with members of a non-governmental human rights organisation . Main article : Non-governmental organization International non-governmental human rights organisations such as Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch , International Service for Human Rights and FIDH monitor what they see as human rights issues around the world and promote their views on the subject . Human rights organisations have been said to `` translate complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community '' . Human rights organisations frequently engage in lobbying and advocacy in an effort to convince the United Nations , supranational bodies and national governments to adopt their policies on human rights . Many human - rights organisations have observer status at the various UN bodies tasked with protecting human rights . A new ( in 2009 ) non-governmental human - rights conference is the Oslo Freedom Forum , a gathering described by The Economist as `` on its way to becoming a human - rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum . '' The same article noted that human - rights advocates are more and more divided amongst themselves over how violations of human rights are to be defined , notably as regards the Middle East . There is criticism of human - rights organisations who use their status but allegedly move away from their stated goals . For example , Gerald M. Steinberg , an Israel - based academic , maintains that NGOs take advantage of a `` halo effect '' and are `` given the status of impartial moral watchdogs '' by governments and the media . Such critics claim that this may be seen at various governmental levels , including when human - rights groups testify before investigation committees . Human rights defenders Main article : Human rights defender A human rights defender is someone who , individually or with others , acts to promote or protect human rights . Human rights defenders are those men and women who act peacefully for the promotion and protection of those rights , and most of this activity happens within a nation as opposed to internationally . Corporations Multinational companies play an increasingly large role in the world , and have been responsible for numerous human rights abuses . Although the legal and moral environment surrounding the actions of governments is reasonably well developed , that surrounding multinational companies is both controversial and ill - defined . Multinational companies ' primary responsibility is to their shareholders , not to those affected by their actions . Such companies may be larger than the economies of some of the states within which they operate , and can wield significant economic and political power . No international treaties exist to specifically cover the behaviour of companies with regard to human rights , and national legislation is very variable . Jean Ziegler , a Swiss professor and Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights on the right to food stated in a report in 2003 : ( T ) he growing power of transnational corporations and their extension of power through privatization , deregulation and the rolling back of the State also mean that it is now time to develop binding legal norms that hold corporations to human rights standards and circumscribe potential abuses of their position of power . -- Jean Ziegler In August 2003 the Human Rights Commission 's Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights produced draft Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights . These were considered by the Human Rights Commission in 2004 , but have no binding status on corporations and are not monitored . Violations See also : War , Genocides in history , Human rights defender , and Corporate accountability for human rights violations See also : Category : Human rights abuses . Human rights violations occur when actions by state ( or non-state ) actors abuse , ignore , or deny basic human rights ( including civil , political , cultural , social , and economic rights ) . Furthermore , violations of human rights can occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or humanitarian law . In regard to human rights violations of United Nations laws , Article 39 of the United Nations Charter designates the UN Security Council ( or an appointed authority ) as the only tribunal that may determine UN human rights violations . Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees , national institutions and governments and by many independent non-governmental organisations , such as Amnesty International , International Federation of Human Rights , Human Rights Watch , World Organisation Against Torture , Freedom House , International Freedom of Expression Exchange and Anti-Slavery International . These organisations collect evidence and documentation of alleged human rights abuses and apply pressure to enforce human rights laws . Wars of aggression , war crimes and crimes against humanity , including genocide , are breaches of International humanitarian law and represent the most serious of human rights violations . In efforts to eliminate violations of human rights , building awareness and protesting inhumane treatment has often led to calls for action and sometimes improved conditions . The UN Security Council has interceded with peace keeping forces , and other states and treaties ( NATO ) have intervened in situations to protect human rights . Substantive rights See also : Substantive rights Right to life Main article : Right to life Every human being has the inherent right to life . This right shall be protected by law . No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life . -- Article 6.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights The right to life is the essential right that a human being has the right not to be killed by another human being . The concept of a right to life is central to debates on the issues of abortion , capital punishment , euthanasia , self defence and war . According to many human rights activists , the death penalty violates this right . The United Nations has called on states retaining the death penalty to establish a moratorium on capital punishment with a view to its abolition . States which do not do so face considerable moral and political pressure . Freedom from torture Main article : Torture Throughout history , torture has been used as a method of political re-education , interrogation , punishment , and coercion . In addition to state - sponsored torture , individuals or groups may be motivated to inflict torture on others for similar reasons to those of a state ; however , the motive for torture can also be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer , as in the Moors murders . Since the mid-20th century , torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries . It is considered to be a violation of human rights , and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Signatories of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols I and II of June 8 , 1977 officially agree not to torture captured persons in armed conflicts , whether international or internal . Torture is also prohibited by the United Nations Convention Against Torture , which has been ratified by 157 countries . National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill - treatment are immoral , as well as impractical . Despite these international conventions , organisations that monitor abuses of human rights ( e.g. , Amnesty International , the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims ) report widespread use condoned by states in many regions of the world . Amnesty International estimates that at least 81 world governments currently practise torture , some of them openly . Freedom from slavery Main article : Slavery Freedom from slavery is internationally recognised as a human right . Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states : No one shall be held in slavery or servitude ; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms . Despite this , the number of slaves today ( in 2010 ) is higher than at any point in history , remaining as high as 12 million to 27 million , Most are debt slaves , largely in South Asia , who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders , sometimes even for generations . Human trafficking is primarily for prostituting women and children into sex industries . Groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Group , Anti-Slavery International , Free the Slaves , the Anti-Slavery Society , and the Norwegian Anti-Slavery Society continue to campaign to rid the world of slavery . Right to a fair trial Main article : Right to a fair trial Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal , in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him . The right to a fair trial has been defined in numerous regional and international human rights instruments . It is one of the most extensive human rights and all international human rights instruments enshrine it in more than one article . The right to a fair trial is one of the most litigated human rights and substantial case law has been established on the interpretation of this human right . Despite variations in wording and placement of the various fair trial rights , international human rights instrument define the right to a fair trial in broadly the same terms . The aim of the right is to ensure the proper administration of justice . As a minimum the right to fair trial includes the following fair trial rights in civil and criminal proceedings : the right to be heard by a competent , independent and impartial tribunal the right to a public hearing the right to be heard within a reasonable time the right to counsel the right to interpretation Freedom of speech Main article : Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship . The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously , but includes any act of seeking , receiving and imparting information or ideas , regardless of the medium used . In practice , the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations , such as on libel , slander , obscenity , incitement to commit a crime , etc . The right to freedom of expression is recognised as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognised in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) . Article 19 of the ICCPR states that `` ( e ) veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference '' and `` everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression ; this right shall include freedom to seek , receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds , regardless of frontiers , either orally , in writing or in print , in the form of art , or through any other media of his choice '' . Freedom of thought , conscience and religion Main articles : Freedom of thought , Conscience , and Freedom of religion Everyone has the right to freedom of thought , conscience and religion ; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief , and freedom , either alone or in community with others and in public or private , to manifest his religion or belief in teaching , practice , worship and observance . -- Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Freedom of thought , conscience and religion are closely related rights that protect the freedom of an individual or community , in public or private , to think and freely hold conscientious beliefs and to manifest religion or belief in teaching , practice , worship , and observance ; the concept is generally recognised also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any religion . The freedom to leave or discontinue membership in a religion or religious group -- in religious terms called `` apostasy '' -- is also a fundamental part of religious freedom , covered by Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Human rights groups such as Amnesty International organises campaigns to protect those arrested and or incarcerated as a prisoner of conscience because of their conscientious beliefs , particularly concerning intellectual , political and artistic freedom of expression and association . In legislation , a conscience clause is a provision in a statute that excuses a health professional from complying with the law ( for example legalising surgical or pharmaceutical abortion ) if it is incompatible with religious or conscientious beliefs . Freedom of movement Main article : Freedom of movement Freedom of movement asserts that a citizen of a state in which that citizen is present has the liberty to travel , reside in , and / or work in any part of the state where one pleases within the limits of respect for the liberty and rights of others , and to leave that state and return at any time . Rights debates Events and new possibilities can affect existing rights or require new ones . Advances of technology , medicine , and philosophy constantly challenge the status quo of human rights thinking . Right to keep and bear arms Main article : Right to keep and bear arms The right to keep and bear arms for defence is described in the philosophical and political writings of Aristotle , Cicero , John Locke , Machiavelli , the English Whigs and others . In countries with an English common law tradition , a long - standing common law right to keep and bear arms has long been recognised , as pre-existing in common law , prior even to the existence of national constitutions . Future generations In 1997 , UNESCO adopted the Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation . The Declaration opens with the words : Mindful of the will of the peoples , set out solemnly in the Charter of the United Nations , to ' save succeeding generations from the scourge of war ' and to safeguard the values and principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and all other relevant instruments of international law . -- Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation Article 1 of the declaration states `` the present generations have the responsibility of ensuring that the needs and interests of present and future generations are fully safeguarded '' . The preamble to the declaration states that `` at this point in history , the very existence of humankind and its environment are threatened '' and the declaration covers a variety of issues including protection of the environment , the human genome , biodiversity , cultural heritage , peace , development , and education . The preamble recalls that the responsibilities of the present generations towards future generations has been referred to in various international instruments , including the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ( UNESCO 1972 ) , the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity ( Rio de Janeiro , 1992 ) , the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development ( UN Conference on Environment and Development , 1992 ) , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action ( World Conference on Human Rights , 1993 ) and a number of UN General Assembly resolutions relating to the protection of the global climate for present and future generations adopted since 1990 . Sexual orientation and gender identity See also : LGBT rights by country or territory Asia 's first Genderqueer Pride Parade at Madurai with Anjali Gopalan . On 11 December 2013 , homosexuality was criminalised in India by a Supreme Court ruling . Sexual orientation and gender identity rights relate to the expression of sexual orientation and gender identity based on the right to respect for private life and the right not to be discriminated against on the ground of `` other status '' as defined in various human rights conventions , such as article 17 and 26 in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 8 and article 14 in the European Convention on Human Rights . As of 2011 , homosexual behaviour is illegal in 76 countries and punishable by execution in seven countries . The criminalisation of private , consensual , adult sexual relations , especially in countries where corporal or capital punishment is involved , is one of the primary concerns of LGBT human rights advocates . Other issues include : government recognition of same - sex relationships , LGBT adoption , sexual orientation and military service , immigration equality , anti-discrimination laws , hate crime laws regarding violence against LGBT people , sodomy laws , anti-lesbianism laws , and equal age of consent for same - sex activity . A global charter for sexual orientation and gender identity rights has been proposed in the form of the ' Yogyakarta Principles ' , a set of 29 principles whose authors say they apply International Human Rights Law statutes and precedent to situations relevant to LGBT people 's experience . The principles were presented at a United Nations event in New York on November 7 , 2007 , co-sponsored by Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . The principles have been acknowledged with influencing the French proposed UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity , which focuses on ending violence , criminalisation and capital punishment and does not include dialogue about same - sex marriage or right to start a family . The proposal was supported by 67 of the then 192 member countries of the United Nations , including all EU member states and the United States . An alternative statement opposing the proposal was initiated by Syria and signed by 57 member nations , including all 27 nations of the Arab League as well as Iran and North Korea . Trade Although both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights emphasise the importance of a right to work , neither of these documents explicitly mention free trade as a mechanism for ensuring this fundamental right . And yet trade plays a key role in providing jobs . Some experts argue that trade is inherent to human nature and that when governments inhibit international trade they directly inhibit the right to work and the other indirect benefits , like the right to education , that increased work and investment help accrue . Others have argued that the ability to trade does not affect everyone equally -- often groups like the rural poor , indigenous groups and women are less likely to access the benefits of increased trade . On the other hand , others think that it is no longer primarily individuals but companies that trade , and therefore it can not be guaranteed as a human right . Additionally , trying to fit too many concepts under the umbrella of what qualifies as a human right has the potential to dilute their importance . Finally , it is difficult to define a right to trade as either `` fair '' or `` just '' in that the current trade regime produces winners and losers but its reform is likely to produce ( different ) winners and losers . See also : The Recognition of Labour Standards within the World Trade Organization and Investor state dispute settlement Water and sanitation Main article : Human right to water and sanitation See also : Water politics The right to water has been recognised in a wide range of international documents , including treaties , declarations and other standards . For instance , the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) requires State parties to ensure to women the right to `` enjoy adequate living conditions , particularly in relation to ... water supply '' . The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) requires States parties to combat disease and malnutrition `` through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking - water '' . The most clear definition of the human right to water has been issued by the UN Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . This treaty body interpreting legal obligations of State parties to the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) issued in 2002 a non-binding interpretation affirming that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health ( see ICESCR Art . 11 & 12 ) and therefore a human right : The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient , safe , acceptable , physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses . -- United Nations Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights On July 28 , 2010 , the United Nations General Assembly declared water and sanitation as human rights . Since then , all States have at least ratified one human rights convention which explicitly or implicitly recognises the right , and they all have signed at least one political declaration recognising this right . Sexual and reproductive rights Main article : reproductive rights Human rights include women 's rights and sexual and reproductive rights . Sexual and reproductive rights are part of a continuum of human rights , which includes the rights to life , health and education , the rights to equality and non-discrimination , and the right to decide the timing , number and spacing of one 's children . Reproductive and sexual rights as part of human rights was affirmed internationally at the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development ( ICPD ) in Cairo in 1994 . It was the first among international development frameworks to address issues related to sexuality , sexual and reproductive health , and reproductive rights . The ICPD Programme of Action in paragraph 7.2 `` defines an individual 's sexual and reproductive health as complete well - being related to sexual activity and reproduction . Sexual and reproductive health and rights ( SRHR ) encompass both entitlements and freedoms . This includes the definition of reproductive rights in paragraph 7.3 of the ICPD PoA , which clarifies that these are not a new set of rights but human rights in existing human rights instruments related to sexual and reproductive autonomy and the attainment of sexual and reproductive health . Additionally , the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action ( PfA ) expands this definition to cover both sexuality and reproduction by affirming in paragraph 96 the right to exercise control over and make decisions about one 's sexuality , including sexual and reproductive health , free of coercion , discrimination and violence . '' World health organisation Reproductive rights were first established as a subset of human rights at the United Nations 1968 International Conference on Human Rights . The sixteenth article of the resulting Proclamation of Teheran states , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' Reproductive rights may include some or all of the following rights : the right to legal or safe abortion , the right to control one 's reproductive functions , the right to quality reproductive healthcare , and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion , discrimination , and violence . Reproductive rights may also be understood to include education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections , and freedom from coerced sterilisation and contraception , protection from gender - based practices such as female genital cutting ( FGC ) and male genital mutilation ( MGM ) . Information and communication technologies Main articles : Right to Internet access and Digital rights In October 2009 , Finland 's Ministry of Transport and Communications announced that every person in Finland would have the legal right to Internet access . Since July 2010 , the government has legally obligated telecommunications companies to offer broadband Internet access to every permanent residence and office . The connection must be `` reasonably priced '' and have a downstream rate of at least 1 Mbit / s . In March 2010 , the BBC , having commissioned an opinion poll , reported that `` almost four in five people around the world believe that access to the internet is a fundamental right '' . The poll , conducted by the polling company GlobeScan for the BBC World Service , collated the answers of 27,973 adult citizens across 26 countries to find that 79 % of adults either strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the statement : `` access to the internet should be a fundamental right of all people '' . Right to non-refoulement vs. right to asylum Non-refoulement is the right not to be returned to a place of persecution and is the foundation for international refugee law , as outlined in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . Both the right to non-refoulement and the right to asylum have taken centre stage in recent debates over the treatment of refugees . A central worry about the right to asylum is that it can limit a state 's power to handle a mass influx of refugees . Processing asylum applications can take a considerable amount of time , and this amount rises with the number of refugees applying . This creates an incentive for more refugees to apply , since they are allowed to stay in the country during the application process . One potential solution to the problem of mass influx is proposed by U.S. - based political philosopher Andy Lamey . Lamey proposes a portable procedural model that focuses on the right to non-refoulement . Crucially , the procedural rights defended by this model can be applied outside national borders , within any rights respecting country ; this allows the burden of mass influx to be shared by a plurality of countries without violating the procedural rights of the refugee . Relationship with other topics The environment There are two basic conceptions of environmental human rights in the current human rights system . The first is that the right to a healthy or adequate environment is itself a human right ( as seen in both Article 24 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights , and Article 11 of the San Salvador Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights ) . The second conception is the idea that environmental human rights can be derived from other human rights , usually -- the right to life , the right to health , the right to private family life and the right to property ( among many others ) . This second theory enjoys much more widespread use in human rights courts around the world , as those rights are contained in many human rights documents . The onset of various environmental issues , especially climate change , has created potential conflicts between different human rights . Human rights ultimately require a working ecosystem and healthy environment , but the granting of certain rights to individuals may damage these . Such as the conflict between right to decide number of offspring and the common need for a healthy environment , as noted in the tragedy of the commons . In the area of environmental rights , the responsibilities of multinational corporations , so far relatively unaddressed by human rights legislation , is of paramount consideration . Environmental rights revolve largely around the idea of a right to a livable environment both for the present and the future generations . National Security See also : National security and Anti-terrorism legislation With the exception of non-derogable human rights ( international conventions class the right to life , the right to be free from slavery , the right to be free from torture and the right to be free from retroactive application of penal laws as non-derogable ) , the UN recognises that human rights can be limited or even pushed aside during times of national emergency -- although the emergency must be actual , affect the whole population and the threat must be to the very existence of the nation . The declaration of emergency must also be a last resort and a temporary measure . -- United Nations . The Resource Rights that can not be derogated for reasons of national security in any circumstances are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens . Such United Nations Charter obligations are binding on all states and can not be modified by treaty . Examples of national security being used to justify human rights violations include the Japanese American internment during World War II , Stalin 's Great Purge , and the modern - day abuses of terror suspects rights by some countries , often in the name of the War on Terror . Relativism and universalism Main articles : Cultural relativism , Moral relativism , and Moral universalism Relativists argue that human rights must avoid pushing the values of a single culture at the expense of others . `` The White Man 's Burden '' is seen as an example of the West using the spread of Western culture as a justification for colonisation . Universalists argue that some practices violate the norms of all human cultures . They point out that although Female genital mutilation is prevalent in Africa , no religion supports the practice , and the tradition is in violation of women 's rights . The UDHR enshrines universal rights that apply to all humans equally , whichever geographical location , state , race or culture they belong to . However , in academia there is a dispute between scholars that advocate moral relativism and scholars that advocate moral universalism . Relativists do not argue against human rights , but concede that human rights are socially constructed and are shaped by cultural and environmental contexts . Universalists argue that human rights have always existed , and apply to all people regardless of culture , race , sex , or religion . More specifically , proponents of cultural relativism argue for acceptance of different cultures , which may have practices conflicting with human rights . Relativists caution that universalism could be used as a form of cultural , economic or political imperialism . The White Man 's Burden is used as an example of imperialism and the destruction of local cultures justified by the desire to spread Eurocentric values . In particular , the concept of human rights is often claimed to be fundamentally rooted in a politically liberal outlook which , although generally accepted in Europe , Japan or North America , is not necessarily taken as standard elsewhere . Opponents of relativism argue that some practices exist that violate the norms of all human cultures . A common example is female genital mutilation , which occurs in different cultures in Africa , Asia and South America . It is not mandated by any religion , but has become a tradition in many cultures . It is considered a violation of women 's and girl 's rights by much of the international community , and is outlawed in some countries . The former Prime Ministers of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew , and of Malaysia , Mahathir bin Mohamad both claimed in the 1990s that Asian values were significantly different from Western values and included a sense of loyalty and foregoing personal freedoms for the sake of social stability and prosperity , and therefore authoritarian government is more appropriate in Asia than democracy . Lee Kuan Yew argued that : What Asians value may not necessarily be what Americans or Europeans value . Westerners value the freedoms and liberties of the individual . As an Asian of Chinese cultural background , my values are for a government which is honest , effective , and efficient . -- Lee Kuan Yew , Democracy , Human Rights and the Realities , Tokyo , Nov 10 , 1992 In response , critics have pointed out that cultural relativism could be used as a justification for authoritarianism . An example is in 1981 , when the Iranian representative to the United Nations , Said Rajaie - Khorassani , articulated the position of his country regarding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by saying that the UDHR was `` a secular understanding of the Judeo - Christian tradition '' , which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing the Islamic law . The Asian Values argument was criticised by Mahathir 's former deputy : To say that freedom is Western or unAsian is to offend our traditions as well as our forefathers , who gave their lives in the struggle against tyranny and injustices . -- A. Ibrahim in his keynote speech to the Asian Press Forum titled Media and Society in Asia , December 2 , 1994 and by Singapore 's opposition leader Chee Soon Juan , who states that it is racist to assert that Asians do not want human rights . Defenders of moral universalism argue that relativistic arguments neglect the fact that modern human rights are new to all cultures , dating back no further than the UDHR in 1948 . They argue that the UDHR was drafted by people from many different cultures and traditions , including a US Roman Catholic , a Chinese Confucian philosopher , a French zionist and a representative from the Arab League , amongst others , and drew upon advice from thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi . Michael Ignatieff has argued that cultural relativism is almost exclusively an argument used by those who wield power in cultures which commit human rights abuses , and that those whose human rights are compromised are the powerless . This reflects the fact that the difficulty in judging universalism versus relativism lies in who is claiming to represent a particular culture . Although the argument between universalism and relativism is far from complete , it is an academic discussion in that all international human rights instruments adhere to the principle that human rights are universally applicable . The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the international community 's adherence to this principle : The universal nature of human rights and freedoms is beyond question . -- 2005 World Summit , paragraph 121 See also Human rights portal Children 's rights Fundamental rights Human rights in cyberspace Human rights group Human rights literature Human Rights Watch International human rights law International human rights instruments Intersex human rights List of human rights organisations LGBT rights Minority rights Public international law International Year of Human Rights European Court of Human Rights References ^ Jump up to : James Nickel , with assistance from Thomas Pogge , M.B.E. 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The debate centered on which `` rights '' -- political , economic , and social -- were to be included among the Universal Instruments . Jump up ^ Shaw 2008 , p. 275 Jump up ^ Ball & Gready 2006 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Fred Grünfeld and Anke Huijboom , The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda : the role of bystanders ( 2007 ) p. 199 Jump up ^ Lee Feinstein , Darfur and beyond : what is needed to prevent mass atrocities ( 2007 ) p. 46 Jump up ^ Security Council passes landmark resolution -- world has responsibility to protect people from genocide Archived October 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Oxfam Press Release - April 28 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Sepúlveda et al. 2004 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Shaw 2008 , p. 303 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Rights Council Page '' . United Nations News Page . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations System '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 9 , 2008 . 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Yun , Seira ( 2014 ) . `` Breaking Imaginary Barriers : Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law -- The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies . 5 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 213 -- 257 . SSRN 2556825 . Jump up ^ `` Abolish the death penalty '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations resolution 62 / 149 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Treaty Collection '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Torture and Ill - Treatment in the ' War on Terror ' '' . Amnesty International . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International Report 2005 Report 2006 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 17 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Report 08 : At a Glance '' . Amnesty International . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . 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June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Worsnip , Patrick ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` U.N. divided over gay rights declaration '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macfarquhar , Neil ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` In a First , Gay Rights Are Pressed at the U.N '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Should trade be considered a human right ? '' . COPLA . December 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Soraya ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Protecting access to markets '' . COPLA . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nicola and Hayley Baker ( March 2008 ) . `` Untangling links between trade , poverty and gender '' . Overseas Development Institute . Jump up ^ Ellis , Karen and Jodie Keane ( November 2008 ) . `` Do we need a new ' Good for Development ' label ? '' . Overseas Development Institute . Jump up ^ Mareike Meyn ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Beyond rights : Trading to win '' . COPLA . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Decade for Action ' Water for Life ' 2005 - 2015 . Focus Areas : The human right to water and sanitation '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human rights - UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund '' . www.unfpa.org . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Rebecca J. ; Fathalla , Mahmoud F. ( September 1996 ) . `` Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing '' . International Family Planning Perspectives . Guttmacher Institute . 22 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 2950752 . JSTOR 2950752 . ^ Jump up to : `` FROM COMMITMENT TO ACTION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS '' ( PDF ) . UNFPA . Jump up ^ `` Reproductive Rights are Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . UNFPA . ^ Jump up to : Freedman , Lynn P. ; Isaacs , Stephen L. ( Jan -- Feb 1993 ) . `` Human Rights and Reproductive Choice '' . Studies in Family Planning . Population Council . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2939211 . JSTOR 2939211 . PMID 8475521 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of Teheran '' . International Conference on Human Rights . 1968 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stop Violence Against Women : Reproductive rights '' . Amnesty International USA . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Reproductive rights -- access to sexual and reproductive healthcare and autonomy in sexual and reproductive decision - making -- are human rights ; they are universal , indivisible , and undeniable . These rights are founded upon principles of human dignity and equality , and have been enshrined in international human rights documents . Jump up ^ Zavales , Anastasios ( December 10 , 1993 ) . `` Genital mutilation and the United Nations '' . National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right '' . YLE . 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In Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Ed . Thomas M. Leonard , Taylor & Francis , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 , p. 636 . Jump up ^ Halper , Stefan . The Beijing consensus . p. 133 Jump up ^ Littman ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Ball & Gready 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Ignatieff 2001 , p. 68 Bibliography Books Beitz , Charles R. ( 2009 ) . The idea of human rights . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957245 - 8 . Moyn , Samuel ( 2010 ) . The last utopia : human rights in history . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06434 - 8 . Donnelly , Jack ( 2003 ) . Universal human rights in theory and practice ( 2nd ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8776 - 7 . Ball , Olivia ; Gready , Paul ( 2006 ) . The no - nonsense guide to human rights . New Internationalist . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904456 - 45 - 2 . Freeman , Michael ( 2002 ) . Human rights : an interdisciplinary approach . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 2355 - 9 . Doebbler , Curtis F. J ( 2006 ) . Introduction to international human rights law . Cd Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743570 - 2 - 7 . Keys , Barbara J. ( 2014 ) . Reclaiming American Virtue : The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Shaw , Malcolm ( 2008 ) . International Law ( 6th ed . ) . Leiden : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 45559 - 9 . Ishay , Micheline R. ( 2008 ) . The history of human rights : from ancient times to the globalization era . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25641 - 7 . Brownlie , Ian ( 2003 ) . Principles of Public International Law ( 6th ed . ) . OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 955683 - 0 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( 2001 ) . A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 46310 - 8 . Sepúlveda , Magdalena ; van Banning , Theo ; Gudmundsdóttir , Gudrún ; Chamoun , Christine ; van Genugten , Willem J.M. ( 2004 ) . Human rights reference handbook ( 3rd ed. rev . ed . ) . Ciudad Colon , Costa Rica : University of Peace . ISBN 9977 - 925 - 18 - 6 . ( 5 ) Ignatieff , Michael ( 2001 ) . Human rights as politics and idolatry ( 3 . print . ed . ) . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08893 - 4 . Articles Alston , Philip ( August 2005 ) . `` Ships Passing in the Night : The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals '' . Human Rights Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 755 -- 829 . doi : 10.1353 / hrq. 2005.0030 . Endsjø , Dag Øistein ( 2005 ) . `` Lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender rights and the religious relativism of human rights '' . Human Rights Review . 6 : 2 ( 2 ) : 102 -- 10 . doi : 10.1007 / s12142 - 005 - 1020 - 1 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( April 2004 ) . `` The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights . 2 : 5 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Online Nickel , James ( 2010 ) . `` Human Rights '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2010 ed . ) . Fagan , Andrew ( 2005 ) . `` Human Rights '' . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ISSN 2161 - 0002 . Miscellaneous Roosevelt , Eleanor ( December 9 , 1948 ) . On the Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( Speech ) . Third regular session of the United Nations General Assembly . Paris , France . `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . UN General Assembly . December 10 , 1948 . 217 A ( III ) Further reading Abouharb , R. and D. Cingranelli ( 2007 ) . `` Human Rights and Structural Adjustment '' . New York : Cambridge University Press . Barzilai , G ( 2003 ) , Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities . The University of Michigan Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 47211315 - 1 Barsh , R. ( 1993 ) . `` Measuring Human Rights : Problems of Methodology and Purpose . '' Human Rights Quarterly 15 : 87 - 121 . Chauhan , O.P. ( 2004 ) . Human Rights : Promotion and Protection . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . ISBN 81 - 261 - 2119 - X Forsythe , David P. ( 2000 ) . Human Rights in International Relations . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . International Progress Organization . ISBN 3 - 900704 - 08 - 2 Forsythe , Frederick P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Human Rights ( New York : Oxford University Press ) Ishay , M. ( 2004 ) . The history of human rights : From ancient times to the globalization era . Los Angeles , California : University California Press . Joseph , Peter ( 2017 ) . The New Human Rights Movement : Reinventing the Economy to End Oppression . BenBella Books . ISBN 1942952651 Landman , Todd ( 2006 ) . Studying Human Rights . Oxford and London : Routledge ISBN 0 - 415 - 32605 - 2 Renouard , Joe . Human Rights in American Foreign Policy : From the 1960s to the Soviet Collapse ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2016 ) . 324 pp . Robertson , Arthur Henry ; Merrills , John Graham ( 1996 ) . Human Rights in the World : An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4923 - 7 . Steinberg , Gerald M. , Anne Herzberg and Jordan Berman ( 2012 ) . Best Practices for Human Rights and Humanitarian NGO Fact - Finding . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill ISBN 9789004218116 Steiner , J. & Alston , Philip . ( 1996 ) . International Human Rights in Context : Law , Politics , Morals . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 825427 - X Shute , Stephen & Hurley , Susan ( eds . ) . ( 1993 ) . On Human Rights : The Oxford Amnesty Lectures . New York : BasicBooks . 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when did kurt angle win a gold medal	Kurt Steven Angle ( born December 9 , 1968 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor and retired amateur wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing as the on - screen general manager for the Raw brand . While a student at Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Angle won numerous accolades , including being a two - time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . After graduating college , Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships . He then won a freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Angle is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam ( Junior Nationals , NCAA , World Championships , and Olympics ) . In 2006 , he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and one of the top 15 college wrestlers of all time . He was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments .		Kurt Angle	kurt angle	Kurt Steven Angle ( born December 9 , 1968 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor and retired amateur wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing as the on - screen general manager for the Raw brand . While a student at Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Angle won numerous accolades , including being a two - time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . After graduating college , Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships . He then won a freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Angle is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam ( Junior Nationals , NCAA , World Championships , and Olympics ) . In 2006 , he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and one of the top 15 college wrestlers of all time . He was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments .	Angle made his first appearance at a professional wrestling event in 1996 , with his in - ring debut following in 1998 . He signed a long - term contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) that same year and participated in his first televised storyline in March 1999 . After months of unaired matches , Angle made his official debut in November and received his first major push in the company in February 2000 , when he held the European Championship and the Intercontinental Championship simultaneously . Four months later , he won the King of the Ring tournament and not long after he began pursuing the WWF Championship , which he won in October . This capped off a rookie year which is considered by many to be the greatest in professional wrestling history . Throughout his tenure in the WWF / WWE , Angle was a six - time world champion ( four reigns as WWF / WWE Champion , one as WCW Champion and one as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , a one - time United States Champion , one - time Intercontinental Champion , one - time European Champion , one - time Hardcore Champion and one - time WWE Tag Team Champion . He is the tenth Triple Crown Champion and the fifth Grand Slam Champion ( achieving this accolade twice under both the original and current format ) in WWE history . On March 31 2017 , Angle was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . After leaving WWE in 2006 , Angle joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA , now Global Force Wrestling ) where he became a record six - time TNA World Heavyweight Champion ( and the inaugural title holder ) , a two - time TNA World Tag Team Champion and a one - time TNA X Division Champion . He is the second Triple Crown winner in TNA history and the only one to hold all the required titles at once . Angle is also a two - time King of the Mountain . As part of TNA , he made appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) and the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) , holding the IWGP Heavyweight Championship once . In 2013 , Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame , making him the second wrestler , after Sting , to be inducted into both the WWE and TNA Halls of Fame . Between WWF / WWE , Japan and TNA , Angle has won 13 world championships and 21 total championships . He is the only professional wrestler in history to have won the WWE Championship , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship , the WCW Championship , the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . Angle is also the only person to have been King of the Mountain and King of the Ring . He has headlined numerous pay - per - view events for both WWF / WWE and TNA throughout his career , including the flagship event for both promotions : WrestleMania in WWE and Bound for Glory in TNA . In 2004 , the Wrestling Observer Newsletter inducted Angle into its Hall of Fame and later named him `` Wrestler of the Decade '' for the 2000s . He is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time . ESPN journalist and former WWE personality Jonathan Coachman described Angle as `` the greatest I 've ever seen in the ring '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Amateur wrestling career 3 Professional wrestling career 3.1 Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1996 ) 3.2 National Wrestling Alliance ( 1998 ) 3.3 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment 3.3. 1 Eurocontinental Champion ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 3.3. 2 WWF Champion ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 3.3. 3 Grand Slam winner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 3.3. 4 Team Angle ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 3.3. 5 World Heavyweight Champion and departure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 3.4 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 3.4. 1 The Angle Alliance ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 3.4. 2 The Main Event Mafia ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3.4. 3 Various feuds ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 3.4. 4 Immortal ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 3.4. 5 New Main Event Mafia ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 3.4. 6 Director of Wrestling Operations ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 3.4. 7 Final world championship reign ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3.5 New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 3.6 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( 2012 ) 3.7 Independent circuit ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3.8 Return to WWE ( 2017 -- present ) 4 World Championships / Olympic Games matches 5 Acting career 5.1 Filmography 5.1. 1 Film 5.1. 2 Television 5.1. 3 Video Games 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Steroid allegations 7.2 Legal issues 8 In wrestling 8.1 Wrestlers trained 9 Championships and accomplishments 9.1 Amateur wrestling 9.2 Professional wrestling 9.2. 1 Luchas de Apuestas record 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Angle was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt . Lebanon Township , Pennsylvania , the son of Jackie and David Angle . He attended Clarion University of Pennsylvania , graduating with a degree in education in 1993 . Angle has four older brothers ( one of whom , Eric , is also a wrestler ) and a sister , Le'Anne , who died in 2003 . His father , a crane operator , was killed in a construction accident when Angle was 16 , Angle would dedicate both his career and his autobiography to his father . Angle stated in an interview that , following the death of his father , he regarded his wrestling coach , David Schultz , as a paternal figure . While training Angle , Schultz was murdered in January 1996 by John Eleuthère du Pont , the sponsor of Schultz 's team of Olympic prospectives . Angle 's mother died in 2015 after a long battle with cancer . Amateur Wrestling career ( edit ) Angle started amateur wrestling at the age of seven . He attended Mt . Lebanon High School , where he won varsity letters in football and wrestling and was an All - State linebacker . He went undefeated on the freshman wrestling team at Canon - McMillan High and qualified for the state wrestling tournament his sophomore year . Angle also placed third in the state wrestling tournament as a junior and was the 1987 Pennsylvania State Wrestling Champion as a senior . Upon graduating from high school , Angle attended the Clarion University of Pennsylvania , where he continued to wrestle at an amateur level . He was a two - time National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I champion , national runner - up in 1991 , and a three - time NCAA Division I All - American . In addition , Angle was the 1987 USA Junior Freestyle champion , a two - time USA Senior Freestyle champion , and the 1988 USA International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles Junior World Freestyle champion . After graduating from college , Angle continued to wrestle . In 1995 , he won a gold medal at the FILA Wrestling World Championships in Atlanta , Georgia . Following this victory , Angle began preparing for the 1996 Summer Olympics under Dave Schultz at the Pennsylvanian Foxcatcher Club , training between eight and ten hours a day . Angle faced further hardships while taking part in the 1996 Olympic Trials , when he suffered a severe neck injury , fracturing two of his cervical vertebrae , herniating two discs , and pulling four muscles . Nonetheless , Angle won the trials and then spent the subsequent five months resting and rehabilitating . By the Olympics , Angle was able to compete , albeit with several pain - reducing injections in his neck . In the fall of 1996 , Angle stated that he temporarily became addicted to the analgesic Vicodin after injuring his neck . He won his gold medal in the heavyweight ( 90 -- 100 kg ; 198 -- 220 lb ) weight class despite his injury , defeating the Iranian Abbas Jadidi by officials ' decision after the competitors wrestled to an eight - minute , one - one draw . The bout saw Jadidi earn a point after two minutes and 42 seconds by turning Angle , and Angle earning a point of his own with a takedown after three minutes and four seconds . The officials ' decision was protested by Jadidi . Angle dedicated the victory to Schultz 's honor . Shortly after his victory , Angle turned down a contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . In the same year , he became a marketing representative for Protos Foods , the manufacturers of OSTRIM , an ostrich meat based foodstuff . In April 2011 , Angle revealed that he was planning a comeback to amateur wrestling for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . In April 2012 , he announced he was unable to make the trials for the US team due to a knee injury , though he held an honorary title as team manager . A parody of these efforts entitled `` Olympic Trials With Kurt Angle '' appeared on the website Funny or Die . In 2016 , Angle was announced as an inductee into the International Sports Hall of Fame for his amateur wrestling accomplishments . Professional Wrestling career ( edit ) Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1996 ) ( edit ) On October 26 , 1996 , Angle was convinced by fellow Pittsburgh native Shane Douglas to attend the taping of an Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) event named High Incident . He gave an in - ring interview and provided guest commentary during a match between Taz and Little Guido , but left the building after Raven `` crucified '' a bleeding Sandman by attaching him to a cross using barbed wire . Angle , shocked by the controversial imagery and afraid that his career prospects would be damaged if he was associated with the incident , threatened to sue ECW owner Paul Heyman if he was shown on television in the same broadcast as the stunt . National Wrestling Alliance ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Angle competed in a battle royal at the National Wrestling Alliance 's ( NWA ) 50th Anniversary Show , held on October 24 , 1998 at the Hilton Hotel in Cherry Hill , New Jersey . World Wrestling Federation / entertainment ( edit ) Eurocontinental Champion ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Angle with the European and Intercontinental championship belts In October 1998 , Angle signed an eight - year contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He was assigned to the Power Pro Wrestling ( PPW ) developmental territory in Memphis , Tennessee , where he began training . Angle 's first appearance on WWF television was on the March 7 , 1999 episode of Sunday Night Heat , where he took part in an angle with Tiger Ali Singh . This angle involved Singh paying him money to blow his nose on the American flag . Angle instead blew his nose on Singh 's flag and fought him off . His first WWF match was a dark match victory over Brian Christopher on April 11 . In the following months , he wrestled on house shows and in other dark matches in preparation for his televised debut . He also continued to wrestle for PPW and on July 24 he won the PPW Championship . He then lost the championship to Steve Bradley on August 7 . After several weeks of vignettes , Angle made his televised WWF in - ring debut on November 14 at Survivor Series at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan , defeating Shawn Stasiak . He began using The Patriot 's entrance theme `` Medal '' for his ring entrance , which became associated with Angle for the rest of his career . In his initial push , he remained undefeated for several weeks , eventually losing to the debuting Tazz by passing out at the Royal Rumble . Angle 's television character was an `` American hero '' gimmick based on his gold medal win at the 1996 Summer Olympics . In his promos , Angle presented himself as a role model and stressed the need to work hard to realize one 's dreams , stressing the 3 I 's , `` Intensity , Integrity and Intelligence '' . In his promos and ring entrances , Angle would always wear replicas of his gold medals around his neck . While he stood for many principles that are associated with `` good guy '' wrestlers , Angle was noticeably booed in his debut match and even the next night on Raw Is War in his match against The Godfather. which took place in his own hometown of Pittsburgh . The fans in general did not react positively to his billing as the first `` real athlete '' in the WWF , which ultimately led to him being portrayed as a villain , talking down to the audience and behaving as if he thought he was better than the fans and fellow wrestlers , usually taunting them with the question of , `` Where are your gold medals ? '' . Angle won both the European Championship and the Intercontinental Championship in February 2000 , billing himself as the `` Eurocontinental Champion '' . He dropped both of his titles without ever conceding a fall in a two falls Triple Threat match with Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho at WrestleMania 2000 . The match had been agreed to on Angle 's behalf by his mentor , Bob Backlund . WWF Champion ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Angle at King of the Ring in 2000 -- a tournament he eventually won Throughout mid-2000 , after aligning himself with Edge & Christian , `` Team ECK '' ( Edge , Christian , and Kurt ) feuded with Too Cool and Rikishi , with Angle defeating Rikishi in the finals of the King of the Ring tournament . He went on to feud with Triple H after a love triangle between them and Triple H 's wife , Stephanie McMahon , developed . As a change to the intended storyline of Stephanie turning on her husband and going with Angle , he lost to Triple H at Unforgiven . Before the match started , however , he bumped into a returning Stone Cold Steve Austin , who was looking for the perpetrator who ran him over at the previous year 's Survivor Series . Angle offered him his friendship and one of his gold medals , but Austin was not pleased by telling him that he would keep it in a nice safe place , to which Austin referred to `` right up his ass '' before attacking Angle and throwing his medal to the floor . Following his feud with Triple H , Angle received another push and began pursuing the WWF Championship , defeating The Rock at No Mercy , after botched interference on The Rock 's behalf from Rikishi . With his victory over The Rock , Angle became the first wrestler to have won both an Olympic Gold medal and the world championship . Angle retained the WWF Championship for the rest of the year in matches with The Undertaker at Survivor Series and in a six - man Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon . After beating Triple H at the Royal Rumble , Angle eventually lost the title to The Rock at No Way Out . Angle then feuded with Chris Benoit whom he defeated at WrestleMania X-Seven , but lost to him at Backlash in an Ultimate Submission match ; Benoit defeated Angle four falls to three in sudden - death overtime . Continuing the feud , Angle again defeated Benoit in a two out of three falls match at Judgment Day . Benoit pinned Angle after an Angle Slam in a `` Pinfalls Only '' fall , and then Angle made Benoit submit with the ankle lock in the `` Submissions Only '' fall . Angle won the third fall , a ladder match , with the help of Edge and Christian . Grand Slam winner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Invasion and The Alliance When World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and ECW were purchased by WWF , the wrestlers from both promotions joined and formed The Alliance and invaded the WWF in mid-2001 ( dubbed as `` The Invasion '' ) . As a result , Angle became a fan favorite and began a storyline where he joined forces with WWF Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin to repel them . At Invasion , Angle and Austin captained a team of five WWF superstars against five handpicked members of the Alliance . As part of the angle , Team WWF lost to Team Alliance when Austin turned on his team to join The Alliance . At the close of the match , Austin nailed Angle with a Stone Cold Stunner , causing him to get pinned by the other team . After winning and losing the WCW Championship , WCW United States Championship and the WWF Hardcore Championship in matches with Alliance members , Angle was booked to defeat Austin in a SummerSlam rematch for his second WWF Championship at Unforgiven . Angle dropped the title back to Austin on the October 8 , episode of Raw when WWF Commissioner William Regal joined The Alliance and cost Angle the match . As part of the storyline , Angle subsequently turned into a villain again and joined The Alliance himself ; during a WrestleMania X-Seven rematch between Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon , he interfered seemingly to aid Vince , but instead struck the members of team WWF with a steel chair . Angle , however , ultimately returned to the WWF side by enabling The Rock to defeat Austin in a `` Winner Takes All '' match between the WWF and The Alliance at Survivor Series . He remained a villain by claiming sole responsibility for the destruction of The Alliance . After dropping the WCW United States Championship to Edge , the duo were booked into a lengthy feud . During this feud , Edge helped the fans with the already started : `` You Suck ! '' chants every time Angle entered a WWE ring , usually in tune with Angle 's entrance music . The chants still follow Angle to this date ( although he has warmed up to it over time and even encourages fans to join in on the chants ) . In the course of the feud , the naturally balding Angle lost a `` hair versus hair '' match to Edge at Judgment Day , and his head was shaved bald . Angle has retained the shaved head since . Following the loss of his hair , Angle 's storyline called for him to wear a wig and insult bald people , leading to a feud with Hollywood Hogan , who stripped Angle of his wig . Angle later scored a submission victory over Hogan at King of the Ring , making him the first wrestler in WWE history to win a submission from Hogan . During 2002 , Angle routinely held open invitation challenges on Smackdown ! . Accepting one of these challenges , John Cena made his WWE televised debut , losing to Angle after a roll - up pin . In October 2002 , Angle became the fifth WWE Grand Slam Championship winner when he won the WWE Tag Team Championship with Chris Benoit at No Mercy . Their team was successful , but problematic as the two bickered constantly , with Benoit often fed up with Angle 's over-the - top antics and ending after they dropping the title to Edge and Rey Mysterio on the November 7 episode of SmackDown ! . Team Angle ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Team Angle Angle and Brock Lesnar after their WWE Championship title match at WrestleMania XIX Angle won his third WWE Championship at Armageddon , defeating Big Show with the help of Brock Lesnar . While still in his third reign , Angle began a new storyline when he gained the services of manager Paul Heyman and `` Team Angle '' . He then began feuding with Brock Lesnar , who had won the 2003 Royal Rumble match , after he claimed to be the new top superstar on SmackDown ! . Angle lost the WWE Championship in the main event of WrestleMania XIX to Lesnar , due to needing time off to recuperate from injuries . On April 11 , 2003 , Angle underwent neck surgery performed by Dr. Hae - Dong Jho to repair nerve and spinal damage , calcium buildup , bone spurs , and intervertebral disc problems . Rather than have Dr. Jho remove the afflicted discs and fuse his vertebrae together , Angle opted for a less conventional surgery where Jho removed only the spurs and selected portions of the discs . The alternative surgery reduced Angle 's rehabilitation time from one year to three months . Angle returned as a face character in June . Shortly after returning , Angle defeated Lesnar and Big Show in a Triple Threat match at Vengeance to regain the WWE Championship for the fourth time . During this time , Lesnar seemed to become an ally to Angle . Lesnar , however , secretly worked with Vince McMahon on a plot against Angle , turning on him during a steel cage match between himself and McMahon in which Angle was the special guest referee , and stated that he never tolerated losing the belt to him at Vengeance . After retaining the title in a singles bout at SummerSlam by making Lesnar submit to the ankle lock , he dropped the title to Lesnar in an Iron Man match on an episode of SmackDown ! . Angle then formed a five - man team to rival Lesnar 's team at the Survivor Series , with Angle 's team coming out victorious . Angle then got involved in a feud with Eddie Guerrero . Initially being a firm friend and ally to Eddie during the latter 's feud with his nephew Chavo , Angle turned on him when it was announced that Guerrero , not Angle , was the number one contender for the WWE Championship , thus becoming a villain once again . At No Way Out , Guerrero defeated Lesnar to win the WWE Championship , and Angle won a match to become the new number one contender . After losing to Guerrero at WrestleMania XX , Angle began to once again suffer from legitimate neck problems . As a response , he was made the on - screen General Manager of SmackDown ! , with his absence from the ring attributed to injuries suffered after Big Show chokeslammed him off a ledge . Angle continued his feud with Guerrero throughout 2004 . He cost Guerrero the WWE Championship against John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield in a Texas Bull Rope match at The Great American Bash by participating in the worked finish ; Angle came down to the ring and showed a replay where JBL 's shoulder hit the corner pad before Guerrero 's hand . Angle was later fired by Vince McMahon as General Manager in July 2004 , after discovering that he was faking his handicapped status . On the November 4 , 2004 , episode of SmackDown ! , taped in St. Louis , Missouri , during an unscripted segment of Tough Enough , Angle challenged the finalists to a squat thrust competition . Chris Nawrocki won the competition , and the prize Nawrocki won was a match against Angle . Angle quickly took Nawrocki down , breaking his ribs , then made him submit with a neck crank . After Angle defeated Nawrocki , Angle challenged the other finalists . Daniel Puder , an American professional mixed martial artist , accepted Angle 's challenge . Angle and Puder wrestled for position , with Angle taking Puder down , however , in the process , Puder locked Angle in a kimura lock . With Puder on his back and Angle 's arm locked in the kimura , Angle pushed Puder 's shoulders down , pinning him and one of two referees in the ring , Jim Korderas , quickly counted three to end the bout , despite the fact that Puder 's shoulders were not fully down on the mat , bridging up at two . Puder later claimed he would have snapped Angle 's arm on national television if Korderas had not ended the match . Dave Meltzer and Dave Scherer gave these following comments : `` It was real . If you do n't follow fighting , Puder had Angle locked in the Kimura , or keylock as Tazz called it , although Tazz did n't let on the move was fully executed . Not only was Angle not getting out of the move , but most MMA fighters would have tapped already . Angle could n't tap for obvious reasons . The ref counted a three even though Puder 's shoulders were n't fully down , trying to end the thing , because the reality was Angle would have been in surgery had it gone a few seconds longer or had Puder not given up the hold '' . ― Dave Meltzer `` As you would expect , Kurt Angle was less than happy backstage at Smackdown after almost being forced to tap out to Tough Enough contestant Daniel Puder . Downright ticked off would probably be the best way to describe his mood . The unscripted nature of the contest was the main reason that Angle was made to look so bad since Puder just reacted to the situation and could have forced Angle to submit had the referees not thought quickly and counted a pin that was n't there on Puder '' . ― Dave Scherer World Heavyweight Champion and departure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Kurt Angle applies the ankle lock to Shawn Michaels In January 2005 , Angle took part in the Royal Rumble , but was eliminated by Shawn Michaels , causing Angle to return to the ring to eliminate Michaels in retaliation . After mocking Michaels by defeating his former tag team partner , Marty Jannetty , and attacking former manager , Sherri Martel , Angle defeated Michaels in an interpromotional match at WrestleMania 21 , which won the Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) Match of the Year award . He continued to feud with Michaels upon being drafted from SmackDown ! to Raw in the 2005 WWE draft lottery , losing to Michaels at Vengeance . On the July 25 , 2005 episode of Raw , Eugene took part in the `` Kurt Angle Invitational '' challenge . Angle was unable to make Eugene submit in the three - minute limit , winning his cherished Olympic gold medal ( per match stipulation ) , and starting a feud between the two . The feud culminated at SummerSlam , where Angle defeated Eugene to regain his medal . Angle later feuded with John Cena for the WWE Championship . He would challenge Cena at Unforgiven , but won by DQ , therefore not winning the title . He would face Shawn Michaels and Cena in a triple threat match at Taboo Tuesday but did not win , and would then unsuccessfully challenge Cena at Survivor Series . Angle after regaining his Olympic Gold Medal at SummerSlam in 2005 In early January 2006 , Angle returned to the SmackDown ! brand as a surprise entrant in a twenty - man battle royal for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship . Angle won by last eliminating Mark Henry , turning face in the process for the first time since 2004 . He retained the title against Henry at the Royal Rumble . Shortly after the match , The Undertaker made his return and challenged Angle for the title . At No Way Out , Angle retained the title against Undertaker after a controversial finish where Angle pinned Taker while locked in a triangle choke . As a result , Undertaker challenged Angle to a rematch on the March 3 episode of SmackDown ! , where Angle won by disqualification after Mark Henry interfered and attacked Undertaker . This ensured that Angle would go to WrestleMania 22 as champion . Angle then began a three way feud with 2006 Royal Rumble winner Rey Mysterio and Randy Orton ( who defeated Mysterio at No Way Out to gain entrance to the SmackDown main event at WrestleMania ) . At WrestleMania , Angle indirectly dropped the title to Mysterio in the triple threat match after Mysterio pinned Orton . On May 29 , 2006 , Angle was drafted to the newly created ECW brand . It was during this time that he acquired the nickname `` The Wrestling Machine '' , wearing a mouth guard and quickly squashing opponents . Upon coming to ECW , he issued an open challenge for One Night Stand , which was accepted by Randy Orton . Angle defeated Orton at One Night Stand , later losing to him in a rematch at Vengeance . Angle appeared sporadically on WWE television throughout mid-2006 . On August 25 , 2006 , Angle was granted an early release from his WWE contract because of health reasons . Angle stated in the Kurt Angle : Champion documentary DVD that he asked for his release from WWE because he could not take time off and was working hurt , severely on some occasions . He also stated that when he quit , WWE lost their top talent , as he was at the very top of the payroll . Angle wrestled his last match at an ECW taping on August 8 , against Sabu . Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( edit ) The Angle Alliance ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Angle Alliance Kurt and Karen Angle watching at ringside during Impact ! Angle then went on to sign a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . The new signing was viewed by some as a promotion not having concern for the health of a wrestler . On September 24 , 2006 , during the closing segment of No Surrender , TNA President Dixie Carter announced that TNA had signed Angle to a contract , with Jim Cornette introducing video footage of Angle training in a six - sided TNA ring . On the December 28 , 2006 episode of Impact ! , this was announced as the `` Moment of the Year '' for TNA . Angle made his TNA debut on October 19 as a face , confronting Samoa Joe after Joe refused to relinquish the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt that , according to the storyline , he had stolen from Jeff Jarrett . The two men ended up fighting while Jarrett took the title back . Angle was then the special enforcer for the title vs. career match between Jarrett and Sting at Bound for Glory ; however , as part of the worked finish , he took out referee Rudy Charles and assumed the referee 's role for the rest of the match - up . Angle 's first match in TNA took place on the November 16 airing of Impact ! , where he was booked to defeat Abyss with the ankle lock and be attacked after the match by Samoa Joe . At Genesis , Angle defeated Samoa Joe , ending Joe 's undefeated streak . At Final Resolution , Angle was booked to defeat Samoa Joe in a thirty - minute Iron Man match 3 -- 2 to earn a shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds , which he lost to Christian Cage after interference from Tomko and Scott Steiner . This led to a feud between Angle and Steiner , with Angle pinning Steiner at Destination X . After Angle defeated Steiner , he was picked to lead a team of four other wrestlers against a team of Christian Cage 's choice in a Lethal Lockdown match at April 's Lockdown . Angle chose Samoa Joe , Rhino , Sting , and Jeff Jarrett for Team Angle , while Cage chose A.J. Styles , Scott Steiner , Tomko , and Abyss . The man who gained the winning pinfall would become the number one contender to Christian Cage 's NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Team Angle was victorious after Jeff Jarrett hit Abyss with a gimmicked guitar full of thumbtacks and allowed Sting to score the pin . Cage was set to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Sting and Angle in a triple threat match at Sacrifice . The day of the pay - per - view , the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , the owners of the NWA World Heavyweight and the NWA World Tag Team Championships , stripped Cage of the title and Team 3D of the tag team title . NWA Executive Director Robert K. Trobich stated the reason was that Cage refused to defend the NWA Title at NWA live events . At Sacrifice , Cage , still holding the physical NWA Championship belt , defended what was billed as the `` World Heavyweight Championship '' against Angle and Sting . Angle was the victor of said contest by making Sting submit , who had technically just pinned Cage , and was announced as the new `` World Heavyweight Champion '' . The Impact ! following the event , Angle came to the ring with a new championship belt , and announced he was the new `` TNA World Heavyweight Champion '' . Afterward , Cage and Sting came to the ring and the three began to argue over who was the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion . Due to the controversial finish to their match at Sacrifice , the title was declared vacant by Cornette . A tournament was held for the title which culminated in a King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary on June 17 , 2007 . At the event , Angle became the TNA World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Cage , Samoa Joe , A.J. Styles , and Chris Harris . He then attacked Joe after denying a request for a handshake , reigniting their feud and turning heel in the process . Angle holding IGF 's version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship belts At Victory Road , newly crowned X Division Champion Samoa Joe teamed with Kurt Angle to face TNA Tag Team Champions Team 3D , with the stipulation that if a wrestler pinned the other opponent , he won his championship . As part of the planned outcome of the match , Joe pinned Brother Ray of Team 3D to win both tag team belts , which he held by himself . On the following episode of Impact ! , Joe -- now holding the X Division and TNA World Tag Team Championships , challenged Angle -- the reigning TNA World Heavyweight and ( IGF recognized ) IWGP Heavyweight Champion , to a Winner Take All match at Hard Justice . While illustrating how he would take away everything important in Angle 's life , Joe brought Angle 's wife Karen into the fray , as she demanded a divorce . During the match , however , Karen turned on Joe and aided her husband . As part of his next push , Angle won , gaining all the championships and becoming the second Triple Crown champion in TNA and the first to hold all three titles at the same time . Including the IWGP title , this made Angle a quadruple champion ( and since Joe held the tag team titles by himself , that meant Angle 's victory gave him both tag team championship belts , meaning Angle was now in possession of five championship belts ) . Angle , however , dropped both the X Division and Tag Team Championships to Jay Lethal and Team Pacman , respectively , at No Surrender . At Bound for Glory , Angle lost the TNA World Championship to Sting , but won it back on the October 25 episode of Impact ! . Angle then joined forces with A.J. Styles and Tomko as The Angle Alliance at Turning Point against Samoa Joe , Kevin Nash , and Scott Hall . Styles had planned for Christian 's Coalition and The Angle Alliance to team up together , but Christian Cage demanded to be the leader of The Angle Alliance after Cage denied Angle 's request of being his `` lackey '' . At Final Resolution , Angle successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Cage due to interference from Styles and again at Against All Odds with help from Tomko . At Lockdown , Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Samoa Joe after being pinned . The main event Mafia ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Main Event Mafia Angle as the `` Godfather '' of the Main Event Mafia After suffering a neck injury , Angle was out of action . In the storyline , he returned to Impact ! to ask his estranged wife Karen to reunite with him , but she declined his offer . Later that night , after Styles suffered a beating at the hands of Team 3D , Booker T , and Tomko , Angle added to the mugging by hitting Styles with a steel chair . At Slammiversery , Angle lost to Styles , being pinned after interference from Karen . At Victory Road , Angle and Team 3D won a six - man tag team Full Metal Mayhem match defeating the team of Christian Cage , Rhino , and Styles . At Hard Justice , Angle once again lost to Styles -- this time in a Last Man Standing match . The feud continued on the next episode of Impact ! , with Styles winning Angle 's gold medal in a mock amateur wrestling match . The next week Angle challenged Styles to a ladder match for the Olympic Gold Medal . As they both stood on the top of the ladder , the arena went dark and Jeff Jarrett 's music played . When the lights turned on , Styles had a guitar and performed an Acoustic Equalizer on Angle to win the match . Angle began a feud with Jarrett after No Surrender when Jarrett hit Angle with his guitar , a match that involved him , Christian Cage and Samoa Joe for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On the October 2 episode of Impact , Mick Foley announced that he would be the special enforcer for Angle 's match with Jarrett at Bound for Glory IV . Angle lost to Jarrett in this match , being pinned after taking the mandible claw from Foley and a guitar shot and Stroke from Jarrett . He started attacking other superstars backstage in order to get a rematch against Jarrett . On the first HD Impact ! , Angle , Booker T , Kevin Nash , and Sting started a new stable of legends called The Main Event Mafia . Scott Steiner joined the group the following week . Angle then defeated Abyss at Turning Point in a Falls Count Anywhere match . After weeks of torturing Jeff Jarrett to give him a rematch , Jarrett said that if Angle could defeat Rhino at the second Final Resolution of 2008 , with Mick Foley as the Special Enforcer , he would grant it . Angle defeated Rhino to earn a rematch with Jarrett at Genesis after Al Snow made a surprise appearance and distracted Foley for Angle to cheat . At Sacrifice , Angle lost his leadership of the Mafia to Sting because of their match 's stipulation . On June 21 at Slammiversary , Angle won the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the fourth time in a King of the Mountain match with help from Samoa Joe . On the following episode of Impact ! , Angle regained leadership of the Main Event Mafia after he and the rest of the Mafia , attacked Sting while introducing Joe as their newest member . At No Surrender , Angle lost his championship to A.J. Styles in a five - way match which also included Matt Morgan , Sting , and Hernandez . Various feuds ( 2009 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After defeating Morgan at Bound for Glory , Angle came out on the following episode of Impact ! and put over the younger talent of the company , thus leaving the Main Event Mafia and turning face once again . Afterward , he was assaulted by the debuting Desmond Wolfe , who defeated him via knockout in a street fight the following week . At Turning Point Angle defeated Wolfe in a rematch . The following month at Final Resolution Angle faced Wolfe in a `` Three Degrees of Pain '' two out of three falls match . Wolfe managed to gain the first fall by pinning Angle following the Tower of London , but Angle forced him to submit with the ankle lock to win the second fall . In the final fall , which could only be won by escaping the Six Sides of Steel , Angle managed to escape first and won the match . On the January 4 , 2010 , live , three - hour , Monday night edition of Impact ! Angle received a shot at A.J. Styles ' World Heavyweight Championship , but was defeated in the main event of the show . Two weeks later at Genesis , Angle received one last shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but was once again defeated by Styles , who turned heel with the help of Ric Flair and nailed him with the title belt . As a result , Angle was barred from challenging for the title as long as Styles is the title holder . Due to the circumstances surrounding the loss , Hulk Hogan gave Angle another shot at Styles and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship on the January 21 episode of Impact ! , but this time he lost the match after referee Earl Hebner , who was later revealed to have been paid off by Flair , called for the bell in an incident similar to the Montreal Screwjob . Angle responded to the incident by spitting in Hogan 's face , threatening to quit TNA and go back to WWE . Angle apologized to Hogan , after being saved by him from Scott Hall and Syxx - Pac . At Against All Odds Angle took part in the 8 Card Stud Tournament to crown a new number one contender , but was defeated in the first round by Mr. Anderson , after Anderson used Angle 's dog tags to bust him open . On the following episode of Impact ! Angle promised to make Anderson suffer for disrespecting the U.S. soldiers , but was in the end once again laid out by him , effectively starting a feud between the two . At Destination X Angle defeated Anderson in a rematch . Angle and Anderson were booked in a rubber match inside a steel cage at Lockdown . On the April 5 episode of Impact ! , Anderson defeated Angle in a ladder match to win possession of the key to the cage door . At Lockdown , Angle defeated Anderson in a steel cage match and afterwards announced that he would take some time off from wrestling . Angle returned on the May 20 episode of Impact ! as a face and was ranked number two by the Championship Committee in the inaugural top 10 rankings for a World Heavyweight title shot . Angle , however , decided to take his name out of the running for a title shot and vowed to fight his way through the top 10 and earn his spot at the top of the company . At Slammiversary VIII Angle started his climb back to the top by defeating Kazarian , who was ranked number ten . Angle continued his climb , defeating Desmond Wolfe , who was ranked number nine prior to the match , on the June 24 episode of Impact ! , and D'Angelo Dinero , ranked number eight , at Victory Road . Prior to his match with Dinero , Angle announced that should he lose on his way to the top of the rankings , he would retire from professional wrestling On the July 22 episode of Impact ! Angle defeated number seven ranked Hernandez and followed that up three weeks later by defeating number six ranked A.J. Styles . On the August 19 episode of Impact ! the TNA World Heavyweight Championship was vacated and instead of continuing his climb , Angle was entered into an eight - man tournament for the title , defeating X Division Champion Douglas Williams in his first round match . At No Surrender Angle first wrestled Jeff Hardy to a twenty - minute time limit draw , after which Eric Bischoff ordered a five - minute extra time . After that and a second five - minute extra time also ended in draws , it was ruled that , due to a cut , Angle would n't be allowed to continue the match , ending the match in a no contest . After wrestling a draw on the September 16 episode of Impact ! , it was announced that both Angle and Hardy would advance to the finals at Bound for Glory , to wrestle Mr. Anderson in a three - way match . Angle and Jeff Jarrett at Slammiversary IX At Bound for Glory , Angle was defeated by Hardy , when he turned heel and pinned Anderson after an interference from Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff , who then went on to form an alliance named Immortal , with Hardy , Abyss and Jeff Jarrett . On the following episode of Impact ! Angle came out to make his retirement speech , after his failed attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship , but was interrupted by Jarrett , who announced that he had made a deal with Hogan and Bischoff in order to end Angle 's career at Bound for Glory , before attacking him , when he was restrained by TNA 's security officers Gunner and Murphy . The following week Angle returned , trying to get his hands on Bischoff and Ric Flair , before being stopped by TNA 's security officers . Angle returned three weeks later on the November 11 episode of Impact ! , saving Samoa Joe from Jeff Jarrett , Gunner and Murphy . After not appearing again for two weeks , Angle made another return on the December 2 episode of Impact ! , saving Samoa Joe from Jeff Jarrett and Abyss . On the January 6 , 2011 episode of Impact ! Angle interrupted Jarrett 's $100,000 Mixed Martial Arts Challenge and signed a contract to face him at Genesis in an MMA exhibition match , since he had promised not to wrestle again . The match was thrown out in the third round after Jarrett blinded Angle . After the match Jarrett bloodied Angle , before announcing that he was ending his mixed martial arts career and promised that his wife , Karen Jarrett ( formerly Karen Angle ) , would join the retirement party . On the January 13 episode of Impact ! Karen made her return and stopped Angle just as he was about to attack Jeff , telling him that she would not allow him to ruin their personal lives and promised to tell all about their divorce the following week . The following week Karen slapped Kurt , providing a distraction which allowed Jeff to beat him down . At the end of the show Crimson saved Angle from a beating at the hands of Immortal and Fortune . The following week Ric Flair reinstated Angle in order to place him and Crimson in a seven -- on -- two handicap match against Jarrett , James Storm , Robert Roode , Kazarian , Rob Terry , Gunner and Murphy . The match ended with Jarrett pinning Angle for the win . Afterwards , Angle was saved from another beatdown by the returning Scott Steiner . The following week Fortune turned on Immortal and aligned themselves with Angle , Crimson and Steiner . On February 13 at Against All Odds Jarrett defeated Angle in a singles match and as a result Angle was forced to walk Karen down the aisle , when she and Jarrett renewed their wedding vows on the March 3 episode of Impact ! . After the match Angle hinted at a possible retirement by leaving his wrestling boots in the ring . On March 3 , Angle proceeded to destroy the wedding set with an axe and forced wedding guest , New York Jet Bart Scott to submit with the ankle lock . On April 17 at Lockdown , Jarrett defeated Angle in an `` Ultra Male Rules '' two out of three falls steel cage match , with help from Karen . On the May 12 episode of Impact ! , Angle revealed Chyna as his backup in taking care of the Jarretts . At Sacrifice , Angle and Chyna defeated the Jarretts in a mixed tag team match . Later that same month , Angle signed a new three - year contract with TNA . With Karen out of the picture , Angle defeated Jarrett on June 12 at Slammiversary IX in what was billed as the `` final battle '' between the two to retain his Olympic gold medal and become the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . However , on the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Jarrett challenged Angle to a Parking Lot Brawl and agreed to sign a contract that would force him to move to Mexico without Angle 's children , should he lose the match . Angle ended up winning the fight after choking Jarrett with a shirt , forcing him to say `` adiós '' . Immortal ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Immortal ( professional wrestling ) With his feud with Jarrett behind him , Angle aligned himself with Sting to feud with the rest of Immortal , including the group 's newest member , TNA World Heavyweight Champion Mr. Anderson . On the July 14 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle helped Sting regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Anderson . On August 7 at Hardcore Justice , Angle defeated Sting , after hitting him with a chair he snatched away from Hulk Hogan , to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the record - breaking fifth time , thus turning heel . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle explained that he did not agree with Sting , who , using the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , wanted to hand the promotion back to Dixie Carter , as he had found out that she had lied to him about not knowing of the relationship between Karen and Jeff Jarrett . When Sting confronted Angle , he was attacked by Hogan , which led to Angle revealing that Hogan had been the one who had exposed Carter 's lie to him . Angle also revealed that his goal was now to ruin Carter 's youth movement in TNA by eliminating the younger wrestlers one - by - one and started by attacking Bound for Glory Series leader Crimson after the main event , cementing his heel turn . Angle made his first televised title defense on the September 1 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating Sting in a rematch , following interference from special enforcer Hulk Hogan and the rest of Immortal . The following week , Angle 's title match with Mr. Anderson ended in a disqualification , following interference from Immortal , which led to a three - way match between Angle , Anderson and Sting on September 11 at No Surrender , where Angle managed to retain the title , following interference from Hogan . On October 16 at Bound for Glory , Angle successfully defended the title against Bobby Roode . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Roode 's tag team partner , James Storm . Angle returned on the November 17 episode of Impact Wrestling , attacking James Storm and revealing himself as the man who had attacked and bloodied him also the previous week , costing him his match with Bobby Roode for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On December 11 at Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Storm in a singles match . On January 8 , 2012 at Genesis , Angle defeated Storm in a rematch . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Storm defeated Angle in a number one contender 's match . Angle returned on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling , costing Jeff Hardy his shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On March 18 at Victory Road , Angle defeated Hardy in a singles match , pinning him while grabbing a hold of the ring ropes . On April 15 at Lockdown , Hardy defeated Angle in a rematch , contested inside a steel cage . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated A.J. Styles , following interference from Styles ' rivals Christopher Daniels and Kazarian . The following week , Angle warned the two Immortal associates never to interfere in one of his matches again . On May 13 at Sacrifice , Angle defeated Styles in a rematch , following another interference from Daniels and Kazarian . After the match , Angle made the save for Styles , chasing Daniels and Kazarian out of the ring , and becoming a face once again . On June 10 at Slammiversary , Angle and Styles defeated Daniels and Kazarian to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series , taking part in the opening gauntlet match , from which he was eliminated by Daniels . Two weeks later , Angle and Styles lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship back to Daniels and Kazarian . Angle wrestled his final match in the 2012 Bound for Glory Series on the August 30 episode of Impact Wrestling , losing to Jeff Hardy , which caused him to get eliminated from the tournament . On September 9 at No Surrender , Angle and Styles unsuccessfully challenged Daniels and Kazarian for the TNA World Tag Team Championship . Angle and Styles received another title shot against Daniels and Kazarian on October 14 at Bound for Glory , in a three - way match , which was won by Chavo Guerrero , Jr. and Hernandez . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated Daniels and Styles in a three - way match to become one of four wrestlers in consideration for a shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . New main event Mafia ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) The following week , Angle was chosen as the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but was defeated by Jeff Hardy in his title match . Afterwards , Angle was attacked by Aces & Eights . At Turning Point , Angle defeated Aces & Eights member Devon via submission , despite the rest of Aces & Eights trying to interfere . Angle continued his feud with Aces & Eights on the December 6 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating DOC via disqualification after the rest of Aces & Eights interfered . Three days later at Final Resolution , Angle teamed with Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco to defeat Devon , DOC , and two masked members of Aces & Eights in an eight - man tag team match . Angle unsuccessfully challenged Devon for the TNA Television Championship on the December 20 episode of Impact Wrestling , after interference from Aces & Eights , Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco . On the January 3 , 2013 , episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle and Samoa Joe defeated Devon and a masked member of Aces & Eights in a steel cage tag team match . Afterwards , the returning Sting saved Angle and Joe from a beatdown from Aces & Eights before revealing the mystery member as the debuting Mike Knox . The following week , Angle was sidelined with a storyline injury after Knox hit him in the neck with a ball - peen hammer . Angle returned to in - ring action on the January 31 Impact Wrestling , defeating Aces & Eights member Mr. Anderson in a steel cage match . Afterwards , Angle 's two allies Garett Bischoff and Wes Brisco revealed themselves as members of Aces & Eights and attacked him . Angle infiltrated the Aces & Eights hideout on the February 28 Impact and managed to unmask their Vice President , but was beat down by the other members before he could reveal his identity to the cameras . Angle revealed the Vice President as D'Lo Brown on the following episode of Impact . At Lockdown , Angle was defeated by Wes Brisco in a steel cage match , following interference from Brown . Angle was defeated by Jeff Hardy in a four - way number one contenders match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which also included Magnus and Samoa Joe on the March 21 Impact Wrestling . In the following weeks , Angle continued to face Bischoff and Brisco in multiple tag team and handicap matches , that all ended with the two getting the advantage over Angle . Angle then began feuding with A.J. Styles , after Styles refused to answer Angle 's question on whether he is with TNA or the Aces & Eights which led to a brawl between the two on the May 9 episode of Impact Wrestling . On June 2 at Slammiversary XI , Angle was announced as the second inductee into the TNA Hall of Fame . Later that night , Angle defeated Styles in a singles match . On the following Impact Wrestling , Angle got into a verbal confrontation with the debuting Rampage Jackson who claimed he had to beat the best to be the best . The following week , Angle was defeated by Styles in a rematch to earn the final spot in the 2013 Bound for Glory Series . Afterward , Angle was assaulted by Aces & Eights until Jackson came out and made the save . On June 20 Angle attacked TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bully Ray at the end of the Impact episode , and revealed himself as the first member of Sting 's New Main Event Mafia . In the following weeks , Angle and Sting recruited Samoa Joe , Magnus , and Rampage Jackson as members of the New Main Event Mafia . Beginning on August 2 , Angle took a hiatus from TNA after being admitted to rehab for drug and alcohol use . Director of Wrestling Operations ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Angle returned on the October 10 episode of Impact attacking EGO and challenged Bobby Roode to a match at Bound For Glory . The following week , Angle stated his discontentment with Roode mocking his Hall of Fame induction and told Roode he would make him tap out . Roode responded by attacking Angle with help from his faction , EGO , forcing Angle to submit to the crossface hold in a precursory act prior to their match . At the PPV Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame but he refused to accept the offer as he felt he had let himself , TNA and the fans down and did n't deserve a Hall of Fame induction ceremony . He also said he would accept the offer when he feels he has earned it and he still has great things to do in TNA . Later in that night , Angle was defeated by Roode , after he landed awkwardly from a running belly - to - belly suplex . On the October 31 episode of Impact , Angle lied about gaining medical clearance as Angle suffered ( kayfabe ) convulsions during the match against Bobby Roode after a bad landing from the same move again , which resulted in referee Brian Hebner rewarding a knock out / count - out victory to Roode . After the match , he also showed signs of post-concussive amnesia . On November 5 , Angle was reported to had tested negative for the concussion , but his recurring knee injuries still required monitoring . The following week , Angle saw the New Main Event Mafia being disbanded , then he was attacked by Roode after he accused him to use his injuries to get out of the match . On November 14 , Angle won a submission match against Austin Aries in the World title tournament , but by using Roode 's finisher : the arm trap crossface , with Roode watching on at the ramp . However , Angle lost his next match against Magnus due to an interference from Roode . At Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Roode in a 2 - out - of 3 falls match , but Angle beat Roode in a Steel Cage match at Genesis to end the feud . On February 6 , 2014 , Angle had a match against Magnus . However , he won by disqualification , when EC3 attacked him performing a leglock , which injured his knee . On February 27 , 2014 , Angle officially accepted his induction into the TNA Hall of Fame , but the ceremony was interrupted by EC3 , Angle attacked Ethan Carter III , on the next week , Angle was attacked by Ethan Carter III and severely damaged his knees , thus losing his chance to fight at Lockdown . Angle made his return on April 17 , and vowing revenge . On April 24 , after Angle defeated Rockstar Spud in a match , EC3 attacked Angle but Willow made the save . At Sacrifice Willow and Angle defeated Ethan Carter III and Rockstar Spud . In May , Angle underwent ACL repair surgery and was sidelined . On June 20 , 2014 , Angle was named Executive Director of Wrestling Operations of TNA by TNA 's Board of Directors . He announced a TNA World Heavyweight Championship rematch for the July 3 episode of Impact Wrestling between Lashley and Eric Young , and reinstated Bobby Roode , who had been indefinitely suspended by MVP . Angle also retired the TNA Television Championship , which had not been seen or defended since Abyss won it at Slammiversary 2013 . On September 18 , 2014 ( aired on October 29 due to tape delay ) , Angle refereed the TNA World Heavyweight Championship between Bobby Roode and Bobby Lashley . Angle 's contract with TNA was due to expire on September 14 , 2014 . Around this time he reached out to Vince McMahon to offer his services for a return to the WWE . Unbeknownst to him Triple H had taken over McMahon 's former duties . Angle offered to return as a part - time wrestler due to concerns of his age and health . Angle was caught off guard when WWE declined his services . It is speculated that WWE only offered a full - time contract which Angle did n't accept or WWE declined his return due to past relationship issues with him . After he was denied by WWE , he quickly signed a part - time contract with TNA Wrestling . On September 21 , 2014 , Angle 's contract with TNA expired , ending his eight - year tenure with the company . Angle teased a return to WWE , however , he was offered a full - time contract , so Angle decided to stay with TNA . Final World Championship reign ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Angle at Bound for Glory in October 2015 Angle returned to in - ring action on TNA 's debut on Destination America on January 7 , 2015 , when he stopped a brawl , but started a street fight against MVP . On January 31 , 2015 ( aired March 20 ) , Angle defeated Lashley to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for a record sixth time . He lost to Eric Young on May 1 , at Hardcore Justice , in a stretcher match with the title not on the line . He successfully retained his title against Lashley once and then again against both Lashley and Eric Young . On May 8 , Angle defeated Young to retain his title with Bully Ray as the special referee . On the May 29 episode of Impact Wrestling , he successfully retained his title once again against Eric Young , this time in a I Quit match . At Destination X , Angle defeated Rockstar Spud , who gave up the X Division Championship in order to challenge for the title . Later that night , Angle again successfully defended his title , this time against Austin Aries , who cashed in his Feast or Fired contract to allow him a title match . On the June 25 , 2015 taping of Impact Wrestling ( aired July 1 ) , Angle lost the championship to Ethan Carter III . On the July 8 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle faced Carter in a rematch in a losing effort . On October 4 , 2015 at Bound for Glory , Angle defeated Young via ankle lock submission . On November 19 , 2015 , Angle was announced for TNA 's live debut on Pop . On the November 25 , 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle announced that he would remain with TNA until the conclusion of their Maximum Impact Tour of the UK on January 31 , 2016 , after which he would part ways with the company . Angle announced his `` Farewell Tour '' which took place on TNA 's tour of the UK . At TNA One Night Only : Live , Kurt Angle teamed with Drew Galloway in a three - way tag team match against Eli Drake and Jessie Godderz and The Wolves for their TNA World Tag Team Championship , in a losing effort . On the January 12 episode of Impact Wrestling , he defeated Drew Galloway . On the February 2 episode of Impact Wrestling , he challenged Matt Hardy for his TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but lost the match . On the February 9 episode of Impact Wrestling , he was defeated by Drew Galloway in their rematch . On the March 1st episode of Impact Wrestling , he defeated Bobby Roode . Angle 's final match was against Lashley on March 8 , 2016 which ended up in a losing effort . New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On February 18 , 2007 , Angle made his debut in New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , teaming with former IWGP Heavyweight Champion Yuji Nagata to defeat fellow TNA wrestler Travis Tomko and fellow WWE alumnus Giant Bernard . Angle was booked to face Brock Lesnar in a champion versus champion match for the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) on June 29 , 2007 , and defeated him by submission to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . Angle then challenged Lesnar to an MMA fight . On December 19 , 2007 , Angle defended the IWGP title successfully against Kendo Kashin . On January 4 , 2008 , Angle made his third successful IWGP Heavyweight Championship defense when he defeated Yuji Nagata at the NJPW supershow Wrestle Kingdom II in Tokyo Dome by forcing Nagata to submit to the ankle lock . On February 17 , 2008 , Angle lost the IWGP title to the NJPW - recognized champion Shinsuke Nakamura in a unification match . He returned in August during the G1 Climax in two special tag matches with A.J. Styles as his main opponent . In those matches Shinsuke Nakamura and Masahiro Chono became Angle 's partners while Hiroshi Tanahashi and Shinjiro Otani became Styles ' partners . Angle 's team won both matches . He returned on January 4 , 2009 , at Wrestle Kingdom III in Tokyo Dome in a special eight - man tag match , where he , Kevin Nash , Chono , and Riki Choshu faced G.B.H. ( Giant Bernard , Karl Anderson , Takashi Iizuka and Tomohiro Ishii ) , with Angle getting the win for his team . Angle then went on to defeat Bernard in a singles match at New Japan 's ISM tour on February 15 . After Hiroshi Tanahashi retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Nakamura in the main event , Angle challenged him for the title , which Tanahashi accepted . Tanahashi defeated Angle on April 5 at New Japan 's Resolution ' 09 to retain the title . Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Angle made his debut for Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) on August 5 , 2012 at Triplemanía XX , where he teamed up with Jeff Jarrett as Team Dorian Roldán in a hair vs. hair match , where they faced Team Joaquín Roldán ( Electroshock and L.A. Park ) , with the Roldáns ' hairs on the line . Electroshock won the match for his team by pinning Angle , forcing Dorian to have his head shaved bald . However , after the match , Angle , Jarrett and Dorian overpowered the winners and shaved Joaquín bald . Independent circuit ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) On March 20 , 2016 , Angle competed for URFight , going against former rival and fellow WWE alumnus Rey Mysterio in a losing effort in a two - falls match that saw Angle as a heel by using dirty tactics . Angle wrestled for Revolution Pro Wrestling on June 12 , where he defeated Zack Sabre Jr . On August 27 , Angle lost to Cody Rhodes at Northeast Wrestling 's Wrestling Under the Stars on August 27 in Wappingers Falls , New York . Angle defeated Joe Hendry at the October 6 What Culture Pro Wrestling ( WCPW ) tapings . On November 20 , 2016 , Angle lost to Joe Coffey at Insane Championship Wrestling 's Fear & Loathing IX . On February 12 , 2017 , Angle defeated Alberto el Patrón at WCPW True Destiny in his final match in the United Kingdom . On March 3 , 2017 Angle appeared for Northeast Wrestling in Connecticut , where he was defeated by Cody Rhodes in a steel cage match . This was his last match on the independent circuit . Return to WWE ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Angle as Raw General Manager in July 2017 On January 16 , 2017 , it was announced by WWE that Angle would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . On March 16 , WWE revealed that John Cena would induct Angle at the Hall of Fame ceremony . On the April 3 episode of Raw , Mr. McMahon appointed Angle as the new general manager of Raw . On the May 29 episode of Raw , Angle would be informed by Raw commentator Corey Graves about some `` scandalous information '' that was sent to him about Angle , with Angle telling Graves `` if this is true , it could ruin me '' . On the July 17 episode of Raw , Angle revealed that he had a son with a woman he dated in college . He stated that his son eventually ended up in the WWE . Angle then made the announcement that his ( on - screen ) son was Jason Jordan of American Alpha , thus moving Jordan to the Raw brand . World Championships / Olympic Games matches ( edit ) Res . Record Opponent Score Date Event Location Notes 1996 Olympic champion at 100kg Win 9 -- 0 Abbas Jadidi 1 -- 1 July 31 , 1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia final Win 8 -- 0 Konstantin Aleksandrov 4 -- 1 July 31 , 1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia round 4 Win 7 -- 0 Sagid Murtazaliev 4 -- 3 July 31 , 1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia round 3 Win 6 -- 0 Wilfredo Morales 2 -- 0 July 30 , 1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia round 2 Win 5 -- 0 Dolgorsürengiin Sumyaabazar 4 -- 0 July 30 , 1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia round 1 1995 world champion at 100kg Win 4 -- 0 Arawat Sabejew Referee Decision August 13 , 1995 1995 World Wrestling Championships Atlanta , Georgia final Win 3 -- 0 Oleg Ladik Referee Decision August 13 , 1995 1995 World Wrestling Championships Atlanta , Georgia round 3 Win 2 -- 0 Josef Glazer 3 -- 0 August 13 , 1995 1995 World Wrestling Championships Atlanta , Georgia round 2 Win 1 -- 0 Kenan Şimşek 2 -- 0 August 13 , 1995 1995 World Wrestling Championships Atlanta , Georgia round 1 Acting career ( edit ) Angle has expressed interest in pursuing an acting career after retiring from professional wrestling . In 2008 , he made his film debut as a racist prison deputy in the short film Chains . In 2009 , he played serial killer Brad Mayfield in the film End Game . On a third - season episode of Pros vs. Joes , he was teamed up with Jimmy Smith and Kendall Gill against the Joes . Angle appeared in the `` Car Wreck Vanish '' episode of Criss Angel Mindfreak . He played Russian MMA champion Koba ( in a non-speaking role ) in the 2011 film Warrior , and starred as town sheriff Will Logan in the film River of Darkness . On the Right After Wrestling program on Sirius Satellite Radio , Angle revealed he would become a part - time wrestler after his contract expired in 2011 to focus on Angle Foods and his acting career . In the 2013 film Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies , he plays himself as both a human and a zombie . Angle also had a small role in the 2014 cult - film Sharknado 2 : The Second One and in the 2014 romantic - comedy film Not Cool . He appeared in the film The Last Witch Hunter . He also made a cameo appearance in the movie Pain and Gain in which he brawls against Dwayne Johnson 's character in a prison fight . Angle appeared on an episode of Duck Dynasty in February 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 End Game Brad Mayfield 2009 Chains Deputy Short film 2011 Dylan Dog : Dead of Night Wolfgang 2011 River of Darkness Sheriff Will Logan 2011 Waking Up Crush Carlisle Short film 2011 Warrior Koba 2012 Beyond the Mat Coach Kamen 2012 Death from Above Thule 2012 Drummer for the Mob FBI Agent 2012 Olympic Trials with Kurt Angle Himself Funny or Die short 2013 Pain & Gain Benjamin Rowe 2013 Horse Cops Eli Paste 2013 Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies Himself 2014 Sharknado 2 : The Second One Fire Chief 2014 Not Cool Security Guard 2015 The Last Witch Hunter Bodyguard Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 Fox 53 Ten O'Clock News Himself Sportscaster : `` The Angle on Sports '' 2001 The Weakest Link Himself 2007 Inside MMA Himself Season 1 , episodes 10 and 11 2008 Pros vs. Joes Himself Season 3 , episode 1 2009 Criss Angel Mindfreak Himself Episode : `` Car Wreck Vanish '' 2011 Extreme Makeover : Home Edition Himself 2013 Baal Veer Himself 2016 Duck Dynasty Himself Episode : `` Van He'llsing '' Video Games ( edit ) Year Title 2000 WWF No Mercy 2000 WWF SmackDown ! 2 : Know Your Role 2001 WWF SmackDown ! Just Bring It 2002 WWE SmackDown ! Shut Your Mouth 2003 WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2005 WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2006 2006 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 2008 TNA Impact ! 2017 WWE 2K18 Other endeavors ( edit ) In 1997 , Angle worked for a year as a sportscaster on Pittsburgh 's local Fox affiliate WPGH - TV . He also did a commercial for Pittsburgh - based pizza chain Pizza Outlet . Angle is a longtime fan of MMA , and has occasionally talked about his desire to compete . UFC president Dana White stated that Angle was in talks to appear as a heavyweight contestant on the 10th season of The Ultimate Fighter , but failed the medical requirements . Angle signed with Bellator MMA on October 28 , 2015 . He attended a fan convention on November 6 , the eve of Bellator 145 , then joined the commentary booth the next night , during the Bobby Lashley vs. James Thompson match , where he teased possibly fighting for the promotion himself . Personal life ( edit ) Angle being helped by his then - wife Karen , with their daughter Kyra watching at ringside Angle married Karen Smedley on December 19 , 1998 , In September 2008 , it was reported that Karen had filed for divorce from Kurt . They have two children together , a daughter named Kyra Angle ( born December 2 , 2002 ) and son named Kody Angle ( born October 26 , 2006 ) . In 2010 , It was reported that Angle was engaged to actress Giovanna Yannotti . They had their first child together ( and third overall for Angle ) , a daughter named Giuliana Marie Angle , on January 22 , 2011 . Angle and Yannotti were married on July 20 , 2012 . They had their second child together , a daughter named Sophia Laine Angle on December 31 , 2012 . Their third child together , a daughter named Nikoletta Sky Angle , was born on November 5 , 2016 . Angle is a Christian and a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers . He is a Republican and supported Marco Rubio in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries . In 2008 , Angle was selected to be featured on the cover for metal band Emmure 's second album The Respect Issue where he is depicted on the front and back covers for the record as well as in the inlay . Angle also further promoted the album by wearing an Emmure shirt during fights broadcast on Impact ! In July 2015 , Angle was expected to make an appearance at London Comic Con in England but his management team tweeted that Angle underwent emergency surgery to remove fluid buildup on his spinal cord after all of his extremities went numb . A week before this emergency , he had surgery to remove a benign tumor from his neck . Angle is a supporter of Scottish football club Rangers F.C. and has also signed up as a life member to fans group Rangers First . Steroid allegations ( edit ) On March 6 , 2007 , Sports Illustrated reported that Angle 's name was found in the client database of a Florida wellness center suspected of being a front for distributing performance enhancing drugs . The magazine alleged that Angle had received prescriptions for trenbolone ( which is not approved for human use by the FDA ) and nandrolone , both anabolic steroids . Angle responded on his official website : `` I did not improperly receive prescriptions . It is well documented that in my career I have broken vertebrae in my neck on five occasions and each time the course of treatment was under the care and supervision of my doctors . Any attempt to link me to the athletes in the current news accounts who may have improperly sought performance - enhancing drugs is without foundation '' . Approximately two weeks later on March 19 , 2007 , Sports Illustrated posted on its website another article in its continuing series investigating a steroid and HGH ring used by a number of professional athletes in several sports . That article mentioned that ten other professional wrestlers were implicated to have received performance - enhancing drugs from the same drug ring , including four WWE wrestlers and Eddie Guerrero . Angle never failed a drug test for pain pills , but he did fail a steroid test under WWE 's Wellness Policy because his prescription for nandrolone had expired . Legal issues ( edit ) Angle was arrested at his home by police in Moon , Pennsylvania on September 28 , 2007 , on a charge of driving under the influence after being reported by a woman who claimed that he almost hit her while leaving a local restaurant . Officials said Angle failed a field sobriety test , but he refused a blood test . He was charged with driving under the influence and careless driving , but he denied the charges . On September 9 , 2008 , Angle was cleared of all charges . On August 15 , 2009 , Pittsburgh - based NBC affiliate WPXI reported that Angle had been arrested . His girlfriend stated that she had filed a protection from abuse ( PFA ) order and that he was stalking her in the Robinson area . Angle was charged with `` driving while operating privilege is suspended , prohibited acts - possession , harassment and prohibited acts '' . Hygetropin , a human growth hormone , was found in his car ; Angle maintained that he had a prescription for the drug . On September 15 , a District Court Judge dropped the harassment , suspended license , and drug charges against Angle . On November 9 , 2009 , the PFA charges were dropped after he and former girlfriend Trenesha Biggers reached an agreement to avoid contact with each other . On March 25 , 2011 , Angle was arrested in Thompson , North Dakota and charged with `` being in control of a motor vehicle while intoxicated '' after failing a field sobriety test . Angle later pleaded guilty to the charges and was sentenced on April 20 to one year of unsupervised probation , a chemical dependency evaluation , a $250 fine , $225 in court fees , and a ten - day suspended sentence . Angle was arrested on September 4 , 2011 , by Virginia State Troopers for allegedly driving under the influence . Angle was placed in Warren County Jail , before posting $2,000 bail and being released in the early morning . State police revealed that Angle 's initial breath test at the scene , where he was stopped by police , showed a blood - alcohol concentration of 0.091 percent , which was above the legal limit of 0.08 percent . The test was later ruled not admissible and when a second test , taken at the police station , showed a blood - alcohol concentration of 0.06 , the DUI charge was dropped . Angle was still charged with reckless driving . On November 8 , 2011 , Angle entered a plea of no contest and was fined $1,500 . On August 2 , 2013 , Angle was again charged with driving while intoxicated in Decatur , Texas . Later that same day , Angle announced he was immediately entering a rehabilitation center . In wrestling ( edit ) Angle applies an ankle lock on Samoa Joe Angle attempting the Angle Slam on Joe Angle performing a moonsault on Jeff Jarrett at Bound for Glory IV Finishing moves Angle Slam ( Olympic slam , sometimes from the top rope ) Ankle lock , sometimes while grapevining the opponent 's leg -- 2001 -- present Crossface chickenwing -- 2000 ; adopted from Bob Backlund Signature moves Bodyscissors Double leg takedown , often transitioned into a pin or a suplex European uppercut Frog splash -- TNA - adopted from and used as a tribute to Eddie Guerrero Headbutt Moonsault Multiple suplex variations Bridging / Release belly - to - back Bridging / Release / Rolling German - adopted from Chris Benoit Overhead belly - to - belly , sometimes from the second rope Rear naked choke Triangle choke Managers Bob Backlund Daivari The Destroyer Eric Bischoff Frank Trigg Karen Angle Kevin Nash Luther Reigns Mark Jindrak Paul Heyman Shane McMahon Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley Team Angle Tomko Trish Stratus Nicknames `` The American / Olympic / Steel City Hero '' ( WWF / WWE ) `` The Cyborg '' ( TNA ) `` The Godfather of The Main Event Mafia '' ( TNA ) `` King Kurt '' ( WWF ) `` The Most Celebrated Real Athlete in WWE History '' ( WWF / WWE ) `` The ( Only ) Olympic Gold Medalist ( in Pro Wrestling History ) '' ( WWF / WWE , TNA ) `` The Wrestling Machine '' ( WWE / TNA ) Entrance themes `` Medal '' by Jim Johnston ( WWF / WWE , independent circuit ; November 14 , 1999 -- January 2 , 2006 ; March 20 , 2016 -- present ) `` Medal '' ( Remix ) by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; January 29 , 2006 -- July 11 , 2006 ) `` Medal '' ( Revisited ) by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; July 11 , 2006 -- August 8 , 2006 ) `` My Quest '' by Dale Oliver ( TNA ; September 24 , 2006 -- August 9 , 2007 ) `` Gold Medal '' performed by Tha Trademarc and composed by Dale Oliver ( TNA ; August 12 , 2007 -- January 31 , 2016 ) `` Main Event Mafia '' by Dale Oliver ( TNA ; used while a part of The Main Event Mafia ) Wrestlers trained ( edit ) Eric Angle Steve Bradley Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) Amateur wrestling ( edit ) Canadian Cup Championship Winner ( 1990 ) Collegiate / High School Clarion University Freshman of the Year ( 1988 ) Pennsylvania State Wrestling Champion ( 1987 ) International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles FILA Junior World Freestyle Champion ( 1988 ) FILA World Championships gold medal in freestyle wrestling ( 100 kg ) ( 1995 ) International Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016 National Amateur Wrestling National Amateur Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2001 ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Division I All - American ( 1990 -- 1992 ) NCAA Division I Champion ( 1990 , 1992 ) Olympic Games Summer Olympics gold medal in freestyle wrestling ( heavyweight ) ( 1996 ) USA Wrestling USA Junior Freestyle Champion ( 1987 ) USA Senior Freestyle Champion ( 1995 , 1996 ) USA Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2001 ) Greatest Shoot Wrestler of All - Time Professional Wrestling ( edit ) Cauliflower Alley Club Future Legend Award ( 2000 ) Inoki Genome Federation IWGP Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) International Wrestling Institute and Museum George Tragos / Lou Thesz Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) Special honoree ( 2015 ) Power Pro Wrestling PPW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year ( 2003 ) Feud of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Triple H Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar Feud of the Year ( 2007 ) vs. Samoa Joe Inspirational Wrestler of the Year ( 2001 ) Match of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar in an Iron Man match on SmackDown ! on September 16 Match of the Year ( 2005 ) vs. Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 21 Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2000 ) Most Popular Wrestler of the Year ( 2003 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2000 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2003 ) Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2001 SoCal Uncensored Match of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Christopher Daniels on September 13 , 2000 ( Ultimate Pro Wrestling ) Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA World Heavyweight Championship ( 6 times ) TNA World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- with Sting ( 1 ) and A.J. Styles ( 1 ) TNA X Division Championship ( 1 time ) King of the Mountain ( 2007 , 2009 ) TNA Hall of Fame ( Class of 2013 ) Second TNA Triple Crown Champion World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE WCW Championship ( 1 time ) WCW United States Championship ( 1 time ) World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time , inaugural ) -- with Chris Benoit WWF / WWE Championship ( 4 times ) WWF European Championship ( 1 time ) WWF Hardcore Championship ( 1 time ) WWF Intercontinental Championship ( 1 time ) King of the Ring ( 2000 ) WWE Tag Team Championship Tournament ( 2002 ) -- with Chris Benoit WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2017 ) Tenth Triple Crown Champion Fifth Grand Slam Champion Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Gimmick ( 2000 ) Best on Interviews ( 2002 ) Best Technical Wrestler ( 2002 ) Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar Match of the Year with Chris Benoit vs. Edge and Rey Mysterio at No Mercy on October 20 , 2002 Most Improved ( 2000 ) Most Outstanding Wrestler ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Readers ' Favorite Wrestler ( 2002 , 2003 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2002 ) Wrestler of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 2004 ) 1 ^ Angle originally won both tag team championship belts from solo championship holder Samoa Joe . Sting won a four - way match to win the other share of the title , and joined Angle in his reign midway through . 2 ^ Won during the Invasion storyline . Luchas de Apuestas record ( edit ) See also : Luchas de Apuestas Winner ( wager ) Loser ( wager ) Location Event Date Notes Edge ( hair ) Kurt Angle ( hair ) Nashville , Tennessee Judgment Day 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . WWE . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNA Profile '' . TNA Wrestling . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle 's Profile '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Great , Half - Forgotten Career of Kurt Angle Draws to a Close '' . Vice Sports . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . The year of Angle 's debut , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Milner , John ; Kamchen , Richard . `` Kurt Angle '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . International Sports HOF . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angle named Greatest Shoot Wrestler of All - Time '' . WWE . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` European Championship -- Kurt Angle '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Superstars who have won every active title : Photos '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beltrán , William ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Según el Wrestling Observer ... ¿ Quiénes son los mejores los mejores de la década ? '' ( in Spanish ) . SuperLuchas Magazine . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moser , John J ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pro wrestling great Kurt Angle says matches at Sands Bethlehem Event Center , will be among his last and best '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fiorvanti , Tim ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kurt Angle is back home in the WWE after Hall of Fame induction '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olympic Hero : Pro Wrestler Kurt Angle -- A.R. Schaefer -- Google Books . Books.google.ca ( December 9 , 1968 ) . Retrieved on September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Bio at Washington Post.com '' . WashingtonPost.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LéAnne Angle Obituary - Pittsburgh , PA - Post-Gazette.com '' . Post-Gazette.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Biography ( 1968 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . December 9 , 1968 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle , 1996 Olympic Gold Medal Wrestler Signs Multi-Year Deal With World Wrestling Federation '' . Business Wire . October 17 , 1998 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Heir Sentenced Up to 30 Years For Killing of Olympic Wrestler '' . The New York Times . May 14 , 1997 . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` My Mom , My Superhero '' . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Loverro , Thom . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling ( p. 173 ) Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rob . `` Grappling with addiction '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : King , Peter . `` Gripping Finish '' . SI.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Kurt Angle planning Olympics comeback in 2012 , discusses re-signing with TNA & part - time schedule '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNichol , Rob ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Angle reveals Olympic plans '' . The Sun . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle on his hardest task -- making an Olympic return in 2012 '' . BBC . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's hopes of wrestling at London 2012 ended by injury '' . BBC . April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Loverro , Thom . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling ( p. 172 ) . Jump up ^ `` NWA 50th Anniversary Show '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 104 -- 105 ) . ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 105 ) ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 106 ) Jump up ^ Laurer , Joanie ( 2001 ) . If They Only Knew . ReaganBooks . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 107 ) . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble Results '' . Prowrestlinghistory.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No Way Out 2001 Results '' . World Wrestling Federation . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 108 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- July 26 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- July 30 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- October 22 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- November 12 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- September 10 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 109 ) Jump up ^ `` RAW -- October 8 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- October 29 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown ! -- April 11 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- May 23 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Michael McAvennie ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Michael McAvennie ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 294 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- December 26 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 112 ) Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 112 -- 113 ) Jump up ^ `` WWE.Com statement concerning Kurt Angle 's injury ... '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clevett , Jason ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Angle takes Vengeance on Lesnar '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 113 ) Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Dacts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 113 -- 114 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- September 18 , 2003 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 114 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Richard . `` Further details on Kurt Angle 's injury ; Condition very serious '' . Lords of Pain . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 25 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- April 15 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 115 -- 116 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- July 22 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- November 4 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . ^ Jump up to : The PWInsider.com Staff ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` 2004 : The Year in Review '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reality show contestant schools Angle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Online World of Wrestling -- Wrestling Columns -- Online World of Wrestling Fan Jam 11 / 2004 -- Short Columns by Obsessed Fans '' . ^ Jump up to : 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 117 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 17 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 24 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- June 13 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 118 ) Jump up ^ `` RAW Results - July 25 , 2005 '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts '' . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' . Kappa Publishing . p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated , May 2006 '' . Arena Reports . Kappa Publishing . May 2006 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Brady , Hicks . `` 2006 : The year in wrestling '' . 2007 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Kappa Publications . p. 16 . 2007 Edition . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 119 ) . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 119 -- 120 ) . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- May 29 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RAW -- June 5 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 121 ) . Jump up ^ Clevett , Jason . `` WWE releases Kurt Angle '' . SLAM Wrestling ! . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Angle talks about his release '' . WWE . Retrieved December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle : Champion '' DVD . Jump up ^ `` WWE matches wrestled by Kurt Angle '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling Observer Dan Wahler '' . Wrestling Observer . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 126 -- 127 ) . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Impact : Angle gets his rematch against Mr. TNA '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impact -- October 19 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 127 ) . Jump up ^ `` Impact -- November 16 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Final Resolution 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Against All Odds 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Destination X 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lockdown 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Impact ! results -- 5 / 3 / 07 ( ' Sacrifice ' main event announced and more ) '' . WrestleView.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWA / Trobich strips TNA / Cage / Team 3D of NWA branded Championships '' . National Wrestling Alliance . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` World title picture muddied after good Sacrifice '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 5 / 17 : Angle - Rhino , Daniels - Raven , blood , Gore , and Stomper '' . PW Torch.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . The fans chanted for Christian and Angle said he is the new TNA champion . Jump up ^ `` Slammiversary 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victory Road 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Impact 07 -- 19 -- 07 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Impact 08 -- 02 -- 07 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Justice 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` No Surrender delivers on Angles and a new TV deal '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Angle gets stung at Bound For Glory '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Impact : Crowning a new old champion '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S TNA NO SURRENDER PPV REPORT 9 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Kurt Angle vs. Sting vs. Matt Morgan vs. A.J. Styles `` . PWTorch . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV Report 10 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of the second - half of the show with Styles vs. Sting `` . PWTorch . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Wilkenfield 's TNA Impact Report 10 / 22 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Impact Results -- 10 / 29 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( November 15 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Turning Point PPV Report 11 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of . A.J. Styles vs. Samoa Joe vs. Daniels `` . PWTorch . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT 12 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels , Angle vs. Wolfe `` . PWTorch . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` KELLER 'S TNA IMPACT LIVE REPORT 1 / 4 : Jeff Hardy , NWO reunion , Hulk Hogan , TNA Knockout Title match , more surprises -- ongoing coverage '' . PWTorch . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV Report 1 / 17 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Kurt Angle , Hulk Hogan 's TNA PPV debut `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` WILKENFELD 'S TNA IMPACT REPORT 1 / 21 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Against All Odds PPV Report 2 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Samoa Joe , Nastys vs. 3D `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` WILKENFELD 'S TNA IMPACT REPORT 2 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S TNA DESTINATION X PPV REPORT 3 / 21 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Abyss , Ultimate X , Anderson vs. Angle `` . PWTorch . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT REPORT 3 / 29 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV show -- cage match with Jeff Hardy , RVD , Wolfpack `` . PWTorch . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` TNA IMPACT RESULTS 4 / 5 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Hulk Hogan , Beautiful People , Lockdown hype `` . PWTorch . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown Results 4 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of PPV -- Styles vs. The Pope , Team Hogan vs. Team Flair , Angle vs. Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` TNA Impact results 5 / 20 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of show on Spike TV including Top Ten Contenders revealed `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary results 6 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- RVD vs. Sting , Hardy & Anderson , `` nice surprise '' `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 6 / 24 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TNA Victory Road results 7 / 11 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coveage of live PPV event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Impact Results -- 7 / 1 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 7 / 22 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 8 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV `` Whole F'n Show '' ( updated ) `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 8 / 19 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 5 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 5 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle vs. Hardy , Pope vs. Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 9 / 16 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV show with Jeff Hardy vs. Kurt Angle `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 -- 10 -- 10 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy , `` they '' reveal `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 10 / 14 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV 's live broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 10 / 21 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV 's live broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact results 11 / 11 : Styles vs. Stevie , Turning Point fallout , New TNA belt introduced by Hogan '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 12 / 2 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 1 / 06 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV results 1 / 9 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Morgan vs. Anderson # 1 contender , four title matches , RVD mystery opponent `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 1 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of post-Genesis fallout on Spike TV `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact alt . perspective report 1 / 20 : Jarrett -- Angle drama sinks the ship '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 1 / 27 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Team Angle vs. Team Immortal , Anderson vs. Hardy , Flair goes nuts , Steiner returns `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 2 / 3 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact on Spike TV -- `` they '' reveal , TNA World Title match `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Against All Odds PPV results 2 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Anderson vs. Hardy , Genesis re-matches , fluid X Division situation `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 3 / 3 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact on Spike TV -- Hogan , wedding , 3 / 3 / 11 reveal , Tag Title match , retirement match , celebrities `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown PPV results 4 / 17 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live all - cage match PPV -- Sting vs. Anderson vs. RVD , Angle vs. Jarrett `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 5 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of big reveals , final PPV hype , battle royal main event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Sacrifice PPV results 5 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. RVD , four title matches , Chyna PPV return `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Extensive Angle interview -- new TNA contract , near - death in match last year , why his UFC deal fell apart , Twitter battle with Orton , TNA schedule during Olympics training '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary PPV results 6 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. Anderson , Angle vs. Jarrett blow - off `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 6 / 16 : Ongoing coverage of Slammiversary fallout on Spike TV '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baxendell , Matt ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Bax 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 7 / 7 : Complete Coverage of 300th Episode , Will Mr. Anderson Join Immortal ? '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report : Ongoing live coverage of Destination X fallout , Mr. Anderson vs. Sting '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8 / 7 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. Angle , five title matches , BFG Series matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Impact Wrestling Results -- 8 / 11 / 11 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Impact : Sting looks to regain title in rematch with Angle '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 9 / 8 : Jeff Hardy returns , Anderson gets his title rematch against Angle , No Surrender final hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 11 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- three - way TNA Title match , BFG Series finals `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 / 16 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle - Roode , Hogan - Sting `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TNA changes title today at TV '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 10 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage Bound for Glory fall - out , TNA World Title match `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 11 / 17 : Follow up to Turning Point , Roode and Styles match announced for Final Resolution '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Final Resolution PPV results 12 / 11 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Styles , five title matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV results 1 / 8 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Hardy , Angle - Storm `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McQuade , Jay ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` McQuade 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 1 / 12 : Roode - Hardy for TNA Title , Angle - Storm # 1 contender match , Bischoffs angle '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Scott ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Turner 's TNA Impact results 2 / 16 : World Title match opens show , Lockdown main event set , N.Y. Giants star in angle '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Victory Road PPV results 3 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting - Roode main event , Angle - Hardy , Storm - Ray `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown PPV results 4 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Storm main event , Angle - Hardy , Lethal Lockdown opener `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 4 / 19 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Lockdown fall - out , Hogan 's `` big announcement '' `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Scott ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Turner 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 4 / 26 : First - ever Open Fight Night , Tag Title match , Flair throws a party for Bischoff '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Sacrifice PPV results 5 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - RVD main event , Angle - Styles , Hardy - Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Csonka , Larry ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kurt Angle Discusses His Face Turn , Possible Retirement '' . 411mania . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 10 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary PPV results 6 / 10 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode vs. Sting headlines 10th Anniv . PPV `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 6 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- TNA World Title match , Ultimate X starts the show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 6 / 28 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- BFG Series , Tag Title main event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact results 8 / 30 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- three big BFG Series matches including Styles - Joe `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 9 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- BFG Series finals `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Aries vs. Hardy , Storm vs. Roode `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact results 10 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live BFG PPV fall - out `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Impact Results -- 10 / 25 / 2012 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA TURNING POINT PPV RESULTS 11 / 11 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Hardy - Aries , top titles at - stake `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 12 / 6 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Team Hardy vs. Team Roode , Knockout returns , final PPV hype `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV RESULTS 12 / 9 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Hardy vs. Roode in the main event , Aries vs. Bully `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 12 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Champ . Thursday -- Aries vs. Hardy , 1.3. 13 reveal `` . Jump up ^ CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 1 / 3 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live show -- Sting casually returns , cage main event & unmasking ( updated w / Box Score ) . PWTorch.com ( January 3 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 1 / 10 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Sting - Knox , wedding angle , and , oh yeah , a PPV on Sunday ( updated w / Box Score ) `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 1 / 31 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact in the U.K. -- Angle - Anderson , Wes & Garett turn heel , Wes 's hair tells the story `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 2 / 28 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- TNA & Jeff Hardy return to Orlando ; Angle unmasks A&E member , but cameraman misses the shot `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 3 / 7 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- final Lockdown PPV hype `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA LOCKDOWN PPV RESULTS 3 / 10 : Live , in - person coverage from San Antonio -- Hardy vs. Ray TNA Title match , Lethal Lockdown , more '' . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 3 / 21 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact from Chicago -- new # 1 contender to TNA Title , two title matches , Lockdown fall - out `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 3 / 28 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Open Fight Night -- Hardy vs. Anderson , more `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 4 / 4 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact featuring 10 - man tag , Ray - Brooke show - closing segment , hype for next week 's stacked show `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 4 / 18 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Styles 's in - ring return , live Impact fall - out `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 5 / 9 ( Hour 1 ) : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Angle & Styles brawl , D - Lo Brown pouts , Knockouts tag match , more `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 5 / 23 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Hogan returns home , A.J. in Aces & Eights ? , final show in current timeslot `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA SLAMMIVERSARY PPV RESULTS ( Hour 3 ) : Bully vs. Sting for the TNA World Title , plus Styles vs. Angle '' . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 6 / 6 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- PPV fall - out , Bully vs. Hardy ladder match , Rampage Jackson debuts , more `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 6 / 13 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of BFG Series qualifiers , Sting bringing back old stable , Rampage Jackson Week 2 , more `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 6 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of semi-live Impact -- BFG Series kick - off , Open Fight Night , Sting takes out Aces & Eights , more `` . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 6 / 27 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact -- BFG Series continues , two title matche come on s , Suicide , Joe added to Mafia , Hogan plays principal , more `` . Jump up ^ `` PWTorch.com - TNA NEWS : Impact 7 / 4 - quick & detailed results for Thursday 's Impact taped in Las Vegas '' . pwtorch.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 7 / 11 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact from Las Vegas -- Rampage Jackson joins Mafia , Dest . X hype , BFG Series gauntlet `` . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` TNA News : Angle says he is entering rehab , issues statement on `` pivotal time '' in his life , Dixie Carter comments , plus more details on what led to DWI arrest `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` CALDWELL 'S TNA BFG PPV RESULTS 10 / 20 ( Hour 2 ) : Angle vs. Roode featured match , KO Title match , ECIII debuts '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # IMPACT365 -- Referee Brian Hebner on what happened to Kurt Angle '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # IMPACT365 Exclusive Footage : Kurt Angle 's Condition After IMPACT Went Off The Air '' . Impactwrestling.com . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # IMPACT365 Medical Update on the Condition of Kurt Angle '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ World Title Tournament : Kurt Angle vs. Austin Aries ( November 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle injured by Ethan Carter during IMPACT ( March 6 , 2014 ) '' . YouTube.com . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle returns to IMPACT and wants payback ( April 17 , 2014 ) '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG KURT ANGLE UPDATE - PWInsider.com '' . pwinsider.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle announces his retirement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` International Wrestling Grand Prix Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling-titles.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle beats Brock Lesnar in Japan '' . 411mania.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IGF '' . IGF . December 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Strong Style Spirit '' . Strong Style Spirit . January 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit 2008 New Japan ISM ( 1 / 27 / 08 to 2 / 17 / 08 ) '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` G1 Climax 2008 ~ Heroes of Supremacy ~ ( 8 / 9 / 08 to 8 / 17 / 08 ) '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( Results ) New Japan , 1 / 4 / 09 '' . Strong Style Spirit . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Results ) New Japan , 2 / 15 / 09 '' . Strong Style Spirit . February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 results '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cano Vela , Eduardo ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Triplemania XX `` El día ha llegado '' ( Cobertura y resultados 5 de agosto de 2012 ) -- Máscara vs máscara : Dr. Wagner vs Máscara Año 2000 Jr . -- ¡ Kurt Angle en México ! '' ( in Spanish ) . SuperLuchas . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AUGUST 27 : ANGLE VS RHODES IS SIGNED ! '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coming ... In October ... '' . What Culture Wrestling . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Kurt Angle to be inducted into WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-hall-fame/wwe-hall-of-fame-2017/article/john-cena-induct-kurt-angle-wwe-hall-of-fame-2017 Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW 4 / 3 : The most remarkable opening ten minutes of Raw in history , perhaps , as crowd berates Reigns '' . PWTorch . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1374846/ Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Wrestles Kevin Nash Down a River of Darkness '' . Dreadcentral.com . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wrestler horror RIVER OF DARKNESS wraps ; exclusive first photos Archived October 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle talks about future '' . SIRIUS Radio 98 . The Score Satellite Radio . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthew Sampson ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Pritchard ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Kurt Angle In New Vin Diesel Film ( VIDEO ) , TNA One Night Only X-Travaganza Debuting On PPV ; Match Card And Details '' . Wrestlezone . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle to fight ' Balveer ' ? Photo Gallery , Picture News Gallery '' . The Indian Express . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Chamberlin ( February 2001 ) . `` It 's True : He 's a Real American Hero '' . Wrestling Digest . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Agostino , David ( August 12 , 2005 ) . `` A grateful Angle comments on hometown reception '' . WWE . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle , yes that Kurt Angle , has revealed that he could end up taking MMA fight '' , by Darragh Murphy , SportsJoe.ie . Jump up ^ `` Karen Angle biography '' . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , It 's True ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Wed . update ; Lesnar - Couture tickets ; wrestling couple splitting ; Foley TNA news , ratings notes '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Magee , Bob ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` As I See It 10 / 8 : Tick , tick ... boom '' . WrestleView . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` TNA News : Kurt Angle reportedly engaged to young model '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Thurs . update : Lots of TV tonight , Hall of Famer expects child soon , Ratings good and bad , Scoring '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Giovanna Yanotti , the actress / fiance of Kurt Angle , announced today that the couple is expecting their first child . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sat . update : Angle rushed home from European tour , fiance labor induced , Team RKO put back together '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Kurt Angle rushed back to Pittsburgh from the European tour last night when he got a phone call that his pregnant fiance , actress Giovanna Yannotti , had been rushed to the hospital with extremely high blood pressure and passed out . The doctors felt it necessary to induce labor and she gave birth to Giuliana Marie Angle , a 5.5 pound 18 inch long baby . The baby is said to be doing well , although she is about three weeks premature . At last word , the mother was still in intensive care with doctors today attempting to get her blood pressure under control . Jump up ^ Nemer , Roy ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` TNA star Kurt Angle getting married today '' . WrestleView . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanna Angle 's Twitter Account '' . January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle welcomes birth of new daughter '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ # MyComeback 3 . YouTube . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Talks About His Struggle With Addiction , Attending AA Meetings ( Video ) '' . SEScoops . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : The Mixed Martial Arts And Crafts Of Kurt Angle '' . Big Lead Sports . July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pro wrestler Kurt Angle goes to the mat for Rubio '' . Jump up ^ `` e Respect Issue ( Behind the Scenes ) Featuring Kurt Angle '' . TheDoublejShow . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fox Sports . `` Kurt Angle undergoes emergency surgery after losing feeling in extremities '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Chiari . `` Kurt Angle Hospitalized : Updates on TNA Star 's Recovery from Surgery '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Archibald , Ben ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Ricksen delight at cash battle victory '' . The Sun . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Llosa , Luis Fernando ; L. Jon Wertheim ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Inside the Steroid Sting '' . SI.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Angle responds '' . Kurt Angle 's Official Website . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Llosa , Luis Fernando ; L. Jon Wertheim ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Wrestlers allegedly tied to drug ring '' . SI.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Did Kurt Angle Ever Fail A WWE Drug Test For Pain Killers '' . TNAWrestlingNews.com . July 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Wrestles DUI , Careless Driving Charges '' . WPXI.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Simon ; Cooper , Matthew ( October 6 , 2007 ) . `` Kurt caught with ' pills in mouth ' '' . London : The Sun . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle not guilty of DUI in Moon Township '' . WTAE - TV . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestler Kurt Angle Arrested '' . WPXI . August 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Protection Order Against Wrestler Kurt Angle Dismissed '' . WTAE Pittsburgh . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : TMZ reports Kurt Angle arrested Friday morning on intoxication charge following TNA house show '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Arrested for Being Drunk in a Car '' . TMZ.com . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of North Dakota vs. Kurt Steven Angle '' . North Dakota Courts Records Inquiry . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Angle News : Kurt Angle sentenced for reckless driving following March arrest , new information on arrest '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Kurt Angle sentenced for reckless driving arrest '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking -- Kurt Angle arrested Sunday '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` TMZ : Kurt Angle arrested for DWI on Sunday '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayhew , Kaitlin . `` Wrestler 's initial BAC result was 0.091 percent '' . The Northern Virginia Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wed. , update : Angle charges taken down , White talks legend future , MSG tickets Foley , Flair & Edge '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Judge rules in Kurt Angle reckless driving case -- Angle fined , avoids jail time , more details on arrest revealed '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` TNA News : Breaking -- Kurt Angle arrested on DWI after Impact '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leighty , Jr. , Robert ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` From the Bowery : WrestleMania 2000 '' . 411Mania . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` WWE WrestleMania 21 PPV Results -- 4 / 3 / 05 -- Los Angeles , CA '' . WrestleView . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Endres , Cody ( May 30 , 2009 ) . `` TNA EPICS TV REPORT 5 / 29 : Tag team showcase of AMW vs. Daniels & Styles , Team 3D vs. Road Warriors , Styles vs. Angle `` main event '' `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S IMPACT REPORT 10 / 19 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Go Home show `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` SmackDown Results -- 3 / 31 / 06 -- Kansas City , MO ( Build for WM22 ... ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` Wrestling Observer Newsletter '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 2 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Angle used the figure four , stemming from the IGF show where he was managed by The Destroyer . Jump up ^ Schaefer , A.R. ( 2002 ) . Olympic Hero : Pro Wrestler Kurt Angle . Capstone Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 1310 - 1 . Jump up ^ Droste , Ryan ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` Slammiversary PPV Results -- 6 / 8 -- Southaven , MS ( KOTM , AJ & Angle ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle the MVP of the year ? Eighth batch of MVP and Match of the Year picks '' . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S TNA IMPACT RESULTS 1 / 2 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact -- Styles crashes `` coronation '' segment , Team Angle vs. Beer Money , new X Champ , more `` . Jump up ^ `` KELLER 'S TNA SUPER IMPACT REPORT 10 / 18 : Styles vs. Angle showcase main event , stellar final 45 minutes of Bound for Glory hype '' . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle : WWF 's Golden Boy '' . Jump up ^ `` TNA News : Kurt Angle describes mindset coming into WWE ; Mick Foley complements himself on evaluating Angle '' . Jump up ^ `` CAREER PATH : Kurt Angle 's career high point , low point , and what if he had never left WWE ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Emergence '' . Total Nonstop Action Wrestling . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . wrestlingdata.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle and Don Curtis to enter Hall of Fame '' . WCFCourier . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle reception set for 2015 National Pro Wrestling HOF '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling Titles . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . Kappa Publishing Group . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2001 '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SoCal Uncensored Awards 1999 and 2000 '' . SoCal Uncensored . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNA World Tag Team Title '' . Wrestling Titles . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Total Nonstop Action Wrestling official title history '' . TNA Wrestling . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WCW World Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Title History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heavyweight Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Tag Team Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWE World Heavyweight Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` European Championshipweb '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Adam ( November 2004 ) . Adam Copeland on Edge . WWE Books . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 8347 - 2 . References ( edit ) `` 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts '' . Wrestling 's Historical Cards . Kappa Publishing . 2007 . `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated , May 2006 '' . Arena Reports . Kappa Publishing . May 2006 . Angle , Kurt ( 2002 ) . It 's True ! It 's True ! . HarperEntertainment . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109893 - 0 . Loverro , Thom ( 2006 ) . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling . WWE Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 1058 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kurt Angle . 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how does the handmaid's tale movie end	Kate , is now free once again and wearing non-uniform clothes , but facing an uncertain future . She is living by herself , pregnant in a trailer while receiving intelligence reports from the rebels . She wonders if she will be reunited with Nick , but expresses hope that will happen , and resolves with the rebels ' help she will find her daughter .		The Handmaid 's Tale ( film )	the handmaid's tale ( film )	The Handmaid 's Tale is a 1990 film adaptation of the Margaret Atwood novel of the same name . Directed by Volker Schlöndorff , the film stars Natasha Richardson ( Kate / Offred ) , Faye Dunaway ( Serena Joy ) , Robert Duvall ( The Commander , Fred ) , Aidan Quinn ( Nick ) , and Elizabeth McGovern ( Moira ) . The screenplay was written by Harold Pinter . The original music score was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto . MGM Home Entertainment released an Avant - Garde Cinema DVD of the film in 2001 . The film was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Writing 3.1. 1 Pinter 's screenplay 3.1. 2 Richardson 's views 3.2 Filming locations 4 Reception 5 References 6 Works cited 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , war rages across the Republic of Gilead -- formerly the United States of America -- and pollution has rendered 99 % of the population sterile . Kate is a woman who attempts to emigrate to Canada with her husband and daughter . As they take a dirt road , the Gilead Border Guard order them to turn back or they will open fire . Kate 's husband uses an automatic rifle to draw the fire , telling Kate to run , but he gets shot . Kate gets captured , while their daughter wanders off into the backcountry , confused and unaccompanied . The authorities take Kate to a training facility with several other women , where she and her companions receive training to become Handmaids -- concubines for one of the privileged but barren couples who run the country 's religious fundamentalist regime . Although she resists being indoctrinated into the cult of the Handmaids , which mixes Old Testament orthodoxy with 12 - step scripted group chanting and ritualized violence , Kate is soon assigned to the home of `` the Commander '' ( Fred ) and of his cold , inflexible wife , Serena Joy . There she is named `` Offred '' -- `` of Fred '' . Her role as the Commander 's latest concubine is emotion - free , as she lies between Serena Joy 's legs while being raped by the Commander in the collective hope that she will bear them a child . Kate continually longs for her earlier life , and is haunted by nightmares of her husband 's death and of her daughter 's disappearance . A doctor tells her that many of Gilead 's male leaders are as sterile as their wives . Serena Joy desperately wants a baby , so she convinces Kate to risk the punishment for fornication -- death by hanging -- in order to be fertilized by another man who may make her pregnant , and consequently , spare her life . In exchange for Kate agreeing to this , Serena Joy provides information to Kate that her daughter is alive , and shows as proof a recent photograph of her living in the household of another Commander . However , Kate is told she can never see her daughter . The Commander also tries to get closer to Kate , in the sense that he feels if she enjoyed herself more she would become a better handmaid . The Commander gets Kate hard - to - obtain items , and , knowing her background as a librarian , allows her access to his private library . However , during a night out , the Commander has sex with Kate in an unauthorized manner . The other man selected by Serena Joy turns out to be Nick , the Commander 's sympathetic chauffeur . Kate grows attached to Nick and eventually becomes pregnant with his child . Kate ultimately kills the Commander , and a police unit then arrives to take her away . She thinks that the policemen are members of the Eyes , the government 's secret police . However , it turns out that they are soldiers from the resistance movement ( Mayday ) , of which Nick , too , is a part . Kate then flees with them , parting from Nick in an emotional scene . Kate , is now free once again and wearing non-uniform clothes , but facing an uncertain future . She is living by herself , pregnant in a trailer while receiving intelligence reports from the rebels . She wonders if she will be reunited with Nick , but expresses hope that will happen , and resolves with the rebels ' help she will find her daughter . Cast ( edit ) Natasha Richardson as Kate / Offred Robert Duvall as Commander Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy Elizabeth McGovern as Moira Aidan Quinn as Nick Victoria Tennant as Aunt Lydia Blanche Baker as Ofglen Traci Lind as Janine / Ofwarren Reiner Schöne as Luke , Kate 's husband Robert D. Raiford as Dick Muse Watson as Guardian Bill Owen as TV Announcer # 2 David Dukes as Doctor Blair Nicole Struble as Jill , Kate 's daughter Development ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Flag of the Republic of Gilead as shown in the film According to Steven H. Gale , in his book Sharp Cut , `` the final cut of The Handmaid 's Tale is less a result of Pinter 's script than any of his other films . He contributed only part of the screenplay : reportedly he ' abandoned writing the screenplay from exhaustion . ' ... Although he tried to have his name removed from the credits because he was so displeased with the movie ( in 1994 he told me that this was due to the great divergences from his script that occur in the movie ) , ... his name remains as screenwriter '' . Gale observes further that `` while the film was being shot , director Volker Schlondorff '' , who had replaced the original director Karel Reisz , `` called Pinter and asked for some changes in the script '' ; however , `` Pinter recall ( ed ) being very tired at the time , and he suggested that Schlondorff contact Atwood about the rewrites . He essentially gave the director and author carte blanche to accept whatever changes that she wanted to institute , for , as he reasoned , ' I did n't think an author would want to fuck up her own work . ' ... As it turned out , not only did Atwood make changes , but so did many others who were involved in the shoot '' . Gale points out that Pinter told his biographer Michael Billington that It became ... a hotchpotch . The whole thing fell between several shoots . I worked with Karel Reisz on it for about a year . There are big public scenes in the story and Karel wanted to do them with thousands of people . The film company would n't sanction that so he withdrew . At which point Volker Schlondorff came into it as director . He wanted to work with me on the script , but I said I was absolutely exhausted . I more or less said , ' Do what you like . There 's the script . Why not go back to the original author if you want to fiddle about ? ' He did go to the original author . And then the actors came into it . I left my name on the film because there was enough there to warrant it -- just about . But it 's not mine ' ( ( Pinter , as qtd. in Harold Pinter ) 304 ) . In an essay on Pinter 's screenplay for The French Lieutenant 's Woman , in The Films of Harold Pinter , Gale discusses Pinter 's `` dissatisfaction with '' the `` kind of alteration '' that occurs `` once the script is tinkered with by others '' and `` it becomes collaborative to the point that it is not his product any more or that such tinkering for practical purposes removes some of the artistic element '' ; he adds : `` Most notably The Handmaid 's Tale , which he considered so much altered that he has refused to allow the script to be published , and The Remains of the Day , which he refused to allow his name to be attached to for the same reason ... '' ( 84n3 ) . Pinter 's screenplay ( edit ) Christopher C. Hudgins discusses further details about why `` Pinter elected not to publish three of his completed filmscripts , The Handmaid 's Tale , The Remains of the Day , and Lolita , '' all of which Hudgins considers `` masterful filmscripts '' of `` demonstrable superiority to the shooting scripts that were eventually used to make the films '' ; fortunately ( `` We can thank our various lucky stars '' ) , he says , `` these Pinter filmscripts are now available not only in private collections but also in the Pinter Archive at the British Library '' ; in this essay , which he first presented as a paper at the 10th Europe Theatre Prize symposium , Pinter : Passion , Poetry , Politics , held in Turin , Italy , in March 2006 , Hudgins `` examin ( es ) all three unpublished filmscripts in conjunction with one another '' and `` provides several interesting insights about Pinter 's adaptation process '' . Richardson 's views ( edit ) In a retrospective account written after Natasha Richardson 's death , for CanWest News Service , Jamie Portman cites Richardson 's view of the difficulties involved with making Atwood 's novel into a film script : Richardson recognized early on the difficulties in making a film out of a book which was `` so much a one - woman interior monologue '' and with the challenge of playing a woman unable to convey her feelings to the world about her , but who must make them evident to the audience watching the movie. ... She thought the passages of voice - over narration in the original screenplay would solve the problem , but then Pinter changed his mind and Richardson felt she had been cast adrift. ... `` Harold Pinter has something specific against voice - overs , '' she said angrily 19 years ago . `` Speaking as a member of an audience , I 've seen voice - over and narration work very well in films a number of times , and I think it would have been helpful had it been there for The Handmaid 's Tale . After all it 's HER story . '' Portman concludes that `` In the end director Volker Schlondorff sided with Richardson '' ; Portman does not acknowledge Pinter 's already - quoted account that he gave both Schlondorff and Atwood `` carte blanche '' to make whatever changes they wanted to his script because he was too `` exhausted '' from the experience to work further on it ; in 1990 , when she reportedly made her comments quoted by Portman , Richardson herself may not have known that . Filming locations ( edit ) The scene where the hanging occurred was filmed in front of Duke Chapel on the campus of Duke University in Durham , North Carolina . Several scenes were filmed at Saint Mary 's School in Raleigh , N.C. Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reports that 31 % of sixteen surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating was 4.8 / 10 . Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote that he was `` not sure exactly what the movie is saying '' and that by `` the end of the movie we are conscious of large themes and deep thoughts , and of good intentions drifting out of focus . '' Owen Gleiberman , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the film a `` C - '' grade and commented that `` visually , it 's quite striking '' , but that it is `` paranoid poppycock -- just like the book '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( March 7 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Film ; ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' Adapted From Atwood Novel '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1990 Programme '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Gale , Steven H. ( 2003 ) . Sharp Cut : Harold Pinter 's Screenplays and the Artistic Process . Lexington , KY : The UP of Kentucky . pp. 318 -- 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2244 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gale , 73 Jump up ^ Cf . `` Harold Pinter 's Lolita : ' My Sin , My Soul ' '' , by Christopher C. Hudgins : `` During our 1994 interview , Pinter told ( Steven H . ) Gale and me that he had learned his lesson after the revisions imposed on his script for The Handmaid 's Tale , which he has decided not to publish . When his script for Remains of the Day was radically revised by the James Ivory -- Ismail Merchant partnership , he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits '' ( Gale , Films 125 ) . Jump up ^ Hudgins , 132 Jump up ^ Referring to Pinter 's screenplay for the film of John Fowles 's novel The French Lieutenant 's Woman , Gale observes : `` Although in other films he has used a voice - over narrator , the obvious choice for retaining the Fowles touch , Pinter is on record as not being fond of the device , and he wanted to avoid it here if possible '' ( Sharp Cut 239 ) ; in relation to his screenplay for Lolita , `` Despite the director 's wanting him to use a good bit of that narrative as voice - over in the film , Pinter insist ( ed ) that he would never use it in a description of action ... ( and , Gale describes ) how he put his opinion into practice '' ( 358 ) . Gale discusses the use of voice - over in or relating to other screenplays by Pinter , including those that he wrote for Accident , The Comfort of Strangers ( in which Richardson also stars ) , The Go - Between , The Last Tycoon , The Remains of the Day , and The Trial ( 198 -- 99 , 234 , 327 , 353 - 54 , 341 , 367 ) , as well as the voice overs that he did write for his script of The Handmaid 's Tale : The novel does not include the murder of the Commander , and Kate 's fate is left completely unresolved -- the van waits in the driveway , `` and so I step up , into the darkness within ; or else the light '' ( ( Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1986 ) ) 295 ) . The escape to Canada and the reappearance of the child and Nick are Pinter 's inventions for the movie version . As shot , there is a voice - over in which Kate explains ( accompanied by light symphonic music that contrasts with that of the opening scene ) that she is now safe in the mountains held by the rebels . Bolstered by occasional messages from Nick , she awaits the birth of her baby while she dreams about Jill , whom she feels she is going to find eventually . ( Gale , Sharp Cut 318 ) Jump up ^ `` April 18 : Minutes of the Academic Council , Academic Council Archive , Duke University , 18 Apr. 1996 , Web , 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1990 - 03 - 16 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 1990 - 03 - 09 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Works cited ( edit ) Billington , Michael . Harold Pinter . London : Faber and Faber , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23476 - 9 ( 13 ) . Updated 2nd ed. of The Life and Work of Harold Pinter. 1996 . London : Faber and Faber , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 17103 - 6 ( 10 ) . Print . Gale , Steven H. Sharp Cut : Harold Pinter 's Screenplays and the Artistic Process . Lexington , KY : The UP of Kentucky , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2244 - 9 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2244 - 1 ( 13 ) . Print . -- -- -- , ed . The Films of Harold Pinter . Albany : SUNY P , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4932 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 4932 - 5 . Print . ( A collection of essays ; does not include an essay on The Handmaid 's Tale ; mentions it on 1 , 2 , 84n3 , 125 . ) Hudgins , Christopher C. `` Three Unpublished Harold Pinter Filmscripts : The Handmaid 's Tale , The Remains of the Day , Lolita . '' The Pinter Review : Nobel Prize / Europe Theatre Prize Volume : 2005 -- 2008 . Ed . Francis Gillen with Steven H. Gale . Tampa : U of Tampa P , 2008 . 132 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879852 - 19 - 8 ( hardcover ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879852 - 20 - 4 ( softcover ) . ISSN 0895 - 9706 . Print . Johnson , Brian D. `` Uphill Battle : Handmaid 's Hard Times . '' Maclean 's 26 Feb. 1990 . Print . Portman , Jamie ( CanWest News Service ) . `` Not the Tale of a Handmaid : Natasha Richardson Has Led an Outspoken Career '' . Canada.com . CanWest News Service , 18 Mar. 2009 . Web . 24 Mar. 2009 . External links ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale on IMDb The Handmaid 's Tale at AllMovie The Handmaid 's Tale at Rotten Tomatoes Gilbert , Sophie ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` The Forgotten Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Films directed by Volker Schlöndorff Fiction films Young Törless A Degree of Murder Man on Horseback Baal Sudden Wealth of the Poor People of Kombach The Morals of Ruth Halbfass A Free Woman Übernachtung in Tirol The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum Coup de Grâce Germany in Autumn The Tin Drum The Circle of Deceit War and Peace Swann in Love Death of a Salesman A Gathering of Old Men The Handmaid 's Tale Voyager The Ogre Palmetto The Legend of Rita The Ninth Day Enigma - Eine uneingestandene Liebe Strike Ulzhan Calm at Sea Diplomacy Documentaries Nur zum Spaß , nur zum Spiel The Candidate The Michael Nyman Songbook Ein Produzent hat Seele oder er hat keine Billy Wilder Speaks Harold Pinter Plays The Room ( 1957 ) The Birthday Party ( 1957 ) The Dumb Waiter ( 1957 ) A Slight Ache ( 1958 ) The Hothouse ( 1958 ) The Caretaker ( 1959 ) A Night Out ( 1959 ) Night School ( 1960 ) The Dwarfs ( 1960 ) The Collection ( 1961 ) The Lover ( 1962 ) Tea Party ( 1964 ) The Homecoming ( 1964 ) The Basement ( 1966 ) Landscape ( 1967 ) Silence ( 1968 ) Old Times ( 1970 ) Monologue ( 1972 ) No Man 's Land ( 1974 ) Betrayal ( 1978 ) Family Voices ( 1980 ) A Kind of Alaska ( 1982 ) Victoria Station ( 1982 ) One for the Road ( 1984 ) Mountain Language ( 1988 ) The New World Order ( 1991 ) Party Time ( 1991 ) Moonlight ( 1993 ) Ashes to Ashes ( 1996 ) Celebration ( 1999 ) Remembrance of Things Past ( 2000 ) Dramatic sketches The Black and White ( 1959 ) Trouble in the Works ( 1959 ) Last to Go ( 1959 ) Request Stop ( 1959 ) Special Offer ( 1959 ) That 's Your Trouble ( 1959 ) That 's All ( 1959 ) Interview ( 1959 ) Applicant ( 1959 ) Dialogue for Three ( 1959 ) Umbrellas ( 1960 ) Night ( 1969 ) Precisely ( 1983 ) `` God 's District '' ( 1997 ) Press Conference ( 2002 ) Apart From That ( 2006 ) Screenplays The Caretaker ( 1963 ) The Servant ( 1963 ) The Pumpkin Eater ( 1963 ) The Quiller Memorandum ( 1965 ) Accident ( 1966 ) The Birthday Party ( 1968 ) The Go - Between ( 1970 ) The Homecoming ( 1969 ) Langrishe , Go Down ( 1970 ) The Proust Screenplay ( 1972 ) The Last Tycoon ( 1974 ) The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) Betrayal ( 1982 , 1983 ) Victory ( 1982 ) Turtle Diary ( 1984 ) The Heat of the Day ( 1988 ) Reunion ( 1989 ) The Comfort of Strangers ( 1989 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) Party Time ( 1992 ) The Trial ( 1993 ) The Dreaming Child ( 1997 ) The Tragedy of King Lear ( 2000 ) Sleuth ( 2007 ) Related articles Works Bibliography Characteristics Honours and awards Relationship with academia The Harold Pinter Archive in the British Library Harold Pinter and politics Art , Truth and Politics Pinter 's People GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Longtime Companion / The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1991 ) Fried Green Tomatoes / Frankie and Johnny ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1994 ) Go Fish / The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1995 ) Boys on the Side ( 1996 ) Bound ( 1997 ) In & Out ( 1998 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) The Mexican ( 2002 ) The Hours ( 2003 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2004 ) Kinsey ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2009 ) A Single Man ( 2010 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2011 ) Beginners ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) Philomena ( 2014 ) The Imitation Game ( 2015 ) Carol ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(film)&oldid=801185717 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films 1990s science fiction films American independent films American science fiction films American films Dystopian films Feminist films Films about totalitarianism Films based on Canadian novels Films based on science fiction novels Films based on works by Margaret Atwood Films directed by Volker Schlöndorff 1990s LGBT - related films American LGBT - related films Films shot in North Carolina Post-apocalyptic films Pregnancy films Romantic thriller films Screenplays by Harold Pinter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 05 : 11 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Handmaid%2527s%20Tale%20%28film%29	2,841
mamma mia run time here we go again	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Christine Baranski Pierce Brosnan Dominic Cooper Colin Firth Andy García Lily James Amanda Seyfried Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $75 million Box office $350.6 million	114 minutes	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again	mamma mia! here we go again	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers .	Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has grossed over $350 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna has just graduated from university with Rosie and Tanya , and is getting ready to travel the world . While in Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Bill meets the fisherman Alexio and thereby secures boat passage for himself , Harry as well as the newly arrived Sky . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie deciding not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy and everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter and Ruby 's granddaughter . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and wife to Sam . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an Irish - American architect , Sophie 's stepfather , and widower of Donna . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam Colin Firth as Harry Bright , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew and as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , and Sophie 's grandmother . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer Celia Imrie as Vice-Chancellor Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in : which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son who owns the bar which his band as well as Donna perform at . Gerard Monaco as Alexio Anna Antoniades as Apollonia Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as an Oxford professor Benny Andersson as `` Waterloo '' piano player Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando 's brother Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' ( Acapella ) -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie , Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry , Young Donna `` SOS '' ( Acapella ) -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna , Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna , Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of August 28 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $116 million in the United States and Canada , and $234.6 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $350.6 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 207 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Joy Watson from Exclaim ! thoroughly enjoyed the movie , saying , `` With multitalented writer and director Ol Parker at the helm , and perhaps more importantly , Richard Curtis ( king of the British rom - com ) behind the scenes to balance out the cheesiness , Here We Go Again builds giddy energy and tension throughout until Cher arrives in a helicopter to blow the whole thing sky high with an ode to `` Fernando . '' Pure bliss . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Joy ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Carefree White Girl Vibes Win '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=857139376 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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where does the plastic go on tide pods	In 2012 , in response to a child swallowing Tide Pods , Procter & Gamble said they would make this product more difficult to open by adding a double latch to the lid , and has also re-focused their advertising to make clear the product should be out of a child 's reach at all times . The packaging was also changed to an opaque orange rather than the original clear plastic gumball machine - type presentation to make them look less enticing ; other manufacturers followed suit with equivalent packaging changes . In 2013 , Consumer Reports stated that there had been nearly 7,700 reported incidents in which children age 5 or younger had been exposed to laundry pacs , and that year , one child from Florida died after ingesting a pac . In 2014 , a study published in Pediatrics found that from 2012 to 2013 , more than 17,000 calls were made to poison control centers about children who had been exposed to the pacs . Despite the industry 's move toward safer packaging , a 2017 study published in JAMA Ophthalmology found that between 2012 and 2015 , the number of chemical eye burns associated with laundry detergent pods among 3 - to 4 - year - old children skyrocketed from fewer than 20 to almost 500 per year ; in 2015 , these injuries were responsible for 26 % of all chemical eye burns among this population .	The packaging	Laundry detergent Pod	laundry detergent pod		This article is about detergent pouches . For plastic cleaning devices , see Laundry ball . For detergent dispensing devices , see Dispensing ball . Laundry detergent pods Laundry detergent pods ( or packs ) are water - soluble pouches containing highly concentrated laundry detergent , softener and other laundry products . Notable brands of these packs include Arm & Hammer , Purex , Persil and Tide . They first became popular in February 2012 when they were introduced by Procter & Gamble as Tide Pods . The chemistry of laundry detergent packs is the same as in liquid detergents ( including alkylbenzenesulfonates ) . The dissolvable packets is typically made of polyvinylalcohol ( PVA ) or a derivative of PVA . Although the formulas are similar , a detergent pack 's liquids may contain 10 % water compared to 50 % in liquid detergents . MonoSol is one of the companies that develops the water - soluble film used for laundry and dishwasher detergent packs , used by brands including Tide , with roughly $250 million in annual sales and controlling around 90 - percent of the market . The film is designed to be soluble in cold water . Laundry pods are estimated to make up about 15 % of the $7 billion - a-year U.S. laundry detergent market sales according to market researcher Nielsen NV . Laundry pods were advertised as a way to reduce wasted use of powdered and liquid detergent by having precise measurements for a load . For large loads , most brands recommend two pods , with Tide suggesting up to three . Detergent pods cost significantly more than liquid detergent for equivalent laundry loads . History Laundry tabs were originally introduced in the 1960s in a compacted granular form ( similar to an oral medical tablet ) , when Procter & Gamble launched Salvo tablets , later disappearing from the market in the 1970s . In the 1990s , Unilever and Henkel launched a similar laundry detergent pack product sold in Western Europe . These products sometimes did n't fully dissolve in United States washers . In 2005 , Cot'n Wash , Inc. introduced liquid unit dose laundry pods under the Dropps brand . In 2012 , Procter & Gamble relaunched a liquid tablet product as Tide Pods . In late 2017 , Internet memes centered around the concept of eating Tide 's laundry detergent pods were popularized on Twitter . One company began making edible replica `` pods '' . These memes have actually led to people eating pods on camera . Ingestion of pods can cause death in some cases . Poisonings Further information : Consumption of Tide Pods A `` Spring Meadow '' Tide Pod , a brand of detergent criticized for its candy - like appearance Concern has been raised over children accidentally being exposed to laundry packs , as its appearance and the packaging design can have the same appeal to a child as hard candy with patterned designs , and be confused as such . In 2012 , in response to a child swallowing Tide Pods , Procter & Gamble said they would make this product more difficult to open by adding a double latch to the lid , and has also re-focused their advertising to make clear the product should be out of a child 's reach at all times . The packaging was also changed to an opaque orange rather than the original clear plastic gumball machine - type presentation to make them look less enticing ; other manufacturers followed suit with equivalent packaging changes . In 2013 , Consumer Reports stated that there had been nearly 7,700 reported incidents in which children age 5 or younger had been exposed to laundry pacs , and that year , one child from Florida died after ingesting a pac . In 2014 , a study published in Pediatrics found that from 2012 to 2013 , more than 17,000 calls were made to poison control centers about children who had been exposed to the pacs . Despite the industry 's move toward safer packaging , a 2017 study published in JAMA Ophthalmology found that between 2012 and 2015 , the number of chemical eye burns associated with laundry detergent pods among 3 - to 4 - year - old children skyrocketed from fewer than 20 to almost 500 per year ; in 2015 , these injuries were responsible for 26 % of all chemical eye burns among this population . Beginning in late 2017 a viral Internet trend , called the `` Tide Pod Challenge '' emerged , in which participants intentionally ingest detergent pods . Several children and teens have been injured , some severely , from this intentional consumption . References ^ Jump up to : `` Laundry detergent pods remain a health hazard '' . Consumer Reports . March 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE PROPOSED GREEN SEAL TM STANDARD FOR LAUNDRY CARE PRODUCTS ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved Nov 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The so - secretive company behind Tide Pod detergent packs '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tide PODS Factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved Nov 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tide 's Answer To Slumping Sales ? Use More Detergent Pods ! '' . Consumerist. 2016 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ziobro , Paul ; Terlep , Sharon ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Three Tide Pods a Wash ? Procter & Gamble Pushes More Doses '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` P&G Reinvents Laundry With $150 Million Tide Pods Launch '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Winning Consumers Dropps by Dropps '' . HAPPI . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kircher , Madison Malone ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Please Do n't Eat a Tide Pod , No Matter What the Memes Say '' . Select All . New York . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colburn , Randall . `` People have resorted to making edible Tide laundry pods to stop you from eating the real ones '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` FACT CHECK : Is the ' Tide Pod Challenge ' a Real Thing ? '' . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Eating a Laundry Pod Can Do to You '' . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Jaslow , Ryan ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` CDC warns laundry detergent pods pose health risk '' . CBS News . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Jessica ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Tide to change Pods lid over child safety concerns '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Dorrine ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Baby dies after ingesting laundry detergent pod '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Valdez , A.L. ; Casavant , M.J. ; Spiller , H.A. ; Chounthirath , T. ; Xiang , H. ; Smith , G.A. ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Pediatric Exposure to Laundry Detergent Pods '' . Pediatrics. 134 : 1127 -- 1135 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2014 - 0057 . Jump up ^ Haring , R.S. ; Sheffield , I.D. ; Frattaroli , S ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Detergent Pod -- Related Eye Injuries Among Preschool - Aged Children '' . JAMA Ophthalmology . doi : 10.1001 / jamaophthalmol. 2016.5694 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Linda . `` Coma , deaths : More children harmed by eating laundry pods '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent_pod&oldid=850707680 '' Categories : Laundry detergents Packaging Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2015 Talk View source About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 15 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry%20detergent%20pod	2,843
section 41 of the criminal justice act 1925 and the contempt of court act			Criminal justice Act 1925	criminal justice act 1925	The Criminal Justice Act 1925 ( 15 & 16 Geo. 5 c. 86 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Most of it has been repealed .	Section 36 of the Act makes it an offence to make a false statement to obtain a passport . The maximum sentence is two years . Section 41 prohibits the taking of photographs in a court in England and Wales , save for Supreme Court . In September 2011 , Lord Chancellor Kenneth Clarke announced that the government intended to partially repeal this ban in order to increase the public 's understanding of the administration of justice . Initially , filming of the handing down of judgments in the Court of Appeal will be permitted , with a view that filming of sentencing remarks will eventually be permitted in the Crown Court . Other provisions of the Act deal with criminal procedure against corporations , the defence of marital coercion , and unlawful possession of pension documents . External links ( edit ) Text of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This exception was added by section 47 ( 1 ) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 when the court was created . Jump up ^ UKPA , `` Clarke to lift court filming ban '' , Google News ( 6 September 2011 ) Jump up ^ BBC News , `` Court broadcast of judges ' remarks to be allowed '' , news.bbc.co.uk ( 6 September 2011 ) United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union ( formally European Communities ) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal This legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to English law is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_Act_1925&oldid=846675817 '' Categories : English criminal law United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1925 Statute stubs English law stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 07 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal%20Justice%20Act%201925	2,844
when was the last time italy werent in the world cup			History of the Italy national football team	history of the italy national football team	The history of the Italy national football team began in 1910 , when Italy played its first international match . Since then , the Italy national team has been one of the most successful football teams , winning four World Cups and one European Championships .	Contents 1 1910 -- 1938 : Origins and first two World Cups 2 1946 -- 1966 : Post-World War II 3 1968 -- 1976 : European champions and World Cup runners - up 4 1978 -- 1986 : The third World Cup generation 5 1988 -- 2000 : World Cup and European Championship runners - up 6 2000 -- 2004 : Trapattoni Era 7 2006 : Fourth World Cup title 8 2006 -- 2010 : Post World Cup and Lippi 's second term 9 2010 -- 2014 : European Championship runners - up 10 2014 -- 2016 : Euro 2016 campaign 11 2016 -- present : Failure to qualify for 2018 World Cup and rebuild 12 Historical kits 13 Previous squads 14 Notes 15 References 1910 -- 1938 : origins and first two World Cups ( edit ) The squad celebrating its first FIFA World Cup in 1934 Giuseppe Meazza played from 1930 to 1939 in the national team . The team 's first match was held in Milan on 15 May 1910 . Italy defeated France by a score of 6 -- 2 , with Italy 's first goal scored by Pietro Lana . Some turmoil kept the players of Pro Vercelli , who were the best team in the league , out of the game . At the end of the match , the players received some cigarette packets thrown by the 4,000 spectators as a prize . The Italian team played with a ( 2 -- 3 -- 5 ) system and consisted of : De Simoni ; Varisco , Calì ; Trerè , Fossati , Capello ; Debernardi , Rizzi , Cevenini I , Lana , Boiocchi . First captain of the team was Francesco Calì . The first success in an official tournament came with the bronze medal in 1928 Summer Olympics , held in Amsterdam . After losing the semi-final against Uruguay , an 11 -- 3 victory against Egypt secured third place in the competition . In the 1927 -- 30 and 1933 -- 35 Central European International Cup , Italy achieved the first place out of five Central European teams , topping the group with 11 points in both editions of the tournament . After declining to participate in the first World Cup ( 1930 , in Uruguay ) the Italian national team won two consecutive editions of the tournament in 1934 and 1938 , under the direction of coach Vittorio Pozzo and the performance of Giuseppe Meazza , who is considered one of the best Italian football players of all time by some . Other stars of that era included Luis Monti , Giovanni Ferrari , Giuseppe Ruffino and Virginio Rosetta . The hosts , Azzurri , defeated Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 in extra time in Rome , with goals by Raimundo Orsi and Angelo Schiavio to achieve their first World cup title in 1934 . They achieved their second title in 1938 in a 4 -- 2 defeat of Hungary , with two goals by Gino Colaussi and two goals by Silvio Piola in the World Cup that followed . Rumour has it , before the 1938 finals fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini was to have sent a telegram to the team , saying `` Vincere o morire ! '' ( literally translated as `` Win or die ! '' ) . However , no record remains of such a telegram , and World Cup player Pietro Rava said , when interviewed , `` No , no , no , that 's not true . He sent a telegram wishing us well , but no never ' win or die ' . '' 1946 -- 1966 : post-world war ii ( edit ) In 1949 , 10 of the 11 players in the team 's initial line - up were killed in the Superga air disaster that affected Torino , winners of the previous five Serie A titles . Italy did not advance further than the first round of the 1950 World Cup , as they were weakened severely due to the air disaster . The team had travelled by boat rather than by plane , fearing another accident . In the World Cup finals of 1954 and 1962 , Italy failed to progress past the first round , and did not qualify for the 1958 World Cup due to a 2 -- 1 defeat to Northern Ireland in the last match of the qualifying round . Italy did not take part in the first edition of the European Championship in 1960 ( then known as the European Nations Cup ) , and was knocked out by the Soviet Union in the round of 16 of the 1964 European Championship . Their participation in the 1966 World Cup was ended by a 0 -- 1 defeat at the hands of North Korea . Despite being the tournament favourites , the Azzurri , whose 1966 squad included Gianni Rivera and Giacomo Bulgarelli , were eliminated in the first round by the semi-professional North Koreans . The Italian team was bitterly condemned upon their return home , while North Korean scorer Pak Doo - ik was celebrated as the David who killed Goliath . 1968 -- 1976 : European champions and World Cup runners - up ( edit ) In 1968 , the Azzurri won their first major competition since the 1938 World Cup , beating Yugoslavia in Rome for the European Championship title . The match holds the distinction of being the only European Championship or World Cup final to go to a replay . After extra time the final ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , and in the days before penalty shootouts , the rules required the match to be replayed a few days later . Italy won the replay 2 -- 0 ( with goals from Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi ) to take the trophy . In the 1970 World Cup , exploiting the performances of European champions ' players like Giacinto Facchetti , Gianni Rivera and Luigi Riva and with a new center - forward Roberto Boninsegna , the team were able to come back to a World Cup final match after 32 years . They reached this result after one of the most famous matches in football history : Italy vs. West Germany 4 -- 3 , which is known as the `` Game of the Century '' . They were defeated by Brazil in the final . The cycle of international successes ended in the 1974 World Cup , when the team was eliminated by Grzegorz Lato 's Polish team in the first round . 1978 -- 1986 : the third World Cup generation ( edit ) Italy 's line up , before the match against France in a group stage game at the 1978 FIFA World Cup at Estadio José María Minella ( Mar del Plata , Argentina -- 2 June 1978 ) In the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina , a new generation of Italian players , the most famous being Paolo Rossi , came to the international stage . Italy were the only team in the tournament to beat the eventual champions and host team Argentina . Second - round games against West Germany ( 0 -- 0 ) , Austria ( 1 -- 0 ) and Netherlands ( 1 -- 2 ) led Italy to the third - place final , where the team was defeated by Brazil 2 -- 1 . In the match that eliminated Italy from the tournament against the Netherlands , Italian goalkeeper Dino Zoff was beaten by a long - distance shot from Arie Haan , and Zoff was criticized for the defeat . Italy hosted the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship , the first edition to be held between eight teams instead of four , automatically qualifying for the finals as hosts . After two draws with Spain and Belgium and a narrow 1 -- 0 win over England , Italy were beaten by Czechoslovakia in the third - place match on penalties 9 -- 8 after Fulvio Collovati missed his kick . Italy 's starting line - up , before the match against Argentina in a group stage game at the 1982 FIFA World Cup . One of the widely remembered pictures of the 1982 FIFA World Cup , Italian President Sandro Pertini playing scopone with Dino Zoff , Franco Causio and coach Bearzot . After a scandal in Serie A where some National team players such as Paolo Rossi were prosecuted and suspended for match fixing and illegal betting . The Azzurri qualified for the second round of the 1982 World Cup after three uninspiring draws against Poland , Peru and Cameroon . Having been loudly criticized , the Italian team decided on a press black - out from then on , with only coach Enzo Bearzot and captain Dino Zoff appointed to speak to the press . Italy 's regrouped in the second round group , a group of death with Argentina and Brazil . In the opener , Italy prevailed 2 -- 1 over Argentina , with Italy 's goals , both left - footed strikes , were scored by Marco Tardelli and Antonio Cabrini . After Brazil defeated Argentina 3 -- 1 , Italy needed to win in order to advance to the semi-finals . Twice Italy went in the lead with Paolo Rossi 's goals , and twice Brazil came back . When Falcão scored to make it 2 -- 2 , Brazil would have been through on goal difference , but in the 74th minute Rossi scored the winning goal , for a hat - trick , in a crowded penalty area to send Italy to the semifinals after one of the greatest games in World Cup history . Italy then progressed to the semi final where they defeated Poland with two goals from Rossi . In the final , Italy met West Germany , who had advanced by a penalty shootout victory against France . The first half ended scoreless , after Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty awarded for a Hans - Peter Briegel foul on Bruno Conti . In the second half Paolo Rossi again scored the first goal , and while the Germans were pushing forward in search of an equaliser , Marco Tardelli and substitute Alessandro Altobelli finalised two contropiede counterattacks to make it 3 -- 0 . Paul Breitner scored home West Germany 's consolation goal seven minutes from the end . Tardelli 's cry , `` Gol ! Gol ! '' was one of the defining images of Italy 's 1982 World Cup triumph . Paolo Rossi won the Golden Boot with six goals as well as the Golden Ball Award for the best player of the tournament , and 40 - year - old captain - goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup . However , Italy failed to qualify for the 1984 European Championship . Italy then entered as reigning champions in the 1986 World Cup but were eliminated by reigning European Champions - France - in the round of 16 . 1988 -- 2000 : World Cup and European Championship runners - up ( edit ) 1986 also led to Bearzot 's departure , with Azeglio Vicini appointed in his place . New coach conceded a chance to young players , such as Ciro Ferrara and Gianluca Vialli : Sampdoria striker scored goals that gave Italy 1988 European Championship pass . He was also shown like Altobelli 's possibly successor , having his same goal attitude . Both forwards stroke the target in Germany , where Soviet Union defeated azzurri in semi-finals . Italy hosted the World Cup for the second time in 1990 . The Italian attack featured talented forwards Salvatore Schillaci and a young Roberto Baggio . Italy played nearly all of their matches in Rome and did not concede a single goal in their first five matches , however , Italy lost in the semi-final to defending champion Argentina in Naples , losing 4 -- 3 on penalty kicks following a 1 -- 1 draw after extra time . Schillaci 's first half opener was equalised in the second half by Claudio Caniggia 's header for Argentina . Aldo Serena missed the final penalty kick ( with Roberto Donadoni also having his penalty saved by goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea ) . Italy went on to defeat England 2 -- 1 in the third place match in Bari , with Schillaci scoring the winning goal on a penalty to become the tournament 's top scorer with six goals . Italy then failed to qualify for the 1992 European Championship . In November 1993 , FIFA ranked Italy first in the FIFA World Rankings for the first time . At the 1994 World Cup in the United States , Italy lost the opening match against Ireland 0 -- 1 at the Giants Stadium near New York City . After a 1 -- 0 win against Norway in New York City and a 1 -- 1 draw with Mexico at the RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , Italy advanced from Group E based on goals scored among the four teams tied on points . During their round of 16 match at the Foxboro Stadium near Boston , Italy was down 0 -- 1 late against Nigeria , but Baggio rescued Italy with an equaliser in the 88th minute and a penalty in extra time to take the win . Baggio scored another late goal against Spain at their quarter - final match in Boston to seal a 2 -- 1 win and two goals against Bulgaria in their semi-final match in New York City for another 2 -- 1 win . In the final , which took place in Los Angeles 's Rose Bowl stadium 2,700 miles ( 4,320 km ) and three time zones away from the Atlantic Northeast part of the United States where they had played all their previous matches , Italy , who had 24 hours less rest than Brazil , played 120 minutes of scoreless football , taking the match to a penalty shootout , the first time a World Cup final was settled in a penalty shootout . Italy lost the subsequent shootout 3 -- 2 after Baggio , who had been playing with the aid of a pain - killer injection and a heavily bandaged hamstring , missed the final penalty kick of the match , shooting over the crossbar . Italy ( right ) lineup ahead of the UEFA Euro 2000 Final against France Italy did not progress beyond the group stage at the finals of Euro 1996 . Having defeated Russia 2 -- 1 but losing to the Czech Republic by the same score , Italy required a win to be sure of progressing . Gianfranco Zola failed to convert a decisive penalty in a 0 -- 0 draw against Germany , who eventually won the tournament . During the qualifying campaign for the 1998 World Cup , Italy drew 0 -- 0 to England on the last day of Group 2 matches as Italy finished in second place , one point behind England . Italy were then required to go through the play - off against Russia , advancing 2 -- 1 on aggregate on 15 November 1997 with the winner coming from Pierluigi Casiraghi . In the final tournament , Italy found themselves in another critical shootout for the third World Cup in a row . The Italian side , where Alessandro Del Piero and Baggio renewed the controversial staffetta ( `` relay '' ) between Mazzola and Rivera from 1970 , held the eventual World Champions and host team France to a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time in the quarter - finals , but lost 4 -- 3 in the shootout . With two goals scored in this tournament , Baggio is still the only Italian player to have scored in three different FIFA World Cup editions . In the Euro 2000 , another shootout decided Italy 's fate but this time in their favour when defeating the co-hosts the Netherlands in the semi final . Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo saved one penalty during the match and two in the shootout , while the Dutch players missed one other penalty during the match and one during the shootout with a rate of one penalty scored out of six attempts . Emerging star Francesco Totti scored his penalty with a cucchiaio ( `` spoon '' ) chip . Italy finished the tournament as runners - up , losing the final 2 -- 1 against France ( to a golden goal in extra time ) after conceding les Bleus equalising goal just 30 seconds before the expected end of injury time ( 93rd minute ) . After the defeat , coach Dino Zoff resigned in protest after being criticized by Milan club president and politician Silvio Berlusconi . 2000 -- 2004 : Trapattoni era ( edit ) In the 2002 World Cup , a 2 -- 0 victory against Ecuador with two Christian Vieri goals was followed by a series of controversial matches . During the match against Croatia , two goals were disallowed resulting in a 2 -- 1 defeat for Italy . Despite two goals being ruled for borderline offsides , a late headed goal from Alessandro Del Piero helped Italy to a 1 -- 1 draw with Mexico proving enough to advance to the knockout stages . However , co-host country South Korea eliminated Italy in the Round of 16 by a score of 2 -- 1 . The game was highly controversial with members of the Italian team , most notably striker Francesco Totti and coach Giovanni Trapattoni , suggesting a conspiracy to eliminate Italy from the competition . Trapattoni even obliquely accused FIFA of ordering the official to ensure a Korean victory so that one of the two host nations would remain in the tournament . The most contentious decisions were an early penalty awarded to South Korea ( saved by Buffon ) , a golden goal by Damiano Tommasi ruled offside , and the sending off of Totti after presented with a second yellow card for an alleged dive in the penalty area , all ruled by the referee Byron Moreno . FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that the linesmen had been a `` disaster '' and admitted that Italy suffered from bad offside calls from the group matches , but he denied conspiracy allegations . While ruling Totti 's sending off by Moreno , Blatter refused to blame Italy 's loss on Moreno but stated : `` Italy 's elimination is not only down to referees and linesmen who made human not premeditated errors ... Italy made mistakes both in defense and in attack . '' A three - way five point tie in the group stage of the 2004 European Championship left Italy as the `` odd man out '' , as they failed to qualify for the quarter finals after finishing behind Denmark and Sweden on the basis of number of goals scored in matches among the tied teams . Italy 's winning goal scored during stoppage time giving them a 2 -- 1 victory over Bulgaria by Antonio Cassano proved futile , ending the team 's tournament . 2006 : fourth World Cup title ( edit ) Within the crowd in the Circus Maximus in Rome , after the Italian team scored against France . Italian President Napolitano congratulates coach Lippi and captain Cannavaro after the final match against France . Berlin , 9 July 2006 . The summer of 2004 marked the choice , by FIGC , to appoint Marcello Lippi for Italy 's bench . He made his debut in an upset 2 -- 0 defeat in Iceland but then managed to qualify for 2006 World Cup . Italy 's campaign in the tournament hosted by Germany was accompanied by open pessimism due to the controversy caused by the 2006 Serie A scandal , however these negative predictions were then refuted , as the Azzurri eventually won their fourth World Cup . Italy won their opening game against Ghana 2 -- 0 , with goals from Andrea Pirlo ( 40th minute ) and substitute Vincenzo Iaquinta ( 83rd minute ) . The team performance was judged the best among the opening games by FIFA President Sepp Blatter . The second match was a less convincing 1 -- 1 draw with United States , with Alberto Gilardino 's diving header equalized by a Cristian Zaccardo own goal . After the equaliser , midfielder Daniele De Rossi and the United States 's Pablo Mastroeni and Eddie Pope were sent off , leaving only nine men on the field for nearly the entirety of the second half , but the score remained unchanged despite a controversial decision when Gennaro Gattuso 's shot was deflected in but disallowed because of an offside ruling . The same happened at the other end when U.S. winger DaMarcus Beasley 's goal was not given due to teammate Brian McBride being ruled offside . De Rossi was suspended for four matches for elbowing McBride in the face and would only return for the final match . Italy finished first in Group E with a 2 -- 0 win against the Czech Republic , with goals from defender Marco Materazzi ( 26th minute ) and striker Filippo Inzaghi ( 87th minute ) , advancing to the Round of 16 in the knockout stages , where they faced Australia . In this match , Materazzi was controversially sent off early in the second half ( 53rd minute ) after an attempted two - footed tackle on Australian midfielder Marco Bresciano . In stoppage time a controversial penalty kick was awarded to the Azzurri when referee Luis Medina Cantalejo ruled that Lucas Neill fouled Fabio Grosso . Francesco Totti converted into an upper corner of the goal past Mark Schwarzer for a 1 -- 0 win . In the quarterfinals Italy beat Ukraine 3 -- 0 . Gianluca Zambrotta opened the scoring early ( in the sixth minute ) with a left - footed shot from outside the penalty area after a quick exchange with Totti created enough space . Luca Toni added two more goals in the second half ( 59th and 69th minute ) , as Ukraine pressed forward but were not able to score , hitting the crossbar and requiring several saves from Gianluigi Buffon and a goal - line clearance from Zambrotta . Afterwards , manager Marcello Lippi dedicated the victory to former Italian international Gianluca Pessotto , who was in the hospital recovering from an apparent suicide attempt . In the semi-finals , Italy beat hosts Germany 2 -- 0 with the two goals coming in the last two minutes of extra time . After a back - and - forth half - hour of extra time during which Alberto Gilardino and Gianluca Zambrotta struck the post and the crossbar respectively , Fabio Grosso scored in the 119th minute after a disguised Andrea Pirlo pass found him open in the penalty area for a bending left - footed shot into the far corner past German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann 's dive . Substitute striker Alessandro Del Piero then sealed the victory by scoring with the last kick of the game at the end of a swift counterattack by Cannavaro , Totti and Gilardino . The Azzurri won their fourth World Cup , defeating their long - time rivals France in Berlin , on 9 July , 5 -- 3 on penalty kicks after a 1 -- 1 draw at the end of extra time in the final . French captain Zinedine Zidane opened the scoring in the seventh minute with a chipped penalty kick , awarded for a controversial foul by Materazzi on Florent Malouda . Twelve minutes later , a header by Materazzi from a corner kick by Pirlo brought Italy even . In the second half , a potential winning goal by Toni was disallowed for a very close offside call by linesman Luc La Rossa . In the 110th minute , Zidane ( playing in the last match of his career ) was sent off by referee Horacio Elizondo for headbutting Materazzi in the chest after a verbal exchange ; Italy then won the penalty shootout 5 -- 3 ; the crucial penalty miss being David Trezeguet 's , the same player who scored the golden goal for France in the Euro 2000 . Trezeguet 's attempt hit the crossbar , then shot down after its impact , and just stayed ahead of the line . Ten different players scored for Italy in the tournament , and five goals out of twelve were scored by substitutes , while four goals were scored by defenders . Seven players -- Gianluigi Buffon , Fabio Cannavaro , Gianluca Zambrotta , Andrea Pirlo , Gennaro Gattuso , Francesco Totti and Luca Toni -- were named to the 23 - man tournament All Star Team . Buffon also won the Lev Yashin Award , given to the best goalkeeper of the tournament ; he conceded only two goals in the tournament 's seven matches , the first an own goal by Zaccardo and the second from Zidane 's penalty kick in the final , and remained unbeaten for 460 consecutive minutes . In honour of Italy winning the FIFA World Cup for a fourth time , all members of the World Cup - winning squad were awarded the Italian Order of Merit of Cavaliere Ufficiale . 2006 -- 2010 : post World Cup and Lippi 's second term ( edit ) After the Italian triumph in the World Cup , 1994 World Cup star Roberto Donadoni was announced the new coach of the Azzurri . He replaced Marcello Lippi , who had announced his resignation before the World Cup 's start . Italy played in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship qualifying Group B , along with France . Italy won the group , with France being the runner - up . On 14 February 2007 , FIFA ranked Italy first in the FIFA World Rankings , with a total of 1,488 points , 37 points ahead of second ranked Argentina . This moved them up one from their previous rank , second . This was the second time in the Azzurri 's history that it had been ranked in first place , the first time being in 1993 . In Euro 2008 , the Azzurri lost 0 -- 3 to the Netherlands . The following game against Romania ended 1 -- 1 , with a goal by Christian Panucci that came only one minute after Romania 's Adrian Mutu capitalized on a mistake by Gianluca Zambrotta to give Romania the lead . The result was preserved by Gianluigi Buffon who saved a penalty kick from Mutu in the 80th minute . The final group game against France , a rematch of the 2006 World Cup Final , was a 2 -- 0 Italy win . Andrea Pirlo scored from the penalty spot after a foul and red card for France defender Éric Abidal , and later a free kick by Daniele De Rossi took a deflection resulting Italy 's second goal . Romania , entering the day a point ahead of the Italians in Group C , lost to the Netherlands 2 -- 0 , allowing Italy to pass into the quarter finals against eventual champions Spain , where they lost 2 -- 4 on penalties after a 0 -- 0 draw after 120 minutes . Within a week after the game , Roberto Donadoni 's contract was terminated and Marcello Lippi was rehired as coach . By virtue of winning the World Cup , Italy qualified for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , held in South Africa in June 2009 . They won their opening match 3 -- 1 against the United States , but subsequent defeats to Egypt ( 0 -- 1 ) and Brazil ( 0 -- 3 ) meant that they only finished third in the group on goals scored , and were eliminated . The national football team of Italy qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup after playing home games at Stadio Friuli , Stadio Via del Mare , Stadio San Nicola , Stadio Olimpico di Torino and Stadio Ennio Tardini . In October 2009 , they achieved qualification after drawing with the Republic of Ireland 2 -- 2 . On 4 December 2009 , the draw for the World Cup was made : Italy would be in Group F alongside three underdog teams : Paraguay , New Zealand and Slovakia . At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa , reigning champions Italy were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round , finishing last place in their group . After being held to 1 -- 1 draws by Paraguay and New Zealand , they suffered a 3 -- 2 loss to Slovakia . It was the first time Italy failed to win a single game at a World Cup finals tournament , and in doing so became the third nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown ; the first being Brazil in 1966 and the second France in 2002 . Coincidentally , France who had been Italy 's adversaries and the losing finalist in the 2006 World Cup , were also eliminated without winning a game in the first round in South Africa , making it the first time ever that neither finalist of the previous edition were able to reach the second round . 2010 -- 2014 : European Championship runners - up ( edit ) The national football team of Italy before the UEFA Euro 2012 Final , Olympic Stadium , Kiev , 1 July 2012 . Marcello Lippi stepped down after Italy 's World Cup campaign and was replaced by Cesare Prandelli , although Lippi 's successor had already been announced before the tournament . Italy began their campaign with Prandelli with a disappointing 0 -- 1 loss to the Ivory Coast in a friendly match . Then , during a Euro 2012 qualifier , Italy came back from behind to defeat Estonia 2 -- 1 . In the next Euro qualifier , Italy dominated the Faroe Islands 5 -- 0 . Italy then tied 0 -- 0 with Northern Ireland . Five days later , Italy played Serbia ; however , Serbian fans in Stadio Luigi Ferraris began to riot , throwing flares and shooting fireworks onto the pitch , subsequently causing the abandonment of the game . Upon UEFA Disciplinary Review , Italy was awarded a 3 -- 0 victory that propelled them to the top of their group . In their first match of 2011 , Italy drew 1 -- 1 a friendly with Germany at Dortmund , in the same stadium where they beat Germany 2 -- 0 to advance to the final of the 2006 World Cup . In March 2011 , Italy won 1 -- 0 over Slovenia to again secure its spot at the top of the qualification table . They then defeated Ukraine 2 -- 0 in a friendly , despite being reduced to ten men for the late stages of the match . With their 3 -- 0 defeat of Estonia in another Euro 2012 qualifier , Prandelli 's Italy secured the table lead and also achieved 9 undefeated games in a row since their initial debacle . The streak was ended on 7 June 2011 by Trapattoni 's current charges , the Republic of Ireland , with Italy losing 0 -- 2 in a friendly in Liège . At the beginning of the second season under coach Prandelli , on 10 August 2011 , Italy defeated the reigning world champions Spain for 2 -- 1 in a friendly match played in Bari 's Stadio San Nicola , but lost in a friendly to the United States , 1 -- 0 , on home soil on 29 February 2012 . Italy started their Euro 2012 campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw to current reigning European and world champions Spain . Following this they met Croatia and were also held to a 1 -- 1 draw . They finished second in their group behind Spain by beating the Republic of Ireland 2 -- 0 , which earned them a quarter final match against the winners of group D , England . After a mostly one - sided affair in which Italy failed to take their chances , they managed to best England on penalty kicks , even though they were down early in the shootout . A save by goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon put them ahead after a chip shot from Andrea Pirlo . Prandelli 's side won the shootout 4 -- 2 . In their next game , the first semi-final of the competition , they faced Germany team who were tipped by many to be the next European champions . However , two first - half goals by Mario Balotelli saw Germany sent home , and the Italians went through to the finals to face the title defenders Spain . In the final , however , they were unable to repeat their earlier performance against Spain , falling 4 -- 0 to lose the championship . Prandelli 's men were further undone by the string of injuries which left them playing with ten men for the last half - hour , as substitute Thiago Motta was forced to go off after all three substitutions had been made . During the 2013 Confederations Cup in Brazil , Italy started in a group with Mexico , Japan and Brazil . After beating Mexico 2 -- 1 and Japan 4 -- 3 , Italy eventually lost their final group game against tournament hosts Brazil 4 -- 2 . Italy then faced Spain in the semi-finals , in a rematch of the Euro 2012 final . Italy lost 7 -- 6 ( 0 -- 0 after extra time ) in a penalty shoot - out after Leonardo Bonucci failed to score his kick . Prandelli was praised for his tactics against the current World Cup and European champions . Italy was then able to win the match for the third place by defeating Uruguay with the penalty score of 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 2 after extra time ) . Italy was drawn in UEFA Group B for the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign . They won the qualifying group without losing a match . Despite this successful run they were not seeded in pot 1 for the final seeding . In December 2013 , Italy was drawn in Group D against Costa Rica , England and Uruguay . In its first match , Italy defeated England 2 -- 1 . However , in the second group stage match , underdogs Costa Rica beat the Italians 1 -- 0 . In Italy 's last group match , they were knocked out by Uruguay 1 -- 0 , due in part to two controversial calls from referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez ( Mexico ) : in the 59th minute , midfielder Claudio Marchisio was sent off for a questionable tackle . Later in the 80th minute , with the teams knotted at 0 -- 0 which would have sent Italy to the next round , Uruguayan striker Luis Suárez bit defender Giorgio Chiellini on the shoulder but was not sent off . Uruguay went on to score moments later in the 81st minute with a Diego Godín header from a corner kick , winning the game 1 -- 0 and eliminating Italy . This marked Italy 's second consecutive failure to reach the round of 16 at the World Cup finals . Shortly after this loss , coach Cesare Prandelli resigned . 2014 -- 2016 : Euro 2016 campaign ( edit ) The successful former Juventus manager Antonio Conte was selected to replace Cesare Prandelli as coach after the 2014 World Cup . Conte 's debut as manager was against 2014 World Cup semi-finalists the Netherlands , in which Italy won 2 -- 0 . Italy 's first defeat under Conte came ten games in to his empowerment from a 1 -- 0 international friendly loss against Portugal on 16 June 2015 . On 10 October 2015 , Italy qualified for Euro 2016 , courtesy of a 3 -- 1 win over Azerbaijan ; the result meant that Italy had managed to go 50 games unbeaten in European qualifiers . Three days later , with a 2 -- 1 win over Norway , Italy topped their Euro 2016 qualifying group with 24 points ; four points clear of second placed Croatia . However , with a similar fate to the 2014 World Cup group stage draw , Italy were not top seeded into the first pot . This had Italy see a draw with Belgium , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland in Group E . On 4 April 2016 , it was announced that Antonio Conte would step down as Italy coach after Euro 2016 to become head coach of English club Chelsea at the start of the 2016 -- 17 Premier League season . The 23 - man squad saw notable absences with Andrea Pirlo and Sebastian Giovinco controversially left out and Claudio Marchisio and Marco Verratti omitted due to injury . Italy opened Euro 2016 with a 2 -- 0 victory over Belgium on 13 June . Italy qualified for the round of 16 with one game to spare on 17 June with a lone goal by Éder for the victory against Sweden ; the first time they won the second group game in a major international tournament since Euro 2000 . Italy also finished top of the group for the first time in a major tournament since the 2006 World Cup . Italy defeated reigning European champions Spain 2 -- 0 in the round of 16 match on 27 June . Italy then faced off against the reigning World champions , rivals Germany , in the quarter - finals . Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany , before Leonardo Bonucci converted a penalty in the 78th minute for Italy . The score remained 1 -- 1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6 -- 5 in the ensuing penalty shoot - out . It was the first time Germany overcame Italy in a major tournament , however , since the win occurred on penalties , it is statistically considered a draw . 2016 -- present : failure to qualify for 2018 World Cup and rebuild ( edit ) For 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification Italy were placed into the second pot due to being in 17th place in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the group draws ; Italy were drawn with Spain from pot one on 25 July 2015 . After Conte 's planned departure following Euro 2016 , Gian Piero Ventura took over as manager for the team , on 18 July 2016 , signing a two - year contract . His first match at the helm was a friendly against France , held at the Stadio San Nicola on 1 September , which ended in a 3 -- 1 loss . Four days later , he won his first competitive match in charge of Italy , the team 's opening 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel at Haifa , which ended in a 3 -- 1 victory for Italy . After Italy won all of their qualifying matches except for a 1 -- 1 draw at home to Macedonia , as well as a 1 -- 1 draw with Spain at home on 6 October 2016 , and a 3 -- 0 loss away to Spain on 2 September 2017 , Italy finished in Group G in second place , five points behind Spain . Italy were then required to go through the play - off against Sweden . After a 1 -- 0 aggregate loss to Sweden , on 13 November 2017 , Italy failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , the first time they failed to qualify for the World Cup since 1958 . Immediately following the match , veterans Giorgio Chiellini , Andrea Barzagli , Daniele De Rossi and captain Gianluigi Buffon all declared their retirement from the national team . On 15 November 2017 , Ventura was dismissed as head coach and on 20 November 2017 , Carlo Tavecchio , resigned as president of the Italian Football Federation . On 5 February 2018 , the Italy U21 manager Luigi Di Biagio was appointed as the caretaker manager of the senior team . On 17 March 2018 , despite the initial decision to retire by veterans Buffon and Chiellini , they were both called up for Italy 's March 2018 friendlies by caretaker manager Di Biagio . Following the March friendlies against Argentina and England in which Italy were defeated and drew respectively , on 12 April 2018 , Italy dropped six places to their lowest ever FIFA World Ranking , to 20th place . On 14 May 2018 , Roberto Mancini was announced as the new manager . On 28 May 2018 , Italy won their first match under Mancini , a 2 -- 1 victory in a friendly over Saudi Arabia . Historical kits ( edit ) For Italy 's kit history , see Italy national football team kit history . Previous squads ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy national football team World Cup and European Championship squads World Cup 1934 FIFA World Cup squad 1938 FIFA World Cup squad 1950 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1978 FIFA World Cup squad 1982 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad European Football Championship UEFA Euro 1968 squad UEFA Euro 1980 squad UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2000 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad Confederations Cup 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup squad Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Album della stagione '' ( in Italian ) . 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Football Italia. 28 May 2018 . Italy national football team General Italian Football Federation History Managers Captains Kits Venues Home venues Statistics All - time record Records and statistics Head to head World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Results 1910 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 89 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- 2029 Unofficial matches Players All - time players World Cup and European Championship squads Other categories World Cups Summary 1934 1938 1950 1954 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 European Championships Summary 1968 1972 1980 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Central European International Cup Mundialito U.S. Cup 1976 U.S.A. Bicentennial Cup Tournament 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament Culture Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with France Rivalry with Germany Rivalry with Spain Noted matches Catenaccio Zona mista Contribution by club Inter Milan Juventus ( Nazio - Juve Blocco - Juve ) A.C. Milan Other FIGC teams B team C team Olympic team U23 team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team U15 team Women Futsal Beach soccer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Italy_national_football_team&oldid=852747950 '' Categories : Italy national football team History of the Italy national football team History of association football by national team History of organisations based in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 02 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of the name mitchell	Mitchell or Mitchel is an English and Scottish surname with two etymological origins . In some cases the name is derived from the Middle English and Old French ( and Norman French ) name Michel , a vernacular form of the name Michael . The personal name Michael is ultimately derived from a Hebrew name , meaning `` Who is like God '' . In other cases the surname Mitchell is derived from the Middle English ( Saxon and Anglian ) words michel , mechel , and muchel , meaning `` big '' . In some cases , the surname Mitchell was adopted as an equivalent of Mulvihill ; this English - language surname is derived from the Irish - language Ó Maoil Mhichíl , meaning `` descendant of the devotee of St. Michael '' .		Mitchell ( surname )	mitchell ( surname )	Mitchell or Mitchel is an English and Scottish surname with two etymological origins . In some cases the name is derived from the Middle English and Old French ( and Norman French ) name Michel , a vernacular form of the name Michael . The personal name Michael is ultimately derived from a Hebrew name , meaning `` Who is like God '' . In other cases the surname Mitchell is derived from the Middle English ( Saxon and Anglian ) words michel , mechel , and muchel , meaning `` big '' . In some cases , the surname Mitchell was adopted as an equivalent of Mulvihill ; this English - language surname is derived from the Irish - language Ó Maoil Mhichíl , meaning `` descendant of the devotee of St. Michael '' .	Contents ( hide ) 1 People 1.1 A -- E 1.2 F -- L 1.3 M -- R 1.4 S -- Z 2 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 References People ( edit ) A -- E ( edit ) Akil Mitchell , American basketball player Alan Mitchell ( 1922 -- 1995 ) , British dendrologist and forester Alexander Crichton Mitchell ( 1864 - 1952 ) , Scottish geophysicist Alvin Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Andrea Mitchell , American TV journalist Andrew Mitchell , British politician Arthur Mitchell ( disambiguation ) , several people Barbara Mitchell ( 1929 -- 1977 ) , British actress Bernon F. Mitchell ( 1929 -- 2001 ) , American cryptologist , of the Martin and Mitchell defection Beverley Mitchell ( born 1981 ) , American actress Billy Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Bo Levi Mitchell ( born 1990 ) , American player of Canadian football Casey Mitchell ( basketball ) ( born 1988 ) , basketball player for Elitzur Ashkelon of the Israeli Basketball Premier League Charles Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Charlotte Mitchell , British actress Christopher Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Chuck Mitchell , American actor Colin Mitchell ( cricketer ) ( 1929 -- 2007 ) , English cricketer Colin Campbell Mitchell ( 1925 -- 1996 ) , British soldier and politician Collin Mitchell ( born 1969 ) , Canadian curler Coulson Norman Mitchell , Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross Dale Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Daniel Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Danyel Mitchell ( born 1972 ) , American discus thrower and shot putter David Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Denis Mitchell ( disambiguation ) , several people Dennis Mitchell ( born 1966 ) , American athlete Sir Dennis Mitchell ( pilot ) ( 1918 -- 2001 ) , British air force pilot Diana Mitchell ( 1932 -- 2016 ) , Zimbabwean historian and political activist Drew Mitchell ( born 1984 ) , Australian rugby player Edgar Mitchell ( 1930 -- 2016 ) , American astronaut Eddy Mitchell ( born 1942 ) , French singer and actor born Claude Moine Elisha Mitchell ( 1793 -- 1857 ) , Chemist , geologist , professor ( University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) Elizabeth Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Erika Mitchell is the real name of the author E.L. James ( born 1963 ) Ewing Mitchell ( 1910 -- 1988 ) , American actor F -- L ( edit ) Frederick Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Fondren Mitchell ( 1921 -- 1952 ) , American football player Gary Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Gay Mitchell Irish politician and member of the European Parliament for the Dublin constituency George Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Glenn Mitchell ( disambiguation ) , several people Hannah Mitchell ( 1872 -- 1956 ) , English suffragette and socialist H. Lane Mitchell , American politician Henry Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Howard Hawks Mitchell mathematician Ian Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Isaac Mitchell ( 1759 -- 1812 ) , New York newspaper publisher and author Isaac B. Mitchell ( 1888 -- 1977 ) , New York state senator Jacqui Mitchell , American bridge player James Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Joan Mitchell , American painter John Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Joni Mitchell ( born 1943 ) , Canadian musician and painter Joseph Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Julian Mitchell ( born 1935 ) , English screenwriter and occasional novelist Juliet Mitchell ( born 1940 ) , British psychoanalyst Katie Mitchell ( born 1964 ) , English theatre director Keith Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Kel Mitchell ( born 1978 ) , American actor Kevin Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Kim Mitchell ( born 1952 ) , Canadian guitarist , solo recording artist and former lead singer for the band Max Webster Lauren Mitchell ( born 1992 ) , Australian gymnast , two time Olympic gymnast Leilani Mitchell ( born 1985 ) , American basketball player Leslie R. Mitchell Lucy Miller Mitchell ( 1899 - 2002 ) , educator and activist M -- R ( edit ) MacNeil Mitchell ( 1904 -- 1996 ) , New York politician Maia Mitchell ( born 1993 ) , Australian actress Margaret Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Maria Mitchell ( 1818 -- 1889 ) , American astronomer Mark Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Martha Beall Mitchell , wife of American politician John Mitchell Martha Mitchell ( director ) , American television director Matthew Mitchell ( born 1970 ) , American basketball coach Michele Mitchell ( born 1962 ) , American diver Mike Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Mitch Mitchell ( 1946 -- 2008 ) , drummer of the Jimi Hendrix Experience Norman Mitchell ( 1918 -- 2001 ) , British actor Norman Mitchell ( rugby league ) , rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s Oliver Mitchell , U.S marine killed in action during World War II Ormsby M. Mitchel ( 1810 - 1862 ) , American Civil War general Penelope Mitchell , Australian actress Peter Mitchell ( disambiguation ) R.J. Mitchell ( Reginald Joseph Mitchell , 1895 -- 1937 ) , British aeronautical engineer and designer of the Supermarine Spitfire R.J. Mitchell ( author ) ( Rosamond Joscelyne Mitchell , born 1902 ) , English author , historian , and archivist Radha Mitchell , Australian film actress Rhea Mitchell , American film actress Richard Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Robert Byington Mitchell , American Civil War general Robin Mitchell ( born 1946 ) , Fijian sports official and IOC member S -- Z ( edit ) Sam Mitchell ( disambiguation ) , several people Samuel Mitchell ( disambiguation ) , several people Scott Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Seanna Mitchell ( born 1988 ) , Canadian freestyle swimmer Shannon Mitchell ( born 1972 ) , American football player Sharon Mitchell ( born 1956 ) , porn actress and director of the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation Shay Mitchell Canadian actress and model Silas Weir Mitchell ( 1829 -- 1914 ) , American surgeon Stanley Mitchell ( 1932 -- 2011 ) , British translator , academic , and author Stanley Robert Mitchell ( 1881 -- 1963 ) , Australian metallurgist and ethnologist Stuart Mitchell ( born 1965 ) , Scottish pianist and composer Stuart Mitchell ( American football ) ( born 1964 ) , American football player Sydney Mitchell ( 1856 -- 1930 ) , Scottish architect Sydney B. Mitchell ( 1878 -- 1951 ) , Canadian librarian and horticulturist Taylor Mitchell ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , Canadian singer Terence Frederick Mitchell ( 1919 -- 2007 ) , British linguist Thomas Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Tyrone Mitchell ( 1955 -- 1984 ) , American school shooter Victor Mitchell , Colorado Republican W.O. Mitchell ( William Ormond Mitchell , 1914 -- 1998 ) , Canadian writer Warren Mitchell ( 1926 -- 2015 ) , English actor Warren Mitchell ( basketball ) , American college basketball coach Wesley Clair Mitchell ( 1874 -- 1948 ) , American economist William Mitchell ( disambiguation ) Willy Mitchell ( b . 1953 ) , Canadian First Nations musician Fictional characters ( edit ) Beca Mitchell in the films Pitch Perfect and Pitch Perfect 2 Ben Mitchell ( film character ) , from the Australian horror film Wolf Creek President Bill Mitchell in the film Dave Cameron Mitchell ( Stargate ) of Stargate SG - 1 Dana Mitchell , the Pink Ranger in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue Dennis the Menace ( U.S. ) , cartoon character Gary Mitchell ( Star Trek ) , villain in the original Star Trek series Harold Mitchell , Blanche 's would - be suitor in the play A Streetcar Named Desire and its various adaptations Jack Mitchell ( character ) , appears in numerous sketch stories by Henry Lawson Jack Mitchell , protagonist in Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare John Mitchell ( Being Human ) , fictional vampire from the TV series Being Human Lt. Pete Mitchell ( `` Maverick '' ) , Top Gun Ryan Mitchell ( Power Rangers ) , the Titanium Ranger in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue Capt . Scott Mitchell , the protagonist and player character in Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon series Mitchell family , characters in EastEnders See also ( edit ) Ó Maoilmhichil , Irish clan name which evolved into the surname Mitchell and the surname Mulvihill Mitchell ( given name ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitchell Family History , Ancestry.com , retrieved 2 May 2012 . This webpage cites Dictionary of American Family Names , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508137 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Family History , Ancestry.com , retrieved 2 May 2012 . This webpage cites Dictionary of American Family Names , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508137 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mulvihill Family History , Ancestry.com , retrieved 2 May 2012 . This webpage cites Dictionary of American Family Names , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508137 - 4 . This page lists people with the surname Mitchell . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_(surname)&oldid=812364377 '' Categories : Surnames Anglicised Irish - language surnames English - language surnames Patronymic surnames Surnames of English origin Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Old English - language text Articles containing Irish - language text All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who planned the first military coup in nigeria	In August 1965 a group of Army majors ( Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu , Emmanuel Ifeajuna , Timothy Onwuatuegwu , Chris Anuforo , Don Okafor , Humphrey Chukwuka , and Adewale Ademoyega ) began plotting a coup d'état against incumbent Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa . The coup was planned because according to the majors , the men at the helm of affairs were running Nigeria aground with their corrupt ways . Ministers under them were living flamboyant lifestyles and looting public funds at the expense of ordinary citizens .		1966 Nigerian coup d'état	1966 nigerian coup d'etat	The 1966 Nigerian coup d'état began on January 15 , 1966 , when mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people including the Prime Minister of Nigeria , many senior politicians , many senior Army officers ( including their wives ) , and sentinels on protective duty . The coup plotters attacked the cities of Kaduna , Ibadan , and Lagos while also blockading the Niger and Benue River within a two - day span of time before the coup plotters were subdued . The General Officer Commanding , of the Nigerian Army , Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi then used the coup as a pretext to annex power , ending Nigeria 's nascent democracy . It was one of the events that led to the Nigerian Civil War .	Contents 1 Background 2 Coup 3 Aftermath 4 Officers involved 4.1 Conspirators 4.2 Participants 4.3 Government officials 5 Casualties 5.1 Civilians 5.2 Military and police 6 References Background ( edit ) In August 1965 a group of Army majors ( Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu , Emmanuel Ifeajuna , Timothy Onwuatuegwu , Chris Anuforo , Don Okafor , Humphrey Chukwuka , and Adewale Ademoyega ) began plotting a coup d'état against incumbent Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa . The coup was planned because according to the majors , the men at the helm of affairs were running Nigeria aground with their corrupt ways . Ministers under them were living flamboyant lifestyles and looting public funds at the expense of ordinary citizens . The president of Nigeria , Nnamdi Azikiwe left the country in late 1965 , first for Europe , then on a cruise to the Caribbean . Under the law , the Senate president , Nwafor Orizu , became acting president during his absence and had all the powers of the president . Coup ( edit ) Late in the morning of January 15 , 1966 , at a meeting with some local journalists in Kaduna seeking to find out what was going on , it was brought to Major Nzeogwu 's attention that the only information about the events then was what was being broadcast by the BBC . Nzeogwu was surprised because he had expected a radio broadcast of the rebels from Lagos . He is said to have `` gone wild '' when he learnt that Emmanuel Ifeajuna in Lagos had not made any plans whatsoever to neutralize Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi who was the Commander of the Army . Therefore , Nzeogwu hurriedly drafted a speech which was broadcast on Radio Kaduna sometime around 12 a.m. and in which he declared martial law over the Northern Provinces of Nigeria . Aftermath ( edit ) Acting President Nwafor Orizu made a nationwide broadcast , after he had briefed President Nnamdi Azikiwe on the phone about the decision of the cabinet , announcing the cabinet 's `` voluntary '' decision to transfer power to the armed forces . Major General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi then made his own broadcast , accepting the `` invitation '' . On January 17 , Major General Ironsi established the Supreme Military Council in Lagos and effectively suspended the constitution . Officers involved ( edit ) The list below shows the officers involved on both sides of the coup as well as their ethnic backgrounds . Conspirators ( edit ) Maj . Kaduna Nzeogwu ( Igbo ) Maj . Adewale Ademoyega ( Yoruba ) , author of `` Why we struck '' Maj . Emmanuel Ifeajuna ( Igbo ) Maj . Timothy Onwuatuegwu ( Igbo ) Maj . Chris Anuforo ( Igbo ) Maj . Humphrey Chukwuka ( Igbo ) Maj . Don Okafor ( Igbo ) Capt . Ogbo Oji ( Igbo ) Participants ( edit ) Capt . Emmanuel Nwobosi ( Igbo ) Capt . G. Adeleke ( Yoruba ) Lt. Fola Oyewole ( Yoruba ) , author of `` The reluctant rebel '' Lt. R. Egbiko ( Esan ) Lt. PM Okocha ( Igbo ) Lt. Tijani Katsina ( Hausa / Fulani ) Lt. O. Olafemiyan ( Yoruba ) Capt . Gibson Jalo ( Bali ) Capt . Swanton ( Middle Belt ) Lt. Dag Warribor ( Ijaw ) 2nd Lt. Saleh Dambo ( Hausa ) 2nd Lt. John Atom Kpera ( Tiv ) Capt . Ben Gbulie ( Igbo ) Lt. Dimka Government officials ( edit ) Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa † ( Baggara ) Premier Ahmadu Bello † ( Fulani ) Premier Samuel Akintola † ( Yoruba ) Finance Minister Festus Okotie - Eboh † ( Itsekiri ) Gen. Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( Igbo ) Brig . Samuel Ademulegun † ( Yoruba ) Brig . Zakariya Maimalari † ( Kanuri ) Col. Kur Mohammed † ( Kanuri ) Col. Ralph Shodeinde † ( Yoruba ) Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon ( Ngas ) Lt. Col. Abogo Largema † ( Kanuri ) Lt. Col. James Pam † ( Berom ) Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe † ( Igbo ) Lt. Col. Conrad Nwawo ( Igbo ) Maj . Hassan Katsina ( Fulani ) Casualties ( edit ) Comprehensive list of casualties from the coup are below Civilians ( edit ) Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Premier Ahmadu Bello Premier Samuel Ladoke Akintola Finance Minister Festus Okotie - Eboh Ahmed Ben Musa ( Senior Assistant Secretary for Security ) Hafsatu Bello Mrs Latifat Ademulegun Zarumi Sardauna Ahmed Pategi ( Government driver ) Military and police ( edit ) Brig . Samuel Ademulegun Brig . Zakariya Maimalari Col. Ralph Shodeinde Col. Kur Mohammed Lt. Col. Abogo Largema Lt. Col. James Pam Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe Sergeant Daramola Oyegoke ( assisted Nzeogwu in the attack on the Sardauna 's lodge and according to the Police report was murdered by Nzeogwu ) PC Yohana Garkawa Lance Corporal Musa Nimzo PC Akpan Anduka PC Hagai Lai philip lewande References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siollun , Max . Oil , Politics and Violence : Nigeria 's Military Coup Culture ( 1966 - 1976 ) . Algora Publishing , 2009 . p. 237 . ISBN 9780875867106 . ^ Jump up to : Omoigui , Nowamagbe . `` SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT : `` Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966 '' . Gamji.com . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirk - Greene & Millard . Crisis and conflict in Nigeria : a documentary sourcebook , Volume 1 ; Volume 9 . Oxford University Press , 1971 . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Nzeogwu 's Declaration of Martial Law - January 15 , 1966 Jump up ^ `` Radio broadcast by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu -- announcing Nigeria 's first military coup on Radio Nigeria , Kaduna on January 15 , 1966 '' . Vanguard . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Abubakar Ibrahim ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` The Forgotten Interim President '' . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . `` SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT : `` Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966 '' `` . Siollun , Max ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The inside story of Nigeria 's first military coup '' . kwenu.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Coutsoukis , Photius ( June 1991 ) . `` Nigeria The 1966 Coups , Civil War , and Gowon 's Government '' . photius.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Isiguzo , Christopher ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Nigeria : Jan 1966 Coup Planned By Revolutionaries , Says Study '' . allAfrica . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Francis , James ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` The history of coup d'etat in Nigeria '' . It is all about the history of Nigeria . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . 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when did the greek golden age occur what lead to it			Golden Age	golden age	The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology , particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod , and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages , Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity ( Greek : χρύσεον γένος chrýseon génos ) lived . Those living in the first Age were ruled by Kronos , after the finish of the first age was the Silver , then the Bronze , after this the Heroic age , with the fifth and current age being Iron .	By extension `` Golden Age '' denotes a period of primordial peace , harmony , stability , and prosperity . During this age peace and harmony prevailed , people did not have to work to feed themselves , for the earth provided food in abundance . They lived to a very old age with a youthful appearance , eventually dying peacefully , with spirits living on as `` guardians '' . Plato in Cratylus ( 397 e ) recounts the golden race of humans who came first . He clarifies that Hesiod did not mean literally made of gold , but good and noble . In classical Greek mythology the Golden Age was presided over by the leading Titan Cronus . In some version of the myth Astraea also ruled . She lived with men until the end of the Silver Age , but in the Bronze Age , when men became violent and greedy , fled to the stars , where she appears as the constellation Virgo , holding the scales of Justice , or Libra . European pastoral literary tradition often depicted nymphs and shepherds as living a life of rustic innocence and peace , set in Arcadia , a region of Greece that was the abode and center of worship of their tutelary deity , goat - footed Pan , who dwelt among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Golden Age in Europe : Greece 1.1 Arcadia 2 The Golden Age in Rome : Virgil and Ovid 3 `` Soft '' and `` hard '' primitivism in Arcadia 4 Other Golden Ages 4.1 Hindu 4.2 Brahma Kumaris 4.3 Norse 4.4 Bible 4.5 Fantasy 4.6 Present - day usage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The Golden Age in Europe : Greece ( edit ) The earliest attested reference to the European myth of the Ages of Man 500 BC -- 350 BC appears in the late 6th century BC works of the Greek poet Hesiod 's Works and Days ( 109 -- 126 ) . Hesiod , a deteriorationist , identifies the Golden Age , the Silver Age , the Bronze Age , the Heroic Age , and the Iron Age . With the exception of the Heroic Age , each succeeding age was worse than the one that went before . Hesiod maintains that during the Golden Age , before the invention of the arts , the earth produced food in such abundance that there was no need for agriculture : ( Men ) lived like gods without sorrow of heart , remote and free from toil and grief : miserable age rested not on them ; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting beyond the reach of all devils . When they died , it was as though they were overcome with sleep , and they had all good things ; for the fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit abundantly and without stint . They dwelt in ease and peace . Plato in his Cratylus referred to an age of golden men and also expounded at some length on Ages of Man from Hesiod 's Works and Days . The Roman poet Ovid simplified the concept by reducing the number of Ages to four : Gold , Bronze , Silver , and Iron . Ovid 's poetry , known to schoolboys from Antiquity through the Middle Ages and beyond , was likely a prime source for the transmission of the myth of the Golden Age during the period when Western Europe had lost direct contact with Greek literature . The Golden Age by Lucas Cranach the Elder . In Hesiod 's version , the Golden Age ended when the Titan Prometheus conferred on mankind the gift of fire and all the other arts . For this , Zeus punished Prometheus by chaining him to a rock in the Caucasus , where an eagle eternally ate at his liver . The gods sent the beautiful maiden Pandora to Prometheus 's brother Epimetheus . The gods had entrusted Pandora with a box that she was forbidden to open ; however , her uncontrollable curiosity got the better of her and she opened the box , thereby unleashing all manner of evil into the world . The Orphic school , a mystery cult that originated in Thrace and spread to Greece in the 5th century BCE , held similar beliefs about the early days of man , likewise denominating the ages with metals . In common with the many other mystery cults prevalent in the Graeco - Roman world ( and their Indo - European religious antecedents ) , the world view of Orphism was cyclical . Initiation into its secret rites , together with ascetic practices , was supposed to guarantee the individual 's soul eventual release from the grievous circle of mortality and also communion with god ( s ) . Orphics sometimes identified the Golden Age with the era of the god Phanes , who was regent over the Olympus before Cronus . In classical mythology however , the Golden Age was associated with the reign of Saturn . In the 5th century BCE , the philosopher Empedocles , like Hesiod before him , emphasized the idea of primordial innocence and harmony in all of nature , including human society , from which he maintained there had been a steady deterioration until the present . Arcadia ( edit ) A tradition arose in Greece that the site of the original Golden Age had been Arcadia , an impoverished rural area of Greece where the herdsmen still lived on acorns and where the goat - footed god Pan had his home among the poplars on Mount Maenalus . However , in the 3rd century BCE , the Greek poet , Theocritus , writing in Alexandria , set his pastoral poetry in on the lushly fertile island of Sicily , where he had been born . The protagonist of Theocritus 's first Idyll , the goat herder , Daphnis , is taught to play the Syrinx ( panpipes ) by Pan himself . Sculpture of Pan teaching Daphnis to play the pipes ; c. 100 BCE Found in Pompeii . The Golden Age in rome : Virgil and Ovid ( edit ) Writing in Latin during the turbulent period of revolutionary change at the end of the Roman Republic ( roughly between 44 and 38 BC ) , the poet Virgil moved the setting for his pastoral imitations of Theocritus back to an idealized Arcadia in Greece , thus initiating a rich and resonant tradition in subsequent European literature . Virgil , moreover , introduced into his poetry the element of political allegory , which had been largely absent in Theocritus , even intimating in his fourth Eclogue that a new Golden Age of peace and justice was about to return : Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas ; magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo : iam redit et Virgo , redeunt Saturnia regna ; iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto . Translation : Now the last age by Cumae 's Sibyl sung Has come and gone , and the majestic roll Of circling centuries begins anew : Astraea returns , Returns old Saturn 's reign , With a new breed of men sent down from heaven . Somewhat later , shortly before he wrote his epic poem the Aeneid , which dealt with the establishment of Roman Imperial rule , Virgil composed his Georgics ( 29 BC ) , modeled directly on Hesiod 's Works and Days and similar Greek works . Ostensibly about agriculture , the Georgics are in fact a complex allegory about how man 's alterations of nature ( through works ) are related to good and bad government . Although Virgil does not mention the Golden Age by name in the Georgics , he does refer in them to a time of primitive communism before the reign of Jupiter , when : Fields knew no taming hand of husbandmen To mark the plain or mete with boundary - line . Even this was impious ; for the common stock They gathered , and the earth of her own will All things more freely , no man bidding , bore . ante Iouem nulli subigebant arua coloni ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum fas erat ; in medium quaerebant , ipsaque tellus omnia liberius nullo poscente ferebat . ( Georgics , Book 1 : 125 -- 28 ) This view , which identifies a State of Nature with the celestial harmony of which man 's nature is ( or should be , if properly regulated ) a microcosm , reflects the Hellenistic cosmology that prevailed among literate classes of Virgil 's era . It is seen again in Ovid 's Metamorphoses ( AD 7 ) , in which the lost Golden Age is depicted as a place and time when , because nature and reason were harmoniously aligned , men were naturally good : The Golden Age was first ; when Man , yet new , No rule but uncorrupted Reason knew : And , with a native bent , did good pursue . Unforc 'd by punishment , un-aw 'd by fear . His words were simple , and his soul sincere ; Needless was written law , where none opprest : The law of Man was written in his breast . The Graeco - Roman concept of the `` natural man '' delineated by Ovid and many other classical writers , was especially popular during the Deistically inclined 18th century . It is often erroneously attributed to Rousseau , who did not share it . `` Soft '' and `` hard '' primitivism in Arcadia ( edit ) In his famous essay , `` Et in Arcadia ego : Poussin and the Elegiac Tradition '' , Erwin Panofsky remarks how in ancient times , `` that particular not overly opulent , region of central Greece , Arcady , came to be universally accepted as an ideal realm of perfect bliss and beauty , a dream incarnate of ineffable happiness , surrounded nevertheless with a halo of ' sweetly sad ' melancholy '' : There had been , from the beginning of classical speculation , two contrasting opinions about the natural state of man , each of them , of course , a `` Gegen - Konstruktion '' to the conditions under which it was formed . One view , termed `` soft '' primitivism in an illuminating book by Lovejoy and Boas conceives of primitive life as a golden age of plenty , innocence , and happiness -- in other words , as civilized life purged of its vices . The other , `` hard '' form of primitivism conceives of primitive life as an almost subhuman existence full of terrible hardships and devoid of all comforts -- in other words , as civilized life stripped of its virtues . Arcady , as we encounter it in all modern literature , and as we refer to it in our daily speech , falls under the heading of `` soft '' or golden - age primitivism . To be sure , this real Arcady was the domain of Pan , who could be heard playing the syrinx on Mount Maenalus ; and its inhabitants were famous for their musical accomplishments as well as for their ancient lineage , rugged virtue , and rustic hospitality . Other Golden Ages ( edit ) There are analogous concepts in the religious and philosophical traditions of the South Asian subcontinent . For example , the Vedic or ancient Hindu culture saw history as cyclical , composed of yugas with alternating Dark and Golden Ages . The Kali yuga ( Iron Age ) , Dwapara yuga ( Bronze Age ) , Treta yuga ( Silver Age ) and Satya yuga ( Golden Age ) correspond to the four Greek ages . Similar beliefs occur in the ancient Middle East and throughout the ancient world , as well . Hindu ( edit ) The Indian teachings differentiate the four world ages ( Yugas ) not according to metals , but according to quality depicted as colors , whereby the color white is the purest quality and belongs to the first , ideal age . These colors were originally assigned to the planets Jupiter , Saturn , Mercury and Mars just like the metals . After the world fall at the end of the fourth , worst age ( the Kali yuga ) , the cycle should be continued , eventually culminating in a new golden age . The Krita Yuga also known as the Satya yuga , the First and Perfect Age , as described in the Mahabharata , a Hindu epic : Men neither bought nor sold ; there were no poor and no rich ; there was no need to labour , because all that men required was obtained by the power of will ; the chief virtue was the abandonment of all worldly desires . The Krita Yuga was without disease ; there was no lessening with the years ; there was no hatred or vanity , or evil thought whatsoever ; no sorrow , no fear . All mankind could attain to supreme blessedness . Satya Yuga lasts for 1,728,000 years , Treta Yuga 1,296,000 years , Dvapara Yuga 864,000 years and Kali Yuga 432,000 years . According to the Puranas there are 71 such cycles in a life of Manu whose life duration is 306.72 million years . The reign of fourteen Manus ( 4.32 billion years ) comprises one day ( Kalpa ) of Brahma . Knowledge , meditation , and communion with Spirit hold special importance in this era . The average life expectancy of a human being in Satya Yuga is believed to be about 100,000 years . That duration of life declines in next age , Treta Yuga to 10,000 years , followed by Dvapara Yuga 1 000 years and Kali Yuga up to 100 years . During Satya Yuga , most people engage only in good , sublime deeds and mankind lives in harmony with the earth . Ashrams become devoid of wickedness and deceit . Natyam ( such as Bharatanatyam ) , according to Natya Shastra , did not exist in the Satya Yuga `` because it was the time when all people were happy '' . Brahma Kumaris ( edit ) The Brahma Kumaris and Prajapita Brahma Kumaris make reference to five yuga in a single cycle of 5,000 years in which the Golden Age , or Satya yuga , is the first and lasts for 1,250 years . Three of the remaining four ; Thretha Yuga ( Silver Age ) , Dwarpar Yuga ( Copper Age ) and Kali Yuga ( Iron Age ) , also last for 1,250 years each . The fifth age , Sangum Yuga ( Confluence Age ) , is given to the last 100 years of the fourth age and represents the period when the Iron Age is destroyed and the next Golden Age is created . Norse ( edit ) The Old Norse word gullaldr ( literally `` Golden Age '' ) was used in Völuspá to describe the period after Ragnarök , where the surviving gods and their progeny build the city Gimlé on the ruins of Asgard . this period , Baldr reigns . Bible ( edit ) There is a reference to a succession of kingdoms in Nebuchadnezzar 's dream in Daniel 2 , in decreasing order identified as gold , silver , bronze , iron and finally mixed iron and clay . 31 `` Your Majesty looked , and there before you stood a large statue -- an enormous , dazzling statue , awesome in appearance . 32 The head of the statue was made of pure gold , its chest and arms of silver , its belly and thighs of bronze , 33 its legs of iron , its feet partly of iron and partly of baked clay . 34 While you were watching , a rock was cut out , but not by human hands . It struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and smashed them . 35 Then the iron , the clay , the bronze , the silver and the gold were all broken to pieces and became like chaff on a threshing floor in the summer . The wind swept them away without leaving a trace . But the rock that struck the statue became a huge mountain and filled the whole earth . '' -- Daniel 2 : 31 - 35 The interpretation of the dream follows in verses 36 -- 45 . Fantasy ( edit ) In modern fantasy worlds , whose background and setting sometimes draw heavily on real - world myths , similar or compatible concepts of a Golden Age exist in the said world 's prehistory ; when deities or elf - like creatures existed , before the coming of humans . For example , in The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien , a Golden Age exists in Middle - earth legendarium . Arda ( the part of the world where The Lord of the Rings is set ) , was designed to be symmetrical and perfect . After the wars of the Gods , Arda lost its perfect shape ( known as Arda Unmarred ) and was called Arda Marred . Another kind of ' Golden Age ' follows later , after the Elves awoke ; the Eldar stay on Valinor , live with the Valar and advance in arts and knowledge , until the rebellion and the fall of the Noldor , reminiscent of the Fall of Man . Eventually , after the end of the world , the Silmarilli will be recovered and the light of the Two Trees of Valinor rekindled . Arda will be remade again as Arda Healed . In The Wheel of Time universe , the `` Age of Legends '' is the name given to the previous Age : In this society , channelers were common and Aes Sedai -- trained channelers -- were extremely powerful , able to make angreal , sa'angreal , and ter'angreal , and holding important civic positions . The Age of Legends is seen as a utopian society without war or crime , and devoted to culture and learning . Aes Sedai were frequently devoted to academic endeavours , one of which inadvertently resulted in a hole -- The Bore -- being drilled in the Dark One 's prison . The immediate effects were not realised , but the Dark One gradually asserted power over humanity , swaying many to become his followers . This resulted in the War of Power and eventually the Breaking of the World . Another example is in the background of the Lands of Lore classic computer game , where the history of the Lands is divided in Ages . One of them is also called the Golden Age , a time when the Lands were ruled by the ' Ancients ' , and there were no wars . This age ended with the ' War of the Heretics ' . The Golden Age may also refer to a state of early childhood . Herbert Spencer argued that young children progress through the cognitive stages of evolution of the human species and of human civilization , thereby linking pre-civilization and infancy . Kenneth Grahame called his evocation of early childhood ' The Golden Age ' and J.M. Barrie 's fictional character Peter Pan , who first appeared in ' The Little White Bird ' was named after Pan , a Greek god from the Golden Age . Barrie 's further works about Peter Pan depict early childhood as a time of pre-civilised naturalness and happiness , which is destroyed by the subsequent process of education . Present - day usage ( edit ) See also : Golden age ( metaphor ) The term `` Golden Age '' is at present frequently used in the context of various fields , such as the `` Spanish Golden Age '' , `` Dutch Golden Age '' , `` Golden age of alpinism '' , `` Golden Age of American animation '' , `` Golden Age of Comics '' , `` Golden Age of Science Fiction '' , `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , `` Golden Age of Hip Hop '' and even `` Golden Age of Piracy '' or `` Golden Age of Porn '' . Usually , the term `` Golden Age '' is bestowed retroactively , when the period in question has ended and is compared with what followed in the specific field discussed . See also ( edit ) 2012 phenomenon Ages of Man Arcadia ( utopia ) Eschatology Garden of Eden Golden Liberty ( in Polish history ) Great year Merrie England Messianic Age Millennialism Original affluent society Paradise Precession of the Equinoxes Satya Yuga / Krita Yuga Utopia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hesiod , `` 109 '' , Works and Days . Jump up ^ Robin Hard - The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology : Based on H.J. Rose 's `` Handbook of Greek Mythology '' , p. 69 - 70 , Psychology Press , 2004 ISBN 0415186366 , Accessed 2017 - 06 - May Jump up ^ Gravity , Grass ( 1960 ) . The Greek Myths . London : Penguin Books . pp. 35 -- 37 . ISBN 9780140171990 . Jump up ^ `` Hesiod calls ( Astraea ) the daughter of Jove and Themis . Aratus says that she is thought to be the daughter of Astraeus and Aurora , who lived at the time of the Golden Age of men and was their leader . On account of her carefulness and fairness she was called Justice , and at that time no foreign nations were attacked in war , nor did anyone sail over the seas , but they were wont to live their lives caring for their fields . But those born after their death began to be less observant of duty and more greedy , so that Justice associated more rarely with men . Finally the disease became so extreme that it was said the Brazen Race was born ; then she could not endure more , and flew away to the stars . '' ( Gaius Julius Hyginus , Astronomica 2 ) . Jump up ^ Bridget Ann Henish , The Medieval Calendar Year ( ISBN 0 - 271 - 01904 - 2 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Eclogue ( lines 5 - 8 ) Jump up ^ Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Book the First , eighteenth century version , `` Translated into English verse under the direction of Sir Samuel Garth by John Dryden , Alexander Pope , Joseph Addison , William Congreve , and other eminent hands . Jump up ^ See A.O. Lovejoy 's essay on `` The Supposed Primitivism of Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality '' in Essays in the History of Ideas ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1948 , 1960 ) Jump up ^ `` Et in Arcadia ego : Poussin and the Elegiac Tradition , '' in Meaning in the Visual Arts ( New York : Doubleday , 1955 ) pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ A. O , Lovejoy and G. Boas , Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Heinberg ( 1989 ) . Memories and Visions of Paradise : Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age Los Angeles , Calif. : Tarcher. 282 pp. MISBN 0 - 87477 - 515 - 9 . Jump up ^ Matsya Purana Jump up ^ `` The ages of the time cycle according to the Brahma Kumaris '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel 2 : 31 - 35 '' . Zondervon . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert ( 1861 ) . Education . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Grahame , Kenneth ( 1985 ) . The Golden Age . UK : The Bodley Head . Jump up ^ Barrie , James Matthew ( 1902 ) . The Little White Bird . UK : Hodder and Stoughton . Jump up ^ Barrie , James Matthew ( 1906 ) . Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens . Hodder and Stoughton . Jump up ^ Barrie , James Matthew ( 1911 ) . Peter and Wendy . Hodder and Stoughton . Jump up ^ Ridley , Rosalind ( 2016 ) . Peter Pan and the Mind of JM Barrie . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . External links ( edit ) The Age of Man Five Ages of Man in Greek Mythology What Makes a Scientific Golden Age ? - by Joseph Agassi Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / Epic poems / Ode Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / Heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - 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top 20 most passing yards in nfl history	Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Yards Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 71,940 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 71,838 Brees , Drew Drew Brees San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( since 2006 ) 69,965 Brady , Tom Tom Brady New England Patriots ( since 2000 ) 65,745 5 Marino , Dan Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 61,361 6 Elway , John John Elway Denver Broncos ( 1983 -- 1998 ) 51,475 7 Manning , Eli Eli Manning New York Giants ( since 2004 ) 51,287 8 Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers ( since 2004 ) 50,839 9 Rivers , Philip Philip Rivers San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( since 2004 ) 49,671 10 Moon , Warren Warren Moon Houston Oilers ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 49,325 11 Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) 47,003 12 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Arizona Cardinals ( since 2013 ) 46,247 13 Testaverde , Vinny Vinny Testaverde Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) New England Patriots ( 2006 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2007 ) 46,233 14 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 44,611 15 Fouts , Dan Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers ( 1973 -- 1987 ) 43,040 16 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons ( since 2008 ) 40,979 17 Collins , Kerry Kerry Collins Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ) New Orleans Saints ( 1998 ) New York Giants ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2011 ) 40,922 18 Montana , Joe Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 40,551 19 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 40,239 20 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers ( since 2005 ) 38,502 21 Krieg , Dave Dave Krieg Seattle Seahawks ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Detroit Lions ( 1994 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1995 ) Chicago Bears ( 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 38,147 22 Esiason , Boomer Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals ( 1984 -- 1992 ) New York Jets ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1996 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 ) 37,920 23 McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Washington Redskins ( 2010 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2011 ) 37,276 24 Hasselbeck , Matt Matt Hasselbeck Green Bay Packers ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 36,638 25 Kelly , Jim Jim Kelly Buffalo Bills ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 35,467 26 Flacco , Joe Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens ( since 2008 ) 35,340 27 Everett , Jim Jim Everett Los Angeles Rams ( 1986 -- 1993 ) New Orleans Saints ( 1994 -- 1996 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1997 ) 34,837 28 Hart , Jim Jim Hart St. Louis Cardinals ( 1966 -- 1983 ) Washington Redskins ( 1984 ) 34,665 29 Cutler , Jay Jay Cutler Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Chicago Bears ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( since 2017 ) 34,626 30 DeBerg , Steve Steve DeBerg San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Broncos ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1993 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1998 ) 34,241 31 Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions ( since 2009 ) 34,223 32 Romo , Tony Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 34,183 33 Hadl , John John Hadl San Diego Chargers ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Houston Oilers ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 33,503 34 Simms , Phil Phil Simms New York Giants ( 1979 -- 1993 ) 33,462 35 Young , Steve Steve Young Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1985 -- 1986 San Francisco 49ers ( 1987 -- 1999 ) 33,124 36 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman Dallas Cowboys ( 1989 -- 2000 ) 32,942 37 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals ( 1971 -- 1986 ) 32,838 38 Warner , Kurt Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams ( 1998 -- 2003 ) New York Giants ( 2004 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 32,344 39 Jurgensen , Sonny Sonny Jurgensen Philadelphia Eagles ( 1957 -- 1963 ) Washington Redskins ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 32,224 40 Brunell , Mark Mark Brunell Green Bay Packers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Washington Redskins ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2008 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 32,072 41 Smith , Alex Alex Smith San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( since 2013 ) 31,584 42 Brodie , John John Brodie San Francisco 49ers ( 1957 -- 1973 ) 31,548 43 McNair , Steve Steve McNair Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 31,304 44 Snead , Norm Norm Snead Washington Redskins ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1971 ) New York Giants ( 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) 30,797		List of National Football League career passing yards Leaders	list of national football league career passing yards leaders	This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks by total career passing yards . This list includes all quarterbacks who have thrown for at least 30,000 career passing yards .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 30,000 passing yards 2 Active players with 25,000 -- 29,999 yards 3 Historical passing yards leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 30,000 passing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through Week 15 of 2017 season Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Yards Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 71,940 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 71,838 Brees , Drew Drew Brees San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( since 2006 ) 69,965 Brady , Tom Tom Brady New England Patriots ( since 2000 ) 65,745 5 Marino , Dan Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 61,361 6 Elway , John John Elway Denver Broncos ( 1983 -- 1998 ) 51,475 7 Manning , Eli Eli Manning New York Giants ( since 2004 ) 51,287 8 Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers ( since 2004 ) 50,839 9 Rivers , Philip Philip Rivers San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( since 2004 ) 49,671 10 Moon , Warren Warren Moon Houston Oilers ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 49,325 11 Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) 47,003 12 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Arizona Cardinals ( since 2013 ) 46,247 13 Testaverde , Vinny Vinny Testaverde Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) New England Patriots ( 2006 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2007 ) 46,233 14 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 44,611 15 Fouts , Dan Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers ( 1973 -- 1987 ) 43,040 16 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons ( since 2008 ) 40,979 17 Collins , Kerry Kerry Collins Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ) New Orleans Saints ( 1998 ) New York Giants ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2011 ) 40,922 18 Montana , Joe Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 40,551 19 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 40,239 20 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers ( since 2005 ) 38,502 21 Krieg , Dave Dave Krieg Seattle Seahawks ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Detroit Lions ( 1994 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1995 ) Chicago Bears ( 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 38,147 22 Esiason , Boomer Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals ( 1984 -- 1992 ) New York Jets ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1996 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 ) 37,920 23 McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Washington Redskins ( 2010 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2011 ) 37,276 24 Hasselbeck , Matt Matt Hasselbeck Green Bay Packers ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 36,638 25 Kelly , Jim Jim Kelly Buffalo Bills ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 35,467 26 Flacco , Joe Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens ( since 2008 ) 35,340 27 Everett , Jim Jim Everett Los Angeles Rams ( 1986 -- 1993 ) New Orleans Saints ( 1994 -- 1996 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1997 ) 34,837 28 Hart , Jim Jim Hart St. Louis Cardinals ( 1966 -- 1983 ) Washington Redskins ( 1984 ) 34,665 29 Cutler , Jay Jay Cutler Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Chicago Bears ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( since 2017 ) 34,626 30 DeBerg , Steve Steve DeBerg San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Broncos ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1993 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1998 ) 34,241 31 Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions ( since 2009 ) 34,223 32 Romo , Tony Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 34,183 33 Hadl , John John Hadl San Diego Chargers ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Houston Oilers ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 33,503 34 Simms , Phil Phil Simms New York Giants ( 1979 -- 1993 ) 33,462 35 Young , Steve Steve Young Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1985 -- 1986 San Francisco 49ers ( 1987 -- 1999 ) 33,124 36 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman Dallas Cowboys ( 1989 -- 2000 ) 32,942 37 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals ( 1971 -- 1986 ) 32,838 38 Warner , Kurt Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams ( 1998 -- 2003 ) New York Giants ( 2004 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 32,344 39 Jurgensen , Sonny Sonny Jurgensen Philadelphia Eagles ( 1957 -- 1963 ) Washington Redskins ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 32,224 40 Brunell , Mark Mark Brunell Green Bay Packers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Washington Redskins ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2008 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 32,072 41 Smith , Alex Alex Smith San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( since 2013 ) 31,584 42 Brodie , John John Brodie San Francisco 49ers ( 1957 -- 1973 ) 31,548 43 McNair , Steve Steve McNair Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 31,304 44 Snead , Norm Norm Snead Washington Redskins ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1971 ) New York Giants ( 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) 30,797 Note : Y.A. Tittle passed for 33,070 yards in his professional career . However , 4,731 of those yards came in the All - American Football Conference ( AAFC ) . The NFL does not recognize statistics and records accrued in the AAFC . As such , his career passing yards total in the NFL stands at 28,339 . Active players with 25,000 -- 29,999 yards ( edit ) Through Week 15 of 2017 season in progress ; numbers in yards Ryan Fitzpatrick , 26,991 Andy Dalton , 25,074 Historical passing yards Leaders ( edit ) Nine players are recognized as having held the record as the NFL 's career passing yardage leader . The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years . Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Yards 1932 -- 1943 ( 11 years ) Arnie Herber Green Bay Packers ( 1930 -- 1940 ) New York Giants ( 1944 -- 1945 ) 8,041 1943 -- 1959 ( 16 years ) Sammy Baugh Washington Redskins ( 1937 - 1952 ) 21,886 1959 -- 1964 ( 5 years ) Bobby Layne Chicago Bears ( 1948 ) New York Bulldogs ( 1949 ) Detroit Lions ( 1950 -- 1958 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1958 -- 1962 ) 26,768 1964 -- 1967 ( 3 years ) Y.A. Tittle Baltimore Colts ( 1948 -- 1950 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1951 -- 1960 ) New York Giants ( 1961 -- 1964 ) 28,339 1967 -- 1976 ( 9 years ) Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 40,239 1976 -- 1995 ( 19 years ) Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 47,003 1995 -- 2007 ( 12 years ) Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 61,361 2007 -- 2015 ( 8 years ) Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 71,838 Since 2015 ( 2 years ) Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 71,940 See also ( edit ) List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders List of National Football League career passing completions leaders List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins was traded during the 1998 season ; he played four games for the Panthers and seven for the Saints . Jump up ^ DeBerg was traded during the 1993 season ; he played three games for the Buccaneers and eight for the Dolphins . Jump up ^ Hadl was traded during the 1974 season ; he played six games for the Rams and eight for the Packers . References ( edit ) General `` NFL Passing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Pavlick , Ed ( 1980 ) . `` Pro Football Records Should Include the AAFC '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jerry ( 2015 ) . Pass Receiving in Early Pro Football : A History to the 1960s ( illustrated ed . ) . McFarland . p. 137 . ISBN 078649946X . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bryan Frye ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Passing Yards Record '' . Grid Fe . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . 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where is sodom and gomorrah located on a map			Sodom and Gomorrah	sodom and gomorrah	Sodom and Gomorrah ( / ˈsɒdəm / ; / ɡəˈmɔːrə / ) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible , the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books , as well as in the Quran and the hadith .	According to the Torah , the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah , Zeboim and Bela . These five cities , also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ) , were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan . The plain , which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea , was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green , suitable for grazing livestock . Divine judgment by God was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities , which were completely consumed by fire and brimstone . Neighboring Zoar ( Bela ) was the only city to be spared . In Abrahamic religions , Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin , and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution . Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as metaphors for vice and homosexuality , although a close reading of the text and other Ancient Near Eastern sources suggest that this association may be incorrect . The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages . These include the English word sodomy , which is used in sodomy laws to describe sexual `` crimes against nature '' , namely anal or oral sex ( particularly homosexual ) , or bestiality . Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historicity 3 In the Book of Genesis 3.1 Battle of Siddim 3.2 The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah 4 Other references 4.1 Moses 4.2 Major Prophets 4.3 Minor Prophets 4.4 New Testament 4.5 Deuterocanonical references 5 Religious views 5.1 Jewish 5.2 Christian 5.3 Islamic 6 Modern Sodom 7 Second World War 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of both names is uncertain . The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain . Some believe , the name Sodom ( Hebrew : סְדֹם ‎ Səḏōm ) could be a word from an early Semitic language ultimately related to the Arabic sadama , meaning `` fasten '' , `` fortify '' , `` strengthen '' , but that is unlikely as the Gesenius ' Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon defines the hebrew word Sodom ( Cēdom ) as burning . Gomorrah ( Hebrew : עֲמֹרָה ‎ ' Ămōrāh ) could be based on the root gh mr , which means `` be deep '' , `` copious ( water ) , '' but this is also in dispute as it is classically known as עֲמֹרָה ʻĂmôrâh , am - o - raw ' ; from H6014 ; a ( ruined ) heap ; Amorah , a place in Palestine : -- Gomorrah . Historicity ( edit ) Painting from William Francis Lynch book The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea . Published in 1849 There are other stories and historical names which bear a resemblance to the Biblical stories of Sodom and Gomorrah . Some possible natural explanations for the events described have been proposed , but no widely accepted or strongly verified sites for the cities have been found . Of the five `` cities of the plain '' , only Bela , modern - day Zoara , is securely identified , and it remained a settlement long after the biblical period . The ancient Greek historiographer Strabo states that locals living near Moasada ( as opposed to Masada ) say that `` there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis '' . Strabo identifies a limestone and salt hill at the south western tip of the Dead Sea , and Kharbet Usdum ( Hebrew : הר סדום , Har Sedom or Arabic : جبل السدوم , Jabal ( u ) ' ssudūm ) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom . Archibald Sayce translated an Akkadian poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire , written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction ; the names of the cities are not given . However , Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of Sennacherib 's host . In 1976 Giovanni Pettinato claimed that a cuneiform tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at Ebla contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain ( Sodom , Gomorrah , Admah , Zeboim , and Bela ) , listed in the same order as in Genesis . The names si - da - mu ( TM. 76. G. 524 ) and ì - ma - ar ( TM. 75. G. 1570 and TM. 75. G. 2233 ) were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah , which gained some acceptance at the time . However , Alfonso Archi states that , judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list , si - da - mu lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea , and ì - ma - ar is a variant of ì - mar , known to represent Emar , an ancient city located near Ebla . Today , the scholarly consensus is that `` Ebla has no bearing on ... Sodom and Gomorra . '' Certain skeptics of the biblical account have theorized that , provided that the cities existed at all , that they might have been destroyed by natural disaster . One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE . This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar . It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake , especially if they lay along a major fault such as the Jordan Rift Valley . There is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe , however , to corroborate this theory . Another idea is that the destruction was caused by the plume of a meteor that impacted in the Alps , as possibly shown in a planisphere inscribed on a cuneiform tablet . In 1973 , Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities , including Bab edh - Dhra , which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp , and later finished by Rast and Schaub following his death . Other possibilities include Numeira , al - Safi , Feifa , and Khanazir , which were also visited by Schaub and Rast . Each of the sites were near the Dead Sea and showed evidence of burning and traces of sulfur . According to Schaub , however , who dug at Bab edh - Dhra , Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BCE at a different time period than Bab edh - Dhra ( 2350 -- 2067 BCE ) . Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh - Dhra are currently displayed in Karak Archaeological Museum ( Karak Castle ) , Amman Citadel Museum , and the British Museum . Another candidate for Sodom is the Tall el Hammam dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of Steven Collins . Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres ( 9 mi ) northeast of the Dead Sea , and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom . The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . Professor Eugene H. Merrill believes that the identification of Tall el - Hammam with Sodom would require an unacceptable restructuring of the biblical chronology . The Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom . He refers to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . In the Book of Genesis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Book of Genesis is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah . Battle of Siddim ( edit ) See also : Battle of Siddim The Battle of Siddim is described in Genesis 14 : 1 - 17 . Sodom and Gomorrah 's political situation is described when Lot had encamped in Sodom 's territory . At this time , `` the men of Sodom ( were ) wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly '' . Sodom was ruled by King Bera while Gomorrah was ruled by King Birsha . Their kingship , however , was not sovereign , because all of the river Jordan plain was under Elamite rule for 12 years . The kingdom of Elam was ruled by King Chedorlaomer . In the 13th year of subjugation to Elam , the five kings of the river Jordan plain allied to rebel against Elamite rule . These kings included those of Sodom and Gomorrah as well as their neighbors : King Shinab of Admah , King Shemeber of Zeboiim , and the unnamed king of Bela ( later called Zoar ) . In response , Elam 's King Chedorlaomer , gathered additional forces from Shinar , Ellasar and Goyim to suppress this rebellion from the cities of the plain . They waged war in the Vale of Siddim in the 14th year . The battle was brutal with heavy losses in the cities of the plain , with their resultant defeat , Genesis 14 : 10 . Sodom and Gomorrah were spoiled of their goods , and captives were taken , including Lot . The tide of war turned when Lot 's uncle , Abraham , gathered an elite force that slaughtered King Chedorlaomer 's forces in Hobah , north of Damascus . The success of his mission freed the cities of the plain from under Elam 's rule . The judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah ( edit ) See also : Hospitality § Judaism The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in Genesis 18 - 19 . Three men , thought by most commentators to have been angels appearing as men , came to Abraham in the plains of Mamre . After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah , his wife , `` the Lord '' revealed to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah , `` and because their sin is very grievous '' . In response , Abraham inquired of the Lord if he would spare the city if 50 righteous people were found in it , to which the Lord agreed he would not destroy it for the sake of the righteous yet dwelling therein . Abraham then inquired of God for mercy at lower numbers ( first 45 , then 40 , then 30 , then 20 , and finally at 10 ) , with the Lord agreeing each time . Two angels were sent to Sodom to investigate and were met by Abraham 's nephew Lot , who convinced the angels to lodge with him , and they ate with Lot . Genesis 19 : 4 - 5 described what followed , which confirmed its end : 4 But before they lay down , the men of the city , even the men of Sodom , compassed the house round , both young and old , all the people from every quarter . 5 And they called unto Lot , and said unto him : ' Where are the men that came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . ' ( NRSV : know them , NIV : can have sex with them , NJB : can have intercourse with them ) . Sodom and Gomorrah from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel , 1493 . Lot 's wife , already transformed into a salt pillar , is in the center . Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and , instead , offered them his two virgin daughters `` which have not known man '' and to `` do ye to them as ( is ) good in your eyes '' . However , they refused this offer , complained about this alien , namely Lot , giving orders , and then came near to break down the door . Lot 's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city . Then ( not having found even 10 righteous people in the city ) , they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave . As they made their escape , one angel commanded Lot to `` look not behind thee '' ( singular `` thee '' ) . However , as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed with brimstone and fire from the Lord , Lot 's wife looked back at the city , and she became a pillar of salt . Other references ( edit ) Major and minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible have referred to Sodom and Gomorrah to parallel their prophetic events . The New Testament also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved . Later deuterocanonical texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents . Moses ( edit ) Moses referred to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Deuteronomy 29 : 22 - 23 : `` Your children who follow you in later generations and foreigners who come from distant lands will see the calamities that have fallen on the land and the diseases with which the Lord has afflicted it . The whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sulfur -- nothing planted , nothing sprouting , no vegetation growing on it . It will be like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Admah and Zeboyim , which the Lord overthrew in fierce anger . '' -- NIV See also : Deuteronomy 32 : 32 - 33 Major prophets ( edit ) Isaiah 1 : 9 - 10 , Isaiah 3 : 9 and Isaiah 13 : 19 - 22 addresses people as from Sodom and Gomorrah , associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells Babylon that it will end like those two cities . Jeremiah 23 : 14 , Jeremiah 49 : 17 - 18 , Jeremiah 50 : 39 - 40 and Lamentations 4 : 6 associate Sodom and Gomorrah with adultery and lies , prophesies the fate of Edom , south of the Dead Sea , predicts the fate of Babylon and uses Sodom as a comparison . In Ezekiel 16 : 48 - 50 , God compares Jerusalem to Sodom , saying `` Sodom never did what you and your daughters have done . '' He explains that the sin of Sodom was that `` She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . '' Minor prophets ( edit ) In Amos 4 : 1 - 11 , God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah , they still did not repent . In Zephaniah 2 : 9 , Zephaniah tells Moab and Ammon , southeast and northeast of the Dead Sea , that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah . New Testament ( edit ) In Matthew 10 : 1 - 15 , cf . Luke 10 : 1 - 12 , Jesus declares certain cities more damnable than Sodom and Gomorrah , due to their response to Jesus ' disciples , in the light of greater grace ( RSV ) : `` And if any one will not receive you or listen to your words , shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town . Truly , I say to you , it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomor'rah than for that town . '' In Matthew 11 : 20 - 24 , Jesus prophesies the fate of some cities where he did some of his works ( RSV ) : `` And you , Caper'na - um , will you be exalted to heaven ? You shall be brought down to Hades . For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom , it would have remained until this day . But I tell you that it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you . '' In Luke 17 : 28 - 30 , Jesus compares his second - coming to the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah ( RSV ) : `` Likewise as it was in the days of Lot -- they ate , they drank , they bought , they sold , they planted , they built , but on the day when Lot went out from Sodom fire and sulphur rained from heaven and destroyed them all -- so will it be on the day when the Son of man is revealed . '' In Romans 9 : 29 , Paul the Apostle quotes Isaiah 1 : 9 ( RSV ) : `` And as Isaiah predicted , ' If the Lord of hosts had not left us children , we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomor'rah . ' '' In 2 Peter 2 : 4 - 10 , Saint Peter says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot , he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on Judgement Day . Jude 1 : 7 records that both Sodom and Gomorrah were `` giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire '' . Revelation 11 : 7 - 8 makes an allegorical use of Sodom when it describes the places where the two witnesses will descend during the Apocalypse . Deuterocanonical references ( edit ) Wisdom 10 : 6 - 8 refers to the Five Cities : Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing ; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities . Evidence of their wickedness still remains : a continually smoking wasteland , plants bearing fruit that does not ripen , and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul . For because they passed wisdom by , they not only were hindered from recognizing the good , but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly , so that their failures could never go unnoticed . Wisdom 19 : 17 says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were `` struck with blindness , like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot . They found themselves in total darkness , as each one groped around to find his own door . '' Sirach 16 : 8 says `` ( God ) did not spare the neighbors of Lot , whom he loathed on account of their insolence . '' In 3 Maccabees 2 : 5 , the high priest Simon says that God `` consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly , who were notorious for their vices ; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward '' . 2 Esdras 2 : 8 - 9 says `` Woe to you , Assyria , who conceal the unrighteous in your midst ! O wicked nation , remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor ′ rah , whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes . So will I do to those who have not listened to me , says the Lord Almighty . '' 2 Esdras 5 : 1 - 13 describes signs of the end times , one of which is that `` the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish '' . In 2 Esdras 7 : 106 , Ezra says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom . Religious views ( edit ) Jewish ( edit ) Rictor Norton views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of hospitality of the inhabitants of Sodom to the `` stranger '' . The people of Sodom were seen as guilty of many other significant sins . Rabbinic writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes , blasphemy and bloodshed . One of the worst was to give money or even gold ingots to beggars , after inscribing their names on them , and then subsequently refusing to sell them food . The unfortunate stranger would end up starving and after his death , the people who gave him the money would reclaim it . Jon D. Levenson views a rabbinic tradition described in the Mishnah as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct , describing Sodom 's lack of generosity with the saying , `` What is mine is mine ; what is yours is yours '' ( m . Avot 5.10 ) . A modern orthodox position is one that holds , `` The paradigmatic instance of such aberrant behavior is found in the demand of the men of Sodom to ' know ' the men visiting Lot , the nephew of Abraham , thus lending their name to the practice of ' sodomy ' . '' Jay Michaelson proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites . `` Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality -- not the essence of their transgression . Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax . '' Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham 's hospitality to strangers , and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom , they do so without commentary on homosexuality . The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23 : 14 , where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery , lying , and strengthening the hands of evildoers ; Amos 4 : 1 - 11 ( oppressing the poor and crushing the needy ) ; and Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 , which defines the sins of Sodom as `` pride , fullness of bread , and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters , neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy . And they were haughty , and did toevah before me , and I took them away as I saw fit . '' Michaelson uses toevah in place of abomination to emphasize the original Hebrew , which he explains as being more correctly translated as `` taboo '' . Christian ( edit ) Several theories have been advanced in Christian thought concerning the sin of Sodom . One area of dispute is whether the mob was demanding the homosexual rape of Lot 's guests . A second area of dispute is whether the act of homosexuality or the act of inhospitality and violence towards foreigners is the more significant ethical downfall of Sodom . The first contention between the two positions primarily focuses upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb ידע ( yada ) , translated as know in the King James Version : And they called unto Lot , and said unto him , Where ( are ) the men which came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . -- Genesis 19 : 5 However , the word `` know '' in the King James Version has been used to refer to sexual intercourse . One example can be found in Genesis 4 : 1 between Adam and Eve : And Adam knew Eve his wife ; and she conceived , and bare Cain , and said , I have gotten a man from the LORD. -- Genesis 4 : 1 Some Hebrew scholars believe that yada , unlike the English word know , requires the existence of a `` personal and intimate relationship '' . For this reason , many of the most popular of the 20th century translations , including the New International Version , the New King James Version , and the New Living Translation , translate yada as `` have sex with '' or `` know ... carnally '' in Gen 19 : 5 Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context , noting that while the Hebrew word for know appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Scriptures , only approximately 1 % ( 13 -- 14 times ) of those references is it clearly used as a euphemism for realizing sexual intimacy . Instead , those who hold to this interpretation usually see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers . Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of know meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the Gen 19 : 5 request , by offering his daughters for rape , only three verses later in the same narrative : Behold now , I have two daughters which have not known man ; let me , I pray you , bring them out unto you , and do ye to them as is good in your eyes : only unto these men do nothing ... -- Genesis 19 : 8 The following is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions : Even as Sodom and Gomorrah , and the cities about them in like manner , giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire . -- Jude 1 : 7 This reference to `` going after strange flesh '' is understood in different ways to include something akin to bestiality , having illicit sex with strangers , having sex with angels , but most often God 's destruction of the populations of the four cities is interpreted to mean homosexual ( same - sex ) relations . Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for `` strange '' is akin to `` another '' , `` other '' , `` altered '' or even `` next '' , the meaning is unclear , and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse , then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with `` other than human '' angels , perhaps referring to Genesis 6 or the apocryphal Book of Enoch . Countering this , it is pointed out that Genesis 6 refers to angels seeking women , not men seeking angels , and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation , and that , regardless , it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels . In addition , it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for `` strange '' , can mean unlawful or corrupted ( Rm. 7 : 3 ; Gal. 1 : 6 ) , and that the apocryphal Second Book of Enoch ( different from the Book of Enoch which Jude quotes from ) condemns `` sodomitic '' sex ( 2 Enoch 10 : 3 ; 34 : 1 ) , thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent physical sin of Sodom . Both the non-sexual and the homosexuality view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible . Now this was the sin of Sodom : She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . Therefore I did away with them as you have seen . -- Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect , while the other notes the description detestable or abomination , the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins , including those of a sexual nature . In the Gospel of Matthew ( and corresponding verse ) when Jesus warns of a worse judgment for some cities than Sodom , inhospitality is perceived by some as the sin , while others see it fundamentally being impenitence : If anyone will not welcome you or listen to your words , shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town . I tell you the truth , it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town . -- Matthew 10 : 14 - 15 The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality , which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations , such as Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , where hospitality was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods . Within the Christian Churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of know ( yada ) in this context , there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important . On its website , the Anglican Communion presents the argument that the story is `` not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships '' , but is instead `` about dominance and rape , by definition an act of violence , not of sex or love '' . This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom ( and not homosexuality ) , also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the Battle of Gibeah Bible stories . In both stories , an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners . As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner 's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story , the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential , and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob . This Exodus 22 : 21 - 24 lesson is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story . Islamic ( edit ) Main article : Lot in Islam The Quran contains twelve references to `` the people of Lut '' , the biblical Lot , but meaning the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah ( references 6 : 86 - 90 ; 7 : 80 -- 84 ; 11 : 74 -- 83 ; 15 : 58 - 77 ; 21 : 74 - 75 ; 26 : 160 -- 173 ; 27 : 54 -- 58 ; 29 : 28 -- 30 , 33 - 35 ; 37 : 133 - 138 ; 51 : 32 - 37 ; 54 : 33 - 38 and 66 : 10 ) , and their destruction by God is associated explicitly with their sexual practices : The ' people of Lot ' transgressed consciously against the bounds of God . Their avarice led to inhospitality and robbery , which in turn led to the humiliation of strangers by mistreatment and rape . It was their abominable sin of homosexual sex which was seen as symptomatic of their attitudes , and upon Lot 's exhorting them to abandon their transgression against God , they ridiculed him , and threatened him with dire consequences ; Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did . Then Gabriel met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly , as God had given this command to Lot for saving his life . In the Quran it was written that Lot 's wife stayed behind as she had transgressed . She met her fate in the disaster , and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city , with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis , but `` the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an '' In the Quran , surah ( chapter ) 26 Ash - Shu ` arā ' ( The Poets ) -- So , We saved him and his family , all . Except an old woman among those who remained behind . -- Quran 26 : 170 -- 171 Commentary : This was his wife , who was a bad old woman . She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left . This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al - A ` raf and Surat Hud , and in Surat Al - Hijr , where Allah commanded him to take his family at night , except for his wife , and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people . So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered , and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all , and rained upon them stones of baked clay , piled up . -- Tafsir ibn Kathir ( Commentary by Ibn Kathir ) Modern Sodom ( edit ) The site of the present Dead Sea Works , a large operation for the extraction of Dead Sea minerals , is called `` Sdom '' ( סדום ) according to its traditional Arab name , Khirbet as - sudūm ( خربت السدوم ) . Nearby is Mount Sodom ( הר סדום in Hebrew and جبل السدوم in Arabic ) which consists mainly of salt . In the Plain of Sdom ( מישור סדום ) to the south there are a few springs and two small agricultural villages , Neot Hakikar and Ein Tamar . Second World war ( edit ) `` Operation Gomorrah '' was the appropriate name given to the Bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 , in which 42,600 civilians were killed , and where use of incendiaries caused a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire . See also ( edit ) The Bible and homosexuality Bab edh - Dhra and Numeira , two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities ' locations Christianity and homosexuality Christianity and sexual orientation Homosexuality and Judaism Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible LGBT in Islam Religion and homosexuality Religion and LGBT people Tripura , cities likewise destroyed by divine intervention as described in Hindu mythology Vayeira , the Torah portion concerning Sodom and Gomorrah Xenia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide '' . LDS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . IPA format given from `` ga - mōr _́ a '' . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Howard ; Loebel - Fried , Caren ; Ginsburg , Elliot K. ( 2007 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism . Oxford University Press . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce Manning ; Coogan , Michael D ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517610 - 0 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Roy ( 2014 ) . What is Islamic Philosophy ? . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1863 ) . `` Sodom '' . Smith 's Bible Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 2010 ) . Religions of the World , Second Edition : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practises . Jump up ^ Qur'an ( S15 ) Al - Hijr : 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Jordan , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology . Chicago IL : University of Chicago Press . p. 89 - 95 . Jump up ^ Shirelle Phelps ( 2001 ) . World of Criminal Justice : N-Z . Gale Group . p. 686 . ISBN 0787650730 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheb , John & John Scheb II ( 2013 ) . Criminal Law and Procedure . Cengage Learning . p. 185 . ISBN 128554613X . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ David Newton ( 2009 ) . Gay and Lesbian Rights : A Reference Handbook , Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 85 . ISBN 1598843079 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kolig , Erich ( 2012 ) . Conservative Islam : A Cultural Anthropology . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Botterweck , G. Johannes ; Ringgren , Helmer ; Fabry , Heinz - Josef , eds. ( 2000 ) . Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament , Volume 10 . Wm Eeerdmans . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2334 - 2 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ) . `` Strong 's Concordance '' . Hendrickson Publishing . Jump up ^ B. Macdonald ( 2000 ) . `` East of the Jordan '' : Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures ( PDF ) . American Schools of Oriental Research . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 89757 - 031 - 6 . Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ) . `` Strong 's Concordance '' . Hendrickson Publishing . Jump up ^ de Saulcy , Ferdinand ( 1853 ) . Voyage autour de la mer Morte et dans les terres bibliques . Paris : Gide et J. Baudry . Jump up ^ Sayce , A.H. `` The Overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Accadian Account ) '' Records of the Past XI 115 . Jump up ^ Archibald Sayce ( 1887 ) . The Hibbert Lectures , 1887 : Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Hershel Shanks ( September -- October 1980 ) . `` BAR Interviews Giovanni Pettinato '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . 6 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Alfonso Archi ( November -- December 1981 ) . `` Are `` The Cities of the Plain '' Mentioned in the Ebla Tablets ? `` . Biblical Archaeology Review . 7 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Chavalas , Mark W. , and K. Lawson Younger , Jr. ( eds . ) Mesopotamia and the Bible : Comparative Explorations. 2003 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Isbouts , Jean - Pierre ( 2007 ) . The Biblical World : An Illustrated Atlas . National Geographic Books . p. 71 . ISBN 1426201389 . Jump up ^ J. Penrose Harland ( September 1943 ) . `` Sodom and Gomorrah : The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( April 10 , 2008 ) . Evidence of Asteroid Impact For Sodom and Gomorrah ? , Universe Today ; retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Does Archeological Data Support the Biblical Story ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology - Sodom & Gomorrah '' . Atlantic Baptist University . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cline , Eric H. From Eden to Exile : Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible ( Tampa , FL : National Geographic , 2007 ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Collins , Steven & Latayne C. Scott . Discovering the City of Sodom : The Fascinating , True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament 's Most Infamous City . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1451684308 Jump up ^ Becca Stanek ( 2015 ) . `` Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` tallelhammam.com '' . Jump up ^ Merrill , Eugene H. `` Texts , Talls , and Old Testament Chronology : Tall Hammam as a Case Study . '' Artifax 27 , no . 4 ( 2012 ) : 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bolen , Todd ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el - Hammam '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contra Collins , Steven . Tall el - Hammam Is Still Sodom : Critical Data - Sets Cast Serious Doubt on E.H. Merrill 's Chronological Analysis '' ( PDF ) , Biblical Research Bulletin 13 , no . 1 ( 2013 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . Book I. Chapter 9 ; retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is compared with the Sorites paradox in Geocomputation , Stan Openshaw , Robert J. Abrahart , 2000 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Inhospitable Sodomites '' . Rictornorton.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ James Alfred Loader ( 1990 ) . A tale of two cities : Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament , early Jewish and early Christian traditions . Peeters Publishers . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Fishbane , Michael , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0195297515 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time '' . JONAH ( Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality ) . 2002 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . * Cf . Genesis Rabbah 50 : 5 , on Gen. 9 : 22 ff . * More generally see M. Kasher , Torah Shelemah , vol. 3 to Gen 19 : 5 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay ( 2011 ) . God Vs. Gay ? The Religious Case for Equality . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780807001592 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay . God vs. Gay . pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality `` , Expository Times 102 ( 1991 ) : 259 - 363 '' . Biblicalstudies.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boswell , John ( 1980 ) . Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July , 2006 , Issue # 029 '' . Ancient Hebrew Research Center . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Business Association . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gn 4 : 1 , 17 , 25 , 24 : 16 , 38 : 26 ; Num 31 : 17 , 18 , 35 ; Jdg 11 : 39 , 19 : 25 , 21 : 11 , 12 ; 1Sam 1 : 19 , 1Ki 1 : 4 , cf . Mt 1 : 25 , Lk 1 : 34 Jump up ^ Jack Bartlet , Rogers ( 2006 ) . Jesus , the Bible , and Homosexuality : Explode the myths , heal the church . Louisville , Kentucky : John Knox Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Howard , Kevin L. `` The Old Testament and Homosexuality '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , David . `` Homosexuality and ' Strange Flesh ' '' ; accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition , pp. 11 - 16 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` The Book of the Secrets of Enoch , Chapters 1 - 68 '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Robert A.J. ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) . `` response to prof. l . William Countryman 's review in Anglican theological review ; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7 '' . Robgagnon.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and Western Tradition , pp. 1 - 28 ; McNeil , Church and the Homosexual , pp. 42 - 50 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , pp. 92 - 97 Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality , Science , and the `` Plain Sense '' of Scripture , Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lv. 18 : 22 ; 26 - 27 , 29 , 30 ; 20 : 13 ; Dt. 23 : 18 ; 24 : 4 1Ki. 14 : 24 ; Ezek. 22 : 11 ; 33 : 26 Jump up ^ cf . Straight & Narrow ? : Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate , Thomas E. Schmidt Jump up ^ Peck , Harry Thurston ( 1898 ) . Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . New York : Harper and Brothers . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mills , Rev. Edward J. `` The Bible and Homosexuality -- Introduction and Overview '' ( PDF ) . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Duran ( 1993 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Kligerman ( 2007 ) pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Quran 07 : 81 ^ Jump up to : Quran 26 : 165 Jump up ^ Quran 29 : 29 Jump up ^ Quran 54 : 33 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 80 Jump up ^ Quran 26 : 168 Jump up ^ Kaltner , John ( 1999 ) . Ishmael Instructs Isaac : An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers . Liturgical Press ( via Google Books ) . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Tafsir Ibn Kathir '' . Quran 26 : 170 - 171 . qtafsir.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sodom and Gomorrah . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodom . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&oldid=815765712 '' Categories : Sodom and Gomorrah Book of Genesis Destroyed cities Biblical phrases LGBT topics and Christianity LGBT topics and Judaism LGBT topics and Islam Torah cities Bible - related controversies Lech - Lecha Vayeira Angelic apparitions in the Bible Sexuality in the Bible Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage አማርኛ বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 20 . 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route of the orient express in the movie			Orient Express	orient express	The Orient Express was a long - distance passenger train service created in 1883 by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits ( CIWL ) .	The route and rolling stock of the Orient Express changed many times . Several routes in the past concurrently used the Orient Express name , or slight variations . Although the original Orient Express was simply a normal international railway service , the name became synonymous with intrigue and luxury travel . The two city names most prominently associated with the Orient Express are Paris and Constantinople ( Istanbul ) , the original endpoints of the timetabled service . The Orient Express was a showcase of luxury and comfort at a time when travelling was still rough and dangerous . In 1977 , the Orient Express stopped serving Istanbul . Its immediate successor , a through overnight service from Paris to Bucharest -- since 1991 only to Budapest , and in 2001 again shortened to Vienna -- ran for the last time from Paris on Friday , June 8 , 2007 . After this , the route , still called the `` Orient Express '' , was shortened to start from Strasbourg instead , occasioned by the inauguration of the LGV Est which afforded much shorter travel times from Paris to Strasbourg . The new curtailed service left Strasbourg at 22 : 20 daily , shortly after the arrival of a TGV from Paris , and was attached at Karlsruhe to the overnight sleeper service from Amsterdam to Vienna . On 14 December 2009 , the Orient Express ceased to operate and the route disappeared from European railway timetables , reportedly a `` victim of high - speed trains and cut - rate airlines '' . The Venice - Simplon Orient Express train , a private venture by Orient - Express Hotels Ltd. using original CIWL carriages from the 1920s and 1930s , continues to run from London to Venice and to other destinations in Europe , including the original route from Paris to Istanbul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) 2 Routes 3 Original train 4 Route legacy 5 Privately run trains using the name 6 CIWL phototheque and historical archives 7 In popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Music 7.5 Games and animation 7.6 Exhibitions 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) ( edit ) CIWL logo In 1882 , Georges Nagelmackers , a Belgian banker 's son , invited guests to a railway trip of 2,000 km ( 1,243 mi ) on his `` Train Eclair de luxe '' ( `` lightning luxury train '' ) . The train left Paris Gare de l'Est on Tuesday , October 10 , 1882 , just after 18 : 30 and arrived in Vienna the next day at 23 : 20 . The return trip left Vienna on Friday , October 13 , 1882 , at 16 : 40 and , as planned , re-entered the Gare de Strasbourg at 20 : 00 on Saturday October 14 , 1882 . Georges Nagelmackers was the founder of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits , which expanded its luxury trains , travel agencies and hotels all over Europe , Asia and North Africa . Its most famous train remains the Orient - Express . The train was composed of : Baggage car Sleeping coach with 16 beds ( with bogies ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Restaurant coach ( nr. 107 ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Baggage car ( complete 101 ton ) The first menu on board ( October 10 , 1882 ) : oysters , soup with Italian pasta , turbot with green sauce , chicken ' à la chasseur ' , fillet of beef with ' château ' potatoes , ' chaud - froid ' of game animals , lettuce , chocolate pudding , buffet of desserts . Orient Express cars , 1930 Routes ( edit ) Historic routes of Orient Express -- the cross denotes the Simplon tunnel Original train ( edit ) The first Orient Express in 1883 On June 5 , 1883 , the first Express d'Orient left Paris for Vienna . Vienna remained the terminus until October 4 , 1883 . The train was officially renamed Orient Express in 1891 . The original route , which first ran on October 4 , 1883 , was from Paris , Gare de l'Est , to Giurgiu in Romania via Munich and Vienna . At Giurgiu , passengers were ferried across the Danube to Ruse , Bulgaria , to pick up another train to Varna . They then completed their journey to Constantinople by ferry . In 1885 , another route began operations , this time reaching Istanbul via rail from Vienna to Belgrade and Niš , carriage to Plovdiv and rail again to Istanbul . WL Orient Express In 1889 , the train 's eastern terminus became Varna in Bulgaria , where passengers could take a ship to Constantinople . On June 1 , 1889 , the first direct train to Istanbul left Paris ( Gare de l'Est ) . Istanbul remained its easternmost stop until May 19 , 1977 . The eastern terminus was the Sirkeci Terminal by the Golden Horn . Ferry service from piers next to the terminal would take passengers across the Bosphorus to Haydarpaşa Terminal , the terminus of the Asian lines of the Ottoman Railways . The onset of World War I in 1914 saw Orient Express services suspended . They resumed at the end of hostilities in 1918 , and in 1919 the opening of the Simplon Tunnel allowed the introduction of a more southerly route via Milan , Venice and Trieste . The service on this route was known as the Simplon Orient Express , and it ran in addition to continuing services on the old route . The Treaty of Saint - Germain contained a clause requiring Austria to accept this train : formerly , Austria allowed international services to pass through Austrian territory ( which included Trieste at the time ) only if they ran via Vienna . The Simplon Orient Express soon became the most important rail route between Paris and Istanbul . Badge of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits on a car of the Orient Express The 1930s saw the Orient Express services at its most popular , with three parallel services running : the Orient Express , the Simplon Orient Express , and also the Arlberg Orient Express , which ran via Zürich and Innsbruck to Budapest , with sleeper cars running onwards from there to Bucharest and Athens . During this time , the Orient Express acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury , carrying sleeping - cars with permanent service and restaurant cars known for the quality of their cuisine . Royalty , nobles , diplomats , business people and the bourgeoisie in general patronized it . Each of the Orient Express services also incorporated sleeping cars which had run from Calais to Paris , thus extending the service right from one edge of continental Europe to the other . WL Golden Arrow The start of the Second World War in 1939 again interrupted the service , which did not resume until 1945 . During the war , the German Mitropa company had run some services on the route through the Balkans , but Yugoslav Partisans frequently sabotaged the track , forcing a stop to this service . Following the end of the war , normal services resumed except on the Athens leg , where the closure of the border between Yugoslavia and Greece prevented services from running . That border re-opened in 1951 , but the closure of the Bulgarian -- Turkish border from 1951 to 1952 prevented services running to Istanbul during that time . As the Iron Curtain fell across Europe , the service continued to run , but the Communist nations increasingly replaced the Wagon - Lits cars with carriages run by their own railway services . Luggage tag By 1962 , the Orient Express and Arlberg Orient Express had stopped running , leaving only the Simplon Orient Express . This was replaced in 1962 by a slower service called the Direct Orient Express , which ran daily cars from Paris to Belgrade , and twice weekly services from Paris to Istanbul and Athens . In 1971 , the Wagon - Lits company stopped running carriages itself and making revenues from a ticket supplement . Instead , it sold or leased all its carriages to the various national railway companies , but continued to provide staff for the carriages. 1976 saw the withdrawal of the Paris -- Athens direct service , and in 1977 , the Direct Orient Express was withdrawn completely , with the last Paris -- Istanbul service running on May 19 of that year . The withdrawal of the Direct Orient Express was thought by many to signal the end of Orient Express as a whole , but in fact a service under this name continued to run from Paris to Bucharest as before ( via Strasbourg , Munich , and Budapest ) . However , a through sleeping car from Paris to Bucharest -- and even eastwards from Vienna -- was only operated until 1982 , and also a through seating car was only operated seasonally . This meant , that Paris -- Budapest and Vienna -- Bucharest coaches were running overlapped , so a journey was only possible with changing carriages -- despite the unchanged name and numbering of the train . In 1991 the Budapest - Bucharest leg of the train was canceled , the new final station has become Budapest . In the summer season of 1999 and 2000 a sleeping car from Bucharest to Paris reappeared twice a week -- now operated by CFR . This continued until 2001 , when the service was cut back to just Paris -- Vienna , already in EuroNight quality -- but in both cases the coaches were in fact rather attached to a Paris -- Strasbourg express . This service continued daily , listed in the timetables under the name Orient Express , until June 8 , 2007 . With the opening of the LGV Est Paris -- Strasbourg high speed rail line on June 10 , 2007 , the Orient Express service was further cut back to Strasbourg -- Vienna , departing nightly at 22 : 20 from Strasbourg , and still bearing the name , but lost the number 262 / 263 which was owned for decades . The remains of the train had a convenient connection from / to the Strasbourg - Paris TGV , but due to the less flexible prices the changing has become less attractive . In the last years through coaches between Vienna and Karlsruhe ( continuing first to Dortmund , then to Amsterdam and finally -- partly from Budapest -- to Frankfurt ) were attached . The very last train with the name Orient - Express ( now with a hyphen ) has departed from Vienna at the 10th December 2009 , and one day later from Strasbourg . The Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul Route Legacy ( edit ) Though the final service ran only from Strasbourg to Vienna , it was possible to retrace the entire original Orient Express route with four trains : Paris -- Strasbourg , Strasbourg -- Vienna , Vienna -- Belgrade and Belgrade - Istanbul , each of which were operated daily . Other routes from Paris to Istanbul exist even today , such as Paris -- Munich -- Budapest -- Bucharest -- Istanbul , or Paris -- Zürich -- Belgrade -- Istanbul , all of which have comparable travel times of approximately 60 hours without delays . Train services across the border to Turkey were stopped through several years due to construction works , but they were reintroduced in June 2017 , however , ending in Istanbul 's suburb Halkali , from where a transfer bus is provided to the city centre . The luxurious dining car , where scenes for Murder on the Orient Express and other movies were filmed , is now in the OSE museum of Thessalonica . The local authorities plan to refit the train to make it available for tourist use around the Balkans in the near future . Privately run trains using the name ( edit ) In 1976 the Swiss travel company `` Intraflug AG '' has first hired , then also bought several CIWL - carriages , and operated them as Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express from Zürich to Istanbul . In 1983 the 100 . anniversary of the Orient - Express was celebrated by a trip of this train from Paris to Istanbul , and in 1988 it has run to Hong Kong via the Soviet Union and China . From there it was transferred by ferry to Japan , and used there for some excursions after regauging . After the failure of the American European Express ( see below ) Intraflug has become bankrupt , and the carriages were taken over by the Reisebüro Mittelthurgau . The sleeping cars and some other coaches ( Pullmans , dining cars , luggage vans ) were transferred to Russia and used between Moscow and the Mongolian - Chinese border . ( The adjacent Chinese train was also branded for a while as China Orient Express , nowadays it 's known as Shangri - La Express . ) The remaining vehicles were used in Germany and Switzerland as diner trains until the company 's 2003 bankruptcy . Since then the trains are standing unused in different countries , as the new owners have got problems with operations due to a lawsuit about the usage rights of the name Orient Express . In 1982 , the Venice - Simplon Orient Express was established as a private venture , running restored 1920s and 1930s carriages from London to Venice . This service runs between March and November , and is firmly aimed at leisure travellers , with tickets costing over $3,120 per person from London to Venice ( via Paris , Zürich , Innsbruck and Verona -- also despite its name the train is running via the Brenner Pass instead of the Simplon tunnel ) including meals . Two or three times a year Prague or Vienna and Budapest is also accessed , starting from Venice , and returning to Paris and London . Every September the train also goes from London and Paris to Istanbul via Budapest , Sinaia and Bucharest -- in the last three cities a sightseeing ( and in the two capitals an overnight in hotel ) also takes place -- the return trip on the same route ends up in Venice . While the above - mentioned routes are available in almost every years , some seasons have also included unique destinations , among them Cologne , Rome , Florence , Lucerne , the High Tatras , Cracow , Dresden , Copenhagen and Stockholm . Such a journey is provided currently to Berlin . Venice - Simplon Orient Express in Poland , in 2007 The company also offers a similarly themed luxury train in Singapore , Malaysia and Thailand called the Eastern and Oriental Express , and operates other luxury overnight trains in Scotland , Ireland and Peru . The Pullman Orient Express was established by the CIWL in 1994 . This train has only Pullman and dining cars , but no sleepers . It 's used for gourmet trips in France . After the legal disputes about the name it was taken over by the SNCF and operated since then as Pullman Orient - Express . In North America , the American Orient Express , formerly the American European Express and later GrandLuxe Express , operated several train sets in charter service between 1989 and 2008 . Orient Express poster CIWL phototheque and historical archives ( edit ) The CIWL archives contain more than 100 years of posters , photos , plans and communication material that represents a tremendous interest for cultural , academic or commercial projects . Creators and artists have been hired by CIWL since 1883 in order to create luxury conditions and comfort in travel , as well as a particular graphic style that is now recognized worldwide by its quality . Great efforts have been made to digitalize images ( photos , plans and posters ) , although vast paper archives remain preserved , waiting to be sorted and classified in the future . As of today , available digital archives consist of more than 250 CIWL posters , 800 PLM posters and more than 6,000 archive photos , representing probably one of the most extensive poster collections in the world with works dating from the end of the 19th century to the late 1950s . These archives are regularly used for all types of publishing and media projects , all over the world , as well as cultural events ( see below : Exhibition ) . Plan of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits teapot In popular culture ( edit ) The glamour and rich history of the Orient Express has frequently lent itself to the plot of books and films and as the subject of television documentaries . Literature ( edit ) Dracula ( 1897 ) by Bram Stoker : whilst Dracula escapes from England to Varna by sea , the cabal sworn to destroy him travels to Paris and takes the Orient Express , arriving in Varna ahead of him . Stamboul Train ( 1932 ) by Graham Greene The short story `` Have You Got Everything You Want ? '' ( 1933 ) , by Agatha Christie Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) by Agatha Christie is one of the best known stories related to the Orient Express . It takes place on the Simplon Orient Express . Oriënt - Express ( 1934 ) a novel by A. den Doolaard : it takes place in Macedonia . From Russia , with Love ( 1957 ) by Ian Fleming Travels with My Aunt ( 1969 ) by Graham Greene Paul Theroux ( 1975 ) devotes a chapter of The Great Railway Bazaar to his journey from Paris to Istanbul on the Direct - Orient Express . The Orient Express ( 1992 ) a novel by Gregor von Rezzori follows a European American who , having ridden the original Orient Express in his youth , returns late in life to ride the refurbished version . Flashman and the Tiger ( 1999 ) by George MacDonald Fraser : Sir Harry Paget Flashman travels on the train 's first journey as a guest of the journalist Henri Blowitz . The Orient Express appeared in the 2004 novel Lionboy and its sequel Lionboy : The Case by Zizou Corder . Charlie Ashanti was stowing away on the train on his way to Venice when he met King Boris of Bulgaria . The short story `` On the Orient , North '' by Ray Bradbury The Orient Express appeared as a technologically advanced ( for its time ) train in the book Behemoth , by Scott Westerfeld . Thea Stilton And The Mystery On The Orient Express by Elisabetta Dami Film ( edit ) Orient Express ( 1934 ) : film adaptation of Graham Greene 's Stamboul Train . Orient Express ( 1944 ) : Germany ; released on March 8 , 1945 , likely the last date a new movie was shown in Nazi Germany . Sleeping Car to Trieste ( 1948 ) : Film by the Rank Organization , story by Clifford Grey , a stolen diplomatic document is the quest of some various groups on the Orient Express from Paris to Trieste . Copyright by Two Cities Films LTD . Orient Express ( 1954 ) , whose plot revolves around a two - day stop at a village in the Alps by passengers on the Orient Express . From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) : James Bond 's fight with a rival spy is set aboard the train . Istanbul Express ( 1968 ) : thriller , made for television , starring Gene Barry . Travels with My Aunt ( 1972 ) : Henry Pulling accompanies his aunt , Augusta Bertram , on a trip from London to Turkey . The two board the Orient Express in Paris ; the train takes them to Turkey ( though they disembark briefly at the Milan stop ) . Minder on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) is a comedy / thriller television film made as a spin - off from the successful television series Minder . It was first broadcast on Christmas Day 1985 , as the highlight of that year 's ITV Christmas schedule . Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , ( 2001 ) , ( 2010 ) and ( 2017 ) : Film adaptations of the Agatha Christie novel . Romance on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) : TV movie with Cheryl Ladd . 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Death , Deceit and Destiny Aboard the Orient Express ( 2000 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) : Mr. Fogg rides aboard the train to Istanbul . Orient Express ( 2004 ) WL agences de voyages Television ( edit ) Orient Express was a syndicated TV series in the early - to - mid-1950s . Filmed in Europe , its half - hour dramas featured such stars as Paul Lukas , Jean - Pierre Aumont , Geraldine Brooks , and Erich von Stroheim . Daylight Robbery on the Orient Express , an episode of the award - winning British comedy television series The Goodies was first broadcast on 5 October 1976 and is partially set aboard the train . Mystery on the Orient Express : a television special featuring illusionist David Copperfield . During the special , Copperfield rode aboard the train and , at its conclusion , made the dining car seemingly disappear . `` The Istambul Train '' , `` Il treno d'Istanbul '' ( 1980 ) Hungarian - Italian television series `` Stamboul Train '' original title by Graham Greene ( 1932 ) . `` Minder on the Orient Express '' ( 1985 ) : a special episode of the long - running ITV sit - com Minder . Whicker 's World -- Aboard The Orient Express : Travel journalist Alan Whicker joined the inaugural service of the Venice - Simplon Orient Express to Venice in 1982 , interviewing invited guests and celebrities along the way . Gavin Stamp 's Orient Express : in 2007 UK 's Five broadcast an arts / travel series which saw the historian journey from Paris to Istanbul along the old Orient Express route . The 1987 cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles had an episode entitled `` Turtles on the Orient Express '' . As the title suggests it is primarily based on the train . The 1995 cartoon Madeline had an episode entitled Madeline on the Orient Express , where a chef stole a snake . The episode `` Emergence '' of the science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation partially takes place on a Holodeck representation of the Orient Express . On the May 15 , 2007 broadcast of Jeopardy ! , the think music was played by a person on the train 's piano , since the Final Jeopardy clue was about the Orient Express . In the British soap opera EastEnders , in 1986 , characters Den and Angie Watts spent their honeymoon on the train . It was also where it was revealed that Angie was lying about her illness , preceding the ultimate storyline on Christmas Day 1986 . `` Aboard the Orient Express '' Get Smart series 1 , episode 13 is set on the Orient Express , though filmed on set . In one episode of the British cartoon series Danger Mouse , called `` Dangermouse on the Orient Express '' ( a parody of Murder on the Orient Express ) , Dangermouse and Penfold travel on the train on their way back to London from Venice . Dangermouse 's arch enemy Greenback is also on the train . In an episode of the television series Chuck , Chuck and Sarah decide to go AWOL and take a trip on the Orient Express . At the end of the Doctor Who episode `` The Big Bang '' , the Doctor receives a call for help from the `` Orient Express -- in space '' . This setting is used in the episode `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' , including a reference to the ending of `` The Big Bang '' , four years later . In episode 15 of television series Forever ( U.S. TV series ) , Dr. Henry Morgan traveled from Budapest to Istanbul with his wife Abigail Morgan on his honeymoon in 1955 . He performed an appendectomy on a member of the fictional Urkesh royalty . The Backyardigans episode `` Le Master of Disguise '' features the Orient Express , showing Uniqua , Pablo , Austin , Tasha , and Tyrone going to Istanbul from Paris . In an episode titled Murder on the Orient Express of Agatha Christie 's Poirot , Poirot investigates the murder of a shady American businessman stabbed in his compartment on the Orient Express when it is blocked by a blizzard in Croatia . Michael Palin 's Around The World In Eighty Days ( 1988 ) . Michael Palin travelled on the Orient Express in episode 1 from London Victoria to Innsbruck using a ferry across the English Channel from Folkestone . The train did n't continue on to Venice because of a strike on the Italian railways . Music ( edit ) Alex Otterlei 's `` Horror on the Orient Express '' is inspired by the Call of Cthulhu RPG . The integral symphonic version was released on CD in 2002 , a 26 - minute Suite for Concert Band was published in 2012 . Orient Expressions : Musical group from Turkey who combine traditional Turkish music with elements of electronica . The Jean Michel Jarre album The Concerts in China has a track entitled `` Orient Express '' as track 1 of disc 2 , though the relation to the train is unknown . A concert band piece , Orient Express is written by Philip Sparke . There was a band based in Hawaii called Liz Damon 's Orient Express . Games and animation ( edit ) Sources : The role - playing game Call of Cthulhu RPG used the train for one of its more famous campaigns , Horror on the Orient Express . The TSR role - playing game Top Secret had a 1983 module based on the Orient titled `` Operation Orient Express '' . Heart of China has a final sequence in the Orient Express . An action scene takes place on the roof . The Orient Express plays host to an adventure game by Jordan Mechner : The Last Express is a murder mystery game set around the last ride of the Orient Express before it suspended operations at the start of World War I. Robert Cath , an American doctor wanted by French police as he is suspected of the murder of an Irish police officer , becomes involved in a maelstrom of treachery , lies , political conspiracies , personal interests , romance and murder . The game has 30 characters representing a cross-section of European forces at the time . The Adventure Company developed a point - and - click adventure based on Agatha Christie 's novel , Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express . The 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon spent the better part of an episode on the train . In 1994 's season 1 episode of Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego ? called , `` The Gold Old Bad Days '' , Carmen Sandiego and her V.I.L.E. gang are given a challenge to do something low tech by The Player robbery . Carmen 's goal is the train . The train is featured in Microsoft Train Simulator , where its route is a 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) section from Innsbruck to Sankt Anton am Arlberg in Austria . The Orient Express was featured in two scenarios in the Railroad Tycoon series : In Railroad Tycoon II , players get to connect Paris to Constantinople in a territory buying challenge . In Railroad Tycoon 3 players need to connect Vienna to Istanbul . The Orient Express cars were made available for download to use in Auran 's Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 or later versions by the content creation group : FMA . In the game Crash Bandicoot 3 : Warped for PS1 , the third level ( which is Asian - themed ) is named after Orient Express . The first scenes of The Raven : Legacy of a Master Thief , a 2013 game for PC , involve a mystery set amongst train carriages inspired by the Orient Express . The entire Orient Express set was used in the Facebook game , TrainStation . The Orient Express is a usable engine and caboose in the mobile game Tiny Rails . Exhibitions ( edit ) Il était une fois l'Orient Express , 30 April -- 22 June 2014 . Arab World Institute , Paris , France See also ( edit ) Lists of named passenger trains Orient - Express Hotels The Last Express References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orient - Express Jump up ^ Orient Express : attention au départ ^ Jump up to : Zax , David ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` A Brief History of the Orient Express '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Calder , Simon ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` Murder of the Orient Express -- End of the line for celebrated train service '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of the Orient Express '' . Agatha Christie Limited . 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' hidden europe ' magazine e-news Issue 2007 / 15 '' . 2007 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express Takes Its Final Trip '' . NPR . December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Jump up ^ Lambert , Anthony ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` The Orient - Express : Great Train Journeys '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Piegsa - quischotte , Inke . `` Memories of the Orient Express '' . Travel Through History . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mark . `` A history of the Orient Express '' . Seat Sixty One . www.seat61.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express -- Across Europe from London to Istanbul '' . Eng Rail History . engrailhistory.info . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Unauthorized use of CIWL property is illegal . For any request , contact www.wagons-lits-diffusion.com ^ Jump up to : Wagons - Lits Diffusion Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120972/releaseinfo?ref_=ttrel_ql_2 Jump up ^ Ninjaturtles : Turtles on the Orient Express Jump up ^ http://www.imarabe.org/exposition-ima-11859 Bibliography ( edit ) James B. Sherwood ; Ivan Fallon ( 13 April 2012 ) . Orient - Express : A Personal Journey . Robson Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84954 - 187 - 9 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Orient Express : The Life and Times of the World 's Most Famous Train by EH Cookridge . Detail from a copy of the first publication of the book with black and white plates by Allen Lane London in 1979 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 1271 - 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orient Express . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Orient Express . Orient - Express Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Luxury Train Wagons - Lits Diffusion , management of CIWL brands and historical archives Brief youtube video about the VSOE Belmond Website `` Life Rides the Simplon - Orient Express '' , Life , Sept. 11 , 1950 , pp. 137 - 145 `` Jack Birns photographs the Simplon Orient Express in 1950 : Part 2 , France '' , Retours , February 2013 - more photographs from the Life archives ; cutaway drawing of a sleeping car ; route map `` Simplon Orient Express , 1956 '' , by Marcel Bluwal , film on YouTube posted by Retours.eu Collection PPCWL of Wagons - Lits objetcs NDL : 01187105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orient_Express&oldid=841421862 '' Categories : Orient Express 1883 establishments in Europe 2009 disestablishments in Europe International named passenger trains Night trains Ottoman railways Railway services introduced in 1883 Railway services discontinued in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 19 : 03 . 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fast movement of charge from one object to another			Static electricity	static electricity	Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material . The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge . Static electricity is named in contrast with current electricity , which flows through wires or other conductors and transmits energy .	A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and separate , and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current ( and is therefore an electrical insulator ) . The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel , hear , and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor ( for example , a path to ground ) , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity ( positive or negative ) . The familiar phenomenon of a static shock -- more specifically , an electrostatic discharge -- is caused by the neutralization of charge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes of static electricity 2 Removal and prevention of static electricity 3 Static discharge 3.1 Lightning 3.2 Electronic components 3.3 Static build - up in flowing flammable and ignitable materials 3.3. 1 Fueling operations 3.4 Static discharge in space exploration 3.5 Ozone cracking 4 Energies involved 5 Applications of static electricity 6 See also 7 References Causes of static electricity Materials are made of atoms that are normally electrically neutral because they contain equal numbers of positive charges ( protons in their nuclei ) and negative charges ( electrons in `` shells '' surrounding the nucleus ) . The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges . When two materials are in contact , electrons may move from one material to the other , which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material , and an equal negative charge on the other . When the materials are separated they retain this charge imbalance . Contact - induced charge separation Styrofoam peanuts clinging to a cat 's fur due to static electricity . The triboelectric effect causes an electrostatic charge to build up on the fur due to the cat 's motions . The electric field of the charge causes polarization of the molecules of the styrofoam due to electrostatic induction , resulting in a slight attraction of the light plastic pieces to the charged fur . This effect is also the cause of static cling in clothes . Main article : Triboelectric effect Electrons can be exchanged between materials on contact ; materials with weakly bound electrons tend to lose them while materials with sparsely filled outer shells tend to gain them . This is known as the triboelectric effect and results in one material becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged . The polarity and strength of the charge on a material once they are separated depends on their relative positions in the triboelectric series . The triboelectric effect is the main cause of static electricity as observed in everyday life , and in common high - school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together ( e.g. , fur against an acrylic rod ) . Contact - induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes `` static cling '' ( for example , a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged ; when near a wall , the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall , and can `` cling '' to it , appearing to be suspended against gravity ) . Pressure - induced charge separation Main article : Piezoelectric effect Applied mechanical stress generates a separation of charge in certain types of crystals and ceramics molecules . Heat - induced charge separation Main article : Pyroelectric effect Heating generates a separation of charge in the atoms or molecules of certain materials . All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric . The atomic or molecular properties of heat and pressure response are closely related . Charge - induced charge separation Main article : Electrostatic induction A charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object causes a separation of charge within the neutral object . Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted . As the force due to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance , the effect of the closer ( opposite polarity ) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction . The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around . Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge - induced charge separation can permanently add or remove electrons , leaving the object with a global , permanent charge . This process is integral to the workings of the Van de Graaff generator , a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects of static electricity . Removal and prevention of static electricity Main articles : Antistatic agent and Antistatic device Removing or preventing a buildup of static charge can be as simple as opening a window or using a humidifier to increase the moisture content of the air , making the atmosphere more conductive . Air ionizers can perform the same task . Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated with the application of an antistatic agent , which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed . Fabric softeners and dryer sheets used in washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antistatic agent used to prevent and remove static cling . Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge . Conductive antistatic bags are commonly used to protect such components . People who work on circuits that contain these devices often ground themselves with a conductive antistatic strap . In the industrial settings such as paint or flour plants as well as in hospitals , antistatic safety boots are sometimes used to prevent a buildup of static charge due to contact with the floor . These shoes have soles with good conductivity . Anti-static shoes should not be confused with insulating shoes , which provide exactly the opposite benefit -- some protection against serious electric shocks from the mains voltage . A network card inside an antistatic bag . An antistatic wrist strap with crocodile clip . Static discharge This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Electrostatic discharge and Corona discharge The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge , or simply static discharge , as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings . The feeling of an electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body . The energy stored as static electricity on an object varies depending on the size of the object and its capacitance , the voltage to which it is charged , and the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium . For modelling the effect of static discharge on sensitive electronic devices , a human being is represented as a capacitor of 100 picofarads , charged to a voltage of 4000 to 35000 volts . When touching an object this energy is discharged in less than a microsecond . While the total energy is small , on the order of millijoules , it can still damage sensitive electronic devices . Larger objects will store more energy , which may be directly hazardous to human contact or which may give a spark that can ignite flammable gas or dust . Lightning Natural static discharge Main article : Lightning Lightning is a dramatic natural example of static discharge . While the details are unclear and remain a subject of debate , the initial charge separation is thought to be associated with contact between ice particles within storm clouds . In general , significant charge accumulations can only persist in regions of low electrical conductivity ( very few charges free to move in the surroundings ) , hence the flow of neutralizing charges often results from neutral atoms and molecules in the air being torn apart to form separate positive and negative charges , which travel in opposite directions as an electric current , neutralizing the original accumulation of charge . The static charge in air typically breaks down in this way at around 10,000 volts per centimeter ( 10 kV / cm ) depending on humidity . The discharge superheats the surrounding air causing the bright flash , and produces a shock wave causing the clicking sound . The lightning bolt is simply a scaled - up version of the sparks seen in more domestic occurrences of static discharge . The flash occurs because the air in the discharge channel is heated to such a high temperature that it emits light by incandescence . The clap of thunder is the result of the shock wave created as the superheated air expands explosively . Electronic components Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are very sensitive to the presence of static electricity and can be damaged by a static discharge . The use of an antistatic strap is mandatory for researchers manipulating nanodevices . Further precautions can be taken by taking off shoes with thick rubber soles and permanently staying with a metallic ground . Static build - up in flowing flammable and ignitable materials Static electricity is a major hazard when refueling aircraft . Discharge of static electricity can create severe hazards in those industries dealing with flammable substances , where a small electrical spark might ignite explosive mixtures . The flowing movement of finely powdered substances or low conductivity fluids in pipes or through mechanical agitation can build up static electricity . The flow of granules of material like sand down a plastic chute can transfer charge , which can be easily measured using a multimeter connected to metal foil lining the chute at intervals , and can be roughly proportional to particulate flow . Dust clouds of finely powdered substances can become combustible or explosive . When there is a static discharge in a dust or vapor cloud , explosions have occurred . Among the major industrial incidents that have occurred are : a grain silo in southwest France , a paint plant in Thailand , a factory making fiberglass moldings in Canada , a storage tank explosion in Glenpool , Oklahoma in 2003 , and a portable tank filling operation and a tank farm in Des Moines , Iowa and Valley Center , Kansas in 2007 . The ability of a fluid to retain an electrostatic charge depends on its electrical conductivity . When low conductivity fluids flow through pipelines or are mechanically agitated , contact - induced charge separation called flow electrification occurs . Fluids that have low electrical conductivity ( below 50 picosiemens per meter ) , are called accumulators . Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS / m are called non-accumulators . In non-accumulators , charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge accumulation is not significant . In the petrochemical industry , 50 pS / m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid . Kerosines may have conductivity ranging from less than 1 picosiemens per meter to 20 pS / m . For comparison , deionized water has a conductivity of about 10,000,000 pS / m or 10 μS / m . Transformer oil is part of the electrical insulation system of large power transformers and other electrical apparatus . Re-filling of large apparatus requires precautions against electrostatic charging of the fluid , which may damage sensitive transformer insulation . An important concept for insulating fluids is the static relaxation time . This is similar to the time constant τ ( tau ) within an RC circuit . For insulating materials , it is the ratio of the static dielectric constant divided by the electrical conductivity of the material . For hydrocarbon fluids , this is sometimes approximated by dividing the number 18 by the electrical conductivity of the fluid . Thus a fluid that has an electrical conductivity of 1 pS / m has an estimated relaxation time of about 18 seconds . The excess charge in a fluid dissipates almost completely after four to five times the relaxation time , or 90 seconds for the fluid in the above example . Charge generation increases at higher fluid velocities and larger pipe diameters , becoming quite significant in pipes 8 inches ( 200 mm ) or larger . Static charge generation in these systems is best controlled by limiting fluid velocity . The British standard BS PD CLC / TR 50404 : 2003 ( formerly BS - 5958 - Part 2 ) Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity prescribes pipe flow velocity limits . Because water content has a large impact on the fluids dielectric constant , the recommended velocity for hydrocarbon fluids containing water should be limited to 1 meter per second . Bonding and earthing are the usual ways charge buildup can be prevented . For fluids with electrical conductivity below 10 pS / m , bonding and earthing are not adequate for charge dissipation , and anti-static additives may be required . Fueling operations The flowing movement of flammable liquids like gasoline inside a pipe can build up static electricity . Non-polar liquids such as gasoline , toluene , xylene , diesel , kerosene and light crude oils exhibit significant ability for charge accumulation and charge retention during high velocity flow . Electrostatic discharges can ignite the fuel vapor . When the electrostatic discharge energy is high enough , it can ignite a fuel vapor and air mixture . Different fuels have different flammable limits and require different levels of electrostatic discharge energy to ignite . Electrostatic discharge while fueling with gasoline is a present danger at gas stations . Fires have also been started at airports while refueling aircraft with kerosene . New grounding technologies , the use of conducting materials , and the addition of anti-static additives help to prevent or safely dissipate the buildup of static electricity . The flowing movement of gases in pipes alone creates little , if any , static electricity . It is envisaged that a charge generation mechanism only occurs when solid particles or liquid droplets are carried in the gas stream . Static discharge in space exploration Due to the extremely low humidity in extraterrestrial environments , very large static charges can accumulate , causing a major hazard for the complex electronics used in space exploration vehicles . Static electricity is thought to be a particular hazard for astronauts on planned missions to the Moon and Mars . Walking over the extremely dry terrain could cause them to accumulate a significant amount of charge ; reaching out to open the airlock on their return could cause a large static discharge , potentially damaging sensitive electronics . Ozone cracking Ozone cracking in natural rubber tubing A static discharge in the presence of air or oxygen can create ozone . Ozone can degrade rubber parts . Many elastomers are sensitive to ozone cracking . Exposure to ozone creates deep penetrative cracks in critical components like gaskets and O - rings . Fuel lines are also susceptible to the problem unless preventive action is taken . Preventive measures include adding anti-ozonants to the rubber mix , or using an ozone - resistant elastomer . Fires from cracked fuel lines have been a problem on vehicles , especially in the engine compartments where ozone can be produced by electrical equipment . Energies involved The energy released in a static electricity discharge may vary over a wide range . The energy in joules can be calculated from the capacitance ( C ) of the object and the static potential V in volts ( V ) by the formula E = 1⁄2CV . One experimenter estimates the capacitance of the human body as high as 400 picofarads , and a charge of 50,000 volts , discharged e.g. during touching a charged car , creating a spark with energy of 500 millijoules . Another estimate is 100 -- 300 pF and 20,000 volts , producing a maximum energy of 60 mJ . IEC 479 - 2 : 1987 states that a discharge with energy greater than 5000 mJ is a direct serious risk to human health . IEC 60065 states that consumer products can not discharge more than 350 mJ into a person . The maximum potential is limited to about 35 -- 40 kV , due to corona discharge dissipating the charge at higher potentials . Potentials below 3000 volts are not typically detectable by humans . Maximum potential commonly achieved on human body range between 1 and 10 kV , though in optimal conditions as high as 20 -- 25 kV can be reached . Low relative humidity increases the charge buildup ; walking 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) on vinyl floor at 15 % relative humidity causes buildup of voltage up to 12 kilovolts , while at 80 % humidity the voltage is only 1.5 kV . As little as 0.2 millijoules may present an ignition hazard ; such low spark energy is often below the threshold of human visual and auditory perception . Typical ignition energies are : 0.017 mJ for hydrogen 0.2 - 2 mJ for hydrocarbon vapors 1 -- 50 mJ for fine flammable dust 40 -- 1000 mJ for coarse flammable dust . The energy needed to damage most electronic devices is between 2 and 1000 nanojoules . A relatively small energy , often as little as 0.2 -- 2 millijoules , is needed to ignite a flammable mixture of a fuel and air . For the common industrial hydrocarbon gases and solvents , the minimum ignition energy required for ignition of vapor - air mixture is lowest for the vapor concentration roughly in the middle between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit , and rapidly increases as the concentration deviates from this optimum to either side . Aerosols of flammable liquids may be ignited well below their flash point . Generally , liquid aerosols with particle sizes below 10 micrometers behave like vapors , particle sizes above 40 micrometers behave more like flammable dusts . Typical minimum flammable concentrations of aerosols lay between 15 and 50 g / m . Similarly , presence of foam on the surface of a flammable liquid significantly increases ignitability . Aerosol of flammable dust can be ignited as well , resulting in a dust explosion ; the lower explosive limit usually lies between 50 and 1000 g / m ; finer dusts tend to be more explosive and requiring less spark energy to set off . Simultaneous presence of flammable vapors and flammable dust can significantly decrease the ignition energy ; a mere 1 vol. % of propane in air can reduce the required ignition energy of dust by 100 times . Higher than normal oxygen content in atmosphere also significantly lowers the ignition energy . There are five types of electrical discharges : Spark , responsible for the majority of industrial fires and explosions where static electricity is involved . Sparks occur between objects at different electric potentials . Good grounding of all parts of the equipment and precautions against charge buildups on equipment and personnel are used as prevention measures . Brush discharge occurs from a nonconductive charged surface or highly charged nonconductive liquids . The energy is limited to roughly 4 millijoules . To be hazardous , the voltage involved must be above about 20 kilovolts , the surface polarity must be negative , a flammable atmosphere must be present at the point of discharge , and the discharge energy must be sufficient for ignition . Further , because surfaces have a maximum charge density , an area of at least 100 cm has to be involved . This is not considered to be a hazard for dust clouds . Propagating brush discharge is high in energy and dangerous . Occurs when an insulating surface of up to 8 mm thick ( e.g. a teflon or glass lining of a grounded metal pipe or a reactor ) is subjected to a large charge buildup between the opposite surfaces , acting as a large - area capacitor . Cone discharge , also called bulking brush discharge , occurs over surfaces of charged powders with resistivity above 10 ohms , or also deep through the powder mass . Cone discharges are n't usually observed in dust volumes below 1 m . The energy involved depends on the grain size of the powder and the charge magnitude , and can reach up to 20 mJ . Larger dust volumes produce higher energies . Corona discharge , considered non-hazardous . Applications of static electricity This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Static electricity is commonly used in xerography , air filters ( particularly electrostatic precipitators ) , automotive paints , photocopiers , paint sprayers , theaters , flooring in operating theaters , powder testing , printers , static bonding and aircraft refueling . See also Look up static electricity in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Electrical charge Electrostatics Electrostatic generator Electrostatic discharge Triboelectrification Wimshurst machine Van de Graaff generator References Jump up ^ Dhogal ( 1986 ) . Basic Electrical Engineering , Volume 1 . Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 451586 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ionizers and Static Eliminators '' . GlobalSpec. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fabric Softener and Static '' . Ask a Scientist , General Science Archive . US Department of Energy . 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Antistatic Bags for Parts . PC Chop Shop . John Wiley and Sons . 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7821 - 4360 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Antistatic Wrist Strap . PC Chop Shop . John Wiley and Sons . 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7821 - 4360 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Safetoes : Safety Footwear '' . Safetoes . Trojan Tooling. 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Carlos Hernando Díaz , Sung - Mo Kang , Charvaka Duvvury , Modeling of electrical overstress in integrated circuits Springer , 1995 ISBN 0 - 7923 - 9505 - 0 page 5 Jump up ^ J.J. Lowke ( 1992 ) . `` Theory of electrical breakdown in air '' . Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 25 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 210 . Bibcode : 1992JPhD ... 25 ... 202L . doi : 10.1088 / 0022 - 3727 / 25 / 2 / 012 . Jump up ^ Kassebaum , J.H. & Kocken , R.A. ( 1995 ) . `` Controlling Static Electricity in Hazardous ( Classified ) Locations '' . Petroleum and Chemical Industry 42nd Annual Conference Papers : 105 -- 113 . doi : 10.1109 / PCICON. 1995.523945 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 2909 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John P. ; Clavijo , Fernando Rangel Electrostatic charge generation during impeller mixing of used transformer oil Department of Nuclear Engineering , Safety Engineering and Industrial Hygiene Program , Texas A&M University , College Station , online 21 August 2000 ; accessed Jan 2009 doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3886 ( 00 ) 00019 - X Jump up ^ Downie , Neil A. , Exploding Disk Cannons , Slimemobiles and 32 Other Projects for Saturday Science ( Johns Hopkins University Press ( 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8506 - 8 , chapter 33 , pages 259 - 266 `` Electric Sand '' Jump up ^ Hearn , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` Static electricity : concern in the pharmaceutical industry ? '' . Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today . 1 ( 7 ) : 286 -- 287 . doi : 10.1016 / S1461 - 5347 ( 98 ) 00078 - 9 . Jump up ^ Storage Tank Explosion and Fire in Glenpool , Oklahoma April 7 , 2003 National Transportation Safety Board Jump up ^ Static Spark Ignites Flammable Liquid during Portable Tank Filling Operation Chemical Safety Board October 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ Egorov , V.N. ( 1970 ) . `` Electrification of petroleum fuels '' ( PDF ) . Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel. 4 : 20 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Chevron Corporation Aviation Fuels Technical Review 2006 , accessed Dec 2008 Jump up ^ Hearn , Graham Static electricity -- guidance for Plant Engineers -- Wolfson Electrostatics University of Southampton 2002 ; accessed Dec 2008 Jump up ^ `` CarCare -- Auto Clinic '' Popular Mechanics , April 2003 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Kinzing , G.E. , ' Electrostatic Effects in Pneumatic Transport : Assessment , Magnitudes and Future Direction ' , Journal Pipelines , 4 , 95 -- 102 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Crackling Planets '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nomograms for capacitive electrostatic discharge risk assessment . Ece.rochester.edu . Retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` High voltage safety : VandeGraaff Electrostatic Generator '' . amasci.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Index . Wolfsonelectrostatics.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ M.A. Kelly , G.E. Servais and T.V. Pfaffenbach An Investigation of Human Body Electrostatic Discharge , ISTFA ' 93 : The 19th International Symposium for Testing & Failure Analysis , Los Angeles , California , USA / 15 -- 19 November 1993 Jump up ^ `` ESD Terms '' . eed.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Static Electricity Guidance for Plant Engineers Graham Hearn -- Wolfson Electrostatics , University of Southampton NDL : 00570281 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Static_electricity&oldid=815201187 '' Categories : Electrostatics Electricity Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles needing more detailed references Articles needing additional references from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Limburgs Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 11 : 05 . 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what happened to mackenzie's daughter in the shack	The novel is set in the American Northwest . The main character is Mackenzie Allen Phillips , a father of five , called `` Mack '' by his family and friends . Four years prior to the main events of the story , Mack takes three of his children on a camping trip to Wallowa Lake near Joseph , Oregon , stopping at Multnomah Falls on the way . Two of his children are playing in a canoe when it flips and almost drowns Mack 's son . Mack is able to save his son by rushing to the water and freeing him from the canoe 's webbing , but unintentionally leaves his youngest daughter Missy alone at their campsite . After Mack returns , he sees that Missy is missing . The police are called , and the family discovers that Missy has been abducted and murdered by a serial killer known as the `` Little Ladykiller '' . The police find an abandoned shack in the woods where Missy was taken . Her bloodied clothing is found , but her body is not located . Mack 's life sinks into what he calls `` The Great Sadness '' .	abducted\|murdered	The Shack	the shack	The Shack is a novel by Canadian author William P. Young that was published in 2007 .	The novel was self - published but became a USA Today bestseller , having sold 1 million copies as of June 8 , 2008 . It was the No. 1 paperback trade fiction seller on The New York Times Best Seller list from June 2008 to early 2010 , in a publishing partnership with Hachette Book Group USA 's FaithWords imprint ( Hodder & Stoughton in the UK ) . In 2009 it was awarded the `` Diamond Award '' for sales of over 10 million copies by the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . The title of the book is a metaphor for `` the house you build out of your own pain '' , as Young explained in a telephone interview . He also told radio host talk show Drew Marshall that The Shack `` is a metaphor for the places you get stuck , you get hurt , you get damaged ... the thing where shame or hurt is centered . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Publication 3 Reception 4 Legal dispute 5 Film adaptation 6 References in other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The novel is set in the American Northwest . The main character is Mackenzie Allen Phillips , a father of five , called `` Mack '' by his family and friends . Four years prior to the main events of the story , Mack takes three of his children on a camping trip to Wallowa Lake near Joseph , Oregon , stopping at Multnomah Falls on the way . Two of his children are playing in a canoe when it flips and almost drowns Mack 's son . Mack is able to save his son by rushing to the water and freeing him from the canoe 's webbing , but unintentionally leaves his youngest daughter Missy alone at their campsite . After Mack returns , he sees that Missy is missing . The police are called , and the family discovers that Missy has been abducted and murdered by a serial killer known as the `` Little Ladykiller '' . The police find an abandoned shack in the woods where Missy was taken . Her bloodied clothing is found , but her body is not located . Mack 's life sinks into what he calls `` The Great Sadness '' . As the novel begins , Mack receives a note in his mailbox from `` Papa '' , saying that he would like to meet with Mack that coming weekend at the shack . Mack is puzzled by the note -- he has had no relationship with his abusive father since he left home at age 13 . He suspects that the note may be from God whom his wife Nan refers to as `` Papa '' . Mack 's family leaves to visit relatives and he goes alone to the shack , unsure of what he will see there . He arrives and initially finds nothing , but as he is leaving , the shack and its surroundings are supernaturally transformed into a lush and inviting scene . He enters the shack and encounters manifestations of the three persons of the Trinity . God the Father takes the form of an African American woman who calls herself Elousia and Papa ; Jesus Christ is a Middle - Eastern carpenter ; and the Holy Spirit physically manifests as an Asian woman named Sarayu . The bulk of the book narrates Mack 's conversations with Papa , Jesus , and Sarayu as he comes to terms with Missy 's death and his relationship with the three of them . Mack also has various experiences with each of them . Mack walks across a lake with Jesus , sees an image of his ( Earthly ) father in Heaven with Sarayu , and has a conversation with Sophia , the personification of God 's wisdom . At the end of his visit , Mack goes on a hike with Papa , now appearing as an older Native American male , who shows him where Missy 's body was left in a cave . After spending the weekend at the shack , Mack leaves and is so preoccupied with his thoughts that he is nearly killed in an automobile accident . After his recovery , he realizes that he did not in fact spend the weekend at the shack , but that his accident occurred on the same day that he arrived at the shack . He also leads the police to the cave that Papa revealed , and they find Missy 's body still lying there . With the help of forensic evidence discovered at the scene , the Little Ladykiller is arrested and put on trial . Publication ( edit ) Young originally wrote The Shack as a Christmas gift for his six children with no apparent intention of publishing it . After letting several friends read the book he was urged to publish it for the general public . In 2006 , Young worked with Wayne Jacobsen , Brad Cummings ( both former pastors from Los Angeles ) and Bobby Downes ( filmmaker ) to bring the book to publication . They had no success with either religious or secular publishers , so they formed Windblown Media for the purpose of publishing the book . The Shack achieved its No. 1 best selling success via word - of - mouth and with the help of a USD $300.00 website ; it is often reported that nothing else had been spent on marketing up to September 2007 . Additional startup funds were supplied by Brad Cummings , president of Windblown Media , who spent the maximum credit limit on 12 personal credit cards in order to publish the book . Reception ( edit ) The Shack went largely unnoticed for over a year after its initial publication , but suddenly became a very popular seller in mid-2008 , when it debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times paperback fiction best seller list on June 8 . Its success was the result of `` word - of - mouth , church - to - church , blog - to - blog campaign '' by Young , Jacobsen and Cummings in churches and Christian - themed radio , websites , and blogs . As of May 2010 , The Shack had over 10 million copies in print , and had been at No. 1 on The New York Times best seller list for 70 weeks . The Shack was also released in hardcover , and translated into Spanish as La Cabaña . In June 2009 a German translation with the title Die Hütte -- ein Wochenende mit Gott ( ... a Weekend with God ) was released . It was also translated into Croatian as `` Koliba '' and it became very popular in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The book was also translated into Polish as `` Chata '' and published in 2009 . There were re-editions in 2011 and 2017 due to its popularity . However , Mars Hill Church pastor Mark Driscoll criticized The Shack , saying `` it misrepresents God '' and called William P. Young `` a heretic '' . Evangelical author Chuck Colson wrote a review called `` Stay Out of The Shack , '' in which he criticizes the attribution of `` silly lines '' to characters representing the three Persons of the Trinity , and the author 's `` low view of scripture '' . R. Albert Mohler , Jr. called The Shack `` deeply troubling '' on his radio show , saying that it `` includes undiluted heresy '' . Apologists author Norman Geisler and William C. Roach published a critique in 2012 detailing their 14 points of theological disagreement with the book ( including `` unorthodox '' , `` false '' , `` classic heresy '' , `` non-rational '' , `` psychologically helpful ... doctrinally harmful '' , and `` very dangerous '' ) . Theologian Randal Rauser has written a generally sympathetic guide to The Shack in his companion volume Finding God in the Shack ( Paternoster , 2009 ) . In the book Rauser responds to many of the objections raised by critics like Colson and Mohler . Brad Robison , a psychiatrist and family therapist who used `` The Shack '' in his practice , wrote `` The Shack Study Guide '' ( Windblown Media , 2016 ) to assist his patients on their healing journey . It is co-authored by William P. Young . Wayne Jacobsen , one of Young 's early collaborators , wrote a detailed response to several common points of criticism . His column `` Is the Shack Heresy ? '' was published online by Windblown Media . Legal dispute ( edit ) In July 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that The Shack had `` spawned a tangle of lawsuits over royalties and even the book 's authorship . '' Young claimed that he was owed $8 million in royalties , Jacobsen and Cummings filed a suit against Young , Young asked the court to dismiss or stay the claims , and Jacobsen and Cummings responded . Hachette , the commercial publisher involved , asked the court to determine to whom it should pay royalties from the book . On January 10 , 2011 the court declared that it had been advised that the case between Young et al. and Jacobsen et al. `` has been settled or is in the process of being settled '' and the case was dismissed . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Shack ( 2017 film ) A movie adaptation of The Shack , directed by Stuart Hazeldine , was released on March 3 , 2017 , with Sam Worthington portraying Mack , Octavia Spencer as Papa , and Tim McGraw as Willie . Rotten Tomatoes critics score is 21 % ; audience score is 85 % . References in other works ( edit ) The Shack was referred to by Stephen King in his 2010 title , Full Dark , No Stars , which is a compilation of four novellas . In the final novella , A Good Marriage , the protagonist recalls that her husband recommended she read The Shack and he said the novel was `` a life - changer . '' See also ( edit ) Patripassianism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Christian Novel Is Surprise Best Seller '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Aim at ' spiritually interested ' sparks ' The Shack ' sales USA Today , 2008 - 04 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Schuessler , Jennifer . `` Books -- Best - Seller Lists -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gold / Platinum / Diamond Book Awards Winners , Christian Book Expo , read 2012 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ `` The DREW MARSHALL Show -- Listen Now to Previous Shows -- 2008 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.relevantmagazine.com/pc_article.php?id=7672 Jump up ^ `` The DREW MARSHALL Show -- Listen Now to Previous Shows -- 2007 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Streib , Lauren ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Paul Young 's Publishing Miracle '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Advancing the Cause ^ Jump up to : Windblown Media Official Website Jump up ^ German - language Jump up ^ http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-05-28-the-shack_N.htm Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tyler-mahoney/paul-young-bestselling-au_b_704415.html Jump up ^ Colson , Chuck ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` Stay Out of ' The Shack ' '' . Religion Today . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Albert Mohler Radio Program , `` A Look at The Shack '' , Friday April 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Shack : Helpful or Heretical ? '' . Jump up ^ Wayne , Jacobsen . `` Is The Shack Heresy ? '' . Windblown Media . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sarah ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` The flak over ' The Shack ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case no . CV 10 - 3246 JFW ( JCx ) First amended complaint ... '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Central District of California , Western Division . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case no . CV 10 - 3246 JFW ( JCx ) Memorandum of points and authorities in support of defendant Young 's motion ... '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Central District of California , Western Division . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case no . CV 10 - 3246 JFW ( JCx ) Plaintiffs ' opposition to defendant William Paul Young 's motion to dismiss the first amended complaint '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Central District of California , Western Division . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case no . CV 10 - 03534 JFW ( JCx ) : First amended complaint - in - interpleader '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Central District of California , Western Division . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Shack Gets Sued '' . The Steve Laube Agency . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case No . CV 10 - 3246 - JFW ( JCx ) Order dismissing civil action '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Central District of California . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2872518/fullcredits/ Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_shack External links ( edit ) Official website Interview with William P. Young by broadcaster Sheridan Voysey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shack&oldid=800920267 '' Categories : 2007 American novels Debut novels Self - published books American Christian novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in Oregon Canadian novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 01 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shack	2,853
who is one of the founding fathers of symbolic interactionism	Symbolic Interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline . It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology . It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead , as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions .	George Herbert Mead	Symbolic interactionism	symbolic interactionism	`` Only selves have minds , that is , that cognition only belongs to selves , even in the simplest expression of awareness . '' -- George Herbert Mead	Sociology History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Postpositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor -- network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Symbolic interactionism is an American theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people 's particular utilization of dialect to make images , normal implications , for deduction and correspondence with others . In other words , it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds , and in return , how these worlds shapes individual behaviors . Symbolic Interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline . It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology . It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead , as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 George Herbert Mead 1.2 Herbert Blumer 1.3 Other theorists 2 Assumptions , Premises and Approaches 2.1 Assumptions 2.2 Premises 2.3 Approaches 2.3. 1 Mind , Self and Society 2.3. 2 The `` I '' and the `` me '' 3 Research and methods 4 Five central ideas 5 Central interactionist themes 6 New media 7 Criticisms 7.1 Framework and theories 7.2 Social structure 8 Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) George Herbert Mead ( edit ) Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley . Mead argued that people 's selves are social products , but that these selves are also purposive and creative , and believed that the true test of any theory was that it was `` useful in solving complex social problems '' ( Griffin 59 ) . Mead 's influence was said to be so powerful that sociologists regard him as the one `` true founder '' of the symbolic interactionism tradition . Although Mead taught in a philosophy department , he is best known by sociologists as the teacher who trained a generation of the best minds in their field . Strangely , he never set forth his wide - ranging ideas in a book or systematic treatise . After his death in 1931 , his students pulled together class notes and conversations with their mentor and published Mind , Self and Society in his name ( Griffin 59 ) . It is a common misconception that John Dewey was the leader of this sociological theory ; according to The Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism , Mead was undoubtedly the individual who `` transformed the inner structure of the theory , moving it to a higher level of theoretical complexity '' ( Herman - Kinney Reynolds 67 ) . Herbert Blumer ( edit ) Herbert Blumer , a student and interpreter of Mead , coined the term and put forward an influential summary : people act a certain way towards things based on the meaning those things already have , and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation . Herbert Blumer was a social constructionist , and was influenced by Dewey ; as such , this theory is very phenomenologically based . Given that Blumer was the first one use symbolic interaction term , he is known as the founder of symbolic interaction . He believed that the `` Most human and humanizing activity that people engage in is talking to each other '' ( Griffin 60 ) . According to Blumber ( 86 ) , human groups are created by people and it is only actions between them defined a society . He argued that with interaction and through interaction individuals are able to `` produce common symbols by approving , arranging , and redefining them '' ( Blumber 86 ) . Having said that , interaction is shaped by a mutual exchange of interpretation , the ground of socialization . Other theorists ( edit ) Two other theorists who have influenced Symbolic interaction theory are Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton . Engeström and Middleton explained the usefulness of symbolic interactionism in the communication field in a variety of work settings , including `` courts of law , health care , computer software design , scientific laboratory , telephone sales , control , repair , and maintenance of advance manufacturing systems '' . Other scholars credited for their contribution to the theory are Thomas , Park , James , Horton Cooley , Znaniecki , Baldwin , Redfield , and Wirth . Unlike other social sciences , Symbolic Interactionism emphasizes greatly on the ideas of action instead of culture , class and power . According to behaviorism , Darwinism , pragmatism , as well as Max Weber ( 3 ) , action theory contributed significantly to the formation of social interactionism as a theoretical perspective in communication studies . Assumptions , premises and approaches ( edit ) Assumptions ( edit ) Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual 's social definitions , and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something `` real '' . People thus do not respond to this reality directly , but rather to the social understanding of reality ; i.e. , they respond to this reality indirectly through a kind of filter which consists of individuals ' different perspectives . This means that humans exist not in the physical space composed of realities , but in the `` world '' composed only of `` objects '' . Three assumptions frame from Symbolic Interactionism Individuals construct meaning via the communication process . Self concept is a motivation for behavior . A unique relationship exists between the individual and society . Having defined some of the underlying assumptions of Symbolic Interactionism , it is necessary to address the premises that each assumption supports . According to Blumer , here are three premises that can be derived from the assumptions above Premises ( edit ) Premise 1 : `` Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things . '' The first premise includes everything that a human being may note in their world , including physical objects , actions and concepts . Essentially , individuals behave towards objects and others based on the personal meanings that the individual has already given these items . Blumer was trying to put emphasis on the meaning behind individual behaviors , specifically speaking , psychological and sociological explanations for those actions and behaviors are what Blumer focuses on . Premise 2 : `` The meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with others and the society . '' The second premise explains the meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with other humans . Blumer , following Mead , claimed people interact with each other by interpreting or defining each other 's actions instead of merely reacting to each other 's actions . Their `` response '' is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions . Thus , human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols and signification , by interpretation , or by ascertaining the meaning of one another 's actions ( Blumer 1962 ) . Meaning is either taken for granted and pushed aside as an unimportant element which need not to be investigated or it is regarded as a mere neutral link or one of the causal chains between the causes or factors responsible for human behavior and this behavior as the product of such factors . ( Blumer 1969 ) . Social interaction is the source of meaning , and out of which the typical communication media which have meanings , i.e. , the language arises , and is negotiated through the use of it . We have the ability to name things and designate objects or actions to a certain idea or phenomenon . The use of symbols is a popular procedure for interpretation and intelligent expression . Blumer contrasted this process with behaviorist explanations of human behavior , which does not allow for interpretation between stimulus and response . Premise 3 : `` The Meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he / she encounters . In Blumer 's third premise the idea of minding comes into play . Symbolic interactionists describe thinking as an inner conversation . ( Griffin 62 ) . Mead called this inner dialogue minding . Minding is the delay in one 's thought process that happens when one thinks about what they will do next . The third premise is that these meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters . We naturally talk to ourselves in order to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation . But first , we need language . Before we can think , we must be able to interact symbolically . ( Griffin 62 ) . The emphasis on symbols , negotiated meaning , and social construction of society brought on attention to the roles people play . Role - taking is a key mechanism that permits people to see another person 's perspective to understand what an action might mean to another person . Role - taking is a part of our lives at an early age . Playing house and pretending to be someone else are examples of this phenomenon . There is an improvisational quality of roles ; however , actors often take on a script that they follow . Because of the uncertainty of roles in social contexts , the burden of role - making is on the person in the situation . In this sense , we are proactive participants in our environment . Approaches ( edit ) Mind , self and society ( edit ) Mind , Self and Society is the book published by Mead 's students based on his lectures and teaching . The title of the book serves as the key concepts of symbolic interaction theory . The mind refers to an individual 's ability to use symbols to create meanings for the world around him . Individuals use language and thought to accomplish this goal . Self refers to an individual 's ability to reflect on the way that he / she is perceived by others . Finally , society , according to Mead is where all of these interactions are taking place . A general description of Mead 's compositions portray how outside social structures , classes , and power and abuse affect the advancement of self personality for gatherings verifiably denied of the ability to characterize themselves . The `` I '' and the `` me '' ( edit ) While establishing the idea of self , Mead introduces a distinction between the `` I '' and the `` me '' , respectively , the active and socialized aspects of the person . The `` me '' is a similar concept to Cooley 's looking - glass self . An example of these concepts is the pygmalion effect whereby a person ( I ) behaves to match the sense of self ( me ) they derive from others , in a form of self - fulfilling prophecy . Research and methods ( edit ) Sociologists working in this tradition have researched a wide range of topics using a variety of research methods . However , the majority of interactionist research uses qualitative research methods , like participant observation , to study aspects of 1 ) social interaction , and / or 2 ) individuals ' selves . Participant observation allows researchers to access symbols and meanings , as in Howard S. Becker 's Art Worlds ( 1982 ) and Arlie Hochschild 's The Managed Heart ( 1983 ) . They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday activities of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions , defining situations and the process that actors construct the situation through their interaction . Because of this close contact , interactions can not remain completely liberated of value commitments . In most cases , they make use of their values in choosing what to study ; however , they seek to be objective in how they conduct the research . Therefore , the symbolic - interaction approach is a micro-level orientation focusing in close up human interaction in specific situations . Sociological subfields that have been particularly influenced by symbolic interactionism include the sociology of emotions , deviance / criminology , collective behavior / social movements , and the sociology of sex . Interactionist concepts that have gained widespread usage include definition of the situation , emotion work , impression management , looking glass self , and total institution . Semiology is connected to this discipline , but unlike those elements of semiology which are about the structures of language , interactionists typically are more interested in the ways in which meaning is fluid and ambiguous . Ethnomethodology , an offshoot of symbolic interactionism , questions how people 's interactions can create the illusion of a shared social order despite not understanding each other fully and having differing perspectives . Harold Garfinkel demonstrated this by having his students perform `` experiments in trust '' , called breaching experiments , where they would interrupt ordinary conversations because they refused to take for granted that they knew what the other person was saying . They would demand explanations and then explanations of the explanations ( Garfinkel 1967 ) to gain understanding of each other 's definitions and perspectives . Further and more recent ethnomethodologist research has performed detailed analyses of basic conversations to reveal the methods of how turn - taking and alternative conversational maneuvers are managed . Five central ideas ( edit ) There are five central ideas to symbolic interactionism according to Joel M. Charon , author of Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration : `` The human being must be understood as a social person . It is the constant search for social interaction that leads us to do what we do . Instead of focusing on the individual and his or her personality , or on how the society or social situation causes human behavior , symbolic interactionism focuses on the activities that take place between actors . Interaction is the basic unit of study . Individuals are created through interaction ; society too is created through social interaction . What we do depends on interaction with others earlier in our lifetimes , and it depends on our interaction right now . Social interaction is central to what we do . If we want to understand cause , focus on social interaction . The human being must be understood as a thinking being . Human action is not only interaction among individuals but also interaction within the individual . It is not our ideas or attitudes or values that are as important as the constant active ongoing process of thinking . We are not simply conditioned , we are not simply beings who are influenced by those around us , we are not simply products of society . We are , to our very core , thinking animals , always conversing with ourselves as we interact with others . If we want to understand cause , focus on human thinking . Humans do not sense their environment directly , instead , humans define the situation they are in . An environment may actually exist , but it is our definition of it that is important . Definition does not simply randomly happen ; instead , it results from ongoing social interaction and thinking . The cause of human action is the result of what is occurring in our present situation . Cause unfolds in the present social interaction , present thinking , and present definition . It is not society 's encounters with us in our past , that causes action nor is it our own past experience that does . It is , instead , social interaction , thinking , definition of the situation that takes place in the present . Our past enters into our actions primarily because we think about it and apply it to the definition of the present situation . Human beings are described as active beings in relation to their environment . Words such as conditioning , responding , controlled , imprisoned , and formed are not used to describe the human being in symbolic interaction . In contrast to other social - scientific perspectives humans are not thought of as being passive in relation to their surroundings , but actively involved in what they do . '' Central interactionist themes ( edit ) To Herbert Blumer 's conceptual perspective , he put them in three core principles : that people act toward things , including each other , on the basis of the meanings they have for them ; that these meanings are derived through social interaction with others ; and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of and handle the objects that constitute their social worlds . Keeping in mind of Blumer 's earlier work , David A. Snow , professor of Sociology at the University of California , suggests four broader and even more basic orienting principles : human agency , interactive determination , symbolization , and emergence . Snow uses these four principles as the thematic bases for identifying and discussing contributions to the study of social movements . Human agency Human agency emphasizes the active , willful , goal seeking character of human actors . The emphasis on agency focuses attention on those actions , events , and moments in social life in which agentic action is especially palpable . Interactive determination Interactive determination specifies that understanding of focal objects of analysis , whether they are self - concepts , identities , roles , practices , or even social movements . Basically this means , neither individual , society , self , or others exist only in relation to each other and therefore can be fully understood only in terms of their interaction . Symbolization Symbolization highlights the processes through which events and conditions , artifacts , people , and other environmental features that take on particular meanings , becoming nearly only objects of orientation . Human behavior is partly contingent on what the object of orientation symbolizes or means . Emergence Emergence focuses on attention on the processual and nonhabituated side of social life , focusing not only on organization and texture of social life , but also associated meaning and feelings . The principal of emergence tells us not only to possibility of new forms of social life and system meaning but also to transformations in existing forms of social organization . ( Herman - Kinney Reynolds 812 - 824 ) . New media ( edit ) New Media is a term used to define all that is related to the internet and the interplay between technology , images and sound . As studies of online community proliferate , the concept of online community has become a more accepted social construct . Studies encompassed discursive communities ; identity ; community as social reality ; networking ; the public sphere ; ease and anonymity in interactions . These studies show that online community is an important social construct in terms of its cultural , structural , political and economic character . It has been demonstrated that people 's ideas about community are formed , in part , through interactions both in online forums and face - to - face . As a result , people act in their communities according to the meanings they derive about their environment , whether online or offline , from those interactions . This perspective reveals that online communication may very well take on different meanings for different people depending on information , circumstance , relationships , power , and other systems that make up communities of practice . People enact community the way it is conceived and the meaning of community evolves as they come up with new ways to utilize it . Given this reality , scholars are continually challenged to research and understand how online communities are comprised , how they function , and how they are connected to offline social life . Symbolic interaction theory was discussed in `` The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age . '' Robinson discusses how symbolic interaction theory explains the way individuals create a sense of self through their interactions with others . However , she believes advances in technology have changed this . The article investigates the manner in which individuals form their online identity . She uses symbolic interaction theory to examine the formation of the cyber `` I '' and a digital `` generalized other . '' In the article , Robinson suggests individuals form new identities on the internet . She argues these cyber identities are not necessarily the way the individual would be perceived offline . Criticisms ( edit ) Symbolic interactionists are often criticized for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories . It is argued that the theory is not one theory , but rather , the framework for many different theories . Additionally , some theorists have a problem with symbolic interaction theory due to its lack of testability . These objections , combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small - group interactions and other social psychological issues , have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists ( albeit a fairly substantial minority ) . Much of this criticism arose during the 1970s in the U.S. when quantitative approaches to sociology were dominant . Perhaps the best known of these is by Alvin Gouldner . Framework and theories ( edit ) Some critiques of symbolic interactionism are based on the assumption that it is a theory , and the critiques apply the criteria for a `` good '' theory to something that does not claim to be a theory . Some critics find the symbolic interactionist framework too broad and general when they are seeking specific theories . Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical framework rather than a theory ( see Stryker and Vryan , 2003 , for a clear distinction between the two as it pertains to interactionist - inspired conceptualizations can be assessed on the basis of effective conceptualizations . The theoretical framework , as with any theoretical framework , is vague when it comes to analyzing empirical data or predicting outcomes in social life . As a framework rather than a theory , many scholars find it difficult to use . Interactionism being a framework rather than a theory makes it impossible to test interactionism in the manner that a specific theoretical claim about the relationship between specific variables in a given context allows . Unlike the symbolic interactionist framework , the many theories derived from symbolic interactionism , such as role theory and the versions of Identity Theory developed by Stryker , and Burke and colleagues , clearly define concepts and the relationships between them in a given context , thus allowing for the opportunity to develop and test hypotheses . Further , especially among Blumerian processual interactionists , a great number of very useful conceptualizations have been developed and applied in a very wide range of social contexts , types of populations , types of behaviors , and cultures and subcultures . Social structure ( edit ) Symbolic interactionism is often related and connected with social structure . This concept suggests that symbolic interactionism is a construction of people 's social reality . It also implies that from a realistic point of view , the interpretations that are being made will not make much difference . When the reality of a situation is defined , the situation becomes a meaningful reality . There are many aspects and factors that go into this theory . This includes methodological criticisms , and critical sociological issues . A number of symbolic interactionists have addressed these topics , the best known being Sheldon Stryker 's structural symbolic interactionism and the formulations of interactionism heavily influenced by this approach ( sometimes referred to as the `` Indiana School '' of symbolic interactionism ) , including the works of key scholars in sociology and psychology using different methods and theories applying a structural version of interactionism that are represented in a 2003 collection edited by Burke et al . Another well - known structural variation of symbolic interactionism that applies quantitative methods is Manford H. Kuhn 's ( Kuhn and McPartland , 1954 ) formulation which is often referred to in sociological literature as the `` Iowa School '' . `` Negotiated order theory '' also applies a structural approach . Language is viewed as the source of all meaning . Social constructionist Herbert Blumer illuminates several key features about social interactionism . Most people interpret things based on assignment and purpose . The interaction occurs once the meaning of something has become identified . This concept of meaning is what starts to construct the framework of social reality . By aligning social reality , Blumer suggests that language is the meaning of interaction . Communication , especially in the form of symbolic interactionism is connected with language . Language initiates all forms of communication , verbal and non-verbal . Blumer defines this source of meaning as a connection that arises out of the social interaction that people have with each other . There are many ways that social interactionism is connected with critical perspective . This relates to the overall social structure because they both have similar points of convergence and synergism . According to social theorist Patricia Burbank , these concepts of synergistic and diverging properties are what shape the viewpoints of humans as social beings . These two concepts are different in a sense because of their views of human freedom and their level of focus . According to Burbank , actions are based on the effects of situations that occur during the process of social interaction . Another important factor in meaningful situations is the environment in which the social interaction occurs . The environment influences interaction , which leads to a reference group , which connects with perspective , and then concludes to a definition of the situation . This illustrates the proper steps to define a situation . An approval of the action occurs once the situation is defined . An interpretation is then made upon that action , which may ultimately influence the perspective , action , and definition . Sheldon Stryker , a social constructionist has had an incredible amount of influence on the field of social interactionism . Stryker emphasizes that the sociology world at large is the most viable and vibrant intellectual framework because of the concept of the wider community people live in is made possible because of communication , which fuels symbolic interactionism . Symbolic interactionism revitalizes society by illuminating our thoughts , actions and gestures as well . By being made up of our thoughts self - belief , the social interactionism theory is the purpose of all human interaction , and is what causes society to exist . This fuels criticisms of the symbolic interactionist framework for failing to account for social structure , as well as criticisms that interactionist theories can not be assessed via quantitative methods , and can not be falsifiable or tested empirically . Framework is important for the symbolic interaction theory because for in order for the social structure to form , there are certain bonds of communication that need to be established to create the interaction The published literature indicates that structural and processual variations of interactionism are both alive and well in sociology , as is the Blumerian tradition of interactionism , and interactionism has been used more explicitly and more frequently in psychology and anthropology as well . Much of the symbolic interactionist framework 's basic tenets can be found in a very wide range of sociological and psychological work , without being explicitly cited as interactionist , making the influence of symbolic interactionism difficult to recognize given this general acceptance of its assumptions as `` common knowledge '' . Many scholars do not know they are applying interactionist ideas in their own theoretical assumptions and formulations . Society for the Study of symbolic interaction ( edit ) The Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) is an international professional organization for scholars , who are interested in the study of Symbolic Interaction . SSSI holds a conference in conjunction with the meeting of the American Sociological Association and the Society for the Study of Social Problems . This conference typically occurs in August and sponsors the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction holds the Couch - Stone Symposium each spring . The society provides travel scholarships for student members interested in attending the annual conference . At the annual conference , the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction sponsors yearly awards in different categories of symbolic interaction . Additionally , some of the awards are open to student members of the society . The Ellis - Bochner Autoethnography and Personal Narrative Research Award is given annually by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction affiliate of the National Communication Association for the best article , essay , or book chapter in autoethnography and personal narrative research . The award is named after renowned autoethnographers Carolyn Ellis and Art Bochner . The society also sponsors a quarterly journal , Symbolic Interaction . The organization also releases a newsletter , SSSI Notes . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Constructivism ( learning theory ) Coordinated management of meaning Edward T. Hall Erving Goffman Extension transference Generalized other Georg Simmel Labeling theory Sandbox play therapy Social action Social interaction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , Peter M. ( 2007 ) . `` Symbolic Interaction '' . Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology -- via Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology . ^ Jump up to : L. , , West , Richard . Introducing communication theory : analysis and application . Turner , Lynn H. , ( Sixth ed . ) . New York , NY . ISBN 9781259870323 . OCLC 967775008 . ^ Jump up to : Alver , Fusun , Caglar , Sebnem ( 2015 ) . `` The Impact of Symbolic Interactionism on Research Studies about Communication Science '' . International Journal of Arts and Sciences . 8 : 479 -- 484 -- via Proquest . ^ Jump up to : Herman - Kinney Nancy J. , Reynolds , Larry T. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism . New York : AltaMira . Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/sssinteraction/ Jump up ^ Aksan , Nilgun ; Kısac , Buket ; Aydın , Mufit ; Demirbuken , Sumeyra ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Symbolic interaction theory '' . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences . World Conference on Educational Sciences : New Trends and Issues in Educational Sciences . 1 ( 1 ) : 902 -- 904 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbspro. 2009.01. 160 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Emory A. ( 2006 ) . A First Look at Communication Theory . Boston : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Engestrom , Yrjo , and David Middleton . `` Cognition and Communication at Work . '' ^ Jump up to : Blumer , H. ( 1969 ) Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall Jump up ^ This process occurs in the form of interaction with oneself or taking into account of taking into account . See the following paper : Kuwabara T. , and K. Yamaguchi , 2013 , An Introduction to the Sociological Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism , The Joint Journal of the National Universities in Kyushu , Education and Humanities , 1 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Garfinkel , Harold . 1967 . Studies in Ethnomethodology . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Brewster , Kiyona ( 2013 ) . `` Beyond Classic Symbolic Interactionism : Towards A Intersectional Reading Of George H. Mead 's Mind , Self , And Society '' . Conference Papers -- American Sociological Association : 1 -- 20 -- via SocINDEX with Full Text . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , G. ( 1998 ) . `` symbolic interactionism '' . A Dictionary of Sociology . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved on : 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Charon , Joel M. ( 2004 ) . Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration . Boston : Pearson . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 605193 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.newmedia.org/what-is-new-media.html Jump up ^ Reid , E.M. ( 1991 ) Electropolis : Communication and Community on internet Relay Chat ' , Honours thesis , University of Melbourne . Jump up ^ Howard , T. ( 1997 ) A Rhetoric of Electronic Communities . Greenwich , CT : Ablex . Jump up ^ Bromberg , H. ( 1996 ) ' Are MUDs Communities ? Identity , Belonging and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds ' , in R. Shields ( ed . ) Cultures of internet : Virtual Spaces , Real Histories , Living Bodies , pp. 143 -- 52 . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Donath , J. ( 1999 ) ' Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community ' , in M.A. Smith and P. Kollock ( eds ) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 29 -- 59 . New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ Watson , N. ( 1997 ) ' Why We Argue About Virtual Community : A Case Study of the phish.net Fan Community ' , in S.G. Jones ( ed . ) Virtual Culture : Identity and Communication in Cybersociety , pp. 102 -- 32. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Wellman , B. ( 1997 ) ' An Electronic Group is Virtually a Social Network ' , in S. Kiesler ( ed . ) Culture of the internet , pp. 179 -- 205 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Jump up ^ Ess , C. ( 1996 ) ' The Political Computer : Democracy , CMC , and Habermas ' , in C. Ess ( ed . ) Philosophical Perspectives on Computer - Mediated Communication , pp. 197 -- 230 . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Anthropologist Wows Personal Democracy Forum . Whatever . Shelley Dubois . Wired Magazine . 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernback , J. Beyond the diluted community concept : a symbolic interactionist perspective on online social relations New Media & Society , February 2007 9 : 49 - 69 Jump up ^ Robinson , L. The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age . 2007 Jump up ^ Harris , D. `` Reading Guide to the Bits on Interactionism in : Gouldner A ( 1971 ) The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology , London : Heinemann Educational Books '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1968 ) . `` Identity Salience and Role Performance : The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction Theory for Family Research . '' Journal of Marriage and the Family 30 : 558 - 564 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1994 ) . `` Identity Theory : Its Development , Research Base , and Prospects . '' Studies in Symbolic Interaction 16 : 9 - 20 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. ( 1980 ) . `` The Self : Measurement Requirements from an Interactionist Perspective . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 43 : 18 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. , and Donald C. Reitzes. ( 1981 ) . `` The Link between Identity and Role Performance . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 44 : 83 - 92 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . 1980 . Symbolic Interactionism : A Social Structural Version . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . Jump up ^ Peter Burke and Jan Stets Burke , Peter J. , Timothy J. Owens , Richard T. Serpe , and Peggy A. Thoits ( Eds . ) . ( 2003 ) . Advances in Identity Theory and Research . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum . Jump up ^ The Sociological Quarterly Volume 18 , Issue 1 , pages 126 -- 142 , January 1977 Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon , and Kevin D. Vryan. 2003 . `` The Symbolic Interactionist Frame . '' 3 - 28 in Handbook of Social Psychology , edited by John Delamater . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . Jump up ^ `` Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to SSSI '' . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction . Sources ( edit ) Blumer , Herbert . `` A note on symbolic Interactionism '' . American Sociological Review . Vol. 38 , No. 6 . 1973 . Burbank , Patricia . `` Symbolic Interactionism and critical perspective : divergent or synergistic '' ? Nursing Philosophy . Web . 3 Jan. 2010 . Stryker , Sheldon . `` The vitalization of symbolic Interactionism '' . Social Psychology Quarterly . Vol. 50 , pg. 83 . Web . 1 Nov. 1999 . Further Reading ( edit ) Atkinson , P.A. and Housley , W. ( 2003 ) Interactionism , London , Sage . Blumer , Herbert ( 1962 ) . `` Society as Symbolic Interaction '' . In Arnold M. Rose . Human Behavior and Social Process : An Interactionist Approach . Houghton - Mifflin . Reprinted in Blumer ( 1969 ) . Blumer , Herbert . ( 1971 ) . Social Problems as Collective Behavior = 2006 ( translated in Japanese ) , Journal of Economics and Sociology Blumer , Herbert . Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1969 . Print . Plummer , Ken . `` A World in the Making : Symbolic Interactionism in the Twentieth Century . '' ( n.d. ) : n . pag . Print . Plummer , Kenneth . ( 1975 ) . Sexual stigma : An interactionist account . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Liamputtong , Pranee & Ezzy , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Qualitative Research Methods . New York : Oxford University Press . Brissett , Edgley. ( 1974 ) . `` Life as theater '' . Chicago . Rock , P. ( 1979 ) The Making of Symbolic Interactionism , London , Macmillan . External links ( edit ) Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) website Blog of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 6th European Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction conference 2015 Symbolic Interaction journal at Wiley Online Blog of the Journal Symbolic Interaction NDL : 01162744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&oldid=810250909 '' Categories : Criminology Sociological theories Anthropology Interpersonal communication Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 04 : 30 . 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why we sneeze when looking at the sun			Photic sneeze reflex	photic sneeze reflex	The photic sneeze reflex ( also known as photoptarmosis , Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio - Ophthalmic Outburst Syndrome ( ACHOO ) and colloquially sun sneezing ) is a condition that causes sneezing in response to numerous stimuli , such as looking at bright lights or periocular ( surrounding the eyeball ) injection . The condition affects 18 - 35 % of the population in the United States , but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Symptoms 1.1 Photic sneezing 1.2 Response to periocular injection 1.3 Sneezing after eating 1.4 Sonar sneezing 2 Risks 2.1 Disease transmission 2.2 Vehicle operation 2.3 Medical procedures 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Optic - trigeminal summation 3.2 Parasympathetic generalization 3.3 Increased light sensitivity 3.4 Propofol - induced inhibitory suppression 4 Diagnosis 5 Preventive measures 6 Management 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Symptoms ( edit ) The photic sneeze reflex manifests itself in the form of uncontrollable sneezing in response to a stimulus which would not produce a sneeze in people without the trait . The sneezes generally occur in bursts of 1 to 10 sneezes , followed by a refractory period that can be as long as 24 hours . Photic sneezing ( edit ) A photic sneeze results from exposure to a bright light and is the most common manifestation of the photic sneeze reflex . This reflex seems to be caused by a change in light intensity rather than by a specific wavelength of light . Photic sneezes are harmless annoyances for the most part , but can pose physical risk to people who are operating vehicles or machinery that involve precise movement and reactions . A study conducted by the School of Optometry at the University of Alabama at Birmingham found that females represent 67 % of photic sneezers , and Caucasians represent 94 % . The study also found statistically significant correlations between photic sneezing and the presence of a deviated nasal septum . The study also showed that photic sneezing is more likely to be acquired than inherited . Response to periocular injection ( edit ) During surgeries in and around the eye , such as corneal transplant surgery , the patient often requires injection of a local anesthetic into the eye . In patients who show the photic sneeze reflex , an injection into the eye , such as that undergone in a retrobulbar or peribulbar block , can often elicit a sneeze from the patient . During these procedures , the patient may be sedated prior to the periocular injection . The patient begins to sneeze just as the needle is inserted into the eye , often resulting in the anesthesiologist having to remove the needle before injecting the local anesthetic in order to avoid damaging the patient 's eye . Sneezing after eating ( edit ) A condition called gustatory rhinitis can cause some individuals to sneeze after eating , particularly after the consumption of spicy foods . Stomach fullness is another example of a stimulus that can cause uncontrollable sneezing . Those who exhibit this symptom or disorder , called snatiation , undergo uncontrollable fits of 3 -- 15 sneezes immediately after eating large meals that completely fill the stomach , regardless of the type of food eaten . Snatiation is not believed to be an allergic reaction of any kind . Even less well understood than photic sneezing and sneezing in response to periocular injection , the trait appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion . Sonar sneezing ( edit ) Another related condition is sonar sneezing , in which exposure to loud noises or loud environments triggers a sneeze response . Risks ( edit ) Sneezing generally does not present any particular risks to the individual , and is usually more of an annoyance than a risk of injury . The fits of sneezing brought about by the photic sneeze reflex can , however , have dangerous implications during certain scenarios and activities , such as operating a vehicle , or while undergoing operations ( dental , optical ) and having bright lights directed towards the patient 's face . Disease transmission ( edit ) Perhaps the most universal risk of sneezing is the spread of disease . Bacterial infections can spread to susceptible uninfected people via the spread of microscopic organisms suspended in the droplets expelled by a sneeze . Bacteria which commonly spread by sneezing include bacterial meningitis , strep throat , and tuberculosis . Viral infections can also be spread by sneezing . When a virus is expelled by a sneeze , its mucous membrane evaporates , and the virus becomes a droplet nucleus which can be inhaled by another person , thus spreading the virulent infection . Examples of virulent infections that spread by sneezing include measles , mumps , rubella , and influenza . Vehicle operation ( edit ) A fit of sneezing while operating a vehicle can cause the operator to lose control of that vehicle , resulting in injury to the person , and damage to the vehicle and / or surroundings . In particular , photic sneezing poses a considerable risk to pilots , due to the frequent presence of bright sunlight and the precise reactions needed to successfully control the aircraft . For the pilot of a fighter aircraft , if an uncontrollable fit of sneezing were to occur during aerial combat , the pilot could be incapacitated when his or her situational awareness needs to be greatest . A plane landing on an aircraft carrier or shoreline also requires precise movements and quick reflexes . The reflection of the sun from surrounding water has a high probability of producing at least one photic sneeze for pilots who have the reflex . Any amount of sneezing while attempting to land could cause the pilot to lose control , potentially resulting in disaster . Medical procedures ( edit ) Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection . A sneeze by a sedated patient often occurs upon insertion of a needle into or around their eye . The violent and uncontrollable movement of the head during a reflexive sneeze has potential to cause damage within the patient 's eye if the needle is not removed before the sneeze occurs . Pathophysiology ( edit ) There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex . Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity , which results in an afferent nerve fiber signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to the trigeminal nerve nuclei in the brainstem . The signal is interpreted in the trigeminal nerve nuclei , and an efferent nerve fiber signal goes to different parts of the body , such as mucous glands and the thoracic diaphragm , thus producing a sneeze . The most obvious difference between a normal sneeze and a photic sneeze is the stimulus : normal sneezes occur due to irritation in the nasal cavity , while the photic sneeze can result from a wide variety of stimuli . Some theories are below . There is also a genetic factor that increases the probability of photic sneeze reflex , . The C allele on the rs10427255 SNP is particularly implicated in this although the mechanism is unknown by which this gene increases the probability of this response . Optic - trigeminal summation ( edit ) Stimulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve may enhance the irritability of the maxillary branch , resulting in an increased probability of sneezing . This is similar to the mechanism by which photophobia develops by persistent light exposure relaying signals through the optic nerve and trigeminal nerve to produce increased sensitivity in the ophthalmic branch . If this increased sensitivity occurred in the maxillary branch instead of the ophthalmic branch , a sneeze could result instead of photophobia . Parasympathetic generalization ( edit ) The parasympathetic nervous system has many neighboring fibers that respond to different stimuli . When one stimulus activates multiple nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system , parasympathetic generalization is occurring . There is a possibility that sensory input from the eyes could travel to the neurons in the cortex that interpret such signals , but neighboring neurons which are involved in sneezing are also activated , due to the generalization . This could lead to a sneeze in response to a stimulus other than nasal irritation . Increased light sensitivity ( edit ) When the trigeminal nerve is directly stimulated , there is the possibility that increased light sensitivity in the ocular nerve could result . An example of directly stimulating would be plucking an eyebrow or pulling hair . In many people who show the photic sneeze reflex , even this direct stimulation can lead to a photic sneeze which is why we find it easier to sneeze while looking at a bright light . Propofol - induced inhibitory suppression ( edit ) Uncontrollable sneezing during a periocular injection while sedated by propofol is likely caused by the drug . Propofol has been shown to temporarily suppress inhibitory neurons in the brainstem , which is also where the trigeminal nucleus -- the `` sneeze center '' of the brain -- lies . This chain of events leads to increased sensitivity to stimulation and reduced threshold for involuntary responses . In this hypersensitive state , the periocular injection stimulates the ophthalmic and / or maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve , which results in summation in the trigeminal nuclei . This summation can lead to a sneeze in the unconscious patient . Diagnosis ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Preventive measures ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is currently no definitive way to cure the sneezing fits brought on by the photic sneeze reflex . Photic sneezing can be combated by shielding one 's eyes with hats or sunglasses . There are many remedial fixes for sneezing , such as placing a finger horizontally below the nose or holding the nose closed when the beginnings of a sneeze are felt . Another remedy is to deliberately cause the onset of sneezing in a safe environment before moving into an environment where the condition could be a danger . The person will then be protected as long as the refractory period lasts . The most helpful way to avoid the risks stated above is to be aware of any inclination to sneeze in response to strange stimuli . If a pilot knows he or she is at risk for experiencing a photic sneeze during a flight , he or she can wear polarized goggles to block the sun , or at the very least be prepared for a sneeze and have measures planned to minimize the risk from such a sneeze . Any patient with a history of uncontrollable sneezing who requires periocular surgery should tell the doctor or anesthesiologist , so that they can take appropriate measures to minimize the risk of injury in case of a sneeze during the surgical procedure . People who know they have a tendency to experience sneezing fits after consuming a large meal can make an effort to reduce the size of their meals , since snatiation seems to occur only as a result of an extremely full stomach . Management ( edit ) While this phenomenon is poorly understood , recent research has shown that antihistamines being used to treat rhinitis due to seasonal allergies may also reduce the occurrence of photic sneezes in people affected by both conditions . Those affected by photic sneezing may find relief by shielding their eyes and / or faces with hats , scarves , and sunglasses . History ( edit ) The photic sneeze effect is a genetic tendency to begin sneezing , sometimes many times consecutively ( due to naso - ocular reflex ) , when suddenly exposed to bright light . This condition tends to occur more severely after one has emerged into the light after spending time in a dark environment . Although the syndrome is thought to affect about 18 - 35 % of the human population , it is relatively harmless and not widely studied . The photic sneeze effect has been documented for many centuries . The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to contemplate this strange phenomenon in 350 BCE , exploring why looking at the sun causes a person to sneeze in The Book of Problems : `` Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing ? '' He hypothesized that the sun 's heat caused sweating inside the nose , which triggered a sneeze in order to remove the moisture . In the 17th century , English philosopher Francis Bacon disproved Aristotle 's theory by facing the sun with his eyes closed , which did not elicit the ordinary sneeze response . Bacon therefore guessed that the eyes played a vital part in triggering photic sneezing . He assumed that looking at the sun 's light made the eyes water , and then that moisture proceeded to seep into the nose and irritate it , causing a sneeze . Although plausible , scientists later determined this theory to also be incorrect because sun - induced sneezing occurs too quickly after sunlight exposure ; watering of the eyes is a slower process , so it could not play a vital part in triggering the reflex . Today , scientific attention has mainly focused on a hypothesis proposed in 1964 by Henry Everett , who was the first to call light - induced sneezing `` The Photic Sneeze Effect . '' Since the nervous system transmits signals at an extremely fast pace , Dr. Everett hypothesized that the syndrome was linked to the human nervous system , and was perhaps caused by the confusion of nerve signals . The genetic basis of photic sneezing still remains unclear , and single genes for this condition have not been found and studied . However , the condition often occurs within families , and it has been suggested that light - induced sneezing is a heritable , autosomal - dominant trait . A 2010 study demonstrated a correlation between photic sneezing and a single - nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 2 . See also ( edit ) Snatiation Sexually induced sneezing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Laura Dean , MD . `` ACHOO Syndrome '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Roberta A. Pagon ( Nov 18 , 2002 ) . `` Why does bright light cause some people to sneeze ? '' . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Breitenbach RA , Swisher PK , Kim MK , Patel BS ( December 1993 ) . `` The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots '' . Military medicine . 158 ( 12 ) : 806 -- 9 . PMID 8108024 . Jump up ^ Semes LP , Amos JF , Waterbor JW ( June 1995 ) . `` The photic sneeze response : a descriptive report of a clinic population '' . J Am Optom Assoc. 66 ( 6 ) : 372 -- 7 . PMID 7673597 . Jump up ^ Abramson DC ( Aug 1995 ) . `` Sudden Unexpected Sneezing During The Insertion Of Peribulbar Block Under Propofol Sedation '' . Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 42 ( 8 ) : 740 -- 3 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03012675 . Jump up ^ Raphael G , Raphael MH , Kaliner M ( 1989 ) . `` Gustatory rhinitis : a syndrome of food - induced rhinorrhea '' . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 83 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0091 - 6749 ( 89 ) 90484 - 3 . PMID 2643657 . Jump up ^ Hall JG ( Apr 1990 ) . `` The Snatiation Reflex '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 27 ( 4 ) : 275 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 27.4. 275 . Jump up ^ Teebi AS , Alsaleh QA ( Aug 1989 ) . `` Autosomal Dominant Sneezing Disorder Provoked by Fullness of Stomach '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 26 ( 8 ) : 539 -- 540 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 26.8. 539 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Cole EC , Cook CE ( Aug 1998 ) . `` Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities : an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies '' . Am J Infect Control . 26 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / s0196 - 6553 ( 98 ) 70046 - x . PMID 9721404 . ^ Jump up to : Ahn ES , Mills DM , Meyer DR , Stasior GO ( Jul 2008 ) . `` Sneezing reflex associated with intravenous sedation and periocular anesthetic injection '' . American Journal of Ophthalmology. 146 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajo. 2008.02. 013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Abramson DC ( 1995 ) . `` Sudden Unexpected Sneezing During The Insertion Of Peribulbar Block Under Propofol Sedation '' . Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 42 ( 8 ) : 740 -- 743 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03012675 . Jump up ^ Peroutka , S.J. ; Peroutka , L.A. ( 1984 ) . `` '' Autosomal dominant transmission of the `` photic sneeze reflex '' `` '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 310 ( 9 ) : 599 -- 600 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm198403013100923 . PMID 6694722 . Jump up ^ Peroutka , S.J. ; Peroutka , L.A. ( 1984 ) . `` '' Autosomal dominant transmission of the `` photic sneeze reflex '' `` '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 310 ( 9 ) : 599 -- 600 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm198403013100923 . PMID 6694722 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Sneeze Reflex '' . Western Journal of Medicine . 146 ( 5 ) : 20 . 1 May 1987 . PMC 1307391 . PMID 18750225 . Jump up ^ `` Allergies - Sneezing with Sunlight '' . Allergies.about.com. 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ACHOO '' . Right Diagnosis : Symptoms , Diagnosis , Treatments and Causes . Health Grades Inc . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Of the Nose '' , Aristotle , exclassics.com ^ Jump up to : Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze , Karen Schrock , ScientificAmerican.com , January 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Matt . `` The Curious Case of Sun Sneezing '' . Today I Found Out . Vacca Foeda Media . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett , Henry C. ( May 1964 ) . `` Sneezing in Response to Light '' . Neurology . 14 ( 5 ) : 483 -- 490 . doi : 10.1212 / wnl. 14.5. 483 . Jump up ^ Peroutka , S.J. ; Peroutka , L.A. ( 1984 ) . `` '' Autosomal dominant transmission of the `` photic sneeze reflex '' `` '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 310 ( 9 ) : 599 -- 600 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm198403013100923 . PMID 6694722 . Jump up ^ Eriksson N , Macpherson JM , Tung JY , Hon LS , Naughton B , Saxonov S , Avey L , Wojcicki A , Pe'er I , Mountain J ( 2010 ) . Gibson , Greg , ed . `` Web - Based , Participant - Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits '' . PLoS Genet. 6 ( 6 ) : e1000993 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000993 . PMC 2891811 . PMID 20585627 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Classification V T D OMIM : 100820 DiseasesDB : 30910 Healthline Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man entry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photic_sneeze_reflex&oldid=835739105 '' Categories : Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene Sneeze Trigeminal nerve Parasympathetic nervous system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from February 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles that may contain original research from January 2018 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 47 . 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percentage of irrigated land in india is about	Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers , groundwater well based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these groundwater system is the largest . In 2013 - 14 , only about 47.7 % of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . Irrigation in India helps improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects help produce electricity and transport facilities , as well as provide drinking water supplies to a growing population , control floods and prevent droughts .	47.7 %	Irrigation in India	irrigation in india	Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers , groundwater well based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these groundwater system is the largest . In 2013 - 14 , only about 47.7 % of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . Irrigation in India helps improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects help produce electricity and transport facilities , as well as provide drinking water supplies to a growing population , control floods and prevent droughts .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient India 1.2 Islamic era 1.3 Colonial era 2 Irrigation trends since 1947 3 Statewise irrigation types , capacity and actual 4 Project classification 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Ancient India ( edit ) The earliest mentions of irrigation are found in Rigveda chapters 1.55 , 1.85 , 1.105 , 7.9 , 8.69 and 10.101 . The Veda mentions only well - style irrigation , where kupa and avata wells once dug are stated to be always full of water , from which varatra ( rope strap ) and cakra ( wheel ) pull kosa ( pails ) of water . This water was , state the Vedas , led into surmi susira ( broad channels ) and from there into khanitrima ( diverting channels ) into fields . Later , the 4th - century BCE Indian scholar Pāṇini , mentions tapping several rivers for irrigation . The mentioned rivers include Sindhu , Suvastu , Varnu , Sarayu , Vipas and Chandrabhaga . Buddhist texts from the 3rd century BCE also mention irrigation of crops . Texts from the Maurya Empire era ( 3rd century BCE ) mention that the state raised revenue from charging farmers for irrigation services from rivers . Patanjali , in Yogasutra of about the 4th century CE , explains a technique of yoga by comparing it to `` the way a farmer diverts a stream from an irrigation canal for irrigation '' . In Tamil Nadu , the Grand Anicut ( canal ) across the Kaveri river was implemented in the 3rd century CE , and the basic design is still used today . Islamic era ( edit ) Waterworks were undertaken during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire era from the 12th to 18th centuries . However , these were primarily to supply water to the palaces and parks of the sultans and other officials . Colonial era ( edit ) Ganges irrigation canal built during the colonial era , and inaugurated in 1854 . In 1800 , some 800,000 hectares was irrigated in India . The British Raj by 1940 built significant number of canals and irrigation systems in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Punjab , Assam and Orissa . The Ganges Canal reached 350 miles from Haridwar to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh . In Assam , a jungle in 1840 , by 1900 had 4,000,000 acres under cultivation , especially in tea plantations . In all , the amount of irrigated land multiplied by a factor of eight . Historian David Gilmour states British colonial government had built irrigation network with Ganges canal and that , `` by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab '' were in place . Much of the increase in irrigation during British colonial era was targeted at dedicated poppy and opium farms in India , for exports to China . Poppy cultivation by the British Raj required reliable , dedicated irrigation system . Large portions of the eastern and northern regions of India , namely United Provinces , Northwestern Provinces , Oudh , Behar , Bengal and Rewa were irrigated to ensure reliable supply of poppy and opium for China . By 1850 , the Asian opium trade created nearly 1,000 square kilometers of poppy farms in India in its fertile Ganges plains , which increased to over 500,000 acres by 1900 . This diversion of food crop land to cash crop use , state scholars , led to massive famines over the 1850 to 1905 period . Major irrigation canals were built after millions of people died each in a series of major famines in the 19th century in British India . In 1900 , British India ( including Bangladesh and Pakistan ) had about 13 million ha under irrigation . In 1901 the Viceroy , Lord Curzon , appointed a Commission chaired by Sir Colin Scott - Moncrieff to draw up a comprehensive irrigation plan for India . In 1903 the Commission 's report recommended irrigation of an additional 2.6 million hectares . By 1947 , the irrigated area had increased to about 22 million ha . In Northwestern British India region alone , with the colonial government 's effort , 2.2 million hectares of previously barren land was irrigated by 1940s , most of which is now part of Pakistan . Arthur Cotton led some irrigation canal projects in the Deccan peninsula , and landmarks are named after him in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . However , much of the added irrigation capacity during the colonial era was provided by groundwater wells and tanks , operated manually . Irrigation trends Since 1947 ( edit ) One of the sections of Bhakra Canal system in north India . This canal network irrigates over 4 million hectares of land . India 's irrigation covered crop area was about 22.6 million hectares in 1951 , and it increased to a potential of 90 mha at the end of 1995 , inclusive of canals and groundwater wells . However , the potential irrigation relies of reliable supply of electricity for water pumps and maintenance , and the net irrigated land has been considerably short . According to 2001 / 2002 Agriculture census , only 58.1 million hectares of land was actually irrigated in India . The total arable land in India is 160 million hectares ( 395 million acres ) . According to the World Bank , only about 35 % of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated in 2010 . The ultimate sustainable irrigation potential of India has been estimated in a 1991 United Nations ' FAO report to be 139.5 million hectares , comprising 58.5 mha from major and medium river - fed irrigation canal schemes , 15 mha from minor irrigation canal schemes , and 66 mha from groundwater well fed irrigation . India 's irrigation is mostly groundwater well based . At 39 million hectares ( 67 % of its total irrigation ) , India has the world 's largest groundwater well equipped irrigation system ( China with 19 mha is second , USA with 17 mha is third ) . India has spent ₹ 16,590 crore on irrigation development between 1950 and 1985 . Between 2000 - 2005 and 2005 - 2010 , India proposed to invest a sum of ₹ 1 , 03,315 crore and 2 , 10,326 crore on irrigation and flood control in India . Statewise irrigation types , capacity and actual ( edit ) State Total crop area ( million hectares ) Groundwater irrigation crop area ( million hectares ) Canal irrigation crop area ( million hectares ) Total crop area actually irrigated ( million hectares ) Andhra Pradesh 14.3 2.5 2.7 4.9 Arunachal Pradesh 0.4 0.07 0.05 Assam 3.0 0.13 0.1 0.22 Bihar 6.4 1.3 3.5 Chhattisgarh 5.1 0.17 0.74 0.85 Goa 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gujarat 9.9 3.1 0.5 3.2 Haryana 3.6 1.99 1.32 3.26 Himachal Pradesh 1.0 0.02 0.09 0.11 Jammu & Kashmir 0.9 0.02 0.38 0.37 Jharkhand 3.2 0.11 0.13 0.24 Karnataka 12.2 1.43 1.33 2.38 Kerala 1.5 0.18 0.21 0.39 Madhya Pradesh 15.8 2.74 1.70 4.19 Maharashtra 19.8 3.12 1.03 3.36 Manipur 0.2 0.05 0.05 Meghalaya 0.3 0.06 0.06 Mizoram 0.1 0.01 0.01 Nagaland 1.1 0.1 0.07 Odisha 4.9 0.17 1.07 1.24 Punjab 4.0 3.06 0.94 3.96 Rajasthan 21.1 3.98 1.52 5.12 Sikkim 0.1 0.01 0.01 Tamil Nadu 6.5 1.61 1.43 2.66 Tripura 0.3 0.02 0.05 0.07 Uttar Pradesh 17.6 10.64 4.21 14.49 Uttarakhand 0.8 0.22 0.14 0.35 West Bengal 5.5 2.09 1.22 2.98 All India 159.6 39.43 22.48 58.13 Note : The all India total includes land area for Union Territories of India that is not shown in the above table . Project classification ( edit ) An irrigation canal in western Rajasthan . Irrigation Projects in India are classified on three major aspects into : 1 . Minor Irrigation Projects 2 . Medium Irrigation Projects 3 . Major Irrigation Projects Since 1950 , irrigation works were classified on the basis of cost incurred for the projects ' implementation , governing and dissemination. , However , the Planning Commission of India adopted the classification of projects on the basis of culturable command area ( CCA ) . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Agriculture in India Animal husbandry in India Electricity sector in India Farmers ' suicides in India Forestry in India Indian Rivers Inter-link Rural roads and infrastructure in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : S. Siebert et al ( 2010 ) , Groundwater use for irrigation -- a global inventory , Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. , 14 , pp. 1863 -- 1880 ^ Jump up to : Agricultural irrigated land ( % of total agricultural land ) The World Bank ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Economic Times : How to solve the problems of India 's rain - dependent on agricultural land Jump up ^ National Water Development Agency Ministry of Water Resources , Govt of India ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : BN Puri , IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA , Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , Vol. 48 / 49 ( 1968 ) , pp. 383 - 390 ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg , Dale ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Lallanji ( 2008 ) . History of agriculture in India , up to c. 1200 A.D . p. 762 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 521 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : India - History of Irrigation FAO - United Nations ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ White , David ( 2014 ) . The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali : a biography . Princeton University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14377 - 4 . Jump up ^ Patañjali ( Transl : Chip Hartranft ) ( 2003 ) . The Yoga - Sūtra of Patañjali : a new translation with commentary . Boston : Shambhala Publications . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59030 - 023 - 7 . Jump up ^ Edward Balfour , The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia , p . PA377 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Praveen Singh ( 2003 ) , Colonising the Rivers : Colonial Technology , Irrigation and Flood Control in North Bihar , 1850 -- 1950 , Ph. D. thesis ( Jawaharlal Nehru University ) , pp. 198 -- 261 Jump up ^ Neil Charlesworth , British Rule and the Indian Economy , 1800 - 1914 ( 1981 ) pp 23 - 37 Jump up ^ Ian Stone , Canal Irrigation in British India : Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy ( 2002 ) pp 278 - 80 Jump up ^ for the historiography , see Rohan D'Souza , `` Water in British India : the making of a ' colonial hydrology ' . '' History Compass ( 2006 ) 4 # 4 pp : 621 - 628 . online Jump up ^ David Gilmour ( 2007 ) . The Ruling Caste : Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Thorner ( 1962 ) , ' Deindustrialization ' in India , 1881 -- 1931 , In : D. Thorner , and A. Thorner ( Editors ) , Land and Labour in India , ISBN 978 - 8180280214 Jump up ^ T. Roy , London School of Economics , Globalization , Factor Prices and Poverty in Colonial India , Australian Economic History Review , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , pp. 73 - 94 ( March 2007 ) Jump up ^ Sarkar ( 1983 ) , The colonial economy , In : S. Sarkar ( Editor ) Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0333904251 Jump up ^ National and English Review , Volume 6 , p . PA480 , at Google Books , WH Allen & Co , London ^ Jump up to : The Parliamentary Debates , Volume 348 , p. 1058 , at Google Books , Hansard 's , HM Government , Great Britain ( 14 August 1890 ) , pp. 1054 - 1061 Jump up ^ Maddison , A. ( 1970 ) , The historical origins of Indian poverty , PSL Quarterly Review , 23 ( 92 ) , pp. 31 - 81 ^ Jump up to : Richard Hunt ( 1997 ) , To End Poverty - The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core , Oxford , UK , ISBN 978 - 0952887201 , pp. 145 - 148 Jump up ^ `` Scott - Moncrieff Commission '' . www.britanica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott - Moncrieff , Sir Colin Campbell ( 1903 ) . Report of the Indian Irrigation Commission , 1901 - 1903 . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ Jin - Bee Ooi ( 1983 ) . Natural resources in tropical countries . Singapore : Singapore University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 69 - 063 - 2 . Jump up ^ Edward Balfour , The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia at Google Books , pp. 377 - 380 Jump up ^ Himachal Pradesh & Punjab - Bhakra and Gobindsagar FAO - United Nations ^ Jump up to : Irrigation in India FAO , United Nations Jump up ^ Net Irrigated Area FAO , United Nations Jump up ^ PDF on 10th 5 - Year Plan of India ( 2002 - 2007 ) External links ( edit ) Global Map of Irrigation Areas INDIA Irrigated land data by state and districts of India , FAO - United Nations and University of Bonn , Germany ( 2013 ) Central Board of Irrigation and Power Ministry of Water Resources Government of India International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ( ICID ) Links to related articles India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - 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when did the little mermaid first come out	The 28th Disney animated feature film , The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17 , 1989 to largely positive reviews , garnering $84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release , and $211 million in total lifetime gross worldwide . After the success of the 1988 Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s . It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance .	November 17 , 1989	The Little Mermaid ( 1989 film )	the little mermaid ( 1989 film )	The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen , The Little Mermaid tells the story of a mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human . Written , produced , and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman ( who also served as a co-producer ) , the film features the voices of Jodi Benson , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Samuel E. Wright , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Buddy Hackett , and René Auberjonois .	The 28th Disney animated feature film , The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17 , 1989 to largely positive reviews , garnering $84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release , and $211 million in total lifetime gross worldwide . After the success of the 1988 Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s . It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance . A stage adaptation of the film with a book by Doug Wright and additional songs by Alan Menken and new lyricist Glenn Slater opened in Denver in July 2007 and began performances on Broadway January 10 , 2008 starring Sierra Boggess . In May 2016 , Disney announced that a live - action film adaptation of The Little Mermaid is currently in the works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 4.2 Live presentations 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Controversy 6 Sequels and spin - offs 7 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot Ariel , a sixteen - year - old mermaid princess , is dissatisfied with underwater life in the kingdom of Atlantica , and is curious about the human world . With her best friend Flounder , Ariel collects human artifacts in her grotto , and often goes to the surface of the ocean to visit Scuttle , a seagull who offers very inaccurate knowledge of human culture . She ignores the warnings of her father King Triton , the ruler of Atlantica , and Sebastian , a crab who serves as Triton 's adviser and court composer , that contact between merpeople and humans is forbidden . One night , Ariel , Flounder , and Sebastian travel to the ocean surface to watch a celebration for the birthday of Prince Eric on a ship . Ariel instantly becomes enamored with Eric . A violent storm arrives , with a bolt of lightning striking the ship , engulfing it in flames and eventually destroying it , tossing Eric overboard . She rescues Eric and brings him to shore . Ariel sings to Eric , but immediately leaves just as he regains consciousness to avoid being discovered . Fascinated by the memory of her voice , Eric vows to find who saved and sang to him , and Ariel vows to find a way to join him and his world . When Triton discovers Ariel 's love for Eric , Triton confronts her in the grotto and destroys most of the artifacts with his trident . After Triton leaves , two eels named Flotsam and Jetsam convince Ariel to visit Ursula , a sea witch . Ursula tricks Ariel into making a deal to transform her into a human for three days in exchange for Ariel 's voice , which Ursula puts in a nautilus shell . Within these three days , Ariel must receive the `` kiss of true love '' from Eric . If Ariel gets Eric to kiss her , she will remain a human permanently . Otherwise , she will transform back into a mermaid and be captured by Ursula . Ariel accepts , and is given human legs to emerge to the land above . Eric finds Ariel on the beach and takes her to his castle , unaware that she is the one who had rescued him earlier . Ariel spends time with Eric , and at the end of the second day , they almost kiss , but are disrupted by Flotsam and Jetsam . Furious at their narrow escape , Ursula sets a trap for Eric and Ariel : she disguises herself as a beautiful young woman named Vanessa and hypnotizes Eric with her singing voice . Discovering that Vanessa is actually Ursula in disguise , Scuttle informs Ariel of Ursula 's plan to marry Eric while Sebastian informs Triton about Ursula 's actions . Assisted by her friends , Ariel stops Eric 's wedding to Ursula , destroying the nautilus shell around Ursula 's neck and restoring Ariel 's voice . Realizing that Ariel is the girl who saved his life , Eric rushes to kiss her , but the sun sets , and Ariel transforms back into a mermaid before Ursula kidnaps her . Triton furiously confronts Ursula and demands Ariel 's release , but the deal is inviolable . Ursula tricks Triton into taking Ariel 's place as Ursula 's prisoner , giving up his trident . Ariel is released as Triton is transformed into a polyp . Ursula steps forward as the new queen , but before she can use the trident , Eric intervenes with a harpoon . Ursula attempts to attack Eric , but inadvertently kills Flotsam and Jetsam in the process . Enraged , Ursula uses the trident to expand into monstrous proportions . Ariel and Eric reunite on the surface before Ursula gains full control of the entire ocean , creating a storm and bringing sunken ships to the surface . In her attempt to murder Ariel , Ursula herself is impaled on one of the wrecked ships piloted by Eric . With Ursula slain , Triton and the other polyps are restored to their original forms . Realizing that Ariel truly loves Eric , Triton willingly changes her from a mermaid into a human and approves her marriage to Eric . Ariel and Eric marry on a ship and depart . Cast Main article : List of Disney 's The Little Mermaid characters Jodi Benson as Princess Ariel Christopher Daniel Barnes as Prince Eric Pat Carroll as Ursula Jodi Benson as Vanessa ( Ursula 's human alter - ego ) Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian Jason Marin as Flounder Kenneth Mars as King Triton Buddy Hackett as Scuttle Ben Wright as Grimsby Paddi Edwards as Flotsam and Jetsam Edie McClurg as Carlotta the maid Kimmy Robertson and Caroline Vasicek as Ariel 's Sisters Will Ryan as Harold the Seahorse Frank Welker as Max the Sheepdog René Auberjonois as Chef Louis Production Story development The Little Mermaid was originally planned as part of one of Walt Disney 's earliest feature films , a proposed package film featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales . Development started soon after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the late 1930s , but was delayed due to various circumstances . In 1985 , Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of The Little Mermaid while he was serving as a director on The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) alongside John Musker . Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a bookstore . Believing the story provided an `` ideal basis '' for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater , Clements wrote and presented a two - page treatment of Mermaid to Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg at a `` gong show '' idea suggestion meeting . Katzenberg passed the project over , because at that time the studio was in development on a sequel to their live - action mermaid comedy Splash ( 1984 ) and felt The Little Mermaid would be too similar a project . The next day , however , Katzenberg approved of the idea for possible development , along with Oliver & Company . While in production in the 1980s , the staff found , by chance , original story and visual development work done by Kay Nielsen for Disney 's proposed 1930s Andersen feature . Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen 's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s . That year Clements and Musker expanded the two - page idea into a 20 - page rough script , eliminating the role of the mermaid 's grandmother and expanding the roles of the Merman King and the sea witch . However , the film 's plans were momentarily shelved as Disney focused its attention on Who Framed Roger Rabbit and Oliver & Company as more immediate releases . In 1987 , songwriter Howard Ashman became involved with the writing and development of Mermaid after he was asked to contribute a song to Oliver & Company . He proposed changing the minor character Clarence , the English - butler crab , to a Jamaican crab and shifting the music style throughout the film to reflect this . At the same time , Katzenberg , Clements , Musker , and Ashman revised the story format to make Mermaid a musical with a Broadway - style story structure , with the song sequences serving as the tentpoles of the film . Ashman and composer Alan Menken , both noted for their work as the writers of the successful Off - Broadway stage musical Little Shop of Horrors , teamed up to compose the entire song score . In 1988 , with Oliver out of the way , Mermaid was slated as the next major Disney release . Animation More money and resources were dedicated to Mermaid than any other Disney animated film in decades . Aside from its main animation facility in Glendale , California , Disney opened a satellite feature animation facility during the production of Mermaid in Lake Buena Vista , Florida ( near Orlando , Florida ) , within Disney - MGM Studios Theme Park at Walt Disney World . Opening in 1989 , the Disney - MGM facility 's first projects were to produce an entire Roger Rabbit cartoon short , Roller Coaster Rabbit , and to contribute ink and paint support to Mermaid . Another first for recent years was the filming of live actors and actresses for motion reference material for the animators , a practice used frequently for many of the Disney animated features produced under Walt Disney 's supervision . Sherri Lynn Stoner , a former member of Los Angeles ' Groundlings improvisation comedy group , and Joshua Finkel , a Broadway actor , performed key scenes as Ariel and Eric respectively . Jodi Benson had already been cast as Ariel 's voice actor by this time , and her recorded dialogue was used as playback to guide these live - action references . Mermaid 's supervising animators included Glen Keane and Mark Henn on Ariel , Duncan Marjoribanks on Sebastian , Andreas Deja on King Triton , and Ruben Aquino on Ursula . Originally , Keane had been asked to work on Ursula , as he had established a reputation for drawing large , powerful figures , such as the bear in The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) and Professor Ratigan in The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) . Keane , however , was assigned as one of the two lead artists on the petite Ariel and oversaw the `` Part of Your World '' musical number . He jokingly stated that his wife looks exactly like Ariel `` without the fins . '' The character 's body type and personality were based upon that of Alyssa Milano , then starring on TV 's Who 's the Boss ? and the effect of her hair underwater was based on both footage of Sally Ride when she was in space , and scenes of Stoner in a pool for guidance in animating Ariel 's swimming . The design of the villainous Ursula was based upon drag performer Divine . An additional early inspiration before Divine was Joan Collins in her role as Alexis Carrington in the television show Dynasty , due to a suggestion from Howard Ashman , who was a fan of the series . Pat Carroll was not Clements and Musker 's first choice to voice Ursula ; the original script had been written with Bea Arthur of the Disney - owned TV series The Golden Girls in mind . After Arthur turned the part down , actresses such as Nancy Marchand , Nancy Wilson , Roseanne , Charlotte Rae , and Elaine Stritch were considered for the part . Stritch was eventually cast as Ursula , but clashed with Howard Ashman 's style of music production and was replaced by Carroll . Various actors auditioned for additional roles in the film , including Jim Carrey for the role of Prince Eric , and comedians Bill Maher and Michael Richards for the role of Scuttle . The underwater setting required the most special effects animation for a Disney animated feature since Fantasia in 1940 . Effects animation supervisor Mark Dindal estimated that over a million bubbles were drawn for this film , in addition to the use of other processes such as airbrushing , backlighting , superimposition , and some computer animation . The artistic manpower needed for Mermaid required Disney to farm out most of the underwater bubble effects animation in the film to Pacific Rim Productions , a China - based firm with production facilities in Beijing . An attempt to use Disney 's famed multiplane camera for the first time in years for quality `` depth '' shots failed because the machine was reputedly in dilapidated condition . The multiplane shots were instead photographed at an outside animation camera facility . The Little Mermaid was the last Disney feature film to use the traditional hand - painted cel method of animation . Disney 's next film , The Rescuers Down Under , used a digital method of coloring and combining scanned drawings developed for Disney by Pixar called CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , which would eliminate the need for cels , the multiplane camera , and many of the optical effects used for the last time in Mermaid . A CAPS prototype was used experimentally on a few scenes in Mermaid , and one shot produced using CAPS -- the penultimate shot in the film , of Ariel and Eric 's wedding ship sailing away under a rainbow -- appears in the finished film . Computer - generated imagery was used to create some of the wrecked ships in the final battle , a staircase behind a shot of Ariel in Eric 's castle , and the carriage Eric and Ariel are riding in when she bounces it over a ravine . These objects were animated using 3D wireframe models , which were plotted as line art to cels and painted traditionally . Music Main article : The Little Mermaid ( soundtrack ) The Little Mermaid was considered by some as `` the film that brought Broadway into cartoons '' . Alan Menken wrote the Academy Award winning score , and collaborated with Howard Ashman on the songs . One of the film 's most prominent songs , `` Part of Your World '' , was nearly cut from the film when it seemingly tested poorly with an audience of school children , who became rowdy during the scene . This caused Jeffrey Katzenberg to feel that the song needed to be cut , an idea that was resisted by Musker , Clements , and Keane . Both Muscker and Clements cited the similar situation of the popular song `` Over the Rainbow '' nearly being cut from 1939 's The Wizard of Oz when appealing to Katzenberg . Keane pushed for the song to remain until the film was in a more finalized state . During a second test screening , the scene , now colorized and further developed , tested well with a separate child audience , and the musical number was kept . Release The film was originally released on November 17 , 1989 , followed by a November 14 , 1997 , reissue . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a 3D re-release of The Little Mermaid scheduled for September 13 , 2013 , but this was cancelled on January 14 , 2013 , due to the under - performances of other Disney 3D re-releases . The 3D version was released on Blu - ray instead , but it did play a limited engagement at the El Capitan Theatre from September to October 2013 . On September 20 , 2013 , The Little Mermaid began playing in select theaters where audiences could bring iPads and use an app called Second Screen Live . The film was also screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . Home Media In a then atypical and controversial move for a new Disney animated film , The Little Mermaid was released as part of the Walt Disney Classics line of VHS and Laserdisc home video releases in May 1990 , six months after the release of the film . Before Mermaid , only a select number of Disney 's catalog animated films had been released to home video , as the company was afraid of upsetting its profitable practice of theatrically reissuing each film every seven years . Mermaid became that year 's top - selling title on home video , with over 10 million units sold ( including 7 million in its first month ) . This success led future Disney films to be released soon after the end of their theatrical runs , rather than delayed for several years . Following Mermaid 's 1997 re-release in theaters , a new VHS version was released in March 1998 as part of the Masterpiece Collection and included a bonus music video of Jodi Benson singing `` Part of Your World '' during the end credits , replacing `` Under the Sea '' as the end credit song . The VHS sold 13 million units and ranked as the third best - selling video of the year . The Little Mermaid was released in a Limited Issue `` bare - bones '' DVD in 1999 , with a standard video transfer . The film was re-released on DVD on October 3 , 2006 , as part of the Walt Disney Platinum Editions line of classic Walt Disney animated features , including the song `` Kiss the Girl '' performed by Ashley Tisdale . Deleted scenes and several in - depth documentaries were included , as well as an Academy Award - nominated short film intended for the shelved Fantasia 2006 , The Little Match Girl . The DVD sold 1.6 million units on its first day of release , and over 4 million units during its first week , making it the biggest animated DVD debut for October . By year 's end , the DVD had sold about 7 million units and was one of the year 's top ten selling DVDs . The Platinum Edition DVD was released as part of a `` Little Mermaid Trilogy '' boxed set on December 16 , 2008 . The Platinum Edition of the film , along with its sequels , went on moratorium in January 2009 . The film was re-released on 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD / Digital Copy Combo , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo and 3D Blu - ray on October 1 , 2013 , as part of the Walt Disney Diamond Editions line . Live presentations In June 2016 , Disney held special presentations of the film at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , entitled The Little Mermaid in Concert . The performances combined a screening of The Little Mermaid with live accompaniment by guest musicians , including Sara Bareilles ( who performed as Ariel ) , Tituss Burgess , Darren Criss , Rebel Wilson and Norm Lewis ( who performed as King Triton as a reprisal of his role in the stage adaptation ) . The four additional songs written for the stage adaptation were also incorporated into the presentation , accompanied by scenes of the film 's original concept art . During the third and final performance , Jodi Benson joined the cast in lieu of Bareilles to reprise her original role as Ariel . The final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane ( the singing voice of the title character of Aladdin ) and Susan Egan ( who played Belle in the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast ) , who sang songs from their respective films , and a duet of A Whole New World . On May 16 , 2017 , ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film , The Wonderful World of Disney : The Little Mermaid Live , on October 3 , 2017 . The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians , in a similar fashion to the Hollywood Bowl concerts . However , on August 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the special was postponed due to budget constraints . Reception Box office Early in the production of The Little Mermaid , Jeffrey Katzenberg cautioned Clements , Musker , and their staff , reminding them that since Mermaid was a `` girl 's film '' , it would make less money at the box office than Oliver & Company , which had been Disney 's biggest animated box office success in a decade . However , by the time the film was closer to completion , Katzenberg was convinced Mermaid would be a hit and the first animated feature to earn more than $100 million and become a `` blockbuster '' film . During its original 1989 theatrical release , Mermaid earned $84.4 million at the North American box office , falling just short of Katzenberg 's expectations but earning 64 % more than Oliver . The film was theatrically reissued on November 14 , 1997 , on the same day as Anastasia , a Don Bluth animated feature for Fox Animation Studios . The reissue brought $27.2 million in additional gross . The film also drew $99.8 million in box office earnings outside the United States and Canada between both releases , resulting in a total international box office figure of $211 million . Critical reception The Little Mermaid received largely positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film has a 93 % `` Certified Fresh '' score based on 67 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` The Little Mermaid ushered in a new golden era for Disney animation with warm and charming hand - drawn characters and catchy musical sequences '' . Roger Ebert , film critic for the Chicago Sun - Times , was enthusiastic about the film and wrote that , `` The Little Mermaid is a jolly and inventive animated fantasy -- a movie that 's so creative and so much fun it deserves comparison with the best Disney work of the past . '' Ebert also commented positively on the character of Ariel , stating , `` ... Ariel is a fully realized female character who thinks and acts independently , even rebelliously , instead of hanging around passively while the fates decide her destiny . '' The staff of TV Guide wrote a positive review , praising the film 's return to the traditional Disney musical as well as the film 's animation . Yet they also wrote that the film is detracted from by the juvenile humor and the human characters ' eyes . While still giving a positive review , they stated that the film `` ca n't compare to the real Disney classics ( which appealed equally to both kids and adults ) . '' The staff of Variety praised the film for its cast of characters , Ursula in particular , as well as its animation , stating that the animation `` proves lush and fluid , augmented by the use of shadow and light as elements like fire , sun and water illuminate the characters . '' They also praised the musical collaboration between Howard Ashman and Alan Menken `` whose songs frequently begin slowly but build in cleverness and intensity . '' Todd Gilchrist of IGN wrote a positive review of the film , stating that the film is `` an almost perfect achievement . '' Gilchrist also praised how the film revived interest in animation as it was released at a time when interest in animation was at a lull . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review of the film , referring to it as a `` likably unspectacular adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen classic . '' Hinson went on to write that the film is average even at its highest points . He wrote that while there is nothing wrong with the film , it would be difficult for children to identify with Ariel and that the characters seemed bland . Hinson concluded his review saying that the film is `` accomplished but uninspiring , The Little Mermaid has enough to please any kid . All that 's missing is the magic . '' Empire gave a positive review of the film , stating that `` ( The Little Mermaid is ) a charmer of a movie , boasting all the ingredients that make a Disney experience something to treasure yet free of all the politically correct , formulaic elements that have bogged down the more recent productions . '' In April 2008 -- almost 20 years after the film 's initial release in 1989 -- Yahoo ! users voted `` The Little Mermaid '' as No. 14 on the top 30 animated films of all time . Later , when Yahoo ! updated the list in June of the same year , the film remained on the list but dropped six slots to end at # 20 . ( Only three other traditionally animated Disney animated films - Aladdin , Beauty and the Beast , and The Lion King , respectively - scored above it in the poll even after the update . ) In 2011 , Richard Corliss of TIME Magazine named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The Little Mermaid , Disney 's first animated fairy tale since Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) , is an important film in animation history for many reasons . Chief among these are its re-establishment of animation as a profitable venture for The Walt Disney Company , as the company 's theme parks , television productions , and live - action features had overshadowed the animated output since the 1950s . Mermaid was the second film , following Oliver & Company , produced after Disney began expanding its animated output following its successful live action / animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , and became Disney 's first animated major box office and critical hit since The Rescuers in 1977 . Walt Disney Feature Animation was further expanded as a result of Mermaid and increasingly successful follow - ups -- Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , and The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The staff increased from 300 members in 1988 to 2,200 in 1999 spread across three studios in Burbank , California , Lake Buena Vista , Florida , and Montreuil , Seine - Saint - Denis , France . In addition , Mermaid signaled the re-establishment of the musical film format as a standard for Disney animated films . The majority of Disney 's most popular animated films from the 1930s on had been musicals , though by the 1970s and 1980s the role of music had been de-emphasized in the films . 1988 's Oliver & Company had served as a test of sorts to the success of the musical format before Disney committed to the Broadway - style structure of The Little Mermaid . Accolades In January 1990 , The Little Mermaid earned three Academy Award nominations , making it the first Disney animated film to earn an Academy Award nomination since The Rescuers in 1977 . The film won two of the awards , for Best Song ( `` Under the Sea '' ) and Best Score . The film also earned four Golden Globe nominations , including Best Picture -- Comedy or Musical , and won the awards for Best Song ( `` Under the Sea '' ) and Best Score . In addition to the box office and critical success of the film itself , the Mermaid soundtrack album earned two awards at the 33rd Grammy Awards in 1991 : the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Bolstered by the film 's success and the soundtrack 's Oscars , Golden Globes and Grammy Awards , was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1990 for shipments of two million copies of the soundtrack album , an unheard of feat for an animated film at the time . To date , the soundtrack has been certified six times platinum . The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score as well as Best Song for Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's `` Under the Sea '' , sung by Samuel E. Wright in a memorable scene . Another song from the film , `` Kiss the Girl '' , was nominated but lost to `` Under the Sea '' . The film also won two Golden Globes for Best Original Score as well Best Original Song for `` Under the Sea '' . It was also nominated in two other categories , Best Motion Picture and another Best Original Song . Menken and Ashman also won a Grammy Award in 1991 for `` Under the Sea . '' The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Ursula -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Under the Sea '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Controversy Controversy arose regarding the artwork for the cover for the Classics VHS cassette when the film was first released on video when close examination of the artwork revealed an oddly shaped structure on the castle , closely resembling a human penis . Disney and the cover designer insist it was an accident , resulting from a late night rush job to finish the cover artwork . The questionable object does not appear on the cover of the second releasing of the movie . A second allegation is that a clergyman is seen with an erection during a scene late in the film . The clergyman is a short man , dressed in Bishop 's clothing , and a small bulge is slightly noticeable in a few of the frames that are actually later shown to be the stubby - legged man 's knees , but the image is small and is very difficult to distinguish . The combined incidents led an Arkansas woman to file suit against The Walt Disney Company in 1995 , though she dropped the suit two months later . Sequels and spin - offs An animated series prequel based on the film premiered in late 1992 on the CBS television network , following Ariel 's adventures before the events of the film . The show ran for 31 episodes . A series of shorts starring Sebastian were aired as part of the Disney animated series Marsupilami . A direct - to - video sequel titled The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea was released on September 19 , 2000 . The plot focuses on Ariel 's daughter Melody who longs to be a part of the ocean world . A direct - to - video prequel , titled The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , was released on August 26 , 2008 . The story is set before the events of the original film , in which King Triton has banned music from Atlantica . Ariel , Sebastian , Flounder , King Triton , Ursula , Prince Eric , Scuttle and Chef Louie are `` guests '' in House of Mouse . Ursula appears as one of the leading villains in Mickey 's House of Villains . Ariel , Prince Eric and Ursula also appear in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The Little Mermaid is featured as a playable world in the Kingdom Hearts Series known as Atlantica . Characters from the film include , Ariel , Sebastian , Flounder , King Triton , Prince Eric , Ursula , Flotsam and Jetsam . Live - action adaptation In May 2016 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Disney is in early development for a live - action version of the film . Three months later , it was announced that Alan Menken would return as the film 's composer and write new songs alongside Lin - Manuel Miranda , who will also co-produce the movie with Marc Platt . Studio veteran Lindsay Lohan has expressed interest in starring in the adaption . In December 2017 , it was reported that Rob Marshall was Disney 's top choice to direct the film with Jane Goldman to write the screenplay for the film . See also The Little Mermaid ( musical ) Mermaids in popular culture List of Disney theatrical animated features References Jump up ^ `` THE LITTLE MERMAID ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 28 , 1989 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2005 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid Trilogy : The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The Little Mermaid , The Little Mermaid II : Return To The Sea Special Edition , . : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Check Out The Little Mermaid 's First Blu - ray Trailer Retrieved February 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sara Bareilles and Tituss Burgess Headline Little Mermaid at the Hollywood Bowl Tonight '' . Playbill . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Little Mermaid in Concert ' Caps Hollywood Bowl Run With Original Ariel , Jodi Benson '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Slates ' Little Mermaid ' and Rolling Stone Live Musicals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ABC drops plans for ' Little Mermaid ' musical '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Little Mermaid review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid movie review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid movie review '' . Variety . January 1 , 1989 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Double Dip Digest : The Little Mermaid '' . IGN . October 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid review '' . The Washington Post . November 17 , 1997 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Making the Grade : Yahoo Users ' Top Rated Animated Films photos on Yahoo ! Summer Movie Guide ( June 25 , 2008 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- The Little Mermaid '' . TIME . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 47th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1952 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` The GRAMMYs ' Biggest Winners : The ' 90s '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Gold and Platinum '' search for `` Little Mermaid '' `` . RIAA.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 22 , 1990 ) . `` 4 Golden Globe Awards To ' Born on 4th of July ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little Mermaid Phallus '' . snopes.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Viets , Elaine ( November 24 , 1992 ) . `` Mermaid 's Tower is Kettle of Fish '' . Everyday Magazine ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Russell W. ( September 8 , 1995 ) . `` Sex Seen ( by Some ) in Films by Disney '' . Austin American - Statesman . pp. d1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little Mermaid Minister '' . snopes.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Susan ( January 5 , 1996 ) . `` Help the Needy ; Help Yourself '' . The Recorder . p. 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Emery Jr. , C. Eugene ( March 1996 ) . `` When the Media Miss Real Messages in Subliminal Stories '' . Skeptical Inquirer . p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Catches Hell '' . Entertainment Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Omaha World - Herald `` Filth ' Found in Disney Movies Is a Stretch of the Imagination . '' Jump up ^ Jaafer , Ali ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Mulling Live - Action Version Of ' The Little Mermaid ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lindsay Lohan really wants a ' Little Mermaid ' gig '' . CNN . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Lindsay Lohan wants Bill Condon to direct her in The Little Mermaid musical '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rob Marshall Top Choice To Helm Disney 's Live Action ' The Little Mermaid ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links Official website The Little Mermaid on IMDb The Little Mermaid at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Little Mermaid at Box Office Mojo The Little Mermaid at Rotten Tomatoes The Little Mermaid at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Mermaid '' Films The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1968 ) Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ( 1975 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Czech film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Russian film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1992 ) Mermaid ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2018 ) Television Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) Other The Little Mermaid ( statue ) Mermaids The Lure Disney franchise Films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Series The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 ) episodes Characters Ariel Ursula Sebastian Music Albums The Little Mermaid Sebastian from The Little Mermaid Sebastian : Party Gras ! Songs from the Sea Splash Hits Songs `` Fathoms Below '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' `` Les Poissons '' `` Kiss the Girl '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Adaptations Musical Once Upon a Time `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' Attractions Ariel 's Grotto Ariel 's Undersea Adventure King Triton 's Carousel of the Sea Mermaid Lagoon Scuttle 's Scooters Voyage of the Little Mermaid Video games The Little Mermaid Ariel the Little Mermaid Ariel 's Story Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Print Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Activity Center The Little Mermaid II : Pinball Frenzy Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Films directed by Ron Clements and John Musker The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time VIAF : 229341071 GND : 1024739848 Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)&oldid=825158354 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films The Little Mermaid ( franchise ) 1989 animated films 1980s American animated films American animated films American children 's animated fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated musical films Animated films about fish Disney Renaissance Films scored by Alan Menken Films about princesses Films about shapeshifting Films about wish fulfillment Films based on fairy tales Films based on The Little Mermaid Films directed by John Musker Films directed by Ron Clements Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in the 19th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 20 : 42 . 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where did dr seuss write most of his stories			Dr. Seuss	dr. seuss	Theodor Seuss Geisel ( / ˈsuːs ˈɡaɪzəl / ( listen ) ; March 2 , 1904 -- September 24 , 1991 ) was a German - American author , political cartoonist , poet , animator , book publisher , and artist , best known for authoring more than 60 children 's books under the pen name Dr. Seuss ( / suːs / ) . His work includes several of the most popular children 's books of all time , selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death .	Geisel adopted the name `` Dr. Seuss '' as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and a graduate student at the University of Oxford . He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair , Life , and various other publications . He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns , most notably for Flit and Standard Oil , and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM . He published his first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937 . During World War II , he took a brief hiatus from children 's literature and worked in an animation department of the United States Army where he produced several short films , including Design for Death , which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . After the war , Geisel focused on children 's books once again , writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He published over 60 books during his career , which have spawned numerous adaptations , including 11 television specials , four feature films , a Broadway musical , and four television series . Geisel won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Geisel 's birthday , March 2 , has been adopted as the annual date for National Read Across America Day , an initiative on reading created by the National Education Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Early career 1.3 Essomarine 1.4 World War II - era work 1.5 Later years 2 Illness , death , and posthumous honors 3 Pen names and pronunciations 4 Political views 4.1 In his books 5 Poetic meters 6 Artwork 6.1 Recurring images 7 Publications 8 Films based on his books 9 Adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Life and career Early years Geisel was born and raised in Springfield , Massachusetts , the son of Henrietta ( née Seuss ) and Theodor Robert Geisel . All four of his grandparents were German immigrants . His father managed the family brewery and was later appointed to supervise Springfield 's public park system by Mayor John A. Denison after the brewery closed because of Prohibition . Mulberry Street in Springfield , made famous in Dr. Seuss ' first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street , is less than a mile southwest of his boyhood home on Fairfield Street . Geisel was raised a Lutheran . He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921 . He took an art class as a freshman and later became manager of the school soccer team . Geisel attended Dartmouth College , graduating in 1925 . At Dartmouth , he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , eventually rising to the rank of editor - in - chief . While at Dartmouth , he was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room . At the time , the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws , which remained in place between 1920 and 1933 . As a result of this infraction , Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities , including the college humor magazine . To continue work on the Jack - O - Lantern without the administration 's knowledge , Geisel began signing his work with the pen name `` Seuss '' . He was encouraged in his writing by professor of rhetoric W. Benfield Pressey , whom he described as his `` big inspiration for writing '' at Dartmouth . Upon graduating from Dartmouth , he entered Lincoln College , Oxford intending to earn a PhD in English literature . At Oxford , he met Helen Palmer , who encouraged him to give up becoming an English teacher in favor of pursuing drawing as a career . Early career Geisel left Oxford without earning a degree and returned to the United States in February 1927 , where he immediately began submitting writings and drawings to magazines , book publishers , and advertising agencies . Making use of his time in Europe , he pitched a series of cartoons called Eminent Europeans to Life magazine , but the magazine passed on it . His first nationally published cartoon appeared in the July 16 , 1927 issue of The Saturday Evening Post . This single $25 sale encouraged Geisel to move from Springfield to New York City . Later that year , Geisel accepted a job as writer and illustrator at the humor magazine Judge , and he felt financially stable enough to marry Helen . His first cartoon for Judge appeared on October 22 , 1927 , and the Geisels were married on November 29 . Geisel 's first work signed `` Dr. Seuss '' was published in Judge about six months after he started working there . In early 1928 , one of Geisel 's cartoons for Judge mentioned Flit , a common bug spray at the time manufactured by Standard Oil of New Jersey . According to Geisel , the wife of an advertising executive in charge of advertising Flit saw Geisel 's cartoon at a hairdresser 's and urged her husband to sign him . Geisel 's first Flit ad appeared on May 31 , 1928 , and the campaign continued sporadically until 1941 . The campaign 's catchphrase `` Quick , Henry , the Flit ! '' became a part of popular culture . It spawned a song and was used as a punch line for comedians such as Fred Allen and Jack Benny . As Geisel gained notoriety for the Flit campaign , his work was sought after and began to appear regularly in magazines such as Life , Liberty , and Vanity Fair . Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric , NBC , Standard Oil , Narragansett Brewing Company , and many other companies . In 1935 , he wrote and drew a short - lived comic strip called Hejji . The increased income allowed the Geisels to move to better quarters and to socialize in higher social circles . They became friends with the wealthy family of banker Frank A. Vanderlip . They also traveled extensively : by 1936 , Geisel and his wife had visited 30 countries together . They did not have children , neither kept regular office hours , and they had ample money . Geisel also felt that the traveling helped his creativity . In 1936 , the couple were returning from an ocean voyage to Europe when the rhythm of the ship 's engines inspired the poem that became his first book : And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Based on Geisel 's varied accounts , the book was rejected by between 20 and 43 publishers . According to Geisel , he was walking home to burn the manuscript when a chance encounter with an old Dartmouth classmate led to its publication by Vanguard Press . Geisel wrote four more books before the US entered World War II . This included The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938 , as well as The King 's Stilts and The Seven Lady Godivas in 1939 , all of which were in prose , atypically for him . This was followed by Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940 , in which Geisel returned to the use of poetry . Essomarine Geisel gained a significant public profile through a program for motor boat lubricants produced by Standard Oil under the brand name Essomarine He later recounted that Harry Bruno , Ted Cook , and Verne Carrier worked with him at the National Motor Boat Show on exhibits referred to as the Seuss Navy . In 1934 , Geisel produced a 30 - page booklet titled Secrets of the Deep which was available by mail after June . At the January boat show for 1935 , visitors filled out order cards to receive Secrets . Geisel drew up a Certificate of Commission for visitors in 1936 . A mock ship deck called SS Essomarine provided the scene where photos of `` Admirals '' were taken . That summer , Geisel released a second volume of Secrets . For the 1937 show , he sculpted Marine Muggs and designed a flag for the Seuss Navy . The following year featured `` Little Dramas of the Deep '' , a six - act play with ten characters . According to Geisel 's sister , `` He plans the whole show with scenery and action and then , standing in a realistic bridge , reels off a speech which combines advertising with humor . '' For 1939 , exhibitors made available the Nuzzlepuss ashtray and illustrated tide - table calendars . A Seuss Navy Luncheon was held on January 11 , 1940 at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . At that year 's boat show , Geisel provided the Navigamarama exhibit and the Sea Lawyers Gazette . The final contribution to the Essomarine project was the mermaid Essie Neptune and her pet whale in 1941 . The exhibit offered photos for a Happy Cruising passport . World War II - era work Play media ' The Goldbrick ' , Private Snafu episode written by Geisel , 1943 As World War II began , Geisel turned to political cartoons , drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left - leaning New York City daily newspaper , PM . Geisel 's political cartoons , later published in Dr. Seuss Goes to War , denounced Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of non-interventionists ( `` isolationists '' ) , most notably Charles Lindbergh , who opposed US entry into the war . One cartoon depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth - columnists , while other cartoons simultaneously deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort . His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt 's handling of the war , combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress ( especially the Republican Party ) , parts of the press ( such as the New York Daily News , Chicago Tribune , and Washington Times - Herald ) , and others for criticism of Roosevelt , criticism of aid to the Soviet Union , investigation of suspected Communists , and other offences that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis , intentionally or inadvertently . In 1942 , Geisel turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort . First , he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board . Then , in 1943 , he joined the Army as a Captain and was commander of the Animation Department of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces , where he wrote films that included Your Job in Germany , a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II ; Our Job in Japan ; and the Private Snafu series of adult army training films . While in the Army , he was awarded the Legion of Merit . Our Job in Japan became the basis for the commercially released film Design for Death ( 1947 ) , a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 1950 ) was based on an original story by Seuss and won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film . Later years After the war , Geisel and his wife moved to La Jolla , California where he returned to writing children 's books . He wrote many , including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He received numerous awards throughout his career , but he won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal . Three of his titles from this period were , however , chosen as Caldecott runners - up ( now referred to as Caldecott Honor books ) : McElligot 's Pool ( 1947 ) , Bartholomew and the Oobleck ( 1949 ) , and If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) . Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T , which was released in 1953 . The movie was a critical and financial failure , and Geisel never attempted another feature film . During the 1950s , he also published a number of illustrated short stories , mostly in Redbook Magazine . Some of these were later collected ( in volumes such as The Sneetches and Other Stories ) or reworked into independent books ( If I Ran the Zoo ) . A number have never been reprinted since their original appearances . In May 1954 , Life magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring . William Ellsworth Spaulding was the director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin ( he later became its chairman ) , and he compiled a list of 348 words that he felt were important for first - graders to recognize . He asked Geisel to cut the list to 250 words and to write a book using only those words . Spaulding challenged Geisel to `` bring back a book children ca n't put down '' . Nine months later , Geisel completed The Cat in the Hat , using 236 of the words given to him . It retained the drawing style , verse rhythms , and all the imaginative power of Geisel 's earlier works but , because of its simplified vocabulary , it could be read by beginning readers . The Cat in the Hat and subsequent books written for young children achieved significant international success and they remain very popular today . In 2009 , Green Eggs and Ham sold 540,366 copies , The Cat in the Hat sold 452,258 copies , and One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish ( 1960 ) sold 409,068 copies -- outselling the majority of newly published children 's books . Geisel went on to write many other children 's books , both in his new simplified - vocabulary manner ( sold as Beginner Books ) and in his older , more elaborate style . In 1956 , Dartmouth awarded Geisel with an honorary doctorate , finally justifying the `` Dr . '' in his pen name . On April 28 , 1958 , Geisel appeared on an episode of the panel game show To Tell the Truth . Geisel 's wife Helen had a long struggle with illnesses , including cancer and emotional pain over Geisel 's affair with Audrey Stone Dimond . On October 23 , 1967 , Helen committed suicide ; Geisel married Dimond on June 21 , 1968 . Though he devoted most of his life to writing children 's books , Geisel had no children of his own , saying of children : `` You have ' em ; I 'll entertain ' em . '' Dimond added that Geisel `` lived his whole life without children and he was very happy without children . '' Geisel received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children 's librarians in 1980 , recognizing his `` substantial and lasting contributions to children 's literature '' . At the time , it was awarded every five years . He won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984 citing his `` contribution over nearly half a century to the education and enjoyment of America 's children and their parents '' . Illness , death , and posthumous honors Geisel died of oral cancer on September 24 , 1991 at his home in La Jolla at the age of 87 . He was cremated and his ashes were scattered . On December 1 , 1995 , four years after his death , University of California , San Diego 's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions that they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy . While Geisel was living in La Jolla , the United States Postal Service and others frequently confused him with fellow La Jolla resident Dr. Hans Suess . Their names have been linked together posthumously : the personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library . In 2002 , the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield , Massachusetts , featuring sculptures of Geisel and of many of his characters . On May 28 , 2008 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Geisel would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts . The induction ceremony took place December 15 and Geisel 's widow Audrey accepted the honor in his place . On March 2 , 2009 , the web search engine Google temporarily changed its logo to commemorate Geisel 's birthday ( a practice that it often follows for various holidays and events ) . In 2004 , U.S. children 's librarians established the annual Theodor Seuss Geisel Award to recognize `` the most distinguished American book for beginning readers published in English in the United States during the preceding year '' . It should `` demonstrate creativity and imagination to engage children in reading '' during years pre-K to grade two . At Geisel 's alma mater of Dartmouth , more than 90 percent of incoming first - year students participate in pre-registration Dartmouth Outing Club trips into the New Hampshire wilderness . It is traditional for students returning from the trips to stay overnight at Dartmouth 's Moosilauke Ravine Lodge , where they are served green eggs and ham for breakfast in honor of Dr. Seuss . On April 4 , 2012 , the Dartmouth Medical School renamed itself the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college . Dr. Seuss 's honors include two Academy awards , two Emmy awards , a Peabody award , the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , and the Pulitzer Prize . Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard . Pen names and pronunciations Geisel 's most famous pen name is regularly pronounced / suːs / , an anglicized pronunciation inconsistent with his German surname ( the standard German pronunciation is ( ˈzɔʏ̯s ) ) . He himself noted that it rhymed with `` voice '' ( his own pronunciation being / sɔɪs / ) . Alexander Laing , one of his collaborators on the Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , wrote of it : You 're wrong as the deuce And you should n't rejoice If you 're calling him Seuss . He pronounces it Soice ( or Zoice ) Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it `` evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children 's books to be associated with -- Mother Goose '' and because most people used this pronunciation . He added the `` Dr . '' to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine . For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated , he used the pen name `` Theo LeSieg '' , starting with I Wish That I Had Duck Feet published in 1965 . `` LeSieg '' is `` Geisel '' spelled backward . Geisel also published one book under the name Rosetta Stone , 1975 's Because a Little Bug Went Ka - Choo ! ! , a collaboration with Michael K. Frith . Frith and Geisel chose the name in honor of Geisel 's second wife Audrey , whose maiden name was Stone . Political views Main article : Political messages of Dr. Seuss Geisel was a liberal Democrat and a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal . His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to fascism , and he urged action against it both before and after the United States entered World War II . His cartoons portrayed the fear of communism as overstated , finding greater threats in the House Un-American Activities Committee and those who threatened to cut the US `` life line '' to Stalin and the USSR , whom he once depicted as a porter carrying `` our war load '' . Dr. Seuss 1942 cartoon with the caption ' Waiting for the Signal from Home ' Geisel supported the Japanese American internment during World War II . His treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans ( between whom he often failed to differentiate ) has struck many readers as a moral blind spot . On the issue of the Japanese , he is quoted as saying : But right now , when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls , it seems like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble : `` Brothers ! '' It is a rather flabby battle cry . If we want to win , we 've got to kill Japs , whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not . We can get palsy - walsy afterward with those that are left . After the war , though , Geisel overcame his feelings of animosity , using his book Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) as an allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American post-war occupation of Japan , as well as dedicating the book to a Japanese friend . In 1948 , after living and working in Hollywood for years , Geisel moved to La Jolla , California , a predominantly Republican town . Geisel converted a copy of one of his famous children 's books into a polemic shortly before the end of the 1972 -- 74 Watergate scandal , in which United States president Richard Nixon resigned , by replacing the name of the main character everywhere that it occurred . `` Richard M. Nixon , Will You Please Go Now ! '' was published in major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald . The line `` a person 's a person , no matter how small ! ! '' from Horton Hears a Who ! has been used widely as a slogan by the pro-life movement in the U.S. , despite the objections of Geisel 's widow . The line was first used in such a way in 1986 ; he demanded a retraction and received one . In his books Geisel made a point of not beginning to write his stories with a moral in mind , stating that `` kids can see a moral coming a mile off . '' He was not against writing about issues , however ; he said that `` there 's an inherent moral in any story '' , and he remarked that he was `` subversive as hell . '' Many of Geisel 's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues : The Lorax ( 1971 ) , about environmentalism and anti-consumerism ; `` The Sneetches '' ( 1961 ) , about racial equality ; The Butter Battle Book ( 1984 ) , about the arms race ; Yertle the Turtle ( 1958 ) , about Hitler and anti-authoritarianism ; How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season ; and Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) , about anti-isolationism and internationalism . Poetic meters Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter , a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon . This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel 's writing was so well received . Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units called anapests , each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable ( the beat ) ; often , the first weak syllable is omitted , or an additional weak syllable is added at the end . An example of this meter can be found in Geisel 's `` Yertle the Turtle '' , from Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories : And today the Great Yertle , that Marvelous he Is King of the Mud . That is all he can see . Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter , such as these from If I Ran the Circus : All ready to put up the tents for my circus . I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus . And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance ! No former performer 's performed this performance ! Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter , an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable , with four units per line ( for example , the title of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish ) . Traditionally , English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted , which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes . Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages , and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter , which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong , and is generally considered easier to write . Thus , for example , the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees ( thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare 's Macbeth ) : Shuffle , duffle , muzzle , muff They then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell : Go make the Oobleck tumble down On every street , in every town ! Artwork This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Geisel at work on a drawing of the Grinch for How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! in 1957 Geisel 's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors , but in his children 's books of the postwar period , he generally made use of a starker medium -- pen and ink -- normally using just black , white , and one or two colors . His later books , such as The Lorax , used more colors . Geisel 's style was unique -- his figures are often `` rounded '' and somewhat droopy . This is true , for instance , of the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat . Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn , even when he was representing real objects . For example , If I Ran the Circus shows a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope . Geisel evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects . His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces , ramps , platforms , and free - standing stairways are among his most evocative creations . Geisel also drew complex imaginary machines , such as the Audio - Telly - O - Tally - O - Count , from Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book , or the `` most peculiar machine '' of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in The Sneetches . Geisel also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur : for example , the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins , the tail of Gertrude McFuzz , and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb , in One Fish Two Fish . Geisel 's illustrations often convey motion vividly . He was fond of a sort of `` voilà '' gesture in which the hand flips outward and the fingers spread slightly backward with the thumb up . This motion is done by Ish in One Fish Two Fish when he creates fish ( who perform the gesture themselves with their fins ) , in the introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus , and in the introduction of the `` Little Cats '' in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back . He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers , making it look as though his characters were twiddling their thumbs . Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines , like in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock 's final dive in If I Ran the Circus . Cartoon lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses -- sight , smell , and hearing -- in The Big Brag , and lines even illustrate `` thought '' , as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful plan to ruin Christmas . Recurring images Geisel 's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning helped him to produce `` sketches '' of things that received more perfect realization later in his children 's books . Often , the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original . Here are some examples : An editorial cartoon from July 16 , 1941 depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain as a parody of American isolationists , especially Charles Lindbergh . This was later rendered ( with no apparent political content ) as the Wumbus of On Beyond Zebra ( 1955 ) . Seussian whales ( cheerful and balloon - shaped , with long eyelashes ) also occur in McElligot 's Pool , If I Ran the Circus , and other books . Another editorial cartoon from 1941 shows a long cow with many legs and udders representing the conquered nations of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler . This later became the Umbus of On Beyond Zebra . The tower of turtles in a 1942 editorial cartoon prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle . This theme also appeared in a Judge cartoon as one letter of a hieroglyphic message , and in Geisel 's short - lived comic strip Hejji . Geisel once stated that Yertle the Turtle was Adolf Hitler . Little cats A , B , and C ( as well as the rest of the alphabet ) who spring from each other 's hats appeared in a Ford ad . The connected beards in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? appear frequently in Geisel 's work , most notably in Hejji , which featured two goats joined at the beard , The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T , which featured two roller - skating guards joined at the beard , and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as `` the men with the Siamese Beard '' . Geisel 's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears , much as real elephants do . With And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street ! ( 1937 ) and Horton Hatches the Egg ( 1940 ) , the ears became more stylized , somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton . During World War II , the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons . Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children 's books . While drawing advertisements for Flit , Geisel became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers , shaped like a gentle S - curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward - pointing barb on its lower side . Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence . These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft ( 1942 ) , and again as the Sneedle of On Beyond Zebra , and yet again as the Skritz in I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew . There are many examples of creatures who arrange themselves in repeating patterns , such as the `` Two and fro walkers , who march in five layers '' , and the Through - Horns Jumping Deer in If I Ran the Circus , and the arrangement of birds which the protagonist of Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! walks through , as the narrator admonishes him to `` ... always be dexterous and deft , and never mix up your right foot with your left . '' Publications Further information : Dr. Seuss bibliography Geisel wrote more than 60 books over the course of his long career . Most were published under his well - known pseudonym Dr. Seuss , though he also authored more than a dozen books as Theo LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone . His books have topped many bestseller lists , sold over 600 million copies , and been translated into more than 20 languages . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best - selling children 's books of all time ; of the top 100 hardcover books , 16 were written by Geisel , including Green Eggs and Ham , at number 4 , The Cat in the Hat , at number 9 , and One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish , at number 13 . In the years after his death in 1991 , two additional books were published based on his sketches and notes : Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! and Daisy - Head Mayzie . My Many Colored Days was originally written in 1973 but was posthumously published in 1996 . In September 2011 , seven stories originally published in magazines during the 1950s were released in a collection titled The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories . Geisel also wrote a pair of books for adults : The Seven Lady Godivas ( 1939 ; reprinted 1987 ) , a retelling of the Lady Godiva legend that included nude depictions ; and You 're Only Old Once ! ( written in 1986 when Geisel was 82 ) , which chronicles an old man 's journey through a clinic . His last book was Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! , which published the year before his death and became a popular gift for graduating students . Films based on his books Year Film Format Director Writer Distributor Length Budget Rotten Tomatoes rating 1942 Horton Hatches the Egg traditionally animated Bob Clampett Michael Maltese Warner Brothers 10 min . -- -- 1966 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Chuck Jones Dr. Seuss , Irv Spector , and Bob Ogle MGM 26 min . $315,000 100 % `` fresh '' 1970 Horton Hears a Who ! Dr. Seuss -- -- 1971 The Cat in the Hat Hawley Pratt CBS 25 min . 1972 The Lorax The Butter Battle Book Ralph Bakshi Turner 24 min . 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas live - action Ron Howard Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Universal Pictures 104 min . $123 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2003 The Cat in the Hat Bo Welch Alec Berg , David Mandel , and Jeff Schaffer Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures 82 min . $109 million 10 % `` rotten '' 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! computer - animated Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino Ken Daurio and Cinco Paul 20th Century Fox 86 min . $85 million 79 % `` fresh '' 2012 The Lorax Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda Universal Pictures $70 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2018 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney Michael LeSieur -- -- -- Adaptations Seuss Landing at Islands of Adventure in Orlando For most of his career , Geisel was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books . However , he did permit the creation of several animated cartoons , an art form in which he himself had gained experience during the Second World War , and he gradually relaxed his policy as he aged . The first adaptation of one of Geisel 's works was a cartoon version of Horton Hatches the Egg , animated at Warner Bros. in 1942 and directed by Robert Clampett . It was presented as part of the Merrie Melodies series and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative , including a fish committing suicide and a Katharine Hepburn imitation by Mayzie . As part of the Puppetoon theatrical cartoon series for Paramount Pictures , two of Geisel 's works were adapted into stop - motion films by George Pal . The first , `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' , was released in 1943 and nominated for an Academy Award for `` Short Subject ( Cartoon ) '' the following year . The second , `` And to Think I Saw It On Mulberry Street '' , with a title slightly altered from the book 's , was released in 1944 . In 1959 , Geisel authorized Revell , the well - known plastic model - making company , to make a series of `` animals '' that snapped together rather than being glued together , and could be assembled , disassembled , and re-assembled `` in thousands '' of ways . The series was called the `` Dr. Seuss Zoo '' and included Gowdy the Dowdy Grackle , Norval the Bashful Blinket , Tingo the Noodle Topped Stroodle , and Roscoe the Many Footed Lion . The basic body parts were the same and all were interchangeable , and so it was possible for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters ( Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy , Norval , and Tingo together in a `` Gift Set '' as well as individually ) . Revell also made a conventional glue - together `` beginner 's kit '' of The Cat in the Hat . In 1966 , Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones -- his friend and former colleague from the war -- to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel , along with Jones . The cartoon was narrated by Boris Karloff , who also provided the voice of the Grinch . It was very faithful to the original book , and is considered a classic to this day by many . It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special . Jones directed an adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! in 1970 and produced an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat in 1971 . From 1972 to 1983 , Geisel wrote six animated specials that were produced by DePatie - Freleng : The Lorax ( 1972 ) ; Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) ; The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) ; Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) ; Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) ; and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) . Several of the specials won multiple Emmy Awards . A Soviet paint - on - glass - animated short film was made in 1986 called Welcome , an adaptation of Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose . The last adaptation of Geisel 's work before he died was The Butter Battle Book , a television special based on the book of the same name , directed by adult animation legend Ralph Bakshi . A television film titled In Search of Dr. Seuss was released in 1994 , which adapted many of Seuss 's stories . It uses both live - action versions and animated versions of the characters and stories featured ; however , the animated portions were merely edited versions of previous animated television specials and , in some cases , re-dubbed as well . After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991 , his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters . She approved a live - action feature - film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey , as well as a Seuss - themed Broadway musical called Seussical , and both premiered in 2000 . The Grinch has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season , after premiering in 1998 ( under the title How the Grinch Stole Christmas ) at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , where it has become a Christmas tradition . In 2003 , another live - action film was released , this time an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat that featured Mike Myers as the title character . Audrey Geisel has spoken critically of the film , especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat , and stated that she would not allow any further live - action adaptations of Geisel 's books . However , an animated CGI feature film adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! was approved , and was eventually released on March 14 , 2008 , to critical acclaim . A CGI - animated feature film adaptation of The Lorax was released by Universal on March 2 , 2012 ( on what would have been Seuss 's 108th birthday ) . Four television series have been adapted from Geisel 's work . The first , Gerald McBoing - Boing , was an animated television adaptation of Geisel 's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957 . The second , The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss , was a mix of live - action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television , the producers of The Muppets . It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States , from 1996 to 1997 . The third , Gerald McBoing - Boing , is a remake of the 1956 series . Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment ( now DHX Media ) and North America by Classic Media ( now DreamWorks Classics ) , it ran from 2005 to 2007 . The fourth , The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! , produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc. , began on August 7 , 2010 , in Canada and September 6 , 2010 , in the United States and is currently still showing . Geisel 's books and characters are also featured in Seuss Landing , one of many islands at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando , Florida . In an attempt to match Geisel 's visual style , there are reportedly `` no straight lines '' in Seuss Landing . The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Johnny Depp has agreed to produce and possibly star in a film based on Geisel 's life . The film will be written by Keith Bunin , produced by Depp 's Infinitum Nihil production company alongside Illumination Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures . See also Biography portal Children 's literature portal Visual arts portal `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' -- a 1992 R.E.M. song referencing a reading from Seuss . References ^ Jump up to : `` Seuss '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Timeline . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Peter W. ( 1992 ) . `` Unforgettable Dr. Seuss '' . Unforgettable . Reader 's Digest Australia : 192 . ISSN 0034 - 0375 . Jump up ^ `` Theodor Seuss Geisel '' ( 2015 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` The Dr. Seuss Collection '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seuss , Geisel ( 2005 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Biography '' . In Taylor , Constance . Theodor Seuss Geisel The Early Works of Dr. Seuss. 1 . Miamisburg , OH : Checker Book Publishing Group . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams . `` Ancestry of Theodor Geisel '' . Wargs.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Municipal register of the city of Springfield -- Springfield ( Mass . ) -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1912 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Who Knew Dr. Seuss Could Brew ? '' . Narragansett Beer . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deal , Joshua . `` Filmcans and Vinyl : The life of Dr. Seuss '' . SunGazette.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . pp. 30 -- 31 , 37 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Nell , Phillip ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` Impertient Questions '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( August 1996 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel : a biography . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80736 - 7 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . New York City : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 59 -- 62 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lambiek Comiclopedia . `` Dr. Seuss '' . Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ten Things You May Not Have Known About Dr. Suess '' . The Peel . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nel ( 2004 ) , pp. 119 -- 21 Jump up ^ Lurie , Alison . `` The Cabinet of Dr. Seuss '' . Popular Culture : An Introductory Text . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 79 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Seuss I am , an Oilman , '' website of American Oil & Gas Historical Society Jump up ^ EC Lantham , Dartmouth Alumni Magazine , April 1976 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Minear , Richard H. ( 1999 ) . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisell . New York City : The New Press . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 565 - X . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` Waiting for the Signal from Home '' PM ( February 13 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Congress '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Republican Party '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` February 19 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` March 11 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( 2 October 2005 ) . `` The Return of Gerlad McBoing Boing ? '' . New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kahn , Jr. , E.J. ( December 17 , 1960 ) . `` Profiles : Children 's Friend '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Menand , Louis ( December 23 , 2002 ) . `` Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roback , Diane ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Reign Continues '' . Publishes Weekly . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To Tell the Truth Primetime Episode Guide 1956 - 67 '' . `` To Tell the Truth '' on the Web . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( November 29 , 2000 ) . `` Public Lives : Mrs. Seuss Hears a Who , and Tells About It '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laura Ingalls Wilder Award , Past winners . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) -- American Library Association ( ALA ) . About the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award . ALSC -- ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Tom ; Miles Corwin ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Theodor Geisel Dies at 87 ; Wrote 47 Dr. Seuss Books , Author : His last new work , ' Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! ' has proved popular with executives as well as children '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Geisel Library Building '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Register of Hans Suess Papers 1875 -- 1989 '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Holiday Logos '' . Google . 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the ( Theodor Seuss ) Geisel Award home page ! '' . ALSC . ALA . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel Award '' . ALSC . ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dartmouth Names Medical School in Honor of Audrey and Theodor Geisel '' . Geisel School of Medicine . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ; Gorman , Tom ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And to Think That It Happened at Dartmouth '' . now.dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Melissa ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel : Author Study '' . anapsid.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ( Source in PDF . ) Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Biography . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Dr. Seuss '' . Thefw.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ The Political Dr. Seuss Springfield Library and Museums Association Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Hayley and Ron Lamothe ( interview ) ( August 2004 ) . `` Interview with filmmaker Ron Lamothe about The Political Dr. Seuss '' . MassHumanities eNews . Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Ron ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` PBS Independent Lens : The Political Dr. Seuss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Buchwald , Art ( July 30 , 1974 ) . `` Richard M. Nixon Will You Please Go Now ! '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . p . B01 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Seuss : Rhymes and Reasons ( 2003 documentary ) Part 9 of 9 '' . YouTube . September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Masters , Kim ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` In ' Horton ' Movie , Abortion Foes Hear an Ally '' . NPR . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunzel , Peter ( April 6 , 1959 ) . `` The Wacky World of Dr. Seuss Delights the Child -- and Adult -- Readers of His Books '' . Life . Chicago : Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . OCLC 1643958 . Most of Geisel 's books point a moral , though he insists that he never starts with one . ' Kids , ' he says , ' can see a moral coming a mile off and they gag at it . But there 's an inherent moral in any story . ' Jump up ^ Cott , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . `` The Good Dr. Seuss '' . Pipers at the Gates of Dawn : The Wisdom of Children 's Literature ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 50464 - 3 . OCLC 8728388 . Jump up ^ Mensch , Betty ; Freeman , Alan ( 1987 ) . `` Getting to Solla Sollew : The Existentialist Politics of Dr. Seuss '' . Tikkun : 30 . In opposition to the conventional -- indeed , hegemonic -- iambic voice , his metric triplets offer the power of a more primal chant that quickly draws the reader in with relentless repetition . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas , ed. ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . OCLC 37418407 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1958 ) . Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories . Random House . OCLC 18181636 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1949 ) . Bartholomew and the Oobleck . Random House . OCLC 391115 . Jump up ^ `` Mandeville Special Collections Library , UC San Diego '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The Isolationist '' PM ( July 16 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The head eats ... the rest gets milked '' PM ( May 19 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` You ca n't build a substantial V out of turtles ! '' PM ( March 21 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Chuck ( October 17 , 1999 ) . `` Serious Seuss : Children 's author as political cartoonist '' . CNN . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` You ca n't kill an elephant with a pop gun ! '' . L.P.C. Co . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` India List '' . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theordor . `` Flit kills ! '' . Jump up ^ Theodor Geisel ( w , a ) . `` Try and pull the wings off these butterflies , Benito ! '' PM ( November 11 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Turvey , Debbie Hochman ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Random Uncovers ' New ' Seuss Stories '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blais , Jacqueline ; Memmott , Carol ; Minzesheimer , Bob ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Book buzz : Dave Barry really rocks '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' . IMDB . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Academy Awards ( 1944 ) '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Cartoon Database '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 26 , 2004 ) . Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss . msnbc.com . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( October 2 , 2005 ) . `` The Return of ... Gerald McBoing Boing ? '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Universal Orlando.com . The Cat in the Hat ride . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Fernandez , Jay A. ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Johnny Depp to Become Dr. Seuss for Illumination and Universal ( exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Further reading Cohen , Charles ( 2004 ) . The Seuss , the Whole Seuss and Nothing But the Seuss : A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel . Random House Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 82248 - 8 . OCLC 53075980 . Fensch , Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss : Essays on the Writings and Life of Theodor Geisel . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Geisel , Audrey ( 1995 ) . The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43448 - 8 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Dr. Seuss from Then to Now : A Catalogue of the Retrospective Exhibition . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 89268 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2001 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel . New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2004 ) . The Beginnings of Dr. Seuss : An Informal Reminiscence . Dartmouth College . Geisel , Theodor ( 2005 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel : The Early Works , Volume 1 . Checker Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough : Early Writings and Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . New York : Morrow / Remco Worldservice Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06548 - 1 . Lamothe , Ron ( 2004 ) . The Political Dr. Seuss ( DVD ) . Terra Incognita Films . Documentary aired on the Public Television System . Lathem , Edward Connery ( 2000 ) . Who 's Who and What 's What in the Books of Dr. Seuss . Dartmouth College . MacDonald , Ruth K. ( 1988 ) . Dr. Seuss . Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7524 - 2 . Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( 1995 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41686 - 2 . Nel , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Cat : Under the Hats of Seuss and His Cats . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 83369 - 4 . Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . Dr. Seuss : American Icon . Continuum Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1434 - 6 . Pease , Donald E. ( 2010 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532302 - 3 . Weidt , Maryann ; Maguire , Kerry ( 1994 ) . Oh , the Places He Went . Carolrhoda Books . ISBN 0 - 87614 - 627 - 2 . External links Find more aboutDr . Seussat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Seussville site Random House Dr. Seuss at the Internet Broadway Database Dr. Seuss at Internet Off - Broadway Database Dr. Seuss biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss The Advertising Artwork of Dr. Seuss The Register of Dr. Seuss Collection UC San Diego Hotchkiss , Eugene III ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Keeps Me Guessing : A Commencement story by President Emeritus Eugene Hotchkiss III '' . lakeforest.edu . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2004 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Dr. Seuss / Theodor Geisel artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site Dr. Seuss on IMDb The Dr. Seuss That Switched His Voice -- poem by Joe Dolce , first published in Quadrant magazine . Register of the Dr. Seuss Collection , UC San Diego Dr. Seuss at Library of Congress Authorities , with 190 catalog records Theodor Seuss Geisel ( real name ) , Theo . LeSieg ( pseud . ) , and Rosetta Stone ( joint pseud . ) at LC Authorities with 30 , 9 , and 1 records Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Letters ) Love Songs by Sara Teasdale ( 1918 ) Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg ( 1919 ) Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer ( 1919 ) Kenneth Roberts ( 1957 ) Garrett Mattingly for The Armada ( 1960 ) American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War ( 1961 ) James Thomas Flexner for George Washington , Vols . I - IV ( 1973 ) Alex Haley for Roots ( 1977 ) E.B. White ( 1978 ) Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1984 ) Art Spiegelman for Maus ( 1992 ) Edmund Morgan ( 2006 ) Ray Bradbury ( 2007 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) VIAF : 7408695 LCCN : n91084846 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 3188 GND : 107380153 SELIBR : 184009 SUDOC : 030083303 BNF : cb12044517b ( data ) ULAN : 500116672 MusicBrainz : e7a94b95 - e339 - 48eb - 83c3 - 7ba856969bbe NLA : 35710419 NDL : 00440695 NKC : jx20120913001 BNE : XX846595 IATH : w6vd6zsw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Seuss&oldid=816027208 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss 1904 births 1991 deaths 20th - century American writers 20th - century American poets American children 's writers American editorial cartoonists American illustrators American military personnel of World War II American people of German descent Artists from Springfield , Massachusetts Children 's poets Dartmouth College alumni Deaths from oral cancer First Motion Picture Unit personnel Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners Massachusetts Democrats People from La Jolla , San Diego Primetime Emmy Award winners Poets from California Poets from Massachusetts Pseudonymous writers Pulitzer Prize winners RCA Records artists Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army Air Forces officers Warner Bros. Cartoons people Writers from Springfield , Massachusetts Writers who illustrated their own writing Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 19 : 49 . 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who are the characters in american horror story cult			American Horror Story : Cult	american horror story : cult	American Horror Story : Cult is the seventh season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . The season premiered on September 5 , 2017 , and concluded on November 14 , 2017 . It was picked up on October 4 , 2016 . The subtitle Cult was announced on July 20 , 2017 .	Returning cast members from previous seasons include Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Cheyenne Jackson , John Carroll Lynch , Chaz Bono , Adina Porter , James Morosini , Emma Roberts , Mare Winningham , Frances Conroy , and Jamie Brewer , along with new cast members Billie Lourd and Alison Pill . Cult marks the first season to not feature series mainstay actress Lily Rabe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Edits 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The fictional city of Brookfield Heights , Michigan is left divided by the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair - Richards ( Sarah Paulson ) is utterly distraught by Donald Trump 's victory and several of her longstanding phobias , including coulrophobia , hemophobia , and trypophobia , intensify as a result . Similarly devastated is fellow Brookfield Heights resident Winter Anderson ( Billie Lourd ) , a liberal young woman who dropped out of college to work on Hillary Clinton 's campaign . Contrarily , Winter 's estranged and manipulative brother , Kai ( Evan Peters ) , rejoices at the election results and is enticed to pursue political power . In the months following the election , Ally is targeted and relentlessly terrorized by masked clowns . Those close to her , including her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , struggle to ascertain whether the attacks she alleges are real or merely anxiety - fueled hallucinations . Ally 's paranoia and turmoil , escalated by suspicious activities perpetrated by new neighbors Harrison ( Billy Eichner ) and Meadow Wilton ( Leslie Grossman ) , hinder her relationships with her wife ( Alison Pill ) and her son ( Cooper Dodson ) . Depictions of true cults , including the Peoples Temple and the Manson Family , mirror the affairs of a fledgling Brookfield Heights extremist group comprised of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States . Broadcast newscaster Beverly Hope 's ( Adina Porter ) intensive coverage of the brutal atrocities executed by this group further divides the citizens of Brookfield Heights . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Cult characters Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Alison Pill ( left to right ) portray lead roles Ally Mayfair - Richards , Kai Anderson , and Ivy Mayfair - Richards , respectively . Billie Lourd , Cheyenne Jackson , and Billy Eichner ( left to right ) portray Winter Anderson , Dr. Rudy Vincent , and Harrison Wilton , respectively . Sarah Paulson as Ally Mayfair - Richards and Susan Atkins Evan Peters as Kai Anderson , Andy Warhol , Marshall Applewhite , David Koresh , Jim Jones , Jesus , and Charles Manson Cheyenne Jackson as Dr. Rudy Vincent Billie Lourd as Winter Anderson and Linda Kasabian Alison Pill as Ivy Mayfair - Richards Special guest stars ( edit ) Billy Eichner as Harrison Wilton and Charles `` Tex '' Watson Emma Roberts as Serena Belinda Mare Winningham as Sally Keffler Lena Dunham as Valerie Solanas Frances Conroy as Bebe Babbitt Recurring ( edit ) Adina Porter as Beverly Hope Colton Haynes as Detective Jack Samuels Leslie Grossman as Meadow Wilton and Patricia Krenwinkel Chaz Bono as Gary Longstreet Cooper Dodson as Ozymandias `` Oz '' Mayfair - Richards Dermot Mulroney as Bob Thompson Cameron Cowperthwaite as Speedwagon Guest stars ( edit ) Tim Kang as Tom Chang John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown Jorge - Luis Pallo as Pedro Morales Zack Ward as Roger Laura Allen as Rosie Ron Melendez as Mark James Morosini as R.J. Dot - Marie Jones as Butchy May Jamie Brewer as Hedda Rick Springfield as Pastor Charles Rachel Roberts as Sharon Tate Dennis Cockrum as Herbert Jackson Annie Ilonzeh as Erika Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 74 `` Election Night '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 7ATS01 3.93 Ally and Ivy are a married couple who have a son named Oz . Ally suffers from several phobias which intensify after learning that Donald Trump has won the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent , recommends a medicine to calm her phobia - induced anxiety . Clowns soon start to stalk Ally . Meanwhile , Kai and Winter are two siblings who make a mysterious pact after Trump becomes president . Winter becomes Oz 's nanny and attempts to desensitize him to violence . Kai entices a group of Hispanic men to beat him up . Ally and Ivy 's neighbors , the Changs , are slaughtered by a group of clowns . The police erroneously rule the incident as a murder -- suicide . Mr. Chang 's death leaves a city council seat vacant . 75 `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' Liza Johnson Tim Minear September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 7ATS02 2.38 Kai campaigns for the vacant seat on city council . Ally distrusts the new occupants of the Chang 's former home , Harrison and Meadow Wilton . At Ally and Ivy 's restaurant , the Butchery on Main , tensions fuel between the sous - chef , Roger , and a Hispanic employee , Pedro . Later , the restaurant 's security system trips and Ally investigates . She finds Roger hanging on a hook in the meat locker . Detective Samuels singles out Pedro as the most likely suspect . Ally obtains a gun from the Wiltons . Later on , there is an alleged power shortage in the city and Ally is terrorized by clowns . Ivy sends Pedro to deliver supplies to the house and he is accidentally shot and killed by Ally . 76 `` Neighbors from Hell '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton James Wong September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 7ATS03 2.25 Clowns break into a couple 's home and entomb them in coffins . Picketers protest Pedro 's death outside of the Butchery on Main . Kai promises Ally that he will dissuade them and he delivers . The Wiltons berate Ally for Pedro 's death and gift Oz a guinea pig . A truck , dispersing a mysterious green gas throughout the neighborhood , disturbs Ally . Oz 's guinea pig is microwaved and killed . Ally suspects the Wiltons to be the perpetrators . She assaults Harrison and threatens Meadow . Footage of Ally being seduced by Winter is posted online , devastating Ivy . The Wiltons are individually interrogated by Kai . Harrison expresses his desire for Meadow 's death . Afterwards , Meadow disappears and Harrison blames Ally . 77 `` 11 / 9 '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton John J. Gray September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 7ATS04 2.13 The day before the election , Ivy attends a political rally where she is groped by a man named Gary . Winter comes to Ivy 's defense and the two have lunch together . That night , Ivy and Winter kidnap Gary and chain him to a pole in an abandoned building to prevent him from voting the next day . Kai comes to Gary 's aid one hour before the polls close and offers him a saw . Gary severs off his chained hand . The day after the election , Harrison becomes Kai 's personal trainer . Kai takes Harrison under his wing and eventually convinces him to murder his degrading boss . Later , Kai takes a special interest in a news reporter named Beverly Hope and offers her `` equal power '' in his quest for domination . He instigates the murder of her rival , Serena Belinda , as proof of his dedication to her . 78 5 `` Holes '' Maggie Kiley Crystal Liu October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 7ATS05 2.20 Beverly informs Kai that her boss , Bob , is compromising news coverage of the clown murders and thereby hindering Kai 's campaign . Kai , Beverly , Winter , Harrison , Detective Samuels , Ivy , Gary , and Beverly 's cameraman , RJ , don clown masks , break into Bob 's house , and film his murder . Beverly later advises Kai to cut ties with RJ whom she views as a weak link . Each cult member shoots a tied - up RJ in the head with a nail gun before Kai finishes him off . Meadow pleads to Ally for safety from the cult and lets it slip that Ivy is a member . Beverly probes Kai about the whereabouts of his parents and Kai divulges that his mom shot his dad and then herself in a murder -- suicide . Kai 's brother , Dr. Rudy Vincent , insisted that they cover up their deaths in order to protect his career and continue receiving their mom 's pension and their dad 's disability checks . 79 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' Bradley Buecker Todd Kubrak October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 7ATS06 2.15 Meadow reveals to Ally that she had fallen in love with Kai and decided to desert the cult when her feelings were not reciprocated . Meadow also tells Ally that the cult has made strides to drive her insane so that Ivy would gain sole custody of Oz . Ally plans to use Meadow 's testimony to expose Kai and pays an opposing candidate of his , Sally Keffler , a visit to ask for her help . In the midst of their conversation , the cult breaks into Sally 's house and Kai shoots her in the chest . He stages her murder as a suicide . The next day , at a political rally , Meadow shoots several people , including Kai . Ally attempts to wrestle the gun out of Meadow 's hands and Meadow shoots herself in the mouth . Ally is arrested after a SWAT team arrives to the scene and finds her with the gun in her hands . Kai had ordered Meadow to attempt to assassinate him so that his figure would be elevated to a national level . In addition , Meadow was instructed to bear witness to Ally on the grounds that no one would believe a `` crazy woman '' . 80 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' Rachel Goldberg Crystal Liu October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 7ATS07 2.07 Ally is sent to a psychiatric hospital . Kai wins the vacant seat on city council . His presence in the national media attracts an underground following of misogynistic militiamen . Beverly , Winter , and Ivy are warned by Bebe Babbitt , the former lover of radical feminist Valerie Solanas , about the danger of putting their trust in Kai . Bebe asserts that men in power always push women aside . She divulges to them that Solanas orchestrated the murders accredited to the Zodiac Killer . Solanas died haunted by the fact that her legacy would be tied with her shooting of Andy Warhol . Later , Beverly , Winter , and Ivy murder Harrison for making a sexist comment . Kai and Bebe watch Beverly report on Harrison 's death together . 81 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' Barbara Brown Joshua Green October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 7ATS08 2.06 Winter assures Beverly and Ivy that Kai is dependable and recounts an occasion in which they saved tortured captives of a deranged pastor . Kai 's proposal that Winter be impregnated with the `` messiah '' by Samuels does not go as planned and Samuels later attempts to rape Winter . She shoots him in the head . In the meantime , Ally is released from the psychiatric hospital and , in an effort to get her son back , informs Kai that Vincent is seeking to get him committed . Kai kills Vincent and confines Beverly , having been blamed for the death of Samuels by Winter , to an isolation chamber . Ally joins the cult , much to the dismay of Ivy . 82 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' Angela Bassett Adam Penn October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 7ATS09 1.48 Kai declares his intention to run for Senate . Later , he requires each cult member to drink presumably poisoned Kool - Aid to test their loyalty . He reveals that the drinks were untainted afterwards . Meanwhile , Ally serves Ivy pasta and wine laced with arsenic and Ivy drops dead . As a means to protect Oz from harm , Ally presents to Kai doctored evidence that his sperm inseminated her when she became pregnant . 83 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 7ATS10 1.82 Kai recounts the Tate murders to the militiamen . Afterwards , he begins to suspect that a mole has infiltrated the cult and slips into a state of manic paranoia which plagues him with visions of Charles Manson . Meanwhile , Bebe Babbitt is incensed by Kai 's failing to implement their master plan : to unleash female rage with an inflammatory political platform . Ally shoots Bebe in the head after she pulls a gun on Kai . After reporting on the murder of Gary , enacted by the cult at a local Planned Parenthood , a broken Beverly is urged by Winter to run away . Beverly insists that she remain loyal to Kai . Kai later tearfully strangles Winter to death after Ally singles her out as the mole . Ally takes notice of the real mole , militiaman Speedwagon . 84 11 `` Great Again '' Jennifer Lynch Tim Minear November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 7ATS11 1.97 A SWAT team storms the Anderson basement on the night that the cult intends to massacre one - hundred pregnant women . Months later , Ally divulges to Beverly that the FBI recruited her as an informant . Beverly becomes a key advisor to Ally 's Michigan Senate campaign . Kai escapes from a maximum security prison and infiltrates a televised political debate between Ally and her opponent . Kai misogynistically tirades and points a gun to Ally 's head . He pulls the trigger just to discover that the gun is n't loaded . Beverly then shoots him dead . Ally obtains the vast majority of the female vote and wins a Senate seat . The season concludes as Ally tucks Oz into bed , dons an emerald SCUM cloak , and departs to attend a meeting with a group of `` empowered women who want to change the system '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a seventh cycle , which premiered on September 5 , 2017 . Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show , but will be set in modern day . In February 2017 , on Watch What Happens Live , Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump . Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide . He also said that he will be `` illuminating and highlighting '' groups of people he believes to be `` ignored by the current ( Trump ) administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away . '' It was later confirmed that the season would be set in the aftermath of the presidential election , with the first episode taking place on election night . Murphy explained it will be about `` the fallout of that night , which to many people , from all sides of the camps is a horror story . '' He also revealed the season will not feature Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton , stating `` Horror Story is always about allegory , so the election is allegory . '' In April 2017 , Murphy confirmed that archive footage of the election night would be used in the season premiere . Murphy revealed via Twitter that the details of the seventh season , including the title , would be revealed on July 20 . He also teased that the opening sequence of the series would return in this season , following its absence in Roanoke . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Cult . Murphy also revealed it would be set in Michigan , and confirmed it would consist of a total of 11 episodes , premiering on September 5 , 2017 . For the first time , the series will not air on Wednesdays but rather on Tuesdays . On August 3 , 2017 , online posters revealed the names of multiple characters of the season . On August 21 , 2017 , the opening title sequence of the season was revealed , following its absence in the previous season . That same month , Murphy confirmed that , contrary to the past seasons , Cult would not feature supernatural elements . Casting ( edit ) During the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour , series mainstays Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters were reported to be starring as the leads in the season . In March 2017 , Billy on the Street host Billy Eichner was announced to be cast in the series , playing a role in the life of Paulson 's character . His character is slated for appearing in `` six or seven '' episodes . The next month , it was reported that Scream Queens alum Billie Lourd will also star in the seventh installment of the series . In May 2017 , Leslie Grossman , who starred in Murphy 's series Popular , joined the cast of the series , and Angela Bassett hinted she may return in a recurring role . Later that month , it was confirmed via set pictures that Adina Porter and Cheyenne Jackson were also returning . In June 2017 , Murphy confirmed via his Instagram account that Colton Haynes , whom Murphy worked with previously on second season of Scream Queens , was joining the casting for the seventh season . Later that month , set pictures revealed that Alison Pill was joining the cast of the season , seemingly portraying the partner of Sarah Paulson 's character . In July 2017 , Murphy revealed via his Twitter account that Lena Dunham was joining the season . She is set to play Valerie Solanas , author of the SCUM Manifesto and attempted murder of Andy Warhol , via flashbacks . Murphy also confirmed the returns of Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham . Conroy has appeared in all the seasons except Hotel , while Winningham has appeared in Coven , Freak Show and Hotel . In August 2017 , Murphy confirmed the return of Emma Roberts , who appeared in Coven and Freak Show , while Roanoke actors Chaz Bono and James Morosini also confirmed their returns . In the seventh episode , Murder House , Coven and Freak Show actress alum Jamie Brewer returned to the show . On June 26 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects . Despite rumors , Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7 , 2017 , that Vera Farmiga , sister of American Horror Story alum Taissa Farmiga , would not appear in the season . Later that month , it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult , after four seasons of regular appearances . Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season , indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role . Filming ( edit ) In February 2017 , it was announced the season would begin principal photography in June 2017 . By the next month , filming was moved to May 2017 . On May 24 , 2017 , writer and producer John J. Gray confirmed the show started filming . Edits ( edit ) On October 7 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be edited as a direct result of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that occurred on October 1 , 2017 . The episode originally featured a scene lasting 2 minutes and 16 seconds where Leslie Grossman 's character Meadow Wilton begins to fire at Evan Peters ' character , as well as a crowd , during a campaign speech . The episode was edited to de-emphasize the violence and to mostly have it featured completely off - screen - as a result the opening sequence of the episode was cut in half , several on - screen deaths were removed and two separate close - up shots of the handgun firing were removed . While only the edited episode was broadcast on FX , the original uncut episode was released via VOD , FXNOW and FX+ . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Cult received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 72 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.83 / 10 , based on 42 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` American Horror Story : Cult intrigues with timely , over-the - top creepiness - and lots of clowns - despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 66 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . American Horror Story ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its seventh season , the series has been nominated for 2 awards . Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2018 8th Critics ' Choice TV Awards Best Actor in a Movie or Limited Series Evan Peters Pending 70th Writers Guild of America Awards Long Form -- Original Brad Falchuk , John J. Gray , Joshua Green , Todd Kubrak , Crystal Liu , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Adam Penn and James Wong Pending Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Election Night '' September 5 , 2017 2.0 3.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' September 12 , 2017 1.2 2.38 1.7 3.05 2.9 5.43 `` Neighbors from Hell '' September 19 , 2017 1.2 2.25 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` 11 / 9 '' September 26 , 2017 1.1 2.13 1.5 2.87 2.7 5.00 5 `` Holes '' October 3 , 2017 1.1 2.20 1.5 2.82 2.6 5.02 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' October 10 , 2017 1.0 2.15 1.2 2.28 2.2 4.43 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' October 17 , 2017 1.0 2.07 1.5 2.74 2.5 4.81 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 2.06 1.4 2.56 2.4 4.62 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 1.48 1.4 2.56 2.4 4.04 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' November 7 , 2017 0.8 1.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Great Again '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 1.97 TBD TBD TBD TBD American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Cult ' premieres lower than ' Roanoke ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Murphy Teases ' American Crime Story ' Future Seasons E ! Live from the Red Carpet '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Renewed for ( Top - Secret , Duh ) Season 7 at FX '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters to Return for ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy Reveals Roanoke Twist , Hints at Next Season 's Freak Show Tie - In '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals ' American Horror Story ' Will Tackle 2016 Presidential Election '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on ' American Horror Story 's ' Next Season and Casting the Role of Monica Lewinsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Star In ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 On FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Billy Eichner Cast In Season 7 Of FX Anthology Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 7 Adds Scream Queens Vet Billie Lourd '' . E !. Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Who Will Play Princess Diana on Feud ? The Latest From Ryan Murphy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official American Horror Story Season 7 title will be revealed Thursday July 20 . And suddenly ... it will all make sense '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wait a minute ... you want the main title sequence to return this year ? ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Cult Confirmed -- Plus : Who 's Returning in Season 7 ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story ( @ AHSFX ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch it begin . Witness the opening credits for # AHSCult '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lena Dunham , Emma Roberts ' Cult Characters Revealed , More AHS Scoop '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Billy Eichner cast in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Leslie Grossman Joins FX Anthology From Ryan Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Is n't Sure Political ' American Horror Story ' Return Can ' Keep Up ' With Reality ( Exclusive Video ) '' . toofab . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` HELL YEAH ! ADINA PORTER IS THERE TOO ! ! ! # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cheyenne Jackson @ cheyennejackson - On Set of `` American Horror Story '' - May 26 # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to American Horror Story , Colton Haynes '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Alison Pill is officially joining the cast of # AHS7 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled that my talented friend Lena Dunham is joining the AMERICAN HORROR STORY family . Always wanted to work together , and now we r ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' : Ryan Murphy On Lena Dunham 's Portrayal Of Valerie Solanas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham return ... and others '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Look who showed up on the set of Cult looking glamorous and ready for action '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bono , Chaz ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Guess what ? YOU could have a walk - on role in American Horror Story ! Check out the set , get dolled up , AND grab some lunch with Evan Peters . It 's all to support Children 's Hospital Los Angeles . Click the link in the bio or go to omaze.com/AHS NOW ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Lady Gaga wo n't return for season 7 despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Vera Farmiga not appearing this season despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ; Nemetz , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates Wo n't Return for Next Season 's Cult '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` He 's Baaaaaack '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , John J. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` 🎥 # ahs7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/10/ryan-murphy-ahs-cult-recutting-shooting-1202184101/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/American-Horror-Story-Cult-Shooting-Scene-Edits-44128303 Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : Television , New Media , News , Radio / Audio , & Promotional Writing Nominations Announced '' . Writers Guild of America Awards . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park ' premiere makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' AHS : Cult ' outgains everything in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 25 - Oct. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Cult ' on top again in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gold Rush ' still striking it rich for Discovery : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 9 - 15 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Cult&oldid=815834888 '' Categories : Television series set in 2016 Television series set in 2017 Television series set in 2018 2017 American television seasons American drama television series American Horror Story seasons American LGBT - related television shows Cult - related media Donald Trump in popular culture Mass murder in fiction Feminist fiction Fratricide in fiction Lesbian - related television programmes Sororicide in fiction Suicide in fiction Television series set in the 2010s Television shows set in Michigan Uxoricide in fiction United States presidential election , 2016 in popular culture Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 13 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Horror%20Story%3A%20Cult	2,795
who did south africa play in 1995 rugby world cup	In the final , held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June , South Africa defeated New Zealand 15 -- 12 , with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match . Following South Africa 's victory , Nelson Mandela , the President of South Africa , wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap , presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar .	New Zealand	1995 Rugby World Cup	1995 rugby world cup		1995 Rugby World Cup Tournament details Host nation South Africa Dates 25 May -- 24 June 1995 No. of nations 16 ( 52 qualifying ) Final positions Champions South Africa Runner - up New Zealand Third - place France Tournament statistics Matches played 32 Top scorer ( s ) Thierry Lacroix ( 112 ) Most tries Jonah Lomu Marc Ellis ( 7 tries each ) ← 1991 1999 → The 1995 Rugby World Cup was the third Rugby World Cup . It was hosted and won by South Africa , and was the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country . The World Cup was the first major sporting event to take place in South Africa following the end of apartheid . It was also the first World Cup in which South Africa was allowed to compete ; the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB , now World Rugby ) had only readmitted South Africa to international rugby in 1992 , following negotiations to end apartheid . The World Cup would also be the last major event of rugby union 's amateur era ; two months after the tournament , the IRFB opened the sport to professionalism . In the final , held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June , South Africa defeated New Zealand 15 -- 12 , with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match . Following South Africa 's victory , Nelson Mandela , the President of South Africa , wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap , presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar . Contents 1 Qualifying 2 Squads 3 Venues 4 Pools & format 5 Pool stage 5.1 Pool A 5.2 Pool B 5.3 Pool C 5.4 Pool D 6 Knock - out stage 6.1 Quarter - finals 6.2 Semi-finals 6.3 Third - place play - off 7 Final 8 Broadcasters 9 Commemorative coins 10 Popular culture 11 References 12 External links Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Rugby World Cup qualifying Africa Americas Europe Oceania / Asia Ivory Coast ( Africa ) South Africa Argentina ( Americas ) Canada England France Ireland Italy ( Europe 2 ) Romania ( Europe 3 ) Scotland Wales ( Europe 1 ) Australia New Zealand Tonga ( Oceania ) Western Samoa Japan ( Asia ) The eight quarter - finalists from the 1991 Rugby World Cup all received automatic entry , as did South Africa , as hosts . The remaining seven of the 16 positions available in the tournament were filled by regional qualifiers . The qualifying tournaments were broken up into regional associations : Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe and Oceania . Côte d'Ivoire qualified through Africa , Japan through Asia , Argentina through the Americas , Italy , Romania and Wales through Europe , Tonga through Oceania . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Rugby World Cup squads Venues ( edit ) The 1995 tournament was the first Rugby World Cup to be hosted by just one country , and thus , all the venues are within the one country . In total , nine stadiums were used for the World Cup , most being owned by local municipalities , and the majority of the venues were upgraded prior to the tournament . Six of the nine stadiums were South African Test grounds . The four largest stadiums were used for the finals , with the final taking place at Johannesburg 's Ellis Park . There were games originally scheduled to have been played in Brakpan , Germiston , Pietermaritzburg and Witbank , but these games were reallocated to other venues . This reduced the number of venues from 14 to 9 . The reasons cited for this change had to do with facilities for both the press and spectators , as well as the security . The change in the itinerary occurred in January 1994 . Further changes occurred in April , so that evening games were played at stadiums with good floodlighting . It is also thought that Potchefstroom was an original venue . Venues were paired : Pool 1 : Cape Town , Port Elizabeth and Stellenbosch Pool 2 : Durban and East London Pool 3 : Johannesburg and Bloemfontein Pool 4 : Pretoria and Rustenburg Johannesburg Pretoria Cape Town Durban Bloemfontein Ellis Park Loftus Versfeld Newlands Kings Park Stadium Free State Stadium Capacity : 60,000 Capacity : 50,000 Capacity : 50,000 Capacity : 50,000 Capacity : 40,000 Port Elizabeth Rustenburg East London Stellenbosch Boet Erasmus Stadium Olympia Park Basil Kenyon Stadium Danie Craven Stadium Capacity : 38,950 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 22,000 Capacity : 16,000 Pools & format ( edit ) Pool A Pool B Pool C Pool D South Africa Australia Romania Canada England Western Samoa Italy Argentina New Zealand Ireland Wales Japan France Scotland Tonga Ivory Coast The tournament was contested by 16 different nations using the same format that was used in 1987 and 1991 and in total 32 matches were played . The competition began on 25 May , when the hosts South Africa defeated Australia 27 -- 18 at Newlands in Cape Town . The tournament culminated with the final between South Africa and the All Blacks at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June . In total , the tournament ran for thirty days . The nations were broken up into four pools of four , with each pool consisting of two teams that were automatically qualified and two that went through the qualifying tournaments . Points System The points system that was used in the pool stage was unchanged from 1991 : 3 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 point for playing Knock - out Stage Pool winners were drawn against opposite pool runners - up in the quarter - finals . For example , the winner of A faces the runner up of B , and the winner of B face the runner - up of A . The whole finals stage adopts a knock - out format , and the winners of the quarter - finals advance to the semi-finals , where winner 1 faces winner 2 , and winner 3 faces winner 4 . The winners advance to the final , and the losers contest a third / fourth place play - off two days before the final . A total of 32 matches ( 24 Pool Stage & 8 Knock - out ) were played throughout the tournament over 30 days from Thursday 25 May 1995 to Saturday 24 June 1995 . Pool stage ( edit ) Pool A ( edit ) Team PF PA Pts South Africa 0 0 68 26 9 Australia 0 87 41 7 Canada 0 45 50 5 Romania 0 0 14 97 25 May 1995 South Africa 27 -- 18 Australia Try : Hendriks Stransky Con : Stransky Pen : Stransky ( 4 ) Drop : Stransky Try : Kearns Lynagh Con : Lynagh Pen : Lynagh ( 2 ) Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 44,778 Referee : Derek Bevan ( Wales ) 26 May 1995 Canada 34 -- 3 Romania Try : Charron McKenzie Snow Con : Rees ( 2 ) Pen : Rees ( 4 ) Drop : Rees Pen : Nichitean Boet Erasmus Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 8,000 Referee : Colin Hawke ( New Zealand ) 30 May 1995 South Africa 21 -- 8 Romania Tries : Richter ( 2 ) Con : Johnson Pen : Johnson ( 3 ) Tries : Guranescu Pen : Ivanciuc Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Ken McCartney ( Scotland ) 31 May 1995 Australia 27 -- 11 Canada Tries : Lynagh , Tamanivalu , Roff Con : Lynagh ( 3 ) Pen : Lynagh ( 2 ) Tries : Charron Pen : Rees ( 2 ) Boet Erasmus Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 16,000 Referee : Patrick Robin ( France ) 3 June 1995 Australia 42 -- 3 Romania Tries : Smith , Wilson , Roff ( 2 ) , Foley , Burke Con : Burke ( 2 ) , Eales ( 4 ) Pen : Ivanciuc Danie Craven Stadium , Stellenbosch Attendance : 15,542 Referee : Naoki Saito ( Japan ) 3 June 1995 South Africa 20 -- 0 Canada Tries : Richter ( 2 ) Con : Stransky ( 2 ) Pen : Stransky ( 2 ) Boet Erasmus Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 31,000 Referee : David McHugh ( Ireland ) Pool B ( edit ) Team PF PA Pts England 0 0 95 60 9 Western Samoa 0 96 88 7 Italy 0 69 94 5 Argentina 0 0 69 87 27 May 1995 Italy 18 -- 42 Western Samoa Tries : Vaccari , Cuttitta Con : Dominguez Pen : Dominguez Drop : Dominguez Tries : Lima ( 2 ) , Harder ( 3 ) , Kellett , Tatupu Con : Kellett ( 2 ) Pen : Kellett ( 1 ) Basil Kenyon Stadium , East London Attendance : 7,868 Referee : Joël Dume ( France ) 27 May 1995 Argentina 18 -- 24 England Tries : Arbizu , Noriega Con : Arbizu Pen : Arbizu ( 2 ) Pen : Andrew ( 6 ) Drop : Andrew ( 2 ) Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 35,000 Referee : Jim Fleming ( Scotland ) 30 May 1995 Western Samoa 32 -- 26 Argentina Tries : Lam , Leaupepe , Harder Con : Kellett Pen : Kellett ( 5 ) Tries : Penalty try , Crexell Con : Cilley ( 2 ) Pen : Cilley ( 4 ) Basil Kenyon Stadium , East London Attendance : 7,960 Referee : David Bishop ( New Zealand ) 31 May 1995 England 27 -- 20 Italy Tries : R. Underwood , T. Underwood Con : Andrew Pen : Andrew ( 5 ) Tries : Cuttitta , Vaccari Con : Dominguez ( 2 ) Pen : Dominguez ( 2 ) Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 45,093 Referee : Stephen Hilditch ( Ireland ) 4 June 1995 Argentina 25 -- 31 Italy Tries : Martin , Penalty try , Corral , Cilley Con : Cilley Pen : Cilley Tries : Vaccari , Gerosa , Dominguez Con : Dominguez ( 2 ) Pen : Dominguez ( 4 ) Basil Kenyon Stadium , East London Attendance : 7,571 Referee : Clayton Thomas ( Wales ) 4 June 1995 England 44 -- 22 Western Samoa Tries : R. Underwood ( 2 ) , Back , Penalty try Con : Callard ( 3 ) Pen : Callard ( 5 ) Drop : Catt Tries : Sini ( 2 ) , Umaga Con : Fa'amasino ( 2 ) Pen : Fa'amasino Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 35,000 Referee : Patrick Robin ( France ) Pool C ( edit ) Team PF PA Pts New Zealand 0 0 222 45 9 Ireland 0 93 94 7 Wales 0 89 68 5 Japan 0 0 55 252 27 May 1995 Japan 10 -- 57 Wales Tries : Ota ( 2 ) Tries : G. Thomas ( 3 ) , I. Evans ( 2 ) , Moore , Taylor Con : N. Jenkins ( 5 ) Pen : N. Jenkins ( 4 ) Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 15,000 Referee : Efrahim Sklar ( Argentina ) 27 May 1995 Ireland 19 -- 43 New Zealand Tries : Corkery , McBride , Halpin Con : Elwood ( 2 ) Tries : Lomu ( 2 ) , Kronfeld , Bunce , Osborne Con : Mehrtens ( 3 ) Pen : Mehrtens ( 4 ) Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 38,000 Referee : Wayne Erickson ( Australia ) 31 May 1995 Ireland 50 -- 28 Japan Tries : Francis , Geoghegan , Corkery , Halvey , Hogan , 2 Penalty Tries Con : Burke ( 6 ) Pen : Burke Tries : Latu , Izawa , Hirao , Takura Con : Yoshida ( 4 ) Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 15,000 Referee : Stef Neethling ( South Africa ) 31 May 1995 New Zealand 34 -- 9 Wales Tries : Ellis , Little , Kronfeld Con : Mehrtens ( 2 ) Pen : Mehrtens ( 4 ) Drop : Mehrtens Pen : N. Jenkins ( 2 ) Drop : N. Jenkins Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Ed Morrison ( England ) 4 June 1995 Japan 17 -- 145 New Zealand Tries : Kajihara ( 2 ) Con : Hirose ( 2 ) Pen : Hirose Tries : Ellis ( 6 ) , Rush ( 3 ) , Wilson ( 3 ) , R. Brooke ( 2 ) , Osborne ( 2 ) , Loe , Culhane , Henderson , Dowd , Ieremia Con : Culhane ( 20 ) Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 25,000 Referee : George Gadjovic ( Canada ) 4 June 1995 Ireland 24 -- 23 Wales Tries : Halvey , Popplewell , McBride Con : Elwood ( 3 ) Pen : Elwood Tries : Humphreys , Taylor Con : N. Jenkins ( 2 ) Pen : N. Jenkins ( 2 ) Drop : A. Davies Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 40,000 Referee : Ian Rogers ( South Africa ) Pool d ( edit ) Team PF PA Pts France 0 0 114 47 9 Scotland 0 149 27 7 Tonga 0 44 90 5 Ivory Coast 0 0 29 172 26 May 1995 Ivory Coast 0 -- 89 Scotland Tries : G. Hastings ( 4 ) , Logan ( 2 ) , Walton ( 2 ) , Wright , Chalmers , Stanger , Burnell , Shiel Con : G. Hastings ( 9 ) Pen : G. Hastings ( 2 ) Olympia Park , Rustenburg Attendance : 20,000 Referee : Felise Vito ( Western Samoa ) 26 May 1995 France 38 -- 10 Tonga Tries : Lacroix ( 2 ) , Hueber , Saint - André Con : Lacroix ( 3 ) Pen : Lacroix ( 3 ) Drop : Delaigue Tries : Va'enuku Con : Tu'ipulotu Pen : Tu'ipulotu Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Attendance : 22,000 Referee : Steve Lander ( England ) 29 May 1995 France 54 -- 18 Ivory Coast Tries : Lacroix ( 2 ) , Benazzi , Téchoueyres , Viars , Accoceberry , Saint - André , Costes Con : Deylaud ( 2 ) , Lacroix ( 2 ) Pen : Lacroix ( 2 ) Tries : Soulama , Camara Con : Kouassi Pen : Kouassi ( 2 ) Olympia Park , Rustenburg Attendance : 10,000 Referee : Han Moon - Soo ( South Korea ) 29 May 1995 Scotland 41 -- 5 Tonga Tries : S. Hastings , Peters , G. Hastings Con : G. Hastings Pen : G. Hastings ( 8 ) Tries : Fenukitau Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Attendance : 21,000 Referee : Barry Leask ( Australia ) 3 June 1995 Ivory Coast 11 -- 29 Tonga Tries : Okou Pen : Dali ( 2 ) Tries : Penalty try , Latukefu , Otai , Tu'ipulotu Con : Tu'ipulotu ( 3 ) Pen : Tu'ipulotu Olympia Park , Rustenburg Attendance : 15,000 Referee : Don Reordan ( United States ) 3 June 1995 France 22 -- 19 Scotland Tries : Ntamack Con : Lacroix Pen : Lacroix ( 5 ) Tries : Wainwright Con : G. Hastings Pen : G. Hastings ( 4 ) Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Attendance : 39,000 Referee : Wayne Erickson ( Australia ) Three minutes into the match between Ivory Coast and Tonga , the Ivorian winger Max Brito was crushed beneath several other players , leaving him paralyzed below the neck . Knock - out stage ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 10 June -- Ellis Park , Johannesburg South Africa 42 17 June -- Kings Park Stadium , Durban Western Samoa 14 South Africa 19 10 June -- Kings Park Stadium , Durban France 15 France 36 24 June -- Ellis Park , Johannesburg Ireland 12 South Africa ( a.e.t. ) 15 11 June -- Newlands , Cape Town New Zealand 12 England 25 18 June -- Newlands , Cape Town Australia 22 England 29 11 June -- Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria New Zealand 45 Third place New Zealand 48 22 June -- Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Scotland 30 France 19 England 9 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 10 June 1995 France 36 -- 12 Ireland Tries : Saint - André , Ntamack Con : Lacroix Pen : Lacroix ( 8 ) Pen : Elwood ( 4 ) Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 20,000 Referee : Ed Morrison ( England ) 10 June 1995 South Africa 42 -- 14 Western Samoa Tries : Williams ( 4 ) , Rossouw , Andrews Con : Johnson ( 3 ) Pen : Johnson ( 2 ) Tries : Tatupu , Nu'uali'itia Con : Fa'amasinp ( 2 ) Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 54,169 Referee : Jim Fleming ( Scotland ) 11 June 1995 England 25 -- 22 Australia Tries : T. Underwood Con : Andrew Pen : Andrew ( 5 ) Drop : Andrew Report Tries : Smith Con : Lynagh Pen : Lynagh ( 5 ) Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 35,448 Referee : David Bishop ( New Zealand ) 11 June 1995 New Zealand 48 -- 30 Scotland Tries : Little ( 2 ) , Lomu , Mehrtens , Bunce , Fitzpatrick Con : Mehrtens ( 6 ) Pen : Mehrtens ( 2 ) Tries : Weir ( 2 ) , S. Hastings Con : G. Hastings ( 3 ) Pen : G. Hastings ( 3 ) Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Attendance : 28,000 Referee : Derek Bevan ( Wales ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 17 June 1995 South Africa 19 -- 15 France Tries : Kruger Con : Stransky Pen : Stransky ( 4 ) Pen : Lacroix ( 5 ) Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 49,773 Referee : Derek Bevan ( Wales ) 18 June 1995 England 29 -- 45 New Zealand Tries : Carling ( 2 ) , R. Underwood ( 2 ) , Con : Andrew ( 3 ) Pen : Andrew Report Tries : Lomu ( 4 ) , Kronfeld , Bachop Con : Mehrtens ( 3 ) Pen : Mehrtens Drop : Z . Brooke , Mehrtens Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 43,414 Referee : Stephen Hilditch ( Ireland ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) 22 June 1995 France 19 -- 9 England Tries : Olivier Roumat , Ntamack Pen : Lacroix ( 3 ) Pen : Andrew ( 3 ) Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Attendance : 44,000 Referee : David Bishop ( New Zealand ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Rugby World Cup Final The final was contested by New Zealand and hosts South Africa . Both nations finished undefeated at the top of their pools . South Africa defeated Western Samoa in the quarter finals , and then France in the semi-finals to reach the final ; New Zealand defeated Scotland in the quarter - finals , and England in the semi-finals , a game in which Jonah Lomu famously scored four tries for the All Blacks . The final was played at Ellis Park in Johannesburg and refereed by Ed Morrison of England . To this point , New Zealand had led the tournament in production , outscoring their opponents 315 -- 104 , while South Africa had outscored its opponents 129 -- 55 . The tight Springbok defence would keep the high scoring All Blacks in check -- particularly Jonah Lomu and Marc Ellis , who had already scored a then World Cup record 7 tries each in the tournament -- with neither team scoring a try in the match . South Africa led 9 -- 6 at half time , and New Zealand levelled the scores at 9 -- 9 with a drop goal in the second half . Though Andrew Mehrtens almost kicked a late drop goal for the All Blacks , the score remained tied at full - time , forcing the game into extra time . Both teams scored penalty goals in the first half of extra time , but Joel Stransky then scored a drop goal to win the final for South Africa . What happened after the match has become an iconic moment in the history of the sport . Nelson Mandela , wearing a Springbok rugby jersey and baseball cap , presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain François Pienaar to the delight of the capacity crowd . The moment is thought by some to be one of the most famous finals of any sport . 24 June 1995 South Africa 15 -- 12 ( a.e.t. ) New Zealand Pen : Stransky ( 3 ) Drop : Stransky ( 2 ) Report Pen : Mehrtens ( 3 ) Drop : Mehrtens Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 59,870 Referee : Ed Morrison ( England ) Broadcasters ( edit ) The event was broadcast in Australia by Network Ten and in the United Kingdom by ITV . Commemorative coins ( edit ) The South African Mint issued a one - ounce gold proof `` Protea '' coin with a total mintage of 406 pieces to commemorate the event being hosted by South Africa . Popular culture ( edit ) Mandela and Pienaar 's involvement in the World Cup is the subject of the John Carlin book Playing the Enemy : Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation , its 2009 film adaptation Invictus , and the ESPN TV documentary The 16th Man in 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pirate Irwin ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` Max Brito at end of tether after 12 - year struggle '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup history '' . BBC . 7 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 October 2006 . External links ( edit ) Official Rugby World Cup Site 1995 Rugby World Cup at ESPN Full Results and Statistics at ESPN 1990s portal Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Statistics 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Overall Records Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=845323274 '' Categories : 1995 Rugby World Cup 1995 rugby union tournaments for national teams Rugby World Cup tournaments 1995 in South African rugby union 1995 in rugby union Rugby union and apartheid May 1995 sports events June 1995 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Rugby%20World%20Cup	2,859
where did cheese on apple pie come from			Apple pie	apple pie	An apple pie is a pie or a tart , in which the principal filling ingredient is apple . It is , on occasion , served with whipped cream or ice cream on top , or alongside cheddar cheese . The pastry is generally used top - and - bottom , making it a double - crust pie ; the upper crust may be a circular or a pastry lattice woven of crosswise strips . Depending on the baker 's preference , the bottom of the double - crust may be baked first ( before baking the whole pie ) to prevent the bottom from getting soggy . Exceptions are deep - dish apple pie , with a top crust only , and open - face Tarte Tatin . The apple pie is one of the United States ' signature comfort foods .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Ingredients 2 Dutch style 3 English style 4 French style 5 Swedish style 6 In American culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Ingredients ( edit ) Apple pie can be made with all sorts of different apples . The more popular cooking apples include , Braeburn , Gala , Cortland , Bramley , Empire , Northern Spy , Granny Smith , and McIntosh The fruit for the pie can be fresh , canned , or reconstituted from dried apples . These different types of apples ( canned , dries , fresh ) affects the final texture and the length of cooking time required will vary , therefore people disagree on if it affects the flavour or not . Dried or preserved apples were originally substituted only at times when fresh fruit was unavailable . Along with the apples people commonly use , cinnamon , salt , butter , and most importantly sugar . Though most of the old recipes do n't include sugar due to the price or having a better sweetener option , most people definitely use it today . Apple pie is often served in the style of `` à la Mode '' ( topped with ice cream ) . Alternatively , a piece of cheese ( such as a sharp cheddar ) is , at times , placed on top of or alongside a slice of the finished pie . Dutch style ( edit ) Recipes for Dutch apple pie go back to the Middle Ages . An early Dutch cookbook from 1514 , Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ( `` A notable little cookery book '' ) , documents a recipe for Appeltaerten ( compare modern Dutch Appeltaarten `` apple pies '' ) . This early recipe was a simple one , requiring only a standard pie crust , slices of especially soft apples with their skin and seeds removed , and den selven deeghe daer die taerte af ghemaect es ( roughly meaning `` the same dough that the pie ( crust ) is made of '' ) to fill in the top . It was then baked in a typical Dutch oven . Once baked , the top crust ( except at the edges ) would be cut out from the middle , after which the apple slices were potentially put through a sieve before the pie was stirred with a wooden spoon . At this point the book recommends adding several spices to the pie , namely : cardamom , ginger , cinnamon , nutmeg , clove , mace and powdered sugar . Finally , after mixing the ingredients into the pie with cream , it is once again put into the oven to dry . Traditional Dutch apple pie comes in two varieties , a crumb ( appelkruimeltaart ) and a lattice ( appeltaart ) style pie . Both recipes are distinct in that they typically call for flavourings of cinnamon and lemon juice to be added and differ in texture , not taste . Dutch apple pies may include ingredients such as full - cream butter , raisins and almond paste , in addition to ingredients such as apples and sugar , which they have in common with other recipes . The basis of Dutch apple pie is a crust on the bottom and around the edges . This crust is then filled with pieces or slices of apple , usually a crisp and mildly tart variety such as Goudreinet or Elstar . Cinnamon and sugar are generally mixed in with the apple filling . Atop the filling , strands of dough cover the pie in a lattice holding the filling in place but keeping it visible or cover the pie with crumbs . It can be eaten warm or cold , sometimes with a dash of whipped cream or vanilla ice cream . In the US , `` Dutch apple pie '' refers specifically to the apple pie style with a crumb , streusel , topping . English style ( edit ) `` For to Make Tartys in Applis '' , 18th - century print of a 14th - century recipe English apple pie recipes go back to the time of Chaucer . The 1381 recipe ( see illustration at right ) lists the ingredients as good apples , good spices , figs , raisins and pears . The cofyn of the recipe is a casing of pastry . Saffron is used for colouring the pie filling . Today , the English style incorporates generous layers of sweetened slices of , usually , Bramley apple ; layered into a dome shape to allow for downward shrinkage , and thus avoid a saggy middle , then topped with butter or lard shortcrust pastry , and baked until the apple filling is cooked . In English - speaking countries , apple pie , often classified as a satisfying ' comfort ' food , is a dessert of enduring popularity , whether it 's eaten hot or cold , on its own or with ice cream , double cream , or custard . French style ( edit ) French style apple pie is very different compared to the American version of the sweet dessert . Instead of it being right side up with crust on top and bottom , it actually is upside down , with the fruit being caramelized . This can be made not only with apples but other fruits or vegetables as well , for example , pears or tomatoes . see Tarte Tatin Swedish style ( edit ) The Swedish style apple pie is predominantly a variety of apple crumble , rather than a traditional pastry pie . Often , breadcrumbs are used ( wholly or partially ) instead of flour , and sometimes rolled oats . It is usually flavoured with cinnamon and served with vanilla custard or ice cream . There is also a very popular version called äppelkaka ( apple cake ) , which differs from the pie in that it is a sponge cake baked with fresh apple pieces in it . In American culture ( edit ) See also : List of American foods An apple pie is one of a number of American cultural icons . Apple pie was brought to the colonies by the British , Dutch , and Swedes during the 17th and 18th centuries . The apple pie had to wait for the planting of European varieties , brought across the Atlantic , to become fruit - bearing apple trees , to be selected for their cooking qualities as there were no native apples except crabapples , which yield very small and sour fruit . In the meantime , the colonists were more likely to make their pies , or `` pasties '' , from meat , calling them coffins ( meaning basket ) rather than fruit ; and the main use for apples , once they were available , was in cider . However , there are American apple pie recipes , both manuscript and printed , from the 18th century , and it has since become a very popular dessert . Apple varieties are usually propagated by grafting , as clones , but in the New World , planting from seeds was more popular , which quickly led to the development of hundreds of new native varieties . Apple pie was a common food in 18th - century Delaware . As noted by the New Sweden historian Dr. Israel Acrelius in a letter : `` Apple pie is used throughout the whole year , and when fresh Apples are no longer to be had , dried ones are used . It is the evening meal of children . '' The mock apple pie , made from crackers , was probably invented for use aboard ships , as it was known to the British Navy as early as 1812 . The earliest known published recipes for mock apple pie date from the antebellum period of the 1850s . In the 1930s , and for many years afterwards , Ritz Crackers promoted a recipe for mock apple pie using its product , along with sugar and various spices . Although apple pies have been eaten since long before the European colonisation of the Americas , `` as American as apple pie '' is a saying in the United States , meaning `` typically American '' . In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , apple pie became a symbol of American prosperity and national pride . A newspaper article published in 1902 declared that `` No pie - eating people can be permanently vanquished . '' The dish was also commemorated in the phrase `` for Mom and apple pie '' - supposedly the stock answer of American soldiers in World War II , whenever journalists asked why they were going to war . Jack Holden and Frances Kay sang in their patriotic 1950 song The Fiery Bear , creating contrast between this symbol of U.S. culture and the Russian bear of the Soviet Union : We love our baseball and apple pie We love our county fair We 'll keep Old Glory waving high There 's no place here for a bear Advertisers exploited the patriotic connection in the 1970s with the commercial jingle `` baseball , hot dogs , apple pie and Chevrolet '' . Modern American recipes for apple pie usually indicate a confection that is 9 inches in diameter in a fluted pie plate , with an apple filling spiced with cinnamon , nutmeg , and lemon juice , and it may or may not have a lattice or shapes cut out of the top for decoration . One out of five Americans surveyed ( 19 % ) prefer apple pie over all others , followed by pumpkin ( 13 % ) and pecan ( 12 % ) . The unincorporated community of Pie Town , New Mexico is named after apple pie . See also ( edit ) Food portal Apfelstrudel ( apple strudel ) , an Austrian pie - like dish made with dough , apples , sugar and spices Apple cake Apple cobbler Applesauce cake List of apple dishes List of pies , tarts and flans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Interesting Facts About Apple Pie '' . factslegend.org . Jump up ^ `` The Best Apples for Apple Pie '' . Farm Blog The Stemilt Blog. 2015 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Pie '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` 7 Facts about Apple Pie '' . Jump up ^ `` An apple pie without the cheese '' . 2012 Apartment Therapy . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Pie '' . OChef . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Product Highlight : Apple Pie , Sharp Cheddar , and A Nice Cup of Coffee '' . Hunger Mountain Coop . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Home Notabel Boecxken van Cokeryen door Thomas vander Noot ( 1514 ) '' . Kookhistorie.nl. 2002 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen - 123 Appeltaerten. , dbnl.org Jump up ^ `` Recipe : More apple cakes : Hollandse appeltaart aka Dutch Apple Tart '' . Recipes Tap . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Apple Pie Stemilt '' . Stemilt. 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` page 21 `` De verstandige kock of sorghvuldige huyshoudster ( anno 1669 ) '' `` . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Apple Pie Stemilt '' . Stemilt. 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Apple Pie '' . Brown Eyed Baker . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Origin , History of cultivation '' . University of Georgia . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . The center of diversity of the genus Malus is the eastern Turkey , southwestern Russia region of Asia Minor . Apples were improved through selection over a period of thousands of years by early farmers . Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC ; those he brought back to Greece may well have been the progenitors of dwarfing rootstocks . Apples were brought to North America with colonists in the 1600s , and the first apple orchard on this continent was said to be near Boston in 1625 . Jump up ^ `` Five Facts About Pie That Might Surprise You , And A Survey '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stradley , Linda . `` Apple Pie - History of Apple Pie '' . What 's Cooking America.net . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Naval Chronicle. 28 : 61 . 1812 https://books.google.com/books?id=K085AQAAMAAJ&q=%22mock+apple%22 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bliss ( 1850 ) . Practical Cook Book : Containing Upwards of One Thousand Receipts ... . Lippincott , Grambo . p. 153 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Godey 's Magazine . 48 - 49 : 378 . 1854 https://books.google.com/books?id=e8hZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22mock+apple+pie%22 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ By Beth Kracklauer < ! ( 2008 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Putting on the Ritz '' . Saveur.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cambridge University Press ( 2011 ) . `` Definition of `` as American as apple pie '' `` . Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary & Thesaurus . Jump up ^ `` Popular Apple Sayings '' . U.S. Apple Association . Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ McBride - Carlton , Jan ( 1975 ) . The Old Fashioned Cookbook ( 1st ed . ) . Vineyard Books . p. 286 . ISBN 0030146216 . Jump up ^ `` Fun facts '' ( PDF ) . piecouncil.org . Jump up ^ `` Pie Town New Mexico '' . Pietown.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to apple pies . Food Timeline history Notes : Apple Pie A Apple Pie , by Kate Greenaway , 1886 . Woodblock printed children 's book , based on a much earlier rhyme ; from Project Gutenberg The Dutch Table : Dutch Apple Pie Dutch Apple Pie Recipe by Liesbeth de Vos American pies Sweet Apple crisp Apple pie Bean pie Blackberry pie Black bottom pie Blueberry pie Bob Andy pie Buttermilk pie Cashew pie Cherry pie Chess pie Chiffon pie Cream pie Derby Pie Fried pie Grape pie Key lime pie Lemon ice box pie Maraca pie Mississippi mud pie Peanut pie Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Rhubarb pie Shaker Lemon Pie Shoofly pie Strawberry rhubarb pie Sweet potato pie Sugar pie Walnut pie Savory Crawfish pie Pot pie Natchitoches meat pie Manufacturers Hostess Kellogg Company Little Debbie Marie Callender 's Mrs. Smith 's Sara Lee Tasty Baking Company British pies Sweet Apple pie Bakewell tart Banoffee pie Bedfordshire clanger Black bun Custard tart Manchester tart Mince pie Rhubarb pie Treacle tart Savoury Bacon and egg pie Bedfordshire clanger Bridie Butter pie Cheese and onion pie Chicken and mushroom pie Corned beef pie Cornish pasty Cottage pie Cumberland pie Curry pie Devizes pie Fish pie Game pie Homity pie Killie pie Meat and potato pie Melton Mowbray pork pie Pork pie Scotch pie Shepherd 's pie Squab pie Stargazy pie Steak pie Steak and kidney pie Steak and oyster pie Woolton pie Manufacturers Clark 's Pies Dickinson & Morris Fray Bentos Ginsters Higgidy Holland 's Pies Mr Kipling Peter 's Poole 's Pork Farms Pukka Pies Shire Foods Square Pie Wall 's Wrights Pies Apples List of apple cultivars Species Malus pumila Malus niedzwetskyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead 's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni ( Rubens ) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox 's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink ( Pink Lady ) Delbard Jubilee Delbarestivale Delrouval Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Egremont Russet Ellison 's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne 's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton 's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe 's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Pacific Rose Pam 's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Genet Rambo Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Rome Roxbury Russet Sandow Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Chelmsford Wonder Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Antonovka Brown Snout Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Michelin Redstreak Slack - ma - Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple products Apfelwein Apple butter Apple cake Apple chips Apple cider Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple dishes Apple juice Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Applejack Calvados Candy apple Caramel apple Cider Himmel und Erde Ice cider Jewish apple cake Pectin Pommeau Agriculture Apple diseases Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Countries by apple production Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi - virginianae Johnny Appleseed Lepidoptera that feed on Malus Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Cultivars Production English cuisine Roman times Dishes Sausages Middle Ages Exemplars The Forme of Cury ( c. 1390 ) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th century Exemplars Thomas Dawson ( The Good Huswifes Jewell , 1585 ) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle ( without jelly ) 17th century Exemplars Elinor Fettiplace ( Receipt Book , 1604 ) Gervase Markham ( The English Huswife , 1615 ) Robert May ( The Accomplisht Cook , 1660 ) Hannah Woolley ( The Queen - like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670 ) Kenelm Digby ( The Closet Opened 1699 ) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th century Exemplars Mary Kettilby ( A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714 ) John Nott ( The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary , 1723 ) Eliza Smith ( The Compleat Housewife 1727 ) Hannah Glasse ( The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747 ) Elizabeth Raffald ( The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769 ) Richard Briggs ( The English Art of Cookery 1788 ) William Augustus Henderson ( The Housekeeper 's Instructor 1791 ) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Cottage or Shepherd 's pie Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle ( with jelly ) Welsh rabbit Yorkshire pudding 19th century Exemplars Mrs Rundell ( A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806 ) Eliza Acton ( Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845 ) Charles Elmé Francatelli ( The Modern Cook 1846 ) Isabella Beeton ( Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management 1861 ) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve 's pudding Jam roly - poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Worcestershire sauce 20th century Exemplars Elizabeth David ( A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950 ) Constance Spry Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Fergus Henderson Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman 's lunch Salad cream 21st century Exemplars Michel Roux Jr . ( Le Gavroche ) Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( River Cottage ) Antony Worrall Thompson Heston Blumenthal ( The Fat Duck ) Mary Berry Clarissa Dickson Wright ( A History of English Food 2011 ) Related Food in England ( 1954 ) List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_pie&oldid=836285252 '' Categories : American pies Apple products British desserts British pies Dutch cuisine English cuisine European cuisine German cuisine Fruit pies Swedish cuisine Thanksgiving food National dishes Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe 粵語中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20pie	2,860
french onion soup in french how to say	Soupe à l'oignon à la Parisienne Gratinée Parisienne Gratinée des Halles Gratinée Lyonnaise Soupe à l'oignon Lyonnaise Soupe à l'oignon Gratinée	Soupe à l'oignon à la Parisienne\|Gratinée Parisienne\|Gratinée des Halles\|Gratinée Lyonnaise\|Soupe à l'oignon Lyonnaise\|Soupe à l'oignon Gratinée	French onion soup	french onion soup	French onion soup ( French : soupe à l'oignon ( sup a lɔɲɔ̃ ) ) is a type of soup usually based on meat stock and onions , and often served gratin éed with croutons and cheese on top or a large piece of bread . Although ancient in origin , the dish underwent a resurgence of popularity in the 1960s in the United States due to a greater interest in French cuisine . French onion soup is usually served as a starter .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Preparation 3 Alternative names 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Onion soups have been popular at least as far back as Roman times . Throughout history , they were seen as food for poor people , as onions were plentiful and easy to grow . The modern version of this soup originates in Paris , France in the 18th century , made from beef broth , and caramelized onions . It is often finished by being placed under a grill in a ramekin with croutons and Comté melted on top . The crouton on top is reminiscent of ancient soups ( see history of soup ) . Preparation ( edit ) Recipes for onion soup vary greatly : Though the liquid is usually meat stock , it may be simply water . Milk may be added . It may be thickened with eggs or flour . It may be gratinéed or not . Generally , recipes specify that the onions should be cooked slowly , becoming caramelized . Brandy or sherry is added at the end . The soup base is often topped with a slice of bread ( a `` croute '' or `` crouton '' ) . For the gratinéed version , the croute is topped with cheese and broiled or baked . The soup is then immediately served in the bowl or ramekin in which it was broiled ( or , in the United Kingdom , grilled ) , baked , or -- in family - style -- immediately transferred to individual serving bowls via a ladle . Alternative names ( edit ) Some alternative names for the soup include : Soupe à l'oignon à la Parisienne Gratinée Parisienne Gratinée des Halles Gratinée Lyonnaise Soupe à l'oignon Lyonnaise Soupe à l'oignon Gratinée See also ( edit ) French cuisine French onion dip List of French soups and stews List of onion dishes List of soups List of vegetable soups Onion sauce Sop Vegetable soup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : French onion soup . The Food Timeline ^ Jump up to : Frétillet , Jean - Paul ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Dégustation : la soupe à l'oignon , bonne à en pleurer ! '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Courtine , Derek Coltman , trans . ( 1973 ) The Hundred Glories of French Cooking . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 18 . ISBN 0374173575 Jump up ^ Marie Ébrard ( 1927 ) La bonne cuisine de Madame E. Saint - Ange , Editions Chaix . p. 186 . Jump up ^ Newman , Bryan G. ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Soupe à l'Oignon - French Onion Soup . Ordering the Most Famous of all French Soups and the Difference Between Parisian and Lyonnais Onion Soups '' . Behind the French Menu . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Onion Soup at Wikibook Cookbooks Media related to Onion soup at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_onion_soup&oldid=784774656 '' Categories : French soups Onion - based foods Ancient dishes Vegetable soups Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2017 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20onion%20soup	2,861
difference between half bridge and full bridge converter			Power electronics	power electronics	Power electronics is the application of solid - state electronics to the control and conversion of electric power .	The first high power electronic devices were mercury - arc valves . In modern systems the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes , thyristors and transistors , pioneered by R.D. Middlebrook and others beginning in the 1950s . In contrast to electronic systems concerned with transmission and processing of signals and data , in power electronics substantial amounts of electrical energy are processed . An AC / DC converter ( rectifier ) is the most typical power electronics device found in many consumer electronic devices , e.g. television sets , personal computers , battery chargers , etc . The power range is typically from tens of watts to several hundred watts . In industry a common application is the variable speed drive ( VSD ) that is used to control an induction motor . The power range of VSDs start from a few hundred watts and end at tens of megawatts . The power conversion systems can be classified according to the type of the input and output power AC to DC ( rectifier ) DC to AC ( inverter ) DC to DC ( DC - to - DC converter ) AC to AC ( AC - to - AC converter ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Devices 3 DC / AC converters ( inverters ) 3.1 Single - phase half - bridge inverter 3.2 Single - phase full - bridge inverter 3.3 Three - phase voltage source inverter 3.4 Current source inverters 3.5 Multilevel inverters 4 AC / AC converters 5 Simulations of power electronic systems 6 Applications 6.1 Inverters 6.2 Smart grid 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Power electronics started with the development of the mercury arc rectifier . Invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902 , it was used to convert alternating current ( AC ) into direct current ( DC ) . From the 1920s on , research continued on applying thyratrons and grid - controlled mercury arc valves to power transmission . Uno Lamm developed a mercury valve with grading electrodes making them suitable for high voltage direct current power transmission . In 1933 selenium rectifiers were invented . In 1947 the bipolar point - contact transistor was invented by Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen under the direction of William Shockley at Bell Labs . In 1948 Shockley 's invention of the bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) improved the stability and performance of transistors , and reduced costs . By the 1950s , higher power semiconductor diodes became available and started replacing vacuum tubes . In 1956 the silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) was introduced by General Electric , greatly increasing the range of power electronics applications . By the 1960s the improved switching speed of bipolar junction transistors had allowed for high frequency DC / DC converters . In 1976 power MOSFETs became commercially available . In 1982 the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor ( IGBT ) was introduced . Devices ( edit ) See also : Power semiconductor device This section includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The capabilities and economy of power electronics system are determined by the active devices that are available . Their characteristics and limitations are a key element in the design of power electronics systems . Formerly , the mercury arc valve , the high - vacuum and gas - filled diode thermionic rectifiers , and triggered devices such as the thyratron and ignitron were widely used in power electronics . As the ratings of solid - state devices improved in both voltage and current - handling capacity , vacuum devices have been nearly entirely replaced by solid - state devices . Power electronic devices may be used as switches , or as amplifiers . An ideal switch is either open or closed and so dissipates no power ; it withstands an applied voltage and passes no current , or passes any amount of current with no voltage drop . Semiconductor devices used as switches can approximate this ideal property and so most power electronic applications rely on switching devices on and off , which makes systems very efficient as very little power is wasted in the switch . By contrast , in the case of the amplifier , the current through the device varies continuously according to a controlled input . The voltage and current at the device terminals follow a load line , and the power dissipation inside the device is large compared with the power delivered to the load . Several attributes dictate how devices are used . Devices such as diodes conduct when a forward voltage is applied and have no external control of the start of conduction. Power devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers and thyristors ( as well as the mercury valve and thyratron ) allow control of the start of conduction , but rely on periodic reversal of current flow to turn them off . Devices such as gate turn - off thyristors , BJT and MOSFET transistors provide full switching control and can be turned on or off without regard to the current flow through them . Transistor devices also allow proportional amplification , but this is rarely used for systems rated more than a few hundred watts . The control input characteristics of a device also greatly affect design ; sometimes the control input is at a very high voltage with respect to ground and must be driven by an isolated source . As efficiency is at a premium in a power electronic converter , the losses that a power electronic device generates should be as low as possible . Devices vary in switching speed . Some diodes and thyristors are suited for relatively slow speed and are useful for power frequency switching and control ; certain thyristors are useful at a few kilohertz . Devices such as MOSFETS and BJTs can switch at tens of kilohertz up to a few megahertz in power applications , but with decreasing power levels . Vacuum tube devices dominate high power ( hundreds of kilowatts ) at very high frequency ( hundreds or thousands of megahertz ) applications . Faster switching devices minimize energy lost in the transitions from on to off and back , but may create problems with radiated electromagnetic interference . Gate drive ( or equivalent ) circuits must be designed to supply sufficient drive current to achieve the full switching speed possible with a device . A device without sufficient drive to switch rapidly may be destroyed by excess heating . Practical devices have non-zero voltage drop and dissipate power when on , and take some time to pass through an active region until they reach the `` on '' or `` off '' state . These losses are a significant part of the total lost power in a converter . Power handling and dissipation of devices is also a critical factor in design . Power electronic devices may have to dissipate tens or hundreds of watts of waste heat , even switching as efficiently as possible between conducting and non-conducting states . In the switching mode , the power controlled is much larger than the power dissipated in the switch . The forward voltage drop in the conducting state translates into heat that must be dissipated . High power semiconductors require specialized heat sinks or active cooling systems to manage their junction temperature ; exotic semiconductors such as silicon carbide have an advantage over straight silicon in this respect , and germanium , once the main - stay of solid - state electronics is now little used due to its unfavorable high temperature properties . Semiconductor devices exist with ratings up to a few kilovolts in a single device . Where very high voltage must be controlled , multiple devices must be used in series , with networks to equalize voltage across all devices . Again , switching speed is a critical factor since the slowest - switching device will have to withstand a disproportionate share of the overall voltage . Mercury valves were once available with ratings to 100 kV in a single unit , simplifying their application in HVDC systems . The current rating of a semiconductor device is limited by the heat generated within the dies and the heat developed in the resistance of the interconnecting leads . Semiconductor devices must be designed so that current is evenly distributed within the device across its internal junctions ( or channels ) ; once a `` hot spot '' develops , breakdown effects can rapidly destroy the device . Certain SCRs are available with current ratings to 3000 amperes in a single unit . DC / AC converters ( inverters ) ( edit ) Main article : power inverter DC to AC converters produce an AC output waveform from a DC source . Applications include adjustable speed drives ( ASD ) , uninterruptible power supplies ( UPS ) , Flexible AC transmission systems ( FACTS ) , voltage compensators , and photovoltaic inverters . Topologies for these converters can be separated into two distinct categories : voltage source inverters and current source inverters . Voltage source inverters ( VSIs ) are named so because the independently controlled output is a voltage waveform . Similarly , current source inverters ( CSIs ) are distinct in that the controlled AC output is a current waveform . DC to AC power conversion is the result of power switching devices , which are commonly fully controllable semiconductor power switches . The output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values , producing fast transitions rather than smooth ones . For some applications , even a rough approximation of the sinusoidal waveform of AC power is adequate . Where a near sinusoidal waveform is required , the switching devices are operated much faster than the desired output frequency , and the time they spend in either state is controlled so the averaged output is nearly sinusoidal . Common modulation techniques include the carrier - based technique , or Pulse - width modulation , space - vector technique , and the selective - harmonic technique . Voltage source inverters have practical uses in both single - phase and three - phase applications . Single - phase VSIs utilize half - bridge and full - bridge configurations , and are widely used for power supplies , single - phase UPSs , and elaborate high - power topologies when used in multicell configurations . Three - phase VSIs are used in applications that require sinusoidal voltage waveforms , such as ASDs , UPSs , and some types of FACTS devices such as the STATCOM . They are also used in applications where arbitrary voltages are required as in the case of active power filters and voltage compensators . Current source inverters are used to produce an AC output current from a DC current supply . This type of inverter is practical for three - phase applications in which high - quality voltage waveforms are required . A relatively new class of inverters , called multilevel inverters , has gained widespread interest . Normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as two - level inverters , due to the fact that power switches connect to either the positive or to the negative DC bus . If more than two voltage levels were available to the inverter output terminals , the AC output could better approximate a sine wave . It is for this reason that multilevel inverters , although more complex and costly , offer higher performance . Each inverter type differs in the DC links used , and in whether or not they require freewheeling diodes . Either can be made to operate in square - wave or pulse - width modulation ( PWM ) mode , depending on its intended usage . Square - wave mode offers simplicity , while PWM can be implemented several different ways and produces higher quality waveforms . Voltage Source Inverters ( VSI ) feed the output inverter section from an approximately constant - voltage source . The desired quality of the current output waveform determines which modulation technique needs to be selected for a given application . The output of a VSI is composed of discrete values . In order to obtain a smooth current waveform , the loads need to be inductive at the select harmonic frequencies . Without some sort of inductive filtering between the source and load , a capacitive load will cause the load to receive a choppy current waveform , with large and frequent current spikes . There are three main types of VSIs : Single - phase half - bridge inverter Single - phase full - bridge inverter Three - phase voltage source inverter Single - phase half - bridge inverter ( edit ) Figure 8 : The AC input for an ASD . FIGURE 9 : Single - Phase Half - Bridge Voltage Source Inverter The single - phase voltage source half - bridge inverters , are meant for lower voltage applications and are commonly used in power supplies . Figure 9 shows the circuit schematic of this inverter . Low - order current harmonics get injected back to the source voltage by the operation of the inverter . This means that two large capacitors are needed for filtering purposes in this design . As Figure 9 illustrates , only one switch can be on at time in each leg of the inverter . If both switches in a leg were on at the same time , the DC source will be shorted out . Inverters can use several modulation techniques to control their switching schemes . The carrier - based PWM technique compares the AC output waveform , v , to a carrier voltage signal , v. When v is greater than v , S+ is on , and when v is less than v , S - is on . When the AC output is at frequency fc with its amplitude at v , and the triangular carrier signal is at frequency f with its amplitude at v , the PWM becomes a special sinusoidal case of the carrier based PWM . This case is dubbed sinusoidal pulse - width modulation ( SPWM ). For this , the modulation index , or amplitude - modulation ratio , is defined as m = v / v . The normalized carrier frequency , or frequency - modulation ratio , is calculated using the equation m = f / f . If the over-modulation region , ma , exceeds one , a higher fundamental AC output voltage will be observed , but at the cost of saturation . For SPWM , the harmonics of the output waveform are at well - defined frequencies and amplitudes . This simplifies the design of the filtering components needed for the low - order current harmonic injection from the operation of the inverter . The maximum output amplitude in this mode of operation is half of the source voltage . If the maximum output amplitude , m , exceeds 3.24 , the output waveform of the inverter becomes a square wave . As was true for PWM , both switches in a leg for square wave modulation can not be turned on at the same time , as this would cause a short across the voltage source . The switching scheme requires that both S+ and S - be on for a half cycle of the AC output period . The fundamental AC output amplitude is equal to v = v = 2v / π . Its harmonics have an amplitude of v = v / h . Therefore , the AC output voltage is not controlled by the inverter , but rather by the magnitude of the DC input voltage of the inverter . Using selective harmonic elimination ( SHE ) as a modulation technique allows the switching of the inverter to selectively eliminate intrinsic harmonics . The fundamental component of the AC output voltage can also be adjusted within a desirable range . Since the AC output voltage obtained from this modulation technique has odd half and odd quarter wave symmetry , even harmonics do not exist . Any undesirable odd ( N - 1 ) intrinsic harmonics from the output waveform can be eliminated . Single - phase full - bridge inverter ( edit ) FIGURE 3 : Single - Phase Voltage Source Full - Bridge Inverter FIGURE 4 : Carrier and Modulating Signals for the Bipolar Pulsewidth Modulation Technique The full - bridge inverter is similar to the half bridge - inverter , but it has an additional leg to connect the neutral point to the load . Figure 3 shows the circuit schematic of the single - phase voltage source full - bridge inverter . To avoid shorting out the voltage source , S1+ and S1 - can not be on at the same time , and S2+ and S2 - also can not be on at the same time . Any modulating technique used for the full - bridge configuration should have either the top or the bottom switch of each leg on at any given time . Due to the extra leg , the maximum amplitude of the output waveform is Vi , and is twice as large as the maximum achievable output amplitude for the half - bridge configuration . States 1 and 2 from Table 2 are used to generate the AC output voltage with bipolar SPWM . The AC output voltage can take on only two values , either Vi or -- Vi . To generate these same states using a half - bridge configuration , a carrier based technique can be used . S+ being on for the half - bridge corresponds to S1+ and S2 - being on for the full - bridge . Similarly , S - being on for the half - bridge corresponds to S1 - and S2+ being on for the full bridge . The output voltage for this modulation technique is more or less sinusoidal , with a fundamental component that has an amplitude in the linear region of less than or equal to one v = v = v m . Unlike the bipolar PWM technique , the unipolar approach uses states 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 from Table 2 to generate its AC output voltage . Therefore , the AC output voltage can take on the values Vi , 0 or -- V ( 1 ) i . To generate these states , two sinusoidal modulating signals , Vc and -- Vc , are needed , as seen in Figure 4 . Vc is used to generate VaN , while -- Vc is used to generate VbN . The following relationship is called unipolar carrier - based SPWM v = 2 v = v m . The phase voltages VaN and VbN are identical , but 180 degrees out of phase with each other . The output voltage is equal to the difference of the two phase voltages , and do not contain any even harmonics . Therefore , if mf is taken , even the AC output voltage harmonics will appear at normalized odd frequencies , fh . These frequencies are centered on double the value of the normalized carrier frequency . This particular feature allows for smaller filtering components when trying to obtain a higher quality output waveform . As was the case for the half - bridge SHE , the AC output voltage contains no even harmonics due to its odd half and odd quarter wave symmetry . Three - phase voltage source inverter ( edit ) FIGURE 5 : Three - Phase Voltage Source Inverter Circuit Schematic FIGURE 6 : Three - Phase Square - Wave Operation a ) Switch State S1 b ) Switch State S3 c ) S1 Output d ) S3 Output Single - phase VSIs are used primarily for low power range applications , while three - phase VSIs cover both medium and high power range applications . Figure 5 shows the circuit schematic for a three - phase VSI . Switches in any of the three legs of the inverter can not be switched off simultaneously due to this resulting in the voltages being dependent on the respective line current 's polarity . States 7 and 8 produce zero AC line voltages , which result in AC line currents freewheeling through either the upper or the lower components . However , the line voltages for states 1 through 6 produce an AC line voltage consisting of the discrete values of Vi , 0 or -- Vi . For three - phase SPWM , three modulating signals that are 120 degrees out of phase with one another are used in order to produce out of phase load voltages . In order to preserve the PWM features with a single carrier signal , the normalized carrier frequency , mf , needs to be a multiple of three . This keeps the magnitude of the phase voltages identical , but out of phase with each other by 120 degrees . The maximum achievable phase voltage amplitude in the linear region , ma less than or equal to one , is v = v / 2 . The maximum achievable line voltage amplitude is V = v √ 3 / 2 The only way to control the load voltage is by changing the input DC voltage . Current source inverters ( edit ) FIGURE 7 : Three - Phase Current Source Inverter Figure 8 : Synchronized - Pulse - Width - Modulation Waveforms for a Three - Phase Current Source Inverter a ) Carrier and Modulating Signals b ) S1 State c ) S3 State d ) Output Current Figure 9 : Space - Vector Representation in Current Source Inverters Current source inverters convert DC current into an AC current waveform . In applications requiring sinusoidal AC waveforms , magnitude , frequency , and phase should all be controlled . CSIs have high changes in current overtime , so capacitors are commonly employed on the AC side , while inductors are commonly employed on the DC side . Due to the absence of freewheeling diodes , the power circuit is reduced in size and weight , and tends to be more reliable than VSIs . Although single - phase topologies are possible , three - phase CSIs are more practical . In its most generalized form , a three - phase CSI employs the same conduction sequence as a six - pulse rectifier . At any time , only one common - cathode switch and one common - anode switch are on . As a result , line currents take discrete values of -- ii , 0 and ii . States are chosen such that a desired waveform is output and only valid states are used . This selection is based on modulating techniques , which include carrier - based PWM , selective harmonic elimination , and space - vector techniques . Carrier - based techniques used for VSIs can also be implemented for CSIs , resulting in CSI line currents that behave in the same way as VSI line voltages . The digital circuit utilized for modulating signals contains a switching pulse generator , a shorting pulse generator , a shorting pulse distributor , and a switching and shorting pulse combiner . A gating signal is produced based on a carrier current and three modulating signals . A shorting pulse is added to this signal when no top switches and no bottom switches are gated , causing the RMS currents to be equal in all legs . The same methods are utilized for each phase , however , switching variables are 120 degrees out of phase relative to one another , and the current pulses are shifted by a half - cycle with respect to output currents . If a triangular carrier is used with sinusoidal modulating signals , the CSI is said to be utilizing synchronized - pulse - width - modulation ( SPWM ) . If full over-modulation is used in conjunction with SPWM the inverter is said to be in square - wave operation . The second CSI modulation category , SHE is also similar to its VSI counterpart . Utilizing the gating signals developed for a VSI and a set of synchronizing sinusoidal current signals , results in symmetrically distributed shorting pulses and , therefore , symmetrical gating patterns . This allows any arbitrary number of harmonics to be eliminated . It also allows control of the fundamental line current through the proper selection of primary switching angles . Optimal switching patterns must have quarter - wave and half - wave symmetry , as well as symmetry about 30 degrees and 150 degrees . Switching patterns are never allowed between 60 degrees and 120 degrees . The current ripple can be further reduced with the use of larger output capacitors , or by increasing the number of switching pulses . The third category , space - vector - based modulation , generates PWM load line currents that equal load line currents , on average . Valid switching states and time selections are made digitally based on space vector transformation . Modulating signals are represented as a complex vector using a transformation equation . For balanced three - phase sinusoidal signals , this vector becomes a fixed module , which rotates at a frequency , ω . These space vectors are then used to approximate the modulating signal . If the signal is between arbitrary vectors , the vectors are combined with the zero vectors I7 , I8 , or I9 . The following equations are used to ensure that the generated currents and the current vectors are on average equivalent . Multilevel inverters ( edit ) FIGURE 10 : Three - Level Neutral - Clamped Inverter A relatively new class called multilevel inverters has gained widespread interest . Normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as two - level inverters because the power switches connect to either the positive or the negative DC bus . If more than two voltage levels were available to the inverter output terminals , the AC output could better approximate a sine wave . For this reason multilevel inverters , although more complex and costly , offer higher performance . A three - level neutral - clamped inverter is shown in Figure 10 . Control methods for a three - level inverter only allow two switches of the four switches in each leg to simultaneously change conduction states . This allows smooth commutation and avoids shoot through by only selecting valid states . It may also be noted that since the DC bus voltage is shared by at least two power valves , their voltage ratings can be less than a two - level counterpart . Carrier - based and space - vector modulation techniques are used for multilevel topologies . The methods for these techniques follow those of classic inverters , but with added complexity . Space - vector modulation offers a greater number of fixed voltage vectors to be used in approximating the modulation signal , and therefore allows more effective space vector PWM strategies to be accomplished at the cost of more elaborate algorithms . Due to added complexity and number of semiconductor devices , multilevel inverters are currently more suitable for high - power high - voltage applications . This technology reduces the harmonics hence improves overall efficiency of the scheme . AC / AC converters ( edit ) Main article : AC / AC converter Converting AC power to AC power allows control of the voltage , frequency , and phase of the waveform applied to a load from a supplied AC system . The two main categories that can be used to separate the types of converters are whether the frequency of the waveform is changed . AC / AC converter that do n't allow the user to modify the frequencies are known as AC Voltage Controllers , or AC Regulators . AC converters that allow the user to change the frequency are simply referred to as frequency converters for AC to AC conversion . Under frequency converters there are three different types of converters that are typically used : cycloconverter , matrix converter , DC link converter ( aka AC / DC / AC converter ) . AC voltage controller : The purpose of an AC Voltage Controller , or AC Regulator , is to vary the RMS voltage across the load while at a constant frequency . Three control methods that are generally accepted are ON / OFF Control , Phase - Angle Control , and Pulse Width Modulation AC Chopper Control ( PWM AC Chopper Control ) . All three of these methods can be implemented not only in single - phase circuits , but three - phase circuits as well . ON / OFF Control : Typically used for heating loads or speed control of motors , this control method involves turning the switch on for n integral cycles and turning the switch off for m integral cycles . Because turning the switches on and off causes undesirable harmonics to be created , the switches are turned on and off during zero - voltage and zero - current conditions ( zero - crossing ) , effectively reducing the distortion . Phase - Angle Control : Various circuits exist to implement a phase - angle control on different waveforms , such as half - wave or full - wave voltage control . The power electronic components that are typically used are diodes , SCRs , and Triacs . With the use of these components , the user can delay the firing angle in a wave which will only cause part of the wave to be in output . PWM AC Chopper Control : The other two control methods often have poor harmonics , output current quality , and input power factor . In order to improve these values PWM can be used instead of the other methods . What PWM AC Chopper does is have switches that turn on and off several times within alternate half - cycles of input voltage . Matrix converters and cycloconverters : Cycloconverters are widely used in industry for ac to ac conversion , because they are able to be used in high - power applications . They are commutated direct frequency converters that are synchronised by a supply line . The cycloconverters output voltage waveforms have complex harmonics with the higher order harmonics being filtered by the machine inductance . Causing the machine current to have fewer harmonics , while the remaining harmonics causes losses and torque pulsations . Note that in a cycloconverter , unlike other converters , there are no inductors or capacitors , i.e. no storage devices . For this reason , the instantaneous input power and the output power are equal . Single - Phase to Single - Phase Cycloconverters : Single - Phase to Single - Phase Cycloconverters started drawing more interest recently because of the decrease in both size and price of the power electronics switches . The single - phase high frequency ac voltage can be either sinusoidal or trapezoidal . These might be zero voltage intervals for control purpose or zero voltage commutation . Three - Phase to Single - Phase Cycloconverters : There are two kinds of three - phase to single - phase cycloconverters : 3φ to 1φ half wave cycloconverters and 3φ to 1φ bridge cycloconverters . Both positive and negative converters can generate voltage at either polarity , resulting in the positive converter only supplying positive current , and the negative converter only supplying negative current . With recent device advances , newer forms of cycloconverters are being developed , such as matrix converters . The first change that is first noticed is that matrix converters utilize bi-directional , bipolar switches . A single phase to a single phase matrix converter consists of a matrix of 9 switches connecting the three input phases to the tree output phase . Any input phase and output phase can be connected together at any time without connecting any two switches from the same phase at the same time ; otherwise this will cause a short circuit of the input phases . Matrix converters are lighter , more compact and versatile than other converter solutions . As a result , they are able to achieve higher levels of integration , higher temperature operation , broad output frequency and natural bi-directional power flow suitable to regenerate energy back to the utility . The matrix converters are subdivided into two types : direct and indirect converters . A direct matrix converter with three - phase input and three - phase output , the switches in a matrix converter must be bi-directional , that is , they must be able to block voltages of either polarity and to conduct current in either direction . This switching strategy permits the highest possible output voltage and reduces the reactive line - side current . Therefore , the power flow through the converter is reversible . Because of its commutation problem and complex control keep it from being broadly utilized in industry . Unlike the direct matrix converters , the indirect matrix converters has the same functionality , but uses separate input and output sections that are connected through a dc link without storage elements . The design includes a four - quadrant current source rectifier and a voltage source inverter . The input section consists of bi-directional bipolar switches . The commutation strategy can be applied by changing the switching state of the input section while the output section is in a freewheeling mode . This commutation algorithm is significantly less complexity and higher reliability as compared to a conventional direct matrix converter . DC link converters : DC Link Converters , also referred to as AC / DC / AC converters , convert an AC input to an AC output with the use of a DC link in the middle . Meaning that the power in the converter is converted to DC from AC with the use of a rectifier , and then it is converted back to AC from DC with the use of an inverter . The end result is an output with a lower voltage and variable ( higher or lower ) frequency . Due to their wide area of application , the AC / DC / AC converters are the most common contemporary solution . Other advantages to AC / DC / AC converters is that they are stable in overload and no - load conditions , as well as they can be disengaged from a load without damage . Hybrid matrix converter : Hybrid matrix converters are relatively new for AC / AC converters . These converters combine the AC / DC / AC design with the matrix converter design . Multiple types of hybrid converters have been developed in this new category , an example being a converter that uses uni-directional switches and two converter stages without the dc - link ; without the capacitors or inductors needed for a dc - link , the weight and size of the converter is reduced . Two sub-categories exist from the hybrid converters , named hybrid direct matrix converter ( HDMC ) and hybrid indirect matrix converter ( HIMC ) . HDMC convert the voltage and current in one stage , while the HIMC utilizes separate stages , like the AC / DC / AC converter , but without the use of an intermediate storage element . Applications : Below is a list of common applications that each converter is used in . AC Voltage Controller : Lighting Control ; Domestic and Industrial Heating ; Speed Control of Fan , Pump or Hoist Drives , Soft Starting of Induction Motors , Static AC Switches ( Temperature Control , Transformer Tap Changing , etc . ) Cycloconverter : High - Power Low - Speed Reversible AC Motor Drives ; Constant Frequency Power Supply with Variable Input Frequency ; Controllable VAR Generators for Power Factor Correction ; AC System Interties Linking Two Independent Power Systems . Matrix Converter : Currently the application of matrix converters are limited due to non-availability of bilateral monolithic switches capable of operating at high frequency , complex control law implementation , commutation and other reasons . With these developments , matrix converters could replace cycloconverters in many areas . DC Link : Can be used for individual or multiple load applications of machine building and construction . Simulations of power electronic systems ( edit ) Output voltage of a full - wave rectifier with controlled thyristors Power electronic circuits are simulated using computer simulation programs such as PLECS , PSIM and MATLAB / simulink . Circuits are simulated before they are produced to test how the circuits respond under certain conditions . Also , creating a simulation is both cheaper and faster than creating a prototype to use for testing . Applications ( edit ) Applications of power electronics range in size from a switched mode power supply in an AC adapter , battery chargers , audio amplifiers , fluorescent lamp ballasts , through variable frequency drives and DC motor drives used to operate pumps , fans , and manufacturing machinery , up to gigawatt - scale high voltage direct current power transmission systems used to interconnect electrical grids. Power electronic systems are found in virtually every electronic device . For example : DC / DC converters are used in most mobile devices ( mobile phones , PDA etc . ) to maintain the voltage at a fixed value whatever the voltage level of the battery is . These converters are also used for electronic isolation and power factor correction . A power optimizer is a type of DC / DC converter developed to maximize the energy harvest from solar photovoltaic or wind turbine systems . AC / DC converters ( rectifiers ) are used every time an electronic device is connected to the mains ( computer , television etc . ) . These may simply change AC to DC or can also change the voltage level as part of their operation . AC / AC converters are used to change either the voltage level or the frequency ( international power adapters , light dimmer ) . In power distribution networks AC / AC converters may be used to exchange power between utility frequency 50 Hz and 60 Hz power grids . DC / AC converters ( inverters ) are used primarily in UPS or renewable energy systems or emergency lighting systems . Mains power charges the DC battery . If the mains fails , an inverter produces AC electricity at mains voltage from the DC battery . Solar inverter , both smaller string and larger central inverters , as well as solar micro-inverter are used in photovoltaics as a component of a PV system . Motor drives are found in pumps , blowers , and mill drives for textile , paper , cement and other such facilities . Drives may be used for power conversion and for motion control . For AC motors , applications include variable - frequency drives , motor soft starters and excitation systems . In hybrid electric vehicles ( HEVs ) , power electronics are used in two formats : series hybrid and parallel hybrid . The difference between a series hybrid and a parallel hybrid is the relationship of the electric motor to the internal combustion engine ( ICE ) . Devices used in electric vehicles consist mostly of dc / dc converters for battery charging and dc / ac converters to power the propulsion motor . Electric trains use power electronic devices to obtain power , as well as for vector control using pulse width modulation ( PWM ) rectifiers . The trains obtain their power from power lines . Another new usage for power electronics is in elevator systems . These systems may use thyristors , inverters , permanent magnet motors , or various hybrid systems that incorporate PWM systems and standard motors . Inverters ( edit ) In general , inverters are utilized in applications requiring direct conversion of electrical energy from DC to AC or indirect conversion from AC to AC . DC to AC conversion is useful for many fields , including power conditioning , harmonic compensation , motor drives , and renewable energy grid - integration . In power systems it is often desired to eliminate harmonic content found in line currents . VSIs can be used as active power filters to provide this compensation . Based on measured line currents and voltages , a control system determines reference current signals for each phase . This is fed back through an outer loop and subtracted from actual current signals to create current signals for an inner loop to the inverter . These signals then cause the inverter to generate output currents that compensate for the harmonic content . This configuration requires no real power consumption , as it is fully fed by the line ; the DC link is simply a capacitor that is kept at a constant voltage by the control system . In this configuration , output currents are in phase with line voltages to produce a unity power factor . Conversely , VAR compensation is possible in a similar configuration where output currents lead line voltages to improve the overall power factor . In facilities that require energy at all times , such as hospitals and airports , UPS systems are utilized . In a standby system , an inverter is brought online when the normally supplying grid is interrupted . Power is instantaneously drawn from onsite batteries and converted into usable AC voltage by the VSI , until grid power is restored , or until backup generators are brought online . In an online UPS system , a rectifier - DC - link - inverter is used to protect the load from transients and harmonic content . A battery in parallel with the DC - link is kept fully charged by the output in case the grid power is interrupted , while the output of the inverter is fed through a low pass filter to the load . High power quality and independence from disturbances is achieved . Various AC motor drives have been developed for speed , torque , and position control of AC motors . These drives can be categorized as low - performance or as high - performance , based on whether they are scalar - controlled or vector - controlled , respectively . In scalar - controlled drives , fundamental stator current , or voltage frequency and amplitude , are the only controllable quantities . Therefore , these drives are employed in applications where high quality control is not required , such as fans and compressors . On the other hand , vector - controlled drives allow for instantaneous current and voltage values to be controlled continuously . This high performance is necessary for applications such as elevators and electric cars . Inverters are also vital to many renewable energy applications . In photovoltaic purposes , the inverter , which is usually a PWM VSI , gets fed by the DC electrical energy output of a photovoltaic module or array . The inverter then converts this into an AC voltage to be interfaced with either a load or the utility grid . Inverters may also be employed in other renewable systems , such as wind turbines . In these applications , the turbine speed usually varies causing changes in voltage frequency and sometimes in the magnitude . In this case , the generated voltage can be rectified and then inverted to stabilize frequency and magnitude . Smart grid ( edit ) A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information , such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers , in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency , reliability , economics , and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity . Electric power generated by wind turbines and hydroelectric turbines by using induction generators can cause variances in the frequency at which power is generated . Power electronic devices are utilized in these systems to convert the generated ac voltages into high - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) . The HVDC power can be more easily converted into three phase power that is coherent with the power associated to the existing power grid . Through these devices , the power delivered by these systems is cleaner and has a higher associated power factor . Wind power systems optimum torque is obtained either through a gearbox or direct drive technologies that can reduce the size of the power electronics device . Electric power can be generated through photovoltaic cells by using power electronic devices . The produced power is usually then transformed by solar inverters . Inverters are divided into three different types : central , module - integrated and string . Central converters can be connected either in parallel or in series on the DC side of the system . For photovoltaic `` farms '' , a single central converter is used for the entire system . Module - integrated converters are connected in series on either the DC or AC side . Normally several modules are used within a photovoltaic system , since the system requires these converters on both DC and AC terminals . A string converter is used in a system that utilizes photovoltaic cells that are facing different directions . It is used to convert the power generated to each string , or line , in which the photovoltaic cells are interacting . Power electronics can be used to help utilities adapt to the rapid increase in distributed residential / commercial solar power generation . Germany and parts of Hawaii , California and New Jersey require costly studies to be conducted before approving new solar installations . Relatively small - scale ground - or pole - mounted devices create the potential for a distributed control infrastructure to monitor and manage the flow of power . Traditional electromechanical systems , such as capacitor banks or voltage regulators at substations , can take minutes to adjust voltage and can be distant from the solar installations where the problems originate . If voltage on a neighborhood circuit goes too high , it can endanger utility crews and cause damage to both utility and customer equipment . Further , a grid fault causes photovoltaic generators to shut down immediately , spiking demand for grid power . Smart grid - based regulators are more controllable than far more numerous consumer devices . In another approach , a group of 16 western utilities called the Western Electric Industry Leaders called for mandatory use of `` smart inverters '' . These devices convert DC to household AC and can also help with power quality . Such devices could eliminate the need for expensive utility equipment upgrades at a much lower total cost . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , M.T. `` Notes 01 '' ( PDF ) . Introduction to Power Electronics . Thompson Consulting , Inc . Jump up ^ Kharagpur. `` Power Semiconductor Devices '' ( PDF ) . EE IIT . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Muhammad H. Rashid , POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK DEVICES , CIRCUITS , AND APPLICATIONS Third Edition The structure introduced in this work is a multilevel inverter , which uses Separate DC Sources . The multilevel inverter using cascaded - inverter with SDCS synthesizes a desired voltage from several independent sources of DC voltages , which may be obtained from batteries , fuel cells , or solar cells . This configuration recently becomes very popular in AC power supply and adjustable speed drive applications . This new inverter can avoid extra clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors. Butterworth - Heinemann , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 382036 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Rashid , M.H. ( 2001 ) . Power Electronics Handbook . Academic Press . pp. 225 -- 250 . ^ Jump up to : Trzynadlowski , A.M. ( 2010 ) . Introduction to Modern Power Electronics . Wiley . pp. 269 -- 341 . ^ Jump up to : Rahsid , M.H. ( 2010 ) . Power Electronics Handbook : Devices , Circuits , and Applications . Elsevier . pp. 147 -- 564 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 382036 - 5 . Jump up ^ Skvarenina , T.L. ( 2002 ) . The power electronics handbook Industrial electronics series . CRC Press . pp. 94 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 7336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rashid , M.H. ( 2005 ) . Digital power electronics and applications Electronics & Electrical . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088757 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tolbert , L.M. `` CYCLOCONVERTERS '' . University of Tennessee . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Klumpner , C. `` Power Electronics 2 '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vodovozov , V ( 2006 ) . Electronic engineering . ISBN 978 - 9985 - 69 - 039 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lipo ; Kim , Sul ( 2000 ) . `` AC / AC Power Conversion Based on Matric Converter Topology with Unidirectional Switches '' . IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 36 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 145 . doi : 10.1109 / 28.821808 . Jump up ^ Wheeler ; Wijekoon , Klumpner ( July 2008 ) . `` Implementation of a Hybrid AC / AC Direct Power Converter with Unity Voltage Transfer Ratio '' . IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics . 23 ( 4 ) : 1918 -- 1986 . doi : 10.1109 / tpel. 2008.924601 . Jump up ^ Khader , S. `` THE APPLICATION OF PSIM & MATLAB / SIMULINK IN POWER ELECTRONICS COURSES '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Bimal K. ( September -- October 1993 ) . `` Power Electronics and Motion Control -- Technology Status and Recent Trends '' . IEEE . Jump up ^ Bose , Bimal K. ( February 2009 ) . `` Power Electronics and Motor Drives Recent Progress and Perspective '' . IEEE . Jump up ^ Yano , Masao ; Shigery Abe ; Eiichi Ohno ( 2004 ) . `` History of Power Electronics for Motor Drives in Japan '' . IEEE . Jump up ^ D.J. Hammerstrom ; et al. `` Pacific Northwest GridWise TM Testbed Demonstration Projects , Part I. Olympic Peninsula Project '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy . `` Smart Grid / Department of Energy '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Carrasco , Juan Manuel ; Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo ; Jan T. Bialasiewecz ; Eduardo Galvan ; Ramon C. Portillo Guisado ; Ma . Angeles Martin Prats ; Jose Ignacio Leon ; Narciso Moreno - Alfonso ( August 2006 ) . `` Power - Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Sources : A Survey '' . IEEE. 53 ( 4 ) : 1002 . doi : 10.1109 / tie. 2006.878356 . ^ Jump up to : LaMonica , Martin ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Power Electronics Could Help Grid and Solar Power Get Along MIT Technology Review '' . Technologyreview.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . References ( edit ) Issa Batarseh , `` Power Electronic Circuits '' by John Wiley , 2003 . S.K. Mazumder , `` High - Frequency Inverters : From Photovoltaic , Wind , and Fuel - Cell based Renewable - and Alternative - Energy DER / DG Systems to Battery based Energy - Storage Applications '' , Book Chapter in Power Electronics handbook , Editor M.H. Rashid , Academic Press , Burlington , Massachusetts , 2010 . V. Gureich `` Electronic Devices on Discrete Components for Industrial and Power Engineering '' , CRC Press , New York , 2008 , 418 p . Editor : Semikron , Authors : Dr. Ulrich Nicolai , Dr. Tobias Reimann , Prof. Jürgen Petzoldt , Josef Lutz : Application Manual IGBT - and MOSFET - power modules , 1 . edition , ISLE Verlag , 1998 , ISBN 3 - 932633 - 24 - 5 online version R.W. Erickson , D. Maksimovic , Fundamentals of Power Electronics , 2nd Ed. , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7270 - 0 ( 1 ) Arendt Wintrich ; Ulrich Nicolai ; Werner Tursky ; Tobias Reimann ( 2010 ) , Applikationshandbuch 2010 ( PDF - Version ) ( in German ) ( 2 . ed . ) , ISLE Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 938843 - 56 - 7 Arendt Wintrich ; Ulrich Nicolai ; Werner Tursky ; Tobias Reimann ( 2011 ) , Application Manual 2011 ( PDF - Version ) ( in German ) ( 2 . ed . ) , ISLE Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 938843 - 66 - 6 External links ( edit ) Electronics portal Technology portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power electronics . Interactive Power Electronics Seminar ( iPES ) Powerguru.org -- power electronics knowledge base with training material ( PowerGuru ) Load Power Sources for Peak Efficiency , by James Colotti , published in EDN 1979 October 5 Power Electronics Simulation Tool DC - DC converters Online Simulation NDL : 00997584 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_electronics&oldid=802467089 '' Categories : Power electronics Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 09 : 43 . 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what is canon in star wars after disney			Star Wars Expanded to other media	star wars expanded to other media		Star Wars expanded to other media includes all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it outside of the films . Intended as an enhancement to and extension of the Star Wars theatrical films produced by George Lucas , the continuity of all Expanded Universe material was tracked by Lucasfilm , and Lucas reserved the right to both draw on it and contradict it in his own works . This includes an array of derivative Star Wars works produced in conjunction with , between , and after the original trilogy ( 1977 -- 1983 ) , prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , and sequel trilogy ( 2015 -- 2019 ) of films , and includes books , comic books , video games , and television series . Material produced prior to 2014 were known as the Star Wars Expanded Universe ( SWEU or EU ) , later rebranded to Star Wars Legends , with the exception of the 2008 Clone Wars animated film and Clone Wars animated TV series , and with most works produced after 2014 part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm . Contents 1 Overview 2 Publication history 2.1 1976 -- 1991 : Early works 2.2 1991 -- 1999 : Thrawn trilogy and expansion 2.3 1999 -- 2012 : Prequel trilogy and renewed interest 2.3. 1 Holocron database and canonicity 2.4 2012 -- present : Restructuring of the canon and the sequel trilogy 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The Star Wars space opera media franchise began with Lucas 's 1977 film Star Wars , which is set `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' and chronicles the attempt by the characters Luke Skywalker , Princess Leia , Han Solo , and the Wookiee Chewbacca -- assisted by the Jedi Obi - Wan Kenobi and the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 -- to thwart the evil plans of Sith Lord Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire . The film was followed by multiple sequel and prequel films . Along the production of the films were an array of derivative Star Wars works including books , comic books , video games , and television series with all stories set in the same continuity as the films taking place , between , after and at the same time as the events of the original trilogy ( 1977 -- 1983 ) , and prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) . All non-film material produced prior to 2014 was branded as the Star Wars Expanded Universe ( SWEU or EU ) , and was intended as an enhancement to and extension of the Star Wars theatrical films produced by George Lucas , the continuity of all Expanded Universe material was tracked by Lucasfilm , and Lucas reserved the right to both draw on it and contradict it in his own works . The Star Wars film series itself has never rebooted , however due to the works set after the original trilogy contradicting and deviating from Lucas own view of the Star Wars story a decision was made to discard the EU works from the franchise canon . Lucas decided to cease creative involvement after selling Lucasfilm ( the production company of Star Wars ) along with the Star Wars franchise itself to The Walt Disney Company in October 2012 , and with a sequel trilogy of films and other works in development in order for new films to have creative freedom and prevent them from being beholden by the EU works . Because of Lucas views and the upcoming films needing such creative freedom , the decision was made to rebrand all the EU works as Star Wars Legends and discard them from canon . The only two EU works that remained within the Star Wars franchise canon were the 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated film and Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated TV series . With few exceptions , most of the non-film works produced after April 2014 are part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm . Lucasfilm announced in April 2014 that all previously released expanded universe content would be declared non-canonical to the franchise and rebranded as Star Wars Legends . A new company division , Lucasfilm Story Group , would ensure from then on that all forthcoming comics , books , games and other media were non-contradictory and true to the story of the films , other canonical media , and each other . This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films , the Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated film , and the 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated TV series as the only material embodying the official Star Wars canon . A number of works have subsequently been produced , including the Rebels animated TV series , the 2015 film The Force Awakens and its 2017 sequel The Last Jedi , the 2016 anthology film Rogue One , Star Wars Battlefront II as well as 2018 film Solo : A Star Wars Story and multiple novels and comic book series . Publication history ( edit ) 1976 -- 1991 : early works ( edit ) Credited to George Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars -- called Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker -- was based on Lucas ' screenplay and released six months before the film in November 1976 . Foster 's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low - budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful . The film novelizations The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . A Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics ran from April 1977 to May 1986 . Former Marvel Editor - In - Chief Jim Shooter credited the title 's strong sales for saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978 . Marvel 's Star Wars series was one of the industry 's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980 . Two spin - off television films focusing on the life of the Ewoks , creatures introduced in Return of the Jedi , aired in 1984 and 1985 . The 1985 animated television series Star Wars : Droids ( released on DVD in 2004 as Star Wars Animated Adventures : Droids ) featured the exploits of R2 - D2 and C - 3PO , the droids who have appeared in all ten live - action Star Wars films . The series takes place between the events depicted in Revenge of the Sith and the original Star Wars ( by then subtitle , A New Hope ) . In 1986 , Marvel Comics ' Star Comics imprint published a comic book based on the cartoon series under the name Star Wars : Droids . The bi-monthly series ran for eight issues . The American / Canadian animated television series Star Wars : Ewoks aired for two seasons between 1985 and 1986 . In 1985 , Star Comics published a bi-monthly Ewoks comic , based on the animated series , which ran for two years , ending with issue # 14 . Like the TV series , this was aimed towards a younger audience . It was produced along with Droids , which was based on the Droids animated series . West End Games began publishing Star Wars : The Roleplaying Game in 1987 , and the subsequent ancillary roleplaying game material such as sourcebooks , gamebooks , and adventure modules have been called `` the first publications to expand greatly beyond what was known from the vintage era of the movies '' . The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed . 1991 -- 1999 : Thrawn trilogy and expansion ( edit ) The 1991 Timothy Zahn novel Heir to the Empire , which reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , began what would become a large collection of works set before , between , and especially after the original films . StarWars.com wrote in 2014 that the novel `` jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe '' . It introduced , among others , the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade , and was followed by the sequels Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) and The Last Command ( 1993 ) . This so - called `` Thrawn trilogy '' is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise . In The Secret History of Star Wars , Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucas 's decision to create the prequel trilogy . Around this same time , Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the original film trilogy , including the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy . In 1993 , Dark Horse published Tales of the Jedi , expanding the fictional universe to the time of the Old Republic , 4000 years before the films . The series spawned many other productions , including books and comics , and a popular online role - playing game . In 1994 , Lucas Licensing 's Allan Kausch and Sue Rostoni discussed the relationship between Lucas ' creations and the derivative works by other authors : Gospel , or canon as we refer to it , includes the screenplays , the films , the radio dramas and the novelizations . These works spin out of George Lucas ' original stories , the rest are written by other writers . However , between us , we 've read everything , and much of it is taken into account in the overall continuity . The entire catalog of published works comprises a vast history -- with many off - shoots , variations and tangents -- like any other well - developed mythology . The 1996 Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . In 1999 , Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books . A new series set 25 to 30 years after the original films , The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , was written by multiple authors and introduced a new threat : the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The first novel in the series , R.A. Salvatore ' s Vector Prime , killed off popular character Chewbacca . 1999 -- 2012 : prequel trilogy and renewed interest ( edit ) Before 1999 , the bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explored the time periods either after Return of the Jedi or long before A New Hope ( i.e. the Tales of the Jedi series ) . Lucasfilm specifically prohibited development of the time period shortly before A New Hope -- including the rise of the Galactic Empire and the personal histories of Anakin Skywalker and Emperor Palpatine -- to avoid conflict with Lucas 's own plans for a potential prequel trilogy . Lucas eventually released The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) , and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , punctuated by the 2003 animated series Star Wars : Clone Wars , which explored the titular conflict in more detail . Subsequent novels , comics , and games were set before , concurrent with , and after the events of these works . In 2004 , USA Today reported that over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published , including novels , comics , non-fiction , and magazines . Then - president of Lucas Licensing , Howard Roffman , estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print . He said , `` The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars . The movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations . Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint , and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories . '' The animated television series Star Wars : The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . This new series overwrote certain aspects of earlier Clone Wars EU works , such as Anakin now having a Padawan , Ahsoka Tano , and being knighted much earlier in the war . Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy , but denied any intent to make it . Holocron database and canonicity ( edit ) Historically , Lucasfilm tracked the storylines and content of these media in large black binders , known as bibles . In 2000 , Leland Chee was hired as Continuity Database Administrator for Lucas Licensing , and implemented a database to replace the bibles . The database was named the Holocron , a term used within the fictional Star Wars universe for `` ancient repositories of knowledge and wisdom '' used by the Jedi and Sith . Lucasfilm 's Holocron consists of over 55,000 entries for franchise characters , locations , species , and vehicles . Chee said of the database in 2012 , `` What sets Star Wars apart from other franchises is that we develop a singular continuity across all forms of media , whether it be the films , TV series , video games , novels and comics , and the Holocron is a key component to Lucasfilm being able to do this . '' The Holocron was divided into five levels of canon ( in order of precedence ) : G - canon , T - canon , C - canon , S - canon , and N - canon . GWL - canon or `` G - canon '' stood for `` George Lucas canon '' : Marked `` GWL '' after George Lucas ( whose middle name is `` Walton '' ) . It included Episodes I -- VI ( the released films at that time ) , and any statements by George Lucas ( including unpublished production notes from him or his production department that are never seen by the public ) . Elements originating with Lucas in the scripts , filmed deleted scenes , film novelizations , reference books , radio plays , and other primary sources were also G - canon when not in contradiction with the released films . GWL - canon overrode the lower levels of canonicity when there was a contradiction . In the words of Leland Chee : `` George 's view of the universe is his view . He 's not beholded to what 's gone before . '' T - canon was Television canon : Referred to the canonicity level comprising the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars and the television series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . Many stories wound up superseding those depicted in the continuity canon , and the second Clone Wars animated series and its film also overwrote Genndy Tartakovsky 's 2003 Clone Wars animated micro-series . C - canon was Continuity canon : Consisting of most of the materials from the Star Wars Expanded Universe including the books , comics , and videogames bearing the label of Star Wars . According to a Wired article , the creation of stories that introduced radical changes in the continuity , like The Force Unleashed video - game which introduced Darth Vader 's secret apprentice , required Lucas 's approval , and he spent hours explaining to the developers anything he deemed necessary for them to know . Games and RPG sourcebooks were a special case ; the stories and general background information were themselves fully C - canon , but the other elements such as character / item statistics and gameplay were , with few exceptions , N - canon . S - canon was Secondary canon : Covering the same media as C - canon , it was immediately superseded by anything in higher levels of the canon in any place where two elements contradicted each other , the non-contradicting elements were still a canonical part of the Star Wars universe , this included certain elements of a few N - canon stories . The Star Wars Holiday Special is an example of secondary canon . N - canon was Non-canon : `` What - if '' stories ( such as the Star Wars Tales comic anthology series published under the Star Wars : Infinities label ) , crossover appearances ( such as the Star Wars character appearances in Soulcalibur IV ) , game statistics , and anything else directly contradicted by the higher canon ends up here . N - canon was the only level that was not considered part of the official canon by Lucasfilm . Any published material that contradicted things established in G - canon and T - canon was considered N - canon . Lucas Licensing 's managing editor Sue Rostoni said in 2001 , `` Our goal is to present a continuous and unified history of the Star Wars galaxy , insofar as that history does not conflict with , or undermine the meaning of Mr. Lucas 's Star Wars saga of films and screenplays . '' In a 2001 statement on the franchise 's official website StarWars.com , Director of Fan Relations Steve Sansweet clarified : When it comes to absolute canon , the real story of Star Wars , you must turn to the films themselves -- and only the films . Even novelizations are interpretations of the film , and while they are largely true to George Lucas ' vision ( he works quite closely with the novel authors ) , the method in which they are written does allow for some minor differences ... The further one branches away from the movies , the more interpretation and speculation come into play . LucasBooks works diligently to keep the continuing Star Wars expanded universe cohesive and uniform , but stylistically , there is always room for variation . In August 2005 , Lucas himself said of the Expanded Universe material : I do n't read that stuff . I have n't read any of the novels . I do n't know anything about that world . That 's a different world than my world . But I do try to keep it consistent . The way I do it now is they have a Star Wars Encyclopedia . So if I come up with a name or something else , I look it up and see if it has already been used . When I said ( other people ) could make their own Star Wars stories , we decided that , like Star Trek , we would have two universes : My universe and then this other one . They try to make their universe as consistent with mine as possible , but obviously they get enthusiastic and want to go off in other directions . 2012 -- present : restructuring of the canon and the sequel trilogy ( edit ) The Legends label is featured on reprints of Expanded Universe works that fall outside of the Star Wars franchise canon . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion . Subsequently , Lucasfilm formed the `` Star Wars Story Group '' , which was established to keep track of and define the canon and unify the films , comics , and other media . Among its members are Chee , Kiri Hart , and Pablo Hidalgo . To prevent a planned sequel trilogy from being beholden to and restrained by the plotlines of the Expanded Universe works , the choice was made to discard that continuity . In particular , Chee said that the death of Chewbacca in Vector Prime was a key factor in the decision . In April 2014 , Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends and declared it non-canonical to the franchise . Chee said in a 2014 Twitter post that a `` primary goal '' of the Story Group would be to replace the previous hierarchical canon with one cohesive one . The company 's focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material . Lucasfilm explained that the only preexisting works to be considered canonical within the franchise would be the original and prequel trilogies of films , The Clone Wars film , the stand - alone Dark Horse Comics which was based on unproduced scripts from The Clone Wars TV series , and the 2008 The Clone Wars animated series . The announcement called these works `` the immovable objects of Star Wars history , the characters and events to which all the other ( subsequent ) tales must align '' . It was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy , and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon , would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it . The previous levels of the Holocron became obsolete , because going forward all works would share the same level of canonicity as the films . Lucas had previously used the character Aayla Secura , introduced in 2000 in the Star Wars : Republic comic book series , in Attack of the Clones . He also used Coruscant , the New Republic capital planet created by Zahn in the Thrawn trilogy , in his prequel trilogy of films and the Special Edition release of Return of the Jedi . Thrawn was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of the CGI - animated television series Star Wars Rebels by supervising director Dave Filoni , who has used multiple characters and elements from Legends works in the series . Filoni explained that he followed Lucas 's example in considering the films and television series canon , but allowing for the use of Legends material as necessary . The first new canonical novel was Star Wars : A New Dawn by John Jackson Miller , published in September 2014 , followed by the animated series Star Wars Rebels a month later . Marvel Comics began publishing a series of Star Wars comic book titles in January 2015 . Star Wars : The Force Awakens was released in December 2015 , and marked the beginning of the sequel trilogy of films . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal List of Star Wars Legends characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Weird Differences Between the First Star Wars Movie and Its Preceding Novelization '' . Tor.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fry , Jason ( July -- August 2000 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster : Author of the Mind 's Eye '' . Star Wars Insider ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ Allison , Keith ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` A Long Time Ago ... '' The Cultural Gutter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allison , Keith ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` ... In a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' . The Cultural Gutter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Mark ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars in the UK : The Dark Times , 1987 -- 1991 '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars # 1 ( April 1977 ) '' . Grand Comics Database . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars '' . The Comic Reader ( 142 ) . April 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars # 107 ( May 1986 ) '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shooter , Jim ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Roy Thomas Saved Marvel '' . Jimshooter.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . In the most conservative terms , it is inarguable that the success of the Star Wars comics was a significant factor in Marvel 's survival through a couple of very difficult years , 1977 and 1978 . In my mind , the truth is stated in the title of this piece . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( March 7 , 1997 ) , `` Gone but not forgotten : Marvel Star Wars series kept franchise fans guessing between films '' , Comics Buyer 's Guide , Iola , Wisconsin ( 1216 ) , p. 46 , The industry 's top seller ? We do n't have complete information from our Circulation Scavenger Hunt for the years 1979 and 1980 , but a very strong case is building for Star Wars as the industry 's top - selling comic book in 1979 and its second - place seller ( behind Amazing Spider - Man ) in 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Veekhoven , Tim ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` West End Games : Expanding That Galaxy Far , Far Away '' . Starwars.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Kausch , Allan ; Rostoni , Sue ( Fall 1994 ) . `` Star Wars Publications Timeline '' . Star Wars Insider ( 23 ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Classics : Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shadows of the Empire Checklist '' . Rebelscum.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Was Nearly Ruined By A Hacky Alien Invasion Storyline '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eng , Dinah ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` Star Wars books are soldiering on '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Expanded Universe Story That Led to Lucasfilm Re-Writing Star Wars Canon '' . io9 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why I love the Star Wars prequels ( and you should too ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Animated Series : 21 . Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 TV series ) '' . IGN. 2009 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granshaw , Lisa ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` How the Clone Wars microseries led the way for Star Wars ' return to TV '' . Blastr . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Talks Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . StarWars.com . March 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars TV : Clone Wars canceled , Detours postponed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Clone Wars Moves to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Season 6 `` The Lost Missions '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas : Star Wars wo n't go beyond Darth Vader '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chee , Leland ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` What is the Holocron ? '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Devin ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for Star Wars '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Chris ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Meet Leland Chee , the Star Wars Franchise Continuity Cop '' . Wired . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chee , Leland ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Introducing ... Leland Chee '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi Holocron '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sith Holocron '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chee , Leland ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` SWCVI : The Holocron Keeper at Celebration '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` A Brief History Of Star Wars Canon , Old And New '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sue Rostoni , LucasBooks Managing Editor '' . Star Wars Gamer . Wizards of the Coast ( 6 ) . July 2001 . Jump up ^ Sansweet , Steve ( August 17 , 2001 ) . `` Ask the Lucasfilm Jedi Council '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2002 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with George Lucas '' . Starlog ( 337 ) . August 2005 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets Star Wars : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney To Acquire Lucasfilm Ltd '' ( press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Disney appoints a group to determine a new , official Star Wars canon '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Trent ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's how Disney + Lucas plan to define ( and redefine ) Star Wars canon '' . Blastr . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Meet the Man Responsible for Keeping the Story Straight '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` How Star Wars Is Almost More Sacrosanct Than Real History '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Dave Filoni Explains George Lucas and Lucasfilm 's Relationship with Legends '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` From Leia Organa To Rey : 6 Most Powerful Female Jedi In Star Wars '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Filoni , Dave ; Gutierrez , Andi ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dave Filoni Extended Interview : The Star Wars Show '' . Official Star Wars YouTube channel . 40 : 51 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Tom ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thrawn , The Next Star Wars Novel , Promises To Transform The Franchise '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Thrawn to make grand appearance in Star Wars Rebels '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rebels Face Grand Admiral Thrawn When Star Wars Rebels Season Three Premieres Saturday , September 24 '' . StarWars.com . August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ; Goldman , Eric ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration 2016 : Rebels Will Treat Thrawn As A Vader - Level Threat '' . IGN . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : A New Dawn Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion Premieres Friday , October 3 on Disney Channel '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website ( Archived ) Expanded Universe on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Articles related to Star Wars expanded to other media Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens accolades box office records The Last Jedi Episode IX Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Solo Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Early trilogies The Han Solo Adventures ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) Thrawn trilogy Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) The Last Command ( 1993 ) Jedi Prince series The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) Jedi Academy trilogy Jedi Search ( 1994 ) Dark Apprentice ( 1994 ) Champions of the Force ( 1994 ) Callista trilogy Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) Darksaber ( 1995 ) Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1996 ) Wedge 's Gamble ( 1996 ) The Krytos Trap ( 1996 ) The Bacta War ( 1997 ) Wraith Squadron ( 1998 ) Iron Fist ( 1998 ) Solo Command ( 1999 ) Isard 's Revenge ( 1999 ) Starfighters of Adumar ( 1999 ) Mercy Kill 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2002 ) Special Edition # 1 : Deceptions ( 2001 ) Special Edition # 2 : The Followers ( 2002 ) The New Jedi Order Vector Prime ( 1999 ) Dark Tide I : Onslaught ( 2000 ) Dark Tide II : Ruin ( 2000 ) Agents of Chaos I : Hero 's Trial ( 2000 ) Agents of Chaos II : Jedi Eclipse ( 2000 ) Balance Point ( 2000 ) Recovery ( 2001 ) Edge of Victory I : Conquest ( 2001 ) Edge of Victory II : Rebirth ( 2001 ) Star by Star ( 2001 ) Dark Journey ( 2002 ) Enemy Lines I : Rebel Dream ( 2002 ) Enemy Lines II : Rebel Stand ( 2002 ) Traitor ( 2002 ) Destiny 's Way ( 2002 ) Ylesia ( 2002 ) Force Heretic I : Remnant ( 2003 ) Force Heretic II : Refugee ( 2003 ) Force Heretic III : Reunion ( 2003 ) The Final Prophecy ( 2003 ) The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) Jedi Quest Path to Truth ( 2001 ) The Way of the Apprentice ( 2002 ) The Trail of the Jedi ( 2002 ) The Dangerous Games ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) The School of Fear ( 2003 ) The Shadow Trap ( 2003 ) The Moment of Truth ( 2003 ) The Changing of the Guard ( 2004 ) The False Peace ( 2004 ) The Final Showdown ( 2004 ) Clone Wars series Shatterpoint ( 2003 ) The Cestus Deception ( 2004 ) The Hive ( 2004 ) MedStar I : Battle Surgeons ( 2004 ) MedStar II : Jedi Healer ( 2004 ) Jedi Trial ( 2004 ) Yoda : Dark Rendezvous ( 2004 ) Republic Commando Hard Contact ( 2004 ) Triple Zero ( 2006 ) True Colors ( 2007 ) Order 66 ( 2008 ) 501st ( 2009 ) The Last of the Jedi The Desperate Mission ( 2005 ) Dark Warning ( 2005 ) Underworld ( 2005 ) Death on Naboo ( 2006 ) A Tangled Web ( 2006 ) Return of the Dark Side ( 2006 ) Secret Weapon ( 2007 ) Against The Empire ( 2007 ) Master of Deception ( 2008 ) Reckoning ( 2008 ) Darth Bane series Path of Destruction ( 2006 ) Rule of Two ( 2007 ) Dynasty of Evil ( 2009 ) The Force Unleashed The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) The Force Unleashed II ( 2010 ) Coruscant Nights Jedi Twilight ( 2008 ) Street of Shadows ( 2008 ) Patterns of Force ( 2009 ) The Old Republic series The Old Republic : Fatal Alliance ( 2010 ) The Old Republic : Deceived ( 2011 ) The Old Republic : Revan ( 2011 ) The Old Republic : Annihilation ( 2012 ) The Dark Nest trilogy The Joiner King ( 2005 ) The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) The Swarm War ( 2005 ) Legacy of the Force Betrayal ( 2006 ) Bloodlines ( 2006 ) Tempest ( 2006 ) Exile ( 2007 ) Sacrifice ( 2007 ) Inferno ( 2007 ) Fury ( 2007 ) Revelation ( 2008 ) Invincible ( 2008 ) Fate of the Jedi Outcast ( 2009 ) Omen ( 2009 ) Abyss ( 2009 ) Backlash ( 2010 ) Allies ( 2010 ) Vortex ( 2010 ) Conviction ( 2011 ) Ascension ( 2011 ) Apocalypse ( 2012 ) Other trilogies and series Young Jedi Knights ( 1995 -- 1998 ) The Black Fleet Crisis ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Han Solo Trilogy ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Standalone Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) I , Jedi ( 1998 ) Rogue Planet ( 2000 ) Cloak of Deception ( 2001 ) Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter ( 2001 ) `` Darth Maul : Saboteur '' ( 2001 ) The Approaching Storm ( 2002 ) Legacy of the Jedi ( 2003 ) A Forest Apart ( 2003 ) Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) Fool 's Bargain ( 2004 ) Survivor 's Quest ( 2004 ) Secrets of the Jedi ( 2005 ) Labyrinth of Evil ( 2005 ) Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) Outbound Flight ( 2006 ) Boba Fett : A Practical Man ( 2006 ) Allegiance ( 2007 ) Death Star ( 2007 ) Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor ( 2008 ) Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Death Troopers ( 2009 ) Gambit : Stealth ( 2010 ) Crosscurrent ( 2010 ) Knight Errant ( 2011 ) Choices of One ( 2011 ) Darth Plagueis ( 2012 ) Scoundrels ( 2013 ) Dawn of the Jedi : Into the Void ( 2013 ) Crucible ( 2013 ) Maul : Lockdown ( 2014 ) Full list of Star Wars books Star Wars comics Marvel Comics ( 1977 -- 87 ) Star Wars ( 1977 -- 86 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 -- 84 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 87 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1986 -- 87 ) Dark Horse Comics ( 1991 -- 2014 ) Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 95 ) Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 92 ) Dark Empire II ( 1994 -- 95 ) Empire 's End ( 1995 ) Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 98 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 1993 -- 94 ) The Freedon Nadd Uprising ( 1994 ) Dark Lords of the Sith ( 1994 -- 95 ) The Sith War ( 1995 -- 96 ) Golden Age of the Sith ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Fall of the Sith Empire ( 1997 ) Redemption ( 1998 ) X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 98 ) The Rebel Opposition ( 1995 ) The Phantom Affair ( 1996 ) Battleground : Tatooine ( 1996 ) The Warrior Princess ( 1996 -- 97 ) Requiem for a Rogue ( 1997 ) In the Empire 's Service ( 1997 ) Family Ties ( 1998 ) Masquerade ( 1998 ) Mandatory Retirement ( 1998 ) Other series ( 1996 -- 2014 ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Vader 's Quest ( 1999 ) Union ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) The Bounty Hunters ( 2000 ) Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan : Last Stand on Ord Mantell ( 2000 -- 01 ) Darth Maul ( 2001 ) Jedi Council : Acts of War ( 2001 ) Jedi vs. Sith ( 2001 ) Jedi Quest ( 2001 ) Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan : The Aurorient Express ( 2002 ) Infinities ( 2002 -- 04 ) Empire ( 2002 -- 06 ) Jango Fett : Open Seasons ( 2003 ) Jedi ( 2003 -- 04 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 06 ) Purge ( 2005 ) X-Wing : Rogue Leader ( 2005 ) Visionaries ( 2005 ) Routine Valor ( 2006 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 10 ) Dark Times ( 2006 -- 13 ) Invasion ( 2009 -- 11 ) Legacy ( 2009 -- 11 ) The Old Republic ( 2010 -- 11 ) Knight Errant ( 2010 -- 12 ) Agent of the Empire ( 2011 -- 13 ) Dawn of the Jedi ( 2012 -- 14 ) Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 ) Tokyopop ( 1998 -- 99 ) Star Wars ( manga ) Marvel Comics ( 2015 -- present ) Ongoing series ( 2015 -- present ) Star Wars ( 2015 -- present ) Poe Dameron ( 2016 -- present ) Limited series ( 2015 -- present ) Princess Leia ( 2015 ) Shattered Empire ( 2015 ) C - 3PO : The Phantom Limb ( 2016 ) Captain Phasma ( 2017 ) Full list of Star Wars comic books by in - universe timeline Retrieved from `` 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when was the universal declaration of human rights created	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained , and two did not vote .	10 December 1948	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	universal declaration of human rights	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained , and two did not vote .	The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual 's rights which , although not legally binding in themselves , have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties , economic transfers , regional human rights instruments , national constitutions , and other laws . The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966 , and came into force in 1976 , after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them . Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration over more than 50 years , it has become binding as a part of customary international law . However , in the United States , the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( 2004 ) , concluded that the Declaration `` does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law . '' Courts of other countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in itself part of domestic law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation and drafting 2.3 Adoption 3 International Human Rights Day 4 Significance and legal effect 4.1 Significance 4.2 Legal effect 5 Reaction 5.1 Praise 5.2 Criticism 5.2. 1 Islamic countries 5.2. 2 `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' 5.2. 3 American Anthropological Association 5.2. 4 Bangkok Declaration 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights 6.2 Amnesty International 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee 6.5 American Library Association 6.6 Youth for Human Rights International 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Audiovisual materials Structure and content ( edit ) The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft , which was prepared by René Cassin . Cassin worked from a first draft , which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey . The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles . Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple , with a foundation , steps , four columns , and a pediment . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles : The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration . Articles 1 -- 2 established the basic concepts of dignity , liberty , equality , and brotherhood . Articles 3 -- 11 established other individual rights , such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . Articles 6 -- 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated . Articles 12 -- 17 established the rights of the individual towards the community ( including such things as freedom of movement ) . Articles 18 -- 21 sanctioned the so - called `` constitutional liberties '' , and with spiritual , public , and political freedoms , such as freedom of thought , opinion , religion and conscience , word , and peaceful association of the individual . Articles 22 -- 27 sanctioned an individual 's economic , social and cultural rights , including healthcare . Article 25 states : `` Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services . '' It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability , and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood . Articles 28 -- 30 established the general ways of using these rights , the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied , and that they can not be overcome against the individual . These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation . History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( 6 January 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : History of human rights During World War II , the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms -- freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want -- as their basic war aims . The United Nations Charter `` reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person '' and committed all member states to promote `` universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' . When the racist atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II , the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred . A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter 's provisions on human rights . Creation and drafting ( edit ) Main article : Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In June 1946 , the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights , comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds . The Commission , a standing body of the United Nations , was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , to write the articles of the Declaration . The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years . Canadian John Peters Humphrey , Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat , was called upon by the United Nations Secretary - General to work on the project and became the Declaration 's principal drafter . At the time , Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . Other well - known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France , Charles Malik of Lebanon , P.C. Chang of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission . According to Allan Carlson , the Declaration 's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement 's influence on Cassin and Malik . Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948 , the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights , the Economic and Social Council , the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948 . During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States . British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation . ( It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force , giving a legal status to most of the Declaration . ) Adoption ( edit ) The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948 . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain . The meeting record provides first hand insight of the debate . South Africa 's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated any number of articles in the Declaration . The Saudi Arabian delegation 's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration 's articles : Article 18 , which states that everyone has the right `` to change his religion or belief '' ; and Article 16 , on equal marriage rights . The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism . Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13 , which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries . The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are : Voters and abstainers in the Plenary session . In green countries that voted in favour , in orange those who abstained . In black , countries which failed to abstain or vote . In grey , countries which were not part of the UN at the time of voting Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burma Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Iceland India Iran Iraq Lebanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Thailand Sweden Syria Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela a . ^ Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey , the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration 's draft , but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly . 8 countries abstained : Byelorussian SSR ( Byelorussia ) Czechoslovakia Poland Saudi Arabia Soviet Union Ukrainian SSR ( Ukraine ) Union of South Africa Yugoslavia Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later , which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles . International Human Rights Day ( edit ) Main article : Human Rights Day The Declaration is commemorated each year on 10 December , the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration , and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day . The commemoration is observed by individuals , community and religious groups , human rights organizations , parliaments , governments , and the United Nations . Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights . 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration , and was accompanied by year - long activities around the theme `` Dignity and justice for all of us '' . Significance and legal effect ( edit ) Significance ( edit ) In 1948 , the UN Resolution A / RES / 217 ( III ) ( A ) adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French , and official translations in Chinese , Russian and Spanish . In 2009 , the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world 's `` Most Translated Document '' ( 370 different languages and dialects ) . The Unicode Consortium stores 431 of the 503 official translations available at the OHCHR ( as of June 2017 ) . In its preamble , governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration . Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States . In this , she proved to be correct . Even though it is not legally binding , the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948 . It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws , international laws , and treaties , as well as for a growing number of regional , sub national , and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights . For the first time in international law , the term `` the rule of law '' was used in the preamble of the Declaration . The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows : `` Whereas it is essential , if man is not to be compelled to have recourse , as a last resort , to rebellion against tyranny and oppression , that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . '' Legal effect ( edit ) While not a treaty itself , the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words `` fundamental freedoms '' and `` human rights '' appearing in the United Nations Charter , which is binding on all member states . For this reason , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations . In addition , many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles . The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration `` constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community '' to all persons . The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants : the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more . The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments , academics , advocates , and constitutional courts , and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights . Reaction ( edit ) Praise ( edit ) The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people . The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it `` an international document of the first order of importance '' , while Eleanor Roosevelt -- first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) that drafted the Declaration -- stated that it `` may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere . '' In a speech on 5 October 1995 , Pope John Paul II called the Declaration `` one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time '' but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration . In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration `` placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community . '' Criticism ( edit ) Islamic countries ( edit ) Turkey -- which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population -- signed the Declaration in 1948 . However , the same year , Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration , claiming that it violated Sharia law . Pakistan -- which had signed the declaration -- disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position . Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion . In 1982 , the Iranian representative to the United Nations , Said Rajaie - Khorassani , said that the Declaration was `` a secular understanding of the Judeo - Christian tradition '' which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia . On 30 June 2000 , members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have `` freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah '' , without any discrimination on grounds of `` race , colour , language , sex , religious belief , political affiliation , social status or other considerations '' . Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties . For example , Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR . Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women 's rights . A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration 's alleged Western bias . These include Irene Oh , Abdulaziz Sachedina , Riffat Hassan , and Faisal Kutty . Hassan has argued : What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest , or sole , model , of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings , is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration , the `` universality '' of the assumptions on which it is based is -- at the very least -- problematic and subject to questioning . Furthermore , the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general , or particular religions such as Islam , needs to be examined in an unbiased way . Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative ( descriptive ) ethics . Kutty writes : `` A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights . '' Ironically , a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs , played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration , with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self - determination . `` The right to Refuse to Kill '' ( edit ) Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' to be added to the Universal Declaration . War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from -- but not yet explicit in -- Article 18 of the UDHR : the right to freedom of thought , conscience , and religion . Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit , but -- to date ( 2017 ) -- those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents . Sean MacBride -- Assistant Secretary - General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate -- has said : `` To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might , with relevance , be added . It is ' The Right to Refuse to Kill ' . '' American Anthropological Association ( edit ) The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process . The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope . They further argued that the West 's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world . They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism : `` 1 . The individual realizes his personality through his culture , hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences '' , `` 2 . Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered '' , and `` 3 . Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole . '' Bangkok Declaration ( edit ) During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993 , ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration , reaffirming their governments ' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality , objectivity , and non-selectivity of human rights . However , at the same time , they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference , calling for greater emphasis on economic , social , and cultural rights -- in particular , the right to economic development over civil and political rights . The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective , which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism . Organizations promoting the UDHR ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Federation for Human Rights ( edit ) The International Federation for Human Rights ( FIDH ) is nonpartisan , nonsectarian , and independent of any government , and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International ( edit ) In 1988 , director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators , musicians , and producers created a 20 - minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration . The video was to bring to life the Declaration 's 30 articles . Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the `` Fire Up ! '' event . Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( edit ) The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( UUSC ) is a non-profit , nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world . Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee ( edit ) The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues , including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . American Library Association ( edit ) In 1997 , the council of the American Library Association ( ALA ) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Along with Article 19 , Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . Censorship , the invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA . Youth for Human Rights International ( edit ) Youth for Human Rights International ( YHRI ) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth , an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa , where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights . The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights , specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace . YHRI has now grown into a global movement , including hundreds of groups , clubs and chapters around the world . See also ( edit ) Human rights portal United Nations portal Freedom of speech portal Human rights History of human rights Timeline of young people 's rights in the United Kingdom in the United States Non-binding agreements Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam ( 1990 ) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action ( 1993 ) United Nations Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) International human rights law Fourth Geneva Convention ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1952 ) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( 1954 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( 1969 ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( 1976 ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( 1976 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( 1981 ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( 2007 ) Thinkers influencing the Declaration Charles Malik Jacques Maritain John Peters Humphrey Tommy Douglas John Sankey , 1st Viscount Sankey Wu Teh Yao Peng Chun Chang Other Slavery in the United States in Russia Slavery in international law Slave Trade Acts Human rights in China ( PRC ) Command responsibility Moral universalism Declaration on Great Apes , an as - yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other great apes . `` Consent of the governed '' Racial equality proposal ( 1919 ) The Farewell Sermon ( 632 CE ) Youth for Human Rights International List of literary works by number of translations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Included John Peters Humphrey ( Canada ) , René Cassin ( France ) , P.C. Chang ( Republic of China ) , Charles Malik ( Lebanon ) , Hansa Mehta ( India ) and Eleanor Roosevelt ( United States ) ; see Creation and drafting section above . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston , International Human Rights in Context : Law , Politics , Morals , ( 2nd ed ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2000 . Jump up ^ Hurst Hannum , The UDHR in National and International Law , p. 145 Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain , 542 U.S. 692 , 734 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights , United Nations , 1948 Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Charter , preamble and article 55 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , udhr.org . Jump up ^ `` UDHR50 : Did n't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world ? '' . Udhr.org. 1998 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UDHR -- History of human rights '' . Universalrights.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 133 Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War . P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China , then the recognised government of China , but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ( history.com ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Allan : Globalizing Family Values , 12 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Research Guides . United Nations . Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Final authorized text . The British Library . September 1952 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : CCNMTL . `` default '' . Center for New Media Teaching and Learning ( CCNMTL ) . Columbia University . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ UNAC . `` Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Association in Canada ( UNAC ) . p . `` Who are the signatories of the Declaration ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jost Müller - Neuhof ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Menschenrechte : Die mächtigste Idee der Welt '' . Der Tagesspiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ United Nations . `` default '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Peter Danchin . `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Drafting History - 10 . Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 169 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations 1948 -- 1949 p 535 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schabas , William ( 1998 ) . `` Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . McGill Law Journal . 43 : 403 . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - Human Rights in the World '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : 1948 -- 2008 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 217 ( III ) '' . UNBISNET . Retrieved 13 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most translated document '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` UDHR in Unicode - Translations '' , Unicode , retrieved 8 - 6 - 2017 Jump up ^ `` Search by Translation '' , UDHR Translation Project , United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , retrieved 13 - 8 - 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . www.un.org . 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Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John Paul II , Address to the U.N. , October 2 , 1979 and October 5 , 1995 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nisrine Abiad ( 2008 ) . Sharia , Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations : a comparative study . BIICL . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905221 - 41 - 7 . Jump up ^ Price 1999 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hashemi , Nader and Emran Qureshi . `` Human Rights . '' In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Jump up ^ Littman , D ( February -- March 1999 ) . `` Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam '' . Midstream . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution No 60 / 27 - P '' . Organisation of the Islamic Conference . 2000 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam ? '' . religiousconsultation.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of God '' . Georgetown University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights '' . in Jacqueline Langwith ( ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints : Human Rights , Gale / Greenhaven Press : Chicago , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor Susan Waltz : Universal Rights Group , Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations ... Jump up ^ Out of the margins : the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe : An announcement of Amnesty International 's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights , 31 March 1997 . Amnesty International . ^ Jump up to : A Conscientious Objector 's Guide to the UN Human Rights System , Parts 1 , 2 & 3 , Background Information on International Law for COs , Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection , War Resisters ' International . Jump up ^ Sean MacBride , The Imperatives of Survival , Nobel Lecture , 12 December 1974 , The Nobel Foundation -- Official website of the Nobel Foundation . ( English index page ; hyperlink to Swedish site . ) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971 -- 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights '' . Law.hku.hk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) , 10 February 2009 ; accessed on 9 November 2009 Jump up ^ Information Partners , web site of the UNHCR , last updated 25 February 2010 , 16 : 08 GMT ( web retrieval 25 February 2010 , 18 : 11 GMT ) Jump up ^ `` UDHR film '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Up ! '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR Partners '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page '' . American Friends Service Committee . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution on IFLA , Human Rights and Freedom of Expression '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression : '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` Youth for Human Rights '' . Youth for Human Rights . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brown , Gordon ( 2016 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century : A Living Document in a Changing World . Open Book Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 783 - 74218 - 9 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( 2002 ) . A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76046 - 4 . Hashmi , Sohail H. ( 2002 ) . Islamic political ethics : civil society , pluralism , and conflict . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11310 - 4 . Morsink , Johannes ( 1999 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : origins , drafting , and intent . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1747 - 6 . Price , Daniel E. ( 1999 ) . Islamic political culture , democracy , and human rights : a comparative study . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96187 - 9 . Williams , Paul ( 1981 ) . The International bill of human rights . United Nations General Assembly . Entwhistle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934558 - 07 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Feldman , Jean - Philippe . `` Hayek 's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights '' . Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines , Volume 9 , Issue 4 ( December 1999 ) : 1145 - 6396 . Nurser , John . `` For All Peoples and All Nations . Christian Churches and Human Rights . '' . ( Geneva : WCC Publications , 2005 ) . Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University ( Centre for the Study of Human Rights ) , including article by article commentary , video interviews , discussion of meaning , drafting and history . Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Declaration of Human Rights . 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0 SUDOC : 144630036 NDL : 00570555 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&oldid=815959360 '' Categories : 1948 in law Humanism Human rights instruments United Nations General Assembly resolutions History of human rights Global ethics 1948 in the United Nations 1948 documents Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia external links cleanup from November 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - 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scientific psychology is empirical because it relies on information from ____			Empirical research	empirical research	Empirical research is research using empirical evidence . It is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience . Empiricism values such research more than other kinds . Empirical evidence ( the record of one 's direct observations or experiences ) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively . Quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form , a researcher can answer empirical questions , which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected ( usually called data ) . Research design varies by field and by the question being investigated . Many researchers combine qualitative and quantitative forms of analysis to better answer questions which can not be studied in laboratory settings , particularly in the social sciences and in education .	In some fields , quantitative research may begin with a research question ( e.g. , `` Does listening to vocal music during the learning of a word list have an effect on later memory for these words ? '' ) which is tested through experimentation . Usually , a researcher has a certain theory regarding the topic under investigation . Based on this theory , statements or hypotheses will be proposed ( e.g. , `` Listening to vocal voice has a negative effect on learning a word list . '' ) . From these hypotheses , predictions about specific events are derived ( e.g. , `` People who study a word list while listening to vocal music will remember fewer words on a later memory test than people who study a word list in silence . '' ) . These predictions can then be tested with a suitable experiment . Depending on the outcomes of the experiment , the theory on which the hypotheses and predictions were based will be supported or not , or may need to be modified and then subjected to further testing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Usage 2.1 Scientific research 3 Empirical cycle 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term empirical was originally used to refer to certain ancient Greek practitioners of medicine who rejected adherence to the dogmatic doctrines of the day , preferring instead to rely on the observation of phenomena as perceived in experience . Later empiricism referred to a theory of knowledge in philosophy which adheres to the principle that knowledge arises from experience and evidence gathered specifically using the senses . In scientific use , the term empirical refers to the gathering of data using only evidence that is observable by the senses or in some cases using calibrated scientific instruments . What early philosophers described as empiricist and empirical research have in common is the dependence on observable data to formulate and test theories and come to conclusions . Usage ( edit ) The researcher attempts to describe accurately the interaction between the instrument ( or the human senses ) and the entity being observed . If instrumentation is involved , the researcher is expected to calibrate his / her instrument by applying it to known standard objects and documenting the results before applying it to unknown objects . In other words , it describes the research that has not taken place before and their results . In practice , the accumulation of evidence for or against any particular theory involves planned research designs for the collection of empirical data , and academic rigor plays a large part of judging the merits of research design . Several typologies for such designs have been suggested , one of the most popular of which comes from Campbell and Stanley . They are responsible for popularizing the widely cited distinction among pre-experimental , experimental , and quasi-experimental designs and are staunch advocates of the central role of randomized experiments in educational research . Scientific research ( edit ) Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research . Statistical formulas such as regression , uncertainty coefficient , t - test , chi square , and various types of ANOVA ( analyses of variance ) are fundamental to forming logical , valid conclusions . If empirical data reach significance under the appropriate statistical formula , the research hypothesis is supported . If not , the null hypothesis is supported ( or , more accurately , not rejected ) , meaning no effect of the independent variable ( s ) was observed on the dependent variable ( s ) . The outcome of empirical research using statistical hypothesis testing is never proof . It can only support a hypothesis , reject it , or do neither . These methods yield only probabilities . Among scientific researchers , empirical evidence ( as distinct from empirical research ) refers to objective evidence that appears the same regardless of the observer . For example , a thermometer will not display different temperatures for each individual who observes it . Temperature , as measured by an accurate , well calibrated thermometer , is empirical evidence . By contrast , non-empirical evidence is subjective , depending on the observer . Following the previous example , observer A might truthfully report that a room is warm , while observer B might truthfully report that the same room is cool , though both observe the same reading on the thermometer . The use of empirical evidence negates this effect of personal ( i.e. , subjective ) experience or time . The varying perception of empiricism and rationalism shows concern with the limit to which there is dependency on experience of sense as an effort of gaining knowledge . According to rationalism , there are a number of different ways in which sense experience is gained independently for the knowledge and concepts . According to empiricism , sense experience is considered as the main source of every piece of knowledge and the concepts . In reference with a specific piece of knowledge , this paper will focus on differentiating between rationalism and empiricism or rational views and empirical views . In general , rationalists are known for the development of their own views following two different way . First , the key argument can be placed that there are cases in which the content of knowledge or concepts end up outstripping the information . This outstripped information is provided by the sense experience ( Hjørland , 2010 , 2 ) . Second , there is construction of accounts as to how reasoning helps in the provision of addition knowledge about a specific or broader scope . Empiricists are known to be presenting complementary senses related to thought . First there is development of accounts of how there is provision of information by experience that is cited by rationalists . This is insofar for having it in the initial place . At times , empiricists tend to be opting skepticism as an option of rationalism . If experience is not helpful in the provision of knowledge or concept cited by rationalists , then they do not exist ( Pearce , 2010 , 35 ) . Second , empiricists hold the tendency of attacking the accounts of rationalists while considering reasoning to be an important source of knowledge or concepts . The overall disagreement between empiricists and rationalists show primary concerns in how there is gaining of knowledge with respect to the sources of knowledge and concept . In some of the cases , disagreement at the point of gaining knowledge results in the provision of conflicting responses to other aspects as well . There might be a disagreement in the overall feature of warrant , while limiting the knowledge and thought . Empiricists are known for sharing the view that there is no existence of innate knowledge and rather that is derivation of knowledge out of experience . These experiences are either reasoned using the mind or sensed through the five senses human possess ( Bernard , 2011 , 5 ) . On the other hand , rationalists are known to be sharing the view that there is existence of innate knowledge and this is different for the objects of innate knowledge being chosen . In order to follow rationalism , there must be adoption of one of the three claims related to the theory that are Deduction or Intuition , Innate Knowledge , and Innate Concept . The more there is removal of concept from mental operations and experience , there can be performance over experience with increased plausibility in being innate . Further ahead , empiricism in context with a specific subject provides a rejection of corresponding version related to innate knowledge and deduction or intuition ( Weiskopf , 2008 , 16 ) . Insofar as there is acknowledgement of concepts and knowledge within the area of subject , the knowledge has major dependence on experience through human senses . Empirical cycle ( edit ) Empirical cycle according to A.D. de Groot A.D. de Groot 's empirical cycle : Observation : The observation of a phenomenon and inquiry concerning its causes . Induction : The formulation of hypotheses - generalized explanations for the phenomenon . Deduction : The formulation of experiments that will test the hypotheses ( i.e. confirm them if true , refute them if false ) . Testing : The procedures by which the hypotheses are tested and data are collected . Evaluation : The interpretation of the data and the formulation of a theory - an abductive argument that presents the results of the experiment as the most reasonable explanation for the phenomenon . See also ( edit ) Case study Fact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodwin , C.J. ( 2005 ) . Research in Psychology : Methods and Design . USA : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ Campbell , D. & Stanley , J. ( 1963 ) . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ Heitink , G. ( 1999 ) . Practical Theology : History , Theory , Action Domains : Manual for Practical Theology . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , p. 233 . ISBN 9780802842947 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of empirical research at Wiktionary Some Key Concepts for the Design and Review of Empirical Research GND : 4152104 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical_research&oldid=810674484 '' Categories : Research Empiricism Concepts in epistemology Epistemology of science Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 19 : 05 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20research	2,865
mata jai kaur public school ashok vihar delhi			Mata Jai Kaur Public school	mata jai kaur public school		This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mata Jai Kaur Public School , Delhi Information Type Private Motto Shubh karman tey kabhoon naa daroon Established 1977 Principal Mrs. Rashmi Mehta Faculty 90 Enrollment 2500 Campus Urban Nickname `` The Jaikaurians '' Website www.mjkpsdelhi.com Mata Jai Kaur Public School is located at Ashok Vihar , Delhi . It was established in 1977 by Bhai Sahib Ditta Mal Ji in memory of his revered wife , Mata Jai Kaur ji . The school is spread across green 4 acres of land which provides friendly and beautiful environment to students to study . The school is situated in Ashok Vihar , in front of Sunder Lal Jain Hospital . The school is affiliated to C.B.S.E. , New Delhi . The school has 4 houses , named after Maharaja Ranjit Singh ( M.R.S. ) , Bhai Vir Singh ( B.V.S ) , Banda Singh Bahadur ( B.S.B ) and Hari Singh Nalva ( H.S.N ) each headed by a house master . The school accommodates 2,500 students with 90 trained teachers . The motto of school is `` shubh karman tey kabhoon naa taroon '' ( in Punjabi ) meaning `` one should never deviate from doing a good deed '' . The school has been conferred the prestigious International School Award by British School for session 2015 - 18 Mata Jai Kaur Public School also has a sister school , Jaspal Kaur Public School , Shalimar Bagh , Delhi . The school is managed by Mata Jai Kaur Charitable trust , led by S. Surjit Singh ( chairman ) . Currently , Mrs. Rashmi Mehta is the principal of the school . The alumni of school include actresses Taapsee Pannu , Vaani Kapoor , Musician Abhay Sharma and Canadian musician Daksh Kubba . This article about a school in Delhi , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mata_Jai_Kaur_Public_School&oldid=840319103 '' Categories : Schools in Delhi 1977 establishments in India Educational institutions established in 1977 Delhi school stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Use Indian English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with too few wikilinks from January 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking sources from June 2014 All articles lacking sources Delhi articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20Jai%20Kaur%20Public%20School	2,866
who wrote the famous song say it loud i'm black and im proud	`` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred `` Pee Wee '' Ellis in 1968 . It was released as a two - part single which held the number - one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks , and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown 's 1968 album A Soulful Christmas and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song . The song became an unofficial anthem of the Black Power movement .	Alfred `` Pee Wee '' Ellis	Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud	say it loud - - i'm black and i'm proud	`` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred `` Pee Wee '' Ellis in 1968 . It was released as a two - part single which held the number - one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks , and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown 's 1968 album A Soulful Christmas and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song . The song became an unofficial anthem of the Black Power movement .	`` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' was Brown 's first recording to feature trombonist Fred Wesley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Recognitions 3 Personnel 4 Other versions and uses 5 References 6 External links Lyrics ( edit ) In the song , Brown addresses the prejudice towards blacks in America , and the need for black empowerment . He proclaims that `` we demands a chance to do things for ourself / we 're tired of beating our head against the wall / and workin ' for someone else '' . The song 's call - and - response chorus is performed by a group of young children , who respond to Brown 's command of `` Say it loud '' with `` I 'm black and I 'm proud ! '' The song was recorded in a Los Angeles area suburb with about 30 young people from the Watts and Compton areas . The lyrics `` We 've been ' buked and we 've been scorned / We 've been treated bad , talked about as sure as you 're born '' in the first verse of the song paraphrase the spiritual `` I 've Been ' Buked '' . Several other Brown singles from the same era as `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' , notably `` I Do n't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing ( Open Up the Door , I 'll Get It Myself ) '' , explored similar themes of black empowerment and self - reliance . The song 's opening exhortation , `` With your bad self '' , is an example of linguistic reappropriation , and added a new entry to Brown 's long list of nicknames : `` His Bad Self . '' Recognitions ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' in their 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . In 2004 it was ranked number 305 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . It inspired the title of a VH1 television special and box set , Say It Loud ! A Celebration of Black Music in America . `` ' Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud ' was a record that really convinced me to say I was black instead of a negro , '' remarked Public Enemy 's Chuck D. `` Back then black folks were called negroes , but James said you can say it loud : that being black is a great thing instead of something you have to apologise for . '' Personnel ( edit ) James Brown -- lead vocal Unknown children 's chorus Ryan Hayman - Ball Prep Academy with the James Brown Orchestra : Waymond Reed -- trumpet Richard `` Kush '' Griffith -- trumpet Fred Wesley -- trombone Alfred `` Pee Wee '' Ellis -- alto saxophone Maceo Parker -- tenor saxophone St. Clair Pinckney -- baritone saxophone Jimmy Nolen -- Electric guitar Charles Sherrell -- bass Clyde Stubblefield -- Drums Other versions and uses ( edit ) Numerous hip hop musicians and groups have sampled `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' , including Eric B. and Rakim , Big Daddy Kane , Full Force , LL Cool J and 2 Live Crew in the states and Akil Ammar for the Mexican underground scene . A few performers have recorded cover versions of the song , including jazz saxophonist Lou Donaldson ( on his 1969 album Say It Loud ! ) , reggae singer Bob Marley ( in a medley with `` Black Progress '' ) and the punk rock band Black Randy And The Metrosquad . A slightly modified version of the bassline of `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' appears in long sections of the track `` Yesternow '' on the Miles Davis album A Tribute to Jack Johnson . Jazz pianist Jaki Byard recites the title phrase at the onset of `` Parisian Thoroughfare '' , the opening track of his album The Jaki Byard Experience . However , the recitation is only audible when the track is played at a high volume . The song is referenced in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , inspired by Black Power protests , Will , the African - American male lead attempts to hold a protest ( ironically , Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room ) to get a popular teacher reinstated , he inspires `` Cornflake '' , a white fellow student , who stands up and shouts passionately `` Fight the Power Will ! Sing it loud , I 'm black and I 'm proud '' , to which Will replies `` See , my man Conflake 's got the spirit . He 's a little confused but he 's got the spirit '' . The song is also referenced in the Temptations song `` Message From a Black Man '' . `` Let 's Take it to the Stage '' by Funkadelic gives a nod to this song with the lyric `` Say it loud , I 'm funky and I 'm proud . '' R&B / Rock artist Meshell Ndegeocello covers the song during her live performances . Preceded by `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single October 5 , 1968 -- November 9 , 1968 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hey , Western Union Man '' by Jerry Butler References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 84 . Jump up ^ White , Cliff ( 1991 ) . `` Discography '' . In Star Time ( pp. 54 -- 59 ) ( CD booklet ) . New York : PolyGram Records . Jump up ^ James Brown interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ `` Charles Bobbit '' . Interviews , Roots Of Doo Wop. 2012 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mojo , March 2002 Jump up ^ Leeds , Alan , and Harry Weinger ( 1991 ) . `` Star Time : Song by Song '' . In Star Time ( pp. 46 -- 53 ) ( CD booklet ) . New York : PolyGram Records . External links ( edit ) Song Review from Allmusic List of songs that sample `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' ( hide ) James Brown singles Billboard charting singles ( R&B and Pop ) 1950s 1956 `` Please , Please , Please '' 1958 `` Try Me '' 1959 `` I Want You So Bad '' 1960s 1960 `` I 'll Go Crazy '' `` Think '' `` You 've Got the Power '' `` This Old Heart '' `` The Bells '' 1961 `` Bewildered '' `` I Do n't Mind '' `` Baby , You 're Right '' `` Just You and Me , Darling '' `` Lost Someone '' 1962 `` Night Train '' `` Shout and Shimmy '' `` Mashed Potatoes U.S.A. '' `` Three Hearts in a Tangle '' `` I 've Got Money '' 1963 `` Like a Baby '' `` Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` These Foolish Things '' `` Signed , Sealed , and Delivered '' 1964 `` Oh Baby Do n't You Weep '' `` Please , Please , Please '' `` Caldonia '' `` The Things That I Used to Do '' `` Out of Sight '' `` Have Mercy Baby '' 1965 `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' `` Try Me '' `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' 1966 `` Lost Someone '' `` I 'll Go Crazy '' `` Ai n't That a Groove '' `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' `` Money Wo n't Change You '' `` Do n't Be a Drop - Out '' `` Sweet Little Baby Boy '' 1967 `` Bring It Up '' `` Kansas City '' `` Think '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Cold Sweat '' `` Get It Together '' `` I Ca n't Stand Myself ( When You Touch Me ) '' `` There Was a Time '' 1968 `` You 've Got to Change Your Mind '' `` I Got the Feelin ' '' `` Licking Stick -- Licking Stick '' `` America Is My Home '' `` I Guess I 'll Have to Cry , Cry , Cry '' `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' `` Goodbye My Love '' `` Tit for Tat ( Ai n't No Taking Back ) '' 1969 `` Give It Up or Turnit a Loose '' `` Soul Pride '' `` I Do n't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing ( Open Up The Door , I 'll Get It Myself ) '' `` The Popcorn '' `` Mother Popcorn ( You Got to Have a Mother for Me ) '' `` Lowdown Popcorn '' `` World '' `` Let a Man Come In and Do the Popcorn '' `` Ai n't It Funky Now '' 1970s 1970 `` It 's a New Day '' `` Funky Drummer '' `` Brother Rapp '' `` Get Up ( I Feel Like Being a ) Sex Machine '' `` Super Bad '' `` Santa Claus Is Definitely Here to Stay '' `` Get Up , Get into It , Get Involved '' 1971 `` Spinning Wheel '' `` Soul Power '' `` I Cried '' `` Escape - ism '' `` Hot Pants '' `` Make It Funky '' `` I 'm a Greedy Man '' 1972 `` Talkin ' Loud and Sayin ' Nothing '' `` King Heroin '' `` There It Is '' `` Honky Tonk '' `` Get on the Good Foot '' `` I Got a Bag of My Own '' `` What My Baby Needs Now Is a Little More Lovin ' '' 1973 `` I Got Ants In My Pants ( And I Want to Dance ) '' `` Down and Out in New York City '' `` Think '' `` Sexy , Sexy , Sexy '' `` Stoned to the Bone '' `` The Payback '' `` My Thang '' `` Papa Do n't Take No Mess '' `` Funky President ( People It 's Bad ) '' `` Coldblooded '' `` Reality '' `` Sex Machine '' `` Hustle ! ! ! ( Dead on It ) '' `` Superbad , Superslick '' `` Hot ( I Need To Be Loved , Loved , Loved , Loved ) '' 1976 `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' `` I Refuse to Lose '' `` Bodyheat '' 1977 `` Kiss in 77 '' `` Give Me Some Skin '' `` If You Do n't Give a Doggone About It '' 1978 `` Eyesight '' `` The Spank '' `` For Goodness Sakes , Look at Those Cakes '' 1979 `` It 's Too Funky in Here '' `` Star Generation '' 1980s 1980 `` Regrets '' `` Rapp Payback ( Where Iz Moses ) '' 1981 `` Stay with Me '' `` The Night Time Is the Right Time ( To Be With the One That You Love ) '' 1984 `` Unity '' 1985 `` Living in America '' 1986 `` Gravity '' `` How Do You Stop '' `` I 'm Real '' `` Static '' `` Gimme Your Love '' 1990s 1991 `` ( So Tired of Standing Still We Got to ) Move On '' `` Ca n't Get Any Harder '' UK - only charting singles `` Hey America '' ( 1970 ) `` Bring It On ... Bring It On '' ( 1983 ) `` Froggy Mix '' ( 1985 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1988 ) `` The Payback Mix '' ( 1988 ) `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) ( James Brown v. Dakeyne ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Funk on Ah Roll '' ( 1999 ) Notable productions `` The Grunt '' ( 1970 ) `` Gimme Some More '' ( 1971 ) `` I Know You Got Soul '' ( 1971 ) `` Pass the Peas '' ( 1972 ) `` Think ( About It ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Doing It to Death '' ( 1973 ) `` Soul Power 74 '' ( 1973 ) Other songs `` ( Do the ) Mashed Potatoes '' ( 1960 ) `` Maybe the Last Time '' ( 1964 ) `` Old Landmark '' ( 1980 ) `` Killing Is Out , School Is In '' ( 2001 ) `` Gut Bucket '' ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_It_Loud_ -- _I % 27m_Black_and_I % 27m_Proud&oldid = 819304820 '' Categories : 1968 singles African and Black nationalism Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles James Brown songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs written by James Brown King Records ( United States ) singles 1968 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 59 . 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where does cuba lie in relation to the united states	Cuba lies west of the North Atlantic Ocean , east of the Gulf of Mexico , south of the Straits of Florida , northwest of the Windward Passage , and northeast of the Yucatán Channel . The main island ( Cuba ) makes up most of the land area 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) .	south of the Straits of Florida	Geography of Cuba	geography of cuba	Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea . Cuba has an official area ( land area ) of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) . Its area is 110,860 km ( 42,800 sq mi ) including coastal and territorial waters . The main island ( Cuba ) has 5,746 km ( 3,570 mi ) of coastline and 28.5 km ( 17.7 mi ) of land borders -- all figures including the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay , where the U.S. Navy 's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located .	Cuba lies west of the North Atlantic Ocean , east of the Gulf of Mexico , south of the Straits of Florida , northwest of the Windward Passage , and northeast of the Yucatán Channel . The main island ( Cuba ) makes up most of the land area 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) . The island is 1,250 km ( 780 mi ) long and 191 km ( 119 mi ) across its widest points and 31 km ( 19 mi ) across its narrowest points . The largest island outside the main island is the Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the southwest , with an area of 2,200 km ( 850 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical geography 1.1 Terrain 1.2 Maritime claims 2 Extreme points 3 Natural resources 3.1 Climate 4 Administrative subdivisions 5 References 6 External links Physical Geography ( edit ) Cuba from space . Cuba is located 77 km ( 48 mi ) west of Haiti across the Windward Passage , 21 km ( 13 mi ) south of the Bahamas , 150 km ( 93 mi ) south of Florida , 210 km ( 130 mi ) east of Mexico , and 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of Jamaica . Cuba is the largest country by land area in the Caribbean . Its main island is the seventeenth - largest island in the world by land area . The island rises between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean . It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Florida , on the northeast by Nicholas Channel and the Old Bahama Channel . The southern part is bounded by the Windward Passage and the Cayman Trench , while the southwest lies in the Caribbean Sea . To the west , it reaches to the Yucatán Channel , and the northwest is open to the Gulf of Mexico . More than 4,000 islands and cays are found in the surrounding sea and bays . The southern coast includes such archipelagos as Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos . The northeastern shore is lined by the Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago , which includes Jardines del Rey and is composed of approximately 2,517 cays and islands . The Colorados Archipelago is developed on the north - western coast . See also : List of islands of Cuba Terrain ( edit ) Terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains , with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast . The lowest point is the Caribbean Sea at 0 m ( sea level ) and the highest point is Pico Turquino at 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) , part of the Sierra Maestra mountain range , located in the southeast of the island . Other mountain ranges are Sierra Cristal in the southeast , Escambray Mountains in the center of the island , and Sierra del Rosario in the northwest . White sand beaches ( most notably in Varadero ) , as well as mangroves and marshes can be found in the coastal area . The largest is the Zapata Swamp , with over 4,520 km ( 1,750 sq mi ) . Cuba has negligible inland water area . The largest natural water mirror is Laguna de Leche at 67.2 km ( 25.9 sq mi ) , while the man - made Zaza Reservoir , at 113.5 km ( 43.8 sq mi ) , is the largest inland water surface by area in the country . Maritime claims ( edit ) Cuba makes maritime claims that include a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) and an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) . Extreme points ( edit ) Places in Cuba . Extreme points in Cuba are : Point Name Location Remarks North ( on - shore ) Punta Hicacos 23 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 81 ° 08 ′ 44 '' W / 23.20639 ° N 81.14556 ° W / 23.20639 ; - 81.14556 ( Punta Hicacos ) On Hicacos Peninsula North ( off - shore ) Cayo Cruz del Padre 23 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 80 ° 54 ′ 38 '' W / 23.27611 ° N 80.91056 ° W / 23.27611 ; - 80.91056 ( Cayo Cruz del Padre ) Part of Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago East Punta Maisie 20 ° 12 ′ 32 '' N 74 ° 08 ′ 01 '' W / 20.20889 ° N 74.13361 ° W / 20.20889 ; - 74.13361 ( Punta Maisi ) Near Maisí West Cape San Antonio 21 ° 51 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 57 ′ 25 '' W / 21.86083 ° N 84.95694 ° W / 21.86083 ; - 84.95694 ( Cabo San Antonio ) On Guanahacabibes Peninsula South Cape Cruz 19 ° 49 ′ 37 '' N 77 ° 40 ′ 30 '' W / 19.82694 ° N 77.67500 ° W / 19.82694 ; - 77.67500 ( Cape Cruz ) Near Niquero Highest point Pico Turquino 19 ° 59 ′ 22 '' N 76 ° 50 ′ 09 '' W / 19.98944 ° N 76.83583 ° W / 19.98944 ; - 76.83583 ( Pico Turquino ) Part of Sierra Maestra , 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) Lowest point sea level Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean Largest city Havana 23 ° 08 ′ 00 '' N 82 ° 23 ′ 00 '' W / 23.13333 ° N 82.38333 ° W / 23.13333 ; - 82.38333 ( City of Havana ) National capital , population 2,130,431 Oldest city Baracoa 20 ° 20 ′ 55 '' N 74 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 20.34861 ° N 74.51056 ° W / 20.34861 ; - 74.51056 ( Baracoa ) Founded in 1511 ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Natural resources ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cuba A tobacco field in Pinar del Río . Natural resources include cobalt , nickel , iron ore , copper , salt , timber , silica , oil and petroleum . At one time , the whole island was covered with forests and there are still many cedar ( Cedrela odorata ) , chechem ( Metopium brownei ) , mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ) , and other valuable trees . Large areas were cleared to grow more sugarcane , and so few trees remained that timber had to be imported . The most important Cuban mineral economic resource is nickel . Cuba has the second largest nickel reserves in the world after Russia . Sherritt International , a Canadian energy company , operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa , Cuba . Another leading mineral resource is cobalt , a byproduct of nickel mining operations . Cuba ranks as the fifth largest producer of refined cobalt in the world . Petroleum is extracted on Cuba 's northern shore , in the provinces of La Habana and Matanzas . Recent petroleum exploration has revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce approximately 4.6 billion barrels ( 730,000,000 m ) to 9.3 billion barrels ( 1.48 × 10 m ) of petroleum . As of 2006 , Cuba has now started to test - drill these locations for possible exploitation . The petroleum is of low quality , and used for energy generation only . Sugarcane was the most important part of the economy in Cuba 's history , and is still grown on large areas . Extensive irrigation systems are developed in the south of Sancti Spíritus Province . Tobacco , used for some of the world 's cigars , is grown especially in the Pinar del Río Province . See also : Agriculture of Cuba Climate ( edit ) Cuba 's climate is tropical savanna in the Koppen Climate classification . The dry season lasts from November to April and the rainy season from May to October . Casa Blanca , Havana Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 64 26 19 69 26 19 46 28 20 54 29 21 98 30 22 182 31 23 106 31 24 100 32 24 144 31 24 181 29 23 88 28 21 58 27 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Climate Charts ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 2.5 79 66 2.7 79 66 1.8 82 68 84 70 3.9 86 72 7.2 88 73 4.2 88 75 3.9 90 75 5.7 88 75 7.1 84 73 3.5 82 70 2.3 81 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the Caribbean Sea , with the geographic coordinates 21 ° 3N , 80 ° 00W . Cuba is the principal island , which is surrounded by four main groups of islands . These are the Colorados , the Sabana - Camagüey , the Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos . The main island of Cuba constitutes most of the nation 's land area or 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) and is the seventeenth - largest island in the world by land area . The second largest island in Cuba is the Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the southwest , with an area of 2,200 km ( 850 sq mi ) . Cuba has a total land area of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) . The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains . At the southeastern end is the Sierra Maestra , a range of steep mountains whose highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 1,974 metres ( 6,476 ft ) . The climate is tropical , though moderated by trade winds . In general ( with local variations ) , there is a drier season from November to April , and a rainier season from May to October . The average temperature is 23.1 ° C ( 73.6 ° F ) in January and 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) in July . Cuba lies in the path of hurricanes , and these destructive storms are most common in September and October . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . Better known smaller towns include Baracoa which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba , Trinidad , a UNESCO world heritage site , and Bayamo . Administrative subdivisions ( edit ) Main article : Provinces of Cuba Level - 3 administrative divisions in Cuba . Cuba is divided into 15 Provinces and one special municipality ( Isla de la Juventud ) . The provinces are further subdivided into level 3 subdivisions , called municipalities ( Spanish : Municipios ) , of which there are 168 following the 2010 administrative redistribution . See also : Municipalities of Cuba and List of places in Cuba References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stoner , K. Lynn . `` Cuba '' Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2005 . Archived 2009 - 11 - 01 at WebCite 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mapping Interactivo ( March 2005 ) . `` Mangroves variability in the Sabana - Camaguay Archipellago '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Varadero -- YouTube Jump up ^ http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf The Mineral Resources of Cuba 1997 Jump up ^ Cuban Oil , Gas Output Grow -- Prensa Latina -- Cuba Business News -- Havana Journal Jump up ^ theTrumpet.com Jump up ^ Smith , Wayne S ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` After 46 years of failure , we must change course on Cuba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cuba Climate data Jump up ^ Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names , Vol. II , published by the United Nations , New York , 1991 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Cuba . 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where did the pacific railroad start and end	The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit .	Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa\|Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay	First Transcontinental railroad	first transcontinental railroad	The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit .	The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs / Omaha , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the much of the Civil War fighting taking place in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track The next big champion of the central route was Theodore Judah , who undertook to survey a manageable route through what was one of the chief obstacles of a central route to California , the high and rugged Sierra Nevada . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $426,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $853,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,279,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for he and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected an foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work that could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30.00 / month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31.00 / month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35.00 / month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . Fortunately , the Union Pacific railroad land grants in Utah were mostly worthless territory through mountains and deserts so they did not gain too much extra . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature , standing at about 58 inches ( 1.5 m ) , weighing about 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) , and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalised account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography Jump up ^ In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Designing Trestle and Truss Bridges ( google ebook ) ( 1 ) accessed August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ Picture of black workers on the CPR ( 2 ) accessed May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 3 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 4 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 5 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 6 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 7 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 10 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 11 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR , org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 12 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' YouTube video ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv54hDAvJwk&feature=related ) , Retrieved 11 / 24 / 11 . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ Lego Ideas -- Golden Spike Ceremony Jump up ^ Salt Lake Tribune -- How this Utah monument could become a new Lego set Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=808605329 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 22 : 37 . 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who sings there's no smoke without a fire	`` No Smoke Without a Fire '' is a song by British rock group Bad Company , released as the second single from their eighth studio album Dangerous Age .	Bad Company	No Smoke Without a Fire	no smoke without a fire	`` No Smoke Without a Fire '' is a song by British rock group Bad Company , released as the second single from their eighth studio album Dangerous Age .	Despite failing to match the success of the album 's first single , `` Shake It Up '' , `` No Smoke Without a Fire '' was played substantially with `` Shake It Up '' on rock radio stations at the time of its release , eventually reaching a peak of # 4 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . The song is one of the songs listed on Clear Channel 's list of `` songs with questionable lyrics '' following the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 7 '' single 1.2 12 '' single 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( edit ) `` No Smoke Without a Fire '' - 4 : 33 `` Love Attack '' - 3 : 51 12 '' single ( edit ) `` No Smoke Without a Fire '' ( LP version ) - 4 : 33 `` No Smoke Without a Fire '' - 4 : 33 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bad Company - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Bad Company Simon Kirke Mick Ralphs Paul Rodgers Howard Leese Todd Roning Boz Burrell Brian Howe Gregg Dechert Steve Price Larry Oakes Paul Cullen Dave `` Bucket '' Colwell Rick Wills Robert Hart Jaz Lochrie Lynn Sorenson Studio albums Bad Company Straight Shooter Run with the Pack Burnin ' Sky Desolation Angels Rough Diamonds Fame and Fortune Dangerous Age Holy Water Here Comes Trouble Company of Strangers Stories Told & Untold Live albums What You Hear Is What You Get In Concert : Merchants of Cool Live in Albuquerque 1976 Hard Rock Live Live at Wembley Live in Concert 1977 & 1979 Compilation albums 10 from 6 The ' Original ' Bad Co . Anthology Rock ' N ' Roll Fantasy : The Very Best of Bad Company Singles `` Ca n't Get Enough '' `` Bad Company '' `` Good Lovin ' Gone Bad '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' `` Young Blood '' `` Honey Child '' `` Burnin ' Sky '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Fantasy '' `` Electricland '' `` No Smoke Without a Fire '' Related articles Discography Members Inside Bad Company 1974 -- 1982 Scotland , PA Free Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Smoke_Without_a_Fire&oldid=693601651 '' Categories : 1989 singles Bad Company songs 1988 songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2015 , at 16 : 59 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Smoke%20Without%20a%20Fire	2,869
who is considered the greatest ruler of the middle ages in europe			Early Middle Ages	early middle ages	The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period , typically regarded as lasting from the 6th century to the 10th century CE , marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history . The Early Middle Ages followed the decline of the Western Roman Empire and preceded the High Middle Ages ( c. 10th to 13th centuries ) . The Early Middle Ages overlap with Late Antiquity . The term `` Late Antiquity '' is used to emphasize elements of continuity with the Roman Empire , while `` Early Middle Ages '' is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the later medieval period .	The period saw a continuation of trends begun during late classical antiquity , including population decline , especially in urban centres , a decline of trade , and increased immigration . The period has been labelled the `` Dark Ages '' , a characterization highlighting the relative scarcity of literary and cultural output from this time , especially in Northwestern Europe . However , the Eastern Roman Empire , or Byzantine Empire , continued to survive , though in the 7th century the Islamic caliphates conquered swathes of formerly Roman territory . Many of these trends were reversed later in the period . In 800 the title of emperor was revived in Western Europe by Charlemagne , whose Carolingian Empire greatly affected later European social structure and history . Europe experienced a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the feudal system , which introduced such innovations as three - field planting and the heavy plough . Barbarian migration stabilized in much of Europe , although Northern Europe was greatly affected by the Viking expansion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Collapse of Rome 1.2 Migration Period 1.3 Byzantine Empire 1.4 Rise of Islam 1.5 Birth of the Latin West 1.5. 1 700 -- 850 1.5. 2 Italy 1.5. 3 Britain 1.5. 4 Frankish Empire 1.5. 5 Feudalism 1.6 Viking Age 1.7 Eastern Europe 1.7. 1 Bulgaria 1.7. 2 Kievan Rus ' 2 Transmission of learning 2.1 Science 2.2 Carolingian Renaissance 2.3 Byzantium 's golden age 2.4 Islamic learning 2.5 Monasteries 3 Christianity West and East 3.1 Christianization of the West 4 Holy Roman Empire 4.1 10th century 4.2 Founding of the Holy Roman Empire 5 Europe in 1000 CE 6 Middle East 6.1 Rise of Islam 6.2 Islamic expansion 6.3 Caliphs and empire 6.4 European timelines 6.4. 1 Beginning years 6.4. 2 Ending years 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Collapse of Rome ( edit ) Main article : Decline of the Western Roman Empire Starting in the 2nd century , various indicators of Roman civilization began to decline , including urbanization , seaborne commerce , and population . Archaeologists have identified only 40 per cent as many Mediterranean shipwrecks from the 3rd century as from the first . Estimates of the population of the Roman Empire during the period from 150 to 400 suggest a fall from 65 million to 50 million , a decline of more than 20 per cent . Some scholars have connected this de-population to the Dark Ages Cold Period ( 300 -- 700 ) , when a decrease in global temperatures impaired agricultural yields . Die Hunnen im Kampf mit den Alanen , ( The Huns in battle with the Alans by Johann Nepomuk Geiger , 1873 ) . The Alans , an Iranian people who lived north and east of the Black Sea , functioned as Europe 's first line of defence against the Asiatic Huns . They were dislocated and settled throughout the Roman Empire Early in the 3rd century Germanic peoples migrated south from Scandinavia and reached the Black Sea , creating formidable confederations which opposed the local Sarmatians . In Dacia ( present - day Romania ) and on the steppes north of the Black Sea the Goths , a Germanic people , established at least two kingdoms : Therving and Greuthung . The arrival of the Huns in 372 -- 375 ended the history of these kingdoms . The Huns , a confederation of central Asian tribes , founded an empire . They had mastered the difficult art of shooting composite recurve bows from horseback . The Goths sought refuge in Roman territory ( 376 ) , agreeing to enter the Empire as unarmed settlers . However many bribed the Danube border - guards into allowing them to bring their weapons . The discipline and organization of a Roman legion made it a superb fighting unit . The Romans preferred infantry to cavalry because infantry could be trained to retain the formation in combat , while cavalry tended to scatter when faced with opposition . While a barbarian army could be raised and inspired by the promise of plunder , the legions required a central government and taxation to pay for salaries , constant training , equipment , and food . The decline in agricultural and economic activity reduced the empire 's taxable income and thus its ability to maintain a professional army to defend itself from external threats . The Barbarians ' Invasions The destruction of the Gothic kingdoms by the Huns in 372 -- 375 triggered the Germanic migrations of the 5th century . The Visigoths captured and looted the city of Rome in 410 ; the Vandals followed suit in 455 Germanic tribes Angles , Saxons Franks Goths Visigoths Ostrogoths Huns Vandals Roman Empire Western Empire Eastern Empire In the Gothic War ( 376 -- 382 ) , the Goths revolted and confronted the main Roman army in the Battle of Adrianople ( 378 ) . By this time , the distinction in the Roman army between Roman regulars and barbarian auxiliaries had broken down , and the Roman army comprised mainly barbarians and soldiers recruited for a single campaign . The general decline in discipline also led to the use of smaller shields and lighter weaponry . Not wanting to share the glory , Eastern Emperor Valens ordered an attack on the Therving infantry under Fritigern without waiting for Western Emperor Gratian , who was on the way with reinforcements . While the Romans were fully engaged , the Greuthung cavalry arrived . Only one - third of the Roman army managed to escape . This represented the most shattering defeat that the Romans had suffered since the Battle of Cannae ( 216 BCE ) , according to the Roman military writer Ammianus Marcellinus . The core army of the Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed , Valens was killed , and the Goths were freed to lay waste to the Balkans , including the armories along the Danube . As Edward Gibbon comments , `` The Romans , who so coolly and so concisely mention the acts of justice which were exercised by the legions , reserve their compassion and their eloquence for their own sufferings , when the provinces were invaded and desolated by the arms of the successful Barbarians . '' The empire lacked the resources , and perhaps the will , to reconstruct the professional mobile army destroyed at Adrianople , so it had to rely on barbarian armies to fight for it . The Eastern Roman Empire succeeded in buying off the Goths with tribute . The Western Roman Empire proved less fortunate . Stilicho , the western empire 's half - Vandal military commander , stripped the Rhine frontier of troops to fend off invasions of Italy by the Visigoths in 402 -- 03 and by other Goths in 406 -- 07 . Fleeing before the advance of the Huns , the Vandals , Suebi , and Alans launched an attack across the frozen Rhine near Mainz ; on 31 December , 406 , the frontier gave way and these tribes surged into Roman Gaul . There soon followed the Burgundians and bands of the Alamanni . In the fit of anti-barbarian hysteria which followed , the Western Roman Emperor Honorius had Stilicho summarily beheaded ( 408 ) . Stilicho submitted his neck , `` with a firmness not unworthy of the last of the Roman generals '' , wrote Gibbon . Honorius was left with only worthless courtiers to advise him . In 410 , the Visigoths led by Alaric I captured the city of Rome and for three days fire and slaughter ensued as bodies filled the streets , palaces were stripped of their valuables , and the invaders interrogated and tortured those citizens thought to have hidden wealth . As newly converted Christians , the Goths respected church property , but those who found sanctuary in the Vatican and in other churches were the fortunate few . Migration period ( edit ) Main articles : Migration Period and Germanic monarchy Migration Period The Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna is the only extant example of Ostrogothic architecture . Around 500 , the Visigoths ruled large parts of what is now France , Spain , Andorra and Portugal . The Roman Empire was not `` conquered '' by Germanic tribes , but overrun and even completely displaced by the flood of Germanic migrants . The Goths and Vandals were only the first of many waves of invaders that flooded Western Europe . Some lived only for war and pillage and disdained Roman ways . Other peoples had been in prolonged contact with the Roman civilization , and were , to a certain degree , romanized . `` A poor Roman plays the Goth , a rich Goth the Roman '' said King Theoderic of the Ostrogoths . The subjects of the Roman empire were a mix of Catholic Christian , Arian Christian , Nestorian Christian , and pagan . The Germanic peoples knew little of cities , money , or writing , and were still mostly pagan , though were becoming increasingly Arian . Arianism was a branch of Christianity that was first proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius . Arius proclaimed that Christ is not truly divine but a created being . His basic premise was the uniqueness of God , who is alone self - existent and immutable ; the Son , who is not self - existent , can not be God . During the migrations , or Völkerwanderung ( wandering of the peoples ) , the earlier settled populations were sometimes left intact though usually partially or entirely displaced . Roman culture north of the Po River was almost entirely displaced by the migrations . Whereas the peoples of France , Italy , and Spain continued to speak the dialects of Latin that today constitute the Romance languages , the language of the smaller Roman - era population of what is now England disappeared with barely a trace in the territories settled by the Anglo - Saxons , although the Brittanic kingdoms of the west remained Brythonic speakers . The new peoples greatly altered established society , including law , culture , religion , and patterns of property ownership . A paten from the Treasure of Gourdon The pax Romana had provided safe conditions for trade and manufacture , and a unified cultural and educational milieu of far - ranging connections . As this was lost , it was replaced by the rule of local potentates , sometimes members of the established Romanized ruling elite , sometimes new lords of alien culture . In Aquitania , Gallia Narbonensis , southern Italy and Sicily , Baetica or southern Spain , and the Iberian Mediterranean coast , Roman culture lasted until the 6th or 7th centuries . The gradual breakdown and transformation of economic and social linkages and infrastructure resulted in increasingly localized outlooks . This breakdown was often fast and dramatic as it became unsafe to travel or carry goods over any distance ; there was a consequent collapse in trade and manufacture for export . Major industries that depended on trade , such as large - scale pottery manufacture , vanished almost overnight in places like Britain . Tintagel in Cornwall , as well as several other centres , managed to obtain supplies of Mediterranean luxury goods well into the 6th century , but then lost their trading links . Administrative , educational and military infrastructure quickly vanished , and the loss of the established cursus honorum led to the collapse of the schools and to a rise of illiteracy even among the leadership . The careers of Cassiodorus ( died c. 585 ) at the beginning of this period and of Alcuin of York ( died 804 ) at its close were founded alike on their valued literacy . For the formerly Roman area , there was another 20 per cent decline in population between 400 and 600 , or a one - third decline for 150 - 600 . In the 8th century , the volume of trade reached its lowest level . The very small number of shipwrecks found that dated from the 8th century supports this ( which represents less than 2 per cent of the number of shipwrecks dated from the 1st century ) . There were also reforestation and a retreat of agriculture centred around 500 . The Romans had practiced two - field agriculture , with a crop grown in one field and the other left fallow and ploughed under to eliminate weeds . Systematic agriculture largely disappeared and yields declined . It is estimated that the Plague of Justinian which began in 541 and recurred periodically for 150 years thereafter killed as many as 100 million people across the world . Some historians such as Josiah C. Russell ( 1958 ) have suggested a total European population loss of 50 to 60 per cent between 541 and 700 . After the year 750 , major epidemic diseases did not appear again in Europe until the Black Death of the 14th century . The disease Smallpox which was eradicated in the late 20th Century did not definitively enter Western Europe until about 581 when Bishop Gregory of Tours provided an eyewitness account that describes the characteristic findings of smallpox . Waves of epidemics wiped out large rural populations . Most of the details about the epidemics are lost , probably due to the scarcity of surviving written records . For almost a thousand years , Rome was the most politically important , richest and largest city in Europe . Around 100 CE , it had a population of about 450,000 . Its population declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages , reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation . Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Byzantium under the Justinian dynasty Under Emperor Justinian ( r . 527 - 65 ) , the Byzantines were able to reestablish Roman rule in Italy and most of North Africa Justinian 's conquests Eastern Empire The death of Theodosius I in 395 was followed by the division of the empire between his two sons . The Western Roman Empire disintegrated into a mosaic of warring Germanic kingdoms in the 5th century , making the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople the legal successor to the classical Roman Empire . After Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the Empire , historians refer to the empire as `` Byzantine . '' Westerners would gradually begin to refer to it as `` Greek '' rather than `` Roman . '' The inhabitants , however , always called themselves Romaioi , or Romans . The Eastern Roman Empire aimed at retaining control of the trade routes between Europe and the Orient , which made the Empire the richest polity in Europe . Making use of their sophisticated warfare and superior diplomacy , the Byzantines managed to fend off assaults by the migrating barbarians . Their dreams of subduing the Western potentates briefly materialized during the reign of Justinian I in 527 -- 565 . Not only did Justinian restore some western territories to the Roman Empire , but he also codified Roman law ( with his codification remaining in force in many areas of Europe until the 19th century ) and built the largest and the most technically advanced edifice of the Early Middle Ages , the Hagia Sophia . A bubonic plague pandemic , the Plague of Justinian , marred Justinian 's reign , however , infecting the Emperor , killing perhaps 40 % of the people in Constantinople , and contributing to Europe 's early medieval population decline . Theodora , Justinian 's wife , and her retinue Justinian 's successors Maurice and Heraclius had to confront invasions of the Avar and Slavic tribes . After the devastations by the Slavs and the Avars , large areas of the Balkans became depopulated . In 626 Constantinople , by far the largest city of early medieval Europe , withstood a combined siege by Avars and Persians . Within several decades , Heraclius completed a holy war against the Persians by taking their capital and having a Sassanid monarch assassinated . Yet Heraclius lived to see his spectacular success undone by the Muslim conquests of Syria , three Palaestina provinces , Egypt , and North Africa which was considerably facilitated by religious disunity and the proliferation of heretical movements ( notably Monophysitism and Nestorianism ) in the areas converted to Islam . Restored Walls of Constantinople Although Heraclius 's successors managed to salvage Constantinople from two Arab sieges ( in 674 -- 77 and 717 ) , the empire of the 8th and early 9th century was rocked by the great Iconoclastic Controversy , punctuated by dynastic struggles between various factions at court . The Bulgar and Slavic tribes profited from these disorders and invaded Illyria , Thrace and even Greece . After the decisive victory at Ongala in 680 the armies of the Bulgars and Slavs advanced to the south of the Balkan mountains , defeating again the Byzantines who were then forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty which acknowledged the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire on the borders of the Empire . To counter these threats , a new system of administration was introduced . The regional civil and military administration were combined in the hands of a general , or strategos . A theme , which formerly denoted a subdivision of the Byzantine army , came to refer to a region governed by a strategos . The reform led to the emergence of great landed families which controlled the regional military and often pressed their claims to the throne ( see Bardas Phocas and Bardas Sklerus for characteristic examples ) . Christ crowning Constantine VII ivory plaque , ca . 945 By the early 8th century , notwithstanding the shrinking territory of the empire , Constantinople remained the largest and the wealthiest city of the entire world , comparable only to Sassanid Ctesiphon , and later Abassid Baghdad . The population of the imperial capital fluctuated between 300,000 and 400,000 as the emperors undertook measures to restrain its growth . The only other large Christian cities were Rome ( 50,000 ) and Salonika ( 30,000 ) . Even before the 8th century was out , the Farmer 's Law signalled the resurrection of agricultural technologies in the Roman Empire . As the 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica noted , `` the technological base of Byzantine society was more advanced than that of contemporary western Europe : iron tools could be found in the villages ; water mills dotted the landscape ; and field - sown beans provided a diet rich in protein '' . The ascension of the Macedonian dynasty in 867 marked the end of the period of political and religious turmoil and introduced a new golden age of the empire . While the talented generals such as Nicephorus Phocas expanded the frontiers , the Macedonian emperors ( such as Leo the Wise and Constantine VII ) presided over the cultural flowering in Constantinople , known as the Macedonian Renaissance . The enlightened Macedonian rulers scorned the rulers of Western Europe as illiterate barbarians and maintained a nominal claim to rule over the West . Although this fiction had been exploded with the coronation of Charlemagne in Rome ( 800 ) , the Byzantine rulers did not treat their Western counterparts as equals . Generally , they had little interest in political and economic developments in the barbarian ( from their point of view ) West . Against this economic background , the culture and the imperial traditions of the Eastern Roman Empire attracted its northern neighbours -- Slavs , Bulgars , and Khazars -- to Constantinople , in search of either pillage or enlightenment . The movement of the Germanic tribes to the south triggered the great migration of the Slavs , who occupied the vacated territories . In the 7th century , they moved westward to the Elbe , southward to the Danube and eastward to the Dnieper . By the 9th century , the Slavs had expanded into sparsely inhabited territories to the south and east from these natural frontiers , peacefully assimilating the indigenous Illyrian and Finno - Ugric populations . Rise of Islam ( edit ) 632 -- 750 Main articles : Umayyad conquest of Hispania and History of Islam in southern Italy Europe around 650 From the 7th century Byzantine history was greatly affected by the rise of Islam and the Caliphates . Muslim Arabs first invaded historically Roman territory under Abū Bakr , first Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , who entered Roman Syria and Roman Mesopotamia . As the Byzantines and neighbouring Persian Sasanids had been severely weakened by a long succession of Byzantine -- Sasanian wars , especially the climactic Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 , under Umar , the second Caliph , the Muslims decisively conquered Syria and Mesopotamia , as well as Roman Palestine , Roman Egypt , parts of Asia Minor and Roman North Africa , while they entirely toppled the Sasanids . In the mid 7th century AD , following the Muslim conquest of Persia , Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region , of which parts would later permanently become part of Russia . This expansion of Islam continued under Umar 's successors and then the Umayyad Caliphate , which conquered the rest of Mediterranean North Africa and most of the Iberian Peninsula . Over the next centuries Muslim forces were able to take further European territory , including Cyprus , Malta , Septimania , Crete , and Sicily and parts of southern Italy . The Muslim conquest of Hispania began when the Moors ( mostly Berbers with some Arabs ) invaded the Christian Visigothic kingdom of Iberia in the year 711 , under their Berber leader Tariq ibn Ziyad . They landed at Gibraltar on 30 April and worked their way northward . Tariq 's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior , Musa ibn Nusair . During the eight - year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Muslim rule -- save for small areas in the north - westnorthwest ( Asturias ) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees . This territory , under the Arab name Al - Andalus , became part of the expanding Umayyad empire . The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige . After their success in overrunning Iberia , the conquerors moved northeast across the Pyrenees , but were defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 . The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbāsids and most of the Umayyad clan massacred . A surviving Umayyad prince , Abd - ar - rahman I , escaped to Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty in the Emirate of Cordoba in 756 . Charles Martel 's son Pippin the Short retook Narbonne , and his grandson Charlemagne established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia , reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801 . The Umayyads in Spain proclaimed themselves caliphs in 929 . Birth of the Latin West ( edit ) 700 -- 850 ( edit ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sutton Hoo helmet , an Anglo - Saxon parade helmet from the 7th century Due to a complex set of reasons , conditions in Western Europe began to improve after 700 . In that year , the two major powers in western Europe were the Franks in Gaul and the Lombards in Italy . The Lombards had been thoroughly Romanized , and their kingdom was stable and well developed . The Franks , in contrast , were barely any different from their barbarian Germanic ancestors . Their kingdom was weak , hopelessly divided , and ruled by a king who was barely distinguishable from a peasant . Impossible to guess at the time , but by the end of the century , the Lombardic kingdom would be extinct , while the Frankish kingdom would have nearly reassembled the Western Roman Empire . Though much of Roman civilization north of the Po River had been wiped out in the years after the end of the Western Roman Empire , between the 5th and 8th centuries , new political and social infrastructure began to develop . Much of this was initially Germanic and pagan . Arian Christian missionaries had been spreading Arian Christianity throughout northern Europe , though by 700 the religion of northern Europeans was largely a mix of Germanic paganism , Christianized paganism , and Arian Christianity . Catholic Christianity had barely started to spread in northern Europe by this time . Through the practice of simony , local princes typically auctioned off ecclesiastical offices , causing priests and bishops to function as though they were yet another noble under the patronage of the prince . In contrast , a network of monasteries had sprung up as monks sought separation from the world . These monasteries remained independent from local princes , and as such constituted the `` church '' for most northern Europeans during this time . Being independent from local princes , they increasingly stood out as centres of learning , of scholarship , and as religious centres where individuals could receive spiritual or monetary assistance . The interaction between the culture of the newcomers , their warband loyalties , the remnants of classical culture , and Christian influences , produced a new model for society , based in part on feudal obligations . The centralized administrative systems of the Romans did not withstand the changes , and the institutional support for chattel slavery largely disappeared . The Anglo - Saxons in England had also started to convert from Anglo - Saxon polytheism after the arrival of Christian missionaries around the year 600 . Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Lombards , King of Italy , and Medieval Corsica The Lombard possessions in Italy : The Lombard Kingdom ( Neustria , Austria and Tuscia ) and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento The Lombards , who first entered Italy in 568 under Alboin , carved out a state in the north , with its capital at Pavia . At first , they were unable to conquer the Exarchate of Ravenna , the Ducatus Romanus , and Calabria and Apulia . The next two hundred years were occupied in trying to conquer these territories from the Byzantine Empire . The Lombard state was relatively Romanized , at least when compared to the Germanic kingdoms in northern Europe . It was highly decentralized at first , with the territorial dukes having practical sovereignty in their duchies , especially in the southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento . For a decade following the death of Cleph in 575 , the Lombards did not even elect a king ; this period is called the Rule of the Dukes . The first written legal code was composed in poor Latin in 643 : the Edictum Rothari . It was primarily the codification of the oral legal tradition of the people . The Lombard state was well - organized and stabilized by the end of the long reign of Liutprand ( 717 -- 744 ) , but its collapse was sudden . Unsupported by the dukes , King Desiderius was defeated and forced to surrender his kingdom to Charlemagne in 774 . The Lombard kingdom ended and a period of Frankish rule was initiated . The Frankish king Pepin the Short had , by the Donation of Pepin , given the pope the `` Papal States '' and the territory north of that swath of papally - governed land was ruled primarily by Lombard and Frankish vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor until the rise of the city - states in the 11th and 12th centuries . In the south , a period of chaos began . The duchy of Benevento maintained its sovereignty in the face of the pretensions of both the Western and Eastern Empires . In the 9th century , the Muslims conquered Sicily . The coastal cities on the Tyrrhenian Sea departed from Byzantine allegiance . Various states owing various nominal allegiances fought constantly over territory until events came to a head in the early 11th century with the coming of the Normans , who conquered the whole of the south by the end of the century . Britain ( edit ) Main articles : History of Anglo - Saxon England , History of Brittany , History of Cornwall , Scotland in the Early Middle Ages , and History of Wales Roman Britain was in a state of political and economic collapse at the time of the Roman departure c. 400 . A series of settlements ( traditionally referred to as an invasion ) by Germanic peoples began in the early fifth century , and by the sixth century the island would consist of many small kingdoms engaged in ongoing warfare with each other . The Germanic kingdoms are now collectively referred to as Anglo - Saxons . Christianization began to take hold among the Anglo - Saxons in the sixth century , with 597 given as the traditional date for its large - scale adoption . The Gokstad ship , a 9th - century Viking longship , excavated in 1882 . Viking Ship Museum , Oslo , Norway Western Britain ( Wales ) , eastern and northern Scotland ( Pictland ) and the Scottish highlands and isles continued their separate evolution . The Irish descended and Irish - influenced people of western Scotland were Christian from the fifth century onward , the Picts adopted Christianity in the sixth century under the influence of Columba , and the Welsh had been Christian since the Roman era . Northumbria was the pre-eminent power c. 600 -- 700 , absorbing several weaker Anglo - Saxon and Brythonic kingdoms , while Mercia held a similar status c. 700 -- 800 . Wessex would absorb all of the kingdoms in the south , both Anglo - Saxon and Briton . In Wales consolidation of power would not begin until the ninth century under the descendants of Merfyn Frych of Gwynedd , establishing a hierarchy that would last until the Norman invasion of Wales in 1081 . The first Viking raids on Britain began before 800 , increasing in scope and destructiveness over time . In 865 a large , well - organized Danish Viking army ( called the Great Heathen Army ) attempted a conquest , breaking or diminishing Anglo - Saxon power everywhere but in Wessex . Under the leadership of Alfred the Great and his descendants , Wessex would at first survive , then coexist with , and eventually conquer the Danes . It would then establish the Kingdom of England and rule until the establishment of an Anglo - Danish kingdom under Cnut , and then again until the Norman Invasion of 1066 . Viking raids and invasion were no less dramatic for the north . Their defeat of the Picts in 839 led to a lasting Norse heritage in northernmost Scotland , and it led to the combination of the Picts and Gaels under the House of Alpin , which became the Kingdom of Alba , the predecessor of the Kingdom of Scotland . The Vikings combined with the Gaels of the Hebrides to become the Gall - Gaidel and establish the Kingdom of the Isles . Frankish Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Frankish Empire , Carolingian Empire , and Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne 's Coronation On 25 December 800 , Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III . Coronation of Charlemagne , Grandes Chroniques de France , Jean Fouquet , Tours , c. 1455 - 1460 Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I The Merovingians established themselves in the power vacuum of the former Roman provinces in Gaul , and Clovis I converted to Christianity following his victory over the Alemanni at the Battle of Tolbiac ( 496 ) , laying the foundation of the Frankish Empire , the dominant state of early medieval Western Christendom . The Frankish kingdom grew through a complex development of conquest , patronage , and alliance building . Due to salic custom , inheritance rights were absolute , and all land was divided equally among the sons of a dead land holder . This meant that , when the king granted a prince land in reward for service , that prince and all of his descendants had an irrevocable right to that land that no future king could undo . Likewise , those princes ( and their sons ) could sublet their land to their own vassals , who could in turn sublet the land to lower sub-vassals . This all had the effect of weakening the power of the king as his kingdom grew , since the result was that the land became controlled by not just by more princes and vassals , but by multiple layers of vassals . This also allowed his nobles to attempt to build their own power base , though given the strict salic tradition of hereditary kingship , few would ever consider overthrowing the king . This increasingly absurd arrangement was highlighted by Charles Martel , who as Mayor of the Palace was effectively the strongest prince in the kingdom . His accomplishments were highlighted , not just by his famous defeat of invading Muslims at the Battle of Tours , which is typically considered the battle that saved Europe from Muslim conquest , but by the fact that he greatly expanded Frankish influence . It was under his patronage that Saint Boniface expanded Frankish influence into Germany by rebuilding the German church , with the result that , within a century , the German church was the strongest church in western Europe . Yet despite this , Charles Martel refused to overthrow the Frankish king . His son , Pepin the Short , inherited his power , and used it to further expand Frankish influence . Unlike his father , however , Pepin decided to seize the Frankish kingship . Given how strongly Frankish culture held to its principle of inheritance , few would support him if he attempted to overthrow the king . Instead , he sought the assistance of Pope Zachary , who was himself newly vulnerable due to fallout with the Byzantine Emperor over the Iconoclastic Controversy . Pepin agreed to support the pope and to give him land ( the Donation of Pepin , which created the Papal States ) in exchange for being consecrated as the new Frankish king . Given that Pepin 's claim to the kingship was now based on an authority higher than Frankish custom , no resistance was offered to Pepin . With this , the Merovingian line of kings ended , and the Carolingian line began . Pepin 's son Charlemagne continued in the footsteps of his father and grandfather . He further expanded and consolidated the Frankish kingdom ( now commonly called the Carolingian Empire ) . His reign also saw a cultural rebirth , commonly called the Carolingian Renaissance . Though the exact reasons are unclear , Charlemagne was crowned `` Roman Emperor '' by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day , 800 . Upon Charlemagne 's death , his empire had united much of modern - day France , western Germany and northern Italy . The years after his death illustrated how Germanic his empire remained . Rather than an orderly succession , his empire was divided in accordance with Frankish inheritance custom , which resulted in instability that plagued his empire until the last king of a united empire , Charles the Fat , died in 887 , which resulted in a permanent split of the empire into West Francia and East Francia . West Francia would be ruled by Carolingians until 987 and East Francia until 911 , after which time the partition of the empire into France and Germany was complete . Feudalism ( edit ) Main articles : Feudalism and Manoralism Around 800 there was a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the open field , or strip , system . A manor would have several fields , each subdivided into 1 - acre ( 4,000 m ) strips of land . An acre measured one `` furlong '' of 220 yards by one `` chain '' of 22 yards ( that is , about 200 m by 20 m ) . A furlong ( from `` furrow long '' ) was considered to be the distance an ox could plough before taking a rest ; the strip shape of the acre field also reflected the difficulty in turning early heavy ploughs . In the idealized form of the system , each family got thirty such strips of land . The three - field system of crop rotation was first developed in the 9th century : wheat or rye was planted in one field , the second field had a nitrogen - fixing crop , and the third was fallow . Compared to the earlier two - field system , a three - field system allows for significantly more land to be put under cultivation . Even more important , the system allows for two harvests a year , reducing the risk that a single crop failure will lead to famine . Three - field agriculture creates a surplus of oats that can be used to feed horses . Because the system required a major rearrangement of real estate and of the social order , it took until the 11th century before it came into general use . The heavy wheeled plough was introduced in the late 10th century . It required greater animal power and promoted the use of teams of oxen . Illuminated manuscripts depict two - wheeled ploughs with both a mouldboard , or curved metal ploughshare , and a coulter , a vertical blade in front of the ploughshare . The Romans had used light , wheel-less ploughs with flat iron shares that often proved unequal to the heavy soils of northern Europe . The return to systemic agriculture coincided with the introduction of a new social system called feudalism . This system featured a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations . Each man was bound to serve his superior in return for the latter 's protection . This made for confusion of territorial sovereignty since allegiances were subject to change over time and were sometimes mutually contradictory . Feudalism allowed the state to provide a degree of public safety despite the continued absence of bureaucracy and written records . Even land ownership disputes were decided based solely on oral testimony . Territoriality was reduced to a network of personal allegiances . Viking Age ( edit ) Main article : Viking Age Scandinavian settlements and raiding territory . Note : yellow in England and southern Italy covers the Viking expansion from Normandy , called by the name of Norman 8th century homeland 9th century expansion 10th century expansion Viking raiding regions The Viking Age spans the period roughly between the late 8th and mid-11th centuries in Scandinavia and Britain , following the Germanic Iron Age ( and the Vendel Age in Sweden ) . During this period , the Vikings , Scandinavian warriors and traders raided and explored most parts of Europe , south - western Asia , northern Africa , and north - eastern North America . With the means to travel ( longships and open water ) , desire for goods led Scandinavian traders to explore and develop extensive trading partnerships in new territories . Some of the most important trading ports during the period include both existing and ancient cities such as Aarhus , Ribe , Hedeby , Vineta , Truso , Kaupang , Birka , Bordeaux , York , Dublin , and Aldeigjuborg . Viking raiding expeditions were separate from , though coexisted with , regular trading expeditions . Apart from exploring Europe via its oceans and rivers , with the aid of their advanced navigational skills , they extended their trading routes across vast parts of the continent . They also engaged in warfare , looting and enslaving numerous Christian communities of Medieval Europe for centuries , contributing to the development of feudal systems in Europe . Eastern Europe ( edit ) 600 -- 1000 Main articles : Byzantine Empire , Western Turkic Khaganate , Avar Khaganate , Khazar Khaganate , Old Great Bulgaria , Alani , Magyars , Early Slavs , Principality of Serbia ( medieval ) , Great Moravia , and Duchy of Croatia The Early Middle Ages marked the beginning of the cultural distinctions between Western and Eastern Europe north of the Mediterranean . Influence from the Byzantine Empire impacted the Christianization and hence almost every aspect of the cultural and political development of the East from the preeminence of Caesaropapism and Eastern Christianity to the spread of the Cyrillic alphabet . The turmoil of the so - called Barbarian invasions in the beginning of the period gradually gave way to more stabilized societies and states as the origins of contemporary Eastern Europe began to take shape during the High Middle Ages . Magyar tribes Magyar campaigns in the 10th century Magyar region Most European nations were praying for mercy : `` Sagittis hungarorum libera nos , Domine '' - `` Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians '' Turkic and Iranian invaders from Central Asia pressured the agricultural populations both in the Byzantine Balkans and in Central Europe creating a number of successor states in the Pontic steppes . After the dissolution of the Hunnic Empire , the Western Turkic and Avar Khaganates dominated territories from Pannonia to the Caspian Sea before replaced by the short lived Old Great Bulgaria and the more successful Khazar Khaganate north of the Black Sea and the Magyars in Central Europe . The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people who managed to develop a multiethnic commercial state which owed its success to the control of much of the waterway trade between Europe and Central Asia . The Khazars also exacted tribute from the Alani , Magyars , various Slavic tribes , the Crimean Goths , and the Greeks of Crimea . Through a network of Jewish itinerant merchants , or Radhanites , they were in contact with the trade emporia of India and Spain . Once they found themselves confronted by Arab expansionism , the Khazars pragmatically allied themselves with Constantinople and clashed with the Caliphate . Despite initial setbacks , they managed to recover Derbent and eventually penetrated as far south as Caucasian Iberia , Caucasian Albania and Armenia . In doing so , they effectively blocked the northward expansion of Islam into Eastern Europe even before khan Tervel achieved the same at the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople and several decades before the Battle of Tours in Western Europe . In the beginning of the period the Slavic tribes started to expand aggressively into Byzantine possessions on the Balkans . The first attested Slavic polities were Serbia and Great Moravia , the latter of which emerged under the aegis of the Frankish Empire in the early 9th century . Great Moravia was ultimately overrun by the Magyars , who invaded the Pannonian Basin around 896 . The Slavic state became a stage for confrontation between the Christian missionaries from Constantinople and Rome . Although West Slavs , Croats and Slovenes eventually acknowledged Roman ecclesiastical authority , the clergy of Constantinople succeeded in converting to Eastern Christianity two of the largest states of early medieval Europe , Bulgaria around 864 , and Kievan Rus ' circa 990 . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : First Bulgarian Empire Ceramic icon of St Theodore from around 900 , found in Preslav , Bulgarian capital from 893 -- 972 In 632 the Bulgars established the khanate of Old Great Bulgaria under the leadership of Kubrat . The Khazars managed to oust the Bulgars from Southern Ukraine into lands along middle Volga ( Volga Bulgaria ) and along lower Danube ( Danube Bulgaria ) . In 681 the Bulgars founded a powerful and ethnically diverse state that played a defining role in the history of early medieval Southeastern Europe . Bulgaria withstood the pressure from Pontic steppe tribes like the Pechenegs , Khazars , and Cumans , and in 806 destroyed the Avar Khanate . The Danube Bulgars were quickly slavicized and , despite constant campaigning against Constantinople , accepted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire . Through the efforts of missionaries Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius , the Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were developed in the capital Preslav and a vernacular dialect , now known as Old Bulgarian or Old Church Slavonic , was established as the language of books and liturgy among Orthodox Christian Slavs . After the adoption of Christianity in 864 , Bulgaria became a cultural and spiritual hub of the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world . The Cyrillic script was developed by Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid in 885 - 886 and was afterwards introduced to Serbia and Kievan Rus ' . Literature , art , and architecture were thriving with the establishment of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools along with the distinct Preslav Ceramics School . In 927 the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was the first European national Church to gain independence with its own Patriarch while conducting services in the vernacular Old Church Slavonic . Under Simeon I ( 893 -- 927 ) , the state was the largest and one of the most powerful political entities of Europe , and it consistently threatened the existence of the Byzantine empire . From the middle of the 10th century Bulgaria was in decline as it entered a social and spiritual turmoil . It was in part due to Simeon 's devastating wars , but was also exacerbated by a series of successful Byzantine military campaigns . Bulgaria was conquered after a long resistance in 1018 . Kievan Rus ' ( edit ) Main article : Kievan Rus ' Led by a Varangian dynasty , the Kievan Rus ' controlled the routes connecting Northern Europe to Byzantium and to the Orient ( for example : the Volga trade route ) . The Kievan state began with the rule ( 882 -- 912 ) of Prince Oleg , who extended his control from Novgorod southwards along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev . Sviatoslav I ( died 972 ) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus ' territorial control , fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire and inflicting a serious blow on Bulgaria . A Rus ' attack ( 967 or 968 ) , instigated by the Byzantines , led to the collapse of the Bulgarian state and the occupation of the east of the country by the Rus ' . An ensuing direct military confrontation between the Rus ' and Byzantium ( 970 - 971 ) ended with a Byzantine victory ( 971 ) . The Rus ' withdrew and the Byzantine Empire incorporated eastern Bulgaria . Both before and after their conversion to Christianity ( conventionally dated 988 under Vladimir I of Kiev -- known as Vladimir the Great ) , the Rus ' also embarked on predatory military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire , some of which resulted in trade treaties . The importance of Russo - Byzantine relations to Constantinople was highlighted by the fact that Vladimir I of Kiev , son of Svyatoslav I , became the only foreigner to marry ( 989 ) a Byzantine princess of the Macedonian dynasty ( which ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 867 to 1056 ) , a singular honour sought in vain by many other rulers . Transmission of learning ( edit ) Christian monasticism Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos In the Early Middle Ages , cultural life was concentrated at monasteries . With the end of the Western Roman Empire and with urban centres in decline , literacy and learning decreased in the West . This continued a pattern that had been underway since the 3rd century . Much learning under the Roman Empire was in Greek , and with the re-emergence of the wall between east and west , little eastern learning continued in the west . Much of the Greek literary corpus remained in Greek , and few in the west could speak or read Greek . Due to the demographic displacement that accompanied the end of the western Roman Empire , by this point most western Europeans were descendants of non-literate barbarians rather than literate Romans . In this sense , education was not lost so much as it had yet to be acquired . Education did ultimately continue , and was centred in the monasteries and cathedrals . A `` Renaissance '' of classical education would appear in Carolingian Empire in the 8th century . In the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) , learning ( in the sense of formal education involving literature ) was maintained at a higher level than in the West . The classical education system , which would persist for hundreds of years , emphasized grammar , Latin , Greek , and rhetoric . Pupils read and reread classic works and wrote essays imitating their style . By the 4th century , this education system was Christianized . In De Doctrina Christiana ( started 396 , completed 426 ) , Augustine explained how classical education fits into the Christian worldview : Christianity is a religion of the book , so Christians must be literate . Tertullian was more skeptical of the value of classical learning , asking `` What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem ? '' De-urbanization reduced the scope of education , and by the 6th century teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools , with the study of biblical texts at the centre of education . Education of the laity continued with little interruption in Italy , Spain , and the southern part of Gaul , where Roman influences were more long - lasting . In the 7th century , however , learning expanded in Ireland and the Celtic lands , where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught . Science ( edit ) Main article : History of science in the Middle Ages In the ancient world , Greek was the primary language of science . Advanced scientific research and teaching was mainly carried on in the Hellenistic side of the Roman empire , and in Greek . Late Roman attempts to translate Greek writings into Latin had limited success . As the knowledge of Greek declined , the Latin West found itself cut off from some of its Greek philosophical and scientific roots . For a time , Latin - speakers who wanted to learn about science had access to only a couple of books by Boethius ( c. 470 -- 524 ) that summarized Greek handbooks by Nicomachus of Gerasa . Saint Isidore of Seville produced a Latin encyclopedia in 630 . Private libraries would have existed , and monasteries would also keep various kinds of texts . The study of nature was pursued more for practical reasons than as an abstract inquiry : the need to care for the sick led to the study of medicine and of ancient texts on drugs ; the need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led them to study the motion of the stars ; and the need to compute the date of Easter led them to study and teach mathematics and the motions of the Sun and Moon . Carolingian Renaissance ( edit ) In the late 8th century , there was renewed interest in Classical Antiquity as part of the Carolingian Renaissance . Charlemagne carried out a reform in education . The English monk Alcuin of York elaborated a project of scholarly development aimed at resuscitating classical knowledge by establishing programs of study based upon the seven liberal arts : the trivium , or literary education ( grammar , rhetoric , and dialectic ) , and the quadrivium , or scientific education ( arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , and music ) . From 787 on , decrees began to circulate recommending the restoration of old schools and the founding of new ones across the empire . Institutionally , these new schools were either under the responsibility of a monastery ( monastic schools ) , a cathedral , or a noble court . The teaching of dialectic ( a discipline that corresponds to today 's logic ) was responsible for the increase in the interest in speculative inquiry ; from this interest would follow the rise of the Scholastic tradition of Christian philosophy . In the 12th and 13th centuries , many of those schools founded under the auspices of Charlemagne , especially cathedral schools , would become universities . Byzantium 's golden Age ( edit ) Macedonian Byzantium Miniature from the Paris Psalter Byzantium in the 10th century experienced a wide - scale cultural revival . Byzantium 's great intellectual achievement was the Corpus Juris Civilis ( `` Body of Civil Law '' ) , a massive compilation of Roman law made under Justinian ( r . 528 - 65 ) . The work includes a section called the Digesta which abstracts the principles of Roman law in such a way that they can be applied to any situation . The level of literacy was considerably higher in the Byzantine Empire than in the Latin West . Elementary education was much more widely available , sometimes even in the countryside . Secondary schools still taught the Iliad and other classics . As for higher education , the Neoplatonic Academy in Athens was closed in 526 . There was also a school in Alexandria which remained open until the Arab conquest ( 640 ) . The University of Constantinople , founded by Emperor Theodosius II ( 425 ) , seems to have dissolved around this time . It was refounded by Emperor Michael III in 849 . Higher education in this period focused on rhetoric , although Aristotle 's logic was covered in simple outline . Under the Macedonian dynasty ( 867 -- 1056 ) , Byzantium enjoyed a golden age and a revival of classical learning . There was little original research , but many lexicons , anthologies , encyclopedias , and commentaries . Islamic learning ( edit ) In the course of the 11th century , Islam 's scientific knowledge began to reach Western Europe , via Islamic Spain . The works of Euclid and Archimedes , lost in the West , were translated from Arabic to Latin in Spain . The modern Hindu - Arabic numerals , including a notation for zero , were developed by Hindu mathematicians in the 5th and 6th centuries . Muslim mathematicians learned of it in the 7th century and added a notation for decimal fractions in the 9th and 10th centuries . Around 1000 , Gerbert of Aurillac ( later Pope Sylvester II ) made an abacus with counters engraved with Hindu - Arabic numbers . A treatise by Al - Khwārizmī on how to perform calculations with these numerals was translated into Latin in Spain in the 12th century . Monasteries ( edit ) Monasteries were targeted in the eighth and ninth centuries by Vikings who invaded the coasts of northern Europe . They were targeted not only because they stored books but also precious objects that were looted by invaders . In the earliest monasteries , there were no special rooms set aside as a library , but from the sixth century onwards libraries became an essential aspect of monastic life in the Western Europe . The Benedictines placed books in the care of a librarian who supervised their use . In some monastic reading rooms , valuable books would be chained to shelves , but there were also lending sections as well . Copying was also another important aspect of monastic libraries , this was undertaken by resident or visiting monks and took place in the scriptorium . In the Byzantine world , religious houses rarely maintained their own copying centres . Instead they acquired donations from wealthy donors . In the tenth century , the largest collection in the Byzantine world was found in the monasteries of Mount Athos ( modern - day Greece ) , which accumulated over 10,000 books . Scholars travelled from one monastery to another in search of the texts they wished to study . Travelling monks were often given funds to buy books , and certain monasteries which held a reputation for intellectual activities welcomed travelling monks who came to copy manuscripts for their own libraries . One of these was the monastery of Bobbio in Italy , which was founded by the Irish abbot St. Columba in 614 , and by the ninth century boasted a catalogue of 666 manuscripts , including religious works , classical texts , histories and mathematical treatises . Christianity West and East ( edit ) Further information : Christianity in the 6th century , Christianity in the 7th century , and Christianity in the 8th century Medieval Christians Sacramentarium Gelasianum . Frontispiece of Incipit from the Vatican manuscript St Boniface - Baptism and Martyrdom . From the early Christians , early medieval Christians inherited a church united by major creeds , a stable Biblical canon , and a well - developed philosophical tradition . The history of medieval Christianity traces Christianity during the Middle Ages -- the period after the fall of the Roman Empire until the Protestant Reformation . The institutional structure of Christianity in the west during this period is different from what it would become later in the Middle Ages . As opposed to the later church , the church of the early Middle Ages consisted primarily of the monasteries . The practice of simony has caused the ecclesiastical offices to become the property of local princes , and as such the monasteries constituted the only church institution independent of the local princes . In addition , the papacy was relatively weak , and its power was mostly confined to central Italy . Individualized religious practice was uncommon , as it typically required membership in a religious order , such as the Order of Saint Benedict . Religious orders would not proliferate until the high Middle Ages . For the typical Christian at this time , religious participation was largely confined to occasionally receiving mass from wandering monks . Few would be lucky enough to receive this as often as once a month . By the end of this period , individual practice of religion was becoming more common , as monasteries started to transform into something approximating modern churches , where some monks might even give occasional sermons . During the early Middle Ages , the divide between Eastern and Western Christianity widened , paving the way for the East - West Schism in the 11th century . In the West , the power of the Bishop of Rome expanded . In 607 , Boniface III became the first Bishop of Rome to use the title Pope . Pope Gregory the Great used his office as a temporal power , expanded Rome 's missionary efforts to the British Isles , and laid the foundations for the expansion of monastic orders . Roman church traditions and practices gradually replaced local variants , including Celtic Christianity in Great Britain and Ireland . Various barbarian tribes went from raiding and pillaging the island to invading and settling . They were entirely pagan , having never been part of the Empire , though they experienced Christian influence from the surrounding peoples , such as those who were converted by the mission of St. Augustine of Canterbury , sent by Pope Gregory the Great . In the East , the conquests of Islam reduced the power of the Greek - speaking patriarchates . Christianization of the West ( edit ) Main article : Christianization The Catholic Church , the only centralized institution to survive the fall of the Western Roman Empire intact , was the sole unifying cultural influence in the West , preserving Latin learning , maintaining the art of writing , and preserving a centralized administration through its network of bishops ordained in succession . The Early Middle Ages are characterized by the urban control of bishops and the territorial control exercised by dukes and counts . The rise of urban communes marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages . The Christianization of Germanic tribes began in the 4th century with the Goths and continued throughout the Early Middle Ages , led in the 6th to 7th centuries by the Hiberno - Scottish mission and replaced in the 8th to 9th centuries by the Anglo - Saxon mission , with Anglo - Saxons like Alcuin playing an important role in the Carolingian renaissance . Saint Boniface , the Apostle of the Germans , propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century . He helped shape Western Christianity , and many of the dioceses he proposed remain until today . After his martyrdom , he was quickly hailed as a saint . By 1000 , even Iceland had become Christian , leaving only more remote parts of Europe ( Scandinavia , the Baltic , and Finno - Ugric lands ) to be Christianized during the High Middle Ages . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) 10th century ( edit ) Main article : Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire HRE in era from Emperor Otto I to Konrad II included present - day : Germany , the Czech Republic , Austria , Slovenia , northern half of Italy , Switzerland , ( south ) eastern France , Belgium and the Netherlands Imperial region Borders ( Solid ) ; Otto I ( 927 ) Borders ( Dots ) ; Konrad II ( 1032 ) Theodisc kingdom ( Solid ) Saxon Eastern March ( Slashed ) Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Burgundy / Duchy of Bohemia Other regions Byzantium Papal States Republic of Venice Saracens / Moors / Arabs Not Specified Listless and often ill , Carolingian Emperor Charles the Fat provoked an uprising , led by his nephew Arnulf of Carinthia , which resulted in the division of the empire in 887 into the kingdoms of France , Germany , and ( northern ) Italy . Taking advantage of the weakness of the German government , the Magyars had established themselves in the Alföld , or Hungarian grasslands , and began raiding across Germany , Italy , and even France . The German nobles elected Henry the Fowler , duke of Saxony , as their king at a Reichstag , or national assembly , in Fritzlar in 919 . Henry 's power was only marginally greater than that of the other leaders of the stem duchies , which were the feudal expression of the former German tribes . Henry 's son King Otto I ( r . 936 -- 973 ) was able to defeat a revolt of the dukes supported by French King Louis IV ( 939 ) . In 951 , Otto marched into Italy and married the widowed Queen Adelaide , named himself king of the Lombards , and received homage from Berengar of Ivrea , king of Italy ( r . 950 - 52 ) . Otto named his relatives the new leaders of the stem duchies , but this approach did not completely solve the problem of disloyalty . His son Liudolf , duke of Swabia , revolted and welcomed the Magyars into Germany ( 953 ) . At Lechfeld , near Augsburg in Bavaria , Otto caught up with the Magyars while they were enjoying a razzia and achieved a signal victory in 955 . The Magyars ceased living on plunder , and their leaders created a Christian kingdom called Hungary ( 1000 ) . Founding of the Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) Otto I meets Pope John XII The defeat of the Magyars greatly enhanced Otto 's prestige . He marched into Italy again and was crowned emperor ( imperator augustus ) by Pope John XII in Rome ( 962 ) , an event that historians count as the founding of the Holy Roman Empire , although the term was not used until much later . The Ottonian state is also considered the first Reich , or German Empire . Otto used the imperial title without attaching it to any territory . He and later emperors thought of themselves as part of a continuous line of emperors that begins with Charlemagne . ( Several of these `` emperors '' were simply local Italian magnates who bullied the pope into crowning them . ) Otto deposed John XII for conspiring against him with Berengar , and he named Pope Leo VIII to replace him ( 963 ) . Berengar was captured and taken to Germany . John was able to reverse the deposition after Otto left , but he died in the arms of his mistress soon afterwards . Besides founding the German Empire , Otto 's achievements include the creation of the `` Ottonian church system , '' in which the clergy ( the only literate section of the population ) assumed the duties of an imperial civil service . He raised the papacy out of the muck of Rome 's local gangster politics , assured that the position was competently filled , and gave it a dignity that allowed it to assume leadership of an international church . Europe in 1000 CE ( edit ) Further information : 1000 Speculation that the world would end in the year 1000 was confined to a few uneasy French monks . Ordinary clerks used regnal years , i.e. the 4th year of the reign of Robert II ( the Pious ) of France . The use of the modern `` anno domini '' system of dating was confined to the Venerable Bede and other chroniclers of universal history . Western Europe remained less developed compared to the Islamic world , with its vast network of caravan trade , or China , at this time the world 's most populous empire under the Song Dynasty . Constantinople had a population of about 300,000 , but Rome had a mere 35,000 and Paris 20,000 . By contrast , Córdoba , in Islamic Spain , at this time the world 's largest city contained 450,000 inhabitants . The Vikings had a trade network in northern Europe , including a route connecting the Baltic to Constantinople through Russia , as did the Radhanites . St. Michael 's Church , Hildesheim , 1010s . Ottonian architecture draws its inspiration from Carolingian and Byzantine architecture . With nearly the entire nation freshly ravaged by the Vikings , England was in a desperate state . The long - suffering English later responded with a massacre of Danish settlers in 1002 , leading to a round of reprisals and finally to Danish rule ( 1013 ) , though England regained independence shortly after . But Christianization made rapid progress and proved itself the long - term solution to the problem of barbarian raiding . The territories of Scandinavia were soon to be fully Christianized Kingdoms : Denmark in the 10th century , Norway in the 11th , and Sweden , the country with the least raiding activity , in the 12th . Kievan Rus , recently converted to Orthodox Christianity , flourished as the largest state in Europe . Iceland and Hungary were both declared Christian about 1000 CE . In Europe , a formalized institution of marriage was established . North of Italy , where masonry construction was never extinguished , stone construction was replacing timber in important structures . Deforestation of the densely wooded continent was under way . The 10th century marked a return of urban life , with the Italian cities doubling in population . London , abandoned for many centuries , was again England 's main economic centre by 1000 . By 1000 , Bruges and Ghent held regular trade fairs behind castle walls , a tentative return of economic life to western Europe . In the culture of Europe , several features surfaced soon after 1000 that mark the end of the Early Middle Ages : the rise of the medieval communes , the reawakening of city life , and the appearance of the burgher class , the founding of the first universities , the rediscovery of Roman law , and the beginnings of vernacular literature . In 1000 , the papacy was firmly under the control of German Emperor Otto III , or `` emperor of the world '' as he styled himself . But later church reforms enhanced its independence and prestige : the Cluniac movement , the building of the first great Transalpine stone cathedrals and the collation of the mass of accumulated decretals into a formulated canon law . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Muslim history Rise of Islam ( edit ) Consult particular article for details The Islamic Prophet Muhammad preaching . Rise of Islam Arab expansion in the 7th century . Area I : Muhammad Area II : Abu Bakr Area III : Omar Area IV : Uthman Al - Andalus The 10th - century Grand Mosque of Cordoba ( Andalusian city , Córdoba , Spain ) The site of the Grand Mosque was originally a pagan temple , then a Visigothic Christian church , before the Umayyad Moors at first converted the building into a mosque and then built a new mosque on the site . The rise of Islam begins around the time Muhammad and his followers took flight , the Hijra , to the city of Medina . Muhammad spent his last ten years in a series of battles to conquer the Arabian region . From 622 to 632 , Muhammad as the leader of a Muslim community in Medina was engaged in a state of war with the Meccans . In the proceeding decades , the area of Basra was conquered by the Muslims . During the reign of Umar , the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base . Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected . Madyan was conquered and settled by Muslims , but the environment was considered harsh and the settlers moved to Kufa . Umar defeated the rebellion of several Arab tribes in a successful campaign , unifying the entire Arabian peninsula and giving it stability . Under Uthman 's leadership , the empire , through the Muslim conquest of Persia , expanded into Fars in 650 , some areas of Khorasan in 651 , and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s . In this time , the Islamic empire extended over the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and to more than two - thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire . The First Fitna , or the First Islamic Civil War , lasted for the entirety of Ali ibn Abi Talib 's reign . After the recorded peace treaty between with Hassan ibn Ali and the suppression of early Kharijites ' disturbances , Muawiyah I acceded to the position of Caliph . Islamic expansion ( edit ) Main article : Umayyad Caliphate Muslim Expansions in 7th & 8th Centuries The Islamic expansion of the 7th and 8th centuries Muhammad 's conquests , 622 -- 632 Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 The Muslim conquests of the Eastern Roman Empire and Arab wars occurred between 634 and 750 . Starting in 633 , Muslims conquered Iraq . The Muslim conquest of Syria would begin in 634 and would be complete by 638 . The Muslim conquest of Egypt started in 639 . Before the Muslim invasion of Egypt began , the Eastern Roman Empire had already lost the Levant and its Arab ally , the Ghassanid Kingdom , to the Muslims . The Muslims would bring Alexandria under control and the fall of Egypt would be complete by 642 . Between 647 and 709 , Muslims swept across North Africa and established their authority over that region . The Transoxiana region was conquered by Qutayba ibn Muslim between 706 and 715 and loosely held by the Umayyads from 715 to 738 . This conquest was consolidated by Nasr ibn Sayyar between 738 and 740 . It was under the Umayyads from 740 - 748 and under the Abbasids after 748 . Sindh , attacked in 664 , would be subjugated by 712 . Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad . The Umayyad conquest of Hispania ( Visigothic Spain ) would begin in 711 and end by 718 . The Moors , under Al - Samh ibn Malik , swept up the Iberian peninsula and by 719 overran Septimania ; the area would fall under their full control in 720 . With the Islamic conquest of Persia , the Muslim subjugation of the Caucasus would take place between 711 and 750 . The end of the sudden Islamic Caliphate expansion ended around this time . The final Islamic dominion eroded the areas of the Iron Age Roman Empire in the Middle East and controlled strategic areas of the Mediterranean . At the end of the 8th century , the former Western Roman Empire was decentralized and overwhelmingly rural . The Islamic conquest and rule of Sicily and Malta was a process which started in the 9th century . Islamic rule over Sicily was effective from 902 , and the complete rule of the island lasted from 965 until 1061 . The Islamic presence on the Italian Peninsula was ephemeral and limited mostly to semi-permanent soldier camps . Caliphs and Empire ( edit ) Main article : Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate , ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs , was the third of the Islamic caliphates . Under the Abbasids , the Islamic Golden Age philosophers , scientists , and engineers of the Islamic world contributed enormously to technology , both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding their own inventions and innovations . Scientific and intellectual achievements blossomed in the period . The Abbasids built their capital in Baghdad after replacing the Umayyad caliphs from all but the Iberian peninsula . The influence held by Muslim merchants over African - Arabian and Arabian - Asian trade routes was tremendous . As a result , Islamic civilization grew and expanded on the basis of its merchant economy , in contrast to their Christian , Indian , and Chinese peers who built societies from an agricultural landholding nobility . The Abbasids flourished for two centuries but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army they had created , the Mamluks . Within 150 years of gaining control of Persia , the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic emirs who only nominally acknowledged their authority . After the Abbasids lost their military dominance , the Samanids ( or Samanid Empire ) rose up in Central Asia . The Sunni Islam empire was a Tajik state and had a Zoroastrian theocratic nobility . It was the next native Persian dynasty after the collapse of the Sassanid Persian empire , caused by the Arab conquest . European timelines ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the Middle Ages Beginning years ( edit ) Dates 410 : Visigoths under Alaric I sack Rome 430 : Death of Saint Augustine 476 : Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustus 496 : Battle of Tolbiac , Clovis I converts to Catholicism 507 : Battle of Vouillé 527 -- 565 : Justinian I 535 -- 552 : Gothic Wars 541 -- 542 : Plague of Justinian in Constantinople 547 : death of Benedict of Nursia c. 570 : birth of Muhammad 590 -- 604 Pope Gregory I 597 : death of Columba 602 -- 629 : Last great Roman - Persian War 615 : death of Columbanus 626 : Joint Persian - Avar - Slav Siege of Constantinople 627 : Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invites the Serbs to settle in the Balkans 632 : death of Muhammad 636 : death of Isidore of Seville 674 -- 678 : First Arab siege of Constantinople 681 : First Bulgarian Empire established Ending years ( edit ) Dates 7th century : Khazar empire established 711 -- 718 : Umayyad conquest of Hispania 717 : Second Arab siege of Constantinople 721 : death of Ardo , last king of the Visigoths 730 : Byzantine Iconoclasm 732 : Battle of Poitiers 735 : death of Bede , British historian 746 : Blood court at Cannstatt 751 : Pepin the Short founds the Carolingian dynasty 754 : death of Saint Boniface 768 -- 814 : Charlemagne 778 : Battle of Roncevaux Pass 782 : Bloody Verdict of Verden 793 : first Viking raids 796 -- 804 : Alcuin initiates the Carolingian Renaissance 815 : Byzantine Iconoclasm 843 : Treaty of Verdun 862 : Rurikid Dynasty established 871 -- 899 : Alfred the Great 872 -- 930 : Harald I of Norway 882 : Kievan Rus ' established 911 : Treaty of Saint - Clair - sur - Epte ( Normandy ) 955 : Battle of Lechfeld 962 : Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor 969 : Kievan Rus ' subjugates Khazars 987 -- 996 : Hugh Capet 988 : Christianization of Kievan Rus ' 991 : Battle of Maldon See also ( edit ) Middle Ages portal History portal Medieval demography English Medieval fashion Early Medieval literature Early medieval European dress Universal history Indo - Sassanid Turkic expansion Early Christian Ireland Wales in the Early Middle Ages References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ The term `` Dark Ages '' is inappropriate when applied to the Iberian peninsula , since during the Caliphate of Córdoba and Taifas periods Spanish culture , learning , arts , and science flourished as nowhere else in Europe , and Córdoba was the largest city in the world . Daniel Eisenberg , `` No hubo una edad media española '' , in Propuestas teorico - metodológicas para el estudio de la literatura hispanica medieval , ed . Lillian van der Walde ( Mexico : Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa , 2003 , ( 1 ) ) ( `` Top 10 cities of the Year 1000 '' . http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Keith Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire ( 200 BC - AD 400 ) Jump up ^ Berglund , B.E. ( 2003 ) . `` Human impact and climate changes -- synchronous events and a causal link ? '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary International . 105 : 7 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2003QuInt. 105 ... 7B . doi : 10.1016 / S1040 - 6182 ( 02 ) 00144 - 1 . Jump up ^ Curry , Andrew , `` Fall of Rome Recorded in Trees '' , ScienceNOW , 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Heather , Peter , 1998 , The Goths , pp. 51 - 93 Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Robert , `` The Battle of Adrianople : A Reappraisal '' , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward , A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , 1776 . Jump up ^ Excerpta Valesiana Jump up ^ McEvedy 1992 , op . cit . Jump up ^ `` Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague Archived 2007 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . '' , News Release , National Institutes of Health , July 18 , 1996 . The History of the Bubonic Plague Archived 2008 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ An Empire 's Epidemic . Jump up ^ Hopkins DR ( 2002 ) . The Greatest Killer : Smallpox in history . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 35168 - 8 . Originally published as Princes and Peasants : Smallpox in History ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 35177 - 7 Jump up ^ How Smallpox Changed the World , By Heather Whipps , LiveScience , June 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Roman Empire Population Jump up ^ Storey , Glenn R. , `` The population of ancient Rome '' , Antiquity , December 1 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Harbeck , Michaela ; Seifert , Lisa ; Hänsch , Stephanie ; Wagner , David M. ; Birdsell , Dawn ; Parise , Katy L. ; Wiechmann , Ingrid ; Grupe , Gisela ; Thomas , Astrid ; Keim , P ; Zöller , L ; Bramanti , B ; Riehm , JM ; Scholz , HC ( 2013 ) . Besansky , Nora J , ed . `` Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague '' . PLoS Pathogens. 9 ( 5 ) : e1003349 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1003349 . PMC 3642051 . PMID 23658525 . Jump up ^ Bos , Kirsten ; Stevens , Philip ; Nieselt , Kay ; Poinar , Hendrik N. ; Dewitte , Sharon N. ; Krause , Johannes ( 28 November 2012 ) . Gilbert , M. Thomas P , ed . `` Yersinia pestis : New Evidence for an Old Infection '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e49803 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 749803B . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0049803 . PMC 3509097 . PMID 23209603 . Jump up ^ 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna . Jump up ^ City populations from Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth : An Historical Census Archived February 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1987 , Edwin Mellon Press ) by Tertius Chandler Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9239 Jump up ^ Hunter , Shireen ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Islam in Russia : The Politics of Identity and Security . M.E. Sharpe . p. 3 . ( ... ) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time , but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire . Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Hugh ( 1995 ) . `` The Muslims in Europe '' . In McKitterick , Rosamund , The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 500 - c. 700 , pp. 249 -- 272 . Cambridge University Press . 052136292X . Jump up ^ Berglund , ibid . Jump up ^ Cini Castagnoli , G.C. , Bonino , G. , Taricco , C. and Bernasconi , S.M. 2002 . `` Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a Mediterranean sea core '' , Advances in Space Research 29 : 1989 - 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 102 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 147 Jump up ^ Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 148 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 165 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 189 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 170 Jump up ^ `` No. 1318 : Three - Field Rotation '' Jump up ^ This surplus would allow the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded horse collar in the 12th century . Jump up ^ Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when Volga Bulgaria exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the Baghdad missionaries . The state religion of Khazaria , Judaism , disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria , while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present . Jump up ^ Barford , P.M. ( 2001 ) . The Early Slavs . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 52 Jump up ^ `` De praescriptione haereticorum , VII '' . Jump up ^ Pierre Riché , Education and Culture in the Barbarian West : From the Jeremy Marcelino II , ( Columbia : Univ. of South Carolina Pr. , 1976 ) , pp. 100 - 129 . Jump up ^ Pierre Riché , Education and Culture in the Barbarian West : From the Sixth through the Eighth Century , ( Columbia : Univ. of South Carolina Pr. , 1976 ) , pp. 307 - 323 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , Roman Science , ( Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Pr . ) 1962 , see esp . pp. 120 - 133 . Jump up ^ Linda E. Voigts , `` Anglo - Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo - Saxons , '' Isis , 70 ( 1979 ) : 250 - 268 ; reprinted in M.H. Shank , ed. , The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , ( Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr. , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen C. McCluskey , `` Gregory of Tours , Monastic Timekeeping , and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy , '' Isis , 81 ( 1990 ) : 9 - 22 ; reprinted in M.H. Shank , ed. , The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , ( Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr. , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen C. McCluskey , Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1998 ) , pp. 149 - 57 . Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , `` ' Number Mystique ' in Early Medieval Computus Texts , '' pp. 179 - 99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans , eds . Mathematics and the Divine : A Historical Study , ( Amsterdam : Elsevier , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Lyons , Martyn ( 2011 ) . Books A Living History . United States : Getty Publications . pp. 15 , 38 -- 40 . ISBN 9781606060834 . ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Norman . `` The Civilization of the Middle Ages '' . p 153 Jump up ^ Cantor , 1993 Europe in 1050 p 235 . Jump up ^ http://www.irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/estcit/estcit.htm Jump up ^ http://sumbur.n-t.org/sg/ua/ddk.htm Jump up ^ The proscribed degree of the degree of consanguinity varied , but the custom made marriages annullable by application to the Pope . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati lancet - clinic , Volume 89 . Pg 478 Jump up ^ 17th - century Ottoman copy of an early 14th - century ( Ilkhanate period ) manuscript of Northwestern Iran or northern Iraq ( the `` Edinburgh codex ) . Illustration of Abū Rayhan al - Biruni ' s al - Athar al - Baqiyah ( الآثار الباقيةة , `` The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries '' ) Further reading ( edit ) Cambridge Economic History of Europe , vol . I 1966 . Michael M. Postan , et al. , editors . Norman F. Cantor , 1963 . The Medieval World 300 to 1300 , ( New York : MacMillen Co . ) Marcia L. Colish , 1997 . Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition : 400 - 1400 . ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press ) Georges Duby , 1974 . The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( New York : Cornell University Press ) Howard B. Clark , translator . Georges Duby , editor , 1988 . A History of Private Life II : Revelations of the Medieval World ( Harvard University Press ) Heinrich Fichtenau , ( 1957 ) 1978 . The Carolingian Empire ( University of Toronto ) Peter Munz , translator . Charles Freeman , 2003 . The Closing of the Western Mind : The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason ( London : William Heinemann ) Richard Hodges , 1982 . Dark Age Economics : The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600 - 1000 ( New York : St Martin 's Press ) David Knowles , ( 1962 ) 1988 . The Evolution of Medieval Thought ( Random House ) Richard Krautheimer , 1980 . Rome : Profile of a City 312 - 1308 ( Princeton University Press ) Robin Lane Fox , 1986 . Pagans and Christians ( New York : Knopf ) David C. Lindberg , 1992 . The Beginnings of Western Science : 600 BC - 1450 AD ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press ) John Marenbon ( 1983 ) 1988. Early Medieval Philosophy ( 480 - 1150 ) : An Introduction ( London : Routledge ) Rosamond McKittrick , 1983 The Frankish Church Under the Carolingians ( London : Longmans , Green ) Karl Frederick Morrison , 1969 . Tradition and Authority in the Western Church , 300 - 1140 ( Princeton University Press ) Pierre Riché , ( 1978 ) 1988 . Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne ( Liverpool : Liverpool University Press ) Laury Sarti , `` Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul ( ca . 400 -- 700 A.D. ) '' ( = Brill 's Series on the Early Middle Ages , 22 ) , Leiden / Boston 2013 , ISBN 978 - 9004 - 25618 - 7 . Richard Southern , 1953 . The Making of the Middle Ages ( Yale University Press ) Chris Wickham , 2005 . Framing the early Middle Ages : Europe and the Mediterranean 400 - 800 , Oxford University Press . Early Medieval History page , Clio History Journal , Dickson College , Australian Capital Territory . Glimpses of the dark ages : Or , Sketches of the social condition of Europe , from the fifth to the twelfth century . ( 1846 ) . New - York : Leavitt , Trow & company External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Early Middle Ages . 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section 7 of copland's appalachian spring is in	For many years part of the seventh movement of the orchestral suite was used as the opening music to CBS Reports .	CBS Reports	Appalachian Spring	appalachian spring	Appalachian Spring is a composition by Aaron Copland that premiered in 1944 and has achieved widespread and enduring popularity as an orchestral suite . The ballet , scored for a thirteen - member chamber orchestra , was created upon commission of choreographer and dancer Martha Graham with funds from the Coolidge Foundation . It premiered on Monday , October 30 , 1944 at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. , with Martha Graham dancing the lead role . The set was designed by the American sculptor Isamu Noguchi . Copland was awarded the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his achievement .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition process 2 Ballet storyline 3 Form of the piece 3.1 Themes 3.2 Variations 3.3 Shaker melody 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Composition process ( edit ) Opening : Appalachian Spring , original version for 13 instruments Sample of the opening movement in Copland 's ballet Problems playing this file ? See media help . In 1942 , Martha Graham and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge commissioned Copland to write a ballet with `` an American theme '' . Copland did the bulk of the work in 1943 / 44 , and the work was premiered at the Library of Congress on Oct. 30 , 1944 , with Graham dancing the lead role . In 1945 , Copland was commissioned by conductor Artur Rodzinski to rearrange the ballet as an orchestral suite , preserving most of the music . Copland cut about 10 minutes from the original 13 - instrument score to make the suite . From the preface in the original Boosey & Hawkes publication of the suite : The original scoring called for a chamber ensemble of thirteen instruments . The present arrangement for symphony orchestra was made by the composer in the Spring of 1945 . It is a condensed version of the ballet , retaining all essential features but omitting those sections in which the interest is primarily choreographic . The Orchestral Suite from 1945 was first recorded by Serge Koussevitzky with the Boston Symphony Orchestra . In 1954 , Eugene Ormandy asked Copland to expand the orchestration for the full score of the ballet . In 1972 , Boosey & Hawkes published a version of the suite fusing the structure of it with the scoring of the original ballet : double string quartet , bass , flute , clarinet , bassoon , and piano . Thus there are four versions of Appalachian Spring , dating from 1944 ( 13 - player complete ) , 1945 ( orchestral suite ) , 1954 ( orchestral complete ) and 1972 ( 13 - player suite ) . The 1944 version was recorded in 1991 by Hugh Wolff with the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra for Teldec . The 1954 version was recorded by Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor in May 1999 . The original ballet and the orchestral suite were well received . The latter was credited as more important in popularizing the composer . Copland 's inspiration arrived in the form of an Edward Deming Andrews book , The Gift to be Simple - Songs , Dances and Rituals of the American Shakers , J.J. Augustin ; Republished by Dover . Copland stated that the book 's title composition jumped into him immediately upon receipt ( see Winterthur archives ) . Originally , Copland did not have a title for the work , referring to it simply as `` Ballet for Martha '' -- a title as simple and direct as the Shaker tune ' Tis the Gift to be Simple quoted in the music . Shortly before the premiere , Graham suggested Appalachian Spring , a phrase from a Hart Crane poem , `` The Dance '' from a collection of poems in his book `` The Bridge . '' O Appalachian Spring ! I gained the ledge ; Steep , inaccessible smile that eastward bends And northward reaches in that violet wedge Of Adirondacks ! Because he composed the music without the benefit of knowing what the title was going to be , Copland was often amused when people told him he captured the beauty of the Appalachians in his music , a fact he alluded to in an interview with NPR 's Fred Calland . Little known is that the word `` spring '' denotes a source of water in the Crane poem ; however the poem is a journey to meet springtime . Ballet storyline ( edit ) The story tells of a spring celebration of the American pioneers of the 19th century , after building a new Pennsylvania farmhouse . Among the central characters are a bride , a groom , a pioneer woman , a preacher and his congregation . The L.A. Times provides a concise summary of the storyline in its transitions between the choreographed sequences stating : Created in 1944 , the ballet tells a simple story . A young farm couple ruminate on their lives before getting married and setting up house in the wilderness . An itinerant preacher delivers a sermon . An older pioneer woman oversees the events with sympathy and wisdom . The newlyweds muse on their future as night falls . In the course of the dance , Graham reveals the inner lives of the four principal characters -- Wife , Husbandman , Pioneer Woman and Preacher . She shows that the couple will face a future that will not be all sweetness and light , but she also draws out the private and shared emotional resources they will be able to bring to the challenges . Such is the power of Graham 's images , however , that this very particular story broadens out to become a parable about Americans conquering a new land . Form of the piece ( edit ) The orchestral suite is divided into eight sections . Copland describes each scene thus : Very slowly . Introduction of the characters , one by one , in a suffused light . Fast / Allegro . Sudden burst of unison strings in A major arpeggios starts the action . A sentiment both elated and religious gives the keynote to this scene . Moderate / Moderato . Duo for the Bride and her Intended -- scene of tenderness and passion . Quite fast . The Revivalist and his flock . Folksy feeling -- suggestions of square dances and country fiddlers . Still faster / Subito Allegro . Solo dance of the Bride -- presentiment of motherhood . Extremes of joy and fear and wonder . Very slowly ( as at first ) . Transition scene to music reminiscent of the introduction . Calm and flowing / Doppio Movimento . Scenes of daily activity for the Bride and her Farmer husband . There are five variations on a Shaker theme . The theme , sung by a solo clarinet , was taken from a collection of Shaker melodies compiled by Edward D. Andrews , and published under the title `` The Gift to Be Simple . '' The melody borrowed and used almost literally is called `` Simple Gifts . '' Moderate . Coda / Moderato - Coda . The Bride takes her place among her neighbors . At the end the couple are left `` quiet and strong in their new house . '' Muted strings intone a hushed prayerlike chorale passage . The close is reminiscent of the opening music . Themes ( edit ) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . Variations ( edit ) The original ballet version is divided into 14 movements . The movements that do not appear in the orchestral suite occur mostly between the 7th and last movement as variations on the Shaker melody Simple Gifts ( 1848 ) . The second variation provides a lyrical treatment in the low register while the third contrasts starkly in a fast staccato . The last two variations of this section use only a part of the folk tune , first an extraction treated as a pastoral variation and then as a majestic closing . In the ballet , but not the suite , there is an intermediary section that moves away from the folk tune preceding the final two variations . Shaker melody ( edit ) Shaker music Music * Issachar Bates , Ode to Contentment Joseph Brackett , Simple Gifts Wyeth and Hammond , The Humble Heart Works inspired by Simple Gifts * Air and Simple Gifts Joel Cohen , Simple Gifts Aaron Copland , Appalachian Spring Roger Lee Hall , Simple Gifts - Shaker Dance Song Lord of the Dance Old American Songs Weezer , The Greatest Man That Ever Lived Works inspired by Shakers * William Coulter , Shaker trilogy Roger Lee Hall , Four New England Shaker Spirituals Eric W. Sawyer , The Humble Heart Kevin Siegfried , Angel of Light Known as the `` Shaker Melody '' , `` Shaker Song '' , and the `` Shaker Hymn '' , the music Copland based his ending variations on was actually called Simple Gifts . This same Shaker tune was used by Sydney Carter in a widely recognized hymn entitled `` Lord of the Dance '' . Copland published independent arrangements of this section for band ( 1958 ) and orchestra ( 1967 ) titled Variations on a Shaker Melody . In popular culture ( edit ) For many years part of the seventh movement of the orchestral suite was used as the opening music to CBS Reports . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickinson , Peter ( 2002 ) . Copland Connotations . Rochester : Boydell Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 902 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pulitzer winners for Music category Jump up ^ http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/fcdf250d-65fc-4c11-95ac-a16530000dbc Jump up ^ http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/Coplandtribute.htm Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/copland-appalachian-spring-mw0001814338 Jump up ^ Matthew Naughtin , Ballet Music , 2014 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Milestones of the Millennium : Appalachian Spring Jump up ^ CHRIS PASLES . `` Appalacian Spirng : Martha 's Ballet '' . L.A. Times . January 03 , 1991 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ David Shedden . `` Today in Media History : Remembering the `` CBS Reports '' documentary ' Harvest of Shame ' `` . The Poynter Institute , October 27 , 2014 References ( edit ) Kamien , Roger . Music : An Appreciation . Mcgraw - Hill College ; 3rd edition ( August 1 , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 07 - 036521 - 0 Aaron Copland Collection : Works List . Retrieved May 16 , 2005 . DeLapp , Jennifer . The Aaron Copland Centennial : Program Notes . Retrieved May 16 , 2005 . Hall , Roger Lee . Aaron Copland and Simple Gifts Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Appalachian Spring . Dance Pages . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Ledbetter , Steven . Copland , Appalachian Spring . Pro Arte , 1996 . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Scher , Valerie . `` A ' fortuitous collaboration ' led to ' Appalachian Spring ' '' . The San Diego Union Tribune , March 6 , 2005 . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Mack , Linda . St. Joseph Pro Musica Program Notes . May 31 , 1992 . Retrieved May 18 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Aaron Copland Meets the Shakers Correspondence of Aaron Copland concerning Appalachian Spring held by the Library of Congress Keeping Score : Copland and the American Sound Multimedia website produced by the San Francisco Symphony NPR 's Performance Today Milestones of the Millennium : Appalachian Spring with Rob Kapilow and John Adams Press Release of Air & Simple Gifts featured on Yo - Yo Ma 's website . Program notes from Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra Tales from the Stave : Appalachian Spring - BBC Radio 4 explores the manuscript score . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 1 of 4 ) ( 08 : 05 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 2 of 4 ) ( 09 : 04 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 3 of 4 ) ( 07 : 33 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 4 of 4 ) ( 07 : 10 ) . Aaron Copland Operas The Second Hurricane The Tender Land Ballets Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid Dance Panels Rodeo Orchestral works Connotations Fanfare for the Common Man Inscape Letter from Home Lincoln Portrait Orchestral Variations El Salón México Symphony for Organ and Orchestra Symphony No. 3 Concertos Piano Concerto Clarinet Concerto Incidental and film music Our Town Quiet City The City The Red Pony Vocal music Old American Songs Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson In the Beginning Piano music The Cat and the Mouse Danzón cubano Four Piano Blues Night - Thoughts Piano Variations Named for Copland Aaron Copland School of Music Copland ( crater ) Related articles Aaron Copland House Neoclassicism Serialism Twelve - tone technique List of compositions by Aaron Copland Category : Compositions by Aaron Copland hide Pulitzer Prize for Music ( 1943 -- 1950 ) William Schuman ( ' 43 ) : A Free Song Howard Hanson ( ' 44 ) : Symphony No. 4 Aaron Copland ( ' 45 ) : Appalachian Spring Leo Sowerby ( ' 46 ) : The Canticle of the Sun Charles Ives ( ' 47 ) : Symphony No. 3 Walter Piston ( ' 48 ) : Symphony No. 3 Virgil Thomson ( ' 49 ) : Louisiana Story Gian Carlo Menotti ( ' 50 ) : The Consul Complete list ( 1943 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( 1961 -- 1970 ) ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( 1981 -- 1990 ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) ( Citations ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachian_Spring&oldid=833698076 '' Categories : Ballets by Martha Graham Ballets by Aaron Copland Compositions by Aaron Copland Music commissioned by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Pulitzer Prize for Music - winning works 1944 ballet premieres Ballets with sets by Isamu Noguchi 1944 compositions Orchestral suites Compositions for chamber orchestra Works based on Simple Gifts United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 00 : 32 . 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what is the name of the presidents daughter			List of children of the Presidents of the United States	list of children of the presidents of the united states	This is a list of children of U.S. Presidents , including stepchildren and alleged illegitimate children . All full names with married names are given . Currently there are 31 living presidential children , the oldest Lynda Bird Johnson Robb , the youngest Barron Trump . Two presidential children , John Quincy Adams and George W. Bush , have become president in their own right .	Presidential children have been studied individually and as a class . As individuals they are more often notable in their own right than most individuals : They disproportionately circulate among political and social leaders and the wealthier classes , and they are more likely to be scrutinized as part of celebrity culture . Additionally , as individuals they frequently have significant influence on other notable family members . So , for instance , a child who may appear otherwise non-notable as an individual may , in fact , have had a significant influence on the child 's parent : acting as a sounding board , or having behavioral issues that affected the parent 's beliefs or performance . John Scott Harrison is the only person to be both the child and the parent of a U.S. President , being the son of William Henry Harrison and the father of Benjamin Harrison . As a class , the children of presidents have also occasioned significant study . Study has generally followed two paths : The issue of what access and inclusion within the circles of power does to individuals ' lives , aspirations , and outcomes ; and the issue of their influence on society and politics . Contents ( hide ) 1 18th century 1.1 George and Martha Washington 1.2 John and Abigail Adams 2 19th century 2.1 Thomas Jefferson 2.1. 1 with Martha Jefferson 2.1. 2 with Sally Hemings 2.2 James and Dolley Madison 2.3 James and Elizabeth Monroe 2.4 John Quincy and Louisa Adams 2.5 Andrew and Rachel Jackson 2.6 Martin and Hannah Van Buren 2.7 William Henry Harrison 2.7. 1 with Anna Harrison 2.7. 2 Alleged child with a slave 2.8 John Tyler 2.8. 1 with Letitia Tyler 2.8. 2 Alleged child with a slave 2.8. 3 with Julia Tyler 2.9 James and Sarah Polk 2.10 Zachary and Margaret Taylor 2.11 Millard and Abigail Fillmore 2.12 Franklin and Jane Pierce 2.13 James Buchanan 2.14 Abraham and Mary Lincoln 2.15 Andrew and Eliza Johnson 2.16 Ulysses and Julia Grant 2.17 Rutherford and Lucy Hayes 2.18 James and Lucretia Garfield 2.19 Chester and Ellen Arthur 2.20 Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin 2.21 Benjamin Harrison 2.21. 1 with Caroline Harrison 2.21. 2 with Mary Harrison 2.22 Grover and Frances Cleveland 2.23 William and Ida McKinley 3 20th century 3.1 Theodore Roosevelt 3.1. 1 with Alice Roosevelt 3.1. 2 with Edith Roosevelt 3.2 William and Helen Taft 3.3 Woodrow and Ellen Wilson 3.4 Warren G. Harding 3.4. 1 with Florence Harding 3.4. 2 with Nan Britton 3.5 Calvin and Grace Coolidge 3.6 Herbert and Lou Hoover 3.7 Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt 3.8 Harry and Bess Truman 3.9 Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower 3.10 John and Jackie Kennedy 3.11 Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson 3.12 Richard and Pat Nixon 3.13 Gerald and Betty Ford 3.14 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter 3.15 Ronald Reagan 3.15. 1 with Jane Wyman 3.15. 2 with Nancy Reagan 3.16 George H.W. and Barbara Bush 3.17 Bill and Hillary Clinton 4 21st century 4.1 George W. and Laura Bush 4.2 Barack and Michelle Obama 4.3 Donald Trump 4.3. 1 with Ivana Trump 4.3. 2 with Marla Maples 4.3. 3 with Melania Trump 5 Living presidential children 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 18th century ( edit ) George and martha Washington ( edit ) No children together . The following were raised by Washington as his own : Child Lifetime Spouse Notes John Parke Custis nickname : Jacky Nov. 27 , 1754 -- Nov. 5 , 1781 Eleanor Calvert Stepson ; father was Daniel Parke Custis Father of : Elizabeth Parke Custis Law ( 1776 -- 1831 ) Martha Parke Custis Peter ( 1777 -- 1854 ) Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis ( 1779 -- 1852 ) George Washington Parke Custis ( 1781 -- 1857 ) Martha Parke Custis nickname : Patsy 1756 -- June 19 , 1773 no spouse Stepdaughter ; father was Daniel Parke Custis Elizabeth Parke Custis nickname : Eliza Aug. 21 , 1776 - Dec. 31 , 1831 Thomas Law Mother of : Elizabeth ( 1797 - 1822 ) Unknown number of other children ( all died in infancy ) Martha Parke Custis nickname : Patsy Dec. 31 , 1777 - July 13 , 1854 Thomas Peter Mother of : Martha Eliza Angela ( 1796 - 1800 ) Columbia Lafayette ( 1797 - 1820 ) John Parke Custis ( 1799 - 1848 ) George Washington Parke Custis ( 1801 - 1877 ) America Pinckney ( 1803 - 1842 ) Robert Thomas ( 1806 - 1807 ) Martha Custis Castania ( 1808 - 1809 ) Brittania Wellington ( 1815 - 1911 ) Eleanor Parke Custis nickname : Nelly Mar. 31 , 1779 -- July 15 , 1852 Lawrence Lewis Adopted daughter ; daughter of stepson John Parke Custis Mother of : Frances Parke ( 1799 - 1875 ) Martha Betty ( 1801 - 1802 ) Lawrence Fielding ( 1802 - 1802 ) Lorenzo ( 1803 - 1847 ) Eleanor Agnes Freire ( 1805 - 1820 ) Fielding Augustine ( 1807 - 1809 ) George Washington Custis ( 1810 - 1811 ) Martha Eleanor Angela ( 1813 - 1839 ) George Washington Parke Custis nickname : Wash Apr. 30 , 1781 -- Oct. 10 , 1857 Mary Lee Fitzhugh Legal ward ; son of stepson John Parke Custis Father of : Mary Anna Randolph Custis ( 1807 -- 1873 ) 3 other daughters ( none of whom survived past age three ) John and abigail Adams ( edit ) Main article : Adams political family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Abigail Adams nickname : Nabby or Amelia July 14 , 1765 -- Aug. 15 , 1813 William Stephens Smith Mother of : William Steuben Smith John Adams Smith Thomas Hollis Smith Caroline Amelia Smith John Quincy Adams July 11 , 1767 -- February 23 , 1848 Louisa Catherine Johnson 6th President of the United States , see below at John Quincy and Louisa Adams Grace Susanna Adams nickname : Suky Dec. 28 , 1768 -- Feb. 4 , 1770 no spouse died of unknown causes Charles Adams May 29 , 1770 -- Nov. 30 , 1800 Sarah Smith Father of : Susanna Boylston ( 1796 -- 1884 ) Abigail Louisa Smith ( 1798 -- 1836 ) Thomas Boylston Adams Sep. 15 , 1772 -- Mar. 13 , 1832 Ann Harrod Father of : Abigail Smith Adams Angier ( 1806 - 1845 ) Marie Adams Harkins ( 1808 - 1893 ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( 1809 - 1837 ) Elizabeth Coombs Adams ( 1809 - 1903 ) Frances Foster Adams ( 1811 - 1812 ) Isaac Hull Adams ( 1813 - 1900 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1815 - 1854 ) Joseph Harod Adams ( 1817 - 1853 ) Elizabeth Adams July 11 , 1777 no spouse stillborn 19th century ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson ( edit ) With martha Jefferson ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Martha Jefferson Randolph nickname : Patsy Sep. 27 , 1772 -- Oct. 10 , 1836 Thomas Mann Randolph , Jr . Mother of : Thomas Jefferson Randolph ( 1792 -- 1875 ) George Wythe Randolph ( 1818 -- 1867 ) Jane Randolph Jefferson Apr. 3 , 1774 -- Sep. 1775 no spouse died of unknown causes unnamed son May 28 -- June 14 , 1777 no spouse died in infancy Mary Jefferson nickname : Polly or Maria Aug. 1 , 1778 -- Apr. 17 , 1804 John Wayles Eppes Mother of Francis Wayles Eppes VII ( 1801 -- 1881 ) Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson ( I ) Nov. 3 , 1780 -- Apr. 15 , 1781 no spouse died of an unspecified illness Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson ( II ) May 8 , 1782 -- ca. Oct. 13 , 1784 no spouse died of whooping cough With Sally hemings ( edit ) Alleged children with Sally Hemings ; see Jefferson DNA data Child Lifetime Spouse Children Thomas Jefferson Hemings nickname : Tom 1790 -- 1879 Jemima Price Father of : Lewis Woodson ( 1806 -- 1878 ) Sarah Jane Woodson ( 1825 -- 1907 ) Harriet Hemings ( I ) October 5 , 1795 -- December 7 , 1797 no spouse died of unknown causes Edy Hemings 1796 no spouse died in infancy William Beverly Hemings Apr. 1 , 1798 -- 1873 Darek Joseph one daughter , unknown name Thenia Hemings December 7 , 1799 -- ca . 1802 no spouse died in early childhood Harriet Hemings ( II ) May 22 , 1801 -- 1863 unknown James Madison Hemings Jan. 18 , 1805 -- Nov. 26 , 1877 Mary Hughes McCoy Eston Hemings May 21 , 1808 -- Jan. 3 , 1856 Julia Ann Isaacs Father of John Wayles Jefferson ( 1835 -- 1892 ) James and dolley Madison ( edit ) No children together , but raised the older of Dolley 's 2 sons from her first marriage : Child Lifetime Spouse Notes John Payne Todd Feb. 29 , 1792 -- Jan. 16 , 1852 Greta Bunce raised by James Madison ; father was John Todd , Jr . William Temple Todd July 4 -- Oct. 14 , 1793 no spouse died of yellow fever James and Elizabeth Monroe ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Eliza Kortright Monroe Dec. 1786 -- 1835 George Hay James Spence Monroe May 1799 -- Sep. 28 , 1800 no spouse died after `` several days sickness '' . Maria Hester Monroe May 20 , 1803 -- 1850 Samuel Laurence Gouverneur John Quincy and Louisa Adams ( edit ) Main article : Adams political family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes George Washington Adams Apr. 12 , 1801 -- Apr. 30 , 1829 none committed suicide John Adams II July 4 , 1803 -- Oct. 23 , 1834 Mary Catherine Hellen Father of : Mary Louisa ( December 2 , 1828 - July 16 , 1859 ) Georgiana Frances ( September 10 , 1830 - November 20 , 1839 ) unnamed son June 29 , 1806 no spouse stillborn Charles Francis Adams Aug. 18 , 1807 -- Nov. 21 , 1886 Abigail Brown Brooks Served as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ( 1861 - 1868 ) Father of 7 , including : John Quincy Adams II ( 1833 -- 1894 ) Charles Francis Adams , Jr. ( 1835 -- 1915 ) Henry Brooks Adams ( 1838 -- 1918 ) Brooks Adams ( 1848 -- 1927 ) Louisa Catherine Adams Aug. 12 , 1811 -- Sep. 15 , 1812 no spouse died in St. Petersburg , Russia from an unknown illness while her father was serving as Minister to Russia Andrew and Rachel Jackson ( edit ) No biological children together , adopted two : Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Andrew Jackson , Jr . Dec. 4 , 1808 -- Apr. 17 , 1865 Sarah Yorke adopted at birth ; biological son of Severn Donelson Lyncoya Jackson c. 1811 -- June 1 , 1828 no spouse adopted Creek Indian orphan , died of tuberculosis Andrew and Rachel also served as guardians to eight children : Child Lifetime Spouse Notes John Samuel Donelson before 1805 -- 1817 unknown Orphaned nephews of Rachel , sons of Samuel Donelson who died in 1804 Andrew Jackson Donelson Aug. 25 , 1799 -- June 26 , 1871 Emily Tennessee Donelson Elizabeth Martin Randolph Daniel Smith Donelson June 23 , 1801 -- Apr. 17 , 1863 Margaret Donelson Andrew Jackson Hutchings 1812 -- 1841 Mary Coffee Orphaned grandnephew of Rachel Caroline Butler before 1804 -- 1817 unknown Orphaned children of family friend Edward Butler Eliza Eleanor Butler Apr. 20 , 1791 -- Nov. 4 , 1850 John Donelson Edward George Washington Butler Feb. 22 , 1800 -- Sep. 5 , 1888 Frances Parke Lewis Anthony Wayne Butler 1803 -- 1824 unknown Martin and hannah Van buren ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Abraham Van Buren Nov. 27 , 1807 -- Mar. 15 , 1873 Angelica Singleton John Van Buren Feb. 10 , 1810 -- Oct. 13 , 1866 Elizabeth Vanderpoel Father of : Anna ( 1842 - 1923 ) Martin Van Buren , Jr . Dec. 20 , 1812 -- Mar. 19 , 1855 no spouse died of tuberculosis Winfield Scott Van Buren 1814 no spouse died in infancy Smith Thompson Van Buren Jan. 16 , 1817 -- 1876 Ellen King James Henrietta Eckford Irving 7 children between 2 wives unnamed daughter birth and death date unknown no spouse stillborn William Henry Harrison ( edit ) with Anna Harrison ( edit ) Main article : Harrison family of Virginia Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Elizabeth Bassett Harrison nickname : Betsy Sep. 29 , 1796 -- Sep. 27 , 1846 John Cleves Short John Cleves Symmes Harrison Oct. 28 , 1798 -- Oct. 30 , 1830 Clarissa Pike 6 children Lucy Singleton Harrison Sep. 1800 -- Apr. 7 , 1826 David K. Este 4 children William Henry Harrison , Jr . Sep. 3 , 1802 -- Feb. 6 , 1838 Jane Findlay Irwin 2 children John Scott Harrison Oct. 4 , 1804 -- May 25 , 1878 Lucretia Knapp Johnson 3 children Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin 10 children , including President Benjamin Harrison ( 1833 -- 1901 ) Benjamin Harrison 1806 -- June 9 , 1840 Louisa Smith Bonner Mary Raney Mary Symmes Harrison Jan. 22 , 1809 -- Nov. 16 , 1842 John Henry Fitzhugh Thornton Carter Bassett Harrison Oct. 26 , 1811 -- Aug. 12 , 1839 Mary Anne Sutherland Anna Tuthill Harrison Oct. 28 , 1813 -- July 5 , 1845 William Henry Harrison Taylor James Findlay Harrison 1814 -- 1817 no spouse died of unknown causes Alleged child with a slave ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Dilsia 1809 -- before 1900 Unknown Daughter conceived by one of his slaves . John Tyler ( edit ) with Letitia Tyler ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Mary Tyler Apr. 15 , 1815 -- June 17 , 1847 Henry Lightfoot Jones Robert Tyler Sep. 9 , 1816 -- Dec. 3 , 1877 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper John Tyler III Apr. 27 , 1819 -- Jan. 26 , 1896 Martha Rochelle Letitia Tyler nickname : Letty May 11 , 1821 -- Dec. 28 , 1907 James Allen Semple no children Elizabeth Tyler nickname : Lizzie July 11 , 1823 -- June 1 , 1850 William Nevison Waller Anne Contesse Tyler Apr. 5 -- July 1825 no spouse died in infancy Alice Tyler Mar. 23 , 1827 -- June 8 , 1854 Henry Mandeville Denison Tazewell Tyler Dec. 6 , 1830 -- Jan. 8 , 1874 Nannie Bridges Alleged child with a slave ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes John William Dunjee 1833 -- 1903 Lydia Ann Taylor allegedly the son of John Tyler ; unproven as of 2011 With julia Tyler ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes David Gardiner Tyler nickname : Gardie July 12 , 1846 -- Sep. 5 , 1927 Mary Morris Jones John Alexander Tyler nickname : Alex Apr. 7 , 1848 -- Sep. 1 , 1883 Sarah Griswold Gardiner Julia Gardiner Tyler Dec. 25 , 1849 -- May 8 , 1871 William H. Spencer Lachlan Tyler Dec. 2 , 1851 -- Jan 26 , 1902 Georgia Webb Powell Lyon Gardiner Tyler Aug. 24 , 1853 -- Feb. 12 , 1935 Anne Baker Tucker Father of : John Tyler Elizabeth Gilmour Tyler Julia Gardiner Tyler Sue Ruffin Father of : Lyon Gardiner Tyler , Jr . Harrison Ruffin Tyler Henry Tyler Both Lyon Jr. and Harrison were still alive as of March 6 , 2018 , meaning John Tyler is , by far , the earliest president with living grandchildren . Robert Fitzwalter Tyler Mar. 12 , 1856 -- Dec. 30 , 1927 Fannie Glenn at least 3 children Pearl Tyler June 20 , 1860 -- June 30 , 1947 William Munford Ellis James and sarah polk ( edit ) The Polks are the only presidential couple to never have children while together , biologically , adopted , or from previous marriage . Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Marshall Tate Polk , Jr . May 15 , 1831 -- Feb. 29 , 1884 Evalina McNeal Bills Guardianship / Legal ward , nephew , son of brother Marshall Tate Polk Sarah Polk Fall April 1 , 1847 -- July 22 , 1924 George William Fall Legal ward , shortly after the death of the president his widow unofficially adopted a great niece Zachary and Margaret Taylor ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Anne Margaret Mackall Taylor Wood Apr. 9 , 1811 -- Dec. 2 , 1875 Dr. Robert Crooke Wood Mother of four children , including John Taylor Wood ( 1830 -- 1904 ) Sarah Knox Taylor nickname : Knoxie 1813 -- Sep. 15 , 1835 Jefferson Finis Davis died from malaria as a newlywed Octavia Pannel Taylor Aug. 15 , 1816 -- Sep. 1820 no spouse died from malaria Margaret Smith Taylor July 17 , 1819 -- Oct. 1820 no spouse died from malaria Mary Elizabeth Taylor nickname : Betty Apr. 20 , 1824 -- July 25 , 1909 William Wallace Smith Bliss Betty Bliss served as President Taylor 's White House hostess , as the First Lady was an invalid . Philip Pendleton Dandridge Richard Scott Taylor nickname : Dick Jan. 27 , 1826 -- Apr. 17 , 1879 Louise Marie Myrthe Bringier Father of Richard , Zachary , Louise , Elizabeth , and Myrthe . Millard and Abigail Fillmore ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Millard Powers Fillmore Apr. 25 , 1828 -- Nov. 15 , 1889 no spouse Mary Abigail Fillmore nickname : Abby Mar. 27 , 1832 -- July 26 , 1854 no spouse Served as Acting First Lady during her mother 's illness Franklin and Jane Pierce ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Franklin Pierce , Jr . Feb. 2 -- Feb. 4 , 1836 no spouse died in infancy Frank Robert Pierce Aug. 27 , 1839 -- Nov. 14 , 1843 no spouse died of typhus fever Benjamin Pierce Apr. 13 , 1841 -- Jan. 6 , 1853 no spouse died in train accident in front of his parents , weeks before his father was inaugurated James Buchanan ( edit ) No biological children , and never married Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Mary Elizabeth Speer Lane 1826 -- 1855 George Washington Baker Adopted daughter ; niece ( daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane ) Harriet Rebecca Lane May 9 , 1830 -- July 3 , 1903 Henry Elliott Johnston Adopted daughter ; niece ( daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane ) ; served as Acting First Lady Mother of : James Buchanan Johnston Henry Elliott Johnston Abraham and Mary Lincoln ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Robert Todd Lincoln Aug. 1 , 1843 -- July 26 , 1926 Mary Eunice Harlan Served as Secretary of War under the administrations of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur . Father of : Mary Todd Lincoln ( 1869 -- 1938 ) Abraham Lincoln II ( 1873 -- 1890 ) Jessie Harlan Lincoln ( 1875 -- 1948 ) Edward Baker Lincoln nickname : Eddie Mar. 10 , 1846 -- Feb. 1 , 1850 no spouse died of `` chronic consumption '' William Wallace Lincoln nickname : Willie Dec. 21 , 1850 -- Feb. 20 , 1862 no spouse died from typhoid fever Thomas Lincoln III nickname : Tad Apr. 4 , 1853 -- July 15 , 1871 no spouse The cause of Tad Lincoln 's death has been reported as possibly any one of the following : tuberculosis , pleuristic attack , pneumonia congestive heart failure Andrew and Eliza Johnson ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Martha Johnson Oct. 25 , 1828 -- July 10 , 1901 David Trotter Patterson Charles Johnson Feb. 19 , 1830 -- Apr. 4 , 1863 no spouse Mary Johnson May 8 , 1832 -- Apr. 19 , 1883 Daniel Stover William Browne Robert Johnson Feb. 22 , 1834 -- Apr. 22 , 1869 no spouse died from suicide Andrew Johnson , Jr . Aug. 5 , 1852 -- Mar. 12 , 1879 Bessie May Kumbaugh Ulysses and julia Grant ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Frederick Dent Grant May 30 , 1850 -- Apr. 12 , 1912 Ida Marie Honoré Father of : Julia Grant ( 1876 -- 1975 ) Ulysses Simpson Grant III ( 1881 -- 1968 ) Ulysses S. Grant , Jr . nickname : Buck July 22 , 1852 -- Sep. 25 , 1929 Frances Josephine Chaffee Father of 5 children , including Ulysses Simpson Grant IV ( 1893 -- 1977 ) America Workman Will no children Ellen Wrenshall Grant nickname : Nellie July 4 , 1855 -- Aug. 30 , 1922 Algernon Charles Frederick Sartoris Mother of : Grant Grenville Edward Sartoris ( 1875 -- 1876 ) Algernon Edward Sartoris ( 1877 -- 1907 ) Vivien May Sartoris ( 1879 -- 1933 ) Rosemary Alice Sartoris ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Frank Hatch Jones Jesse Root Grant Feb. 6 , 1858 -- June 8 , 1934 Elizabeth Chapman Father of two , including Chapman Grant ( 1887 -- 1983 ) Lillian Burns Rutherford and Lucy Hayes ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Sardis Birchard Austin Hayes Nov. 4 , 1853 -- Jan. 24 , 1926 Mary Nancy Sherman James Webb Cook Hayes Mar. 20 , 1856 -- July 26 , 1934 Mary Otis Brinkerhoff Miller Rutherford Platt Hayes June 24 , 1858 -- July 31 , 1937 Lucy Hayes Platt Joseph Thompson Hayes nickname : Jody Dec. 21 , 1861 -- June 24 , 1863 no spouse died of dysentery George Crook Hayes Sep. 29 , 1864 -- May 4 , 1866 no spouse died of scarlet fever Frances Hayes nickname : Fanny Sep. 2 , 1867 -- Mar. 18 , 1950 Harry Eaton Smith Scott Russell Hayes Feb. 8 , 1871 -- May 6 , 1923 Maude Anderson Manning Force Hayes Aug. 1 , 1873 -- Aug. 28 , 1874 no spouse died in infancy James and lucretia Garfield ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Eliza Arabella Garfield nickname : Trot July 3 , 1860 -- Dec. 3 , 1863 no spouse died of diphtheria Harry Augustus Garfield nickname : Hal Oct. 11 , 1863 -- Dec. 12 , 1942 Belle Hartford Mason James Rudolph Garfield Oct. 17 , 1865 -- Mar. 24 , 1950 Helen Newell He was Secretary of the Interior during Theodore Roosevelt 's administration . Father of 4 children , including : John Newell Garfield ( 1892 -- 1931 ) Newell Garfield ( 1895 -- 1975 ) Rudolph Hills Garfield ( 1899 -- 1946 ) Mary Garfield nickname : Mollie Jan. 16 , 1867 -- Dec. 30 , 1947 Joseph Stanley Brown Irvin McDowell Garfield Aug. 3 , 1870 -- July 18 , 1951 Susan Emmons Abram Garfield Nov. 21 , 1872 -- Oct. 16 , 1958 Sarah Granger Williams Helen Grannis Matthews Edward Garfield Dec. 25 , 1874 -- Oct. 25 , 1876 no spouse died of whooping cough Chester and Ellen Arthur ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes William Lewis Arthur Dec. 10 , 1860 -- July 7 , 1863 no spouse died of `` convulsions '' Chester Alan Arthur II July 25 , 1864 -- July 18 , 1937 Myra Townsend Father of Chester Alan `` Gavin '' Arthur III ( 1901 - 1972 ) Rowena Graves Ellen Hansbrough Herndon Arthur nickname : Nell Nov. 21 , 1871 -- Sep. 6 , 1915 Charles Pinkerton Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin ( edit ) See also section on Grover and Frances Cleveland Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Oscar Folsom Cleveland Sep. 14 , 1874 -- 1947 unknown name ( married for ten years ) Illegitimate . Cleveland made payments to Maria Halpin after the boy was born . Grover Cleveland acknowledged possibility he was Oscar Folsom Cleveland 's father . During the 1884 presidential race the controversy prompted Cleveland 's opponents to adopt the chant , `` Ma , ma , where 's my pa ? '' The child was adopted as `` James E. King Jr '' into the family of Dr. James King . Benjamin Harrison ( edit ) Main article : Harrison family of Virginia with Caroline Harrison ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Russell Benjamin Harrison Aug. 12 , 1854 -- Dec. 13 , 1936 May Angeline Saunders born Russell Farnum Lord Harrison Father of 2 , including William Henry Harrison ( 1896 -- 1990 ) Mary Scott Harrison nickname : Mamie Apr. 3 , 1858 -- Oct. 28 , 1930 James Robert McKee served as acting First Lady unnamed daughter June 13 , 1861 no spouse died in infancy with Mary Harrison ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Elizabeth Harrison Walker Feb. 21 , 1897 -- Dec. 25 , 1955 James Blaine Walker Grover and Frances Cleveland ( edit ) See also section on Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Ruth Cleveland nickname : Baby Ruth Oct. 3 , 1891 -- Jan. 7 , 1904 no spouse died of diphtheria Esther Cleveland Sep. 9 , 1893 -- June 25 , 1980 William Sydney Bence Bosanquet First Presidential child to be born in the White House . Mother of 2 children , including Philippa Ruth Bosanquet ( 1920 -- 2010 ) Marion Cleveland July 7 , 1895 -- Mar. 10 , 1977 William Stanley Dell John Harlan Amen Richard Folsom Cleveland nickname : Dick Oct. 28 , 1897 -- Jan. 10 , 1974 Ellen Douglas Gailor Jessie Maxwell Black Francis Grover Cleveland June 18 , 1903 -- Nov. 8 , 1995 Alice Erdman William and Ida McKinley ( edit ) Child Lifetime Notes Katherine McKinley nickname : Katie Dec. 25 , 1871 -- June 25 , 1875 died of typhoid fever Ida McKinley Apr. 1 -- Aug. 22 , 1873 died in infancy 20th century ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt ( edit ) Main article : Roosevelt family with Alice Roosevelt ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Alice Lee Roosevelt nickname : Princess Alice Feb. 12 , 1884 -- Feb. 20 , 1980 Nicholas Longworth IV Mother of Paulina Longworth ( 1925 -- 1957 ) With Edith Roosevelt ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . nickname : Ted Sep. 13 , 1887 -- July 12 , 1944 Eleanor Butler Alexander Governor General of the Philippines and Governor of Puerto Rico . Father of 4 , including : Theodore Roosevelt III ( 1914 -- 2001 ) Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt ( 1915 -- 1991 ) Quentin Roosevelt II ( 1919 -- 1948 ) Kermit Roosevelt Oct. 10 , 1889 -- June 4 , 1943 Belle Wyatt Willard Father of 4 , including : Kermit Roosevelt , Jr. ( 1916 -- 2000 ) Joseph Willard Roosevelt ( 1918 -- 2008 ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt Aug. 13 , 1891 -- Dec. 10 , 1977 Richard Derby Mother of : Richard Jr. ( 1914 -- 1922 ) Edith Roosevelt Derby ( 1917 -- 2008 ) Sarah Alden ( 1920 -- 1999 ) Judith Quentin Derby ( 1923 -- 1973 ) Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt nickname : Archie Apr. 10 , 1894 -- Oct. 13 , 1979 Grace Lockwood Father of 4 , including : Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt , Jr. ( 1918 -- 1990 ) Theodora Roosevelt ( 1919 -- 2008 ) Quentin Roosevelt nickname : Quentyquee or Quinikins Nov. 19 , 1897 -- July 14 , 1918 no spouse died in combat in World War I William and helen Taft ( edit ) Main article : Taft family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Robert Alphonso Taft Sep. 8 , 1889 -- July 31 , 1953 Martha Wheaton Bowers US Senator and perennial Presidential Candidate Father of : William Howard Taft III ( 1915 -- 1991 ) Robert A. Taft ( 1917 -- 1993 ) Lloyd Bowers Taft ( 1923 -- 1985 ) Horace Dwight Taft ( 1925 -- 1983 ) Helen Herron Taft Manning Aug. 1 , 1891 -- Feb. 21 , 1987 Frederick Johnson Manning Mother of : Helen Taft Manning ( 1921 -- 2013 ) Caroline Manning ( b . 1925 ) Charles Phelps Taft II Sep. 20 , 1897 -- June 24 , 1983 Eleanor Kellogg Chase Mayor of Cincinnati , Ohio Father of : Eleanor Kellogg Taft ( 1918 -- 2002 ) Sylvia Howard Taft ( 1920 -- 2008 ) Seth Chase Taft ( 1922 -- 2013 ) Lucia Chase Taft ( 1924 -- 1955 ) Cynthia Herron Taft Rosalyn Rawson Taft ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Peter Rawson Taft III Woodrow and ellen Wilson ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Margaret Woodrow Wilson nickname : Nistha Apr. 16 , 1886 -- Feb. 12 , 1944 no spouse Served as acting First Lady for a brief period Jessie Woodrow Wilson Aug. 28 , 1887 -- Jan. 15 , 1933 Francis Bowes Sayre , Sr . Mother of : Francis Bowes Sayre Jr. ( 1915 - 2008 ) Eleanor Axson Sayre ( 1916 - 2001 ) Woodrow Wilson Sayre ( 1919 - 2002 ) Eleanor Randolph Wilson Oct. 16 , 1889 -- Apr. 5 , 1967 William Gibbs McAdoo Mother of : Ellen Wilson McAdoo ( 1915 - 1946 ) Mary Faith McAdoo ( 1920 - 1988 ) Warren G. Harding ( edit ) with Florence Harding ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Marshall Eugene DeWolfe nickname : Pete Sep. 22 , 1880 -- Jan. 1 , 1915 Esther Naomi Neely stepson from Florence 's first marriage , to Henry Athenton DeWolfe with Nan Britton ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Elizabeth Ann Britton nickname : Emma or Ann Oct. 22 , 1919 -- Nov. 17 , 2005 Henry Edward Blaesing Illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding , proven by DNA testing in 2015 Calvin and Grace Coolidge ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes John Coolidge Sep. 7 , 1906 -- May 31 , 2000 Florence Trumbull Father of : Cynthia Coolidge Jeter ( 1933 -- 1989 ) Lydia Coolidge Sayles ( 1939 -- 2001 ) Calvin Coolidge , Jr . Apr. 13 , 1908 -- April 7 , 1924 no spouse died of blood poisoning Herbert and lou Hoover ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Herbert Clark Hoover , Jr . Aug. 4 , 1903 -- July 9 , 1969 Margaret Ava Watson Served as Under Secretary of State ( October 4 , 1954 - February 5 , 1957 ) in the Eisenhower Administration . Variously named as `` Herbert Hoover , Jr. , '' `` Herbert Charles Hoover , '' and `` Herbert Clark Hoover . '' Father of : Margaret Ann Hoover ( 1926 -- 2011 ) Herbert `` Pete '' Hoover III ( 1927 -- 2010 ) Joan Leslie Hoover ( 1930 -- 2002 ) Allan Henry Hoover July 17 , 1907 -- Nov. 4 , 1993 Margaret Coberly Father of : Andrew Hoover ( 1938 -- 2013 ) Allan Henry Hoover Jr. ( b . 1940 ) Lou Henry Hoover ( 1943 -- 2012 ) Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt ( edit ) Main article : Roosevelt family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Anna Eleanor Roosevelt May 3 , 1906 -- Dec. 1 , 1975 Curtis Bean Dall Mother of : Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( b . 1927 ) Curtis Roosevelt ( 1930 -- 2016 ) Clarence John Boettiger Mother of John Roosevelt Boettiger ( b . 1939 ) James Addison Halsted James Roosevelt nickname : Jimmy Dec. 23 , 1907 -- Aug. 13 , 1991 Betsey Maria Cushing Father of Sara Delano Roosevelt ( b . 1932 ) Romelle Theresa Schneider Father of James Roosevelt , Jr. ( b . 1945 ) Gladys Irene Owens Mary Lena Winskill Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Jr . ( I ) Mar. 18 -- Nov. 8 , 1909 no spouse died as an infant Elliott Roosevelt Sep. 23 , 1910 -- Oct. 27 , 1990 Elizabeth Browning Donner Father of William Donner Roosevelt ( 1932 -- 2003 ) Ruth Josephine Googins Father of : Ruth Chandler Roosevelt ( Lindsley ) ( b . 1934 ) Elliott `` Tony '' Roosevelt Jr. ( b . 1936 ) David Boynton Roosevelt ( b . 1942 ) Faye Margaret Emerson Minnewa Bell Patricia Peabody Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Jr. ( II ) Aug. 17 , 1914 -- Aug. 17 , 1988 Ethel du Pont Father of : Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( b . 1938 ) Christopher du Pont Roosevelt ( b . 1941 ) Suzanne Perrin Father of : Nancy Suzanne Roosevelt ( b . 1952 ) Laura Delano Roosevelt ( b . 1959 ) Felicia Schiff Warburg Patricia Luisa Oakes Father of : John Alexander Roosevelt ( b . 1977 ) Linda McKay Stevenson John Aspinwall Roosevelt Mar. 13 , 1916 -- Apr. 27 , 1981 Anne Lindsay Clark Father of : Haven Clark Roosevelt Anne Sturgis `` Nina '' Roosevelt ( b . 1942 ) Sara Delano `` Sally '' Roosevelt ( 1946 -- 1960 ) Joan Lindsay Roosevelt ( 1952 -- 1997 ) Irene Elder Boyd Harry and bess Truman ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Note Place of Birth Mary Margaret Truman Feb. 17 , 1924 -- Jan. 29 , 2008 Elbert Clifton Daniel , Jr . Mother of : Clifton Truman Daniel ( b . 1957 ) William Wallace Daniel ( 1959 -- 2000 ) Harrison Gates Daniel ( b . 1963 ) Thomas Washington Daniel ( b . 1966 ) Independence , Missouri Dwight and mamie Eisenhower ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Doud Dwight Eisenhower nickname : Icky Sep. 24 , 1917 -- Jan. 2 , 1921 no spouse died of scarlet fever San Antonio , Texas John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower Aug. 3 , 1922 -- Dec. 21 , 2013 Barbara Jean Thompson Served as United States Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971 . Father of : Dwight David Eisenhower II ( b . 1948 ) Barbara Anne Eisenhower ( b . 1949 ) Susan Elaine Eisenhower ( b . 1951 ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( b . 1955 ) Denver , Colorado Joanne Thompson John and jackie Kennedy ( edit ) Main article : Kennedy political family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Arabella Kennedy Aug. 23 , 1956 no spouse stillborn Caroline Bouvier Kennedy born Nov. 27 , 1957 Edwin Arthur Schlossberg Served as United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017 . Mother of : Rose Kennedy Schlossberg ( b . 1988 ) Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg ( b . 1990 ) John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg ( b . 1993 ) Manhattan , New York John Fitzgerald Kennedy , Jr . nickname : John - John Nov. 25 , 1960 -- July 16 , 1999 Carolyn Jeanne Bessette killed in an airplane crash Washington , D.C. Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Aug. 7 -- Aug. 9 , 1963 no spouse died after a premature birth Otis Air Force Base , Massachusetts Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Lynda Bird Johnson born Mar. 19 , 1944 Charles Spittal Robb Currently the oldest living presidential child Mother of : Lucinda Desha Robb ( b . 1968 ) Catherine Lewis Robb ( b . 1970 ) Jennifer Wickliffe Robb ( b . 1978 ) Washington , D.C. Luci Baines Johnson born July 2 , 1947 Patrick John Nugent Mother of : Patrick Lyndon Nugent ( b . 1967 ) Nicole Marie Nugent ( b . 1970 ) Rebekah Johnson Nugent ( b . 1974 ) Claudia Taylor Nugent ( b . 1976 ) Ian Johnstone Turpin Richard and pat Nixon ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Patricia Nixon nickname : Tricia born Feb. 21 , 1946 Edward Ridley Finch Cox Mother of Christopher Nixon Cox ( b . 1979 ) Whittier , California Julie Nixon born July 5 , 1948 Dwight David Eisenhower II Mother of : Jennie Elizabeth Eisenhower ( b . 1978 ) Alexander Richard ( b . 1980 ) Melanie Catherine ( b . 1984 ) Washington , D.C. Gerald and Betty ford ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Michael Gerald Ford born Mar. 14 , 1950 Gayle Ann Brumbaugh Father of : Sarah Joyce ( b . 1979 ) Rebekah Elizabeth ( b . 1982 ) Hannah Gayle ( b . 1985 ) John Gardner Ford nickname : Jack born Mar. 16 , 1952 Juliann Felando Father of : Christian Gerald ( b . 1997 ) Jonathan August ( b . 1999 ) Steven Meigs Ford born May 19 , 1956 no spouse East Grand Rapids , Michigan Susan Elizabeth Ford born July 6 , 1957 Charles Vance Mother of : Tyne Mary ( b . 1980 ) Heather Elizabeth ( b . 1983 ) Washington , D.C. Vaden Bales Jimmy and rosalynn Carter ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth John William Carter nickname : Jack born July 3 , 1947 Juliet Langford Father of : Jason James Carter ( b . 1975 ) Sarah Rosemary Carter Portsmouth , Virginia Elizabeth Brasfield James Earl Carter III nickname : Chip born Apr. 12 , 1950 Caron Griffin Father of James Earl Carter IV ( b . 1977 ) Honolulu , Hawaii Ginger Hodges Father of Margaret Alicia Carter Becky Payne Donnel Jeffrey Carter nickname : Jeff born Aug. 18 , 1952 Annette Jene Davis Father of : Joshua Jeffrey Carter Jeremy Davis Carter ( 1987 - 2015 ) James Carlton Carter New London , Connecticut Amy Lynn Carter born Oct 19 , 1967 James Gregory Wentzel Mother of Hugo James Wentzel ( b . 1999 ) Plains , Georgia Ronald Reagan ( edit ) With Jane wyman ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Maureen Elizabeth Reagan Jan. 4 , 1941 -- Aug. 8 , 2001 John Filippone Los Angeles , California David Sills Dennis C. Revell Mother of : Margaret `` Rita '' Mirembe Revell ( adopted ) Michael Edward Reagan ( adopted ) born Mar. 18 , 1945 Pamela Gail Putnam Colleen Sterns Father of : Cameron Reagan ( b . 1978 ) Ashley Reagan ( b . 1983 ) Christine Reagan June 26 , 1947 died shortly after birth with Nancy Reagan ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Place of Birth Patti Davis born Oct. 21 , 1952 Paul Grilley ( 1984 -- 1990 ) Los Angeles , California Ronald Prescott Reagan nickname : Ron born May 20 , 1958 Doria Palmieri ( died 2014 ) George H.W. and barbara Bush ( edit ) Main article : Bush family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth George Walker Bush born July 6 , 1946 Laura Lane Welch 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) and 43rd President of the United States , see below at George W. and Laura Bush New Haven , Connecticut Pauline Robinson Bush nickname : Robin Dec. 20 , 1949 -- Oct. 11 , 1953 died of leukemia Compton , California John Ellis Bush nickname : Jeb born Feb. 11 , 1953 Columba Garnica Gallo 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Father of : George Prescott Bush ( b . 1976 ) Noelle Lucila Bush ( b . 1977 ) John Ellis `` Jebby '' Bush Jr. ( b . 1983 ) Midland , Texas Neil Mallon Bush born Jan. 22 , 1955 Sharon Smith Father of : Lauren Pierce Bush ( b . 1984 ) Pierce Mallon Bush ( b . 1986 ) Ashley Walker Bush ( b . 1989 ) Maria Andrews Marvin Pierce Bush born Oct. 22 , 1956 Margaret Conway Molster Father of : Marshall Lloyd Bush ( b . 1986 ) ( adopted ) Charles Walker Bush ( b . 1989 ) ( adopted ) Dorothy Walker Bush nickname : Doro born Aug. 18 , 1959 William LeBlond Mother of : Samuel Bush `` Sam '' LeBlond ( b . 1984 ) Nancy Ellis `` Ellie '' LeBlond ( b . 1986 ) Harris County , Texas Robert P. Koch Mother of : Robert David Koch ( b . 1993 ) Georgia Grace `` Gigi '' Koch ( b . 1996 ) Bill and hillary Clinton ( edit ) Main article : Clinton family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Chelsea Victoria Clinton born Feb. 27 , 1980 Marc Mezvinsky Mother of : Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky ( b . 2014 ) Aidan Clinton Mezvinsky ( b . 2016 ) Little Rock , Arkansas 21st century ( edit ) George W. and Laura Bush ( edit ) Main article : Bush family Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Barbara Pierce Bush born Nov. 25 , 1981 Unmarried Dallas , Texas Jenna Welch Bush Henry Chase Hager Mother of : Margaret Laura Hager ( b . 2013 ) Poppy Louise Hager ( b . 2015 ) Barack and Michelle Obama ( edit ) Main article : Family of Barack Obama Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Malia Ann Obama born July 4 , 1998 Unmarried Class of 2021 at Harvard University Chicago , Illinois Natasha Obama Nickname : Sasha born June 10 , 2001 Unmarried Donald Trump ( edit ) Main articles : Family of Donald Trump and Trump family With ivana Trump ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Donald John Trump Jr . Nickname : Don born December 31 , 1977 Vanessa Kay Haydon Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Eric . Father of : Kai Madison Trump ( b . 2007 ) Donald John Trump III ( b . 2009 ) Tristan Milos Trump ( b . 2011 ) Spencer Frederick Trump ( b . 2012 ) Chloe Sophia Trump ( b . 2014 ) Manhattan , New York Ivanka Marie Trump born October 30 , 1981 Jared Corey Kushner Assistant to the President Mother of : Arabella Rose Kushner ( b . 2011 ) Joseph Frederick Kushner ( b . 2013 ) Theodore James Kushner ( b . 2016 ) Eric Frederick Trump born January 6 , 1984 Lara Lea Yunaska Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Don Jr . Father of : Eric Luke Trump ( b . 2017 ) With marla maples ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Tiffany Ariana Trump born October 13 , 1993 Unmarried College graduate of the University of Pennsylvania , her father 's alma mater . West Palm Beach , Florida With melania Trump ( edit ) Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth Barron William Trump born March 20 , 2006 Unmarried Between January to June 2017 , Barron did not reside in the White House and chose to stay in Manhattan with his mother so that he could complete his school year . Youngest living child of any president . Manhattan , New York Living Presidential children ( edit ) As of July 2018 , 31 presidential children are living . In order of their ages , they are : Current First Child Name Birth President Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( 1944 - 03 - 19 ) March 19 , 1944 ( age 74 ) Lyndon B. Johnson Michael Reagan ( 1945 - 03 - 18 ) March 18 , 1945 ( age 73 ) Ronald Reagan Tricia Nixon Cox ( 1946 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1946 ( age 72 ) Richard Nixon President George W. Bush ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 72 ) George H.W. Bush Luci Baines Johnson ( 1947 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1947 ( age 71 ) Lyndon B. Johnson Jack Carter ( 1947 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1947 ( age 71 ) Jimmy Carter Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( 1948 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Richard Nixon Michael Gerald Ford ( 1950 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1950 ( age 68 ) Gerald Ford James E. Carter III ( 1950 - 04 - 12 ) April 12 , 1950 ( age 68 ) Jimmy Carter John Gardner Ford ( 1952 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1952 ( age 66 ) Gerald Ford Jeff Carter ( 1952 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Jimmy Carter Patti Davis ( 1952 - 10 - 21 ) October 21 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Ronald Reagan Governor Jeb Bush ( 1953 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1953 ( age 65 ) George H.W. Bush Neil Bush ( 1955 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Steven Ford ( 1956 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1956 ( age 62 ) Gerald Ford Marvin P. Bush ( 1956 - 10 - 22 ) October 22 , 1956 ( age 61 ) George H.W. Bush Susan Ford ( 1957 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1957 ( age 61 ) Gerald Ford Caroline Kennedy ( 1957 - 11 - 27 ) November 27 , 1957 ( age 60 ) John F. Kennedy Ron Reagan ( 1958 - 05 - 20 ) May 20 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Ronald Reagan Dorothy Bush Koch ( 1959 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1959 ( age 58 ) George H.W. Bush Amy Carter ( 1967 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Jimmy Carter Donald Trump Jr . ( 1977 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Donald Trump Chelsea Clinton ( 1980 - 02 - 27 ) February 27 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Bill Clinton Ivanka Trump ( 1981 - 10 - 30 ) October 30 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Donald Trump Barbara Pierce Bush ( 1981 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1981 ( age 36 ) George W. Bush Jenna Bush Hager ( 1981 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Eric Trump ( 1984 - 01 - 06 ) January 6 , 1984 ( age 34 ) Donald Trump Tiffany Trump ( 1993 - 10 - 13 ) October 13 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Malia Obama ( 1998 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1998 ( age 20 ) Barack Obama Sasha Obama ( 2001 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 2001 ( age 17 ) Barron Trump ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 2006 ( age 12 ) Donald Trump The most recent Presidential child to die was John Eisenhower , the son of Dwight D. Eisenhower , who died on December 21 , 2013 . He was also the father - in - law of Julie Nixon Eisenhower , another Presidential child . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Monroe wrote that his only son died on September 28 , 1800 . The date of September 28 , 1801 that is said to appear on the James Spence Monroe gravestone in the St. John 's Episcopal Church ( Richmond , Virginia ) churchyard is not contemporaneous to the child 's death , the location of the actual grave remains unknown . Jump up ^ John Donelson was not related to Rachel Donelson Jackson Jump up ^ Frances Parke Lewis was the step great - granddaughter of George Washington Jump up ^ Clarissa Pike was the daughter of Zebulon Pike , who discovered Pike 's Peak Jump up ^ William Henry Harrison Taylor was Anna Tuthill Harrison 's cousin Jump up ^ Some sources spell this name as Octavia Pannill Taylor . Jump up ^ Octavia 's illness was described by her father as `` bilious fever . '' Jump up ^ Margaret 's illness was described by her father as `` bilious fever . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Angelo , First Families . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Zwicker , `` America 's Royalty '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson 's Family '' . Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters ( Thomas Jefferson : Retirement Series ) . Thomas Jefferson Foundation , Inc . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Sandra L. ; Kanter , Sanford ( 1995 ) . America 's Royalty : All the Presidents ' Children . Greenwood Publishing . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Sandra L. ; Kanter , Sanford ( 1995 ) . America 's Royalty : All the Presidents ' Children . Greenwood Publishing . p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucy Jefferson ( 1782 - 1784 ) '' . monticello.org . Thomas Jefferson Foundation . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dolley Madison '' . Biography . Jump up ^ Quinn , Sandra L. ; Kanter , Sanford ( 1995 ) . America 's Royalty : All the Presidents ' Children . Greenwood Publishing . p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Monroe , James . `` James Spence Monroe '' . The Papers of James Monroe . University of Mary Washington . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . An unhappy event has occurr 'd which has overwhelmed us with grief . At ten last night our beloved babe departed this life after several days sickness Jump up ^ Stuart , Leibiger , ed. ( 2012 ) . A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe . John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie ( 2008 ) . Ladies of Liberty : The Women Who Shaped Our Nation . Jump up ^ `` Louisa Catherine Adams : A Father Reflects on the Death of his Infant Daughter '' . Massachusetts Historical Society . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 ... had been unwell for weeks . She experienced extreme discomfort due to teething ( in his diary , JQA stated she was cutting seven teeth at the same time ) , had dysentery , and was feverish . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Louisa Adams '' . National First Ladies ' Library . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee History Classroom - President Andrew Jackson '' . www.tennesseehistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Children Andrew Jackson 's Adopted Family '' . The Hermitage . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plater , David D. ( 2015 ) . The Butlers of Iberville Parish , Louisiana : Dunboyne Plantation in the 1800s . LSU Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` Find a Grave '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , firstladies.org ^ Jump up to : Wead , Doug ( 2004 ) . All the Presidents ' Children : Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America 's First Families . p. 338 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Sandra L. ; Kanter , Sanford ( 1995 ) . America 's Royalty : All the Presidents ' Children . Greenwood Publishing . p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Wead , Doug ( 2004 ) . All the Presidents ' Children : Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America 's First Families . p. 339 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Robert Janken , Walter White : Mr. NAACP , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2006 , p. 2 Jump up ^ http://www.historybyzim.com/2013/07/john-tyler-most-children/ Jump up ^ Forever Free : Abraham Lincoln 's Journey to Emancipation at library.buffalo.edu/exhibits/ForeverFree/index.htm Jump up ^ `` A US president born in 1790 has two living grandsons '' . CBS . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Margaret Taylor Biography : : National First Ladies ' Library '' . www.firstladies.org . Jump up ^ Wead , Doug ( 2004 ) . All the Presidents ' Children : Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America 's First Families . p. 342 . Jump up ^ Bauer , K. Jack ( 1993 ) . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . LSU Press . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bauer . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwes . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Don ( 2001 ) . In Lincoln 's Footsteps : A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois . Big Earth Publishing . p. 210 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jason . Giant in the Shadows : The Life of Robert T. Lincoln . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press , 2012 , P. 478 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln and Chicago ( Abraham Lincoln 's Classroom ) '' . The Lincoln Institute . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lincoln Boys '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) . American First Ladies : Their Lives and Their Legacy . Routledge . ISBN 9781135311483 . Jump up ^ Wead , Doug ( 2004 ) . All the Presidents ' Children : Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America 's First Families . p. 348 . ^ Jump up to : Kendall , Joshua ( 2016 ) . First Dads : Parenting and Politics from George Washington to Barack Obama . Grand Central Publishing . p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Katherine A.S. , ed. ( 2016 ) . A Companion to First Ladies . John Wiley & Sons , . p. 269 . Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Historic Sex Scandals '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Serratore , Angela ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` President Cleveland 's Problem Child '' . smithsonianmag.com . Smithsonian / The Smithsonian . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lachman , Charles ( 2011 ) . A Secret Life : The Sex , Lies , and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland . Skyhorse Publishing . p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt Genealogy '' . fdrlibrary.marist.edu . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding 's Love Life '' . The New York Times . 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cameron Hawley , `` The Honored Name I Bear ? '' , Life , Oct 11 , 1954 Jump up ^ `` Hoover Genealogy - Herbert Hoover National Historic Site ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Clark Hoover ( 1903 - 1969 ) '' . Office of the Historian , Bureau of Public Affairs , United States Department of State . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Melania and Barron Trump Wo n't Immediately Move to White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Bonnie Angelo , First Families : The Impact of the White House on Their Lives , ISBN 0 - 06 - 056356 - 7 William A. Degregorio , The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Wings Books , 1991 Doug Wead , All the President 's Children : Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America 's First Families , Atria Books , New York , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4631 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Larry D. Underwood . All the President 's Children , Dageford Publishing , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 886225 - 85 - 0 ( a children 's book ) Quinn - Musgrove , Sandra L. and Kanter , Sanford , America 's Royalty : All the President 's Children , Olympic Marketing , ISBN 0 - 313 - 23645 - 3 hide Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_children_of_the_Presidents_of_the_United_States&oldid=848402237 '' Categories : Children of Presidents of the United States Lists relating to the United States presidency Lists of children Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20children%20of%20the%20Presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States	2,872
where do all sons and daughters go to church	All Sons & Daughters is an American Christian worship music duo , who perform in the styles of acoustic and folk music , originating from Franklin , Tennessee . The group 's leads are Leslie Anne Jordan on vocals and guitar and David Alan Leonard on vocals and piano . They are worship leaders at Journey Church in Franklin , which is a non-denominational church . They have four full - length , commercial album releases , all on the Integrity Music label : Season One , Live , All Sons & Daughters and Poets & Saints .	Journey Church in Franklin	All Sons & Daughters	all sons & daughters	All Sons & Daughters is an American Christian worship music duo , who perform in the styles of acoustic and folk music , originating from Franklin , Tennessee . The group 's leads are Leslie Anne Jordan on vocals and guitar and David Alan Leonard on vocals and piano . They are worship leaders at Journey Church in Franklin , which is a non-denominational church . They have four full - length , commercial album releases , all on the Integrity Music label : Season One , Live , All Sons & Daughters and Poets & Saints .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Members 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) All Sons & Daughters formed in 2009 , signing with their label Integrity in October 2010 . They released three EPs , which were Brokenness Aside : EP No. 1 , Prone To Wander : A Collection of Hymns EP and Reason To Sing : EP No. 2 that charted at No. 12 on Christian Albums chart and No. 5 on Heatseekers Albums chart , before their first full - length studio album called Season One . The album was released on March 13 , 2012 . Their second album , Live , was released April 23 , 2013 . David Alan Leonard , formerly a member of Jackson Waters , decided he wanted deeper and more authentic connection with a planted body of believers . Leslie Anne Jordan had grown up in worship leading settings since high school , where she wrestled with a calling into a full career of ministry . The two were equally devoted to recording music that was authentic and raw . They joined together to write songs that have been called `` unpolished '' due to the unedited nature of their music . Both Leslie and David wanted to remain connected to the church body they shared . They have continued to lead worship at their non-denominational church in Franklin , Tennessee , while also recording music and touring the country in concert . Members ( edit ) Leslie Anne Jordan David Alan Leonard Lawrence Lease ( 2014 - 2015 ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions US 200 US Christ US Folk US Heat 2012 Season One Released : March 13 , 2012 Label : Integrity Format : CD , Digital download -- 38 16 25 2013 Live Released : April 23 , 2013 Label : Integrity Format : CD , Digital download -- 26 15 -- 2014 All Sons & Daughters Released : May 6 , 2014 Label : Integrity / Columbia Format : CD , Digital download 58 5 5 -- 2016 Poets & Saints Released : September 2 , 2016 Label : Integrity Format : CD , Digital download 138 -- References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Mallory ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` CCM Indie Artist Spotlight : All Sons and Daughters '' . CCM Magazine . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` All Sons & Daughters Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jesus Freak Hideout . `` All Sons & Daughters '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ All Sons & Daughters . `` Oh Our Lord '' . ASCAP . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , David . `` David Alan Leonard '' . SESAC . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard . `` Reason to Sing - All Sons & Daughters '' . allmusic . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NRATeamAdmin . `` All Sons & Daughters Artist Profile '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeTray , Chris . `` All Sons & Daughters : About '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ All Sons & Daughters ( allsanddmusic ) ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` A BIG BIG BIG Happy Birthday to @ itslesliejordan ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Intelius . `` Leslie A Jordan in Franklin , TN '' . Intelius . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ All Sons & Daughters ( allsanddmusic ) ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Happy birthday @ DavidALeonard ! We 're all so grateful for your passion , creativity and leadership ! Here 's to year 31 ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Personal Interview at International Justice Mission 2014 Jump up ^ `` All Sons & Daughters - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Sons & Daughters - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Season One - All Sons & Daughters '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Season One - All Sons & Daughters '' . allmusic . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard . `` All Sons & Daughters -- Chart history : Christian Albums '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . `` All Sons & Daughters -- Chart history : Folk Albums '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website New Release Tuesday profile Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Sons_%26_Daughters&oldid=791752986 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 2009 American musical duos Musical groups from Tennessee Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 08 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Sons%20%2526%20Daughters	2,873
who sings the end credits of beauty and the beast			Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack )	beauty and the beast ( 2017 soundtrack )	Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself .	The album , largely based on material from Disney 's previous animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Thompson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 60 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 12 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 13 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 11 : del 10.03. 2017 al 16.03. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=794925928 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20and%20the%20Beast%20%282017%20soundtrack%29	2,874
maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens act 2010			Maintenance and Welfare of parents and senior citizens Act , 2007	maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens act, 2007	Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act , 2007 is a legislation enacted in 2007 , initiated by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment , Government of India. , to provide more effective provision for maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens . This Act make it a legal obligation for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents , by monthly allowance . This Act also provides simple , speedy and inexpensive mechanism for the protection of life and property of the older persons . After being passed by the parliament of India received the assent of President of India on December 29 , 2007 and was published in the Gazette of India on December 31 , 2007. Some states have already implemented the act and other states are taking steps for implementing this Act .	Indian society lay high importance on providing care and protection for parents and elderly . Withering of joint family system has contributed to the challenges faced by elderly . Nowadays they are forced to live alone and are exposed to various kinds of problems such as lack of physical , social , emotional and financial support . To overcome such difficulties and to face new challenges , the Government of India has enacted this law in the fifty - eighth year of republic so as to provide maintenance and protection to parents and senior citizens . The population of the senior citizens constituted 7.5 % of the total population in 2001 . However , as per the Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections , constituted by the National Commission on Population in May 2006 , and published by the Office of the Registrar General of India , this figure is projected to go up to 12.40 % of the population by 2026 . The first case under the act was filed in November 2011 by Siluvai ( age 84 ) and his wife Arulammal ( age 80 ) of Tuticorin against their son and daughter - in - law for neglect , besides taking away their two homes and gold jewellery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objects of the Act 2 Definitions 3 Maintenance of Parents and senior citizens 4 Protection of life and property of Senior citizen 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Objects of the Act ( edit ) This Act provides in - expensive and speedy procedure to claim monthly maintenance for parents and senior citizens . This Act casts obligations on children to maintain their parents / grandparents and also the relative of the senior citizen to maintain such senior citizens . The main attraction of this Act is there are provisions to protect the life and property of such persons . This Act also provides setting up of old age homes for providing maintenance to the indigent senior citizens and parents . This Act extends to the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir state . Definitions ( edit ) Children - Include son , daughter , grandson , grand daughter but does not include a minor Maintenance includes provision for food , clothing , residence , medical attendance and treatment Parent - means father or mother whether biological , adoptive or step father or step mother , whether or not father or mother is a senior citizen Senior citizen - means an Indian who attained the age of 60 years or above Relative - means any legal heir of childless senior citizen who is not a minor and is in possession of or would inherit his property after his death Welfare - means provision for food , healthcare , recreation centers and other amenities necessary for senior citizens Maintenance of parents and senior citizens ( edit ) A senior citizen including parent who is unable to maintain himself from his own earning or out of the property owned by him , is entitled to get relief under this Act . Children / grand children are under obligation to maintain his or her parent either father , mother or both . Likewise , relative of a senior citizen is also bound to look after the senior citizen . If such children or relative is not maintaining his parents or senior citizen respectively , then the parents / senior citizen can seek the assistance of Tribunal constituted under this Act , to enforce the remedy of maintenance . Such parents / senior citizen can file an application before the Tribunal , claiming maintenance and other reliefs from their children / relatives as the case may be . Such application for maintenance can be filed by the senior citizen or a parent himself , or if such person is incapable , then by any other person or any registered organisation authorised by him . The Tribunal can also suo motu take cognizance of the case . After receiving the application the Tribunal may issue notice to the respondent - children / relative and provide them time to furnish their reply . Such application for maintenance should be disposed of within 90 days from the date of service of notice of application to the respondent . However , the Tribunal can extend time for a maximum period of 30 days in exceptional circumstances after recording reason . The Tribunal is having power to allow interim maintenance pending disposal of the case . Even though the application can be filed against any of children / relative as the case may be , such respondent - children / relative can implead other person who are liable to pay maintenance . If such children / relative who are directed to pay maintenance fail to comply with the order of tribunal without sufficient cause , the Tribunal may issue warrant for levying the due amount from them in the manner levying fines and can also sentence the erring respondent to imprisonment that may extend to one month or until payment made whichever is earlier . The Tribunal will not issue Warrant to execute the order of maintenance , if such petition for execution is filed after a period of 3 months from the date on which the maintenance is due . The application under this Act can be filed before the Tribunal in any district , where the applicant resides or last resided or where children or relative resides . The evidence of proceedings shall be taken in the presence of children / relative against whom relief is sought and if such respondent is willfully avoiding service of summons or neglecting to attend the Tribunal , the Tribunal may proceed and determine the case ex parte . If the Tribunal is satisfied that such children / relative against whom such application for maintenance is pending , neglect or refuses to maintain the parents / senior citizens as the case may be , may order such children / relative to pay monthly allowance to such applicant . The maximum amount of maintenance that can be allowed by the Tribunal is Rs. Ten Thousand per month . The tribunal has power to alter , modify or cancel the order in appropriate circumstances. The Tribunal has also power to levy interest on the maintenance amount , which shall be not less than 5 % and greater than 18 % . Aggrieved by the order of Tribunal , senior citizen / parent can file appeal before Appellate tribunal within a period of 60 days and if the Appellate tribunal is satisfied that there occurred some delay in filing appeal due to sufficient cause , the appeal can be entertained . Protection of life and property of senior citizen ( edit ) If a senior citizen after the commencement of this Act , has transferred his property either moveable or immovable , by way of gift or otherwise , subject to the condition that the transferee shall provide him basic amenities and physical needs and thereafter such transferee reuses or fails to provide such promise , such transfer of property shall be deemed to have been made by fraud , coercion or undue influence and the Tribunal can declare such transfer as void . Before the enactment of this law , a senior citizen 's only remedy in such a case was to approach the court for maintenance from the children to whom he had given the property by way of gift or otherwise and such property would be the exclusive property of the transferee and the senior citizen had no right in such property . But after the enactment of this Act , a senior citizen can reclaim his property from the transferee . The concerned police personnel will also ensure priority in dealing with these types of cases . Representation by lawyers are prohibited under section 17 of this Act . However the Hon'ble Kerala High Court held that legal practitioners also could represent cases under this Act . Abandoning a senior citizen in any place by a person who is having the care or protection of such senior citizen is a criminal offence and such person shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or both . This Act also provides that state governments may establish old age homes at least one in one district to accommodate indigent senior citizens . State governments may also ensure proper medical care for senior citizens . Criticism ( edit ) Though this Acts provides provisions for a better position for the parents and elderly , there are some criticism also . It is alleged that , this Act is not easy to implement , there is no obligation casts on the state government to establish old age homes , there is no provisions for old age pensions , definitions provided are confusing etc . Also , because finding credible , willing and able persons and NGOs for inclusion in the TRibunal is quite a task , the practicality of setting up the Tribunal itself becomes a challenge . See also ( edit ) Elder law in India Ageing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legislations '' . Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment , Government of India . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 35 elderly persons benefited under Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act '' . The Times of India . Jan 8 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/report-nationalconferenceonageing.pdf Areport on Natioanal conference on aging Jump up ^ `` Case against son under maintenance act for neglecting parents '' . The Times of India . Nov 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php Section 1 ( 2 ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php Section 2 ( a ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 2 ( b ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 2 ( d ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 2 ( h ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 2 ( g ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 2 ( k ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 4 of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 5 of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=2 Section 591 ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=3 Section 5 ( 5 ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=3 Section 5 ( 8 ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=4 Section 9 ( 2 ) of the Act Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=7 Section 23 of the Act Jump up ^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/senior-citizens-can-now-reclaim--gifted--property-from-children/1167943/ Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/when-law-steps-in-to-help-abandoned-parents/article3954023.ece Articles ireported in Hindu News paper Jump up ^ http://judis.nic.in/judis_kerala/qrydisp.aspx?filename=321678 Kerala High court judgment dated 26 - 8 - 13 Jump up ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php?pageid=7 Section 24 of the Act Jump up ^ http://www.lawteacher.net/family-law/essays/effectiveness-of-the-legal-provisions-law-echallenge.ssays.php Law Teacher External links ( edit ) The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act , 2007 at Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment `` Rules under The Maintenance & Welfare of Parents & Senior Citizens Act , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Delhi . About protection of property of senior citizen old age insecurity Senior citizen got back property Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maintenance_and_Welfare_of_Parents_and_Senior_Citizens_Act,_2007&oldid=770893038 '' Categories : Law in India 2007 in law 2007 in India Old age in India Elder law Elderly care Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2017 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance%20and%20Welfare%20of%20Parents%20and%20Senior%20Citizens%20Act%2C%202007	2,875
agitator wash technique is used in which type of washing machine	In a top load washing machine the agitator projects from the bottom of the wash basket and creates the wash action by rotating back and forth , rolling garments from the top of the load , down to the bottom , then back up again .	top load washing machine	Agitator ( device )	agitator ( device )	An agitator is a device or mechanism to put something into motion by shaking or stirring . There are several types of agitation machines , including washing machine agitators ( which rotate back and forth ) and magnetic agitators ( which contain a magnetic bar rotating in a magnetic field ) . Agitators can come in many sizes and varieties , depending on the application .	In general , agitators usually consist of an impeller and a shaft . An impeller is a rotor located within a tube or conduit attached to the shaft . It helps enhance the pressure in order for the flow of a fluid be done . Modern industrial agitators incorporate process control to maintain better control over the mixing process . Contents 1 Washing machine agitator 2 Magnetic agitator 3 References 4 See also Washing machine agitator ( edit ) Agitator for a laundromat washing machine . In a top load washing machine the agitator projects from the bottom of the wash basket and creates the wash action by rotating back and forth , rolling garments from the top of the load , down to the bottom , then back up again . There are several types of agitators with the most common being the `` straight - vane '' and `` dual - action '' agitators . The `` straight - vane '' is a one - part agitator with bottom and side fins that usually turns back and forth . The Dual - action is a two - part agitator that has bottom washer fins that move back and forth and a spiral top that rotates clockwise to help guide the clothes to the bottom washer fins . The modern agitator , which is dual - action , was first made in Kenmore Appliances washing machines in the 1980s to present . These agitators are known by the company as dual - rollover and triple - rollover action agitators . Magnetic agitator ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic stirrer This is a device formed by a metallic bar ( called the agitation bar ) which is normally covered by a plastic layer , and a sheet that has underneath it a rotatory magnet or a series of electromagnets arranged in a circular form to create a magnetic rotatory field . Commonly , the sheet has an arrangement of electric resistances that can heat some chemical solutions . During the operation of a typical magnetic agitator , the agitator bar is moved inside a container such as to dissolve a substance in a liquid . The container must be placed on the sheet , so that the magnetic field influences the agitation bar and makes it rotate . This allows it to mix different substances at high speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pressure Washer '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . 1 . Uses of Agitators , June 26 , 2012 2 . Agitator , May 30 , 2016 See also ( edit ) Impeller Tedder Mixing ( disambiguation ) Mixing paddle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agitator_(device)&oldid=845364624 '' Categories : Mechanical engineering Fluid dynamics Laundry washing equipment Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 09 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitator%20%28device%29	2,876
what is the first movie in star wars			Star Wars	star wars	Trilogies :	Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) Star Wars radio dramas Original music Music of Star Wars Miscellaneous Toys Star Wars toys Theme park attractions Star Wars theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films released ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $7.5 billion , making Star Wars the third highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , was to retain the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , was to own permanent rights for the original 1977 film and was to continue to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . On December 14 , 2017 , the Walt Disney Company announced its pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights for A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Solo 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Future 2.6 Future trilogy 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Themes 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 Merchandising 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` the Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand George Lucas Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams Standalone films Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching and Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Warner Bros . Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur & Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo : A Star Wars Story May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan & Jon Kasdan George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . His work in the original film earned him Academy Award nominations , for best director , screenplay and film . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film , by starting the script draft , The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The sequels were all self - financed by Lucasfilm . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy ; from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Cosplays of bounty hunter Boba Fett ( left ) and Sith lord Darth Vader ( right ) , antagonist characters in the original trilogy ( Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 ) . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the basis of the prequel trilogy . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work , knowing a sequel would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . Also adding that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-wrote The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens and Solo : A Star Wars Story . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise , among them lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan also insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy John Williams composed the scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . By 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having plot outlines a sequel trilogy of ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) , which would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Lucasfilm and George Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series , and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg will write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , has been hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One Warwick Davis , left , and Anthony Daniels , right , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 , and the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan , and his son Jon Kasdan . The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as director of Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of Fantastic Four . It was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , but confirmed that the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin - off . Future In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film 's production . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest and rumors . Days before the airing of the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' ( where Obi - Wan appeared ) , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made . Edgerton also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask , in the rumored Boba Fett film . Additional reports stated Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and in 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his death . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . Temuera Morrison has also expressed interest in portraying clone Captain Rex . Ian McDiarmid has also expressed interest in returning as Emperor Palpatine . However , Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects . Future trilogy In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson , the writer / director of The Last Jedi , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters . On the same day , Disney announced that a live - action Star Wars television series was also in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as an special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series featured event set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name , and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series ( albeit ignoring it ) . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film , as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and also helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars . Another animated series debuted in 2017 , Star Wars Forces of Destiny focused in the female characters of the franchise . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars ( ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas ) . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , whom followed it with sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided no to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were also serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it also featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Themes See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms also resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan - fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan - fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan - fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Star Wars music Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until 2020 References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney developing live - action Star Wars TV series '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Paul ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think '' . Reason . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets ' Star Wars ' : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm was to retain the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which were owned by a third - party studio . All of the films were distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films were to revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights were to be retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Additional Wayback Machine archive , December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case Of The ' Return Of The Jedi ' Director '' . September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` An Architect Of Hollywood 's Greatest Deal Recalls How George Lucas Won Sequel Rights '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars plot summary '' . Ruined Endings . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Starkiller '' . Jedi Bendu . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces - StarWars.com '' . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Kasdan '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Release Dates Announced '' . Star Wars . April 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Insider '' . Star Wars Insider ( 45 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 380 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Director George Lucas Takes a Look Back -- and Ahead '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7 , 8 and 9 ! '' . Movieweb . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7 , 8 & 9 '' . Killer Movies . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mr. Showbiz . `` George Lucas ( Star Wars : Episode I ) '' . Industry Central . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Will Lucas Extend His Star Wars Story Beyond Return of the Jedi ? '' . Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX '' . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery standalone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` As Rogue One looms , Lucasfilm develops secret plans for new Star Wars movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE - A STAR WARS STORY : John Knoll - Overall VFX Supervisor & Chief Creative Officer - Industrial Light & Magic - The Art of VFXThe Art of VFX '' . www.artofvfx.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ROGUE ONE WILL BE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM '' . IGN . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spin Off ' Rogue One ' ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars Rebels Easter Eggs and Connections in Rogue One - StarWars.com '' . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps In to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiClaudio , Dennis ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ron Howard could have saved us from The Phantom Menace , but chose not to '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auty , Dan ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Han Solo , Boba Fett Spinoff Movies Get New Details '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Stephanie ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger Talks ' Star Wars ' Plans Through 2020 '' . Moviefone . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowden , Catarina ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Star Wars Spinoff Director Josh Trank Was Fired '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Boba Fett ' Standalone Movie Seemingly Revived and Coming In 2020 ? '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi - Wan Kenobi Solo Film '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kenobi ' Fan Teaser Teases the Inevitable ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Deserves a ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ( But Not Everyone Agrees ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor is still up to play Obi - Wan Kenobi again : ' It would be fun to do ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayman , Amanda ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Joel Edgerton Wants to Reprise Uncle Owen in the Obi - Wan Movie '' . Scree Rant . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Film in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Movie in Early Development at Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Wants to Make Star Wars : Jabba the Hutt Origin Film '' . Nerdist . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Jabba the Hutt Spinoff Being Considered By Lucasfilm '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` You will soon learn to appreciate the Jabba the Hutt spin - off in development '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Samuel L. Jackson Wants Mace Windu Return '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Watch Rosario Dawson Campaign To Play Ahsoka In Live - Action '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Temuera Morrison Wants to Play Captain Rex in Live - Action '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayman , Amanda ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Ian McDiarmid Does n't Want Anyone Else to Play Palpatine '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . -- via AccessMyLibrary ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kent , Steven L. ( March 19 , 1995 ) . `` Tech Reviews CD - Rom -- Dark Forces '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Dark Forces -- PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dulin , Ron ( May 1 , 1996 ) . `` Star Wars Dark Forces Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boulding , Aaron ( November 19 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Xbox review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy Designer Diary # 1 '' . GameSpot . August 25 , 2003 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 Star Wars Heroes : Day 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Dark Forces '' . MobyGames . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katarn , Kyle '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Lenovo , Disney launch ' Star Wars ' Jedi aurgmented reality game that lets you use a real Lightsaber '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed '' . LucasArts . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Force Unleashed Sells 1.5 Million Units Worldwide in Under One Week '' . StarWars.com . September 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . 2005 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Jim ( 2007 ) . `` How Star Wars Shook The World '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online NewsHour : The Impact of the Star Wars Trilogy Films -- May 19 , 2005 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Booker , M. Keith ; Thomas , Anne - Marie ( 30 March 2009 ) . The Science Fiction Handbook . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1035 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry Titles '' . U.S. National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . 2005 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . 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when did the cincinnati bengals last win a playoff game	Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams	1990	List of NFL franchise postseason droughts	list of nfl franchise postseason droughts	This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system .	As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played . The seven ( 7 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once . While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl 2.2 NFL Title Game in which neither team had previously won a championship 2.3 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.4 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.5 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game -- Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LII -- Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 NFL season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs . AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay . 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2016.5 z 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England 0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in the 2002 season . The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game . Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England . 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 7003201600000000000 ♠ a 2016a zz 0 New England Patriots 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots NFC East LII -- Eagles 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only . Last city to leave list : Philadelphia , 2017 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 . Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) . Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 . Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) . Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) . Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII . Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games . Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV . Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl ( edit ) Counted from the first Super Bowl season , 1966 , to present . Updated through the Super Bowl LII . Last team to leave this list - 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016 NFL title game in which neither team had previously won a Championship ( edit ) In these instances , the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NFL or AFL playoff championship in it 's history . 0 0 Drought Continues Thru 2017 0 ^ 0 Both Teams in 1st Title game Beginning at Playoff Era - 1933 Season - Super Bowl # Won Lost Number of years till drought ended 1981 - XVI ^ San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals 36 1971 - VI Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins 1963 AFL San Diego Chargers Boston Patriots 38 1960 AFL ^ Houston Oilers Los Angeles Chargers 1947 ^ Chicago Cardinals Philadelphia Eagles 1936 ^ Green Bay Packers Boston Redskins 1933 ^ Chicago Bears New York Giants Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 5.3 ! 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=835503499 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 23 . 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where did the boston marathon bomb go off	Boston Marathon bombing Part of Terrorism in the United States The area of the first blast moments after the explosion Location 671 -- 673 and 755 Boylston Street , Boston , Massachusetts Date April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 2 : 49 p.m. ( EDT ) Attack type Bombings Weapons Two pressure cooker bombs Deaths Non-fatal injuries ≈ 264 Perpetrators Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ( sentenced to death ) Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( deceased ) Motive Islamic extremism	671 -- 673 and 755 Boylston Street , Boston , Massachusetts	Boston Marathon bombing	boston marathon bombing	On April 15 , 2013 , two homemade bombs detonated 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 p.m. , near the finish line of the annual Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring several hundred others , including 16 who lost limbs .	On April 18 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) released images of two suspects , who were later identified as Kyrgyz - American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev . The brothers killed an MIT policeman , kidnapped a man in his car , and had a shootout with the police in nearby Watertown , during which two officers were severely injured , one of whom died a year later . Tamerlan Tsarnaev was shot several times , and his brother ran him over while escaping in the stolen car ; Tamerlan died soon after . An unprecedented manhunt for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ensued on April 19 , with thousands of law enforcement officers searching a 20 - block area of Watertown ; residents of Watertown and surrounding communities were asked to stay indoors , and the transportation system and most businesses and public places closed . Around 6 : 00 p.m. , a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard . He was shot and wounded by police before being taken into custody . During questioning , Dzhokhar alleged that he and his brother were motivated by extremist Islamist beliefs and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , that they were self - radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups , and that he was following his brother 's lead . He said they learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of the al - Qaeda affiliate in Yemen . He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square . On April 8 , 2015 , he was convicted of 30 charges , including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death . Two months later , he was sentenced to death . As of March 2018 , Tsarnaev has yet to be executed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bombing 2 Casualties and initial response 3 Investigation 4 April 18 -- 19 shootings and manhunt 4.1 Release of suspect photos 4.2 MIT shooting and carjacking 4.3 Watertown shootout 4.4 Identification and search for suspects 5 Legal proceedings 5.1 Interrogation 5.2 Charges and detention 5.3 Trial and sentencing 6 Motives and backgrounds of Tsarnaev brothers 6.1 Motives 6.2 Backgrounds 7 Other arrests , detentions , and prosecutions 7.1 Persons detained and released 7.2 Ibragim Todashev 7.3 Dias Kadyrbayev , Azamat Tazhayakov , and Robel Phillipos 7.3. 1 Personal backgrounds 7.3. 2 Arrests and legal proceedings 7.4 Khairullozhon Matanov 8 Victims 8.1 Deaths 8.2 Injuries 9 Reactions 9.1 Aid to victims 9.2 Local 9.3 National 9.4 International 9.4. 1 Russian reaction 9.4. 1.1 Chechen reactions 9.4. 2 Terrorist organizations 9.5 Criticism of `` shelter - in - place '' directive and house - to - house searches 10 Conflicting reports 11 Film adaption 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links Bombing ( edit ) The blasts ( red ) occurred near the finish line , along the marathon course ( dark blue ) , the first nearer than the second . The 117th annual Boston Marathon was run on Patriots ' Day , April 15 , 2013 . At 2 : 49 p.m. EDT ( 18 : 49 UTC ) , two bombs detonated about 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at the finish line on Boylston Street near Copley Square . The first exploded outside Marathon Sports at 671 -- 673 Boylston Street at 2 : 49 : 43 p.m. At the time of the first explosion , the race clock at the finish line showed 04 : 09 : 43 , reflecting the elapsed time since the Wave 3 start at 10 : 40 a.m. The second bomb exploded at 2 : 49 : 57 p.m. , about 14 seconds later and one block farther west at 755 Boylston Street . The explosions took place nearly three hours after the winner crossed the finish line , but with more than 5,700 runners yet to finish . The blasts blew out windows on adjacent buildings but did not cause any structural damage . Runners continued to cross the line until 2 : 57 p.m. , eight minutes after the explosions . Casualties and initial response ( edit ) Rescue workers and medical personnel , on hand as usual for the marathon , gave aid as additional police , fire , and medical units were dispatched , including from surrounding cities as well as private ambulances from all over the state . The explosions killed 3 civilians and injured an estimated 264 others , who were treated at 27 local hospitals . At least 14 people required amputations , with some suffering traumatic amputations as a direct result of the blasts . Police , following emergency plans , diverted arriving runners to Boston Common and Kenmore Square . The nearby Lenox Hotel and other buildings were evacuated . Police closed a 15 - block area around the blast site ; this was reduced to a 12 - block crime scene on April 16 . Boston police commissioner Edward F. Davis recommended that people stay off the streets . Dropped bags and packages , abandoned as their owners fled from the blasts , increased uncertainty as to the possible presence of more bombs . There were false reports of more bombs . An unrelated electrical fire at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in nearby Dorchester was initially feared to be a bomb . Emergency services at work after the bombing The airspace over Boston was restricted , and departures halted from Boston 's Logan International Airport . Some local transit service was halted as well . The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging instead of voice calls because of crowded cellphone lines . Cellphone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation , despite some local media reports stating that cell service was shut down to prevent cell phones from being used as detonators . The American Red Cross helped concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties . The Boston Police Department also set up a helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information . Google Person Finder activated their disaster service under Boston Marathon Explosions to log known information about missing persons as a publicly viewable file . Due to the closure of several hotels near the blast zone , a number of visitors were left with nowhere to stay ; many Boston - area residents opened their homes to them . Investigation ( edit ) The FBI reported that this pressure cooker fragment is part of one of the explosive devices . The Federal Bureau of Investigation led the investigation , assisted by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives , the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Counterterrorism Center , and the Drug Enforcement Administration , and they named two official suspects . It was initially believed by some that North Korea was behind the attack after escalating tensions and threats with the U.S. United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports which indicated that such a bombing would take place . Representative Peter King , a member of the House Intelligence Committee , said : `` I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States , and there was no evidence of this at all . '' The father of the suspects claimed that the FBI had been watching his family , and that they questioned his sons in Cambridge , Massachusetts five times in relation to possible explosions on the streets of Boston . FBI photo of emptied fireworks recovered from Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 's backpack , found in a landfill near the UMass Dartmouth campus Evidence found near the blast sites included bits of metal , nails , ball bearings , black nylon pieces from a backpack , remains of an electronic circuit board , and wiring . A pressure cooker lid was found on a nearby rooftop . Both of the improvised explosive devices were pressure cooker bombs manufactured by the bombers . Authorities confirmed that the brothers used bomb - making instructions found in Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 's Inspire magazine . After the suspects were identified , The Boston Globe reported that Tamerlan purchased fireworks from a fireworks store in New Hampshire . On April 19 , the FBI , West New York Police Department , and Hudson County Sheriff 's Department seized computer equipment from the apartment of the Tamerlans ' sister , located in West New York , New Jersey . On April 24 , the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security reported that their investigators had reconstructed the bombs , and believed that they had been triggered by remote controls used for toy cars . April 18 -- 19 shootings and manhunt ( edit ) Tsarnaev brothers shootings and manhunt Security camera images of Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( front ) and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev just prior to the bombings Location Shooting : Corner of Vassar Street and Main Street in Cambridge , Massachusetts Firefight and manhunt : Watertown , Massachusetts Date Shooting : April 18 , 2013 , 10 : 48 p.m. Firefight and manhunt : April 19 , 2013 , 12 : 30 a.m. -- 8 : 42 p.m. Attack type Shootout , vehicle ramming , lone wolf terrorism Weapons Shooting : 9mm Ruger P95 semi-automatic pistol Firefight : Improvised explosive devices 9mm Ruger P95 semi-automatic pistol Stolen Mercedes - Benz M - Class SUV Deaths 3 ( including Tamerlan Tsarnaev and a police officer who died April 10 , 2014 ) Non-fatal injuries 16 Perpetrators Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ( sentenced to death ) Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( deceased ) Release of suspect photos ( edit ) Jeff Bauman was immediately adjacent to one of the bombs and lost both legs ; he wrote while in the hospital : `` Bag , saw the guy , looked right at me '' . He later gave a detailed description which enabled the photo to be identified and circulated quickly . At 5 : 20 p.m. on April 18 , the FBI released images of two suspects carrying backpacks , asking the public 's help in identifying them . The FBI said that they were doing this in part to limit harm to persons wrongly identified by news reports and on social - media . As seen on video , the suspects stayed to observe the chaos after the explosions , then walked away casually . The public sent authorities a deluge of photographs and videos , which were scrutinized by both authorities and online public social networks . MIT shooting and carjacking ( edit ) Scenes and approximate times of events of April 18 -- 19 A few hours after the photos were released , the Tsarnaev brothers shot Sean A. Collier of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department six times in an attempt to steal his gun , which they could not get out because of the holster 's retention system . Collier , aged 27 , was seated in his police car near the Stata Center ( Building 32 ) on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus . He died soon after . The brothers then carjacked a Mercedes - Benz M - Class SUV in the Allston - Brighton neighborhood of Boston . Tamerlan took the owner hostage and told him that he was responsible for the Boston bombing and for killing a police officer . Dzhokhar followed them in the green Honda , later joining them in the Mercedes - Benz . Interrogation later revealed that the brothers `` decided spontaneously '' that they wanted to go to New York and bomb Times Square . The Tsarnaev brothers forced the hostage to use his ATM cards to obtain $800 in cash . They transferred objects to the Mercedes - Benz and one brother followed it in their Honda Civic , for which an all - points bulletin was issued . The car 's owner and hostage was Chinese national Dun Meng , referred to as `` Danny '' in early reports . He escaped while the Tsarnaev brothers stopped at a gas station and ran across the street to another gas station , asking the clerk to call 911 . His cell phone remained in the vehicle , allowing the police to focus their search on Watertown . Watertown shootout ( edit ) Shortly after midnight on April 19 , Watertown police officer Joseph Reynolds identified the brothers in the Honda Civic and the stolen SUV . A gunfight followed between the brothers and police arriving at the scene on the 100 block of Laurel St. An estimated 200 to 300 rounds of ammunition were fired and at least one further bomb and several `` crude grenades '' were thrown . According to Watertown Police Chief Edward Deveau , the brothers had an `` arsenal of guns . '' Tamerlan ran out of ammunition and threw his empty pistol at an officer , who tackled him with help from another officer . Tamerlan 's younger brother Dzhokhar then drove the stolen SUV toward Tamerlan and police who unsuccessfully tried to drag Tamerlan out of his path ; the car ran over Tamerlan and dragged him a short distance down the street . Dzhokhar abandoned the car half a mile away and fled on foot . Tamerlan Tsarnaev died at 1 : 35 a.m. at a Boston hospital . Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police Officer Richard H. Donohue Jr. was also critically wounded but survived . Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds was injured by a hand grenade and died April 10 , 2014 . Fifteen other officers were also injured . A later report by Harvard Kennedy School 's Program on Crisis Leadership concluded that lack of coordination among police agencies had put the public at excessive risk during the shootout . Only one firearm was recovered at the scene , a Ruger 9 mm pistol with a defaced serial number . Identification and search for suspects ( edit ) Further information : Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev The men were identified via registration records on their Honda at the scene , as two brothers whose family had immigrated to the United States seeking political asylum around 2002 : 26 - year - old Tamerlan Tsarnaev and 19 - year - old Dzhokhar `` Jahar '' Tsarnaev . The FBI released additional photos of the two during the Watertown incident . Early on April 19 , Watertown residents received reverse 911 calls asking them to stay indoors . On the morning of April 19 , Governor Patrick asked residents of Watertown and adjacent cities and towns to `` shelter in place '' . Somerville residents also received a reverse - 911 call with orders to shelter in place . A 20 - block area of Watertown was cordoned off and residents were told not to leave their homes or answer the door , as officers scoured the area in tactical gear . Helicopters circled the area and SWAT teams in armored vehicles moved through in formation , with officers going door to door . On the scene were the FBI , the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives , the Department of Homeland Security , the National Guard , the Boston and Watertown Police departments , and the Massachusetts State Police . The show of force was the first major field test of the interagency task forces created in the wake of the September 11 attacks . The entire public transit network and most Boston taxi services were suspended , as was Amtrak service to and from Boston . Logan International Airport remained open under heightened security . Universities , schools , many businesses , and other facilities were closed as thousands of law enforcement personnel participated in the door - to - door manhunt in Watertown , as well as following up other leads , including at the house that the brothers shared in Cambridge . Seven improvised explosive devices were recovered by bomb squads . The brothers ' father spoke from his home in Makhachkala , Dagestan , encouraging his son to : `` Give up . Give up . You have a bright future ahead of you . Come home to Russia . '' He continued , `` If they killed him , then all hell would break loose . '' On television , Dzhokhar 's uncle from Montgomery Village , Maryland , pleaded with him to turn himself in . Post-capture celebrations in Boston 's student - heavy Mission Hill neighborhood David Henneberry , a Watertown resident outside the search area , noticed that the tarp was loose on his parked boat on the evening of April 19 , two hours after the shelter - in - place order had been lifted . He then saw a body lying inside the boat in a pool of blood . Authorities surrounded the boat and a police helicopter verified movement through a thermal imaging device . The person inside the boat started poking at the tarp , and police shot at the boat . According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown Police Chief Deveau , Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was shooting at police from inside the boat , `` exchanging fire for an hour '' . A subsequent report indicated that the firing lasted for a shorter period of time . The suspect was found to have no weapon when he was captured . He was arrested at 8 : 42 p.m. and taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , where he was listed in critical condition with gunshot wounds to the head , neck , legs , and hand . Initial reports that the neck wound represented a suicide attempt were contradicted by his being unarmed . The situation was chaotic according to a police source quoted by the Washington Post , and the firing of weapons occurred during `` the fog of war '' . A subsequent review by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts provided this more specific summary : `` One officer fired his weapon without appropriate authority in response to perceived movement in the boat , and surrounding officers followed suit in a round of ' contagious fire ' , assuming they were being fired on by the suspect . Weapons continued to be fired for several seconds until on scene supervisors ordered a ceasefire and regained control of the scene . The unauthorized shots created another dangerous crossfire situation '' . Legal proceedings ( edit ) Interrogation ( edit ) United States Senators Kelly Ayotte , Saxby Chambliss , Lindsey Graham , and John McCain , and Representative Peter T. King suggested that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , a U.S. citizen , should be tried as an unlawful enemy combatant rather than as a criminal , potentially preventing him from obtaining legal counsel . Others said that doing so would be illegal , including prominent American legal scholar and lawyer Alan Dershowitz , and would jeopardize the prosecution . The government decided to try Dzhokhar in the federal criminal court system and not as an enemy combatant . Dzhokhar was questioned for 16 hours by investigators but stopped communicating with them on the night of April 22 after Judge Marianne Bowler read him a Miranda warning . Dzhokhar had not previously been given a Miranda warning , as federal law enforcement officials invoked the warning 's public safety exception . This raised doubts whether his statements during this investigation would be admissible as evidence and led to a debate surrounding Miranda rights . Charges and detention ( edit ) Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in a court holding cell on July 10 , 2013 On April 22 , 2013 , formal criminal charges were brought against Tsarnaev in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts during a bedside hearing while he was hospitalized . He was charged with use of a weapon of mass destruction and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death . Some of the charges carry potential sentences of life imprisonment or the death penalty . Tsarnaev was judged to be awake , mentally competent , and lucid , and he responded to most questions by nodding . The judge asked him whether he was able to afford an attorney and he said no ; he was represented by the Federal Public Defender 's office . On April 26 , Dzhohkar Tsarnaev was moved from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to the Federal Medical Center at Fort Devens , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Boston . FMC Devens is a federal prison medical facility at a former Army base where he was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit with 23 - hour - per - day lockdown . On July 10 , 2013 , Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to 30 charges in his first public court appearance , including a murder charge for MIT police officer Sean Collier . He was back in court for a status hearing on September 23 , and his lawyers requested more time to prepare their defense . On October 2 , Tsarnaev 's attorneys asked the court to lift the special administrative measures ( SAMs ) imposed by Attorney General Holder in August , saying that the measures had left Tsarnaev unduly isolated from communication with his family and lawyers , and that no evidence suggested that he posed a future threat . Trial and sentencing ( edit ) Main article : Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Jury selection began on January 5 , 2015 and was completed on March 3 , with a jury consisting of eight men and ten women ( including six alternates ) . The trial began on March 4 with Assistant U.S. Attorney William Weinreb describing the bombing and painting Dzhokhar as `` a soldier in a holy war against Americans '' whose motive was `` reaching paradise '' . He called the brothers equal participants . Defense attorney Judy Clarke admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier , the carjacking of Dun Meng , and the Watertown shootout , but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him , portraying him as a follower . Between March 4 and 30 , prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses , including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack , and the government rested its case on March 30 . The defense rested as well on March 31 , after calling four witnesses . Tsarnaev was found guilty on all 30 counts on April 8 . The sentencing phase of the trial began April 21 , and a further verdict was reached on May 15 recommending that he be put to death . Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24 , after apologizing to the victims . Motives and backgrounds of Tsarnaev brothers ( edit ) Motives ( edit ) According to FBI interrogators , Dzhokhar and his brother were motivated by Islamic beliefs but `` were not connected to any known terrorist groups '' , instead learning to build explosive weapons from an online magazine published by al - Qaeda affiliates in Yemen . They further alleged that `` ( Dzhokhar and ) his brother considered suicide attacks and striking ( the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular ) on the Fourth of July ; but ultimately decided to use pressure cooker bombs ( capable of remote detonation ) and other IEDs . '' Fox News reported that the brothers `` chose the prestigious race as a ' target of opportunity ' ... ( after ) the building of the bombs came together more quickly than expected '' . Dzhokhar said that he and his brother wanted to defend Islam from the U.S. , accusing the U.S. of conducting the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan against Muslims . A CBS report revealed that Dzhokhar had scrawled a note with a marker on the interior wall of the boat where he was hiding ; the note stated that the bombings were `` retribution for U.S. military action in Afghanistan and Iraq '' , and called the Boston victims `` collateral damage '' , `` in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world . '' Photographs of the note were later used in the trial . Some political science and public policy writers suggest that Islam may have played a secondary role in the attacks . These writers theorize that the primary motives might have been sympathy towards the political aspirations in the Caucasus region and Tamerlan 's inability to become fully integrated into American society . According to the Los Angeles Times , a law enforcement official said that Dzhokhar `` did not seem as bothered about America 's role in the Muslim world '' as his brother Tamerlan had been . Dzhokhar identified Tamerlan as the `` driving force '' behind the bombing , and said that his brother had only recently recruited him to help . Some journalists and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 's defense attorney have suggested that the FBI may have recruited or attempted to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an informant . Backgrounds ( edit ) An apartment was searched in West New York , New Jersey that belonged to a sister of the Tsarnaevs See also : Tamerlan Tsarnaev § Personal background , and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev § Personal background Tamerlan Tsarnaev was born in 1986 in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , North Caucasus . Dzhokhar was born in 1993 in Kyrgyzstan , although some reports say that his family claims that he was born in Dagestan . The family spent time in Tokmok , Kyrgyzstan , and in Makhachkala , Dagestan . They are half Chechen through their father Anzor , and half Avar through their mother Zubeidat . They never lived in Chechnya , yet the brothers identified themselves as Chechen . The Tsarnaev family immigrated to the United States in 2002 where they applied for political asylum , settling in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Tamerlan Tsarnaev attended Bunker Hill Community College but dropped out to become a boxer . His goal was to gain a place on the U.S. Olympic boxing team , saying that , `` unless his native Chechnya becomes independent '' , he would `` rather compete for the United States than for Russia '' . He married U.S. citizen Katherine Russell on July 15 , 2010 in the Masjid Al Quran Mosque in the Dorchester section of Boston ; she was pregnant with their daughter . While initially quoted in a student magazine as saying , `` I do n't have a single American friend . I do n't understand them , '' a later FBI interview report documents Tamerlan stating it was a misquote , and that most of his friends were American . He had a history of violence , including an arrest in July 2009 for assaulting his girlfriend . The brothers were Muslim ; Tamerlan 's aunt stated that he had recently become a devout Muslim . Tamerlan became more devout and religious after 2009 , and a YouTube channel in his name linked to Salafist and Islamist videos . The FBI was informed by the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) in 2011 that he was a `` follower of radical Islam . '' In response , the FBI interviewed Tamerlan and his family and searched databases , but they did not find any evidence of `` terrorism activity , domestic or foreign . '' During the 2012 trip to Dagestan , Tamerlan was reportedly a frequent visitor at a mosque on Kotrova Street in Makhachkala , believed by the FSB to be linked with radical Islam . Some believe that `` they were motivated by their faith , apparently an anti-American , radical version of Islam '' acquired in the U.S. , while others believe that the turn happened in Dagestan . At the time of the bombing , Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a student at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth with a major in marine biology . He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11 , 2012 . Tamerlan 's boxing coach reported to NBC that the young brother was greatly affected by Tamerlan and admired him . Tamerlan was previously connected to the triple homicide in Waltham , Massachusetts , on the evening of September 11 , 2011 , but he was not a suspect at the time . Brendan Mess , Erik Weissman , and Raphael Teken were murdered in Mess 's apartment . All had their throats slit from ear to ear with such great force that they were nearly decapitated . The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other , and that the murders were not random . Tamerlan Tsarnaev had previously described murder victim Brendan Mess as his `` best friend . '' After the bombing and subsequent revelations of Tsarnaev 's personal life , the Waltham murders case was reexamined in April 2013 with Tsarnaev as a new suspect . Both ABC and The New York Times have reported that there is strong evidence which implicates Tsarnaev in this triple homicide . Some analysts claim that the Tsarnaev 's mother Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is a radical extremist and supporter of jihad who influenced her sons ' behavior . This prompted the Russian government to warn the U.S. government on two occasions about the family 's behavior . Both Tamerlan and his mother were placed on a terrorism watch list about 18 months before the bombing took place . Other arrests , detentions , and prosecutions ( edit ) Persons detained and released ( edit ) On April 15 , several people who were near the scene of the blast were taken into custody and questioned about the bombing , including a Saudi man whom police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion ; they detained him when some of his responses made them uncomfortable . Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb , and the man was found to have no connection to the attack . An unnamed U.S. official said , `` he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time . '' On the night of April 18 , two men riding in a taxi in the vicinity of the shootout were arrested and released shortly thereafter when police determined that they were not involved in the Marathon attacks . Another man was arrested several blocks from the site of the shootout and was forced to strip naked by police who feared that he might have concealed explosives . He was released that evening after a brief investigation determined that he was an innocent bystander . Ibragim Todashev ( edit ) Main article : Ibragim Todashev On May 22 , the FBI interrogated Ibragim Todashev in Orlando , Florida , who was a Chechen from Boston . During the interrogation , he was shot and killed by an FBI agent who claimed that Todashev attacked him . The New York Times quoted an unnamed law enforcement official as saying that Todashev had confessed to a triple homicide and had implicated Tsarnaev , as well . Todashev 's father claimed his son is innocent and that federal investigators are biased against Chechens and made up their case against him . Dias Kadyrbayev , Azamat Tazhayakov , and Robel Phillipos ( edit ) Personal backgrounds ( edit ) Robel Phillipos ( 19 ) was a U.S. citizen of Ethiopian descent living in Cambridge who was arrested and faced with charges of knowingly making false statements to police . He graduated from high school in 2011 with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev . Dias Kadyrbayev ( 19 ) and Azamat Tazhayakov ( 20 ) were natives of Kazakhstan living in the U.S. They were Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 's roommates in an off - campus housing complex in New Bedford , Massachusetts at which Tsarnaev had sometimes stayed . Phillipos , Kadyrbayev , Tazhayakov , and Tsarnaev entered the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in the fall of 2011 and knew each other well . After seeing photos of Tsarnaev on television , the three men traveled to his dorm room where they retrieved a backpack and laptop belonging to Tsarnaev . The backpack was discarded , but police recovered it and its contents in a nearby New Bedford landfill on April 26 . During interviews , the men initially denied visiting the dorm room but later admitted their actions . Arrests and legal proceedings ( edit ) Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were arrested by police at the off - campus housing complex during the night of April 18 -- 19 . An unidentified girlfriend of one of the men was also arrested , but all three were soon released . Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were re-arrested in New Bedford on April 20 and held on immigration - related violations . They appeared before a federal immigration judge on May 1 and were charged with overstaying their student visas . That same day , Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were charged criminally with : willfully conspir ( ing ) with each other to commit an offense against the United States ... by knowingly destroying , concealing , and covering up objects belonging to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , namely , a backpack containing fireworks and a laptop computer , with the intent to impede , obstruct , and influence the criminal investigation of the Marathon bombing . Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were indicted by a federal grand jury on August 8 , 2013 on charges of conspiracy to obstruct justice for helping Dzhokhar Tsarnaev dispose of a laptop computer , fireworks , and a backpack after the bombing . Each faced up to 25 years in prison and deportation if convicted . Tazhayakov was convicted of obstruction of justice and conspiracy on July 21 , 2014 . Kadyrbayev pleaded guilty to obstruction charges on August 22 , 2014 , but sentencing was delayed pending the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in Yates v. United States . Kadyrbayev was sentenced to six years in prison in June 2015 . Tazhayakov pleaded not guilty and went to trial , arguing that `` Kadyrbayev was the mastermind behind destroying the evidence and that Tazhayakov only ' attempted obstruction . ' '' Jurors returned a guilty verdict against him , however , and he was sentenced to 42 months in prison in June 2015 , which equated to three and a half years . Judge Douglas Woodlock gave a lighter sentence to Tazahayakov than to Kadyrbayev , who was viewed as more culpable . Tazhayakov was released in May 2016 and subsequently deported . Phillipos was arrested and faced charges of knowingly making false statements to police . He was released on $100,000 bail and placed under house confinement with an ankle monitor . He was convicted on October 28 , 2014 , on two charges of lying about being in Tsarnaev 's dorm room . He later acknowledged that he had been in the room while two friends removed a backpack containing potential evidence relating to the bombing . Phillipos faced a maximum sentence of eight years ' imprisonment on each count . In June 2015 , U.S. District Judge Douglas P. Woodlock sentenced him to three years in prison . Phillipos filed an appeal , but his sentence was upheld in court on February 28 , 2017 . Khairullozhon Matanov ( edit ) A federal indictment was unsealed against Khairullozhon Matanov on May 30 , 2014 , charging him with `` one count of destroying , altering , and falsifying records , documents , and tangible objects in a federal investigation , specifically information on his computer , and three counts of making materially false , fictitious , and fraudulent statements in a federal terrorism investigation . '' Matanov bought dinner for the two Tsarnaev brothers 40 minutes after the bombing . After the Tsarnaev brothers ' photos were released to the public , Matanov viewed the photos on the CNN and FBI websites before attempting to reach Dzhokhar , and then tried to give away his cell phone and delete hundreds of documents from his computer . Prosecutors said that Matanov attempted to mislead investigators about the nature of his relationship with the brothers and to conceal that he shared their philosophy of violence . Matanov was originally from Kyrgyzstan . He came to the U.S. in 2010 on a student visa , and later claimed asylum . He attended Quincy College for two years before dropping out to become a taxicab driver . He was living in Quincy , Massachusetts at the time of his arrest , and was a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev . In March 2015 , Matanov pleaded guilty to all four counts . In June 2015 , he was sentenced to 30 months in prison . Victims ( edit ) Deaths ( edit ) Three civilians were killed in the bombing : Krystle Marie Campbell ( 29 ) , a restaurant manager from Medford , Massachusetts ; Lü Lingzi ( Chinese : 吕令子 ) ( 23 ) , a Chinese national and Boston University graduate student from Shenyang , Liaoning ; and 8 - year old Martin William Richard from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston , who was killed by the second bomb . Sean A. Collier ( 27 ) was ambushed in his police car on April 18 , at about 10 : 48 p.m. He was an MIT police officer , and had been with the Somerville Auxiliary Police Department from 2006 to 2009 . He died from multiple gunshot wounds from the bombers . Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds died on April 10 , 2014 -- nearly a year later -- as a result of injuries which he sustained from a hand grenade during the Watertown shootout . Injuries ( edit ) According to the Boston Public Health Commission , 264 civilians were treated at 27 local hospitals . Eleven days later , 29 remained hospitalized , one in critical condition . Many victims had lower leg injuries and shrapnel wounds , which indicated that the devices were low to the ground . At least 16 civilians lost limbs , at the scene or by amputation in a hospital , and three lost more than one limb . Doctors described removing `` ball - bearing type '' metallic beads a little larger than BBs and small carpenter - type nails about 0.5 to 1 inch ( 1 to 3 cm ) long . Similar objects were found at the scene . The New York Times cited doctors as saying that the bombs mainly injured legs , ankles , and feet because they were low to the ground , instead of fatally injuring abdomens , chests , shoulders , and heads . Some victims had perforated eardrums . MBTA police officer Richard H. Donohue Jr. ( 33 ) was critically wounded during a firefight with the bombers just after midnight on April 19 . He lost almost all of his blood , and his heart stopped for 45 minutes , during which time he was kept alive by cardiopulmonary resuscitation . The Boston Globe reported that Donohue may have been accidentally shot by a fellow officer . Marc Fucarile lost his right leg and received severe burns and shrapnel wounds . He was the last victim released from hospital care on July 24 , 2013 . Reactions ( edit ) Law enforcement , local and national politicians , and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombing , generally condemning the act and expressing sympathies for the victims . Aid to victims ( edit ) The Prudential Tower lit up with a large `` 1 '' for the One Fund Boston a week after the bombing The One Fund Boston was established by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and Boston mayor Thomas Menino to make monetary distributions to bombing victims . The Boston Strong concert at the TD Garden in Boston on May 30 , 2013 benefitted the One Fund , which ultimately received more than $69.8 million in donations . A week after the bombing , crowd funding websites received more than 23,000 pledges promising more than $2 million for the victims , their families , and others affected by the bombing . The Israel Trauma Coalition for Response and Preparedness sent six psychologists and specialists from Israel to help Boston emergency responders , government administrators , and community people develop post-terrorist attack recovery strategies . Local ( edit ) Victims of the bombing are remembered at Copley Square in Boston Numerous sporting events , concerts , and other public entertainment were postponed or cancelled in the days following the bombing . The MBTA public transit system was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt . In the days after the bombing , makeshift memorials began to spring up along the cordoned - off area surrounding Boylston Street . The largest was located on Arlington Street , the easternmost edge of the barricades , starting with flowers , tokens , and T - shirts . In June , the Makeshift Memorial located in Copley Square was taken down and the memorial objects located there were moved to the archives in West Roxbury for cleaning , fumigation , and archiving . Boston University established a scholarship in honor of Lü Lingzi , a student who died in the bombing . University of Massachusetts Boston did the same in honor of alumna and bombing victim Krystle Campell. MIT also established a scholarship and erected a sculpture ( unveiled on April 29 , 2015 ) , both in memory of MIT Police officer Sean Collier . One study conducted by the Institute for Public Service at Suffolk University in Boston , Massachusetts , records the mental health and emotional response of various survivors , for three years following the bombing . In doing so , it reviews the kinds of aid that were available in local hospitals and gives advice as to how an individual or community may be healed . This study also mentions that after realizing the under coverage of people in the city being killed or injured on a daily basis , the city of Boston `` applied for and received a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to be part of their 100 resilient cities network and to develop a cross cutting resilience strategy '' . However , there was rising anti-Muslim sentiment online and locally in the weeks following the bombing , causing distress in the local Muslim community and leaving some afraid of going out . National ( edit ) President Barack Obama addressed the nation after the attack . He said that the perpetrators were still unknown , but that the government would `` get to the bottom of this '' and that those responsible `` will feel the full weight of justice '' . He ordered flags to half - staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as `` a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15 , 2013 in Boston , Massachusetts . '' Moments of silence were held at various events across the country , including at the openings of the New York Stock Exchange , NASDAQ , and NYMEX on the day after the bombing . Numerous special events were held , including marathons and other runs . International ( edit ) Flag flying at half staff at the American consulate in Milan , Italy The bombing was denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport . Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the attack . In China , users posted condolence messages on Weibo in response to the death of Lü Lingzi . Chris Buckley of The New York Times said `` Ms. Lu 's death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese . '' Laurie Burkitt of The Wall Street Journal said `` Ms. Lu 's death resonates with many in China '' due to the one - child policy . Organizers of the London Marathon , which was held six days after the Boston bombing , reviewed security arrangements for their event . Hundreds of extra police officers were drafted in to provide a greater presence on the streets , and a record 700,000 spectators lined the streets . Runners in London observed a 30 - second silence in respect for the victims of Boston shortly before the race began , and many runners wore black ribbons on their vests . Organisers also pledged to donate US $3 to a fund for Boston Marathon victims for every person who finished the race . Organizers of the 2013 Vancouver Sun Run , which was held on April 21 , 2013 , donated $10 from every late entry for the race to help victims of the bombing at the Boston Marathon . Jamie Pitblado , vice-president of promotions for The Vancouver Sun and The Province , said the money would go to One Fund Boston , an official charity that collected donations for the victims and their families . Sun Run organizers raised anywhere from $25,000 to $40,000 . There were over 48,000 participants , many dressed in blue and yellow ( Boston colors ) with others wearing Boston Red Sox caps . Petr Gandalovic , ambassador of the Czech Republic , released a statement after noticing much confusion on Facebook and Twitter between his nation and the Chechen Republic . `` The Czech Republic and Chechnya are two very different entities -- the Czech Republic is a Central European country ; Chechnya is a part of the Russian Federation . '' Security was also stepped up in Singapore in response to online threats made on attacking several locations in the city - state and the Singapore Marathon in December . Two suspects were investigated and one was eventually arrested for making false bomb threats . Russian reaction ( edit ) The Russian government said special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia , including the 2014 Winter Olympics . According to the Russian embassy in the U.S. , President Vladimir Putin condemned the bombing as a `` barbaric crime '' and `` stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready , if necessary , to assist in the U.S. authorities ' investigation . '' He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U.S. authorities for negligence as they warned the U.S. of the Tsarnaevs . Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame the United States for politically motivated false information about the lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U.S. requests . As proof a letter from the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) was shown to the members of an official U.S. Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit . This letter with information about Tsarnaev ( including his biography details , connections and phone number ) had been sent from the FSB to the FBI and CIA during March 2011 . Republican U.S. Senators Saxby Chambliss and Richard Burr reported that Russian authorities had separately asked both the FBI ( at least twice : during March and November 2011 ) and the CIA ( September 2011 ) to look carefully into Tamerlan Tsarnaev and provide more information about him back to Russia . Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) secretly recorded phone conversations between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his mother ( they vaguely and indirectly discussed jihad ) and sent these to the FBI as evidence of possible extremist links within the family . However , while Russia offered US intelligence services warnings that Tsarnaev planned to link up with extremist groups abroad , an FBI investigation yielded no evidence to support those claims at the time . In addition , subsequent U.S. requests for additional information about Tsarnaev went unanswered by the Russians . Chechen reactions ( edit ) On April 19 , 2013 , the press - secretary of the head of the Chechen Republic , Ramzan Kadyrov , issued a statement that , inter alia , read : `` The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya '' . On the same day , Kadyrov was reported by The Guardian to have written on Instagram : Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs , if they are guilty , is in vain . They grew up in the U.S. , their views and beliefs were formed there . The roots of evil must be searched for in America . The whole world must battle with terrorism . We know this better than anyone . We wish recover ( sic ) to all the victims and share Americans ' feeling of sorrow . Akhmed Zakayev , head of the secular wing of the Chechen separatist movement , now in exile in London , condemned the bombing as `` terrorist '' and expressed condolences to the families of the victims . Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people , saying that `` the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens . '' The Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan , the Caucasian Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan , denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia , not the United States . It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012 . Terrorist organizations ( edit ) In the Turkistan Islamic Party 's Turkestan Al - Islamiyya magazine , Issue 13 , the Rohingya cleric Abu Dhar ' Azzam ( Abu Dhar Al - Burmi ) congratulated the Tsarnaev brothers on their terrorist attack in the Boston Marathon bombing , saying , `` In the very house of unbelief , two Chechen brothers destroyed the infidels ' fortresses on April 16 , 2013 . During the ( ensuing ) search ( by the authorities for the perpetrators ) , the elder brother died as a martyr in the field of glory and honor , Allah willing . The younger brother , Dzokhar , remained , and told his dear nation : ' We did this operation as revenge for what America does in Palestine , Iraq , and Afghanistan . ' He did n't mention his homeland Chechnya , since this jihad is a jihad of ( an entire ) nation , not ( a campaign ) for the liberation of a single land ... The Muslims ' lands are one and their honor is one . '' Criticism of `` shelter - in - place '' directive and house - to - house searches ( edit ) During the manhunt for the perpetrators of the bombing , Governor Deval Patrick said `` we are asking people to shelter in place . '' The request was highly effective ; most people stayed home , causing Boston , Watertown , and Cambridge to come to a virtual standstill . According to Time magazine , `` media described residents complying with a ' lockdown order , ' but in reality the governor 's security measure was a request . '' Scott Silliman , emeritus director of the Center on Law , Ethics and National Security at Duke Law School , said that the shelter - in - place request was voluntary . The shelter - in - place directive was criticized by some commentators . Michael Cohen of The Observer said that Americans have little experience with daily terrorism compared to some countries and `` are more primed to ... assume the absolute worst . '' Cohen wrote that it was not the first time dangerous murderers have been on the loose in a large American city ( citing Christopher Dorner in 2013 and the Beltway sniper attacks in 2002 ) , but noted that `` lockdown '' measures were not used in those cases . Former congressman and presidential candidate Ron Paul , criticized what he described as a `` military - style takeover of parts of Boston '' during the investigation and wrote that `` this unprecedented move should frighten us as much or more than the attack itself . '' Haaretz 's Chemi Salev wrote that `` in terms of cost - benefit analysis , from the evil terrorist 's point of view , the Boylston Street bombings and their aftermath can only be viewed as a resounding triumph '' since the `` relatively amateurish '' terrorists managed to intimidate a vast number of people and got a maximum amount of publicity . Responding to Salev in The New York Times , Ross Douthat commented that the massive manhunt operation might deter other amateur terrorists , but not hard - core terrorists such as Mohammed Atta . Douthat argued that out - of - the - ordinary measures can only be used when terrorism itself is out - of - the - ordinary : if attacks started to occur more often , people would not be as willing to comply with shelter - in - place commands , yet once a terrorist has been hunted with such an operation , it is hard to justify why such measures should not be taken the next time . The National Lawyers Guild and some news outlets questioned the constitutionality of the door - to - door searches conducted by law enforcement officers looking for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev . Conflicting reports ( edit ) Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis gives a news conference about the bombing on April 15 . Governor Deval Patrick is second from right and Suffolk District Attorney Daniel F. Conley is at far left . On the afternoon of the bombing , the New York Post reported that a suspect , a Saudi Arabian male , was under guard and being questioned at a Boston hospital . That evening , Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said that there had not been an arrest . The Post did not retract its story about the suspect , leading to widespread reports by CBS News , CNN , and other media that a Middle Eastern suspect was in custody . The day after the bombing , a majority of outlets were reporting that the Saudi was a witness , not a suspect . The New York Post on its April 18 front page showed two men , and said they were being sought by the authorities . The two were not the ones being sought as suspects . They were a 17 - year - old boy and his track coach . The boy , from Revere , Massachusetts , turned himself over to the police immediately and was cleared after a 20 - minute interview in which they advised him to deactivate his Facebook account . New York Post editor Col Allan stated , `` We stand by our story . The image was emailed to law enforcement agencies yesterday afternoon seeking information about these men , as our story reported . We did not identify them as suspects . '' The two were implied to be possible suspects via crowdsourcing on the websites Reddit and 4chan . Several other people were mistakenly identified as suspects . Two of those wrongly identified as suspects on Reddit were a 17 - year - old track star and Sunil Tripathi , a Brown University student missing since March . Tripathi was found dead on April 23 in the Providence River . On April 17 , the FBI released the following statement : Contrary to widespread reporting , no arrest has been made in connection with the Boston Marathon attack . Over the past day and a half , there have been a number of press reports based on information from unofficial sources that has been inaccurate . Since these stories often have unintended consequences , we ask the media , particularly at this early stage of the investigation , to exercise caution and attempt to verify information through appropriate official channels before reporting . The decision to release the photos of the Tsarnaev brothers was made in part to limit damage done to those misidentified on the Internet and by the media , and to address concerns over maintaining control of the manhunt . Film adaption ( edit ) A film about the Boston Marathon bombing and subsequent manhunt , Patriots Day , was released in December 2016 . Another film , Stronger , which chronicles survivor Jeff Bauman , was released in September 2017 . See also ( edit ) 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt , attempted bombing in New York City using a pressure cooker bomb and other explosive devices 2011 Waltham triple murder , a triple homicide to which Tamerlan Tsarnaev has been connected 2013 Bat Yam bus bombing , bombing of a public bus in Israel using a pressure cooker bomb Centennial Olympic Park bombing , a 1996 terrorist attack also targeting a public event List of Islamist terrorist attacks Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev ( English : / ˌtæmərˈlɑːn ˌtsɑːrˈnaɪ. ɛf / ) Russian : Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев , Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnayev ( pronounced ( təmjɪrˈɫan ɐnˈzorəvjɪtɕ tsɐrˈnajɪf ) ) Chechen : Царнаев Анзор - кIант Тамерлан , Carnayev Anzor - khant Tamerlan . Jump up ^ Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev ( English : / ˌdʒoʊˈxɑːr ˌtsɑːrˈnaɪ. ɛf / ) Russian : Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев , Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnayev ( pronounced ( dʐɐˈxar ɐnˈzorəvjɪtɕ tsɐrˈnajɪf ) ) Chechen : Царнаев Анзор - кIант ДжовхӀар , Carnayev Anzor - khant Dƶovhar . Jump up ^ Taxi service was restored before the manhunt ended and transit service resumed . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Straw , Joseph ; Ford , Bev ; McShane , Lawrence ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Police narrow in on two suspects in Boston Marathon bombings '' . The Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States vs. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , Case 1 : 13 - mj - 02106 - MBB '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice . April 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Scott ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombing suspect cites U.S. wars as motivation , officials say '' . The Washington Post. et al. Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Schmitt , Eric ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self - Taught and Fueled by Web '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kotz , Deborah ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks , to 264 . ^ Jump up to : `` What we know about the Boston bombing and its aftermath '' . CNN . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Estes , Adam Clark ; Abad - Santos , Alexander ; Sullivan , Matt ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Explosions at Boston Marathon Kill 3 -- Now , a ' Potential Terrorist Investigation ' '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromer , Frederic J. ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Justice Department Directing Full Resources To Investigate Boston Marathon Bombings '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ des Lauriers , Richard ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Remarks of Special Agent in Charge at Press Conference on Bombing Investigation '' ( press release ) . Boston : FBI . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tanfani , Joseph ; Kelly , Devin ; Muskal , Michael ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombing ( Update ) : Door - to - door manhunt locks down city '' . Los Angeles Times . Boston . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . As family members called on him to surrender , a 19 - year - old college student remained on the run Friday as thousands of police armed with rifles and driving armored vehicles combed the nearly deserted streets of a region on virtual lockdown Jump up ^ `` Boston Lockdown ' Extraordinary ' But Prudent , Experts Say '' . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An empty metropolis : Bostonians share photos of deserted streets '' . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Two unnamed officials say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , 19 , did not have a gun when he was captured Friday in a Watertown , Mass. backyard . Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said earlier that shots were fired from inside the boat . '' The Associated Press Wednesday , April 24 , 2013 , 8 : 42 PM . ^ Jump up to : Seelye , Katharine Q. ; Cooper , Michael ; Rashbaum , William K. ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bomb suspect is captured after standoff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seelye , Katherine Q. ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Bombing Suspect Cites Islamic Extremist Beliefs as Motive '' . The New York Times . et al. Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markon , Jerry ; Horwitz , Sari ; Johnson , Jenna ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with using ' weapon of mass destruction ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev : Boston Marathon bomber found guilty '' . BBC News . April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death '' . International Business Times . 2017 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Abel , David ; Silva , Steve ; Finucane , Martin ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Explosions rock Boston Marathon finish line ; dozens injured '' . The Boston Globe ( online ed . ) . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Investigators recover circuit board believed used to detonate Boston Marathon blasts '' . The Boston Globe ( online ed . ) . April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winter , Michael ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` At least 3 dead , 141 injured in Boston Marathon blasts '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levs , Joshua ; Plott , Monte ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Terrorism strikes Boston Marathon as bombs kill 3 , wound scores '' . CNN . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Preston , Jennifer ; Stack , Liam ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Updates in the Aftermath of the Boston Marathon Bombing : Their Stories : The People at the Finish Line '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClam , Erin ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Explosions rock finish of Boston Marathon ; 2 killed and at least 23 hurt , police say '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malone , Scott ; Pressman , Aaron ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Triumph turns to terror as blasts hit Boston Marathon '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eligon , John ; Cooper , Michael ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Marathon Blasts Kill 3 and Maim Dozens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Events force BAA to alter course at Marathon '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Florio , Michael ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Joe Andruzzi handles Boston Marathon attack the way Joe Andruzzi would '' . Sports . NBC . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greene , William ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Former Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carried an injured woman away from the scene '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Tim ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` A shaken Boston mostly gets back to work ; 12 - block crime scene '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police will have controlled explosion on 600 block on Boylston Street , a block beyond the finish line '' . Boston . Twitter . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mass . gov : No unexploded bombs at Boston Marathon '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two and only two devices were found '' . Fox . April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levitz , Jennifer ; Helliker , Kevin ; Germano , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Two Explosions at Boston Marathon Finish Line '' . The Wall Street Journal ( online ed . ) . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hines , Ken ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` US Official : 2 Additional Explosive Devices Found Near Boston Marathon '' . 6 on your side . ABC . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Peter ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` How many explosive devices , and where ? '' . News Special Report . Washington , DC : NBC . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 / 2050 NOTAM Details '' . Federal Aviation Administration . April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Eileen ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cellphone use heavy , but still operating in Boston '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Updates : Explosions at Boston Marathon '' . The Washington Times ( live stream from scene ) . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross Statement on Boston Marathon Explosions '' . American Red Cross . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Explosions : Third Blast '' . Sky News . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Explosions '' . Person Finder . Google . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Explosions near finish of Boston marathon '' . CNN . April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hosenball , Mark ; Herbst - Bayliss , Svea ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Investigators scour video , photos for Boston Marathon bomb clues '' . GlobalPost . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ; Cooper , Michael ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` FBI Posts Images of Pair Suspected in Boston Attack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korea-blamed-for-boston-bombings-2013-4?IR=T Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/north-korea-denies-any-link-boston-marathon-bombs-says-it-still-may-strike-us-1211721 Jump up ^ Bengali , Shashank ; Muskal , Michael ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Live updates : Obama calls Boston bombings a ' heinous , cowardly ' act of terror '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston bomber arrested : Tamerlan Tsarnaev was questioned by FBI in 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Tim ; Herbst - Bayliss , Svea ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bomb suspect spotted on video , no arrest made '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FBI seeks images in Boston Marathon bomb probe ; new details emerge on explosives '' . News . CBS . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lister , Tim ; Cruickshank , Paul ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Marathon bombs similar to ' lone wolf ' devices , experts say '' . CNN . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellement , John ; Ballou , Brian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Medical Center reports five - year - old boy in critical condition , 23 victims treated from Boston Marathon bombings '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Feds Race to Trace Boston Marathon Pressure Cooker Bomb '' . ABC . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isikoff , Michael ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Search of Tsarnaevs ' phones , computers finds no indication of accomplice , source says '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vinograd , Cassandra ; Dodds , Paisley ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` AP Glance : Pressure Cooker Bombs '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inspire Magazine : A Staple Of Domestic Terror '' . Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Serrano , Richard A. ; Mason , Melanie ; Dilanian , Ken ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombing suspect describes plot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dezenski , Lauren ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Older Marathon bombing suspect purchased fireworks at N.H. store , official says '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heinis , John ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Sister of Boston Bombers Draw FBI to Buchanan Place in West New York '' Archived April 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hudson County TV . Jump up ^ Bennett , Brian ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombs triggered by remote controls from toy cars , FBI says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton J. ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Police Commissioner Edward Davis says releasing photos was ' turning point ' in Boston Marathon bomb probe '' . The Boston Globe . Boston . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He loved us , and we loved him '' . MIT . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Pat ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` UCSD professor says Boston Marathon was ' lone wolf ' terrorism '' . La Jolla Light . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ransom , Jan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Death benefit given to family of officer wounded in Tsarnaev shootout '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loder , Asjylyn ; Deprez , Esmé E. ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bomb Victim in Photo Helped Identify Suspects '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bomb victim whose legs were blown off reportedly helped FBI id suspect '' . Fox . April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ; Cooper , Michael ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` FBI Releases Images of Two Suspects in Boston Attack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Updates on Investigation into Multiple Explosions in Boston -- Video and Photos Released in Bombings Case '' . The FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation . US : Department of Justice . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Matthew ; Patterson , Thomas ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` FBI : Help us ID Boston bomb suspects '' . CNN . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , David ; Horwitz , Sari ; Fisher , Marc ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Police , citizens and technology factor into Boston bombing probe '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton J. ; Wen , Patricia ; Cullen , Kevin ; Ellement , John R. ; Finucane , Martin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Defense admits Tsarnaev took part in Marathon bombings '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police believe Tsarnaev brothers killed officer for his gun '' . CBS News . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Shelley ; Valencia , Milton J. ; Lowery , Wesley ; Johnson , Akilah ; Moskowitz , Eric ; Wangsness , Lisa ; Ellement , John R. ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Search for marathon bombing suspect locks down Watertown , surrounding communities '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Originally titled `` Chaos in Cambridge , Watertown after fatal shooting '' . Jump up ^ `` Police : MIT police officer fatally shot , gunman sought '' . WHDH.com . Sunbeam Television . April 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Siobhan ; Barrett , Devlin ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Judge Made Miranda - Rights Call in Boston Bombing Case '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suburb becomes war zone in days after bombings '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finn , Peter ; Leonnig , Carol D. ; Englund , Will ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal Chechen conflict '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Details Emerge of Alleged Carjacking by Bomber Suspects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston bombing jurors see dramatic video of carjack victim 's escape '' . CBS News . CBS / AP . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dan ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Alleged Bombers ' Carjack Victim Barely Escaped Grab as He Bolted '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From fear to cheers : The final hours that paralyzed Boston '' . CNN . April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police chief : Boston manhunt began with intense firefight in dark street '' . CNN . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chelsea J. ; Botelho , Gregory ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captured ! ! ! ' Boston police announce Marathon bombing suspect in custody '' . CNN . a : `` Richard H. Donohue Jr. , 33 , ... was shot and wounded in the incident ... Another 15 police officers were treated for minor injuries sustained during the explosions and shootout '' . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Mark ; Murphy , Sean P ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Marathon bombing suspects threw ' crude grenades ' at officers '' . The Boston Globe Metro . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark ( Apr 2013 ) . `` An Officer 's Been Killed and There 's a Shooter on the Loose in Boston '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leger , Donna ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Police chief details chase , capture of bombing suspects '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Vincent ( 8 July 2013 ) . `` Watertown Mass . Police describe takedown of Boston Marathon bombers '' . New York Post . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Tovia ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Filming For Marathon Bombing Movie Stirs Emotions In Boston '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The First Photos of The Boston Bombing Suspects ' Shootout With Police '' . Dead spin . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Bombing Suspect Shootout Pictures '' . Get on hand . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farberov , Snejana ; Thompson , Paul ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bomb suspect : Commissioner Ed Davis says Dzhokhar Tsarnaev killed his brother '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 102 hours in pursuit of Marathon suspects '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bomb suspect still at large '' . BBC . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MBTA Police Officer Shot While Chasing Bombing Suspects '' . WBZ . CBS Radio . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bullet that nearly killed MBTA police officer in Watertown gunfight appears to have been friendly fire '' . Boston . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donohue Talks Miracle Survival On Toucher & Rich : ' I Do n't Have An Explanation For It ' '' . CBS Boston . April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schworm , Peter ; Cramer , Maria ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Harvard report praises response to Marathon bombings '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Boston Bombing Suspects , Tzarnaev Brothers , Had One Gun During Shootout With Police : Officials '' . Huffington Post . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Date , Jack ; Matthew Mosk ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Single Gun Recovered From Accused Bombers '' . ABC The Blotter . ABC News . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Green Honda could prove crucial if Tsarnaev charged in MIT officer 's killing -- Investigations '' . Investigations.nbcnews.com . August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helmuth , Laura . `` Pronounce Boston bomb names : Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , Tamerlan Tsarnaev '' . Slate.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abad - Santos , Alexander ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Live : Boston bomb suspect killed by police , one hunted '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officials in Watertown field calls from worried residents -- Watertown -- Your Town '' . The Boston Globe . April 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boston , Belmont , Brookline , Cambridge , Newton , and Waltham Jump up ^ `` Suburban police played a key role in bombing investigation '' . The Boston Globe . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . By 6 pm Friday , Governor Deval Patrick suspended the `` shelter - in - place '' order for Watertown , Belmont , Boston , Brookline , Cambridge , Newton , and Waltham after the manhunt came up empty . Jump up ^ `` Important Public Safety Alert 4 / 19 / 13 '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Was Boston Actually on Lockdown ? '' . Time . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Somerville Safety Advisory '' . Somerville News . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunfire heard in search for Boston Marathon bomb suspect '' . Reuters. April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Manhunt : Search for bombing suspect is law enforcement 's first major test of post-9 / 11 training '' . CBS News . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston police '' . Twitter . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Taxi service in the City of Boston has been restored . ^ Jump up to : Mutzabaugh , Ben ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston flights operating , airlines waive change fees '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. News ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' We got him ! ' : Boston bombing suspect captured alive '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Bomb Suspect 's Dad Tells Him to Surrender , Warns ' Hell Will Break Loose ' if Son Dies '' . ABC News . April 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bombers : suspect Dzhozkar Tsarnaev 's uncle Ruslan Tsarni pleads ' turn yourself in ' '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Associated Press . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Boston Marathon bombing suspect in custody '' . WCBV. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston police explain how bombing suspect was caught '' . UK : BBC News . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Derek J. ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Watertown family finds alleged marathon bomber in boat '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Linda ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Northwest technology helped find Boston bombing suspect '' . MyNorthwest.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ By Evan Allen ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Boston police superintendent recounts officers ' long search , tense final confrontation '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` As manhunt ends , new questions emerge in Boston bombings '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horwitz , Sari ; Finn , Peter ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Officials : Boston suspect had no firearm when barrage of bullets hit hiding place '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ; Peter Finn ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Officials : Boston suspect had no firearm when barrage of bullets hit hiding place '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bombing suspect surrounded in Watertown '' . The Lowell Sun . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shots Fired in Watertown ( Update : Police Have Suspect In Custody ) '' . Mediaite . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev remains in critical condition '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Criminal Complaint Offers New Details in Boston Marathon Bombing '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Boston manhunt 's end game -- Anderson Cooper 360 '' . CNN . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After Action Report for the Response to the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings '' ( PDF ) . Government of Massachusetts . Executive Office of Public Safety and Security . December 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Improvement Area 4 , Lack of Weapons Discipline , page 114 Jump up ^ Halper , Daniel ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lawmakers : Treat Suspect as ' Enemy Combatant ' '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chambliss , Saxby . `` US Senator for Georgia ' statement on the Boston terror arrest '' . News Center ( Press Releases ) . United States Senate . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mungin , Lateef ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` What 's next for the Boston Marathon bombing suspect ? '' . CNN . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glueck , Katherine ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lindsey Graham : ' Enemy combatant ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Tapper , Jack ; Smith , Matthew ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bomb suspect : My brother was the mastermind '' . CNN . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev silent after read Miranda rights '' . CBS . Associated Press . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Feds Make Miranda Rights Exception for Marathon Bombing Suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev '' . ABC News . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Remain Silent : Dzokhar Tsarnaev , the Public Safety Exception , and Miranda in a post-911 World '' . Marathon Law . April 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Andrew ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tsarnaev Without Tears : The Legal Way Forward '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Why Should I Care That No One 's Reading Dzhokhar Tsarnaev His Miranda Rights ? '' . Slate . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC 2332a ( a ) -- Use of weapons of mass destruction '' . Cornell . Jump up ^ Serrano , Richard A. ; Bennett , Brian ; Memoli , Michael A. ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombing suspect charged , questioned '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boston bombings suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev taken from hospital to prison , CBS News . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston bomb suspect in small cell with steel door '' . CBS News . April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in Solitary at Devens ' Segregated Housing Unit -- TalkLeft : The Politics Of Crime '' . TalkLeft. April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Beverly . `` Boston Bombing Suspect Spends 23 Hours a Day Alone in Jail Cell '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bombing suspect pleads not guilty '' . cbc.ca . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court papers say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had fractured skull , hand after manhunt '' by Laurel J. Sweet , The Boston Herald . Jump up ^ Stanglin , Doug ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tsarnaev lawyers ask for more time '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton J. ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tsarnaev lawyers want prison restrictions eased '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Opening statements in Tsarnaev trial could begin in early March , official says -- Metro -- The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt Jury Trial Day Twenty - Seven : Opening Statement by Mr. Weiner '' ( PDF ) . United States v. Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev . ( D. Mass 2015 ) . March 4 , 2015 . No. 13 - cr - 10200 - GAO . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt Jury Trial Day Twenty - Seven : Opening Statement by Ms. Clarke '' ( PDF ) . United States v. Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev . ( D. Mass 2015 ) . March 4 , 2015 . No. 13 - cr - 10200 - GAO . Jump up ^ Ann O'Neill , CNN ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. ends Boston bombing case with grisly photos -- CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tsarnaev defense was able to plant seeds of doubt -- Metro -- The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Laurel J. ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev convicted on all charges in Boston Marathon bombing trial '' . Boston Herald . United States . Herald Media Inc . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Суд : слушания о мере наказания Царнаеву начнутся 21 апреля ( Court Hearings on the measure Tsarnaevu punishment will begin April 21 ) . RIA Novosti ( in Russian ) . April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston in shock over Tsarnaev death penalty '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Apologizes for Boston Marathon Bombing '' . ABC News . June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ; Mazzetti , Mark ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Shane , Scott ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Plotters Said to Initially Target July 4 for Attack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon was ' target of opportunity , ' bombs built in attacker 's home , sources say '' . Fox News Channel . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Scott ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Marathon was ' Target of Opportunity , ' Bombing Suspect Says '' . RunnersWorld.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FBI agents question members of mosque that Tsarnaevs attended '' . NBC . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston bombings suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev left note in boat he hid in , sources say '' . CBS . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Suspect 's Writing on the Wall '' . consortiumnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Bombing Trial Jury Sees Photos Of Tsarnaev Boat Note '' . CBS Local Boston . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Barry , Ellen ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Note by Boston Bombing Suspect Sheds Light on Motive , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wangsness , Lisa ; Brian Ballou ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Islam might have had secondary role in Boston attacks '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon and agencies ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bombing suspect was put on terrorist database 18 months ago '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michele McPhee ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tamerlan Tsarnaev : Terrorist . Murderer . Federal Informant ? '' . Boston Magazine . Jump up ^ Lara Turner ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Was Tamerlan Tsarnaev an FBI Informant ? Odds Say it 's Possible '' . Who. What. Why . Jump up ^ Rachel Paiste ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tamerlan Tsarnaev Was Approached To Be An Informant , Defense Says '' . WBUR News . Jump up ^ Jamie Bologna and Meghna Chakrabarti ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Unanswered Questions About Tamerlan Tsarnaev '' . WBUR . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Bombings : Turn to Religion Split Bomb Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 's Home '' . The Wall Street journal . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elder , Miriam ; Williams , Matthew ' Matt ' ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Chechnya connections build picture of Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Eileen ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Manhunt in Boston after bombing suspect is killed '' . My way . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bombings : Suspects ' mother Zubeidat says she found faith , not terrorism '' . The Star . Toronto . April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goode , Erica ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaleem , Jaweed ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bombing Suspects ' Muslim Identity Provides Few Clues To Motivation For Bombing '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Noronha , Charmaine ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Aunt says US suspect recently became devout Muslim '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chelsea J ; Botelho , Gregory ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captured ! ! ! ' Boston police announce Marathon bombing suspect in custody '' . CNN . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Smith , Jennifer ; Shallwani , Pervaiz ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bombing Suspect Killed in Shootout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hirn , Johannes ( 2010 ) . `` Will box for Passport : An Olympic Drive to become a United States citizen '' ( PDF ) . The Comment . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke , Timothy ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Everything we know about Tamerlan Tsarnaev , dead bombing suspect '' . Deadspin . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Path From ' Social Butterfly ' to Boston Suspect 's Widow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nathan , Sara ; Bates , Daniel ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Our hearts are sickened by the horror he inflicted ' : Shocked family of All - American girl who converted to Islam to marry Boston bomber say tragedy proves ' we never really knew him '' . Daily Mail . London , UK . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamerlan Tsarnaev '' . FBI . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eric Levenson , . `` Boston bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev told FBI he never picked a fight '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tamerlan Tsarnaev said he had no American friends '' . Now . MSN . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lister , Tim ; Cruickshank , Paul ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Older brother in Boston bombings grew increasingly religious , analysis shows '' . CNN . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morales , Mark ; Adams Otis , Ginger ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Bombing suspect brothers became more religious , radical after Tamerlan Tsarnaev 's 2012 trip to Russia : friends '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Eric ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Barry , Ellen ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inquiry Shifts to Suspect 's Russian Trip '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Forster , Peter ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Boston bomber arrested : Tamerlan Tsarnaev 's hateful rage behind American dream '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radia , Kiril ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bomb Suspect Alarmed Russian Relatives With Extremist Views '' . ABC news . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tangel , Andrew ; Powers , Ashley ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` FBI : Boston suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev followed ' radical Islam ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Waxman , Olivia B. ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Brother 's Keeper : Did Older Sibling Lure Bombing Suspect Into Plot ? '' . Time . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Titterton , Sarah ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Boston marathon bombs : Tamerlan Tsarnaev ' interviewed by FBI in 2011 ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` FBI got information from Russian FSB that Tamerlan Tsarnaev was radical Islam follower '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . April 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Englund , Will ; Finn , Peter ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Conflict in the Caucasus , reflected in suspect 's YouTube playlist '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Older Boston Suspect Made Two Trips to Dagestan , Visited Radical Mosque , Officials Say '' . Time . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nemtsova , Anna ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Caucasus Connection : At a radical mosque in Dagestan , alleged marathon bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev is remembered by many worshippers -- and the secret police '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kotrova Street , Makhachkala '' . Bing . Microsoft . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jakes , Lara ; Sullivan , Eileen ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` From outsiders to bombing suspects in Boston '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McBride , Janet ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Special Report : The radicalization of Tamerlan Tsarnaev '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bombing suspect attended UMass Dartmouth , prompting school closure ; college friend shocked by charge he is Boston Marathon bomber '' . Boston . April 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Boston bombing suspects became US citizens '' . The Atlantic Wire . Apr 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Schuppe , Jon ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Brothers ' Classic Immigrant Tale Emerges as Relatives Speak Out '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deprez , Esmé E. ; Gopal , Prashant ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Brothers Suspected in Boston Bombing Straddled Cultures '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rezendes , Michael ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Police probe possible link between Marathon bomber and unsolved triple homicide in Waltham '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Bombing Brings Twist to Cold Murder Case '' . ABC News . April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' They 're all dead ' : Waltham killings likely not random -- Metro -- The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In 2011 Murder Inquiry , Hints of Missed Chance to Avert Boston Bombing '' . The New York Times . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Adam ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bomber Suspected in Triple Homicide '' . Tablet . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers ' mother told older son to go to ' Palestine ' '' . The Times of Israel . April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects ' Mother Was Placed on Watch List '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eileen Sullivan ; Julie Pace ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Zubeidat Tsarnaeva , Bombing Suspect 's Mom , Also on Terror List '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sison , Bree . `` Injured Saudi man not a suspect in Boston attacks '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven . `` Boston Police : ' We Are Questioning Many People ' '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Walker ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Police Commissioner : ' There Is No Suspect In Custody ' '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hallowell , Billy ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Saudi National Questioned in Boston Bombings Was Allegedly Flagged on Terror Watch List '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Matt ; Levs , Josh ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` FBI will try to rebuild Boston bombs '' . CNN . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Large police presence in Revere connected to Boston bombing '' . WFXT . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bombing suspect dead after gunfight , one still at large '' . World News Australia . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police hunt Boston bombing suspect '' ( live updates ) . New Zealand : News 3 . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police Converge on Watertown Block , Set Up Perimeter in Hunt For Bomb Suspect '' . Fox 17 . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man ' linked to Boston suspect ' killed by FBI '' . Al Jazeera . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Rashbaum , William K. ; Oppel , Jr. , Richard A. ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Deadly End to FBI Queries on Tsarnaev and a Triple Killing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. News ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Father of slain man linked to Boston bombing suspect maintains son 's innocence '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Kelley ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's What We Know About The Three New Suspects Linked To Alleged Boston Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Winter , Michael ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Bomb suspect 's friend Robel Phillipos : Who is he ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bombing Suspect 's Friend , Robel Phillipos , Released on Bail '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police take 3 into custody in New Bedford at housing complex where Boston bombing suspect may have lived '' . MassLive.com. April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Hayley ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` The moment one woman and two men were taken into custody over Boston bombings near Dartmouth campus where suspect studied '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ellement , John R. ; Wallack , Todd ; Sacchetti , Maria ; Carroll , Matt ; Finucane , Martin ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Two Kazakh men , Cambridge man , face charges in disposal of backpack owned by Boston Marathon bombing suspect '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FBI : Friends tried to cover bombing suspect 's tracks '' . USA today ( Facebook post ) . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellement , John R. ; Wallack , Todd ; Sacchetti , Maria ; Carroll , Matt ; Finucane , Martin ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Three additional people taken into custody in Boston Marathon bombings '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent , H. Michael ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` More arrests in Boston bombings , FBI eyes terror cell '' . Rockford Record . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeQuattro , Dee ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Two men in New Bedford arrested on immigration charges '' . ABC 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's The Criminal Complaint Against The New Suspects in the Boston Bombing Case '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kubin , Jacquie ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Update : Azamat Tazhayakov , Dias Kadyrbayev arrested in bombings '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 friends of Boston bombing suspect indicted '' . USA Today . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . msn.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 's College Friend Pleads Guilty '' . Boston Magazine . August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tsarnaev friends ' sentencing delayed '' . WCBV 5 ( ABC ) . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Shannon ; Sargent , Hilary ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tsarnaev friend Tazhayakov sentenced to 42 months for obstruction of justice '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tsarnaev friend to be released from prison '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robel Phillipos , Friend of Boston Marathon Bombing Suspect , Is Found Guilty '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Timothy ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Boston Bombings Suspect 's Friend Convicted of Lying to F.B.I. '' The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wen , Patricia ; Valencia , Milton J. ; Ellement , John R. ; Finucane , Martin ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Robel Phillipos sentenced to three years in prison '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Bomber 's Friend Robel Phillipos Files Appeal '' . NECN . June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason ; Castillo , Mariano ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Massachusetts man charged with obstructing Boston bombings probe '' . CNN . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ly , Laura ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friend of Boston marathon bombers gets 30 - month sentence '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Zalkiind , Susan ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` The FBI Is Trying to Destroy My Life '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Lavidor - Berman , Adrienne ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Bombings at the Boston Marathon '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 奥巴马 : 我们为吕令子的中国家人祈祷 ( Obama : We pray for Lu Lingzi 's Chinese family ) ( video ) . Sohu ( in Chinese ) . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 波士頓爆炸 ) 第 3 名死者 : 中國公民呂令子 ( Boston explosion No. 3 deceased : Chinese citizens Lu Lingzi ) . Apple Daily ( in Chinese ) . Phoenix Television . April 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ; Mufson , Steven ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Boston University identifies third bombing victim as Lu Lingzi '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Chris ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` China Mourns the Death of a Student in Boston Blast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . ( Chinese translation ) Jump up ^ `` Memorial honors Boston victims '' . News ( photo gallery ) . Yahoo !. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from the Family of Lu Lingzi '' . Bu.edu. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fantz , Ashley ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Death of terror 's tiniest victim called ' surreal , ' ' tragic ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family says goodbye to youngest blast victim '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoenberg , Shina ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Slain police officer Sean Collier , killed following Boston Marathon explosions , posthumously appointed to Somerville Police Department '' . MassLive . Somerville . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` On a Field at M.I.T. , 10,000 Remember an Officer Who Was Killed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Just 2 bombing victims still critically ill , but count of injured rises to 282 '' . The Boston Globe . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dahler , Don ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` For Boston bombing survivor , a life - changing decision '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guermazi A , Hayashi D , Smith SE , Palmer W , Katz JN ( 2013 ) . `` Imaging of Blast Injuries to the Lower Extremities Sustained in the Boston Marathon Bombing '' . Arthritis Care and Research . 65 ( 12 ) : 1293 -- 98 . doi : 10.1002 / acr. 22113 . PMID 24039123 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` FBI takes over investigation , seeking suspects , motives in Boston bombings '' . Central Florida News 13 . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Boston Marathon bombing patients likely to live , doctors say '' . CBS News . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weise , Elizabeth ; MacDonald , G. Jeffrey ; Weintraub , Karen ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` At least 14 amputees are among wounded in Boston attack '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Gregg ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` For Boston attack 's amputees , road to recovery begins '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rapid strides ' : Limb advances offer hope for Boston amputees '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Ira ; McConville , Christine ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Docs describe nails , BBs viciously blasted into Marathon patients '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ; Longman , Jeré ; Pilon , Mary ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Physical Legacy of Bomb Blasts Could Be Cruel for Boston Marathon Victims '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nye , James ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Boston transit cop wounded in firefight with marathon bombers is expected to make full recovery ... but doctors have left a bullet in his leg '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Hospitalized Marathon Victim Heads Home '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bombs : The world reacts '' . News . CBS . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reidy , Chris ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.L. Bean commits $150,000 to the One Fund Boston '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbull , Mark ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` How can you help Boston ? One Fund sets up rules to help victims . ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` $212 K donation made to One Fund Boston '' . NECN.com . Jump up ^ Such as GoFundMe , GiveForward , FundRazr , YouCaring , and Fundly Jump up ^ Aleccia , JoNel ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Crowdfunding raises $2 million for Boston victims ; critics urge caution '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lebovic , Matt . `` Israeli Team helps boston '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morton , Victor ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Bruins ' NHL game , Celtics ' NBA contest cancelled in blast aftermath '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Beethoven Program -- Canceled '' . Boston Symphony Orchestra . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox postpone game '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nazareth agrees to be new host for national championship in place of MIT '' ( Press release ) . NCAA . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powers , Martine ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tight security helps allay fears on the MBTA '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Photograph Taken From the Arlington Shrine on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grit and grief at makeshift Boston Marathon memorial '' . Sentinel & Enterprise . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Update From Downtown Boston '' . WBUR. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Boylston Street After The Blasts '' . WBUR. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People gather at makeshift memorial near scene of Boston Marathon bombing '' . Mass Live . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Makeshift memorial to Marathon bombing victims to be taken down , moved to city archives '' . Boston.com . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dezenski , Lauren . `` BU starts scholarship to honor Chinese student who died in Marathon bombings . '' The Boston Globe . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Krystle Campbell Scholarships Awarded to UMass Students - University of Massachusetts Boston '' . Jump up ^ `` The mental health response to the Boston bombing : A three - year review '' . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Sriya ; Ashby , Kimberly M. ; Goodman , Lisa A. ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Social Justice Beyond the Classroom '' . The Counseling Psychologist. 42 ( 8 ) : 1136 -- 1158 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011000014551420 . Jump up ^ `` Explosions hit Boston Marathon '' . BBC News . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon bomb blasts kill 2 , injure dozens '' . CBC News . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama orders flags lowered to half staff '' . Politico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mills , Carys ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Marathon explosions add to market woes '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands cross Willamette for Boston Remembrance Run '' . KGW News . April 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon participants volunteers and spectators wear red socks in honor of Boston '' . Kfor. April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lansing Marathon runners hit the street to salute Boston '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Run For Boston 2 '' . One Run for Boston . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon : Security beefed up worldwide after deadly blast '' . The Oregonian . Associated Press . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon 2013 was ' chaos ' : Canadian runners recount panic '' . National Post . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Bonnie ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Marathon explosions : world leaders react '' . The Telegraph . UK . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International officials react to Boston attacks '' . Sports Illustrated . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fan , Jiayang ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lu Lingzi 's journey to the marathon '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parents of China Victim Get U.S. Visas . '' The Wall Street Journal . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Katz , Gregory ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` London to review marathon security '' . NZ : TV3 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Marathon : Runners and crowds mark Boston attack '' . UK : BBC News . April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia 's Kebede wins London Marathon '' . Al Jazeera . Agence France - Presse. April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Tiffany ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Vancouver Sun Run to donate $10 per late entry for Boston Marathon victims '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic Forced to Remind the Internet That Chechnya Is in Different Country After Boston Bombing '' . Time . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Hit By Bomb Hoaxes After Boston Attacks '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia offers to help probe Boston blasts '' . News24. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's PR machine ready for fallout from Boston bombings '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects ' mother says bombing was staged with paint instead of blood '' . CNN . April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shestakov , Yevgeny ( April 26 , 2013 ) . Россия могла предотвратить теракт в Бостоне ( Russia could have prevented a terrorist attack in Boston ) . Rossiyskaya Gazeta ( in Russian ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Korotchenko , Igor ( April 10 , 2014 ) . Эксперт : обвинения США по делу Царнаева политически мотивированы ( Expert : U.S. blame around Tsarnaev case are politically motivated ) . RIA Novosti ( in Russian ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bender , Bryan ; Bierman , Noah ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Russia contacted US government ' multiple ' times '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate grills FBI over Boston bombings intel failures '' . RT. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caught on Russian wiretap : Tsarnaev ' vaguely discussed jihad ' with mother -- US official '' . RT. April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radia , Kirit ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Lawmakers Traveling to Russia to Investigate Boston Bombing '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boston bombing suspects lost contact with Chechnya in childhood -- Kadyrov 's spokesman Interfax , April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Руководство Чечни дистанцировалось от бостонских `` плохишей '' : их воспитала Америка ( The Chechen leadership distanced itself from Boston ' bad guys ' : They brought up by America ) , NEWSru.com ( in Russian ) , April 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tom ; Elder , Miriam ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Chechen leader : ' The roots of evil must be searched for in America ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Jump up ^ Заявление А . Закаева в связи с терактом в Бостоне ( Statement of Akhmed Zakayev in connection with the terrorist attack in Boston ) . Chechen Press ( in Russian ) . April 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Courtney ; Clover , Charles ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Russian militant group denies Boston link '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . The main militant group in Russia 's southern Caucasus region , the Caucasus Emirate , has denied responsibility for last week 's Boston bombing Jump up ^ `` Daghestani Insurgency Denies Any Role in Boston Bombings '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of the Command of Mujahideen of Caucasus Emirate 's Dagestan Province in relation to events in Boston '' . Kavkaz.org.uk . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Memri ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` Al - Qaeda Cleric Praises Tsarnaev Brothers As Models For Muslim Children '' . Middle East Media Research Institute . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Was Boston Actually on Lockdown ? '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Michael ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Why does America lose its head over ' terror ' but ignore its daily gun deaths ? '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sabrina Siddiqui ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Paul : Shutdown After Boston Bombings More Frightening Than Attack Itself '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston bombers have already scored a tremendous victory for terror '' . Haaretz . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thoughts on the Boston Lockdown '' . The New York Times . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Reiss ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Lawyers raising questions about Watertown home searches following Marathon bombings , shootout '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Liz Klimas ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Was Watertown 's Door - to - Door Search for Bombing Suspects a Violation of the Fourth Amendment ? '' . Yahoo News . Jump up ^ Radley Balko ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Was the police response to the Boston bombing really appropriate ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Killoran , Ellen ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` One Day After Boston Bombing , New York Post Has Not Retracted Presumably Incorrect Reports of Death Toll and Saudi Suspect '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Alexander C. ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` NY Post Fail ? Police Deny Tabloid 's Report of Suspect ' Under Guard ' '' . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webster , Stephen C. ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` New York Post repeatedly misidentifies Boston suspects '' . The Raw Story . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Saudi Marathon Man '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morales , Mark ; Ford , Bev ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Marathon spectator Salah Barhoum , who was interviewed by authorities following the bombings , swears he ' did n't do it ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chittum , Ryan . `` The New York Post 's disgrace : Columbia Journalism Review '' . CJR . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reconsidering the Internet detectives in Boston manhunt on Reddit and 4Chan : the benefits and pitfalls '' . Daily News . New York . Associated Press . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joseph ' Joe ' ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` All the Mistakenly Identified ' Suspects ' in the Boston Bombing Investigation '' . New York . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Innocents accused in online manhunt '' . 3 News NZ. April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Bill . `` Missing Brown University student 's family dragged into virally fueled false accusation in Boston '' . NBC . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chuck , Elizabeth ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Missing Brown University student found dead in Providence River , authorities confirm '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LoGiurato , Brett ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` FBI Shreds The Media Over Unverified Boston Marathon Reports '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matt ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` FBI urges media to ' exercise caution ' after inaccurate arrest reports '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) External images Photos From the Boston Marathon Bombing ( Slate ) Photos of the Boston Marathon Bombing ( The Atlantic ) Video shows moment of deadly explosion at finish line of Boston Marathon ( Reuters ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Boston Marathon bombings . FBI ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Updates on Investigation into Multiple Explosions in Boston '' . FBI.gov . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Volpp , Leti ( 2014 ) , `` The Boston Bombers '' , Fordham Law Review , 82 -- via Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository Congressional hearings Lessons Learned from the Boston Marathon Bombings : Preparing for and Responding to the Attack . Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs , United States Senate . One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session . July 10 , 2013 . S. Hrg. 113 -- 226 . The Boston Marathon Bombings , One Year On : A Look Back to Look Forward . Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security , House of Representatives . One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session. April 9 , 2014 . Serial No. 113 -- 64 . Lessons Learned from the Boston Marathon Bombings : Improving Intelligence and Information Sharing . Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs , United States Senate . One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session. April 30 , 2014 . S. Hrg. 113 -- 444 . Coordinates : 42 ° 20 ′ 59.2 '' N 71 ° 4 ′ 44.1 '' W / 42.349778 ° N 71.078917 ° W / 42.349778 ; - 71.078917 -- 2010s portal Boston portal Massachusetts portal Terrorism portal ( hide ) Boston Athletic Association Boston Marathon ( List of winners ) By year ... 1970 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 bombing Perpetrators Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ( alive ) Trial Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( deceased ) Popular culture and adaptations Boston Strong Boston Strong ( book ) Our Marathon : The Boston Bombing Digital Archive Patriots Day ( film ) Stronger ( film ) Related topics George V. Brown Rosie Ruiz Jock Semple Boston Marathon Qualifying Standards Katherine Switzer Other events Boston Athletic Association 10K People Edward F. Sheehan BNF : cb169506665 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Marathon_bombing&oldid=833022097 '' Categories : Boston Marathon bombing 2013 in Boston 2013 in sports in Massachusetts 2013 murders in the United States April 2013 crimes April 2013 events in the United States Boston Marathon Copley Square Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts Disasters in Massachusetts Disasters in sports Explosions in 2013 Filmed improvised explosive device bombings History of Boston History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States Islamic fundamentalism in the United States Islamic terrorism in the United States Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s Massacres in the United States Murder in Massachusetts Politics and sports Sports - related accidents and incidents Terrorist incidents in Massachusetts Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2013 University and college shootings in the United States Watertown , Massachusetts Boston Police Department Plots and attacks using pressure cooker bombs April 2013 events Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Chechen - language text Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . 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one hundred and one dalmatians ol' thunder always wins			One Hundred and one Dalmatians ( soundtrack )	one hundred and one dalmatians ( soundtrack )	One Hundred and One Dalmatians is the soundtrack to the 1961 animated Disney film of the same name . It was recorded on October 5 -- 6 , 1960 , and is 56 : 34 in length . The songs were written by George Bruns and Mel Leven .	Track listing ( edit ) Track number Song title Composer / Performer Length Overture George Bruns 3 : 09 A Beautiful Spring Day George Bruns 3 : 14 What 's All the Hurry / A Perfect Situation / Stir Things Up George Bruns 3 : 18 Cruella De Vil ( for the animated film 101 Dalmatians ) Mel Leven 5 : 03 Do n't Worry , Perdy / The Puppies Are Here / Lucky How Marvelous / Not One / A Bloomin ' Hero George Bruns 4 : 07 6 Ol ' Thunder Always Wins George Bruns 2 : 46 7 Kanine Krunchies ( for the animated film 101 Dalmatians ) Mel Leven 0 : 30 8 Bedtime / An Evening Constitutional / A Job To Do / They 're Gone ! George Bruns 3 : 10 9 Dognapped ! / Anita Darling / What 'll We Do ? George Bruns 3 : 06 10 All Dog Alert George Bruns 0 : 57 11 Sergeant Tibb 's Recon / Cat Casserole George Bruns 1 : 35 12 Can You Leave Tonight ? / Arduous Trek / Any News , Colonel ? / I Want the Job Done George Bruns 3 : 56 13 Pulling a Snitch / Big Hullabaloo / Battling the Baduns George Bruns 3 : 51 14 My Darlings / 99 / Better Be Off / Fire One / All Clear George Bruns 3 : 36 15 Through the Snow / Shelter George Bruns 1 : 55 16 I 'm Hungry / Get Some Rest / Back on the Road / Spotted ! George Bruns 3 : 13 17 Dinsford / Cruella / A Roll in the Soot / To the Van / It Ca n't Be / Crazed / You Fools ! George Bruns 5 : 19 18 Puppies Everywhere George Bruns 2 : 02 19 Dalmatian Plantation ( by Mel Levin ) / Finale George Bruns / Mel Leven 0 : 57 20 Cruella De Vil - Nonsense Version ( Demo ) ( for the animated film 101 Dalmatians ) Mel Leven 0 : 50 Critical reception ( edit ) Allmusic gave the following review : George Bruns ' score for the 1961 animated classic 101 Dalmatians remains one of the most spirited Disney soundtracks from the company 's heyday . A playful , jazz - inspired effort rich in superb action cues , it largely sidesteps the schmaltz and sentimentality that defines so much of the studio 's musical output . Between the bebop - influenced writing of the `` Overture '' and the sprightly piano improvisations of `` A Beautiful Spring Day , '' Bruns proves a gifted interpreter of jazz idioms , and even his large - scale orchestral themes emphasize brass over strings to further emphasize the music 's bold , dramatic sensibilities . He 's equally adept with comedy and suspense , mixing them most effectively on 101 Dalmatians ' most memorable tune , `` Cruella de Vil . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/101-dalmatians-original-soundtrack-mw0000083970 Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil This soundtrack - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians_(soundtrack)&oldid=695855497 '' Categories : 1961 soundtracks Disney animation soundtracks 101 Dalmatians films Soundtrack stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2015 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Hundred%20and%20One%20Dalmatians%20%28soundtrack%29	2,878
where is the college football national championship game	The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season . It will be played at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California on January 7 , 2019 , and will be the culminating game of the 2018 -- 19 bowl season .	Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California	2019 College football Playoff National Championship	2019 college football playoff national championship	The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season . It will be played at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California on January 7 , 2019 , and will be the culminating game of the 2018 -- 19 bowl season .	The teams playing in the national championship will be the winners of the two semifinal games -- the Orange Bowl and the Cotton Bowl . Contents 1 Background 2 2019 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 4 Starting lineups 5 Game summary 5.1 Scoring summary 5.2 Statistics 6 Broadcasting 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California was announced as the host site for the fifth College Football Playoff National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2019 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship December 29 -- Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens January 7 -- National Championship Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara December 29 -- Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium , Arlington This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff selection committee will select four teams to advance to the playoff . UTES Teams ( edit ) Starting lineups ( edit ) Game summary ( edit ) Scoring summary ( edit ) hide Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . Statistics ( edit ) Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The game will be televised nationally by ESPN . Notes ( edit ) December 1 -- 2 , 2018 : College Football Playoff selection weekend January 4 , 2019 : The National Football Foundation ( NFF ) will announce the newest College Football Hall of Fame class . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Scarbough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara , and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 - 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2018 -- 19 NCAA football bowl game season Celebration ( Dec. 15 ) New Mexico ( Dec. 15 ) Cure ( Dec. 15 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 15 ) Camellia ( Dec. 15 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 15 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 18 ) Frisco ( Dec. 19 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 20 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 21 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 22 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 22 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 22 ) First Responder ( Dec. 26 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Cheez - It ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Music City ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Peach ( Dec. 29 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Military ( Dec. 31 ) Sun ( Dec. 31 ) Redbox ( Dec. 31 ) Liberty ( Dec. 31 ) Gator ( Dec. 31 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) Rose ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Orange ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 7 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 19 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 19 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 26 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk 2018 -- 19 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship This American football -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in California is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=866522226 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NCAA football bowl games 2018 -- 19 College Football Playoff 2019 in sports in California Sports in Santa Clara , California American football in California January 2019 sports events in the United States American football stubs California sport stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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c company 1st battalion 26th infantry regiment abbreviation			26th Infantry regiment ( United States )	26th infantry regiment ( united states )	The 26th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army . Its nickname is `` Blue Spaders '' , taken from the spade - like device on the regiment 's distinctive unit insignia . The 26th Infantry Regiment is part of the U.S. Army Regimental System ; currently only the 1st Battalion is active and assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Heraldic items 1.1 Coat of arms 1.2 Distinctive unit insignia 1.3 Background Trimmings 2 History 2.1 Philippines 2.2 World War I 2.3 World War II 2.4 Cold War 2.5 Vietnam War 2.6 Service in Germany 2.7 Training recruits 2.8 Balkan Wars 2.9 Global War on Terror 3 Medal of Honor recipients 4 Lineage 5 Campaign participation credit 6 Decorations 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Heraldic items ( edit ) Coat of arms ( edit ) Blazon Shield : Argent , a royal palm branch paleways Proper , on a chief embattled Azure five Mohawk arrowheads of the first . For informal use , the shield encircled by a fourragére in the colors of the French Croix de Guerre . Crest : On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a sun in splendor charged with a Mohawk arrowhead Azure . Motto : `` PALMAM QUI MERUIT FERAT '' ( Let Him Bear The Palm Who Has Won It ) . Symbolism : The shield is white with a blue chief , the old and the present Infantry colors . The dividing line embattled stands for the entrenchments which the regiment has so many times assaulted . The Mohawk arrowhead was the regimental insignia during World War I. It was selected by Colonel Hamilton A. Smith as indicating the American virtues and the regimental spirit of courage , resourceful daring and relentless pursuit of an enemy . Colonel Smith was killed while leading the regiment in the first great offensive in which it took part . The arrow is repeated five times because in five major offensives the regiment exhibited these qualities indicated by the badge which it had adopted and by which it was designated during these engagements . The palm of victory displayed on the shield and the motto refer to the only award the regiment seeks . The arrowhead is repeated in the crest to indicate the same regimental spirit under all conditions . The sun , taken from the Katipunan flag , symbolizes service in the Philippine Insurrection . Background : The coat of arms was approved on 1973 - 04 - 16 . Distinctive unit insignia ( edit ) Description : The distinctive unit insignia is a gold color metal and enamel device 1 1 / 8 inches ( 2.86 cm ) in height overall , consisting of a white enamel shield charged with a blue enamel Indian arrowhead point to chief . Symbolism : The shield is the characteristic device of the regiment . Background : The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 1973 - 04 - 16 . Background Trimmings ( edit ) Description : A white oval - shaped embroidered item 1 3 / 8 inches ( 3.49 cm ) in height and 2 1 / 4 inches ( 5.72 cm ) in width overall , all within a 1 / 4 ( 3.18 cm ) ultramarine blue border notched at the horizontal center line . The background trimming was approved on 24 October 2014 . History ( edit ) At the beginning of the 20th century , the United States Army was sorely pressed to meet its overseas commitments in Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . As a result , in 1901 Congress authorized five additional Regular Army infantry regiments ; the 26th , 27th , 28th , 29th , and 30th Infantry . Philippines ( edit ) The 26th Infantry began its life overseas in the Philippines and spent its first 20 years of service on deployments to the Southwest Pacific , the Mexican and Indian frontier and in Europe . It earned its first battle streamer during the Philippine -- American War within two years of its forming as a unit . World War I ( edit ) After returning to the same location for another tour of duty ( a habit the Blue Spaders would keep for the entire century ) , the regiment fought off Mexican bandits and settled disputes in the Indian Territory until it was selected as one of only four Regular Army infantry regiments deemed fit for immediate combat to form the first American Expeditionary Division in June 1917 . This expeditionary division would later be renamed the First Division and thus began the regiment 's long association with the `` Big Red One '' . As part of the first American soldiers to arrive in France , the regiment immediately left for the front . Along with its sister regiments of the division , it earned more campaign streamers than any other regiments during World War I . However , they came at a terrible cost . Over 900 Blue Spaders lost their lives in a six - month period . At Soissons alone , the regimental commander , executive officer , two of three battalion commanders and the regimental sergeant major were killed in action ; sixty - two officers were killed or wounded ; and out of 3,100 Blue Spaders that started the attack , over 1,500 had been killed or wounded . But the battle was won and this turned the tide for the Allies at a crucial period during the summer of 1918 . By war 's end , the soldiers earned seven battle streamers and two foreign awards . Following a brief occupation duty in Germany , the regiment returned to the United States and served as a part of a smaller peacetime Army . World War II ( edit ) The 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry passing through the railway viaduct north of Bütgenbach , Belgium , on the Monschauer St. ( N647 ) towards Bütgenbach . The railway viaduct was part of the line running from Losheim / Eifel ( Germany ) to Trois - Ponts , Belgium , and had been blown up by the retreating German troops . In 1941 , the regiment once again stood with its sister regiments and prepared for war in Europe . The regiment was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division for the duration of World War II . In World War II , the 26th Infantry led America 's first - ever amphibious assault in North Africa , fought at the Kasserine Pass , assaulted Sicily at the Amphibious Battle of Gela , invaded Normandy , conquered the first German city of the war at Aachen , vaulted the Rhine and attacked all the way to Czechoslovakia by war 's end . The regiment , commanded by Colonel John F.R. Seitz , conducted three amphibious assaults , and earned seven battle streamers , a Presidential Unit Citation , and five foreign awards . Beginning another occupation of Germany , the Blue Spaders bore the United States national colors at the Allied Victory in Europe parade , and served as guards at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials . Thus began a lengthy stay in Germany , first as conquerors and later as friends and allies . Called again to serve in the United States after a reorganization of the army , the unit was redesignated 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry and had a very short stay in the United States . Cold War ( edit ) In February 1963 2nd Battle Group , 26th Infantry was activated ( with assets of 1st Battle Group , 5th Infantry ) & assigned to 1st Infantry Division at Ft . Riley , Kansas . 2nd Battle Group , 26th Infantry participated in Operation Long Thrust VII , reinforcing U.S. Berlin Brigade summer & autumn 1963 before redeploying to Ft . Riley where it was inactivated in January 1964 . Vietnam War ( edit ) After serving as a battle group in Europe in the early 1960s , the battalion rejoined the 1st Infantry Division shortly before receiving orders to deploy as a part of the Army 's first divisional - sized unit in Vietnam in 1965 . The Blue Spaders served longer in Vietnam with their Big Red One units than any other division . After five continuous years of combat , the Blue Spaders received orders to return home in 1970 with eleven battle streamers , a Valorous Unit Award and two foreign awards for its colors . Service in Germany ( edit ) At the conclusion of Vietnam , the battalion returned to Germany as part of a forward - deployed brigade of the Big Red One . Training recruits ( edit ) The 26th Infantry was reassigned to TRADOC in April 1987 . All three Spader battalions spent several years training recruits at Fort Dix , New Jersey and Fort Jackson , South Carolina , until reassigned to the First Infantry Division in January 1996 . Balkan wars ( edit ) In 1996 , the battalion rejoined the Big Red One in Germany only to send its soldiers to Bosnia as part of the first American forces to enter the Balkans from February to September 1996 . The entire battalion followed its initial deployment from October 1996 to April 1997 . In March 1998 , the unit deployed to the Balkans , this time to the Republic of Macedonia . Returning briefly in September 1998 , the battalion was one of the first unit alerted for deployment to Kosovo in June 1999 . It returned in December 1999 . During this period , the unit earned the Superior Unit Award streamer and the Defense of Kosovo streamer . Three of the Task Force 1 - 26 Infantry soldiers lost their lives in Kosovo . PFC McGill . Aug 1st 1999 . Cco 1 - 26inf 1st ID . Global War on terror ( edit ) Operation Iraqi Freedom II In February 2004 the `` Blue Spaders '' deployed to Iraq as part of OIF II . The unit primarily bore responsibility for Sammara , the capital of Salahuddin Province , a major part of the so - called Sunni Triangle . The battalion returned to Schweinfurt , Germany in February 2005 . Operation Iraqi Freedom 06 - 08 Soldiers from C Company , 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , conduct a Cordon and Search operation in Al Adhamiya , Baghdad , Iraq , Feb. 21 , 2007 . On 5 August 2006 Task Force `` Blue Spader '' deployed to Eastern Baghdad . The battalion 's B Company was cross attached to TF 1 - 77 Armor , in return TF 1 - 26 Infantry received B Company , 1 - 77 Armor , B Company , 9th Engineers , a fire support team from 1 - 7 Field Artillery , and a maintenance support team from 299th Forward Support Battalion . Task Force 1 - 26 Infantry operated as the primary maneuver element in the Eastern Baghdad area . The unit returned to Schweinfurt , Germany in December 2007 . 31 Soldiers from the Battalion lost their lives during the deployment . Operation Enduring Freedom In July 2008 the battalion deployed to Kunar Province of Afghanistan . Most of the unit was scattered in small combat outposts throughout the province to include the Kunar Valley , Pech Valley , Watapor Valley , Chapadara , and the Korengal Valley . The unit fell under CJTF - 101 and later CJTF - 82 during OEF 8 and 9 . The unit returned to Fort Hood , Texas in July 2009 . They were quickly moved again from Fort Hood , Texas to Fort Knox , Kentucky , having only months to get ready for another deployment in January 2011 . Medal of Honor Recipients ( edit ) Private James W. Reese . World War II . On 5 August 1943 , at Mt . Vassillio , Sicily , for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life . above and beyond the call of duty in action involving actual conflict with the enemy . When the enemy launched a counterattack which threatened the position of his company , Pvt . Reese , as the acting squad leader of a 60 - mm . mortar squad , displaying superior leadership on his own initiative , maneuvered his squad forward to a favorable position , from which , by skillfully directing the fire of his weapon , he caused many casualties in the enemy ranks , and aided materially in repulsing the counterattack . When the enemy fire became so severe as to make his position untenable , he ordered the other members of his squad to withdraw to a safer position , but declined to seek safety for himself . So as to bring more effective fire upon the enemy , Pvt . Reese , without assistance , moved his mortar to a new position and attacked an enemy machinegun nest . He had only 3 rounds of ammunition but secured a direct hit with his last round , completely destroying the nest and killing the occupants . Ammunition being exhausted , he abandoned the mortar . seized a rifle and continued to advance , moving into an exposed position overlooking the enemy . Despite a heavy concentration of machinegun , mortar , and artillery fire , the heaviest experienced by his unit throughout the entire Sicilian campaign , he remained at this position and continued to inflict casualties upon the enemy until he was killed . His bravery , coupled with his gallant and unswerving determination to close with the enemy , regardless of consequences and obstacles which he faced , are a priceless inspiration to our armed forces . Sergeant Francis X . McGraw . World War II . On 19 November 1944 , near Schevenhutte , Germany , while serving with Company H , He manned a heavy machinegun emplaced in a foxhole near Schevenhutte , Germany , on 19 November 1944 , when the enemy launched a fierce counterattack . Braving an intense hour - long preparatory barrage , he maintained his stand and poured deadly accurate fire into the advancing foot troops until they faltered and came to a halt . The hostile forces brought up a machinegun in an effort to dislodge him but were frustrated when he lifted his gun to an exposed but advantageous position atop a log , courageously stood up in his foxhole and knocked out the enemy weapon . A rocket blasted his gun from position , but he retrieved it and continued firing . He silenced a second machinegun and then made repeated trips over fire - swept terrain to replenish his ammunition supply . Wounded painfully in this dangerous task , he disregarded his injury and hurried back to his post , where his weapon was showered with mud when another rocket barely missed him . In the midst of the battle , with enemy troops taking advantage of his predicament to press forward , he calmly cleaned his gun , put it back into action and drove off the attackers . He continued to fire until his ammunition was expended , when , with a fierce desire to close with the enemy , he picked up a carbine , killed 1 enemy soldier , wounded another and engaged in a desperate firefight with a third until he was mortally wounded by a burst from a machine pistol . The extraordinary heroism and intrepidity displayed by Pvt . McGraw inspired his comrades to great efforts and was a major factor in repulsing the enemy attack . Corporal Henry F. Warner . World War II . 20 -- 21 December 1944 , near Dom Butgenbach , Belgium , while assigned to the 2d Battalion Anti-Tank Company , he was a major factor in stopping enemy tanks during heavy attacks against the battalion position . Disregarding the concentrated cannon and machinegun fire from 2 tanks bearing down on him , and ignoring the imminent danger of being overrun by the infantry moving under tank cover , he destroyed the first tank and scored a direct and deadly hit upon the second . A third tank approached to within 5 yards of his position while he was attempting to clear a jammed breach lock . Jumping from his gun pit , he engaged in a pistol duel with the tank commander standing in the turret , killing him and forcing the tank to withdraw . Following a day and night during which our forces were subjected to constant shelling , mortar barrages , and numerous unsuccessful infantry attacks , the enemy struck in great force on the early morning of the 21st . Seeing a Mark IV tank looming out of the mist and heading toward his position , Cpl . Warner scored a direct hit . Disregarding his injuries , he endeavored to finish the loading and again fire at the tank whose motor was now aflame , when a second machinegun burst killed him . Cpl . Warner 's gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty contributed materially to the successful defense against the enemy attacks . Specialist Four Robert F. Stryker . Vietnam War . 7 November 1967 , while assigned to C Company , 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , SP4 Robert F. Stryker threw himself upon an enemy Claymore mine as it was detonated near Loc Ninh , Republic of Vietnam . He was mortally wounded as his body absorbed the blast and shielded his comrades from the explosion . His unselfish actions were responsible for saving the lives of at least 6 of his fellow soldiers . Specialist Ross A. McGinnis . Operation Iraqi Freedom . On 4 December 2006 , in Baghdad , Iraq , while serving with Company C , 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , he threw himself upon a grenade that was thrown into his HMMWV gun truck , saving the lives of the other four crewmen . Private First Class Ross A. McGinnis was posthumously promoted to the rank of specialist and awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions . Lineage ( edit ) 26th Infantry Regiment Constituted 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army as the 26th Infantry Organized 22 February 1901 with headquarters at Fort McPherson , Georgia ( 1st Battalion organized in December 1900 at the Presidio of San Francisco , California , as the 1st Provisional Battalion of Infantry ; redesignated 7 February 1901 as the 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry ) ( 2d Battalion organized March -- April 1901 at Fort McPherson , Georgia ; redesignated 29 May 1901 as the 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry -- hereafter separate lineage ; new 2d Battalion , 26th Infantry , organized 1 July 1901 in the Philippine Islands ) ( 3d Battalion organized in January 1901 at the Presidio of San Francisco , California , as the 2d Provisional Battalion of Infantry ; redesignated 8 February 1901 as the 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry ; redesignated 29 May 1901 as the 3d Battalion , 26th Infantry ) Assigned 8 June 1917 to the 1st Expeditionary Division ( later redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division ) Relieved 15 February 1957 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System Withdrawn 3 April 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System , reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System , and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Withdrawn 15 January 1996 from the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 26th Infantry Regiment 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment Organized 25 December 1900 in the Regular Army at the Presidio of San Francisco , California , as Company A , 1st Provisional Battalion of Infantry Consolidated 7 February 1901 with Company A , 26th Infantry ( constituted 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army ) , and consolidated unit designated as Company A , 26th Infantry ( 26th Infantry assigned 8 June 1917 to the 1st Expeditionary Division ( later redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division ) Reorganized and redesignated 15 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 1st Battle Group , 26th Infantry , and remained assigned to the 1st Infantry Division ( organic elements concurrently constituted and activated ) Relieved 14 April 1959 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and assigned to the 8th Infantry Division Relieved 24 October 1962 from assignment to the 8th Infantry Division and assigned to the 2d Infantry Division Relieved 15 February 1963 from assignment to the 2d Infantry Division and assigned to the 1st Infantry Division Reorganized and redesignated 13 January 1964 as the 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Inactivated 24 February 1983 in Germany and relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division Headquarters transferred 3 April 1987 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Dix , New Jersey Inactivated 15 January 1996 at Fort Jackson , South Carolina , and withdrawn from the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Battalion assigned 16 February 1996 to the 1st Infantry Division and activated in Germany Redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment Relieved 16 March 2008 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and assigned to the 3d Brigade Combat Team , 1st Infantry Division 2d Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment Organized 28 December 1900 in the Regular Army at the Presidio of San Francisco , California , as Company B , 1st Provisional Battalion of Infantry Consolidated 7 February 1901 with Company B , 26th Infantry ( constituted 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army ) , and consolidated unit designated as Company B , 26th Infantry ( 26th Infantry assigned 8 June 1917 to the 1st Expeditionary Division ( later redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division ) ) Inactivated 15 February 1957 at Fort Riley , Kansas , and relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division ; concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 2d Battle Group , 26th Infantry Assigned 1 February 1963 to the 1st Infantry Division and activated at Fort Riley , Kansas ( organic elements concurrently constituted and activated ) Inactivated 13 January 1964 at Fort Riley , Kansas , and relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division Redesignated 3 April 1987 as the 2d Battalion , 26th Infantry ; Headquarters concurrently transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Dix , New Jersey Inactivated 18 July 1990 at Fort Dix , New Jersey ; Headquarters concurrently withdrawn from the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Battalion redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 2d Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment Assigned 16 April 2007 to the 3d Brigade Combat Team , 1st Infantry Division , and activated at Fort Hood , Texas Campaign participation credit ( edit ) Philippine Insurrection : Streamer without inscription World War I : Montdidier - Noyon ; Aisne - Marne ; St. Mihiel ; Meuse - Argonne ; Lorraine 1917 ; Lorraine 1918 ; Picardy 1918 World War II : Algeria - French Morocco ( with arrowhead ) ; Tunisia ; Sicily ( with arrowhead ) ; Normandy ( with arrowhead ) ; Northern France ; Rhineland ; Ardennes - Alsace ; Central Europe Vietnam : Defense ; Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase II ; Counteroffensive , Phase III ; Tet Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase IV ; Counteroffensive , Phase V ; Counteroffensive , Phase VI ; Tet 69 / Counteroffensive ; Summer - Fall 1969 ; Winter - Spring 1970 Kosovo : Kosovo Defense War on Terrorism : Iraq , Afghanistan Decorations ( edit ) Navy Unit Commendation , Bravo Company 1 - 26 , Army General Order 2014 - 09 Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) , Streamer embroidered STOLBERG Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) , Streamer embroidered ADHAMIYAH Valorous Unit Award , Streamer embroidered AP GU Valorous Unit Award , Streamer embroidered SAMARRA , IRAQ Valorous Unit Award , Streamer embroidered SAMARRA , IRAQ ( OCT - NOV 2004 ) Valorous Unit Award , Streamer embroidered KUNAR , AFGHANISTAN 2008 -- 2009 Meritorious Unit Commendation , Streamer embroidered AFGHANISTAN 2011 Army Superior Unit Award , Streamer embroidered 1996 -- 1997 French Croix de Guerre with Palm , World War I , Streamer embroidered AISNE - MARNE French Croix de Guerre with Palm , World War I , Streamer embroidered MEUSE - ARGONNE French Croix de Guerre with Palm , World War II , Streamer embroidered KASSERINE French Croix de Guerre with Palm , World War II , Streamer embroidered NORMANDY French Médaille militaire , Fourragere Belgian Fourragere 1940 Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at Mons Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at Eupen - Malmedy In popular culture ( edit ) Marvel Superhero Captain America served in 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment. 1 - 26 IN is depicted in the critically acclaimed documentary Restrepo as the unit that replaces The 173rd Airborne Brigade in Korengal Valley , Afghanistan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TIOH - Beret Flashes and Background Trimmings - 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment '' . Tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil. 2014 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor Citations Archive '' . World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S . United States Army Center of Military History . 8 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Medal of Honor Recipients T-Z '' . United States Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive . United States Army Center of Military History . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ United States Army Center of Military History : Medal of Honor Recipients of Vietnam M-Z Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States Army Center of Military History : Medal of Honor Recipients of OIF Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 26th Infantry Regiment '' . Jump up ^ ( CMH ) , U.S. Army Center of Military History . `` 1ST BATTALION , 26th INFANTRY REGIMENT - Lineage and Honors - U.S. Army Center of Military History ( CMH ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 2d Battalion , 26th Infantry '' . Jump up ^ `` From ' Blue Spader ' to Avenger : Marvel superhero Captain America served with the ' Big Red One ' '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. Parker . `` From ' Blue Spader ' to Avenger : Marvel Superhero Captain America Served with the ' Big Red One ' '' Us.army.mil . United States Army , 5 Feb. 2015 . Web . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document `` 26th Infantry Lineage and Honors '' . Days Of Perfect Hell - October to November , 1918 : The U.S. 26th Infantry Regiment In The Meuse - Argonne Offensive by Peter L. Belmonte Schiffer Publishing , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 26th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) at Wikimedia Commons 26th Infantry Regiment Association Army Times Story Blood Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=26th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&oldid=844467368 '' Categories : Infantry regiments of the United States Army Military units and formations of the United States in the Philippine -- American War United States Army regiments of World War I Military units and formations of the United States Army in the Vietnam War United States Army regiments in World War II Military units and formations established in 1901 101st Airborne Division Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 03 : 14 . 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where is the liver located in a human body	The liver , an organ only found in vertebrates , detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins , and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion . In humans , it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones .	right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm	Liver	liver	The liver , an organ only found in vertebrates , detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins , and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion . In humans , it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones .	The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile , an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat . Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 . Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver . No way is yet known to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long - term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of 2017 , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Lobes 1.1. 2 Surfaces 1.1. 3 Impressions 1.2 Microscopic anatomy 1.3 Functional anatomy 1.4 Couinaud classification system 1.5 Gene and protein expression 2 Development 2.1 Fetal blood supply 3 Function 3.1 Blood supply 3.2 Biliary flow 3.3 Synthesis 3.4 Breakdown 3.5 Other 3.6 With aging 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Symptoms 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Liver regeneration 4.5 Liver transplantation 5 Society and culture 5.1 Food 6 Other animals 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The liver is a reddish - brown , wedge - shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape . A human liver normally weighs 1.44 -- 1.66 kg ( 3.2 -- 3.7 lb ) , and has a width of about 15 cm . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body . Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity , it rests just below the diaphragm , to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder . The liver is connected to two large blood vessels : the hepatic artery and the portal vein . The hepatic artery carries oxygen - rich blood from the aorta , whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas . These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids , which then lead to lobules . Lobules are the functional units of the liver . Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ) , which are the basic metabolic cells . The lobules are held together by a fine , dense , irregular , fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson 's capsule . This extends into the structure of the liver , by accompanying the blood vessels ( veins and arteries ) , ducts , and nerves at the hepatic hilum . The whole surface of the liver except for the bare area , is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum , and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson 's capsule . Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Lobes ( edit ) Further information : Lobes of liver The liver , viewed from above , showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver , viewed from below , surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above -- a right and a left lobe , and four parts when viewed from below ( left , right , caudate , and quadrate lobes ) . The falciform ligament , divides the liver into a left and right lobe . From below , the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes , one in front of the other . A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves . This line is called `` Cantlie 's line '' . Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres ) , which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections . An important anatomical landmark , the porta hepatis , divides this left portion into four segments , which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner . From this parietal view , seven segments can be seen , because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view . Surfaces ( edit ) On the diaphragmatic surface , apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm , the liver is covered by a thin , double - layered membrane , the peritoneum , that helps to reduce friction against other organs . This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm . The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments . These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints , and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance , though they serve as surface landmarks . The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall . The visceral surface or inferior surface , is uneven and concave . It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis . Impressions ( edit ) Impressions of the liver Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs . Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions , one behind the other and separated by a ridge . The one in front is a shallow colic impression , formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland . The suprarenal impression is a small , triangular , depressed area on the liver . It is located close to the right of the fossa , between the bare area and the caudate lobe , and immediately above the renal impression . The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland . Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression , lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder . This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum , and is known as the duodenal impression . The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression . This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach , and to the right of this is a rounded eminence , the tuber omentale , which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum . Microscopic Anatomy ( edit ) Cells , ducts , and blood vessels Microscopic anatomy of the liver Types of capillaries -- sinusoid on right Microscopically , each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules . The lobules are roughly hexagonal , and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein . The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver . A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad , which can be found running along each of the lobule 's corners . The portal triad , misleadingly named , consists of five structures : a branch of the hepatic artery , a branch of the hepatic portal vein , and a bile duct , as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve . Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids , which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads , then drains to the central vein . Histology , the study of microscopic anatomy , shows two major types of liver cell : parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells . About 70 -- 85 % of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes . Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40 % of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5 % of its volume . The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell , sinusoidal endothelial cells , and phagocytic Kupffer cells . Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space , between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte . Additionally , intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen . Functional Anatomy ( edit ) The central area or hepatic hilum , includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the common bile duct and common hepatic artery , and the opening for the portal vein . The duct , vein , and artery divide into left and right branches , and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes . The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane , Cantlie 's line , joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava . The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes . The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes . The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein . The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein . The hilar area of the liver is described in terms of three plates that contain the bile ducts and blood vessels . The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath . The three plates are the hilar plate , the cystic plate and the umbilical plate and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver . Couinaud classification system ( edit ) Main article : Liver segment Shape of human liver in animation , eight Couinaud segments labelled In the widely used Couinaud system , the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein . The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right - and left - sided vascular branches . The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments . Each segment has its own vascular inflow , outflow and biliary drainage . In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein , hepatic artery , and bile duct . In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins . The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units ( numbered I to VIII ) , with unit 1 , the caudate lobe , receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein . It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava . The remainder of the units ( II to VIII ) are numbered in a clockwise fashion : Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60 % of these genes are expressed in a normal , adult liver . Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver , with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue . A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins . Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16 , proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5 , and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs , such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2 . Examples of highly liver - specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II , coagulation factors F2 and F9 , complement factor related proteins , and the fibrinogen beta chain protein . Development ( edit ) Organogenesis , the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis . The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm ( endoderm being one of the three embryonic germ layers ) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme . In the human embryo , the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme . The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate , to branch , and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver . A portion of the hepatic diverticulum ( that region closest to the digestive tube ) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver , and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder . Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme , fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence , along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm . The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud . Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts . Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme . After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme , the hepatic architecture begins to be established , with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing . The liver bud separates into the lobes . The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein . The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells . The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes . The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins , first producing a monolayer , and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells . In ductal plate , focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer , become surrounded by portal mesenchyme , and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts . Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi . Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion , they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte , and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation . In the adult liver , hepatocytes are not equivalent , with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism , carbohydrate metabolism , ammonia detoxification , and bile production and secretion . WNT / β - catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon . At birth , the liver comprises roughly 4 % of body weight and weighs on average 120 g . Over the course of further development , it will increase to 1.4 -- 1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5 -- 3.5 % of body weight . Fetal blood supply ( edit ) In the growing fetus , a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein , which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus . The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver . There , it joins with the left branch of the portal vein . The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava , allowing placental blood to bypass the liver . In the fetus , the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta . The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus , creating the T - cells or T - lymphocytes . After birth , the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow . After 2 -- 5 days , the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated ; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum . In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension , the umbilical vein can open up again . Function ( edit ) The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes . The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions , usually in combination with other systems and organs . Currently , no artificial organ or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver . Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis , an experimental treatment for liver failure . Blood supply ( edit ) Liver veins The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries . The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75 % of the liver 's blood supply , and carries venous blood drained from the spleen , gastrointestinal tract , and its associated organs . The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver , accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow . Oxygen is provided from both sources ; about half of the liver 's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein , and half is met by the hepatic arteries . Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule . The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins , which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava . Biliary flow ( edit ) Main article : Enterohepatic circulation Biliary tract The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts . The biliary tract , also known as the biliary tree , is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , the duodenum . The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi , small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes . The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule , where they merge to form bile ducts . Within the liver , these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts , and once they exit the liver , they are considered extrahepatic . The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts , which exit the liver at the transverse fissure , and merge to form the common hepatic duct . The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct , or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct . The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla , also known as the ampulla of Vater . Synthesis ( edit ) Further information : Proteins produced and secreted by the liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate , protein , amino acid , and lipid metabolism . The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : The liver synthesizes and stores around 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis , the formation of glycogen from glucose . When needed , the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis , the breakdown of glycogen into glucose . The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis , which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate , or glycerol . Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat , which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis . The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism , synthesis as well as degradation . It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis . The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors , as well as red blood cell production . Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I ( fibrinogen ) , II ( prothrombin ) , V , VII , VIII , IX , X , XI , XIII , as well as protein C , protein S and antithrombin . In the first trimester fetus , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . By the 32nd week of gestation , the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task . The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin , a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow . The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism : it performs cholesterol synthesis , lipogenesis , and the production of triglycerides , and a bulk of the body 's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver . The liver plays a key role in digestion , as it produces and excretes bile ( a yellowish liquid ) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet . Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum , and some is stored in the gallbladder . The liver also produces insulin - like growth factor 1 , a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults . Breakdown ( edit ) The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones . The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation , facilitating its excretion into bile . The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products . It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances ( e.g. , methylation ) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism . This sometimes results in toxication , when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor . Preferably , the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine . The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle , and the urea is excreted in the urine . Other ( edit ) The liver stores a multitude of substances , including glucose ( in the form of glycogen ) , vitamin A ( 1 -- 2 years ' supply ) , vitamin D ( 1 -- 4 months ' supply ) , vitamin B12 ( 3 -- 5 years ' supply ) , vitamin K , iron , and copper . The liver is responsible for immunological effects -- the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells , acting as a ' sieve ' for antigens carried to it via the portal system . The liver produces albumin , the most abundant protein in blood serum . It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure , and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones . The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen , a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin , an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure . The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide , a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent , into water and oxygen . With aging ( edit ) The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation ( for instance , benzodiazepines ) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels . However , medications with shorter half - lives , such as lorazepam and oxazepam , are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Liver disease Left lobe liver tumor The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body . Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions , the liver is also prone to many diseases . The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity . Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver . The most usual cause of this is viral , and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A , B , C , D , and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted . Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family Herpesviridae such as the herpes simplex virus . Chronic ( rather than acute ) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer . Globally , about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV ( with 843,724 in the U.S. ) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV ( with 2.7 million in the U.S. ) . Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively , but these generally resolve , and do not become chronic ( see Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E ) . Hepatitis D virus is a `` satellite '' of hepatitis B virus ( can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B ) , and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B , globally ( see Hepatitis D ) . Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver . This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal . Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis , fatty liver , and cirrhosis . Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption , but can also include gender , genetics , and liver insult . Liver damage can also be caused by drugs , particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer . A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports . Budd -- Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins ( including thrombosis ) that drain the liver . It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain , ascites and liver enlargement . Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver . It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver , with the intralobular ducts ( Canals of Hering ) affected early in the disease . When these ducts are damaged , bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( cholestasis ) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage . This can lead to scarring ( fibrosis ) and cirrhosis . Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver , and can result in portal hypertension . Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation , can be a subsequent condition . Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system . The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells ; normally , the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile . There are also many pediatric liver diseases , including biliary atresia , alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency , alagille syndrome , progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis , Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour , thought to be congenital . A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue , usually in later life , and usually asymptomatic , is polycystic liver disease . Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes . However , the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity . In most cases , the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage . Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes . It can be palpated in a liver span measurement . Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests -- blood tests that can identify various markers . For example , acute - phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation . Symptoms ( edit ) The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following : Pale stools occur when stercobilin , a brown pigment , is absent from the stool . Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver . Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine Jaundice ( yellow skin and / or whites of the eyes ) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin , causing an intense itch . Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure . Often this itch can not be relieved by drugs . Swelling of the abdomen , and swelling of the ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin . Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients , minerals and vitamins . Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease . The liver makes clotting factors , substances which help prevent bleeding . When liver damage occurs , these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur . Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson 's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia . Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests , groups of blood tests , that can readily show the extent of liver damage . If infection is suspected , then other serological tests will be carried out . A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness , and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed . Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary , and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage . This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist . Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver . Maximum intensity projection ( MIP ) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver Lateral MIP view in the same patient A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown . Liver regeneration ( edit ) Main article : Liver regeneration The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue ; as little as 25 % of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver . This is , however , not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals . The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function , not original form . This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored . In some other species , such as fish , the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ . In the liver , large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active . This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle . That is , the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis . This process is activated by the p75 receptors . There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells , called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes ( not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis ) , which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering . These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes . Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts . They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts , but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts . Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver . Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where , each day , his liver was devoured by an eagle , only to grow back each night . The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver 's remarkable capacity for self - repair . Liver transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Liver transplantation Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge , England in 1963 and 1967 , respectively . After resection of left lobe liver tumor Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure . Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis , such as chronic hepatitis C , alcoholism , and autoimmune hepatitis . Less commonly , liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure , in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks . Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury . Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person 's liver is removed ( hepatectomy ) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient . This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation . Only 20 percent of an adult 's liver ( Couinaud segments 2 and 3 ) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child . More recently , adult - to - adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor 's right hepatic lobe , which amounts to 60 percent of the liver . Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate , both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well . This procedure is more controversial , as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor , and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases . A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality , and at least 14 cases have been found . The risk of postoperative complications ( and death ) is far greater in right - sided operations than that in left - sided operations . With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging , living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation . The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography ( MDCT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry . MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy . Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy , which makes them unsuitable for donation , could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations . MDCT image . Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver , measure the liver volume , and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure . Phase contrast CT image . Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus . Society and culture ( edit ) In Greek mythology , Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans , by being chained to a rock where a vulture ( or an eagle ) would peck out his liver , which would regenerate overnight . ( The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent . ) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy , where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals . In Plato , and in later physiology , the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions ( specifically wrath , jealousy and greed ) which drive men to action . The Talmud ( tractate Berakhot 61b ) refers to the liver as the seat of anger , with the gallbladder counteracting this . The Persian , Urdu , and Hindi languages ( جگر or जिगर or jigar ) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings , or `` their best '' ; e.g. , `` This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver ! '' . The term jan e jigar , literally `` the strength ( power ) of my liver '' , is a term of endearment in Urdu . In Persian slang , jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable , especially women . In the Zulu language , the word for liver ( isibindi ) is the same as the word for courage . The legend of Liver - Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner . In the motion picture The Message , Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud . Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did `` taste '' , rather than eat , the liver of Hamza , the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned . On November 26 , 1987 , the city of Ferrol , Spain , inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world . The then - mayor , Jaime Quintanilla , also happened to be a doctor , and thought it appropriate to promote the monument . At an approximate cost of $3.200 , the monument stands in the village of Balón . A plaque reads ( In Galician , free translation ) : `` The Liver ( is the ) basis of Life '' , and below `` Through History , Mankind tried to cure all illness . By helping it on this duty , you are doing a great job . We are grateful for it '' . Food ( edit ) Main article : Liver ( food ) The liver of mammals , fowl , and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans . Domestic pig , ox , lamb , calf , chicken , and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets . Liver can be baked , boiled , broiled , fried , stir - fried , or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine , or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine . In many preparations , pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys , like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill ( e.g. meurav Yerushalmi ) . Well - known examples include liver pâté , foie gras , chopped liver , and leverpastej . Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal . Liver sausages may also be used as spreads . A traditional South African delicacy , namely skilpadjies , is made of minced lamb 's liver wrapped in netvet ( caul fat ) , and grilled over an open fire . Animal livers are rich in iron , vitamin A and vitamin B , and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement . Traditionally , some fish livers were valued as food , especially the stingray liver . It was used to prepare delicacies , such as poached skate liver on toast in England , as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine . Other animals ( edit ) Sheep 's liver The liver is found in all vertebrates , and is typically the largest visceral ( internal ) organ . Its form varies considerably in different species , and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs . Nonetheless , in most species it is divided into right and left lobes ; exceptions to this general rule include snakes , where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar - like form . The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates . An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus . Although it performs many functions of a liver , it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver . The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver - specific proteins vitellogenin , antithrombin , plasminogen , alanine aminotransferase , and insulin / Insulin - like growth factor ( IGF ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Elias , H. ; Bengelsdorf , H. ( 1 July 1952 ) . `` The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 14 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 337 . doi : 10.1159 / 000140715 . 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PLoS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0119461 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119461 . PMC 4361685 . PMID 25774519 . Jump up ^ Escriva , Hector ; Chao , Yeqing ; Fan , Chunxin ; Liang , Yujun ; Gao , Bei ; Zhang , Shicui ( 2012 ) . `` A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin - Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum : Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e32392 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032392 . PMC 3299649 . PMID 22427833 . Jump up ^ Guo , Bin ; Zhang , Shicui ; Wang , Shaohui ; Liang , Yujun ( 2009 ) . `` Expression , mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin - like growth factor in Branchiostoma belcheri '' ( PDF ) . Cell and Tissue Research . 338 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 009 - 0824 - 8 . PMID 19657677 . Works cited ( edit ) Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0985 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up liver in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livers . Liver at the Human Protein Atlas VIRTUAL Liver -- online learning resource Liver enzymes Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell GND : 4034933 - 0 NDL : 00565010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&oldid=856541245 '' Categories : Liver Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 138 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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when does avengers infinity war part 2 come out	The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 .	May 4 , 2018	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films	list of marvel cinematic universe films	The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 17 films , with 9 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $12.6 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time .	Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced Spider - Man : Homecoming . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , with Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One : Avengers Assembled 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 7.2 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 7.3 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.4 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.5 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.6 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.7 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.8 Other potential projects 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Phase one : Avengers Assembled ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with Arthur Marcum & Matt Holloway , and Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man , Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi weaponry division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase Two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States . on May 3 . The film is set six months after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Dr. Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , lets do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , Dr. List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron . Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Falcon ( Mackie ) , Captain America ( Chris Evans ) and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier ( Sebastian Stan ) . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange to set up the events of Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor 's belt Megingjörð is also referenced . The character Aaron Davis makes reference to his nephew Miles Morales in the film . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , imprisoned on another world without Mjölnir , must outlive a gladiatorial duel against his old friend -- the Hulk -- in order to return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and will begin its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and be released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange respectively . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista Dave Bautista Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana Zoe Saldana Groot Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Heimdall Idris Elba Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Scott Lang Ant - Man Paul Rudd Paul Rudd Loki Tom Hiddleston Tom Hiddleston Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen Nebula Karen Gillan Karen Gillan Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt Chris Pratt James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle Terrence Howard Don Cheadle Rocket Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans Chris Evans Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård Stellan Skarsgård Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther Chadwick Boseman Thor Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany Sam Wilson Falcon Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose '' . The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 56 140 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 401 492 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 60 121 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 224 214 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 240 288 $140 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 5 5 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 21 12 $200 million ( gross ) $178.4 million ( net ) Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 174 112 $170 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 99 91 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 49 76 $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 12 7 $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 226 171 $142 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 22 14 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 134 102 $165 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,742,192 $863,555,293 28 57 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $333,125,680 $546,010,422 $879,136,102 50 49 $175 million Total $ 7009495788777100000 ♠ 4,957,887,771 $ 7009769876220700000 ♠ 7,698,762,207 $ 7010126566499780000 ♠ 12,656,649,978 $3.027 billion ( gross ) $2.903 billion ( net ) Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 278 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 270 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 80 % ( 250 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 324 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 79 % ( 294 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 249 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 269 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 293 reviews ) 76 ( 52 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 319 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 81 % ( 279 reviews ) 64 ( 43 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 90 % ( 352 reviews ) 75 ( 52 reviews ) Doctor Strange 90 % ( 299 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 82 % ( 316 reviews ) 67 ( 47 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 93 % ( 294 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Average 82 % 67 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Phase Three Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole and Ryan Coogler Kevin Feige Post-production Avengers : Infinity War May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd Filming Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Geneva Robertson - Dworet Pre-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Filming Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) TBA TBA Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther is scheduled to be released on February 16 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos , who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 . The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , one Infinity Gauntlet is briefly seen in Thor and another in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed he would return to direct in November 2015 , as well as the confirmation that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and is scheduled to last until November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Carol Danvers § Film In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Filming is expected to begin in January 2018 in California , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury in the film , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequel In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Other potential projects ( edit ) Three untitled films are set for release on May 1 , August 7 , and November 6 , 2020 . The August 7 film was previously scheduled for July 10 , 2020 . In October 2016 Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy these dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have ideas for films through 2021 , and additional storylines planned through 2028 . In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond '' . A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different , '' but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing . '' A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . The Inhumans were first introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , to premiere on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . See also ( edit ) List of films based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . 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Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . 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Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . 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ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week 's cover : Meet the new boss in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . 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SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Mark ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Edgar Wright Exits Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' as Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Teases ' Ant - Man ' Production in New Tweet '' . The Huffington Post . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's it ! Principal photography on ANT - MAN is now complete . The ants have left the building . Stay tuned ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas , Paul Rudd heading back to Atlanta for `` Ant Man '' `` . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trees removed for Atlanta film production sparks outrage '' . WSB - TV . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Set to Star in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas to Star as Hank Pym in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel To Broadcast ANT - MAN Premiere Red Carpet Online '' . Newsarama . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Natalie ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Will Grow To $115 M - $125 M In Global Bow , But Will Bump Heads With ' Minions ' In U.S. -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Moves into Former Superman - Batman Release Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` 65 Things We Learned on the Set of Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' and More '' . Fandango.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` When Will You See the First Clip From ' Captain America : Civil War ' ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Feige on ANT - MAN Post-Credits Scenes , SPIDER - MAN , Marvel at Disneyland , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man post credit scenes revealed - spoilers in here ! '' . Irish Examiner . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios Announces Full Phase 3 Slate at Special Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Phase 3 Update '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Confirm They 'll Direct Captain America 3 ; Say They 're Breaking the Story Now with Screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Derrickson to Direct Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Introduces Its Villain '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Schedules New Release Dates for 4 Films '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Bringing Hulk Into ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marvel Entertainment ( September 28 , 2017 ) . Marvel Studios ' Thor : Ragnarok - Behind the Scenes . 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Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Extras casting call for `` Captain America : Civil War '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Wraps Principal Photography '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel launches program for girl scientists '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Gets An Unnecessary ( But Awesome ) Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Russo Brothers Explain Where Captain America : Civil War Starts '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web - Slinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman to Star in Marvel 's Black Panther '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` William Hurt Teases A `` Much Different '' General Ross For Captain America : Civil War `` . IGN . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' and ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Synopses Released '' . StitchKingdom.com . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Will Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter ( December 17 , 2014 ) . Guardians of the Galaxy 's Chris Pratt & James Gunn 's Risky Film : Rule Breakers . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 30 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . 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Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Jessica ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Weird And Wonderful Things That Happened At The ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Tokyo Premiere '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 's Space Dinosaur Has A Name , Post-Credits Scene Confirmed '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Everything We Learned While On Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 2 Interview ( Press Conference ) with Robert Downey Jr. , Mickey Rourke , Jon Favreau , Gwyneth Paltrow , Scarlett Johansson , Don Cheadle , Justin Thoreaux and Kevin Feige '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch 's Doctor Strange CONFIRMED for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Officially Part of Avengers : Infinity War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2014 : Official : Evangeline Lilly & Corey Stoll Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . July 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sued by Luggage Company Over ' Avengers ' Box Set Packaging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Coogler to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Brandon Ellington ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars So White ? Black Panther to the Rescue . '' . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ; Talks Filming Dates '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to Write Marvel 's 2 - Part ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' : Michael Douglas Eyeing Return for Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Production Officially Begins on Ant - Man and the Wasp ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Finds Directors in Anna Boden , Ryan Fleck ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Taps Geneva Robertson - Dworet To Script ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Filming Dates , Title Details Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Back in Development at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Forest Whitaker Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy will meet the Avengers in Infinity War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matt ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Surprise : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Wo n't Be Split Into 2 Movies '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Joins Marvel 's ' Avengers ' Sequels as Villain Thanos '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Announced For 2018 - 19 in Two Parts '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War And Sequel Set To Begin Filming Monday '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War has wrapped filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donohoe , Graeme ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` New £ 400m Marvel blockbuster Avengers : Infinity War to be shot in Glasgow and Edinburgh '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why The Guardians Will Be Different When Introduced In Avengers : Infinity War , According To Kevin Feige '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Secret Behind The Infinity Gauntlet , According To Marvel 's Kevin Feige '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Close Deal To Team With Paul Rudd On ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Will See the Return of Michael Douglas ' Hank Pym '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and The Wasp ' aka ' Cherry Blue ' Wraps At The End of November '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Bond , Paul ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve to Write Marvel 's ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Brie Larson officially announced as Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marc , Christopher ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' aka ' Warbird ' Shoots January -- May In Atlanta '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel , ' ' Island Plaza ' & ' Midway ' Among Films Awarded CA Tax Credits '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Will Be Set in the ' 90s With Skrulls as Villains '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers 4 Filming Has Begun ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Exclsuive : Kevin Feige Talks Spidey 's Future & Studio Collaborations '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Parts 1 and 2 Will Be Very Different Movies '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Frazier ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Teases The Guardians ' `` Integral Part '' In ' Infinity War ' `` . Complex . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Dates ' Lion King ' and ' Frozen 2 , ' Pushes Fifth ' Indiana Jones ' Film to 2020 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Says the Post - ' Avengers 4 ' MCU May Be a `` New Thing '' , Not `` Phase 4 '' `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Feige on ' Avengers : Infinity War ' , Spider - Man 's Future , 2019 & 2020 MCU Movies , and ' Doctor Strange ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Pow ! Bang ! Bam ! Plan to Save Marvel , Starring B - List Heroes '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Holland ( Accidentally ) Reveals Spider - Man Solo Movie Is First in a Trilogy '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Project ' Runaways ' in works at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Taps Peter Sollett For ' Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Taps ' No Heroics ' Creator For ' Runaways ' Duty '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Studios Slows Down ' Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways ' Shelved in Post - ' Avengers ' Marvel Movieverse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Feige on Avengers , Marvel Universe - Building , and the Legacy of Elektra '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldbery , Matt ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Moving Forward on THE INHUMANS Movie ; Screenplay by Joe Robert Cole '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Robert Cole Nearing Deal to Write ' Black Panther ' for Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie Officially Pulled from Marvel Schedule '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Still Has Plans For Inhumans Movie According To Kevin Feige '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie `` Will Happen For Sure '' , Could Happen in Phase 4 Says Kevin Feige `` . / Film . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses on Skye Bombshell and Marvel Movie Future '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC In 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel , ABC Set ' The Inhumans ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couto , Anthony ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Feige : Black Widow 's Past to be Explored in Avengers 2 and Possible Solo Film '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Rachel ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Screenwriter Nicole Perlman gives us the scoop on Guardians , Marvel , and more ! '' . Cineplex Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Feige On ' Captain America : Civil War ' And All Things Marvel -- Deadline Q&A '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Wesley Snipes On ' Blade ' Marvel Talks , ' The Player ' & Spike Lee - Deadline '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) A Phase One Timeline Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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tsongas center on the university of massachusetts campus			Tsongas Center	tsongas center	The Tsongas Center at UMass Lowell ( formerly the Tsongas Arena ) is a multi-purpose facility owned by the University of Massachusetts Lowell and located in Lowell , Massachusetts . The arena was opened on January 27 , 1998 , and dedicated to the memory of the late Paul Tsongas , prominent Lowell native and U.S. senator . The arena was built with $4 million in funding from both the city and the university , plus another $20 million contributed from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts .	About the arena ( edit ) Interior of the arena The facility is home to the NCAA Division I University of Massachusetts Lowell River Hawks ice hockey team , which competes in the Hockey East Association . The facility was also home to the Lowell Lock Monsters and the Lowell Devils ice hockey team , which competed in the American Hockey League from 1998 to 2010 . The Devils ended their stay in Lowell due to financial difficulties and the arena 's new ownership and moved to Albany , NY to compete as the Albany Devils . The Tsongas Center - which seats approximately 6,000 for hockey and 7,000 for concerts and other events - is the site of major concerts and other public events , including job fairs , skating competitions and graduation ceremonies for area high schools , colleges and universities . It also hosts major university events , such as the annual Commencement ceremonies , Open House for prospective students and the Chancellor 's Speaker Series . The series debuted in 2012 with bestselling author Stephen King . Also in 2012 , the Tsongas Center was the site of a debate between then - incumbent U.S. Sen. Scott Brown and challenger Elizabeth Warren , which drew more than 5,000 people and was covered by more than 100 media outlets , including NBC News and MSNBC . In 2004 , alternative rock pioneers Pixies recorded their live concert DVD and high - definition television special `` The Pixies : Come Home Live 2004 World Tour '' at the Tsongas Arena . The same year , progressive rock band Yes released a DVD of their 35th anniversary tour performance at the venue titled Songs from Tsongas . In 2009 , the boxing scenes of the 2010 film The Fighter were filmed at the Tsongas Center , with Mark Wahlberg portraying Lowell - born champion boxer Micky Ward and Christian Bale portraying his brother Dicky Eklund . UMass Lowell and the city of Lowell entered into negotiations in 2009 with the intent to transfer ownership of the arena and the land adjacent to it to the university . In late October 2009 , it was reported that the deal had been reached with UMass Lowell committing to major renovations to the facility . In a ceremony during a game against Boston University on October 30 , 2009 , the deal transferring ownership to the university was signed . UMass Lowell formally took control of the arena on February 5 , 2010 after completing a $1 transaction . UMass Lowell has spent more than $5 million to renovate the arena since its acquisition . LED `` ribbon '' boards were installed in the winter of 2010 . A new high - definition video scoreboard and sound system were installed during the summer 2010 . A new club seating area was built in conjunction with a new upscale bar . In the summer of 2011 , new ice - making equipment was installed , followed by new luxury boxes and press box in 2012 . In March 2017 , the arena played host to the second NWHL Isobel Cup finals between the Buffalo Beauts and Boston Pride . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moran , Lyle ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` UML 's Tsongas Center in world 's top 20 venues '' . The Sun . MediaNews Group . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lafleur , Michael ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) . `` UMass Lowell disputes price it pays for events at Tsongas Arena '' . Lowell Sun . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Myers , Jennifer ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Lowell closes in on deal to turn Tsongas Arena over to UMass Lowell '' . Lowell Sun . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abel , David ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` UMass Lowell takes control of Tsongas Arena '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tsongas Center . Tsongas Center website Preceded by Tully Forum Home of the UMass Lowell River Hawks 1998 -- present Succeeded by Preceded by Family Arena Host of Lockdown 2008 Succeeded by Liacouras Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Located in : Lowell , Massachusetts Academics Kennedy College of Sciences Manning School of Business Research Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute Radiation Laboratory Campus Allen House Kenneth R. Fox Student Union Middlesex County Training School ( West Campus ) Wannalancit Mills Athletics UMass Lowell River Hawks Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Men 's ice hockey Men 's soccer Costello Athletic Center LeLacheur Park Tsongas Center America East Conference Hockey East Student life Housing Marching band WUML Founded : 1894 UMass Lowell River Hawks men 's ice hockey Playing venues Skate 3 ( − 1980 ) Tully Forum ( 1980 -- 1998 ) Tsongas Center ( 1998 -- present ) Head coaches Richard Morrison 1967 -- 1969 Bill Riley ( 1969 -- 1991 ) Bruce Crowder ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Tim Whitehead ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Blaise MacDonald ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Norm Bazin ( 2011 -- present ) Seasons 2014 -- 15 Conference affiliations ECAC 2 ( 1968 -- 1983 ) Hockey East ( 1984 -- present ) All - time leaders Mike Carr ( 279 Points ) Mike Carr ( 134 Goals ) Brian Doyle ( 74 Wins ) National championships 1979 ( DII ) 1981 ( DII ) 1982 ( DII ) Frozen Four appearances 2013 NCAA Tournament appearances 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 Conference Tournament champions Hockey East : 2013 2014 2017 Mike Richter winners Connor Hellebuyck ( 2014 ) University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell , MA UMass Lowell River Hawks men 's basketball Venues Costello Athletic Center ( 1975 -- present ) Tsongas Center ( alternate ; 1998 -- present ) People Head coaches Seasons 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championship in bold UMass Lowell River Hawks women 's basketball Venues Costello Athletic Center ( 1975 -- present ) Tsongas Center ( alternate ; 1998 -- present ) People Head coaches Seasons 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Hockey East Men Boston College Eagles ( Conte Forum ) Boston University Terriers ( Agganis Arena ) Connecticut Huskies ( XL Center ) Maine Black Bears ( Alfond Arena ) Merrimack Warriors ( J. Thom Lawler Arena ) Northeastern Huskies ( Matthews Arena ) Providence Friars ( Schneider Arena ) UMass Minutemen ( Mullins Center ) UMass Lowell River Hawks ( Tsongas Center ) New Hampshire Wildcats ( Whittemore Center ) Vermont Catamounts ( Gutterson Fieldhouse ) Women Boston College Eagles ( Conte Forum ) Boston University Terriers ( Walter Brown Arena ) Connecticut Huskies ( Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum ) Maine Black Bears ( Alfond Arena ) Merrimack Warriors ( J. Thom Lawler Arena ) New Hampshire Wildcats ( Whittemore Center ) Northeastern Huskies ( Matthews Arena ) Providence Friars ( Schneider Arena ) Vermont Catamounts ( Gutterson Fieldhouse ) Related articles Lamoriello Trophy List of champions : Men / Women Tournament sites : TD Garden / Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum Sports venues in the Greater Boston area Active Boston Agganis Arena Alumni Stadium Bright Hockey Center Cabot Center Case Gym Conte Forum Fenway Park George Wright Golf Course Harvard Stadium Lavietes Pavilion Matthews Arena Nickerson Field Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center TD Garden Tennis and Racquet Club White Stadium William J. Devine Memorial Golf Course Metro Boston The Country Club Malkin Athletic Center Warrior Ice Arena Bright - Landry Hockey Center Greater Boston Gillette Stadium LeLacheur Park Paul E. Tsongas Center at UMass Lowell Plainridge Park Suffolk Downs Defunct Boston Garden Braves Field Charles River Speedway Congress Street Grounds Cyclorama Dartmouth Grounds Foxboro Park Foxboro Stadium Franklin Park Franklin Speedway Huntington Avenue Grounds Mechanics Hall Readville Race Track South End Grounds Wonderland Park Never built Boston Sports Megaplex New Fenway Park Coordinates : 42 ° 39 ′ 01 '' N 71 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 42.650228 ° N 71.313248 ° W / 42.650228 ; - 71.313248 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsongas_Center&oldid=826299224 '' Categories : Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States Basketball venues in Massachusetts College ice hockey venues in the United States UMass Lowell River Hawks men 's basketball UMass Lowell River Hawks men 's ice hockey Lowell Lock Monsters Lowell Devils 1998 establishments in Massachusetts Sports venues completed in 1998 Sports venues in Lowell , Massachusetts Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsongas%20Center	2,882
engineering accreditation board of the engineering council - united kingdom			Engineering Council	engineering council	The Engineering Council ( formerly Engineering Council UK ) is Britain 's regulatory authority for registration of Chartered and Incorporated engineers and engineering technician , holding a register of these and providing advice to students , engineers , employers and academic institutions on the standards for registration and procedures for registration . It is responsible for the accreditation of educational and training programmes , delegating this responsibility to licensed member institutions .	Contents 1 History 1.1 Finniston report 2 Function 3 Professional registration in the UK 4 Structure 4.1 Licensed member institutions 5 International registration 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Professional engineering institutions in the UK began in 1818 with the formation of the Institution of Civil Engineers . The IMechE was formed next in 1847 . The IEE was formed in 1871 . These three are known as the Big Three institutions since together they represent 80 % of registered UK engineers . The Joint Council of Engineering Institutions was formed in 1964 , which later became the Council of Engineering Institutions ( CEI ) in November 1965 , which had a Royal Charter . This provided all the main functions that the EngC now provides , but was more ineffectual . Around this time , 33 % of the UK 's GDP was in manufacturing , lowering to 29 % in the early 1970s . Finniston Report ( edit ) A Royal Commission , from the Committee of Inquiry into the Engineering Profession , chaired by Sir Monty Finniston , was set up in 1977 . It looked at the formation and registration of engineers , producing the Finniston Report - Engineering our Future in 1980 . Engineering institutions thought they may have lost their autonomy . There was also the possibility of statutory licensing ( direct government control ) of engineers , as other professional practitioners such as doctors , but the work of engineers is more confined to work with other engineering companies , providing a nominal level of inherent professional self - regulation against misconduct . Keith Joseph at the DTI chose not to have a statutory body , but have a Royal Charter . From its recommendations , the Engineering Council was established in 1981 , watching over 54 separate institutions . It gained a Royal Charter on 27 November 1981 . The first Chairman was Sir Kenneth Corfield , followed by Francis Tombs , Baron Tombs in 1985 , Sir William Barlow in 1988 , Sir John Fairclough in 1991 , Dr Alan Rudge in 1996 , Dr Robert Hawley in 1999 It formed The WISE Campaign in 1983 to encourage women to become engineers . In 1996 the diamond logo was replaced by a circle . Function ( edit ) Engineering Council is recognised by the British Government as the national representative body of the engineering profession in the United Kingdom , working in partnership with other engineering institutions . The Engineering Council regulates the professions of chartered engineer , incorporated engineer and engineering technician in the UK . These professional titles are recognised in Europe with the Directive 2005 / 36 . Professional registration in the UK ( edit ) UK legislation is generally ' permissive ' and , as such , the title engineer is not protected by law therefore anyone can call themselves an engineer or professional engineer or registered engineer and many semi-skilled and unskilled trades adopt this title . However the ' professional ' titles awarded by the Engineering Council UK are protected by law . Registration as a chartered and incorporated engineers or as engineering technicians is voluntary and candidates are required to demonstrate a high standard of professional competence acquired through education , training and responsible experience in order to register . There are four categories of registration : Chartered Engineer ( CEng ) Incorporated Engineer ( IEng ) Engineering Technician ( EngTech ) Information and Communications Technology Technician ( ICTTech ) Assessment for registration is typically carried out on Engineering Council 's behalf by a licensed member institution . The Engineering Technician ( EngTech ) may obtain the Licentiateship ( with post nominals LCGI ) a City & Guilds Award comparable to a Level 4 qualification . The Incorporated Engineer ( IEng ) may obtain the Graduateship ( GCGI ) in Engineering , comparable to a Level 6 qualification . The Chartered Engineer ( CEng ) may obtain the Membership ( MCGI ) in Engineering , comparable to a Level 7 qualification . Structure ( edit ) The office is situated in central London near to Moorgate tube station and Bank tube station , in the City of London . Licensed member institutions ( edit ) Institute of Acoustics Royal Aeronautical Society Institution of Agricultural Engineers Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Institute of Cast Metals Engineers Institution of Chemical Engineers Institution of Civil Engineers British Computer Society Institution of Engineering and Technology The Energy Institute Institution of Engineering Designers Society of Environmental Engineers Institution of Fire Engineers Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management Institute of Highway Engineers Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation Institute of Marine Engineering , Science and Technology Institute of Materials , Minerals and Mining Institute of Measurement and Control Institution of Mechanical Engineers Royal Institution of Naval Architects British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing Nuclear Institute Society of Operations Engineers Institute of Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering Institution of Railway Signal Engineers Institution of Royal Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management The Welding Institute International registration ( edit ) Engineering Council is a `` designated authority '' , under the implementing regulations for Directive 2005 / 36 / EC . Engineering Council is a member of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations ( FEANI ) Engineering Council has relationships with many similar organisations worldwide . It has responsibility for the UK sections of two international registers : FEANI 's register of European Engineers . The International Register of Professional Engineers ( IRPE / IRoPE ) European Engineer registration entitles the holder to use the European - style prefix title EurIng ; International Professional Engineer registration entitles the holder to use the suffix IntPE ( UK ) . The qualifications required for international registration are similar to those required for CEng registration . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.engc.org.uk/about-us/our-partners/professional-engineering-institutions/ Jump up ^ Engineering Council - News . Engineering Council rebrands to reflect global standing . Accessed on January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Department for Innovation , Universities and Skills . EU Europe Open - EU to UK - Regulated Professions in the UK . Archived 2008 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed on June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Directive 2005 / 36 Jump up ^ `` The European Union ( Recognition of Professional Qualifications ) Regulations 2015 '' . Her Majesty 's Government . 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/The+Engineering+Council/@51.516338,-0.0906107,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x89aa29b61eb5e2d6 City and Guilds Institute . Engineering Council Examinations . Accessed on 13 July 2007 Engineering Council UK . About ECUK . Accessed on 13 July 2007 Engineering Council UK . ECUK Institution Details . Accessed on 13 July 2007 Engineering Council UK . Register Sections . Accessed on 13 July 2007 Engineering Council UK . Misuse of Professional titles . : http://www.engc.org.uk/professional-qualifications/fraudulent-claims External links ( edit ) Engineering Council The EngC YouTube channel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineering_Council&oldid=858308512 '' Categories : 1981 establishments in the United Kingdom Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden Organizations established in 1981 Professional associations based in the United Kingdom Professional certification in engineering Science and technology in the United Kingdom Regulators of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2018 , at 08 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20Council	2,883
the underachievers - evermore the art of duality			Evermore : The Art of Duality	evermore : the art of duality	Evermore : The Art of Duality is the second studio album by American hip hop duo The Underachievers . It was released on September 25 , 2015 by RPM MSC Distribution .	Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Rain Dance ( Phase 1 Intro ) '' Nick León 3 : 40 2 . `` Shine All Gold '' Nick León 4 : 20 3 . `` Chasing Faith '' Nick León 3 : 58 4 . `` Star Signs '' Nick León 3 : 17 5 . `` The Dualist '' Evan Imwalle & Nick León 4 : 28 6 . `` Illusions '' Ashton Benz & Lucas Savo 4 : 17 7 . `` The Brooklyn Way '' Phil Jackson for The WatcherZ 4 : 29 8 . `` Reincarnation ( Phase 2 Intro ) '' IGNORVNCE 2 : 34 9 . `` Take Your Place '' Mr. Bristol 3 : 32 10 . `` Moon Shot '' Ashton Benz & Lucas Savo 4 : 19 11 . `` Generation Z '' Nick León & POSHstronaut 4 : 48 12 . `` Allusions '' Ashton Benz 4 : 05 13 . `` We the Hope '' Nick León 4 : 28 14 . `` Stay the Same '' John `` JohnGBeats '' Gustanar 3 : 44 15 . `` Unconscious Monsters '' Nick León 4 : 00 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.theualifestyle.com/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evermore:_The_Art_of_Duality&oldid=845293119 '' Categories : 2015 albums Hip hop albums by American artists Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evermore%3A%20The%20Art%20of%20Duality	2,884
who won the last mens cricket world cup	Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round .	Australia	Cricket World Cup	cricket world cup	The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC .	The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The finals of the World Cup are contested by the ten full members of the ICC ( all of which are Test - playing teams ) and a number of teams made up from associate and affiliate members of the ICC , selected via the World Cricket League and a later qualifying tournament . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup ( edit ) The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) ( edit ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . MS Dhoni later became the first captain in history to win all the major ICC tournaments - World T20 in 2007 , Champions Trophy in 2013 and this edition of the World Cup . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup § Historical formats of final tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the knock - outs . this would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage ( edit ) Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts ( edit ) Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history ( edit ) Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Scotland Wales Ireland Netherlands London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Zimbabwe Kenya Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Kolkata Notes Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa and Zimbabwe were joint hosts , but matches were also played in Kenya . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results ( edit ) Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once ( excluding qualification tournaments ) . Seven teams have competed in every finals tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven final matches ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 Afghanistan GP Australia 2nd GP GP 1st GP 2nd 1st 1st 1st QF 1st Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF 2nd SF 2nd 2nd QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP 1st SF GP SF S6 2nd GP 1st SF Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF 2nd Pakistan GP SF SF SF 1st QF 2nd GP GP SF QF Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP 1st GP SF 2nd 2nd QF United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies 1st 1st 2nd GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend 1st -- Winner 2nd -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group -- First round Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 1.1 ! Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Sri Lanka 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 Pakistan 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 England 11 2015 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 2.5 ! Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 3.5 ! Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 5.4 ! Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 7.4 ! Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 7.5 ! Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Netherlands 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Canada 1979 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Scotland 1999 2015 9.3 ! Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 9.4 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Namibia 2003 2003 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Bermuda 2007 2007 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Man of the tournament ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final ( edit ) There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 runs 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 runs 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 Women 's Cricket World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About -- International Cricket Council . 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External links ( edit ) Official ICC Cricket World Cup website Official ICC website Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England 1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - 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cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Motorsport Auto racing Alternative energy Solar car Electric car Formula One Formula Three Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 rally raid Rallycross Sports car endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Production Superbike Supersport Cross-country rally Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecar Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football 3x3 basketball Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball men women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Netball Padel tennis Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Armwrestling Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling mountain bike marathon cyclo - cross Darts BDO PDC Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Inline speed skating Karate Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Squash individual doubles team Roller skating artistic Ski mountaineering Sumo Surfing Swimming short course Triathlon Ironman Water skiing Wushu Yo - yo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=800779305 '' Categories : Cricket World Cup International Cricket Council events Quadrennial sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1975 World championships International cricket competitions Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 16 : 32 . 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how many seasons of the method are there	The Method Genre Crime drama Suspense Horror Psychological thriller Black comedy Developed by James Manos , Jr . Alexander Tsekalo Yuri Bykov Starring Konstantin Khabensky Paulina Andreeva Alexander Tsekalo Aleksander Petrov Yekaterina Dubakina Zachar Kabanov Timofey Tribuntsev Natalia Ungard Valentin Samokhin Sergei Belyaev Yan Tsapnik Narrated by Konstantin Khabensky Composer ( s ) Ryan Otter No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alexander Tsekalo Konstantin Ernst Producer ( s ) Yuri Bykov Production location ( s ) Nizhny Novgorod Moscow Running time 45 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Sreda Distributor Netflix Release Original network 1TV Original release 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) External links Netflix		The Method ( TV series )	the method ( tv series )		The Method Genre Crime drama Suspense Horror Psychological thriller Black comedy Developed by James Manos , Jr . Alexander Tsekalo Yuri Bykov Starring Konstantin Khabensky Paulina Andreeva Alexander Tsekalo Aleksander Petrov Yekaterina Dubakina Zachar Kabanov Timofey Tribuntsev Natalia Ungard Valentin Samokhin Sergei Belyaev Yan Tsapnik Narrated by Konstantin Khabensky Composer ( s ) Ryan Otter No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alexander Tsekalo Konstantin Ernst Producer ( s ) Yuri Bykov Production location ( s ) Nizhny Novgorod Moscow Running time 45 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Sreda Distributor Netflix Release Original network 1TV Original release 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) External links Netflix The Method ( Russian : Метод ) is a Russian crime drama television series , produced by Sreda , starring Konstantin Khabensky and Paulina Andreeva . The first episode was aired on Channel One on 18 October 2015 . Principal photography was done in Nizhny Novgorod . The second season is set to air on Channel One in the autumn of 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Awards 5 References Plot ( edit ) The series centers on Rodion Meglin ( Konstantin Khabensky ) , a detective of the Russian police who also leads a secret life as a vigilante , hunting down criminals who have slipped through the cracks of the justice system . He used to work alone without revealing the secrets of his method . A graduate of the law faculty Esenya Steklova ( Paulina Andreeva ) receives a referral to the department of the Investigative Committee , in which Meglin serves , and becomes his trainee . The girl has personal motives for working with the famous investigator - Esenya 's mother was killed under mysterious circumstances , and her father hides important details of what happened , but she leaves no hope of reaching the trail of the murderer . Working with Meglin becomes a serious test for Esenya . Cast ( edit ) Konstantin Khabensky -- Rodion Meglin Paulina Andreeva -- Eseniya Steklova Alexander Petrov -- Zhenya Alexander Tsekalo -- `` Festive Killer '' Yekaterina Dubakina -- Anyula Zakharova Zachar Kabanov -- Pasha Orlov Timofey Tribuntsev -- Koluya Valentin Samokhin Andrei Zhukov Sergei Belyaev -- Egorov Yan Tsapnik -- Zhora Ivan Dobronravov -- Pavlik Tolmachov Production ( edit ) Producers have stated that The Method is not an adaptation of the American TV series Dexter , but rather an independent TV show . Awards ( edit ) The series won three awards at the TEFI in 2016 ; Best Television film / TV series Best actor of a television film / series ( Konstantin Khabensky ) Best Television producer of the season ( Alexander Tsekalo for creating various television series ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikhail Ryabikov . `` Константин Хабенский : `` Метод '' будут смотреть только самые любопытные зрители `` . Komsomolskaya Pravda . Jump up ^ `` Метод -- Серия 1 '' ( in Russian ) . Channel One Russia . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Александр Цекало и Ирина Старшенбаум в гостях у ОК на связи ! . Jump up ^ `` В Москве состоялась церемония вручения премии ТЭФИ - 2016 '' . TASS . Sreda TV series The Dark Side of the Moon ( 2012 ) Silver Spoon ( 2014 - present ) The Method ( 2015 ) Fartsa ( 2015 ) Locust ( 2016 ) Klim ( 2016 ) Trotsky ( 2017 ) Films Cinderella ( 2012 ) Locust ( 2015 ) Gogol ( film series ) ( 2017 - 2018 ) TV shows Big Difference ( 2008 - 2014 ) Prozhektorperiskhilton ( 2017 - present ) Founders Aleksandr Tsekalo Ruslan Sorokin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Method_(TV_series)&oldid=853590371 '' Categories : Russian crime television series 2010s Russian television series 2015 Russian television series debuts 2015 Russian television series endings Russian - language television programs Serial drama television series Television programs based on novels Television shows set in Moscow Police procedural television series Horror fiction television series Television series by Sreda Channel One Russia original programming Films directed by Yuri Bykov Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation from Russian Use dmy dates from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Method%20%28TV%20series%29	2,886
what is the last ep of fairy tail			List of Fairy Tail Episodes	list of fairy tail episodes	Fairy Tail is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hiro Mashima . Produced by A-1 Pictures , funimation and Satelight , and directed by Shinji Ishihira , it was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 12 , 2009 , to March 30 , 2013 . It later continued its run on April 5 , 2014 , and ended on March 26 , 2016 . On July 20 , 2017 , Mashima confirmed on Twitter that the final season of Fairy Tail will air in 2018 . The series follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel , a member of the Fairy Tail wizards ' guild and mage who is searching for the dragon Igneel , and partners with Lucy Heartfilia , a celestial wizard .	The series uses 44 different pieces of theme music : 22 opening themes and 22 ending themes . Several CDs containing the theme music and other tracks have been released by Pony Canyon . The first DVD compilation was released on January 29 , 2010 , with individual volumes being released monthly . The Southeast Asian network Animax Asia aired part of the series locally in English . In 2011 , Funimation licensed the first season for an English - language release in North America . The Funimation - dubbed episodes aired on the Funimation Channel . The first DVD set , containing 12 episodes , was released on November 22 , 2011 . Similarly sized sets followed , with 14 sets released as of December 2 , 2014 . Funimation also acquired the rights to simulcast the relaunched anime episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2012 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 2.8 Fairy Tail Zero ( 2016 ) 3 Films 4 Original video animations 5 Home media releases 5.1 Japanese 5.2 English 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 48 October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 2 24 October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 3 28 April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) October 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 08 ) 4 25 October 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 15 ) April 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) 5 25 April 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 14 ) September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) 6 25 October 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) 7 90 April 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) Zero 12 January 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 09 ) March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 1 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 1 `` The Fairy Tail '' `` Yōsei no Shippo '' ( 妖精の尻尾 ) October 12 , 2009 September 30 , 2011 2 `` Fire Dragon , Monkey , and Bull '' `` Karyū to Saru to Ushi '' ( 火竜と猿と牛 ) October 19 , 2009 October 7 , 2011 3 `` Infiltrate the Everlue Mansion '' `` Sennyū Seyo ! ! Ebarū Yashiki ! ! '' ( 潛入せよ ! ! エバルー屋敷 ! ! ) October 26 , 2009 October 17 , 2011 4 `` Dear Kaby '' `` Shin'ai Naru Kābi e '' ( DEAR KABY 〜親愛なるカービィへ〜 ) November 2 , 2009 October 21 , 2011 5 `` The Wizard in Armor '' `` Yoroi no Madōshi '' ( 鎧の魔導士 ) November 9 , 2009 -- 6 `` Fairies in the Wind '' `` Yōsei - tachi wa Kaze no Naka '' ( 妖精たちは風の中 ) November 16 , 2009 -- 7 `` Flame and Wind '' `` Honō to Kaze '' ( 炎と風 ) November 23 , 2009 -- 8 `` The Strongest Team '' `` Saikyō Chīmu ! ! ! '' ( 最強チーム ! ! ! ) November 30 , 2009 -- 9 `` Natsu Devours a Village '' `` Natsu , Mura o Kū '' ( ナツ、村を食う ) December 7 , 2009 -- 10 `` Natsu vs. Erza '' `` Natsu vs. Eruza '' ( ナツ vs. エルザ ) December 14 , 2009 -- 11 `` The Cursed Island '' `` Norowareta Shima '' ( 呪われた島 ) December 21 , 2009 -- 12 `` Moon Drip '' `` Mūn Dorippu '' ( 月の雫 ( ムーンドリップ ) ) January 4 , 2010 -- 13 `` Natsu vs. Yuka the Wave User '' `` Natsu vs. Hadō no Yūka '' ( ナツ vs. 波動のユウカ ) January 11 , 2010 -- 14 `` Just Do Whatever ! ! '' `` Katte ni Shiyagare ! ! '' ( 勝手にしやがれ ! ! ) January 18 , 2010 -- 15 `` Eternal Magic '' `` Eien no Mahō '' ( 永遠の魔法 ) January 25 , 2010 -- 16 `` The Final Showdown on Galuna Island '' `` Garuna - tō , Saishū Kessen '' ( ガルナ島最終決戦 ) February 1 , 2010 -- 17 `` Burst '' February 8 , 2010 -- 18 `` Reach the Sky Above '' `` Todoke , Ano Sora ni '' ( 届けあの空に ) February 15 , 2010 -- 19 `` Changeling '' `` Chenjiringu '' ( チェンジリング ) February 22 , 2010 -- 20 `` Natsu and the Dragon Egg '' `` Natsu to Doragon no Tamago '' ( ナツとドラゴンの卵 ) March 1 , 2010 -- 21 `` The Phantom Lord '' `` Yūki no Shihaisha '' ( 幽鬼の支配者 ) March 8 , 2010 -- 22 `` Lucy Heartfilia '' `` Rūshii Hātofiria '' ( ルーシィ・ハートフィリア ) March 15 , 2010 -- 23 `` 15 Minutes '' `` Jūgo - fun '' ( 15 分 ) March 22 , 2010 -- 24 `` To Keep From Seeing Those Tears '' `` Sono Namida o Minai Tame ni '' ( その涙を見ない為に ) March 29 , 2010 -- 25 `` A Flower Blooms in the Rain '' `` Ame no Naka ni Saku Hana '' ( 雨の中に咲く華 ) April 12 , 2010 -- 26 `` Wings of Flame '' `` Honō no Tsubasa '' ( 炎の翼 ) April 19 , 2010 -- 27 `` The Two Dragon Slayers '' `` Futari no Doragon Sureiyā '' ( 二人の滅竜魔導士 ( ドラゴンスレイヤー ) ) April 26 , 2010 -- 28 `` Fairy Law '' `` Fearī Rō '' ( フェアリーロウ ) May 3 , 2010 -- 29 `` My Resolve '' `` Atashi no Ketsui '' ( あたしの決意 ) May 10 , 2010 July 10 , 2012 30 `` Next Generation '' May 17 , 2010 July 17 , 2012 31 `` A Star Removed from the Sky '' `` Sora ni Modorenai Hoshi '' ( 空に戻れない星 ) May 24 , 2010 July 24 , 2012 32 `` Celestial Spirit King '' `` Seirei - ō '' ( 星霊王 ) May 31 , 2010 July 31 , 2012 33 `` The Tower of Heaven '' `` Rakuen no Tō '' ( 楽園の塔 ) June 7 , 2010 August 7 , 2012 34 `` Jellal '' `` Jerāru '' ( ジェラール ) June 21 , 2010 August 14 , 2012 35 `` Voice of Darkness '' `` Yami no Koe '' ( 闇の声 ) June 28 , 2010 August 21 , 2012 36 `` Heaven 's Game '' `` Rakuen Gēmu '' ( 楽園ゲーム ) July 5 , 2010 August 28 , 2012 37 `` Armor of the Heart '' `` Kokoro no Yoroi '' ( 心の鎧 ) July 12 , 2010 September 4 , 2012 38 `` Destiny '' `` Desutinī '' ( 運命 ( デスティニー ) ) July 19 , 2010 September 11 , 2012 39 `` Give Our Prayers to the Sacred Light '' `` Seinaru Hikari ni Inori o '' ( 聖なる光に祈りを ) July 26 , 2010 September 18 , 2012 40 `` Titania Falls '' `` Titānia , Chiru '' ( 妖精女王 ( ティターニア ) 、散る ) August 2 , 2010 September 25 , 2012 41 `` Home '' August 9 , 2010 October 2 , 2012 42 `` Battle of Fairy Tail '' `` Batoru obu Fearī Teiru '' ( バトル・オブ・フェアリーテイル ) August 16 , 2010 October 9 , 2012 43 `` Defeat Your Friends to Save Your Friends '' `` Tomo no Tame ni Tomo o Ute '' ( 友の為に友を討て ) August 23 , 2010 October 16 , 2012 44 `` Thunder Palace '' `` Kaminari Den '' ( 神鳴殿 ) August 30 , 2010 October 23 , 2012 45 `` Advent of Satan '' `` Satan Kōrin '' ( サタン降臨 ) September 6 , 2010 October 30 , 2012 46 `` Clash at Kardia Cathedral ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Karudia Daiseidō '' ( 激突 ! カルディア大聖堂 ) September 13 , 2010 November 6 , 2012 47 `` Triple Dragons '' `` Toripuru Doragon '' ( トリプルドラゴン ) September 20 , 2010 November 13 , 2012 48 `` Fantasia '' `` Fantajia '' ( 幻想曲 ( ファンタジア ) ) September 27 , 2010 November 20 , 2012 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 2 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 49 `` The Day of the Fateful Encounter '' `` Unmei no Deai no Hi '' ( 運命の出会いの日 ) October 11 , 2010 September 3 , 2013 50 `` Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! '' `` Tokubetsu Irai . Kininaru Kare ni Chūi Seyo ! '' ( 特別依頼. 気になる彼に注意せよ ! ) October 18 , 2010 September 10 , 2013 51 `` Love & Lucky '' October 25 , 2010 September 17 , 2013 52 `` Allied Forces , Assemble ! '' `` Rengōgun , Shūketsu ! '' ( 連合軍、集結 ! ) November 1 , 2010 September 24 , 2013 53 `` Enter the Oración Seis ! '' `` Orashion Seisu Arawaru ! '' ( 六魔将軍 ( オラシオンセイス ) 現る ! ) November 8 , 2010 October 1 , 2013 54 `` Maiden of the Sky '' `` Tenkū no Miko '' ( 天空の巫女 ) November 15 , 2010 October 8 , 2013 55 `` The Girl and the Ghost '' `` Shōjo to Bōrei '' ( 少女と亡霊 ) November 22 , 2010 October 15 , 2013 56 `` Dead Grand Prix '' `` Deddo Guran Puri '' ( デッド GP ( グランプリ ) ) November 29 , 2010 October 22 , 2013 57 `` Darkness '' `` Yami '' ( 闇 ) December 6 , 2010 October 29 , 2013 58 `` Celestial Skirmish '' `` Seirei Gassen '' ( 星霊合戦 ) December 13 , 2010 November 5 , 2013 59 `` Jellal of Days Gone By '' `` Tsuioku no Jerāru '' ( 追憶のジェラール ) December 20 , 2010 November 12 , 2013 60 `` March of Destruction '' `` Hametsu no Kōshin '' ( 破滅の行進 ) December 27 , 2010 November 19 , 2013 61 `` Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! '' `` Chōkūchūsen ! Natsu vs. Kobura '' ( 超空中戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ ) January 10 , 2011 November 26 , 2013 62 `` Wizard Saint Jura '' `` Seiten no Jura '' ( 聖十のジュラ ) January 17 , 2011 December 3 , 2013 63 `` Your Words '' `` Kimi no Kotoba koso '' ( 君の言葉こそ ) January 24 , 2011 December 10 , 2013 64 `` Zero '' `` Zero '' ( ゼロ ) January 31 , 2011 December 17 , 2013 65 `` From Pegasus to Fairies '' `` Tenma kara Yōsei - tachi e '' ( 天馬から妖精たちへ ) February 7 , 2011 December 24 , 2013 66 `` The Power of Feelings '' `` Omoi no Chikara '' ( 想いの力 ) February 14 , 2011 December 31 , 2013 67 `` I 'm With You '' `` Watashi ga Tsuiteiru '' ( 私がついている ) February 21 , 2011 January 7 , 2014 68 `` A Guild for One '' `` Tatta Hitori no Tame no Girudo '' ( たった一人の為のギルド ) February 28 , 2011 January 14 , 2014 69 `` Call of the Dragon '' `` Ryū no Izanai '' ( 竜の誘い ) March 7 , 2011 January 21 , 2014 70 `` Natsu vs. Gray ! ! '' `` Natsu vs. Gurei ! ! '' ( ナツ vs. グレイ ! ! ) March 14 , 2011 January 28 , 2014 71 `` Friendship Overcomes the Dead '' `` Tomo wa Shikabane o Koete '' ( 友は屍を越えて ) March 21 , 2011 February 4 , 2014 72 `` A Fairy Tail Wizard '' `` Fearī Teiru no Madōshi '' ( フェアリーテイルの魔導士 ) March 28 , 2011 February 11 , 2014 Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 3 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 73 `` Rainbow Cherry Blossoms '' `` Niji no Sakura '' ( 虹の桜 ) April 4 , 2011 May 13 , 2014 74 `` Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? '' `` Wendi , Hajimete no Ōshigoto ! ? '' ( ウェンディ、初めての大仕事 ! ? ) April 11 , 2011 May 20 , 2014 75 `` 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race '' `` Nijūyo Jikan Taikyū Rōdo Rēsu '' ( 24 時間耐久ロードレース ) April 16 , 2011 May 27 , 2014 76 `` Gildarts '' `` Girudātsu '' ( ギルダーツ ) April 23 , 2011 June 3 , 2014 77 `` Earth Land '' `` Āsu Rando '' ( アースランド ) April 30 , 2011 June 10 , 2014 78 `` Edolas '' `` Edorasu '' ( エドラス ) May 7 , 2011 June 17 , 2014 79 `` Fairy Hunter '' `` Yōsei Gari '' ( 妖精狩り ) May 14 , 2011 June 24 , 2014 80 `` Key of Hope '' `` Kibō no Kagi '' ( 希望の鍵 ) May 21 , 2011 July 1 , 2014 81 `` Fireball '' `` Faiabōru '' ( ファイアボール ) May 28 , 2011 July 8 , 2014 82 `` Welcome Home '' `` Okaerinasaimase '' ( おかえりなさいませ ) June 4 , 2011 July 15 , 2014 83 `` Extalia '' `` Ekusutaria '' ( エクスタリア ) June 11 , 2011 July 22 , 2014 84 `` Fly , to Our Friends ! '' `` Tobe ! Tomo no Moto ni ! '' ( 飛べ ! 友のもとに ! ) June 18 , 2011 July 29 , 2014 85 `` Code ETD '' `` Kōdo Ītīdī '' ( コード ETD ) June 25 , 2011 August 5 , 2014 86 `` Erza vs. Erza '' `` Eruza vs. Eruza '' ( エルザ vs. エルザ ) July 2 , 2011 August 12 , 2014 87 `` We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! '' `` Inochi Darō ga ! ! ! ! '' ( 命だろーが ! ! ! ! ) July 9 , 2011 August 19 , 2014 88 `` For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars '' `` Hoshi no Taiga wa Hokori no Tame ni '' ( 星の大河は誇りの為に ) July 16 , 2011 August 26 , 2014 89 `` The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon '' `` Shūen no Ryūsahō '' ( 終焉の竜鎖砲 ) July 23 , 2011 September 2 , 2014 90 `` The Boy Back Then '' `` Ano Toki no Shōnen '' ( あの時の少年 ) July 30 , 2011 September 9 , 2014 91 `` Dragon Sense '' August 6 , 2011 September 16 , 2014 92 `` O Living Ones '' `` Ikiru Monotachi yo '' ( 生きる者たちよ ) August 13 , 2011 September 23 , 2014 93 `` I 'm Standing Right Here '' `` Ore wa Koko ni Tatteiru '' ( オレはここに立っている ) August 20 , 2011 September 30 , 2014 94 `` Bye - Bye Edolas '' `` Baibai Edorasu '' ( バイバイエドラス ) August 27 , 2011 October 7 , 2014 95 `` Lisanna '' `` Risāna '' ( リサーナ ) September 3 , 2011 October 14 , 2014 96 `` He Who Extinguishes Life '' `` Inochi o Kesumono '' ( 生命 ( いのち ) を消す者 ) September 10 , 2011 October 21 , 2014 97 `` Best Partners '' `` Besuto Pātonā '' ( ベストパートナー ) September 17 , 2011 October 28 , 2014 98 `` Who 's the Lucky One ? '' `` Ungaii no wa Dare ? '' ( 運がいいのは誰 ? ) September 24 , 2011 November 4 , 2014 99 `` Natsu vs. Gildarts '' `` Natsu vs. Girudātsu '' ( ナツ vs. ギルダーツ ) October 1 , 2011 November 11 , 2014 100 `` Mest '' `` Mesuto '' ( メスト ) October 8 , 2011 November 18 , 2014 Season 4 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 4 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 101 `` Black Wizard '' `` Kuro Madōshi '' ( 黒魔導士 ) October 15 , 2011 November 25 , 2014 102 `` Iron Soul '' `` Tetsu no Tamashii '' ( 鉄の魂 ) October 22 , 2011 December 2 , 2014 103 `` Makarov Charges '' `` Shingeki no Makarofu '' ( 進撃のマカロフ ) October 29 , 2011 December 9 , 2014 104 `` Lost Magic '' `` Rosuto Majikku '' ( 失われた魔法 ( ロスト・マジック ) ) November 5 , 2011 December 16 , 2014 105 `` Fire Dragon vs. Flame God '' `` Karyū vs. Enjin '' ( 火竜 vs. 炎神 ) November 12 , 2011 December 23 , 2014 106 `` Grand Magic World '' `` Dai Mahō Sekai '' ( 大魔法世界 ) November 19 , 2011 December 30 , 2014 107 `` Arc of Embodiment '' `` Gugen no Āku '' ( 具現のアーク ) November 26 , 2011 January 6 , 2015 108 `` Human Gate '' `` Ningen no Tobira '' ( 人間の扉 ) December 3 , 2011 January 13 , 2015 109 `` Lucy Fire '' `` Rūshii Faia '' ( ルーシィファイア ) December 10 , 2011 January 20 , 2015 110 `` Dead - End of Despair '' `` Zetsubō no Fukurokōji '' ( 絶望の袋小路 ) December 17 , 2011 January 27 , 2015 111 `` Tears of Love and Vitality '' `` Ai to Katsuryoku no Namida '' ( 愛と活力の涙 ) December 24 , 2011 February 3 , 2015 112 `` The One Thing I Could n't Say '' `` Ienakatta Hitokoto '' ( 言えなかった一言 ) January 7 , 2012 February 10 , 2015 113 `` Tenrou Tree '' `` Tenrōju '' ( 天狼樹 ) January 14 , 2012 February 17 , 2015 114 `` Erza vs. Azuma '' `` Eruza vs. Azuma '' ( エルザ vs. アズマ ) January 21 , 2012 February 24 , 2015 115 `` Freezing Fighting Spirit '' `` Kogoeru Tōshi '' ( 凍える闘志 ) January 28 , 2012 March 3 , 2015 116 `` Power of Life '' `` Seinaru Chikara '' ( 生なる力 ) February 4 , 2012 March 10 , 2015 117 `` Rolling Thunder '' `` Raimei Hibiku '' ( 雷鳴響く ) February 11 , 2012 March 17 , 2015 118 `` The Man Without an Emblem '' `` Monshō o Kizamanu Otoko '' ( 紋章を刻まぬ男 ) February 18 , 2012 March 24 , 2015 119 `` Realm of the Abyss '' `` Shin'en no Ryōiki '' ( 深淵の領域 ) February 25 , 2012 March 31 , 2015 120 `` Daybreak on Tenrou Island '' `` Akatsuki no Tenrōjima '' ( 暁の天狼島 ) March 2 , 2012 April 7 , 2015 121 `` The Right to Love '' `` Aisuru Shikaku '' ( 愛する資格 ) March 9 , 2012 April 14 , 2015 122 `` Let 's Hold Hands '' `` Te o Tsunagō '' ( 手をつなごう ) March 16 , 2012 April 21 , 2015 123 `` Fairy Tail , Year X791 '' `` Nanahyaku - kyūjū - ichi - nen : Fearī Teiru '' ( X791 年・妖精の尻尾 ( フェアリーテイル ) ) March 23 , 2012 April 28 , 2015 124 `` The Seven Year Gap '' `` Kūhaku no Nana - nen '' ( 空白の 7 年 ) March 31 , 2012 May 5 , 2015 125 `` The Magic Ball '' `` Mahō Butōkai '' ( 魔法舞踏会 ) April 7 , 2012 May 12 , 2015 Season 5 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 5 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 126 `` True Scoundrels -- The Butt Jiggle Gang '' `` Shin no Waru Ketsupuri - dan '' ( 真の悪ケツプリ団 ) April 14 , 2012 May 19 , 2015 127 `` The Terror of Invisible Lucy ! '' `` Tōmei Rūshii no Kyōfu ! '' ( 透明ルーシィの恐怖 ! ) April 21 , 2012 June 2 , 2015 128 `` Father 's Memento '' `` Chichi no Ihin '' ( 父の遺品 ) April 28 , 2012 June 9 , 2015 129 `` Turbulent Showdown ! Natsu vs. Laxus '' `` Dotō no Taiketsu ! Natsu vs. Rakusasu '' ( 怒涛の対決 ! ナツ vs. ラクサス ) May 5 , 2012 June 16 , 2015 130 `` Target : Lucy '' `` Nerawareta Rūshii '' ( 狙われたルーシィ ) May 12 , 2012 June 23 , 2015 131 `` The Fury of Legion '' `` Region no Mōi '' ( レギオンの猛威 ) May 19 , 2012 June 30 , 2015 132 `` Key of the Starry Heavens '' `` Hoshizora no Kagi '' ( 星空の鍵 ) May 26 , 2012 July 7 , 2015 133 `` Travel Companions '' `` Tabi no Nakama - tachi '' ( 旅の仲間たち ) June 2 , 2012 July 14 , 2015 134 `` Labyrinth Capriccio '' `` Meikyū Kyōsōkyoku '' ( 迷宮狂想曲 ) June 9 , 2012 July 21 , 2015 135 `` Footprints of the Myth '' `` Shinwa no Ashiato '' ( 神話の足跡 ) June 16 , 2012 July 28 , 2015 136 `` True Scoundrels , Once Again '' `` Shin no Waru , Futatabi '' ( 真の悪、ふたたび ) June 23 , 2012 August 4 , 2015 137 `` Defying Calculation '' `` Keisan o Koeru Mono '' ( 計算をこえるもの ) June 30 , 2012 August 11 , 2015 138 `` The Course of the Holy War '' `` Seisen no Yukue '' ( 聖戦のゆくえ ) July 7 , 2012 August 18 , 2015 139 `` Time Begins to Tick '' `` Ugoki Hajimeta Toki '' ( 動き始めた刻 ( とき ) ) July 14 , 2012 August 25 , 2015 140 `` Enter the Neo-Oración Seis ! '' `` Shinsei Orashion Seisu Arawaru ! '' ( 新生六魔将軍 ( オラシオンセイス ) 現る ! ) July 21 , 2012 September 1 , 2015 141 `` Get the Infinity Clock ! '' `` Mugen Tokei o Oe '' ( 無限時計を追え ) July 28 , 2012 September 8 , 2015 142 `` Dissonance of Battle '' `` Tatakai no Fukyōwaon '' ( 戦いの不協和音 ) August 4 , 2012 September 15 , 2015 143 `` Anti-Link '' `` Anchi Rinku '' ( アンチリンク ) August 11 , 2012 September 22 , 2015 144 `` Despair Unleashed '' `` Tokihanatareta Zetsubō '' ( 解き放たれた絶望 ) August 18 , 2012 September 29 , 2015 145 `` Real Nightmare '' `` Riaru Naitomea '' ( リアルナイトメア ) August 25 , 2012 October 6 , 2015 146 `` Time Spiral '' `` Toki no Supairaru '' ( 時のスパイラル ) September 1 , 2012 October 13 , 2015 147 `` To the Infinity Castle ! '' `` Mugenjō e ! '' ( 無限城へ ! ) September 8 , 2012 October 20 , 2015 148 `` Angel Tears '' `` Tenshi no Namida '' ( 天使の涙 ) September 15 , 2012 October 27 , 2015 149 `` I Hear the Voice of My Friend '' `` Tomo no Koe ga Kikoeru '' ( 友の声が聴こえる ) September 22 , 2012 November 3 , 2015 150 `` Lucy and Michelle '' `` Rūshii to Missheru '' ( ルーシィとミッシェル ) September 29 , 2012 November 10 , 2015 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 6 ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 151 `` Sabertooth '' `` Seibātūsu '' ( 剣咬の虎 ( セイバートゥース ) ) October 6 , 2012 November 17 , 2015 152 `` And So We Aim for the Top '' `` Soshite Ore - tachi wa Chōjō o Mezasu '' ( そしてオレたちは顶上を目指す ) October 13 , 2012 November 24 , 2015 153 `` Song of the Stars '' `` Hoshiboshi no Uta '' ( 星々の歌 ) October 20 , 2012 December 1 , 2015 154 `` For All the Time We Missed Each Other '' `` Surechigatta Jikan no Bun dake '' ( すれ违った时间の分だけ ) October 27 , 2012 December 8 , 2015 155 `` Crocus , the Flower - Blooming Capital '' `` Hanasaku Miyako : Kurokkasu '' ( 花笑く都・クロッカス ) November 3 , 2012 December 15 , 2015 156 `` Sky Labyrinth '' `` Sukai Rabirinsu '' ( 空中迷宮 ( スカイラビリンス ) ) November 10 , 2012 December 22 , 2015 157 `` New Guild '' `` Shinki Girudo '' ( 新规ギルド ) November 17 , 2012 December 29 , 2015 158 `` Night of Shooting Stars '' `` Hoshi Furu Yoru ni '' ( 星降ル夜ニ ) November 24 , 2012 January 5 , 2016 159 `` Lucy vs. Flare '' `` Rūshii vs. Furea '' ( ルーシィ vs. フレア ) December 1 , 2012 January 12 , 2016 160 `` Portent '' `` Kyōzui '' ( 凶瑞 ) December 8 , 2012 January 19 , 2016 161 `` Chariots '' `` Chariotto '' ( 战车 ( チャリオット ) ) December 15 , 2012 January 26 , 2016 162 `` Elfman vs. Bacchus '' `` Erufuman vs. Bakkasu '' ( エルフマン vs. バッカス ) December 22 , 2012 September 1 , 2015 163 `` Mirajane vs. Jenny '' `` Mirajēn vs. Jenī '' ( ミラジェーン vs. ジェニー ) January 5 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 164 `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' ( カグラ vs. ユキノ ) January 12 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 165 `` Hatred at Nightfall '' `` Urami wa Yoru no Tobari ni Tsutsumarete '' ( 怨みは夜の帐に包まれて ) January 19 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 166 `` Pandemonium '' `` Pandemoniumu '' ( 伏魔殿 ( パンデモニウム ) ) January 26 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 167 `` 100 Against 1 '' `` Hyaku tai Ichi '' ( 100 対 1 ) February 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 168 `` Laxus vs. Alexei '' `` Rakusasu vs. Arekusei '' ( ラクサス vs. アレクセイ ) February 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 169 `` Wendy vs. Shelia '' `` Wendi vs. Sheria '' ( ウェンディ vs. シェリア ) February 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 170 `` Small Fists '' `` Chiisana Kobushi '' ( 小さな拳 ) February 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 171 `` Naval Battle '' `` Nabaru Batoru '' ( 海战 ( ナバルバトル ) ) March 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 172 `` A Parfum for You '' `` Kimi ni Sasageru Parufamu '' ( 君に捧げる香り ( パルファム ) ) March 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 173 `` Battle of Dragon Slayers ! '' `` Batoru obu Doragon Sureiyā '' ( バトル・オブ・ドラゴンスレイヤー ) March 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 174 `` Four Dragons '' `` Yonin no Doragon '' ( 四人の竜 ( ドラゴン ) ) March 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 175 `` Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons '' `` Natsu vs. Sōryū '' ( ナツ vs. 双竜 ) March 30 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Season 7 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 7 ) Ep . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date 176 `` King of the Dragons '' `` Ryū no Ō '' ( 竜の王 ) April 5 , 2014 177 `` The Eclipse Project '' `` Ekuripusu Keikaku '' ( エクリプス計画 ) April 12 , 2014 178 `` Fairy Tactician '' `` Yōsei Gunshi '' ( 妖精軍師 ) April 19 , 2014 179 `` Gray vs. Rufus '' `` Gurei vs. Rūfasu '' ( グレイ vs. ルーファス ) April 26 , 2014 180 `` The Hungry Wolf Knights '' `` Garō Kishidan '' ( 餓狼騎士団 ) May 3 , 2014 181 `` Fairy Tail vs. Executioners '' `` Fearī Teiru vs. Shokeinin '' ( FT ( フェアリーテイル ) vs. 処刑人 ) May 10 , 2014 182 `` Scorching Earth '' `` Moeru Daichi '' ( 燃える大地 ) May 17 , 2014 183 `` Our Place '' `` Ore - tachi no Iru Basho '' ( オレたちのいる国 ( ばしょ ) ) May 24 , 2014 184 `` The Kingdom ' til Tomorrow '' `` Ashita made no Kuni '' ( 明日までの国 ) May 31 , 2014 185 `` Erza vs. Kagura '' `` Eruza vs. Kagura '' ( エルザ vs. カグラ ) June 7 , 2014 186 `` A Future Racing Toward Despair '' `` Zetsubō e Kasoku suru Mirai '' ( 絶望へ加速する未来 ) June 14 , 2014 187 `` Frog '' `` Kaeru '' ( カエル ) June 21 , 2014 188 `` Roaring Thunder ! '' `` Gekirai ! '' ( 激雷 ! ) June 28 , 2014 189 `` Gloria '' July 5 , 2014 190 `` The One Who Closes the Gate '' `` Tobira o Shimeru Mono '' ( 扉を閉めるもの ) July 12 , 2014 191 `` Natsu vs. Rogue '' `` Natsu vs. Rōgu '' ( ナツ vs. ローグ ) July 19 , 2014 192 `` For Me , Too '' `` Atashi no Bun made '' ( あたしの分まで ) July 26 , 2014 193 `` Seven Dragons '' August 2 , 2014 194 `` Zirconis ' Magic '' `` Jirukonisu no Mahō '' ( ジルコニスの魔法 ) August 9 , 2014 195 `` Humans and Humans , Dragons and Dragons , Humans and Dragons '' `` Hito to Hito , Ryū to Ryū , Hito to Ryū '' ( 人と人、竜と竜、人と竜 ) August 16 , 2014 196 `` Sin and Sacrifice '' `` Tsumi to Gisei '' ( 罪と犠牲 ) August 23 , 2014 197 `` Time of Life '' `` Inochi no Jikan '' ( 命の時間 ) August 30 , 2014 198 `` Fields of Gold '' `` Ōgon no Sōgen '' ( 黄金の草原 ) September 6 , 2014 199 `` The Grand Banquet '' `` Dai Buyō Enbu '' ( 大舞踊演舞 ) September 13 , 2014 200 `` Droplets of Time '' `` Seisō no Shizuku '' ( 星霜の雫 ) September 20 , 2014 201 `` A Gift '' `` Okurimono '' ( 贈り物 ) September 27 , 2014 202 `` Welcome Back , Frosch '' `` Okaeri , Furosshu '' ( おかえり、フロッシュ ) October 4 , 2014 203 `` Moulin Rouge '' `` Mūran Rūju '' ( ムーランルージュ ) October 11 , 2014 204 `` Full Effort Hospitality ! '' `` Omotenashi , Inochi Kaketemasu ! '' ( おもてなし、命かけてます ! ) October 18 , 2014 205 `` Signal of Rebellion '' `` Hangyaku no Noroshi '' ( 反逆の狼煙 ) October 25 , 2014 206 `` Library Panic '' `` Panikku obu Raiburarī '' ( パニック・オブ・ライブラリー ) November 1 , 2014 207 `` Hisui Rises ! '' `` Hisui Tatsu ! '' ( ヒスイ立つ ! ) November 8 , 2014 208 `` Astral Spiritus '' `` Asutoraru Supiritasu '' ( アストラル・スピリタス ) November 15 , 2014 209 `` Wendy vs. Aquarius -- Let 's Have Fun in the Amusement Park ! '' `` Wendi vs. Akueriasu , Yūenchi de Asobo ! '' ( ウェンディ vs. アクエリアス、遊園地であそぼ ! ) November 22 , 2014 210 `` Guild Deck vs. Celestial Deck '' `` Girudo Dekki vs. Seirei Dekki '' ( ギルドデッキ vs. 星霊デッキ ) November 29 , 2014 211 `` Gray vs. Cancer ! Dance Battle ! '' `` Gurei vs. Kyansā , Dansu Batoru ! '' ( グレイ vs. キャンサー、ダンスバトル ! ) December 6 , 2014 212 `` Juvia vs. Aries ! Desert Death Match ! '' `` Jubia vs. Ariesu , Sabaku no Shitō ! '' ( ジュビア vs. アリエス、砂漠の死闘 ! ) December 13 , 2014 213 `` Erza vs. Sagittarius ! Horseback Showdown ! '' `` Eruza vs. Sajitariusu , Bajō no Kessen ! '' ( エルザ vs. サジタリウス、馬上の決戦 ! ) December 20 , 2014 214 `` Natsu vs. Leo '' `` Natsu vs. Reo '' ( ナツ vs. レオ ) December 27 , 2014 215 `` Ophiuchus , the Snake Charmer '' `` Hebitsukaiza no Ofiukusu '' ( 蛇遣い座のオフィウクス ) January 10 , 2015 216 `` When the Stars Fall '' `` Hoshi Michite Nagaruru Toki '' ( 星満ちて流るる時 ) January 17 , 2015 217 `` Celestial Spirit Beast '' `` Seireijū '' ( 星霊獣 ) January 24 , 2015 218 `` Believe '' January 31 , 2015 219 `` What a Pure Heart Weaves '' `` Magokoro ga Tsumugu Mono '' ( 真心が紡ぐもの ) February 7 , 2015 220 `` 413 Days '' February 14 , 2015 221 `` The Labyrinth of White '' `` Hakugin no Meikyū '' ( 白銀の迷宮 ) February 21 , 2015 222 `` Transform ! '' `` Henshin ! '' ( 変身 ! ) February 28 , 2015 223 `` It 's Kemo - Kemo ! '' `` Kemokemo ga Kita ! '' ( ケモケモが来た ! ) March 7 , 2015 224 `` The Place You Came To '' `` Kimi no Kita Basho '' ( 君の来た場所 ) March 14 , 2015 225 `` Lightning Man '' `` Ikazuchi no Otoko '' ( いかづちの男 ) March 21 , 2015 226 `` Fairy Tail of the Dead Meeeeeeeeen '' March 28 , 2015 227 `` Morning of a New Adventure '' `` Arata na Bōken no Asa '' ( 新たな冒険の朝 ) April 4 , 2015 228 `` Wizards vs. Hunters '' `` Madōshi vs. Hantā '' ( 魔導士 vs. ハンター ) April 11 , 2015 229 `` Art of Regression '' `` Taika no Hō '' ( 退化ノ法 ) April 18 , 2015 230 `` The Demon Returns '' `` Akuma Kaiki '' ( 悪魔回帰 ) April 25 , 2015 231 `` Gray vs. Doriate '' `` Gurei vs. Doriāte '' ( グレイ vs. ドリアーテ ) May 2 , 2015 232 `` Voice of the Flame '' `` Honō no Koe '' ( 炎の声 ) May 9 , 2015 233 `` Song of the Fairies '' May 16 , 2015 234 `` Tartaros Chapter , Prologue -- The Nine Demon Gates '' `` Tarutarosu - hen ( Joshō ) : Kyūkimon '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 ( 序章 ) 九鬼門 ) May 23 , 2015 235 `` Tartaros Chapter , Prologue -- Fairies vs. Netherworld '' `` Tarutarosu - hen ( Joshō ) : Yōsei tai Meifu '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 ( 序章 ) 妖精対冥府 ) May 30 , 2015 236 `` Tartaros Chapter , Prologue -- The White Legacy '' `` Tarutarosu - hen ( Joshō ) : Shiroki Isan '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 ( 序章 ) 白き遺産 ) June 6 , 2015 237 `` Tartaros Chapter , Prologue -- Natsu vs. Jackal '' `` Tarutarosu - hen ( Joshō ) : Natsu vs. Jakkaru '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 ( 序章 ) ナツ vs. ジャッカル ) June 13 , 2015 238 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Immorality and Sinners '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Haitoku to Zainin '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編背徳と罪人 ) June 20 , 2015 239 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Jellal vs. Oración Seis '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Jerāru vs. Orashion Seisu '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編ジェラール vs. 六魔将軍 ( オラシオンセイス ) ) June 27 , 2015 240 `` Tartaros Chapter -- A Place Reached by Prayer '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Inori ga Todoku Basho '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編祈りが届く場所 ) July 4 , 2015 241 `` Tartaros Chapter -- The Demon 's Rebirth '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Akuma Tensei '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編悪魔転生 ) July 11 , 2015 242 `` Tartaros Chapter -- To Let Live or Die '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Ikasu ka Korosu ka '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編生かすか殺すか ) July 18 , 2015 243 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Wendy vs. Ezel '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Wendi vs. Ezeru '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編ウェンディ vs. エゼル ) July 25 , 2015 244 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Friends Forever '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Zutto Tomodachi de '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編ずっと友達で ) August 1 , 2015 245 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Hell 's Core '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Heruzu Koa '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編ヘルズ・コア ) August 8 , 2015 246 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Underworld King '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Mei - ō '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編冥王 ) August 15 , 2015 247 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Alegria '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Areguria '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編アレグリア ) August 22 , 2015 248 `` Tartaros Chapter -- A Strike from the Stars '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Hoshiboshi no Ichigeki '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編星々の一撃 ) August 29 , 2015 249 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Celestial Spirit King vs. Underworld King '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Seirei - ō vs. Mei - ō '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編星霊王 vs. 冥王 ) September 5 , 2015 250 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Erza vs. Minerva '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Eruza vs. Mineruba '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編エルザ vs. ミネルバ ) September 12 , 2015 251 `` Tartaros Chapter -- The Boy 's Tale '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Shōnen no Monogatari '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編少年の物語 ) September 19 , 2015 252 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Gray vs. Silver '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Gurei vs. Shirubā '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編グレイ vs. シルバー ) September 26 , 2015 253 `` Tartaros Chapter -- A Silver Wish '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Gin'iro no Omoi '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編銀色の想い ) October 3 , 2015 254 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Air '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Air '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 Air ) October 10 , 2015 255 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Steel '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Hagane '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編鋼 ) October 17 , 2015 256 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Final Duels '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Saigo no Ikkiuchi '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編最後の一騎討ち ) October 24 , 2015 257 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Wings of Despair '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Zetsubō no Tsubasa '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編絶望の翼 ) October 31 , 2015 258 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Fire Dragon Iron Fist '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Karyū no Tekken '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編火竜の鉄拳 ) November 7 , 2015 259 `` Tartaros Chapter -- 00 : 00 '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Zero Zero Zero Zero '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 00 : 00 ) November 14 , 2015 260 `` Tartaros Chapter -- The Girl in the Crystal '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Suishō no Naka no Shōjo '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編水晶の中の少女 ) November 21 , 2015 261 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Absolute Demon '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Zettai no Akuma '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編絶対の悪魔 ) November 28 , 2015 262 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Memento Mori '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Memento Mori '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編メメント・モリ ) December 5 , 2015 263 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Soaring Above Ishgar '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Ishugaru ni Mau '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編イシュガルに舞う ) December 12 , 2015 264 `` Tartaros Chapter -- Drops of Fire '' `` Tarutarosu - hen : Honō no Shizuku '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編炎の雫 ) December 19 , 2015 265 `` Tartaros Chapter , Finale -- Where the Power of Life Lies '' `` Tarutarosu - hen ( Shūshō ) : Sore ga Ikiru Chikara Da '' ( 冥府の門 ( タルタロス ) 編 ( 終章 ) それが生きる力だ ) December 26 , 2015 Fairy Tail Zero ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Fairy Tail Zero episodes No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date 266 `` The Fairy in Your Heart '' `` Kokoro no Naka no Yōsei '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 心の中の妖精 ) January 9 , 2016 267 `` The Adventure Begins '' `` Bōken no Hajimari '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 冒険の始まり ) January 16 , 2016 268 `` Treasure Hunt '' `` Torejā Hanto '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ トレジャーハント ) January 23 , 2016 269 `` Dancing with Blades '' `` Yaiba to Odoru '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 刃と踊る ) January 30 , 2016 270 `` Moonlit Lake '' `` Tsukiakari no Mizūmi '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 月明かりの湖 ) February 6 , 2016 271 `` Blue Skull '' `` Burū Sukaru '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 青い髑髏 ( ブルースカル ) ) February 13 , 2016 272 `` Conveyer of Magic '' `` Madō o Tsutaeru Mono '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 魔道を伝える者 ) February 20 , 2016 273 `` Treasure '' `` Takaramono '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 宝物 ) February 27 , 2016 274 `` Law '' `` Rō '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ ロウ ) March 5 , 2016 275 `` Eternal Adventure '' `` Eien no Bōken '' ( FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 永遠の冒険 ) March 12 , 2016 276 `` Challenger '' `` Chōsensha '' ( 挑戦者 ) March 19 , 2016 277 `` Message of Flame '' `` Honō no Messēji '' ( 炎のメッセージ ) March 26 , 2016 Films ( edit ) # Title Original release English release 1 `` Fairy Tail the Movie : Phoenix Priestess '' `` Gekijōban Fearī Teiru : Hōō no Miko '' ( 劇場版フェアリーテイル鳳凰の巫女 ) August 18 , 2012 December 02 , 2013 2 `` Fairy Tail : Dragon Cry '' `` Gekijōban Fearī Teiru : Dragon Cry '' ( 劇場版フェアリーテイル DRAGON CRY ) May 06 , 2017 August 16 , 2017 Original video animations ( edit ) No . Title Release date 1 `` Welcome to Fairy Hills ! ! '' `` Yōkoso , Fearī Hiruzu ! ! '' ( ようこそフェアリーヒルズ ! ! ) April 15 , 2011 Lucy visits Fairy Tail 's all - female dormitory as part of a strange job request where she must search for a missing object while dressed in a skimpy cat costume . 2 `` Fairy Academy : Yankee - kun and Yankee - chan '' `` Yōsei Gakuen : Yankī - kun to Yankī - chan '' ( 妖精学園ヤンキーくんとヤンキーちゃん ) June 17 , 2011 In an alternate setting , Lucy is a transfer student at Fairy Academy where her friends are her classmates and teachers . 3 `` Memory Days '' `` Memorī Deizu '' ( メモリーデイズ ) February 17 , 2012 A magical book called Memory Days sends Natsu and his friends six years into the past . While searching for a way to return to the present , the wizards unwittingly affect their younger selves ' lives . 4 `` Fairies ' Training Camp '' `` Yōsei - tachi no Gasshuku '' ( 妖精たちの合宿 ) November 16 , 2012 The Fairy Tail wizards train rigorously for the Grand Magic Games , while Lucy relates the story of how she first found Natsu and Happy 's house . Movie OVA `` The First Morning '' `` Hajimari no Asa '' ( はじまりの朝 ) February 15 , 2013 In a prologue to Fairy Tail the Movie : Phoenix Priestess , Éclair unwittingly brings a stuffed bird doll to life , creating Momon . 5 `` Welcome to Ryuzetsu Land '' `` Dokidoki Ryūzetsu Rando '' ( ドキドキ・リュウゼツランド ) June 17 , 2013 On the third night of the Grand Magic Games , Fairy Tail visits a water park with the other tournament competitors . 6 `` Fairy Tail x Rave Master '' `` Fearī Teiru x Reivu '' ( フェアリーテイル x レイヴ ) August 16 , 2013 In a crossover with Rave Master , Natsu battles Haru Glory when he believes his latest job request involves capturing Haru 's friend Elie . When an old adversary emerges , however , Natsu and Haru must set their differences aside to defeat him . 7 `` Fairies ' Penalty Game '' `` Yōsei - tachi no Batsu Gēmu '' ( 妖精たちの罰ゲーム ) May 20 , 2016 Makarov upholds a bet between Fairy Tail 's `` Team A '' and `` Team B '' from the Grand Magic Games where the losing team must follow the winners ' demands for an entire day . 8 `` Natsu vs. Mavis '' `` Natsu vs. Meibisu '' ( ナツ vs. メイビス ) November 17 , 2016 Natsu helps Mavis experience her first warm bath when she complains of her inability to feel heat . When Mavis still feels downcast , Natsu and his friends accept a job request to find a buried keepsake of hers to cheer her up . 9 `` Fairies ' Christmas '' `` Yōsei - tachi no Kurisumasu '' ( 妖精たちのクリスマス ) December 16 , 2016 The wizards gather at Lucy 's apartment for a Christmas party , where a drunken Erza forces everyone to play an embarrassing game . Home media releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) Pony Canyon ( Region 2 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 2009 series 1 1 -- 4 January 29 , 2010 2 5 -- 8 February 26 , 2010 3 9 -- 12 March 17 , 2010 4 13 -- 16 April 30 , 2010 5 17 -- 20 May 28 , 2010 6 21 -- 24 June 25 , 2010 7 25 -- 28 July 30 , 2010 8 29 -- 32 August 27 , 2010 9 33 -- 36 October 6 , 2010 10 37 -- 40 November 3 , 2010 11 41 -- 44 December 1 , 2010 12 45 -- 48 December 24 , 2010 13 49 -- 52 February 2 , 2011 14 53 -- 56 March 2 , 2011 15 57 -- 60 April 27 , 2011 16 61 -- 64 May 3 , 2011 17 65 -- 68 June 1 , 2011 18 69 -- 72 July 6 , 2011 19 73 -- 76 August 3 , 2011 20 77 -- 80 September 7 , 2011 21 81 -- 84 October 5 , 2011 22 85 -- 88 November 2 , 2011 23 89 -- 92 December 7 , 2011 24 93 -- 96 January 6 , 2012 25 97 -- 100 February 1 , 2012 26 101 -- 104 March 7 , 2012 27 105 -- 108 April 4 , 2012 28 109 -- 112 May 2 , 2012 29 113 -- 116 June 6 , 2012 30 117 -- 120 July 4 , 2012 31 121 -- 124 August 1 , 2012 32 125 -- 128 September 5 , 2012 33 129 -- 132 October 27 , 2012 34 133 -- 136 November 7 , 2012 35 137 -- 140 December 5 , 2012 36 141 -- 144 January 9 , 2013 37 145 -- 148 February 7 , 2013 38 149 -- 152 March 6 , 2013 39 153 -- 156 April 3 , 2013 40 157 -- 160 May 1 , 2013 41 161 -- 164 June 5 , 2013 42 165 -- 168 July 3 , 2013 43 169 -- 172 August 7 , 2013 44 173 -- 175 September 4 , 2013 2014 series Vol. 1 176 -- 179 July 7 , 2014 Vol. 2 180 -- 183 August 16 , 2014 Vol. 3 184 -- 187 September 17 , 2014 Vol. 4 188 -- 191 October 17 , 2014 Vol. 5 192 -- 195 November 17 , 2014 Vol. 6 196 -- 199 December 16 , 2014 Vol. 7 200 -- 203 January 16 , 2015 Vol. 8 204 -- 207 February 17 , 2015 Vol. 9 208 -- 211 March 17 , 2015 Vol. 10 212 -- 215 April 16 , 2015 Vol. 11 216 -- 219 May 15 , 2015 Vol. 12 220 -- 223 June 17 , 2015 Vol. 13 224 -- 226 July 17 , 2015 Collections DVD Collection I 1 -- 48 July 6 , 2011 DVD Collection II 49 -- 98 July 4 , 2012 DVD Collection III 99 -- 144 August 21 , 2013 English ( edit ) Funimation Entertainment Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 2009 series Part 1 1 -- 12 November 22 , 2011 Part 2 13 -- 24 December 27 , 2011 Part 3 25 -- 36 January 31 , 2012 Part 4 37 -- 48 March 20 , 2012 Part 5 49 -- 60 July 23 , 2013 Part 6 61 -- 72 August 20 , 2013 Part 7 73 -- 84 December 10 , 2013 Part 8 85 -- 96 February 4 , 2014 Part 9 97 -- 108 March 25 , 2014 Part 10 109 -- 120 May 20 , 2014 Part 11 121 -- 131 July 15 , 2014 Part 12 132 -- 142 September 16 , 2014 Part 13 143 -- 153 October 28 , 2014 Part 14 154 -- 164 December 2 , 2014 Part 15 165 -- 175 March 10 , 2015 2014 series Part 16 176 -- 187 August 25 , 2015 Part 17 188 -- 199 September 23 , 2015 Part 18 200 -- 212 December 1 , 2015 Part 19 213 -- 226 March 22 , 2016 Part 20 227 -- 239 June 7 , 2016 Part 21 240 -- 252 September 6 , 2016 Part 22 253 -- 265 December 6 , 2016 Collections Collection 1 1 -- 24 April 30 , 2013 Collection 2 25 -- 48 July 23 , 2013 Collection 3 49 -- 72 January 6 , 2015 Collection 4 73 -- 96 June 2 , 2015 Collection 5 97 -- 120 November 3 , 2015 Collection 6 121 -- 142 January 17 , 2017 Collection 7 143 -- 164 March 28 , 2017 Collection 8 165 -- 187 June 6 , 2017 Collection 9 188 - 212 August 15 , 2017 Collection 10 213 - 239 October 24 , 2017 Manga Entertainment ( Parts 1 - 9 ) Funimation via Anime Limited ( Part 10 + ) ( Region B / 2 ) Volume Episodes Release date Refs . Standards Part 1 1 -- 12 March 5 , 2012 Part 2 13 -- 24 May 21 , 2012 Part 3 25 -- 36 July 16 , 2012 Part 4 37 -- 48 September 17 , 2012 Part 5 49 -- 60 December 2 , 2013 Part 6 61 -- 72 February 24 , 2014 Part 7 73 -- 84 April 28 , 2014 Part 8 85 -- 96 August 11 , 2014 Part 9 97 -- 108 February 23 , 2015 Part 10 109 -- 120 November 21 , 2016 Part 11 121 -- 131 December 5 , 2016 Part 12 132 -- 142 January 9 , 2017 Collections Collection 1 1 -- 24 July 22 , 2013 ( DVD ) March 10 , 2014 ( Blu - ray ) Collection 2 25 -- 48 September 2 , 2013 ( DVD ) June 2 , 2014 ( Blu - ray ) Collection 3 49 -- 72 January 19 , 2015 Collection 4 73 -- 96 September 14 , 2015 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Anime 's TV Run . '' . Anime News Network . March 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Fairy Tail TV Anime Slated for April 5 '' . Anime News Network . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail TV Anime Has New Project in the Works '' . Anime News Network . March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 ' Fairy Tail ' Season 3 Release Date Confirmed : Season 8 Anime Is ' Final ' Says Manga Creator Hiro Mashima '' . The Inquisitr . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Season 3 '' . Asia Animax . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Adds Fairy Tail , Live - Action Treasure Hunter '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Announces New `` Fairy Tail '' Simulcast `` . Crunchyroll. April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 29 of 2012 ( Mon 9 Jul 2012 - Sun 15 Jul 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 29 ) ( P ) - Episode 29 - My Resolve Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 30 of 2012 ( Mon 16 Jul 2012 - Sun 22 Jul 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 30 ) ( P ) - Episode 30 - Next Generation Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 31 of 2012 ( Mon 23 Jul 2012 - Sun 29 Jul 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 31 ) ( P ) - Episode 31 - A Star Removed from the Sky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 32 of 2012 ( Mon 30 Jul 2012 - Sun 5 Aug 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 32 ) ( P ) - Episode 32 - Celestial Spirit King Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 33 of 2012 ( Mon 6 Aug 2012 - Sun 12 Aug 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 33 ) ( P ) - Episode 33 - The Tower of Heaven Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 34 of 2012 ( Mon 13 Aug 2012 - Sun 19 Aug 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 34 ) ( P ) - Episode 34 - Jellal Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 35 of 2012 ( Mon 20 Aug 2012 - Sun 26 Aug 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 35 ) ( P ) - Episode 35 - Voice of Darkness Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2012 ( Mon 27 Aug 2012 - Sun 2 Sep 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 36 ) ( P ) - Episode 36 - Heaven 's Game Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2012 ( Mon 3 Sep 2012 - Sun 9 Sep 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 37 ) ( P ) - Episode 37 - Armor of the Heart Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2012 ( Mon 10 Sep 2012 - Sun 16 Sep 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 38 ) ( P ) - Episode 38 - Destiny Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2012 ( Mon 17 Sep 2012 - Sun 23 Sep 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 39 ) ( P ) - Episode 39 - Give Our Prayers to the Sacred Light Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2012 ( Mon 24 Sep 2012 - Sun 30 Sep 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 40 ) ( P ) - Episode 40 - Titania Falls Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2012 ( Mon 1 Oct 2012 - Sun 7 Oct 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 41 ) ( P ) - Episode 41 - Home Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2012 ( Mon 8 Oct 2012 - Sun 14 Oct 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 42 ) ( P ) - Episode 42 - Battle of Fairy Tail Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2012 ( Mon 15 Oct 2012 - Sun 21 Oct 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 43 ) ( P ) - Episode 43 - Defeat Your Friends to Save Your Friends Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2012 ( Mon 22 Oct 2012 - Sun 28 Oct 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 44 ) ( P ) - Episode 44 - Thunder Palace Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2012 ( Mon 29 Oct 2012 - Sun 4 Nov 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 45 ) ( P ) - Episode 45 - Advent of Satan Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2012 ( Mon 5 Nov 2012 - Sun 11 Nov 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 46 ) ( P ) - Episode 46 - Clash at Kardia Cathedral ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2012 ( Mon 12 Nov 2012 - Sun 18 Nov 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 47 ) ( P ) - Episode 47 - Triple Dragons Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2012 ( Mon 19 Nov 2012 - Sun 25 Nov 2012 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 10 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 48 ) ( P ) - Episode 48 - Fantasia Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Sep 2013 - Sun 8 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 49 ) ( P ) - Episode 49 - The Day of the Fateful Encounter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Sep 2013 - Sun 15 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 50 ) ( P ) - Episode 50 - Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Sep 2013 - Sun 22 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 51 ) ( P ) - Episode 51 - Love & Lucky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Sep 2013 - Sun 29 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 52 ) ( P ) - Episode 52 - Allied Forces , Assemble ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2013 ( Mon 30 Sep 2013 - Sun 6 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 53 ) ( P ) - Episode 53 - Enter the Oración Seis ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2013 ( Mon 7 Oct 2013 - Sun 13 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 54 ) ( P ) - Episode 54 - Maiden of the Sky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2013 ( Mon 14 Oct 2013 - Sun 20 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 55 ) ( P ) - Episode 55 - The Girl and the Ghost Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2013 ( Mon 21 Oct 2013 - Sun 27 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 56 ) ( P ) - Episode 56 - Dead Grand Prix Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2013 ( Mon 28 Oct 2013 - Sun 3 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 57 ) ( P ) - Episode 57 - Darkness Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2013 ( Mon 4 Nov 2013 - Sun 10 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 58 ) ( P ) - Episode 58 - Celestial Skirmish Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2013 ( Mon 11 Nov 2013 - Sun 17 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 59 ) ( P ) - Episode 59 - Jellal of Days Gone By Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2013 ( Mon 18 Nov 2013 - Sun 24 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 60 ) ( P ) - Episode 60 - March of Destruction Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2013 ( Mon 25 Nov 2013 - Sun 1 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 61 ) ( P ) - Episode 61 - Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 49 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Dec 2013 - Sun 8 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 62 ) ( P ) - Episode 62 - Wizard Saint Jura Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 50 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Dec 2013 - Sun 15 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 63 ) ( P ) - Episode 63 - Your Words Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 51 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Dec 2013 - Sun 22 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 64 ) ( P ) - Episode 64 - Zero Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 52 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Dec 2013 - Sun 29 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 65 ) ( P ) - Episode 65 - From Pegasus to Fairies Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 1 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Dec 2013 - Sun 5 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 66 ) ( P ) - Episode 66 - The Power of Feelings Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 2 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Jan 2014 - Sun 12 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 67 ) ( P ) - Episode 67 - I 'm With You Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 3 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Jan 2014 - Sun 19 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 68 ) ( P ) - Episode 68 - A Guild for One Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 4 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Jan 2014 - Sun 26 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 69 ) ( P ) - Episode 69 - Call of the Dragon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 5 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Jan 2014 - Sun 2 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 70 ) ( P ) - Episode 70 - Natsu vs. Gray ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 6 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Feb 2014 - Sun 9 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 71 ) ( P ) - Episode 71 - Friendship Overcomes the Dead Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 7 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Feb 2014 - Sun 16 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 72 ) ( P ) - Episode 72 - A Fairy Tail Wizard Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 20 of 2014 ( Mon 12 May 2014 - Sun 18 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 73 ) ( P ) - Episode 73 - Rainbow Cherry Blossoms Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 21 of 2014 ( Mon 19 May 2014 - Sun 25 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 74 ) ( P ) - Episode 74 - Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 22 of 2014 ( Mon 26 May 2014 - Sun 1 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 75 ) ( P ) - Episode 75 - 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 23 of 2014 ( Mon 2 Jun 2014 - Sun 8 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 76 ) ( P ) - Episode 76 - Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 24 of 2014 ( Mon 9 Jun 2014 - Sun 15 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 77 ) ( P ) - Episode 77 - Earth Land Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 25 of 2014 ( Mon 16 Jun 2014 - Sun 22 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 78 ) ( P ) - Episode 78 - Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 26 of 2014 ( Mon 23 Jun 2014 - Sun 29 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 79 ) ( P ) - Episode 79 - Fairy Hunter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 27 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Jun 2014 - Sun 6 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 80 ) ( P ) - Episode 80 - Key of Hope Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 28 of 2014 ( Mon 7 Jul 2014 - Sun 13 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 81 ) ( P ) - Episode 81 - Fireball Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 29 of 2014 ( Mon 14 Jul 2014 - Sun 20 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 82 ) ( P ) - Episode 82 - Welcome Home Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 30 of 2014 ( Mon 21 Jul 2014 - Sun 27 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 83 ) ( P ) - Episode 83 - Extalia Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 31 of 2014 ( Mon 28 Jul 2014 - Sun 3 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 84 ) ( P ) - Episode 84 - Fly , to Our Friends ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 32 of 2014 ( Mon 4 Aug 2014 - Sun 10 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 85 ) ( P ) - Episode 85 - Code ETD ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 33 of 2014 ( Mon 11 Aug 2014 - Sun 17 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 86 ) ( P ) - Episode 86 - Erza vs. Erza Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 34 of 2014 ( Mon 18 Aug 2014 - Sun 24 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 87 ) ( P ) - Episode 87 - We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 35 of 2014 ( Mon 25 Aug 2014 - Sun 31 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 88 ) ( P ) - Episode 88 - For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2014 ( Mon 1 Sep 2014 - Sun 7 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 89 ) ( P ) - Episode 89 - The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2014 ( Mon 8 Sep 2014 - Sun 14 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 90 ) ( P ) - Episode 90 - The Boy Back Then Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2014 ( Mon 15 Sep 2014 - Sun 21 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 91 ) ( P ) - Episode 91 - Dragon Sense Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2014 ( Mon 22 Sep 2014 - Sun 28 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 92 ) ( P ) - Episode 92 - O Living Ones Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2014 ( Mon 29 Sep 2014 - Sun 5 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 93 ) ( P ) - Episode 93 - I 'm Standing Right Here Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Oct 2014 - Sun 12 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 94 ) ( P ) - Episode 94 - Bye - Bye Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Oct 2014 - Sun 19 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 95 ) ( P ) - Episode 95 - Lisanna Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Oct 2014 - Sun 26 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 96 ) ( P ) - Episode 96 - He Who Extinguishes Life Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Oct 2014 - Sun 2 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 97 ) ( P ) - Episode 97 - Best Partners Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Nov 2014 - Sun 9 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 98 ) ( P ) - Episode 98 - Who 's The One With The Good Luck ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Nov 2014 - Sun 16 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 99 ) ( P ) - Episode 99 - Natsu vs. Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2014 ( Mon 17 Nov 2014 - Sun 23 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 100 ) ( P ) - Episode 100 - Mest Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2014 ( Mon 24 Nov 2014 - Sun 30 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 101 ) ( P ) - Episode 101 - Black Wizard Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 49 of 2014 ( Mon 1 Dec 2014 - Sun 7 Dec 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 102 ) ( P ) - Episode 102 - Iron Soul Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 50 of 2014 ( Mon 8 Dec 2014 - Sun 14 Dec 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 103 ) ( P ) - Episode 103 - Makarov Charges Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 51 of 2014 ( Mon 15 Dec 2014 - Sun 21 Dec 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 104 ) ( P ) - Episode 104 - Lost Magic Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 52 of 2014 ( Mon 22 Dec 2014 - Sun 28 Dec 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 105 ) ( P ) - Episode 105 - Fire Dragon vs. Flame God Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 1 of 2015 ( Mon 29 Dec 2014 - Sun 4 Jan 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 106 ) ( P ) - Episode 106 - Grand Magic World Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 2 of 2015 ( Mon 5 Jan 2015 - Sun 11 Jan 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 107 ) ( P ) - Episode 107 - Arc of Embodiment Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 3 of 2015 ( Mon 12 Jan 2015 - Sun 18 Jan 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 108 ) ( P ) - Episode 108 - Human Gate Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 4 of 2015 ( Mon 19 Jan 2015 - Sun 25 Jan 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 109 ) ( P ) - Episode 109 - Lucy Fire Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 5 of 2015 ( Mon 26 Jan 2015 - Sun 1 Feb 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 110 ) ( P ) - Episode 110 - Dead - End of Despair Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 6 of 2015 ( Mon 2 Feb 2015 - Sun 8 Feb 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 111 ) ( P ) - Episode 111 - Tears of Love and Vitality Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 7 of 2015 ( Mon 9 Feb 2015 - Sun 15 Feb 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 112 ) ( P ) - Episode 112 - The One Thing I Could n't Say Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 8 of 2015 ( Mon 16 Feb 2015 - Sun 22 Feb 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 113 ) ( P ) - Episode 113 - Tenrou Tree Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 9 of 2015 ( Mon 23 Feb 2015 - Sun 1 Mar 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 114 ) ( P ) - Episode 114 - Erza vs. Azuma Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 10 of 2015 ( Mon 2 Mar 2015 - Sun 8 Mar 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 115 ) ( P ) - Episode 115 - Freezing Fighting Spirit Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 11 of 2015 ( Mon 9 Mar 2015 - Sun 15 Mar 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 116 ) ( P ) - Episode 116 - Power of Life Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 12 of 2015 ( Mon 16 Mar 2015 - Sun 22 Mar 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 117 ) ( P ) - Episode 117 - Rolling Thunder Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 13 of 2015 ( Mon 23 Mar 2015 - Sun 29 Mar 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 118 ) ( P ) - Episode 118 - The Man Without an Emblem Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 14 of 2015 ( Mon 30 Mar 2015 - Sun 5 Apr 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 119 ) ( P ) - Episode 119 - Realm of the Abyss Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 15 of 2015 ( Mon 6 Apr 2015 - Sun 12 Apr 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 120 ) ( P ) - Episode 120 - Daybreak on Tenrou Island Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 16 of 2015 ( Mon 13 Apr 2015 - Sun 19 Apr 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 121 ) ( P ) - Episode 121 - The Right to Love Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 17 of 2015 ( Mon 20 Apr 2015 - Sun 26 Apr 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 122 ) ( P ) - Episode 122 - Let 's Hold Hands Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 18 of 2015 ( Mon 27 Apr 2015 - Sun 3 May 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 123 ) ( P ) - Episode 123 - Fairy Tail , Year X791 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 19 of 2015 ( Mon 4 May 2015 - Sun 10 May 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 124 ) ( P ) - Episode 124 - The Seven Year Gap Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 20 of 2015 ( Mon 11 May 2015 - Sun 17 May 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 125 ) ( P ) - Episode 125 - The Magic Ball Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 21 of 2015 ( Mon 18 May 2015 - Sun 24 May 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 126 ) ( P ) - Episode 126 - True Scoundrels -- The Butt Jiggle Gang Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 23 of 2015 ( Mon 1 Jun 2015 - Sun 7 Jun 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 127 ) ( P ) - Episode 127 - The Terror of Invisible Lucy ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 24 of 2015 ( Mon 8 Jun 2015 - Sun 14 Jun 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 128 ) ( P ) - Episode 128 - Father 's Memento Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 25 of 2015 ( Mon 15 Jun 2015 - Sun 21 Jun 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 129 ) ( P ) - Episode 129 - Turbulent Showdown ! Natsu vs. Laxus Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 26 of 2015 ( Mon 22 Jun 2015 - Sun 28 Jun 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 130 ) ( P ) - Episode 130 - Target : Lucy Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 27 of 2015 ( Mon 29 Jun 2015 - Sun 5 Jul 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 131 ) ( P ) - Episode 131 - The Fury of Legion Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 28 of 2015 ( Mon 6 Jul 2015 - Sun 12 Jul 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 132 ) ( P ) - Episode 132 - Key of the Starry Heavens Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 29 of 2015 ( Mon 13 Jul 2015 - Sun 19 Jul 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 133 ) ( P ) - Episode 133 - Travel Companions Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 30 of 2015 ( Mon 20 Jul 2015 - Sun 26 Jul 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 134 ) ( P ) - Episode 134 - Labyrinth Capriccio Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 31 of 2015 ( Mon 27 Jul 2015 - Sun 2 Aug 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 135 ) ( P ) - Episode 135 - Footprints of the Myth Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 32 of 2015 ( Mon 3 Aug 2015 - Sun 9 Aug 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 136 ) ( P ) - Episode 136 - True Scoundrels , Once Again Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 33 of 2015 ( Mon 10 Aug 2015 - Sun 16 Aug 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 137 ) ( P ) - Episode 137 - Defying Calculation Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 34 of 2015 ( Mon 17 Aug 2015 - Sun 23 Aug 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 138 ) ( P ) - Episode 138 - The Course of the Holy War Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 35 of 2015 ( Mon 24 Aug 2015 - Sun 30 Aug 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 139 ) ( P ) - Episode 139 - Time Begins to Tick Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2015 ( Mon 31 Aug 2015 - Sun 6 Sep 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 140 ) ( P ) - Episode 140 - Enter the Neo-Oración Seis ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2015 ( Mon 7 Sep 2015 - Sun 13 Sep 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 141 ) ( P ) - Episode 141 - Get the Infinity Clock ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2015 ( Mon 14 Sep 2015 - Sun 20 Sep 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 142 ) ( P ) - Episode 142 - Dissonance of Battle Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2015 ( Mon 21 Sep 2015 - Sun 27 Sep 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 143 ) ( P ) - Episode 143 - Anti-Link Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2015 ( Mon 28 Sep 2015 - Sun 4 Oct 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 144 ) ( P ) - Episode 144 - Despair Unleashed Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2015 ( Mon 5 Oct 2015 - Sun 11 Oct 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 145 ) ( P ) - Episode 145 - Real Nightmare Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2015 ( Mon 12 Oct 2015 - Sun 18 Oct 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 146 ) ( P ) - Episode 146 - Time Spiral Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2015 ( Mon 19 Oct 2015 - Sun 25 Oct 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 147 ) ( P ) - Episode 147 - To the Infinity Castle ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2015 ( Mon 26 Oct 2015 - Sun 1 Nov 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 148 ) ( P ) - Episode 148 - Angel Tears Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2015 ( Mon 2 Nov 2015 - Sun 8 Nov 2015 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 149 ) ( P ) - Episode 149 - I Hear the Voice of My Friend Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Manga Gets New Mavis Original Anime DVD '' . Anime News Network . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRY TAIL 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . 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External links ( edit ) Kodansha 's Fairy Tail anime official Japanese website ( in Japanese ) Fairy Tail ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( hide ) Works by Hiro Mashima Fairy Tail Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Spin - offs Fairy Tail Zero Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zero Characters Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Rave Master Chapters Episodes Characters Other series Monster Soul Monster Hunter Orage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes&oldid=794465931 '' Categories : Fairy Tail episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from February 2015 Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 06 : 04 . 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where does the easternmost population of the imperial eagle breed			Eastern imperial eagle	eastern imperial eagle	nesting area wintering area	Synonyms Aquila heliaca heliaca The eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) is a large species of bird of prey that breeds from southeastern Europe to western and central Asia . Most populations are migratory and winter in northeastern Africa and southern and eastern Asia . The Spanish imperial eagle found in Spain and Portugal , was formerly lumped with this species , the name imperial eagle being used in both circumstances . However , the two are now regarded as separate species due to significant differences in morphology , ecology and molecular characteristics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Habitat and breeding 3 References 4 External links Description ( edit ) Detail of an imperial eagle . Egg , Collection Museum Wiesbaden The eastern imperial eagle is a large eagle with a length of 72 -- 90 cm ( 28 -- 35 in ) , a wingspan of 1.8 -- 2.16 m ( 5.9 -- 7.1 ft ) and a weight of 2.45 -- 4.55 kilograms ( 5.4 -- 10.0 lb ) . Females are about a quarter larger than males . It closely resembles the Spanish imperial eagle , but has far less white to the `` shoulder '' and it is slightly larger . Habitat and breeding ( edit ) In Europe , the eastern imperial eagle is threatened with extinction . It has nearly vanished from many areas of its former range , e.g. Hungary and Austria . Today , the only European populations are increasing in the Carpathian basin , mainly the northern mountains of Hungary and the southern region of Slovakia . The breeding population in Hungary consists of about 105 pairs . The most western breeding population on the border between Austria and Czech Republic consists of 25 -- 30 pairs and is mostly non-migratory . There are many eastern imperial eagle nests in the Bulgaria / Turkey section of the European Green Belt ( the uncultivated belt along the former Iron Curtain . ) The monarchy of Austria - Hungary once chose the imperial eagle to be its heraldic animal , but this did not help this bird . The eagle 's preferred habitat is open country with small woods ; unlike many other species of eagle , it does not generally live in mountains , large forests or treeless steppes . Eastern imperial eagles generally prefer to construct a nest in a tree which is not surrounded by other trees , so that the nest is visible from a considerable distance , and so that the occupants may observe the surroundings unobstructed . Tree branches are taken in order to build the nest , which is upholstered with grass and feathers . Very rarely it nests on cliffs or the ground . In March or April the female lays two to three eggs . The chicks hatch after about 43 days and leave the nest after 60 -- 77 days . Often , however , only one will survive to leave the nest , with the others dying before becoming fully fledged . In at least a part of its range , more than a third of all nesting attempts are entirely unsuccessful . The eastern imperial eagle feeds mainly on hares , hamsters and pheasants as well as a variety of other birds and mammals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2017 ) . `` Aquila heliaca '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meyburg , B.U. ( 1994 ) . del Hoyo ; Elliott ; Sargatal , eds . Eastern Imperial Eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 2 . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sangster , George ; Knox , Alan G. ; Helbig , Andreas J. ; Parkin , David T. ( 2002 ) . `` Taxonomic recommendations for European birds '' . Ibis. 144 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 159 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0019 - 1019.2001. 00026. x . Jump up ^ Cramp , S. ; Simmons , K.E.L. ( 1980 ) . Birds of the Western Palearctic . Vol. 2 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Padilla , J.A. ; Martinez - Trancón , M. ; Rabasco , A. ; Fernández - García , J.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The karyotype of the Iberian imperial eagle ( Aquila adalberti ) analyzed by classical and DNA replication banding '' . Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics . 84 : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1159 / 000015216 . Jump up ^ Seibold , I. ; Helbig , A.J. ; Meyburg , B.U. ; Negro , J.J. ; Wink , M. ( 1996 ) . Meyburg , B.U. ; Chancellor , R.D. , eds . `` Genetic differentiation and molecular phylogeny of European Aquila eagles ( Aves : Falconiformes ) according to cytochrome - b nucleotide sequences '' ( PDF ) . Eagle Studies . Berlin : World Working Group on Birds of Prey : 1 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , D. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12762 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ali , Salim ( 1993 ) . The Book of Indian Birds . Bombay : Bombay Natural History Society . ISBN 0 - 19 - 563731 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Horváth , M. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Spatial variation in prey composition and its possible effect on reproductive success in an expanding eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) population '' ( PDF ) . Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 56 : 187 -- 200 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aquila heliaca . Wikispecies has information related to Aquila heliaca BirdLife species factsheet for Aquila heliaca `` Aquila heliaca '' . Avibase . `` Eastern imperial eagle media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Imperial eagle photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Interactive range map of Aquila heliaca at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Eastern imperial eagle on Xeno - canto . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q168976 ADW : Aquila_heliaca ARKive : aquila - heliaca Avibase : 469DCF57248A1C69 BioLib : 8533 eBird : impeag1 EoL : 914148 GBIF : 2480500 IBC : eastern - imperial - eagle - aquila - heliaca iNaturalist : 5071 ITIS : 175413 IUCN : 22696048 NCBI : 52410 Species+ : 6741 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_imperial_eagle&oldid=817835570 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Aquila ( genus ) Eagles Birds of Eurasia Wintering birds of East Africa Asian migratory birds National symbols of Austria - Hungary Birds described in 1809 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Аҧсшәа Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Occitan پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 21 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20imperial%20eagle	2,887
what is stacey's surname in gavin and stacey	Gavin & Stacey is a British romantic situation comedy that follows the long - distance relationship of Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) from Billericay in Essex , England , and Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . The writers of the show , actors James Corden and Ruth Jones , also co-star as Gavin and Stacey 's friends , Smithy and Nessa . Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb , who play Gavin 's parents , Pam and Mick , and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon , who portray Stacey 's mother , Gwen , and her uncle , Bryn .	West	Gavin & Stacey	gavin & stacey	Gavin & Stacey is a British romantic situation comedy that follows the long - distance relationship of Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) from Billericay in Essex , England , and Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . The writers of the show , actors James Corden and Ruth Jones , also co-star as Gavin and Stacey 's friends , Smithy and Nessa . Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb , who play Gavin 's parents , Pam and Mick , and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon , who portray Stacey 's mother , Gwen , and her uncle , Bryn .	The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales . It ran for a total of 20 episodes ; these were broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010 , comprising three series and two Christmas specials . Initially , the series was shown on BBC Three , but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two , and finally BBC One . The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming , and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year 's Day 2010 . Gavin & Stacey was acclaimed as a hit breakthrough show for BBC Three , becoming the most nominated show in the 2007 British Comedy Awards . To date it has won several awards , including the British Academy Television Awards ( BAFTAs ) Audience Award , and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award , both in 2008 . The programme has also been well received in several other countries in which it has aired . A US remake titled Us & Them was scheduled to air on Fox in the 2013 - 14 US TV season . During a filming break , production was shut down indefinitely by Fox due to poor quality scripts . On 11 October 2013 , Fox revealed that only six of the 13 episodes ordered would air ( being those episodes that had already been filmed ) , but in June 2014 Fox announced that it would not even air those six episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scenario 2 Characters and cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting roles 2.3 Character names 2.4 Guest appearances 3 Plot 3.1 Series 1 3.2 Series 2 3.3 Christmas Special 3.4 Series 3 4 Episodes 5 Production 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards 6.3 Critical reaction 7 Future 8 American adaptations 8.1 NBC ( 2008 ) 8.2 ABC pilot ( 2009 -- 10 ) 8.3 Fox ( 2013 -- 14 ) : Us & Them 9 International broadcasts 10 Other depictions 10.1 Barry Islands in the Stream 10.2 Smithy 10.3 Channel 4 Comedy Gala 11 DVD releases 12 References 13 External links Scenario ( edit ) The show follows the romance between Gavin , from Billericay in Essex , and Stacey , from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . Initially , Gavin lives with his parents , Pam and Mick , and spends most of his time with his best friend , Smithy . Stacey lives with her widowed mother , Gwen , and is frequently visited by her uncle , Bryn , who lives across the road , and by her best friend Nessa . The series follows the key moments in their relationship : their first meeting , meeting each other 's families , getting engaged , marrying , looking for a flat , briefly splitting up , looking for new jobs and trying for children . The characters of Gavin and Stacey provide the emotional core of the story . The show focuses on the situations that arise when their relationship brings their two differing families together . As a result , episodes often focus on the key events in life that bring wider families and close friends together such as weddings , christenings , birthday parties and Christmases . However , the show also presents the families interacting in deliberately non-dramatic situations , such as a visit to the beach and nights out . A significant second storyline follows the contrasting relationship between Smithy and Nessa . Despite their dislike for each other , they have several one - night stands , leading to Nessa becoming pregnant and having their baby . Whilst Gavin and Stacey are the clear main characters , towards the end of the show 's run , the dramatic emphasis switches slightly from them , as they resolve their distance issues , to Smithy and Nessa , as Nessa becomes engaged to another man . Other storylines that run throughout the course of the three series include Pam 's fake vegetarianism , Bryn and his nephew Jason 's struggle to keep the events of their disastrous fishing trip a secret ( with the outcome never actually being revealed ) , and the ridiculously rocky marriage of Pam 's friends Pete and Dawn . Characters and cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Gavin & Stacey characters Main characters ( edit ) Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) -- nicknamed `` Gav '' , `` Gavlar '' , or `` Gavilar '' , the level - headed protagonist from Billericay , Essex . Stacey Shipman ( née West ) ( Joanna Page ) -- bubbly protagonist from Barry . Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) -- Gavin 's oldest and closest friend who also lives in Billericay , Essex . Vanessa Shanessa `` Nessa '' Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) -- Stacey 's oldest and closest friend , who is also from Barry . Michael `` Mick '' Shipman ( Larry Lamb ) -- Gavin 's down - to - earth father . Pamela Andrea `` Pam '' Shipman ( née Gryglaszewska ) ( Alison Steadman ) -- Gavin 's house - proud and over-protective mother . Bryn West ( Rob Brydon ) -- known as `` Uncle Bryn '' ; Stacey 's protective , yet naïve uncle , and Gwen 's brother - in - law . Gwen West ( Melanie Walters ) -- Stacey 's caring , widowed mother . She also has an older son , Jason . Supporting roles ( edit ) Jason West ( Robert Wilfort ) -- Stacey 's gay older brother , who lives in Spain . Dawn Sutcliffe ( Julia Davis ) -- a close friend of Pam and Mick , who frequently has public arguments with husband Pete . Peter `` Pete '' Sutcliffe ( Adrian Scarborough ) -- a close friend of Pam and Mick , husband to Dawn , with whom he frequently has public arguments . David Lloyd ' Dave `` Coaches '' ' Gooch ( Steffan Rhodri ) -- local coach driver , later fiancé to Nessa . He appeared in the first episode when Stacey went to London to meet Gavin . Doris O'Neill ( Margaret John ) -- elderly but lively neighbour to Gwen , and close friend of the West family . Ruth ' Rudi ' Smith ( Sheridan Smith ) -- Smithy 's immature , but loving , younger sister who also likes to be called ' Smithy ' . Works at a fast food restaurant in Billericay . Catherina ' Cath ' Smith ( Pam Ferris ) -- Smithy 's single mother , suffers from ' a mild form of narcolepsy ' ( which Pam thinks is a cover for a drinking problem ) . Dirtbox ( Andrew Knott ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy . Deano ( Mathew Baynton ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy 's , who works with Smithy as a builder and appears to be very dim - witted . Budgie ( Russell Tovey ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy . Chinese Alan ( Dominic Gaskell ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy , he has this nickname despite not being Chinese but it appears to be connected with his catchphrase ; ' Did someone order a Chinese ? ' . Craig ' Fingers ' ( Samuel Anderson ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy , who has an on / off relationship with Stacey 's friend Louise , after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room . Jesus ( Daniel Curtis ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy . Gary ( Jason Gregg ) and Simon -- friends of Gavin and Smithy , who are never just Gary or Simon . Swede ( John Grisley ) -- a friend of Gavin and Smithy . Louise ( Ffion Williams ) -- a friend of Stacey and Nessa , who has an on / off relationship with Gavin and Smithy 's friend Fingers , after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room . Anje ( Beth Granville ) -- a friend of Stacey and Nessa . Neil Jenkins ( Huw Dafydd ) -- Nessa 's father , rarely seen in Barry , came for Neil the Baby 's christening . Owain Hughes ( Steve Meo ) -- Website Manager in Gavin 's new job in Cardiff . He has the cocky but confusing catchphrase : ' Owain Hughes , and before you ask , no I do n't ' . Dick Powell ( Gwynfor Roberts ) -- the only full Welsh speaking inhabitant of Barry ( aside from the Welsh nationalists in the caravan park ) , he works on the black market selling meat . Neil Noel Edmond ' the Baby ' Smith ( Ewan Kennedy , Oscar Hartland ) -- Smithy and Nessa 's son and named after both Smithy and Nessa 's father who are both called Neil ( first name ) , Nessa 's mate from Hear'Say , Noel Sullivan and Smithy 's Grandad Edmond ( middle name ) . In the episode of the christening , Gavin humorously says that Neil is named after Noel Edmonds . Character names ( edit ) The use of the surnames of known English serial killers for some of the main characters -- Shipman , West and Sutcliffe -- was condemned by some victims and their relatives . Ruth Jones said the choice was deliberate : `` I suppose we were hoping that people would n't realise and then when it does come to light , it 's even more delicious ... '' Guest appearances ( edit ) Although the production team received requests , the show declined to use celebrity guests for cameo roles in the 2008 Christmas special . However , both Noel Sullivan and John Prescott made brief cameo appearances at the end of the final series . Both figures had formed the basis of long - running jokes throughout the series . Nessa occasionally refers to Sullivan as her housemate ; a member of the band she initially lives with . Nessa had also claimed to have had an affair with Prescott . Plot ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) The initial series begins with the lives of the title characters , Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) . Gavin is 28 and lives at home in Billericay , Essex , with his parents . Mick ( Larry Lamb ) and Pam ( Alison Steadman ) . He and Stacey , along with their respective best friends Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) and Nessa Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) , go out on a double date . The night ends with Gavin and Stacey returning to a hotel room and sleeping together , as do Smithy and Nessa . Gavin and Stacey become infatuated with each other , but Smithy and Nessa are happy to forget their drunken one - night stand and make little contact with one another afterwards . In the rest of the series , Gavin and Stacey continue their long - distance relationship before becoming engaged and getting married . The series ends with Nessa going to inform Smithy that he is the father of her child but changes her mind at the last minute . Series 2 ( edit ) The second series begins with the newlyweds arriving from a honeymoon in Greece . The in - laws meet again at the Shipman 's house in Essex , where Nessa has some shocking revelations -- especially for Smithy , who learns that she is pregnant with his baby , and although he makes it clear he thoroughly dislikes the woman , he is generally civil and supportive towards her about their child . Meanwhile , Gavin and Stacey , living at Pam and Mick 's house , run into trouble when Stacey struggles to find a job and becomes home - sick for Barry and her family . The couple try to overcome their problem by looking for an apartment or house in Essex , but Stacey is still dissatisfied and is considering moving back to South Wales to be with her family . In the final episode of the series , Stacey takes off her wedding ring , much to the upset of Gavin , but this is interrupted by the news of Nessa unexpectedly going into labour a month early . Pam , Mick and Stacey hurry across to Wales , whilst Gavin rushes to find Smithy with Smithy 's sister , Rudi ( Sheridan Smith ) , eventually finding him in the pub watching football . They arrive to find that Nessa has given birth to a boy , Neil . Gavin and Stacey decide to put their differences aside and are together once again . Christmas special ( edit ) An extended Christmas special involves Stacey 's family , along with Nessa and her partner , Dave Coaches ( Steffan Rhodri ) , spending Christmas with Gavin 's parents . Gavin reveals that he has found a job in Cardiff , which at first causes upset for Pam and Smithy , but they both learn to accept it . Gavin later admits to Smithy that he is moving to Barry with Stacey in order to save his marriage . Smithy also gets upset when he feels that Dave , who lives with the baby , Neil , is replacing him as a father . Smithy is furthermore unhappy after Dave proposes to Nessa ( with the ring enclosed in a cigarette packet ) , and she accepts . Series 3 ( edit ) Gavin begins on his new job in Wales and his parents and Smithy travel to Wales for Neil 's christening . In the next episode Gavin and Stacey , and Nessa and her child Neil , spend the weekend at Pam and Mick 's , and after a drunken night , it is believed that Nessa and Smithy may have once again had sex after waking up in bed together the next morning . Gavin and Stacey begin trying for a baby and Stacey is upset and disappointed when she learns that they may not be able to have children . Gavin becomes depressed and preoccupied with this issue , and in an attempt to cheer him up , Pam , Mick and Smithy arrange a surprise trip to Barry beach on a sunny bank holiday . Nessa and Dave also run into trouble after Dave learns about her alleged sexual intercourse with Smithy , but the two decide to go ahead with the wedding . In the final episode , Stacey discovers she is pregnant after all , and the couple are overjoyed and excited . Smithy shows up at Nessa and Dave 's wedding ceremony with Neil , pleading for her not to marry him , and accusing her of not loving Dave . Dave , much to everyone 's surprise , agrees with Smithy that Nessa does not love him , and the ceremony is called off . The series ends showing the four ( Gavin , Stacey , Nessa and Smithy ) on Barry beachfront , with a heavily pregnant Stacey . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gavin & Stacey episodes The series consists of twenty episodes , broadcast over three series , and a Christmas Eve special . The first series comprised six half - hour episodes and first aired in 2007 , from 13 May to 10 June 2007 . The show was extended to seven episodes for the second series , which first ran in 2008 , from 16 March to 20 April . The 2008 Christmas Eve special was an hour long . The third series reverted to six episodes and began on 26 November 2009 , with the last two episodes of the series and show being aired on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year 's Day 2010 . The BBC has also broadcast several documentaries alongside the show , examining the making of the show and showcasing a selection of ' out - takes ' from the filming . Production ( edit ) The idea for the show occurred to actor James Corden during a wedding reception , and he then developed the idea with co-writer Ruth Jones , whom he had met during the filming of ITV drama Fat Friends . Corden claims to have been inspired by the story of his own real life best friend Gavin , who met his wife over the phone at work , and arranged to meet . They presented it to the BBC as a one - off play , but the BBC instead asked for a full series . The roles of Gavin and Stacey were cast through an auditioning process , but were almost immediately given to Mathew Horne and Joanna Page on the strength of their chemistry together . The roles of Nessa and Smithy were written by Corden and Jones for themselves . Some roles were written with certain actors in mind ; Uncle Bryn was written specifically for Rob Brydon , who had been to school with Jones , whilst Pam was written specifically for Alison Steadman , who had also worked on Fat Friends . Jones had worked with Julia Davis in her sitcom Nighty Night , and the role of Dawn was written with her in mind . Additionally , Corden had appeared with Adrian Scarborough in the Alan Bennett - penned play and film , The History Boys , which led to him being cast in the role of Pete . An audition process was used to cast the roles of Mick and Gwen , whilst the roles of Gavin 's friends were given to Corden 's co-stars in The History Boys . Although the programme is set in Billericay , Essex , and Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , the three series were shot largely in Cardiff ( which acted as the city itself but also as parts of Billericay ) , and also in Barry itself and the surrounding area , including Dinas Powys , Sully and Penarth . The show 's popularity has been credited with boosting the tourist trade to Barry and its popular seafront of Barry Island , through visitors wishing to visit the various filming locations . Gavin 's house was set in Billericay but was actually filmed on location in Laburnam Way , Dinas Powys in Wales . The opening episode features location shooting in Leicester Square in London which was filmed in 2006 . After the debut of the show on BBC Three , a second series was soon commissioned . Speaking about the second series , Corden said `` It 's the show that we wanted to make . If people like it , they like it : if they do n't , they do n't . That 's a nice feeling , that 's quite freeing ... There 's more of a journey and more of a story . We hope the viewers will feel like they 've been taken on a little trip by it '' , while Jones said `` Series one had a very specific storyline to it , boy meets girl and it ends in a wedding . We do n't have the same type of storyline in the second series . It 's now girl lives with boy 's parents in Essex and the joys that might entail . '' There was initially uncertainty over whether a third series would be produced . In an April 2008 interview , Jones said `` We never intended to write a second series let alone a third . We do n't want it to become predictable . We will see how the Christmas special goes and take it from there . '' Corden added : `` We will write one if we can make it better . We have to be true to ourselves . '' Corden and Jones completed the final draft of the Christmas Special by September 2008 , although they ruled out writing the third series at the time due to pressures of other work , and repeating the wish not to produce a sub-standard script . After the 2008 Christmas special premiere , BBC Three aired a making - of documentary about the special , titled 12 Days of Christmas . Corden and Jones eventually announced there would be a third series produced , on 21 December 2008 just before the 2008 Christmas special aired , as Jones performed her final BBC Radio Wales Sunday Brunch radio show to a live audience on Barry Island . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The first and second series were premièred on the digital only channel BBC Three , and were promoted to repeat airings on BBC Two . The 2008 Christmas Special and third series were first aired on BBC One , by which time the first and second series had also been repeated on BBC One . The penultimate episode of the series , on Christmas Day 2009 , was the fourth most watched programme of the day . The show 's finale on the following New Year 's Day was the fifth most watched programme on that day , behind EastEnders , Coronation Street and Doctor Who . Episode Aired Viewers Episode Aired Viewers Episode Aired Viewers Special 24 December 2008 7,190,000 13 May 2007 543,000 2.1 16 March 2008 1,894,000 3.1 26 November 2009 6,414,000 13 May 2007 588,000 2.2 16 March 2008 1,869,000 3.2 3 December 2009 6,410,000 1.3 20 May 2007 550,000 2.3 23 March 2008 1,480,000 3.3 10 December 2009 6,530,000 1.4 27 May 2007 557,000 2.4 30 March 2008 1,799,000 3.4 17 December 2009 6,680,000 1.5 3 June 2007 544,000 2.5 6 April 2008 1,601,000 3.5 25 December 2009 10,000,000 1.6 10 June 2007 569,190 2.6 13 April 2008 1,401,000 3.6 1 January 2010 10,250,000 2.7 20 April 2008 1,354,000 Awards ( edit ) The show was nominated for and won several awards throughout its run , with two notable wins being the British Academy Television Awards ( BAFTAs ) Audience Award , and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award , both in 2008 . In the December 2007 British Comedy Awards , the show won Best New British TV Comedy , losing in the Best New TV Comedy category to Peep Show . James Corden and Ruth Jones won Best Male and Female Comedy Newcomer respectively , with fellow cast members Mathew Horne and Joanna Page having also been nominated in the same categories . The show was also named Best New British TV Sitcom in the 2007 The Comedy.co.uk Awards . In April 2008 the show won two awards in the BAFTAs , the Audience Award , and Best Comedy Performance for James Corden . In December 2008 the show won Best TV Comedy in the 2008 British Comedy Awards . In the 2009 BAFTAs Rob Brydon was nominated for Best Comedy Performance as Bryn . In the National Television Awards in January 2010 , Gavin and Stacey won the award for Best Comedy Critical reaction ( edit ) Immediately after the end of series 2 , in April 2008 The Guardian described the show as the `` BBC 3 's biggest breakout comedy hit since Little Britain '' , while Deborah Orr wrote that the show was `` amiable , unpretentious , well - scripted , nicely acted and archly amusing . It 's a good series , taking its place in a well - worn comedic progression , stretching back to The Liver Birds '' . Just before the third series aired , The Independent described how the show had developed from a respectable début on BBC3 to an award - winning show with mainstream popularity after the BBC2 Christmas special , although it noted a perception from some that the show should n't `` get above itself '' . With its mainstream acceptance however , it was of the opinion that the show had all the ingredients to become an `` audience - pleasing family sitcom in the tradition of Only Fools and Horses and The Royle Family -- churning out series after series and Christmas special after Christmas special '' , although by then , the writers had already ruled out future full series . Future ( edit ) News of future series and specials has been inconsistent , with some cast members often speculating about more material whilst others deny it . Once the third series was completed , Corden and Jones categorically ruled out making any future series of the show . Corden said `` There will never be another series of the show , I think Ruth and I are definite about that . '' , while Jones said , `` Where would we go with it ? ... No , it 's really time to say goodbye to these characters now '' . Jones ruled out a film version , declaring the show `` very much belongs to the little screen , not the big one '' . Immediately after the show 's series three finale , fans began internet campaigns for a fourth series to be produced , while other cast members expressed mixed views . However , whilst the cast and crew have ruled out the possibility of another series , many have hinted at the possibility of another future Christmas `` special '' . After the third series , James Corden stated : ' As far as `` specials '' are concerned , I think if we had an idea for a story with these characters then maybe , but I do n't think that 'll happen any time soon . ' In January 2010 , Larry Lamb predicted a future Christmas `` special '' , stating ' Clearly the audience loves it and I would be very surprised if it did not come back for a Christmas episode . ' In September 2010 , writer Ruth Jones also discussed the possibility of a future one - off `` special '' . She stated ' A lot of it is to do with logistics , because we have n't ruled out doing a `` special '' at some point in the future , but we 're not doing one this Christmas . ' Alison Steadman welcomed the suggestion , stating , ' A `` special '' would be great . I think another series ... perhaps , the story 's been told . But a `` special '' would be ... I 'd love that , I 'd absolutely love it if that happened . ' Appearing on the 2011 edition of the Ruth Jones Christmas Box for BBC , James Corden , a guest , talked with Jones about the possibility of writing another show . They both agreed that , one day , they would make a `` special '' , although no date was set , as they were yet to think of a good enough plot . They agreed that if it were to happen , it must not disappoint . Ruth said she would love to make a musical of the show , and both she and James sang a couple of lines , in character , to see how it would work . Mathew Horne , whilst appearing on the Alan Carr : Chatty Man talk show on Channel 4 on Friday 22 July 2011 speculated there might have been `` something happening '' with Gavin & Stacey in 2012 . When he appeared on Loose Women on 13 September 2012 , he doubted the production of a full series , but claimed a special episode was possible , citing it as a Hallowe'en or Bonfire Night special rather than a Christmas special , stating like he 'd `` love to see Gavin and Smithy go trick or treating '' . Speaking in October 2013 , Mathew Horne said he would love to star in a fourth series , but admitted it would be a `` risk '' to do another series in case it did n't live up to expectations . James Corden said in November 2013 that he would love to work with Ruth Jones again but he did n't know if it would be to make more Gavin and Stacey or something new but he did say he would like to pop in on the Gavin and Stacey characters in a one off special . Ruth Jones said in January 2014 that she would like to work with Corden again and make a Gavin & Stacey special or a film . In October 2014 , Joanna Page said that Gavin & Stacey would not return as she thought that the show ended in 2010 . In March 2016 , Ruth Jones denied claims that Gavin & Stacey would be returning , saying `` there are no plans to make a new one . '' American adaptations ( edit ) NBC ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In March 2008 , it was reported the American network NBC had bought the rights to produce an American remake from Baby Cow Productions . Initial ideas according to Corden were to have Gavin coming from New Jersey and Stacey from South Carolina , meeting up in New York City . In December 2008 however , Jones stated `` There was a script written for NBC . They optioned it , but then that went away . I read the script and it was n't great to be honest with you . But now ABC are looking into writing a pilot and hopefully that will work out '' . At the time , both Corden and Jones were reportedly acting as executive producers of the ABC version , while interviewing other people for the job of writing the adaptation . ABC pilot ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) In September 2009 it was reported that ABC had ordered a pilot for an American remake , to be written by Stacy Traub and Hayes Jackson , and produced by BBC Worldwide . Although one year later , it was confirmed that the project had been cancelled . A source said : `` It 's a massive shame as we had high hopes for the show . We loved the idea of seeing how the characters would have worked across the pond . '' Fox ( 2013 -- 14 ) : US & them ( edit ) Main article : Us & Them On 8 May 2013 , Fox announced that an American remake , Us & Them , would be broadcast in the network 's 2013 -- 14 schedule . Thirteen episodes were ordered . However , on 11 October 2013 , it was revealed that only 6 episodes would air after production went into early hiatus , a hiatus which then became permanent . In June 2014 , Fox announced that the 6 episodes would never air on the network . International broadcasts ( edit ) Gavin & Stacey has aired on BBC Entertainment , BBC America and BBC Canada channels . In addition , it has also screened in Australia ( Seven Network , 7TWO , ABC2 and UK - TV ) , Belgium / Flanders ( Acht ) , Israel ( HOT V.O.D and Yes Stars Comedy ) , Ireland ( RTÉ Two ) , in The Netherlands ( RTL 8 ) , Iceland ( Stöð 2 ) , New Zealand ( TV ONE ) , Portugal ( RTP2 ) , Sweden ( SVT ) and Spain / Catalonia ( 3XL ) . Other depictions ( edit ) Characters from the show have gone on to appear outside the series ' episodes in aid of various charitable causes . Barry Islands in the Stream ( edit ) In the fifth episode of the second series ( 6 April 2008 ) , for Gwen 's birthday barn dance , Bryn and Nessa perform a duet of `` Islands in the Stream '' . On 21 February 2009 , this was adapted into `` Barry Islands In The Stream '' , a musical mini-sketch aired for Comic Relief . In a storyline that sees Bryn and Nessa invited to compete in the World Karaoke Championships in Las Vegas , Nessa bumps into her old friend Tom Jones , who joins them on stage , and also features Bee Gee Robin Gibb . Also released as a charity single , it debuted in the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on 15 March 2009 . For Red Nose Day 2009 on 13 / 14 March , the main telethon event for Comic Relief , a second sketch was aired where James Corden , in character as Smithy , has a chance encounter with the England national football team and proceeds to give them some advice on tactics and teamwork . `` Barry Islands In The Stream '' was also performed live for the Top of the Pops 2009 Red Nose Day special . Smithy ( edit ) There have been two charity episodes depicted as a `` spin - off '' of Gavin & Stacey called Smithy , starring James Corden as the title character . For Sport Relief 2010 on 19 March 2010 , Corden appeared again as Smithy in a long sketch about coaching . Corden had previously recorded a live 9 minute segment during the December 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony . It sees Smithy being presented with the Coach of the Year Award for his unsung coaching influence on several British sports stars . As he jokes with the audience he declares he ca n't accept the award , and goes on to rant at the assembled sporting stars for having ' lost their way ' and focusing on celebrity , ending on a rousing appeal to get back to basics , leaving hosts Sue Barker and Gary Lineker in mock tears . As a backstory , sketches are shown of how Smithy coached Tom Daley , Andrew Flintoff , Andy Murray , Jenson Button , David Beckham and the Manchester United team . On 19 December 2010 , Corden appeared as Smithy in the live ceremony for the 2010 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards , announcing that Sport Relief had raised over £ 44m , expressing his doubts that England manager Fabio Capello would win the coach of the year award , and giving the 15 times Darts World Champion Phil Taylor his backing as a candidate for the main award , praising his dedication to training by going down the pub every night sinking pints . There was another episode of Smithy for the 2011 Comic Relief appeal guest starring Lenny Henry , Richard Curtis , George Michael , Dermot O'Leary , JLS ( Aston Merrygold , Marvin Humes , Oritsé Williams and JB Gill ) , Davina McCall , Rupert Grint , Tom Felton , Sebastian Coe , Gordon Brown , Robert Winston , Roger Lloyd - Pack , Rio Ferdinand , Keira Knightley , Richard Madeley , Clare Balding , Tom Daley , Justin Bieber and surviving Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr . Corden appeared as Smithy again on Michael McIntyre 's Christmas Roadshow on BBC One on 25 December 2011 . The sketch showed Smithy in a dating - show style spoof with Miranda Hart as her TV alter ego . He again appeared at Comic Relief , this time in 2013 , in the live studio itself . He went on to rant about all the world 's issues and his opinions on them . Corden appeared as the character again for 2016 's Sport Relief , where Smithy campaigns to be elected as Sepp Blatter 's replacement as the president of FIFA . Channel 4 Comedy Gala ( edit ) Main article : Channel 4 's Comedy Gala On 30 March 2010 , Corden and Jones appeared in character as Smithy and Nessa as part of Channel 4 's Comedy Gala , held at the O2 Arena in London in aid of Great Ormond Street Children 's Hospital , broadcast on Channel 4 on 5 April 2010 . Following on from the events of the final episode , they arrive in London on a day trip from Barry Island , with Neil the baby in tow . DVD Releases ( edit ) Title No. of discs Year No. of episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Complete Series 1 2007 6 5 May 2009 29 October 2007 2 April 2009 Complete Series 2 2008 7 27 September 2011 10 November 2008 1 April 2010 Christmas Special 2008 -- 6 April 2009 29 June 2010 Complete Series 3 2009 -- 2010 6 27 September 2011 7 December 2009 29 June 2010 Complete Series 1 & 2 2007 -- 2008 13 -- 10 November 2008 -- Complete Series 1 -- 3 6 2007 -- 2010 20 27 September 2011 7 December 2009 4 November 2010 The decision was made by BBC Worldwide to release the full DVD box set of series three on the 7 December 2009 , in time for the Christmas rush , despite not all of the series having aired in the UK . There was some criticism , with Liberal Democrat media spokesperson Don Foster saying it devalued the licence fee . Despite this release , subsequent episodes still saw some of the show 's highest viewing figures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fox ( Essentially ) Cancels Us & Them '' . TVLine. 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Us & Them Update : 6 Produced Episodes of Fox 's Jason Ritter - Alexis Bledel Comedy Will Never Air '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shipman 's victim 's son attacks Gavin and Stacey over serial killers joke '' . Mail on Line . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff confidential : Saying farewell to Gavin & Stacey '' . The Independent . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Victims ' families complain about Gavin & Stacey serial killer names '' . Heat Magazine . 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gavin and Stacey ' could return ' '' . BBC Newsbeat. 2 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Island traders : ' We must make the most of Gavin & Stacey ' '' . Barry and District News . Newsquest. 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sherwin , Adam ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` Gavin & Stacey to be given US remake '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Town plans Gavin and Stacey trail '' . BBC News . 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin and Stacey a New Year 's Day hit '' . Western Mail . 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin and Stacey stars promise different second series '' . BBC Newsbeat. 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Plunkett , John ( 21 April 2008 ) . `` Gavin & Stacey creators say there may not be a third series '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Days Of Christmas '' . Gavinandstacey.com. 2008 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gavin and Stacey ready to return '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephen Brook and agencies ( 2008 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Gavin & Stacey to return for third series '' . Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Select 2008 December dates 14 - 20 '' . Barb.co.uk. 2013 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 13 / 05 / 07 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 16 / 03 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Select 2009 November dates 23 - 29 '' . Barb.co.uk. 2013 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 16 / 03 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Top 30 Programmes Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 20 / 05 / 07 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 27 / 05 / 07 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 30 / 03 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 03 / 06 / 07 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 06 / 04 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 13 / 04 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Viewing Summary -- Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 20 / 04 / 08 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007 '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 7 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2008 : The winners '' . BBC News . 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ National Television Awards : ITV pips BBC as X Factor as Coronation Street and Ant and Dec scoop top gongs Mail Online , 21 January 2010 Jump up ^ Deborah Orr ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Gavin & Stacey : The misfits '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardiff confidential : Saying farewell to Gavin & Stacey '' . London : The Independent . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Liz ( 9 January 2010 ) . `` Star says there is more to come , as 140,000 fans join Facebook campaign to bring back Gavin and Stacey '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beeb woo Gav & Stacey for next Christmas '' . The People . 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Horne ' happy about ' Gavin & Stacey ' end ' '' . Digital Spy. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nessa and Pam - lar on the future of Gavin & Stacey '' . YouTube . 2010 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Jones breaks Gavin & Stacey fans ' hearts by saying there 'll be no more episodes '' . WalesOnline. 2016 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Television -- Interview -- Ruth Jones ( ' Gavin & Stacey ' ) '' . Digital Spy. 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Television -- News - ' Gavin & Stacey ' future ' uncertain ' '' . Digital Spy. 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` ABC sets up trio of laffers '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 15 September 2009 ) . `` Gavin and Stacey set for US remake '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. plan for Gavin and Stacey series is yanked '' . The Sun . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gavin & Stacey ' duo top UK singles chart '' . Digital Spy. 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Gatward : Smithy is funny but Collymore 's specs are hilarious '' . London : The Independent . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin & Stagey '' . The Sun . 31 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DVD / Blu - ray News September BBC Releases '' . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 43 Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` BBC slammed for releasing Gavin & Stacey DVD before show has finished TV run '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . 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hammer house of mystery and suspense episode guide			Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense	hammer house of mystery and suspense		Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series No. of episodes 13 Production Producer ( s ) Hammer Films / 20th Century Fox Television Running time 70 minutes Release Original network ITV Original release 5 September -- 17 December 1984 Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense is a short - lived ( one season ) anthology television series produced in Britain in 1984 / 85 by Hammer Studios . Though similar in format to the 1980 series Hammer House of Horror , the Mystery and Suspense series had feature - length episodes , usually running around 70 minutes without commercials . The series was a co-production by Hammer Studios with 20th Century Fox Television ( as was the 1968 anthology series Journey to the Unknown ) , and is known in the United States as Fox Mystery Theater . Unlike 1980 's Hammer House of Horror , it was first aired in the UK by ITV in 1984 , though was not simulcast and was shown in different timeslots ( and a different running order ) throughout the various ITV regions . Episodes ( edit ) Title UK Transmission Date ( ITV London region ) Written by Directed by Cast Mark of the Devil 5 September 1984 Brian Clemens Val Guest Dirk Benedict , Jenny Seagrove , George Sewell , John Paul , Tom Adams , Burt Kwouk , James Ellis , Reginald Marsh , Alibe Parsons , Hugh Morton Last Video and Testament 12 September 1984 Robert Quigley ( story ) Roy Russell ( screenplay ) Peter Sasdy Deborah Raffin , Oliver Tobias , David Langton , Clifford Rose , Shane Rimmer , Robert Rietti , Norman Mitchell Child 's Play 8 October 1984 Graham Wassell Val Guest Mary Crosby , Nicholas Clay The Corvini Inheritance 15 October 1984 David Fisher Gabrielle Beaumont David McCallum , Jan Francis , Terence Alexander , Stephen Yardley , Paul Bacon , Leonard Trolley , Johnnie Wade In Possession 22 October 1984 Michael J. Bird Val Guest Carol Lynley , Christopher Cazenove , Judy Loe , David Healy , Bernard Kay , Brendan Price , John D. Collins Paint Me A Murder 29 October 1984 Pat Silver & Jesse Lasky Jr . Alan Cooke Michelle Phillips , James Laurenson , David Robb , Alan Lake , W. Morgan Sheppard , Richard LeParmentier , Tony Steedman , Gerald Sim , Neil Morrissey A Distant Scream 5 November 1984 Martin Worth John Hough David Carradine , Stephanie Beacham , Stephen Greif , Stephan Chase , Fanny Carby , Ewan Stewart , Lesley Dunlop , Bernard Horsfall , Edward Peel Black Carrion 12 November 1984 Don Houghton John Hough Season Hubley , Leigh Lawson , Norman Bird , William Hootkins , Oscar Quitak , Forbes Collins , Christopher Ellison The Late Nancy Irving 26 November 1984 David Fisher Peter Sasdy Cristina Raines , Marius Goring , Simon Williams , Tony Anholt , Zienia Merton , Tom Chadbon , Michael Elwyn , Derek Benfield , Lewis Fiander Czech Mate 3 December 1984 Jeremy Burnham John Hough Susan George , Patrick Mower , Roy Boyd , Richard Heffer , Peter Vaughan , Robert Russell , Pam St. Clement , Christopher Robbie , Steve Plytas , Hana Maria Pravda The Sweet Scent of Death 17 December 1984 Brian Clemens Peter Sasdy Dean Stockwell , Shirley Knight , Michael Gothard , Carmen du Sautoy , Robert Lang , Alan Gifford And the Wall Came Tumbling Down 4 July 1985 John Peacock & Dennis Spooner Paul Annett Barbi Benton , Gareth Hunt , Peter Wyngarde , Carol Royle , Brian Deacon , Patricia Hayes , Ralph Michael , Robert James The Tennis Court 27 June 1985 Michael Hastings ( story ) Andrew Sinclair ( screenplay ) Cyril Frankel Peter Graves , Hannah Gordon , Ralph Arliss , Isla Blair , Jonathan Newth , Cyril Shaps , Peggy Sinclair , Marcus Gilbert London region transmission date unknown , but screened on ITV 's Television South West on 17 December 1984 . Two of the episodes , `` A Distant Scream '' and `` In Possession '' , were remakes of stories that had been made for the fourth season of the BBC anthology series Out of the Unknown . DVD release ( edit ) The series was released as a 6 - DVD set in the UK in 2006 , however this is now deleted . In Germany a 4 - DVD set has been released in March 2018 with its german tv - title `` Vorsicht , Hochspannung ! '' . External links ( edit ) Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense at the Internet Movie Database . This horror - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to a television programme from the UK is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammer_House_of_Mystery_and_Suspense&oldid=848031930 '' Categories : British horror fiction television series Hammer Film Productions ITV television dramas Television series by 20th Century Fox Television 1984 British television programme debuts 1984 British television programme endings 1980s British drama television series British anthology television series English - language television programs Horror fiction stubs United Kingdom television programme stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 10 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when did the movie the time machine come out	The Time Machine Theatrical release half - sheet display poster by Reynold Brown Directed by George Pal Produced by George Pal Screenplay by David Duncan Based on The Time Machine by H.G. Wells Starring Rod Taylor Alan Young Yvette Mimieux Sebastian Cabot Whit Bissell Narrated by Rod Taylor Music by Russell Garcia Cinematography Paul Vogel Edited by George Tomasini Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Galaxy Films Distributed by Loew 's Release date July 22 , 1960 ( 1960 - 07 - 22 ) ( Chicago ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $829,000 or $872,000 Box office $2.61 million	July 22 , 1960	The time machine ( 1960 film )	the time machine ( 1960 film )	The Time Machine ( also known promotionally as H.G. Wells ' The Time Machine ) is a 1960 American science fiction film in Metrocolor from Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , produced and directed by George Pal , that stars Rod Taylor , Yvette Mimieux , and Alan Young . The film was based on the 1895 novella of the same name by H.G. Wells that was influential on the development of science fiction .	An inventor in Victorian England constructs a machine that enables him to travel into the distant future ; once there , he discovers that mankind 's descendants have divided into two species , the passive , childlike , and vegetarian Eloi and the underground - dwelling Morlocks , who feed on the Eloi . George Pal , who had made the first film version of Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) , always intended to make a sequel to The Time Machine , but he died before it could be produced ; the end of Time Machine : The Journey Back functions as a sequel of sorts . In 1985 elements of this film were incorporated into the documentary The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal . The Time Machine received an Oscar for its time - lapse photographic effects , which show the world changing rapidly as the time traveler journeys into the future . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Home media releases 5 Soundtrack 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 8 Awards and honors 9 Comic book adaption 10 1993 sequel / documentary 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) On January 5 , 1900 , four friends arrive for a dinner at the London home of their inventor friend George , but he is not there . Suddenly , he arrives , bedraggled and exhausted , and begins to describe the strange experiences he has had since the group last met . At their earlier dinner on New Year 's Eve , George described time as `` the fourth dimension '' to David Filby , Dr. Philip Hillyer , Anthony Bridewell , and Walter Kemp . He shows them a small model time machine and asks a guest to press a tiny lever . The device disappears , validating his claim , but his friends remain unconvinced ; their reactions vary from curiosity to frank dismissal . George bids his guests a good evening , then heads downstairs where his full - size time machine awaits . He presses a lever and moves forward through time 17 years into the future to September 15 , 1917 . He meets Filby 's son , James , who tells him of Filby 's death in a war . Saddened , he resumes his journey , stopping on June 19 , 1940 during The Blitz , finding himself in the midst of `` a new war '' ; George resumes his journey and his house is hit by a bomb and is destroyed . George stops in August 20 , 1966 finding his neighborhood now part of a futuristic metropolis . People are hurrying into a nearby fallout shelter amid the blare of air raid sirens . An elderly James Filby urges George to immediately take cover . Moments later , a nuclear explosion destroys London , causing a volcanic eruption around him . George narrowly makes it back to his machine and continues his journey forward as the lava rapidly cools and hardens , trapping him inside . He travels much farther into the future until the rock eventually erodes away , revealing a lush , green , unspoiled landscape . When George stops once again it is October 12 , 802,701 and he is near the base of a towering sphinx . He goes exploring and finds a group of delicate young men and women with simple clothing gathered at a stream . One woman , carried off by the current , screams for help but none of her companions show any concern . George rescues her and is surprised when , revived , she walks away without a word ; George eats with them and tries to get information from them , but with no luck . One of the Eloi take George to a bookshelf and when George tries to read one of the books , it crumbles into dust . Later , the same girl George rescued seeks him out and gives him a flower . She says her name is Weena and tells George her people are called the Eloi . The Eloi do not operate machines , work , or read , and know little of mankind 's history . That night , George discovers that his machine has been taken into the sphinx . Weena follows , telling him `` Morlocks '' , who only come out at night , have moved it . A Morlock jumps out from behind bushes and tries to drag her away , but its light - sensitive eyes are blinded by George 's fire torch . Weena has never seen fire before and nearly burns herself trying to touch the flame . The next day , Weena shows George domed , well - like structures that dot the landscape : air shafts that double as access to the Morlock underworld . She takes him to an ancient museum where `` talking rings '' tell of a war in the distant past which lasted 326 years . A reduced population fought for survival on a poisoned Earth ; many decided to live underground in permanent settlements , while some returned to the surface . George realizes this was the beginning of speciation for the Morlocks and the Eloi . He starts to climb down a shaft , but stops when sirens blare from atop the sphinx . He finds Weena gone and crowds of Eloi in a trance - like state , entering open doors at its base . The sirens stop and the doors close . George enters the Morlocks ' subterranean caverns and is horrified to see that the Eloi are the free range livestock for the Morlocks ; the Morlocks are cannibals . Finding Weena , he begins fighting the Morlocks . His efforts inspire others to defend themselves . George sets fires and urges the Eloi to climb to the surface with him . He directs them to gather dry tree branches and drop them down the shafts . The fire 's intensity increases and the subterranean cavern collapses . The next morning , George finds the sphinx in charred ruins and its doors open . His time machine is inside . He enters , the doors close , and George is attacked in the dark by Morlocks . George activates his time machine , travels into the future , and sees the dead Morlocks decay into bones . He then travels back to 1900 , coming to rest on the lawn outside his home , where his journeys began . As the bedraggled George recounts his story , his friends are again skeptical . He produces Weena 's flower and Filby , an amateur botanist , says that he can not match it with any species known in the 19th century . George bids his guests a good evening . Filby steps out but returns to find George and his time machine now gone . There are drag marks which indicate that George wanted the time machine to be positioned outside the sphinx when he returned to the future . The housekeeper notes that nothing is missing except three books that she could not identify . When the housekeeper wonders if George will ever return , Filby observes that he could not say but that `` he ( George ) has all the time in the world '' . Cast ( edit ) Rod Taylor as H. George Wells Alan Young as David Filby / James Filby Yvette Mimieux as Weena Sebastian Cabot as Dr. Philip Hillyer Tom Helmore as Anthony Bridewell Whit Bissell as Walter Kemp Doris Lloyd as Mrs. Watchett Paul Frees as voice of the Rings ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) George Pal was already known for his pioneering work with stop - motion animation , having been nominated almost yearly for an Oscar during the 1940s . Unable to sell Hollywood on the concept of the film , he found MGM 's British studio ( where he had filmed Tom Thumb ) open to his proposal . The name of the film 's main character ( alluded to in dialogue only as `` George '' ) connects him both with George Pal and with the story 's original science fiction writer H.G. ( George ) Wells . The name `` H. George Wells '' can be seen on a brass plaque on the time machine . Pal originally considered casting a middle - aged British actor like David Niven or James Mason as George . He later changed his mind and selected the younger Australian actor Rod Taylor to give the character a more athletic , idealistic dimension . It was Taylor 's first lead role in a feature film . MGM art director Bill Ferrari designed the time machine . Recognized today as a classic film property , Ferrari 's machine suggested a sled made up of a large clockwork rotating disk . The disk rotated at various speeds to indicate movement through time , evoking both a spinning clock and a solar disk . In a meta - concept touch , a brass plate on the time machine 's instrument display panel identified its inventor as `` H. George Wells '' , though the Time Traveler is only , otherwise , referred to as `` George '' in the film . The charm of a fantastic technology ( time travel ) , wrapped in the archaic guise of brass , rivets , Art nouveau arabesques , and crystal mechanisms , was one of influences on the later emergence of the steampunk genre . With a budget of under $1 million , the film could not be shot in London , where the plot sets the story . Thus , the live - action scenes were filmed from May 25 to June 30 , 1959 , in Culver City , California , with the backgrounds often filled in by virtue of matte paintings & models . Some of the costumes and set were re-used from Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) such as the nuclear war air raid officer uniform which was the C - 57 - D crew uniform and the large acrylic sphere in the talking rings room , a prop from the C - 57 - D 's control bridge . Home Media releases ( edit ) Released multiple times on Beta and VHS video cassette , Capacitance Electronic Disc ( CED ) , and both letterboxed and open matte LaserDisc , the film was released on DVD in October 2000 and on Blu - ray Disc in July 2014 from Warner Home Video . Soundtrack ( edit ) An original score CD was released in 1987 . The track listing is as follows : CD cover Main Title / Credits London 1900 ( Filby 's Theme ) Time Machine Model The Time Machine Quick Trip Into The Future All The Time In The World Beautiful Forest / The Great Hall Fear Weena ( Love Theme ) Rescue Reminiscing Morlocks End Title ( Reprise ) Fight With The Morlocks Time Traveler Escape Prayer / Off Again Trapped In The Future Love And Time Return End Title Atlantis , The Lost Continent ( Overture ) : Main Title / Credits / Love Theme / Night Scene / Submarine / End Title Critical reception ( edit ) Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote a mixed review , praising the `` familiar polish and burnish '' of the production values but finding that `` the drama , for all its invention , is creaky and a bit passé . ( Apparently there has still been no contact with other planets in 800,000 A.D. ) And the mood , while delicately wistful , is not so flippant or droll as it might be in a fiction as fanciful and flighty as this one natually is '' . A generally positive review in Variety praised the special effects as `` fascinating '' and wrote that `` Rod Taylor definitely establishes himself as one of the premium young talents on today 's screen '' , but faulted the pacing of the film , finding that `` things slow down to a walk '' once the protagonist arrives in the far distant future . Harrison 's Reports called the film `` an excellent science - fiction melodrama ... jammed full of suspense , action and out - of - this - world special effects '' , although the review lamented a lack of comic relief . Whitney Balliett of The New Yorker wrote in a negative review that the film `` converts this good simple - minded material into bad simple - minded material '' , by including such Hollywood touches as a love interest . He was also unimpressed by the production values , writing that the model sets `` do n't touch the lowest - price Lionel train '' . Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that with the exception of the `` gooey '' love interest , `` the tale is an engrossing one , boasting adroit camera tricks by Paul C. Vogel and an exceptionally easy , likable performance of the Times Traveler by Taylor . The youngsters will like this , and their elders will be kept wide awake '' . The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the film was `` at its best in the scenes where George explores his new surroundings at each time stop '' , but found the acting `` inadequate : Rod Taylor lacks both intellect and period sense , belonging more to an American science fiction world , and Weena is just a doll . Nevertheless , Pal 's visual flair and genuine feeling for his fantasy world help to maintain an entertaining surface for most of the time '' . The film has a score of 77 % , with an average score of 6.9 , at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , with 27 out of 35 critics giving the film a positive review . Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records , the film earned $1,610,000 in the United States and Canada and $1 million elsewhere , turning a profit of $245,000 . The film had admissions of 363,915 in France . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Effects , Special Effects winner ( 1961 ) - Gene Warren and Tim Baar Hugo Award nomination ( 1961 ) Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Four Color # 1085 ( March 1960 ) 1993 sequel / documentary ( edit ) In 1993 a combination sequel - documentary short , Time Machine : The Journey Back , directed by Clyde Lucas , was produced . In its third section , Michael J. Fox talks about his experience with the DeLorean sports car time machine from Back to the Future . In the short 's final section , written by screenwriter David Duncan , Rod Taylor , Alan Young , and Whit Bissell reprise their roles from the original 1960 film . See also ( edit ) The Time Machine , a 2002 remake directed by Simon Wells and an uncredited Gore Verbinski , and starring Guy Pearce in the Taylor role . Time After Time , a 1979 science - fiction film in which H.G. Wells ( played by Malcolm McDowell ) travels to modern - day San Francisco in his time machine in pursuit of Jack the Ripper . `` The Nerdvana Annihilation '' , the 14th episode of The Big Bang Theory , in which the characters purchase for $800 the film 's time machine at an online auction site only to discover when it arrives that it is not a scale model but a full - size , operating prop reproduction ; Morlocks later haunt Sheldon 's dreams of time - traveling to the far future . Quantum Leap episode `` Future Boy '' has a character who builds a time machine very similar to that used in Pal 's film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Time Machine ( 1960 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine - Details '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ Scheuer , Philip K. ( 8 June 1970 ) . `` Patience Key to Pal Success '' . Los Angeles Times . p. e19 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Howard ( 2014 ) . Outer Limits : The Filmgoers ' Guide to the Great Science - Fiction Films . I.B. Tauris . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Vagg , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Rod Taylor : An Aussie in Hollywood . Bear Manor Media . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( August 18 , 1960 ) . `` Screen : Glimpse of Life in 800,000 A.D. '' . The New York Times : 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine '' . Variety : 6 . July 20 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Time Machine ' with Rod Taylor , Alan Young , Yvette Mimieux and Sebastian Cabot '' . Harrison 's Reports : 118 . July 23 , 1960 . Jump up ^ Balliett , Whitney ( August 27 , 1960 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker : 54 , 56 . Jump up ^ Coe , Richard L. ( September 14 , 1960 ) . `` ' Time Machine ' With Tail Fins '' . The Washington Post : C10 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine '' . The Monthly Film Bulletin . 27 ( 320 ) : 127 . September 1960 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ French box office for 1961 at Box Office Story Jump up ^ `` Dell Four Color # 1085 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1085 at the Comic Book DB Bibliography ( edit ) Hickman , Gail Morgan . The Films of George Pal . South Brunswick , New Jersey : A.S. Barnes and Company , Inc. , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 49801 - 960 - 9 . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching the Skies : American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties , 21st Century Edition . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2009 ( First Edition 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Time Machine ( 1960 film ) The Time Machine on IMDb The Time Machine at the TCM Movie Database The Time Machine at AllMovie The Time Machine at Rotten Tomatoes The Time Machine at the American Film Institute Catalog List of American films of 1960 `` Time Machine The Journey Back Official Website '' Colemanzone.com : A tribute to the classic 1960 MGM movie The Time Machine The Time Machine - synopsis of film scenes Turner Classic Movies description Script ( scifimoviepage.com ) Cinematographic analysis of The Time Machine Streaming audio The Time Machine on Favorite Story : May 28 , 1949 The Time Machine on Escape : October 27 , 1950 Films directed by George Pal Short films Philips Cavalcade ( 1939 ) Tulips Shall Grow ( 1942 ) Jasper and the Haunted House ( 1942 ) Jasper Goes Hunting ( 1944 ) Jasper in a Jam ( 1946 ) John Henry and the Inky - Poo ( 1946 ) Tubby the Tuba ( 1947 ) Feature films Tom Thumb ( 1958 ) The Time Machine ( 1960 ) Atlantis , the Lost Continent ( 1961 ) The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm ( 1962 ) 7 Faces of Dr. Lao ( 1964 ) Works by H.G. Wells Novels The Time Machine ( 1895 ) The Wonderful Visit ( 1895 ) The Island of Doctor Moreau ( 1896 ) The Wheels of Chance ( 1896 ) The Invisible Man ( 1897 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) When the Sleeper Wakes ( 1899 ) Love and Mr Lewisham ( 1900 ) The First Men in the Moon ( 1901 ) The Sea Lady ( 1902 ) The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth ( 1904 ) Kipps ( 1905 ) A Modern Utopia ( 1905 ) In the Days of the Comet ( 1906 ) The War in the Air ( 1908 ) Tono - Bungay ( 1909 ) Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) The History of Mr Polly ( 1910 ) The Sleeper Awakes ( 1910 ) The New Machiavelli ( 1911 ) Marriage ( 1912 ) The Passionate Friends ( 1913 ) The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman ( 1914 ) The World Set Free ( 1914 ) Bealby : A Holiday ( 1915 ) Boon ( 1915 ) The Research Magnificent ( 1915 ) Mr Britling Sees It Through ( 1916 ) The Soul of a Bishop ( 1917 ) Joan and Peter : The Story of an Education ( 1918 ) The Undying Fire ( 1919 ) The Secret Places of the Heart ( 1922 ) Men Like Gods ( 1923 ) The Dream ( 1924 ) Christina Alberta 's Father ( 1925 ) The World of William Clissold ( 1926 ) Meanwhile ( 1927 ) Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island ( 1928 ) The Autocracy of Mr. Parham ( 1930 ) The Bulpington of Blup ( 1932 ) The Shape of Things to Come ( 1933 ) The Croquet Player ( 1936 ) Brynhild ( 1937 ) Star Begotten ( 1937 ) The Camford Visitation ( 1937 ) Apropos of Dolores ( 1938 ) The Brothers ( 1938 ) The Holy Terror ( 1939 ) Babes in the Darkling Wood ( 1940 ) All Aboard for Ararat ( 1940 ) You Ca n't Be Too Careful ( 1941 ) Nonfiction Anticipations Certain Personal Matters Crux Ansata The Discovery of the Future An Englishman Looks at the World ( U.S. title : Social Forces in England and America ) Experiment in Autobiography The Fate of Man First and Last Things Floor Games The Future in America : A Search After Realities God the Invisible King Great Ghost Stories ( 1998 ) In the Fourth Year Little Wars Mankind in the Making Mind at the End of Its Tether Mr. Belloc Objects to `` The Outline of History '' The New America : The New World The New World Order New Worlds for Old The Open Conspiracy The Outline of History Russia in the Shadows The Science of Life A Short History of the World The Story of a Great Schoolmaster This Misery of Boots Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water War and the Future ( North America : Italy , France and Britain at War ) The Way the World is Going The Work , Wealth and Happiness of Mankind World Brain A Year of Prophesying Collections The Country of the Blind and Other Stories The Plattner Story and Others Select Conversations with an Uncle The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents Tales of Space and Time Twelve Stories and a Dream Short stories `` Æpyornis Island '' `` The Argonauts of the Air '' `` The Beautiful Suit '' `` The Chronic Argonauts '' `` The Cone '' `` The Country of the Blind '' `` The Crystal Egg '' `` A Deal in Ostriches '' `` The Diamond Maker '' `` A Dream of Armageddon '' `` The Empire of the Ants '' `` In the Abyss '' `` The Land Ironclads '' `` Mr. Ledbetter 's Vacation '' `` The Lord of the Dynamos '' `` The Man Who Could Work Miracles '' `` The New Accelerator '' `` The Pearl of Love '' `` The Queer Story of Brownlow 's Newspaper '' `` The Red Room '' `` The Sea Raiders '' `` The Star '' `` The Stolen Body '' `` A Story of the Days to Come '' `` A Story of the Stone Age '' `` Triumphs of a Taxidermist '' `` The Truth About Pyecraft '' `` A Vision of Judgment '' Screenplays Things to Come The Man Who Could Work Miracles H.G. Wells ' The Time Machine ( 1895 ) Characters Weena Film The Time Machine ( 1960 ) The Time Machine ( 1978 ) Time After Time ( 1979 ) The Time Machine ( 2002 ) Other media Escape ( radio program ) The Rook ( comic book series ) Time After Time ( TV series ) Sequels by others The Space Machine ( 1976 ) Morlock Night ( 1979 ) Time After Time ( 1979 ) The Time Ships ( 1995 ) Related works `` The Grey Man '' `` The Chronic Argonauts '' Related articles Eloi Morlock Time Machine : The Journey Back `` Allan and the Sundered Veil '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Machine_(1960_film)&oldid=855951227 '' Categories : 1960 films English - language films 1960s science fiction films American films American science fantasy films American science fiction films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Cultural depictions of H.G. Wells Films based on science fiction novels Films based on works by H.G. Wells Films adapted into comics Films set in the 1900s Films set in 1899 Films set in 1900 Films set in 1917 Films set in 1940 Films set in 1966 Films set in the future Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Science fiction adventure films The Time Machine Time travel films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films directed by George Pal Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where did they film kong skull island at	Principal photography took place from October 2015 to March 2016 in Hawaii and various locations around Vietnam . Kong : Skull Island premiered on February 28 , 2017 , in London and was released in the United States on March 10 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and in Dolby Cinemas . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $566 million worldwide against its $185 million budget .	Hawaii\|various locations around Vietnam	Kong : Skull Island	kong : skull island	Kong : Skull Island is a 2017 American monster film that is a reboot of the King Kong franchise and serves as the second film in Legendary 's franchise MonsterVerse . The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Tom Hiddleston , Samuel L. Jackson , John Goodman , Brie Larson , Jing Tian , Toby Kebbell , John Ortiz , Corey Hawkins , Jason Mitchell , Shea Whigham , Thomas Mann , Terry Notary , and John C. Reilly . Kong follows a team of scientists and Vietnam War soldiers who travel to an uncharted island in the Pacific and encounter terrifying creatures and the mighty Kong . The film is directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts and written by Dan Gilroy , Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly , from a story by John Gatins .	Principal photography took place from October 2015 to March 2016 in Hawaii and various locations around Vietnam . Kong : Skull Island premiered on February 28 , 2017 , in London and was released in the United States on March 10 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and in Dolby Cinemas . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $566 million worldwide against its $185 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Creature design 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Influences 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1944 , in the midst of World War II , two fighter pilots -- American pilot Hank Marlow and Japanese pilot Gunpei Ikari -- parachute onto an island in the South Pacific after a dogfight and engage in close combat , but the fight is interrupted by a behemoth ape . Twenty - nine years later , in 1973 , U.S. government agent Bill Randa hires former British Special Air Service Captain James Conrad , a skilled tracker , to guide an expedition to map out an island known as Skull Island . Their military escort is the Sky Devils , a Vietnam War helicopter squadron led by Lieutenant Colonel Preston Packard and his subordinates , Major Jack Chapman and Captain Earl Cole . The group is joined by pacifist photojournalist Mason Weaver , who believes the expedition is a secret military operation . Upon arrival at Skull Island , Packard 's men begin dropping explosives developed by seismologist Houston Brooks to map out the island . However , the air unit is sabotaged by the same ape from 1944 , who kills a number of military personnel and scatters the survivors across the island . Packard regroups with some of the scattered survivors , including his door gunner Reles , pilot Glenn Mills , Cole , Landsat employee Steve Woodward , and Randa . After being confronted by Packard , Randa reveals his affiliation to the secret government organization Monarch , which was trying to prove the existence of monsters and determine their threat to humanity . The other survivors ( Conrad , Weaver , Brooks , biologist San Lin , soldier Reg Slivko , and Landsat employee Victor Nieves ) try to get to a rendezvous point to meet a resupply team arriving in three days ' time . They encounter the local Iwi natives and an older Marlow . He reveals that the ape is Kong , the island 's guardian , worshiped as a god by the natives for protecting the island 's inhabitants from many predators , including reptilian underground monsters dubbed `` Skullcrawlers '' . He informs them that Kong attacked and destroyed the air unit because their seismology explosives would bring the Skullcrawlers to the surface , and they are responsible for killing Kong 's ancestors , leaving him as the last of his kind . He also tells them that he and Ikari became friends , but Ikari was killed by a Skullcrawler some time ago . Packard 's group begins making their way to Chapman , whose helicopter crash - landed elsewhere . Meanwhile , Chapman is ambushed and eaten by a Skullcrawler . Conrad 's group helps Marlow complete a boat built from parts scavenged from Marlow and Ikari 's downed planes . They ride the boat down the river , and manage to secure communication with Packard 's group , but the boat is attacked by pterosaur - like creatures which kill Nieves . They regroup with Packard , who insists on searching for Chapman , though his true objective is to find and kill Kong who he perceives as an enemy due to killing his men . Marlow leads the two groups to a mass grave littered with the bones of Kong 's kind . There , the same Skullcrawler that killed Chapman attacks the group , killing Randa and many soldiers before dying in a flammable gas explosion triggered by Weaver . Learning about Chapman 's death , a vengeful Packard blames Kong for the deaths of his men and becomes even more determined to kill him . The two groups part ways , with Packard 's group laying a trap for Kong , while the non-military personnel head back to the boat . While scouting the path ahead , Conrad and Weaver encounter Kong up - close and , seeing his true benevolent nature , they resolve to save him . As Conrad and Weaver encounter Kong , Packard 's group uses the remaining seismic payload explosives to lure him in . Kong charges to the lake , where they manage to incapacitate him with ignited napalm , though Woodward is killed . Conrad 's group arrives and persuades the other soldiers to spare Kong , but Packard refuses to stand down . A massive Skullcrawler emerges from the lake and Packard is crushed to death by a recovering Kong . The Skullcrawler overpowers Kong and chases the humans . Cole is killed in a failed suicide bomb attempt to kill it , but Kong returns to rescue the others and kills the beast by ripping out its innards . He then saves Weaver , who had been knocked into the water during the fight , and allows the survivors to leave the island . During the credits , Marlow returns home , reuniting with his wife , meeting his son for the first time , and watching a Chicago Cubs game on television . In a post-credits scene , Conrad and Weaver are detained by Monarch and informed by Brooks and San that there are more islands such as Kong 's island and that Kong is not the only monster king to roam the world . As proof , they are shown archive footage of cave paintings depicting Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , ultraman tigasand King Ghidorah . The camera cuts to a final painting depicting Godzilla and King Ghidorah in battle with the screen cutting to black as Godzilla 's roar is heard . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hiddleston as James Conrad , a broken but noble former British Special Air Service Captain who served in the Vietnam War with the Special Air Service Regiment , hired as a hunter - tracker for the expedition by Randa . Hiddleston described his character as a man who holds `` no political allegiance in the conflict '' but `` understands conflict '' , further stating , `` He 's a former soldier who has been formed by an understanding of war , but his specific skill set is something that 's attached to the power of nature ; and I think that 's something people have n't seen in a long time '' . Samuel L. Jackson as Preston Packard , a United States Army Lieutenant Colonel and leader of the Sky Devils helicopter squadron , assigned to escort the group of explorers on the expedition . Jackson compares his character to Captain Ahab from Moby - Dick , stating , `` He does have to exact some measure of revenge for the people he 's lost . That 's just the nature of how we operate -- eye for an eye ! '' . John Goodman as William `` Bill '' Randa , a senior official in the government organization Monarch , who is in charge of the expedition . Brie Larson as Mason Weaver , a photojournalist and peace activist . Larson stated that her character has her `` own sort of motive '' as to why she joined the expedition : `` That 's the interesting thing about this movie . It 's a group of misfits that are all coming from different angles looking at the same thing . You get to see how many different views in regards to nature and how we should handle it are dealt with from many different perspectives '' . Larson further added that Weaver has an `` interest and respect for nature '' and `` Through that she has a closer , more loving , and intimate relationship with Kong '' . Jing Tian as San Lin , a young biologist working for Monarch . Toby Kebbell as Jack Chapman , a United States Army major and Sea Stallion helicopter pilot who is Packard 's right hand man . John Ortiz as Victor Nieves , a senior Landsat official on the expedition . Corey Hawkins as Houston Brooks , a young geologist and graduate of Yale University , recruited for the expedition by Monarch for his groundbreaking theories on seismology . Jason Mitchell as Glenn Mills , a young loyal warrant officer and helicopter pilot of the Sky Devils and close friend of Cole . Shea Whigham as Earl Cole , a seasoned Captain of the Sky Devils who wields an AK - 47 instead of an M16 and close friend of Mills . Thomas Mann as Reg Slivko , a young warrant officer of the Sky Devils , known for carrying a portable record player . Terry Notary and Toby Kebbell as King Kong ( motion capture performance ) , a 100 - foot - tall ape who is worshiped as the king and god on Skull Island by the Iwi natives . Notary stated that this Kong is an adolescent and he tried to play Kong like a `` 14 year old that 's trapped in the life of an adult '' , stating that it took three days to film the motion capture scenes . In addition to playing Chapman , Toby Kebbell also provided some facial references for Kong , stating , `` I gave some facial reference -- certain subtleties , certain looks . Terry and I worked on stuff together and created what Kong needed . I was just there as backup for pieces that Terry really wanted to get details on . It 's a real honor to be asked by someone who 's a great performer , to come and help support their performance . '' John C. Reilly as Hank Marlow , a wise and virtuous Chicagoan lieutenant of the 45th Pursuit Squadron who has been stranded for nearly 29 years on Skull Island since World War II . He knows the creatures of the island , and is a friend of the Iwi natives . Will Brittain portrays a young Hank Marlow , and also plays Marlow 's son . Additionally , Eugene Cordero appears as Reles , a warrant officer of the Sky Devils and Packard 's door gunner ; Marc Evan Jackson portrays Steve Woodward , a Landsat employee on the expedition ; Richard Jenkins portrays Senator Al Willis , a politician who reluctantly funds the expedition ; and Miyavi portrays Gunpei Ikari , a Japanese World War II pilot who crash - lands on Skull Island alongside Marlow . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Initially announced by Legendary Pictures at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , Universal Pictures was to be the distributor . The job of distribution would , however in 2015 move to Warner Brothers in order for them to make a King Kong - Godzilla crossover film . Legendary offered Joe Cornish the job of directing the film , while previous King Kong helmer Peter Jackson suggested Guillermo del Toro . In September 2014 , the studio announced that Jordan Vogt - Roberts would direct the film . The script saw a number of screenwriters attached before filming . Seeking the continuity between the King Kong and Godzilla worlds , Max Borenstein ( writer of 2014 's Godzilla ) wrote the first draft , while John Gatins was hired to write the second draft . Borenstein 's initial influence was Apocalypse Now , revealing , `` What popped into my head for the paradigm of the movie was Apocalypse Now . That 's obviously a war movie , but I liked the idea of people moving upriver to face a misunderstood force that they think of as a villain , but ultimately they come to realize is much more complicated . '' It was later revealed that Dan Gilroy had also collaborated on the Borenstein and Gatins draft . On August 18 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Derek Connolly was also doing script rewrites . Borenstein worked a final pass on the screenplay before shooting began , and credited the screenplay to all of the writers , saying , `` It was definitely collaborative in terms of what 's on the screen , though none of us worked together . There are pieces of my work in there as well as the work of the other two writers and John Gatins , who was credited for story . Everybody had a really good hand in it . '' In April 2016 , artist Joe DeVito sued producers of the film for using elements of his Skull Island universe , which he claimed that he created and the producers used without his permission . Creature design ( edit ) Kong as designed for Kong : Skull Island Director Vogt - Roberts stated that he wanted Kong to look simple and iconic enough that a third grader could draw him , and the image would still be recognizable . Vogt - Roberts also wanted Kong to feel like a `` lonely god , he was a morose figure , lumbering around this island , '' and took the design back to the 1933 incarnation , where Kong was presented as a `` bipedal creature that walks in an upright position . '' Vogt - Roberts additionally stated , `` If anything , our Kong is meant to be a throwback to the ' 33 version . ( Kong ) was a movie monster , so we worked really hard to take some of the elements of the ' 33 version , some of those exaggerated features , some of those cartoonish and iconic qualities , and then make them their own ... We created something that to some degree served as a throwback to the inspiration for what started all of this , but then also ( had ) it be a fully unique and different creature that -- I would like to think -- is fully contained and identifiable as the 2017 version of King Kong . I think there are very modern elements to him , yet hopefully he feels very timeless at the same time . '' Hayao Miyazaki 's Princess Mononoke helped influence the design and approach of the monsters , Vogt - Roberts stated , `` Miyazaki ( 's ) Princess Mononoke was actually a big reference in the way that the spirit creatures sort of have their own domains and fit within that . So a big thing ( was ) trying to design creatures that felt realistic and could exist in an ecosystem that feels sort of wild and out there , and then also design things that simultaneously felt beautiful and horrifying at the same time . '' However , biophysical analysis of Kong and other creatures concludes that although biophysically they are viable , the ecosystem of the island could not support them . The two - armed pit lizard from the 1933 King Kong film was used as a reference for the Skullcrawlers . They were also inspired by a number of other cinematic creatures ; Vogt - Roberts stated , `` That creature , beyond being a reference to a creature from the 1933 film , is also this crazy fusion of all of the influences throughout my life -- like the first angel from Evangelion , and No - Face from Spirited Away , and Cubone from Pokémon . '' Casting ( edit ) The cast and director of Kong : Skull Island at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote the film At the same time of the announcement of Vogt - Roberts as director , the studio also announced that Tom Hiddleston would play the lead role . For a time both , JK Simmons and Michael Keaton were attached to roles however both left due to scheduling difficulties ... . On July 23 , 2015 , Brie Larson was cast in the film to play the female lead . On August 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Corey Hawkins was cast in the film to play a supporting role . On August 6 , 2015 , Deadline.com reported that the studio was in early talks with Samuel L. Jackson to replace the role which Simmons vacated , while John C. Reilly was being eyed for Keaton 's role , but not offered it yet . Tom Wilkinson was also offered a role in the film . On August 20 , 2015 , Toby Kebbell joined the cast of the film , while Jackson and Reilly were confirmed for roles . On August 25 , 2015 , Jason Mitchell joined the cast , to play a pilot . On September 25 , 2015 , John Goodman was cast to play Randa , a government official and leader of an expedition , and Thomas Mann was also cast . On October 1 , 2015 , John Ortiz and Shea Whigham were added to the cast in unspecified roles . On October 13 , 2015 , Eugene Cordero joined the film , and on November 2 , 2015 , it was announced Will Brittain had joined the cast , portraying a pilot , in one of the last key leads in the film . In May 2016 , Toby Kebbell revealed that Terry Notary would portray Kong through motion capture , and that Kebbell provided some guidance for Kong 's motion capture sequences . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 19 , 2015 , and concluded on March 18 , 2016 . Filming took place in the northern portion of Vietnam , including Tràng An , Vân Long and Tam Cốc ( Ninh Bình Province ) , Hạ Long Bay ( Quảng Ninh Province ) , and at the entrance of Tú Làn Caves System ( Tân Hoá , Trung Hoá Village , Minh Hoá District Quảng Bình Province ) , the island of Oahu in Hawaii , and Australia 's Gold Coast . Locations included Honolulu 's Chinatown , and at the Kualoa Ranch and Waikane Valley ( Ohulehule Forest Conservancy ) on Oahu . In mid-January 2016 , filming started in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . Influences ( edit ) Vogt - Roberts has cited a number of films that inspired Kong : Skull Island , stating , `` If I were going to break it down for people , I 'd say you obviously have Apocalypse Now and just the era of ' 70s filmmaking , with films like The Conversation , too . Also Platoon was an inspiration , and the South Korean film The Host as well . The entire Neon Genesis Evangelion series was a big influence . '' Vogt - Roberts also cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the approach and design of the monsters . He cited Sachiel from Neon Genesis Evangelion , Cubone from Pokémon , No - Face from Spirited Away , and a creature from the 1933 King Kong as inspirations for the Skullcrawlers . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed by Henry Jackman . To fit the ' 70s period of the film , Jackman blended ' 70s psychedelic guitars into the score . Regarding the music used in the film , Vogt - Roberts stated , `` I wanted to use songs from the Vietnam era and a myriad of hits from the ' 70s ... this provides a striking dichotomy , sets the tone and gives us great moments of fun . '' Release ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island was originally set for a November 4 , 2016 , release , but in December 2014 , the date was moved from November 4 , 2016 to March 10 , 2017 . The new release date coincides with the franchise 's 84th anniversary . It was released in 3D and IMAX 3D , as well as in Dolby Vision High Dynamic Range , and Dolby Atmos sound in Dolby Cinemas . The film premiered at the Cineworld Empire Leicester Square in London on February 28 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island has grossed $168.1 million in the United States and Canada and $398.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $566.7 million . Made on a production budget of $185 million , with about $136 million more spent on global marketing costs , the film needed to make at least $450 -- 500 million worldwide in order to break even . In the United States and Canada , Kong : Skull Island was projected to gross $40 -- 50 million in its opening weekend , as well as a worldwide debut of $110 -- 135 million . The film made $20.2 million on its first day from 3,846 theaters , including $3.7 million it made from Thursday night previews . In total , the film earned a better - than - expected $61 million on its opening weekend , defying the film 's initial projection by 35 % . Its opening is higher than the $50.1 million opening posted by Peter Jackson 's King Kong ( 2005 ) , but considerably lower than the $93 million debut of Godzilla ( 2014 ) . In IMAX , it made $7.6 million from 382 theaters , repping 12.5 % of the film 's total opening weekend . In its second weekend the film grossed $27.8 million ( a drop of 54.4 % ) , finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Beauty and the Beast . Internationally , the film debuted with $85.1 million from 20,900 screens in 65 markets . It opened in every market except Japan and China . In IMAX , the film scored the fourth - biggest March release with $4.8 million from 672 theaters ( the second biggest without China in it ) . The biggest openings came from the United Kingdom , Ireland ( $7.6 million ) , South Korea ( $7.4 million ) , Russia ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $5.7 million ) , France ( $4.1 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.6 million ) , Australia ( $3.6 million ) , Brazil ( $3.4 million ) , Germany ( $3.4 million ) , Malaysia ( $2.65 million ) , India ( $2.4 million ) , Spain ( $1.6 million ) and Italy ( $1.6 million ) , while in Vietnam ( where the film was primarily shot and centered on ) , it scored the biggest opening of all time there with $2.5 million . This was a week following a huge model of the primate outside the theater caught on fire at the film 's premiere . The largest international market for the film was China , with US $168.6 million . Critical response ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island received generally positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 76 % based on 287 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Offering exhilarating eye candy , solid acting , and a fast - paced story , Kong : Skull Island earns its spot in the movie monster 's mythos without ever matching up to the classic original . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune lauded the film , giving it three - and - a-half stars out of four : `` I saw little in ( Vogt - Roberts ' ) first feature to indicate the deftness and buoyant spirit he brings to Skull Island . This time , the money 's on the screen , but it bought a really good movie , too . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , noting , `` Kong : Skull Island is still a hoot . It was a movie that was not at all on my radar as something I was dying to see and yet I had way too much fun watching it . I just wished it had embraced its craziness just a little bit more . ( But , yes , there 's still plenty of crazy to go around . ) '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review as well , stating that `` all the requisite elements are served up here in ideal proportion , and the time just flies by , which can rarely be said for films of this nature . '' Kyle Anderson of Nerdist News found the film entertaining but flawed , saying , `` It 's certainly not a perfect movie , and a lot of the characters feel like sketches more than fully - fledged people , but it roars along enjoyably from start to finish . '' Conversely , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film one out of five stars . In his negative review , he described the movie as a `` fantastically muddled and exasperatingly dull quasi-update of the King Kong story . '' Matthew Lickona of The San Diego Reader also gave the film one out of five stars , writing : `` It 's fun to watch ( the monsters ) in action , but on the human side , the film is clumsily written , over-cast and underacted , with only frustrated soldier Samuel L. Jackson striking the right tone of crazy amid the chaos . '' Several critics have commented on Larson 's role in the movie , having recently won an Oscar for Room , with Michael Salfino of The Wall Street Journal remarking that `` a starring role in a popcorn movie on the heels of a passion project can open up an actor to ridicule . '' Home media ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island was released on HD Digital on June 20 , 2017 and on 4K Ultra HD , 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray and DVD on July 18 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top of the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and the dedicated Blu - ray Disc chart for the week ending on July 23 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : MonsterVerse In September 2015 , Legendary moved Kong : Skull Island from Universal to Warner Bros. , which sparked media speculation that Godzilla and King Kong will appear in a film together . In October 2015 , Legendary confirmed that they would unite Godzilla and King Kong in Godzilla vs. Kong , set for a May 29 , 2020 , release date . Legendary plans to create a shared cinematic franchise `` centered around Monarch , '' that `` brings together Godzilla and Legendary 's King Kong in an ecosystem of other giant super-species , both classic and new . '' While Legendary will maintain its home at Universal Pictures , it will continue to collaborate with Warner Bros. for the franchise . Director Jordan Vogt - Roberts had expressed interest in doing a film about Marlow and Gunpei 's time on the island , stating , `` I keep joking that personally I 'm more interested in doing a $30 million version of young John C. Reilly on the island . Just some weird , the odd - ball monster comedy with him and Gunpei . '' Godzilla vs. Kong is scheduled to follow up on May 22 , 2020 with Adam Wingard attached to direct the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Hopes To Leave Huge Footprint At Global B.O. In Face Of ' Logan 's Wrath '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Kong and Batman Lift Time Warner Above Expectations '' . Fortune . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seesawing Fate of Legendary Reflects the Film Industry 's Volatility '' . The New York Times . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Benjamin ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hiddleston 's Hunter Becomes Hunted in Kong : Skull Island Video '' . Screenrant . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned on the Set of Kong : Skull Island '' . Nerdist . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Hawkins Details His `` Kong : Skull Island '' Character , Teases Lighter Tone `` . Collider . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) End Credits '' . Legendary Pictures . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Kebbell clears up Kong : Skull Island rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Skull Island ' : Kong Motion - Capture Actor on Sequel Plans and Seeking Andy Serkis ' Blessing '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island -- Toby Kebbell Provided Kong Facial References '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Announces King Kong Prequel ' Skull Island ' Movie For 2016 ( Comic Con 2014 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` What King Kong / Godzilla Switcharoo Says About Universal And Warner Bros. Priorities '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Legendary Entertainment Moves to NBCUniversal ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' to Move to Warner Bros. for Planned Monster Movie Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : Legendary Wants Joe Cornish For ' Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Peter Jackson Would Like Guillermo Del Toro to Direct ' Skull Island ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary 's ' Skull Island ' ; Tom Hiddleston Stars , Jordan Vogt - Roberts Helms King Kong Origin Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` King Kong Tale ' Skull Island ' Gets Rewrite From ' Flight ' Scribe John Gatins '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Every movie is its own beast . ' Max Borenstein on Kong : Skull Island '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton 's ' Corey Hawkins Joins ' Skull Island ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Writer Heads to ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary , Warner Bros. Sued for Allegedly Stealing ' Kong : Skull Island ' Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , C. Molly ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island unleashes exclusive first look at the movie monster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monge - Nájera , Julian. ( 2016 ) . `` Ann 's secret relationship with King Kong : a biological look at Skull Island and the true nature of the Beauty and Beast Myth '' . CoRis. 12 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 28 ( ISSN : 1659 - 2387 ) . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Director Jordan Vogt - Roberts On Why ' Kong : Skull Island ' Is Unlike Any Other ' King Kong ' Movie '' . Fandango . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` J.K. Simmons joins ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Keaton In Talks To Join ' Kong : Skull Island ' For Legendary '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Keaton And JK Simmons Exit Legendary 's ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Brie Larson Lands Female Lead In ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Is There Room On ' Kong : Skull Island ' For Samuel L. Jackson And Tom Wilkinson ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fantastic Four ' Actor Toby Kebbell Joins Tom Hiddleston in ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton 's ' Jason Mitchell Joins Legendary 's ' Skull Island ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` John Goodman Joins Cast Of ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thomas Mann Joins ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Adds John Ortiz & Shea Whigham '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Casts Up - And - Comer for Pilot Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mann , Thomas ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap. 📷 by @ tutututuuuu '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' spotted filming at Kualoa Ranch in Hawaii '' . On Location Vacations . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Mike ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong movie filming closes Chinatown streets '' . StarAdvertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' moves from Hawaii to Australia '' . On Location Vacations . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island cast and crew wanted as filming continues '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kong : Skull Island Production Notes '' . SciFi Japan . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Pushes King Kong Film to 2017 , Dates Great Wall Movie for 2016 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Hughes . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Delivers King - Sized Action And Monster Thrills '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kate . `` Brie Larson at Kong : Skull Island premiere in London Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The European Premiere Of `` Kong : Skull Island '' -- Arrivals Photos and Images Getty Images `` . www.gettyimages.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Kong : Skull Island ' Scales $61 M for No. 1 Finish '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sizing Up ' Kong : Skull Island 's Weekend Domestic Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang . `` Box Office : ' Kong : Skull Island ' Rules With Mighty $61 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Logan ' $85.3 M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare ; Beats ' Fifty Shades ' & ' Passion Of The Christ ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Conquering ' Logan ' For Top Spot At B.O. With $53 M -- Midday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' Beats His Chest On Saturday : Weekend Opening Now At $61 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' $174.8 M Opening Sparks Moviegoing Explosion ; Pic Could Conquer ' Rogue One ' & ' Dark Knight ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' King In $81.6 M Offshore Bow ; ' Logan ' Leaps To $437 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : What Did You Think ? '' . Collider . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : Four Lessons For ' Justice League ' And The DC Films Franchise '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' review : Big budget buys dazzling effects and a really good movie too '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Is Ridiculous Fun '' . Uproxx . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : Film Review '' . Jump up ^ `` KONG : SKULL ISLAND IS BIG , RAUCOUS MONSTER FUN ( REVIEW ) '' . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island review -- only de-evolution can explain this zestless mashup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lickona , Matthew ( March 2017 ) . `` KONG : SKULL ISLAND 1.0 STARS '' . The San Diego Reader . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann . `` Hollywood ageism punishes actresses , but the art house offers some hope '' . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Salfino , Michael ( March 9 , 2017 ) `` The Post Oscar popcorn Film '' The Wall Street Journal page A13 Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island Blu - ray Details and Box Art Revealed '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Stomps to No. 1 on Home - Video Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong On Move To Warner Bros , Presaging Godzilla Monster Matchup '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Gorilla Warfare : It 's Universal vs. Legendary Over ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( and Who Says `` Thank You '' ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary and Warner Bros. Pictures Announce Cinematic Franchise Uniting Godzilla , King Kong and Other Iconic Giant Monsters '' ( Press release ) . Legendary Pictures . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` One Kong : Skull Island Character Who Really Deserves A Spin - Off , According To The Director '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla vs. Kong and More Release Date Changes From Warner Bros . '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla vs. Kong ' Finds Its Director With Adam Wingard ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kong : Skull Island . 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Star Warriors ( 2005 ) Always : Sunset on Third Street 2 ( 2007 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) See also Gamera Ultraman Ultra Series The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms Gojirasaurus Gorgo The Giant Behemoth Reptilicus It Came from Beneath the Sea Book Films directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts The Kings of Summer ( 2013 ) Nick Offerman : American Ham ( 2014 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) MonsterVerse Films Godzilla ( 2014 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Related Godzilla King Kong King Ghidorah Mothra MUTO Rodan Miscellaneous Godzilla ( franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kong:_Skull_Island&oldid=801440892 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2017 3D films American films American monster movies American epic films American fantasy adventure films American film remakes American 3D films Action adventure films Fantasy adventure films Films directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in 1973 Films set in Bangkok Films set on fictional islands Films set in Vietnam Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Australia Films shot in Honolulu Films shot in Vietnam Giant monster films IMAX films King Kong films Godzilla films Legendary Pictures films Lost world films Monster movies MonsterVerse films Kaiju films Prequel films Reboot films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Max Borenstein Warner Bros. films Tencent Pictures films Dinosaur films Films about dragons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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total no of judges in supreme court of pakistan	In its modern composition , the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan , sixteenth justices and two ad - hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister 's selection based on their merited qualifications . Once appointed , justices are expected to completed a designated term and then retire , unless their term is terminated through resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards to the misconduct of judge ( s ) . In their discourse judgement , the justices are often categorized as having the conservative , textual , moderate , and liberal philosophies of law in their judicial interpretation of law and judgements .		Supreme Court of Pakistan	supreme court of pakistan	The Supreme Court of Pakistan ( Urdu : عدالت عظمیٰ پاکستان ‎ ‎ ; Adālat - e-Uzma Pākistān ) is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of Pakistan .	Established in accordance to the Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan , it has ultimate and extensive appellate , original , and advisory jurisdictions on all courts ( including the high courts , district , special and Shariat court ) , involving issues of federal laws and may act on the verdicts rendered on the cases in context in which it enjoys jurisdiction . In the court system of Pakistan , the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal and constitutional dispute as well as final interpreter of constitutional law . In its modern composition , the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan , sixteenth justices and two ad - hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister 's selection based on their merited qualifications . Once appointed , justices are expected to completed a designated term and then retire , unless their term is terminated through resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards to the misconduct of judge ( s ) . In their discourse judgement , the justices are often categorized as having the conservative , textual , moderate , and liberal philosophies of law in their judicial interpretation of law and judgements . The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court Building at the Constitution Avenue . The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOP , in analogy to other PMOP . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constitutional composition 2.1 Constitution of the court 2.2 Size of Court 2.3 Eligibility , nomination and confirmation 2.3. 1 Ad -- hoc appointments and removal 2.4 Tenureship , salaries and post-retirement 3 Judicial independence 3.1 Court demographics 3.2 Judicial and philosophical leanings 4 Physical membership of the court 4.1 Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices 4.2 Registry and officers 4.3 Law clerks and supreme court advocates 5 Court campus and facilities 6 Jurisdiction 7 Rules and Process 7.1 Rulings and transfer of cases 7.2 Oral arguments and decisions 7.3 Review Petition and actions 7.4 Published opinions and Citations 7.5 Supreme Court Bar Association 8 Institutional de jure powers 8.1 Contempt of court 9 Literary criticism of the Supreme Court 9.1 Lawyer 's movement , long march , and judicial activism 9.2 Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009 9.2. 1 Controversial aspect of the decision 9.2. 2 Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges 9.2. 3 Key Controversial points 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) This article is part of the series on the Supreme Court of Pakistan The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Library Court Press Current membership Chief Justice All members Justices of the Supreme Court by court by seat by time in office List of Chief Justices by time in office All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Court demographics Other countries Law Portal Pakistan Main articles : History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , British heritage of Pakistan , and Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan In 1861 , the British government in India enacted the Indian High Courts Act that created the high courts in all over the Indian subcontinent in various provinces while abolishing the supreme courts Calcutta , Bombay , Madras , Lahore , and also the Panchayati system in autonomous presidencies . Until the enactment of the Government of India Act in 1935 that created the Federal Court , these new high courts had the distinctionary powers of being the highest Courts for all cases . The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve disputes between the provinces , presidencies , and the British government of India , often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts . After the independence of Pakistan as an aftermath of British partition of India in 1947 , the Federal Court was also partitioned between India and Pakistan as Justice Sir Harilal Kania became the first Chief Justice of India and Justice Sir Abdul Rashid becoming the first Chief Justice of Pakistan . While the tradition of British law culture continues to remain an integral part of the Judicature , the modern existence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan came when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956 . The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956 , replacing the name `` Federal Court '' to `` Supreme Court '' , initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High Court exists now . In successive years , the Supreme Court was moved to Lahore High Court until the Supreme Court was permanently moved into its new building constructed in Islamabad in 1964 . Constitutional composition ( edit ) Constitution of the Court ( edit ) Although , the Supreme Court was established to the pursuant to the Government of India Act , 1947 , the modern structure of the court was reestablished by the second set in 1956 , and restructured by the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 where a significant part of the Constitution is dedicated towards the restructuring of the Supreme Court . The Part VII of the Constitution , ranges from articles 176 through 191 , deals with the powers , composition , rules , and responsibilities of the Supreme Court . These articles concern : Article 176 -- Composition of the Court Article 177 -- Appointment and qualifications of the Chief Justice Article 178 -- Oath of office Article 179 -- Retirement Article 180 -- Vacancy , absence , or inability of the Chief Justice Article 181 -- Vacancy , absence , or inability of other justices Article 182 -- Ad hoc appointments of justices Article 183 -- Location of Court Article 184 -- Jurisdiction in a dispute between two or more governments Article 185 -- Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals Article 186 -- If requested , advise the President on important matters of law Article 186A -- Authority to transfer venue Article 187 -- Orders and subpoenas Article 188 -- Power to review its own judgements and orders Article 189 -- Binding nature of Supreme Court 's decisions on all other Pakistani Courts Article 190 -- All executive and judicial authorities in Pakistan bound to aid the Supreme Court Size of Court ( edit ) The Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan reconstituted the composition of Supreme Court and the high courts but it does not specify the number of justices to be served in the Supreme Court . Qualifications to be served as a supreme court justice are strictly imposed that are based on merit , personal intellecutualism , and experiences as a judge in the high courts . In 1947 , the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh , Punjab , NWFP , Balochistan , and East Bengal . Over the several successive years , the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate , leading the Supreme Court requesting the Parliament to increase the number of judges . As the number of the justices has increased , they sit in smaller benches of two or three ( referred to as a division bench ) , however , coming together in larger benches of five or more ( referred to as a constitution bench ) when required to settle fundamental questions of law . Eligibility , nomination and confirmation ( edit ) a foreign citizen / or an expatriate being eligible for the Supreme Court . The nomination of justices in the Supreme Court comes from an executive selections made by the Prime Minister based on judges ' merited qualifications , personal intellectualism , and experiences as judge in high courts . The President then confirms the nomination summary and eventually appoints the Chief Justice and judges in the Supreme Court . The Constitution clearly states : A citizen of Pakistan who has been : has for a period of , or for periods aggregating , not less than five years been a judge of a High Court ( including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day ) ; or has for a period of , or for periods aggregating not less than fifteen years been an advocate of a High Court ( including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day ) . Since the 1990s , the nomination and confirmation process has attracted a considerable attention from the print press and electronic media , as news media often comments and opinionate the executive'e selection for the appointment depends on whether their track record aligns with the their ideology . Appointments of Chief Justices Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui , S.A. Shah , Iftikhar Chaudhry , Faisal Arab , and T.H. Jillani have gain prominent attention from media in all over the country , mainly due to their ideological and philosophical leanings . Furthermore , the major and influential recommendations for judges to be elevated at the Supreme Court as justices comes from the Judicial Commission that is chaired by the Chief Justice of Pakistan who prepares the qualification summary before the nomination sent to executive . Ad -- hoc appointments and removal ( edit ) There has been Ad hoc appointment in the supreme court made when the quorum of Judges is not possible to complete the sitting number of justices in the court , or if it is necessary to increase the number of justices in the Supreme Court . The nomination comes directly from the Judicial Commission chiared by the Chief Justice who prepares the nomination summary as President confirms their appointments . As of current , there are two justices are on the ad - hoc appointment that are from the Federal Sharia Court . A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of Pakistan . A written reference has to be sent to the Supreme Judicial Council that will conduct the hearings of allegations of misconduct that would determine the removal of judge . Tenureship , salaries and post-retirement ( edit ) The Judicial Commission determines the salary , other allowances , leave of absence , pension , etc. of the Supreme Court justices . A Supreme Court justice gets Rs. 558,907.00 ( $ 5,333.85 ) with additional allowances of Rs. 259,009.00 ( $ 2471.81 ) . Other benefits include the free housing and medical treatment as well as tax - free electricity bills . A judge who has retired as a justice of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in Pakistan . Judicial independence ( edit ) Main articles : Judicial independence , De jure , De jure magistratuum , and Contempt of court The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister 's executive powers or Parliament 's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution . The Supreme Court has maintained its institutional integrity and has been able to maintain its authority to some degree in the face of martial law in Pakistan in last decades . In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court , article 17 of the Constitution states : Every citizen , not being in the service of ( State of ) Pakistan , shall have the right to form or be a member of a political party , subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan and such law shall provide that where the Government declare that any political party has been formed or is operating in a manner prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan , the Federal Government shall , within fifteen days of such declaration , refer the matter to the Supreme Court whose decision on such reference shall be final . -- Article 17 : Freedom of association ; Chapter I : Fundamental Rights and Principles , Constitution of Pakistan , Chapter source The Supreme Court thus provides , in principle , an important safeguard against the abuse of laws that could potentially have politically repressive consequences or in clear violation of human rights . The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person , regardless of its statue , or the authority , of being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court , its justices , and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme Court 's institutional integrity and popular authority . In 1997 , Chief Justice S.A. Shah found Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of contempt of court but the order itself was voided by the Supreme Judicial Council . In 2012 , Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry retroactively barred Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of holding the office after the latter was found of in charges of court of contempt and refusing to follow the court 's orders . In 2013 , the Supreme Court took suo motu actions against populist Imran Khan of criticising against the judgement of the Supreme Court 's senior judges in regards to the elections . The case was later dropped when Attorney - General assured the Supreme Court justices that Imran Khan did not insubordinate the judiciary . Court demographics ( edit ) In practice awarded by Constitution , judges of the supreme court have been selected so far , mostly from amongst judges of the high courts . The Constitution allows the judges to be appointed at the Supreme Court regardless of colour , race , and religious sect . Justices A.S.M. Akram , Fazal Akbar , Amin Ahmed , Abdus Sattar , Hameedur Rahman , and Hamoodur Rahman ( Chief Justice ) were the Bengali / Bihari jurists who served as senior justices in the Supreme Court . In 1960 , Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius became the first Christian to be served as Chief Justice , while George Constantine also served in the Court . In the 1970s -- 1980s , Justice Dorab Patel was the first Zorastrian , followed by Justice Rustom Sidwa who served as Supreme Court justice from 1989 until 1993 . Justice Rana Bhagwandas was the first Hindu jurist who has distinction being the Chief Justice of Pakistan in 2007 . Justice Qazi Faez Isa is of the Hazara descent who is currently serving as the justice of the Supreme court . Judicial and philosophical leanings ( edit ) Main articles : Idea of Pakistan , Conservatism in Pakistan , Enlightened moderation , and Pakistani philosophy The jurists / judges do not represent or receive the official political endorsements from the nation 's political parties which is an acceptable professional practice in the executive branch of the government . As their American counterparts in the U.S. Supreme Court , the Jurists philosophical leanings in the Supreme Court are often categorized as conservative , moderate , liberal , and textualist that reflected in their judicial interpretation of the judgements in the impending cases of importance . In 1947 , Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah confirmed the nomination of Justice Sir Abdul Rashid , at the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali - Khan , was said to be a national conservative leanings in his judgement . His successor , Chief Justice Muh 'd Munir , was a liberal in his jurisprudence but sided with conservative judgement when validated dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly in 1954 and the National Assembly in 1958 in the light of doctrine of necessity . Under the Chief Justice Muh 'd Shahabuddin , the Supreme Court had the conservative leanings in regards to the constitutionalism and their judgements in the cases of important issues . Chief Justice Shahabuddin plays a crucial role in drafting the second set of the Constitution of Pakistan which incorporated the liberal ideas with the important Islamic provisions . In 1960 , President Ayub Khan appointed Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius who took much liberal approach in his jurisprudence when deciding cases on fundamental rights against the executive overreach . Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court 's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights ordinary citizens while being critical of the state emergency . In 1968 , the Supreme Court greatly divided when Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman presided the case hearings after President Yahya Khan declared martial law and suspended the writ of the constitution . In the views of Chief Justice Rahman , the martial law was invalid and notably ruled that Yahya Khan 's assumption of power was `` illegal usurpation '' . The Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958 . Despite rulings , there was a split decision between the moderation justices , including Chief Justice Rahman , and conservative leaning justices of the Supreme Court who `` condoned '' the actions in the light of `` doctrine of necessity '' . The de jure powers of the Supreme Court has increased since presiding the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 , intervening in events that Supreme Court justices viewed as violation of human rights by the executive 's authorities . In 1977 , the Supreme Court had again legalized the martial law in 1977 in the light of `` doctrine of necessity '' and denied took petitions to review its decision . During this time , Supreme Court justices were described as notoriously conservatives and only few moderats , appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as his role as President in 1971 -- 73 . The Supreme Court , however , did took the petitions to review the case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , after his counsels filed an appeal against the verdict of Lahore High Court . The Constitution Bench formed under Chief Justice Sh . Anwarul Haq , had contained Justice Muhammad Akram , Justice Dorab Patel , Justice Mohammad Haleem , Justice Nasim Hasan Shah , Justice Ghulam safdar Shah , Justice Kareem Illahi , Justice Waheedudin Ahmad , and Justice Kaisar Khan . By 1979 , the Supreme Court greatly divided with Justice Dorab Patel , Justice G.S. Shah , and Justice Moh 'd Haleem , who had the moderate and liberal leanings in their jurisprudence strongly disagreed with Bhutto 's sentence of Capital punishment . On the other hand , Chief Justice Haq , Justice N.H. Shah , Justice Waheedudin Ahmad , and Justice Kaisar Khan , were described as having conservative / texualist ideology in their rulings and found Bhutto suitable for capital punishment ; hench , marking a split decision by 4 : 3 . In 1993 , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto controversially elevated the Supreme Court jurist , SA Shah , who had known for his liberal jurisprudence , as Chief Justice over two senior ranking jurists at the Supreme Court . However , Justice Shah 's judicial leanings did not protected the Benazir ' administration when it was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari over allegations on corruption . In 1997 , judicial crises reached its peak when Supreme Judicial Council took up the case against Justice Shah 's appointment who eventually resigned from his office and succeeded by conservative jurist Ajmal Mian , only to be replaced with conservative jurist Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui as the new Chief Justice . On 12 October 1999 , the Supreme Court partially validated the martial law in the light of `` doctrine of necessity '' on the technicality but Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui decided to hear the petitions over the legality of the martial law . Although , the Supreme Court had only validated the martial law for three - years only , the Supreme Court 's jurists and Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui in clear view of this coup as a `` violation of constitution '' as Sharif 's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason . General Musharraf , acting as Chief Executive , forcefully retired the conservative leaning jurists and elevated the judges who had known to have libertarian views in their jurisprudence at the Supreme Court , including Justice Irshad Hasan as Chief Justice . In 2002 , The Supreme Court supervised the general elections successfully oversaw the transition of power from the office of Chief Executive to Prime minister . The legalization of Contempt of court act further strengthened the judicial independence of the Supreme Court in 2004 when Shaukat Aziz became prime minister . Physical membership of the Court ( edit ) The justices and jurists of the supreme court are set to retire at the age of 65 , unless the jurists sooner resign or are removed from office , or records written reasons for deviating from this rule in accordance with the Constitution . By an act of parliament of 1997 , there is a fixed number of justices at 17 and , as of current , there are currently sixteen judges and one vacancy that is yet to fill . There are two ad - hoc appointment of the jurists from the Federal Shariat Court to assist with religiosity concerned cases . Supreme Court of Pakistan from govt flats , Islamabad . Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices ( edit ) See also : Chief Justice of Pakistan and Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan As of current formation , Hon'ble Justice Saqib Nisar is currently tenuring as the Chief Justice of Pakistan , having being appointed on 31 December 2016 . The Supreme Court is currently composed of the following Justices ( in order of seniority ) , that included the seventeen regular judges including the Chief Justice and two ad - hoc judges who were reappointed again after their retirement . The ad - hoc appointments are due to fill the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980 . The ad - hoc appointments for this bench are drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Clergy . Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court may be appealed to the Appellate Bench , as the Appellate Bench of Supreme Court is the final authority on Islamic interpretation of law in Pakistan . Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Order Name Appointment Retirement Court of Precedence Notes Chief Justice Saqib Nisar 000000002010 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2010 000000002019 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2019 Lahore High Court Appointed on 18 February 2010 and elevated to Chief Justice on 31 December 2016 . Justice A.S. Khosa 000000002010 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2010 000000002019 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2019 Lahore High Court Second in the seniority list , he will become 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan . Justice Afzal Khan 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 2011 000000002018 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2018 Peshawar High Court He is third in the seniority list . Justice Gulzar Ahmed 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 2011 000000002022 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2022 Sindh High Court Fourth in the seniority list , he will become 27th Chief Justice of Pakistan . 5 Justice Sh . Azmat Saeed 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 000000002019 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 2019 Lahore High Court 6 Justice Mushir Allam 000000002013 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2013 000000002021 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 2021 Sindh High Court 7 Justice D.M. Khan 000000002014 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2014 000000002018 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2018 Peshawar High Court 8 Justice Umar Ata Bandial 000000002014 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2014 000000002023 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 2023 Lahore High Court According to the seniority list , he will become the 28th Chief Justice of Pakistan. . 9 Justice Qazi Faez Isa 000000002014 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2014 000000002024 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2024 Balochistan High Court According to the seniority list , he will become the 29th Chief Justice of Pakistan . 10 Justice Maqbool Baqar 000000002015 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2015 000000002022 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2022 Sindh High Court 11 Justice Manzoor Ahmad Malik 000000002015 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2015 000000002021 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2021 Lahore High Court 12 Justice Sardar Tariq Masood 000000002015 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2015 000000002024 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2024 Lahore High Court 13 Justice Faisal Arab 000000002015 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 2015 000000002020 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2020 Sindh High Court 14 Justice Ijaz - ul - Ahsan 000000002016 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2016 000000002025 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 2025 Lahore High Court According to the seniority list , he will become the 30th Chief Justice of Pakistan . 15 Justice M.A. Khan 000000002016 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2016 000000002022 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2022 Peshawar High Court 16 Justice Sajjad Ali Shah 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2017 000000002022 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 August 2022 Sindh High Court 17 Vacant Pending Pending N / A Nomination Pending Ad hoc appointments of the Shariat Appellate Bench ( hide ) Order Name listings Appointments Retirement Institution of Precedence Alma mater 18 Justice Dr. Muhammad Al - Ghazali n / a n / a International Islamic University Islamia University , Bahawalpur 19 Justice Dr. Khalid Masud n / a n / a International Islamic University McGill University , Canada Registry and officers ( edit ) The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars , several additional and deputy registrars , gazetted officers , and other law clerks . The registry branches provides speedy justice of all nature of crimes and disputes to the people living in remote areas in the country , while keeping the civil registry of the people . There are five registry of the supreme court : Islamabad , Karachi , Lahore , Peshawar , and Quetta . The Officers and Registrars are appointed by the supreme court with the approval from the Chief Justices of High Courts and the President and may make rules providing for the appointment by for their terms and conditions of employment that is granted by the Constitution . Law clerks and Supreme Court advocates ( edit ) Main articles : Law clerks and Advocate - on - Record The Supreme Court has an extensive competitive program for the appointment of the law clerks and research associates at the Supreme Court Library . The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges . Law clerks reviews the petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions , and reported back to the supreme court 's administrative registrar . As of current , the supreme court has 10 law clerks for the 2016 -- 17 year . The Pakistan Bar Council provides qualification for senior advocates , barristers , lawyers , and selected civil court judges to be elevated as Advocate Supreme Court ( ASC ) based on individual experience , qualifications , and selected invitations . Court campus and facilities ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Pakistan . Main articles : Supreme Court of Pakistan Building , Supreme Court of Pakistan library , Supreme Court of Pakistan Press , and Supreme Court of Pakistan Museum The Supreme Court Building is located at the Constitution Avenue in Islamabad , flanked by the Prime Minister 's Secretariat to the south , the Presidential Palace and the Parliament Building to the north . Initially , the Supreme Court met in Karachi and later moved to Lahore / Rawalpindi on various location until 1960 after the government moved to Islamabad . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Islamabad Police , maintaining the law and order as well as campus security of the court . The Supreme Court Building is designed by the renowned Japanese architect , Kenzo Tange , in a modernist style complimenting the Parliament Building . The CDA Engineering and the Environmental Protection Agency supervised the engineering the Supreme Court 's monument and civil works infrastructure throughout its lengthy construction since the 1960s . In the 1980s -- 90s , CDA Engineering later expanded infrastructure of the Supreme Court especially when building the Supreme Court 's law library . The Court Complex is comprised on Main Central Block , Judges Chamber 's block , and Administrative Block , covering 339,861 sq. ft . Administration of the Court is supervised by the Chief Justice who exercise the powers through the Registrars , Law clerks , Librarians , and private secretaries to run the judicial functions in proper manner . The Court complex judges ' chambers , a separate building consisting of the law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a lecture auditorium . There is an Elizabethan - styled entrance hall , cafeteria , conference rooms , and a vintage Dining Hall , that resembles the Victorian era . The Supreme Court Library contains the collection of 72,000 law books , reports and journals is situated in the basement . Supreme Court Museum : The Supreme Court Museum serves as an invaluable repository for preserving the Judicial History of Post and pre-Independence era for future generation . The Museum 's collections include fine arts , oral histories , photographs , personal belongings of Hon'ble Judges and Chief Justices and an archival collection of rare documents . These collections are displayed in the permanent exhibit gallery of the Museum , as well as in temporary exhibits ; surely in future these archival materials will be assets to the researchers . The idea of Supreme Court Museum was dreamt in year 2010 by Chief Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani and completed in the June 2016 . Jurisdiction ( edit ) The Supreme Court has all the original , appellate , and advisory jurisdiction on all of country 's courts -- hence , the Supreme Court is the final arbitrator of all cases where the decision has been reached . In 1976 , the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was contraint and limited by the passing of Fifth Amendment to the Constitution but its powers were originally restored in 1985 through the Eighth Amendment , which further expanded the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court enjoys a powerful jurisdiction in the country including on the federal government , provincial governments , governmental agencies , NGOs , and where the government and governmental agencies fails to perform its mandated duty to protect the basic human rights or deviating from the law in light of taking the Suo motu notice . From 2008 -- 2013 , the Supreme Court repeatedly exercise its suo motu power in a view of check and balance on the governmental authorities to prevent abuse of human rights and to prevent the miscarriage of justice . The independent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is taken as positive by the legal observers as an attempt of providing a fair , speedy , and public trial of authorities accused of abusing the basic human rights . Commenting of the issue of suo motu , Justice K.M. Sharif critically opined : `` ( Supreme Court ) 's jurisdiction will take notice of every matter in which the executive is showing slackness . '' The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over the direct appeals from high courts decisions , as powers granted by the Constitution as an appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court also has an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more provincial governments or the Government of Pakistan itself where the Supreme Court may pronounce declaratory judgments only to settle the disputes . However , almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal , making the cases considered based on original jurisdiction rarely . On events involving the legal and technical issues concerning the implementation of law and the writ of constitution , Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction to answer questions and provides written opinions on public importance as consulted by the President upon the request from the Prime Minister . In addition , the Supreme Court also enjoys the plenary jurisdiction and may exercise its plenary powers for passing appropriate orders to ensure the completion of its orders and to complete the justice at all levels of commands . Rules and process ( edit ) Rulings and transfer of cases ( edit ) The Supreme Court is empowers to frame its own rules for the purpose of regulating the practice and procedure of the Court . When the cases are determined as their final rulings , the jurists deliver their rulings in an open court , either at once or may announced future date to the concerning parties through their advocates upon writing their opinions during their recesses . All cases that comes before the supreme court through the writs of certiorari that are processed through the law clerks and advocates . The Supreme Court has powers to transfer any case , appeals , or other pendings proceedings before any High Courts to any subordinated court if the supreme court considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice and speedy trial . The Supreme Court may issues advisory directions , orders , and decrees in any case or matter pending in the high courts necessary for doing the complete justice , including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document . The directions and orders issued by the Supreme Court are finals despite questions are arises during the hearings in the High Court for the directions provided the Supreme court . Oral arguments and decisions ( edit ) When the cert petitions are granted by the Supreme Court , the case is then set for the oral arguments , issuing orders to advocates of concerning parties in the case of importance . If the parties , despite the opportunity granted by the court to make oral submissions , do not avail the same , the court is not bound to wait indefinitely for them and keep on adjourning the matter . During the time of the orality by either sides of the parties , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for the final judgements where cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case , as such happened on the case Nusrat Bhutto v. Federation of Pakistan ( 1977 -- 78 ) . Review petition and actions ( edit ) Main article : Review petition Despite its final rulings , the Supreme Court may review any case upon the filing of review petition of any party to any civil and criminal case of any decisions , judgements / rulings have been pronounced by the Supreme Court . The party that filed an appealed through the supreme court advocates to the Supreme Court is the Appellant and the non-mover is the respondent , where all case names before the Supreme Court are styled `` petitioner / appellant vs. defendants / respondent '' . All decisions that are pronounced by the supreme court , after hearing the review petitions , are considered as final rulings that are to be binding on all other courts in Pakistan . The Constitution also empowers the Supreme Court to call upon any authority , either an executive or judicial , to act in aid of the Supreme Court to ensure its rulings are delivered to complete justice . Published opinions and citations ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Pakistan Press is the official authority that publishes the reportable Supreme Court 's decisions and opinions , as well as judicial supplements , law reports , and bibliographies . The Supreme Court 's opinions are first published and is made available on the Court 's web site , in form of `` press release . '' Secondly , comprehensive opinions and orders are bound together in paperback form in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears which is called a preliminary print of `` Annual Report '' . About a year after the paperbacks are published , a final and more cited volume of decision of supreme court volume of Annual Report is published and numbered whereas the researchers may cite the works in their reports . Supreme Court Bar Association ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan All supreme court advocates are required to be a member of the Supreme Court Bar Association in order to plead the cases before the court . Formed and established in 1989 , the Bar comprises the supreme court lawyers who are elected from all over the country and is aimed to uphold the rule of law , cause of justice and protect the interest of the legal profession as well as that of public . The Bar is governed by an executive council consisting of 22 elected members with an elected President . Advocate can be admitted as either individuals or as groups and their admission is approves by the elected President of the Bar . Members of the Supreme Court Bar Association are also granted access to the Supreme Court Library 's research collection and law periodicals . Institutional de jure powers ( edit ) Main articles : De jure , History of Pakistan , and Martial law in Pakistan The Supreme Court has played an influential and pivotal role in the political history of the country since its inception in 1947 , and has taken constitutional role for protecting the rights in the light of `` doctrine of necessity '' . The de jure institutional powers of the Supreme Court as outlined in the Constitution can only be understood as an exemplary of constitutional cases involving the actions of the Pakistan 's military turning over the civilian government in an attempt to restore law and order to prevent chaos in the society . In 1954 , the Court under Chief Justice Moh 'd Munir exercised its institutional power in a supreme court case ( Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan ) when it validated the dismissal of Constituent Assembly , whereas M.A. Bogra continued to serve as Prime Minister under Governor - General Sir Malik Ghulam . There were three constitutional cases overheard by the Supreme Court : Federation of Pakistan et al v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan Usil Patel v. Two others v . The Crown Special Reference made by the Governor - General of Pakistan First , the Supreme Court validated the Governor - General 's actions in case 1 but soon considered such powers as Ultra vires in case 2 and case 3 . However , the Court found it legal in its jurisdiction in thrice cases when it validated the actions under the impression of `` doctrine of necessity '' . Despite its rulings , the Court maintained its institutional authority over the Governor - General 's actions and ultimately supervised the election of the Constituent Assembly which was transformed into National Assembly of Parliament that promulgated the first set of Constitution of Pakistan . In 1969 , Supreme Court justices again heard the petitions against the suspension of the second set of the Constitution when army chief General Yahya Khan took over the presidency amid the resignation of President Ayub Khan . This constitutional case cited as , `` Asma Jillani v. Government of the Punjab '' , evenly divided the justices on this issue but bitterly approved such actions in the light of `` necessity doctrine '' , with Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman critically opined against this actions as he notably ruled that Yahya Khan 's assumption of power was `` illegal usurpation '' . In doing so , the Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958 . The institutional influence of Supreme Court on the political events in the country grew since 1971 after the conclusion of the War Enquiry Commission that provided far reaching insightful recommendations to prevent foreign intervention . In 1975 , the institutional powers of the Supreme Court were constraint after the passing of the fifth amendment that ultimately disturbed the check and balance system in the country , that eventually strain the executive and judiciary relations . In 1977 , the Supreme Court courted by Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq used the institutional powers to provide a legality to justify the actions resulted in martial law to dismiss the Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but decided to hear a petition to review the death sentence awarded by the Lahore High Court after the murder trial reached to its conclusion . In a controversial leanings of 4 : 3 , the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but it maintained its institutional integrity while taking many cases involving the Zia administration . The institutional de jure powers of the Supreme Court were restored to its original position after the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985 . After the military takeover of the civilian government , the pro-democracy organizations and PML ( N ) 's lawyers challenged the legality of the military takeover , asking the supreme court to review its rulings . After the lengthy court battle between Sharif 's and Musharraf 's lawyers , the Supreme Court was in a clear view of the military take over as `` unconstitutional '' but favoured the legality on necessity grounds that was viewed as very limited , on 12 May 2000 . Widely publicised case , the Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation , the supreme court relied its judgement based on the principle of salus populi est suprema lex and rejected the options of `` complete surrender '' to the regime or total opposition which , in its judgement , would have led to the `` closure of the courts '' . Due to the Thirteenth Amendment removed the effective check and balance of branches of the government , the supreme court marked its reference using the `` Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non est licitum '' and asserted on the right of the Superior Courts to review the orders , proceedings , acts , and legislative measures of the Musharraf regime . In addition , the situation was termed by the supreme court as a `` case of constitutional deviation for a transitional period '' , and accepted Musharraf 's argument for holding the national elections within two - to - three years , giving Musharraf until 12 May 2002 to hold new elections . While issuing a lengthy judgement , the supreme court effectively established its institutional authority on Musharraf as it reserved for its right to review and re-examine the continuation of Musharraf 's emergency powers . Before this judgement , Musharraf did not hint a timetable for the restoration of democracy -- having argued that it needed an indefinite and possibly prolonged time to reform the country -- Musharraf publicly submitted to the Court 's judgement . Several of Pakistani legal theorists have posited that Pakistan 's `` grundnorm '' , the basis for its Constitutional convention and system of laws , continues in effect ( and the Supreme Court therefore retains its authority ) even when the written constitution is suspended by the imposition of a military dictablanda . Contempt of Court ( edit ) The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to exercise its powers of contempt of court to punish any person or an authority found of scandalizing , abusing , interfering , and obstructing the procedures of the court or its rulings . In 2001 -- 2002 , there were additional amendments made that further empowers the Supreme Court and its institutional powers to struck any federal authority found on the charges of contempt of court . In a much publicized case , the Supreme Court effectively used its constitutional powers when it ceased Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani from running the government when the court found him guilty of contempt of court charges -- hench disqualified the prime minister from holding any public offices in the country . Literary criticism of the Supreme Court ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been given literary criticism by historians and authors of history of Pakistan for validating the martial law against the elected governments of Pakistan by the military interventions . Lawyer 's movement , long March , and judicial activism ( edit ) Main articles : 2007 Pakistani martial law and Pakistan Long March In 2007 , it was reported widely by the news media that the Military Intelligence officials , acting under then - President and army chief General Pervez Musharraf , were using photographs of the justices involved with prostitutes to blackmail and pressurize the supreme court justices to take the oath of allegiance and make rulings favorable to the then - President Musharraf . The Lawyer 's movement , allied with the Rule of Law movement led by PML ( N ) , eventually called for a successful long march to have to justices of the supreme court restored before state of emergency imposed in 2007 . Led under the direction of PML ( N ) 's President Nawaz Sharif , now the Prime Minister , the long march effectively restored the supreme court justices when Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani appeared on national television , only to announced the announced unconditional restoration of the judiciary . On immediate effect on 17 March 2009 , Justices Javaid Iqbal , Ijaz Ahmed , K.R. Ramday , and Fayaz Ahmad were restored to their position as of 2 November 2007 with Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry assuming the post of Chief Justice on 22 March 2009 . The news media pundits eventually noted that it was General Tariq Majid , then - Chairman joint chiefs , and General Ashfaq Pervez Kiani , then - army chief , had played an ambiguous role in intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition . Neither side acknowledged this role , however , until lawyers ' movement leader Aitezaz Ahsan publicly admitted Kayani 's role . There were mass speculations that protestors and law enforcement agencies would have violently collided otherwise had they not intervened . The restoration of the justices that resulted from the immense public pressure led to the judiciary to begin a quest for independence with an aim to ensure a strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public . The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional and other cases in the period that related to the public interest . These cases of importance included the constitutional petitions and judgements on : Constitution Petition No. 8 & 9 of 2009 Dr. Mubashir Hussain vs. Federation of Pakistan Missing Person vs. the Federation of Pakistan et.al Petitioners vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al Steel Workers Union vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al Applicants vs. NICL et.al . The Supreme Court rendered its judgement declare the appointments based upon PCO on 3 November 2007 as null and void as well as declaring the NRO as also null and voided that ultimately opened the investigations and cases against then - President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gillani . The Supreme Court became extremely vigilant on corruption cases related to the Gillani administration , effectively led to the government shutdown and critics noted that the judicial activism slowed of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the Chaudhry Court and the Gillani administration in 2008 till 2013 . Constitutional petitions no 8 and 9 of 2009 ( edit ) Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO , 12 had taken the oath themselves . However , they controversially did not apply the judgement to themselves . Name Status Mr. Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry , CJ . Took Oath on PCO as Chief Justice Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Javed Iqbal Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Khalil - ur - Rehman Ramday Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Nasir - ul - Mulk Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Ch . Ijaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Ghulam Rabbani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Sarmad Jalal Osmany Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Muhammad Sair Ali Khattak Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 2 May 2001 Mr. Justice Mahmood Akhtar Shahid Siddiqui Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 21 September 2001 Mr. Justice Jawwad S. Khawaja . Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000 Mr. Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000 As a result of the 31 July 2009 decision handed down in the case of Constitutional Petitions 8 and 9 of 2009 , the following justices resigned before their cases were referred to Supreme Judicial Council : Name Appointed Status on 2 Nov 2007 PCO oath , Result of Judgement Faqir Muhammad Khokhar 10 January 2002 . Supreme Court Judge Khokkhar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009 . His normal retirement would have been 15 April 2010 Justice M. Javed Buttar 29 July 2004 Supreme Court Judge Buttar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009 . His normal retirement would have been 15 November 2013 In addition to the above justices , the following justices were removed from the Supreme Court of Pakistan on the ground that their appointment to the court was made without consultation with the de jure Chief Justice of Pakistan . Name Appointed Status on 2 Nov 2007 PCO oath , Result of Judgement Justice Muhammad Qaim Jan Khan 6 November 2007 Peshawar High Court Judge Khan became a Supreme Court justice on 6 November 2007 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Ijaz - ul - Hassan 6 November 2007 Peshawar High Court Judge Ijaz - ul - Hassan became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Mohammad Moosa K. Legari 6 November 2007 Judge Sindh High Court Legari became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Ch . Ejaz Yousaf 6 November 2007 Chairman Press Council Yousaf was a retired Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court before he became a Supreme Court justice . He was removed from the bench . Justice Zia Perwez 13 November 2007 Judge Sindh High Court Perwez became a Supreme Court justice 13 November 2007 . Perwez was removed and reinstated as a judge for the Sindh High Court . Justice Mian Hamid Farooq 10 December 2007 Lahore High Court Judge Farooq became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Syed Sakhi Hussain Bokhari 10 December 2007 Lahore High Court Judge Bokhari became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007 . He was removed and reinstated as a judge for the Lahore High Court . Justice Syed Zawwar Hussain Jaffery 10 December 2007 Retired Sindh High court Judge Jaffery became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Sheikh Hakim Ali 8 February 2008 Lahore High Court Judge Ali became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008 . He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge . Justice Muhammad Furrukh Mahmud 8 February 2008 Retired Lahore High Court Judge Mahmud became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008 . He was removed from the bench . Hon . Sarmad Jalal Osmany 19 September 2008 Sindh High Court Judge Osmany refused the PCO oath and was appointed to Supreme Court on 19 September 2008 . He was removed from the bench of Supreme Court and reverted to a Sindh High Court Judge . He was then appointed as Chief Justice of Sindh High Court on 1 August 2009 . Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam 7 March 2009 Lahore High Court Judge Aslam took the PCO oath on 3 November 2007 and became a Supreme Court Justice on 7 March 2009 . He was removed and deemed to have retired . Controversial aspect of the decision ( edit ) The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007 . Their removal was ordered on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases . In the same decision the court held that the de jure Chief Justice from 3 November 2007 to 22 March 2009 was Justice Chaudhry . There were three groups of removed justices : Those elevated to higher courts who initially took oath under the PCO Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Musharraf Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Asif Ali Zardari The Supreme Court bench that rendered the decision consisted entirely of justices who had taken oath under the PCO of 1999 themselves , but were already sitting justices of the higher judiciary at the time and had taken a constitutional oath . The 1999 PCO and decisions made under it were given constitutional protection by Seventeenth amendment . This decision has resulted in situations where : newly appointed justices who never took any sort of oath under any PCO have been removed sitting justices who took an oath under the 2007 PCO are still acting as justices , though their cases will be sent to Supreme Judicial Council sitting justices who were reappointed and took oath under Justice Dogar are still acting as justices with no action justices who took oath under the PCO of 1999 are still functioning as justices of higher judiciary Critics of the decision question the fact that some PCO judges are still working and some non-PCO judges have been sacked . Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges ( edit ) Removed ad hoc judges of the Lahore High Court have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court in Lahore for review of its judgment , which sent 76 judges of Supreme Courts and High Courts immediately home . These judges argue that they were qualified to be appointed as judges of the High Court in accordance with the requirements of Article 193 ( 2 ) of the 1973 Constitution and were offered to serve as ad hoc judges following the consultation required under the Constitution . They accepted the offer and took oath when the state of emergency was lifted . They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until judgement was rendered against them . These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain , who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel . The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them , nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place . They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned . Key controversial points ( edit ) According one news article , the Supreme Court has applied its judgement retroactively , having effect from 3 November 2007 . The 14 - member Supreme Court bench has not , however , applied the sanction to judges who took oath under the 1999 PCO . Some of these are current justices , and some have not yet taken a constitutional oath . Critics of the decision also argue that it is inconsistent with the principles laid down in Malik Asad Ali 's case where it was held that the Chief Justice was bound by the Court 's judgement . Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was removed from office based on this case . Inconsistently with the decision , the present Chief Justice Chaudhry has accepted the stance of the government that Justice Dogar was the Chief Justice until his retirement . Following the decision , the official website of Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person . The hacked website made derogatory remarks about Chief Justice Chaudhry . See also ( edit ) Punjab Bar Council Pakistan Bar Council Law Minister of Pakistan Lists of Pakistan Supreme Court cases Islamabad High Court Peshawar High Court Balochistan High Court Sindh High Court Lahore High Court References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 189 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq ( 2012 ) . The Duel : Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power . London ( uk ) : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781471105883 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramraj , Victor V. ; Thiruvengadam , Arun K. ; Lombardi , Kevin ( 2010 ) . `` Islamism as a response to emergency rule in Pakistan '' . Emergency powers in Asia : exploring the limits of legality ( google books ) ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . 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Supreme Court of Pakistan Press , jurists . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ad - hoc Members Shariat Appellate Bench '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan press , Shariat jurists . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble Chief Justice of Pakistan '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two ex-judges reappointed following JCP approval -- The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk. 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Article 203A - 203J in Chapter 3A : Federal Shariat Court in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Charles ( 1996 ) . Islamization of Laws and Economy , Case Studies on Pakistan . Institute of Policy Studies , The Islamic Foundation . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Charles ( 1996 ) . Islamization of Laws and Economy , Case Studies on Pakistan . Institute of Policy Studies , The Islamic Foundation . p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sigamony , Terence J. ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Six of incumbent SC judges to become CJP '' . The Nation . The Nation , T.J. Sigamony . The Nation . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Mansoor Ali Shah becomes new LHC CJ '' . pakistantoday.com.pk . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Mazhar Alam Khan Miankhel takes oath as SC judge '' . samaa.tv . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble Judges '' . supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registry and Officers '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan press , Registry and Officers . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karachi Branch Registry '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan press , karachi registry . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lahore Branch Registry '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peshawar Branch Registry '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quetta Branch Registry '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 208 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Registrar 's report '' ( PDF ) . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan press registrar . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Law Students Visit the Supreme Court & Lahore High Court '' . archive.is . LUMS University Press . 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law Clerks '' ( PDF ) . supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Supreme Court of Pakistan press , Law clerks . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Advocate Supreme Court '' . pakistanbarcouncil.org . Pakistan Bar Council . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court building '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan Supreme building . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islamabad Police '' . islamabadpolice.gov.pk . Islamabad Police Supreme Court Division . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Court Administration '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law clerks , et.al ( 2011 ) . `` Supreme Court Museum '' ( PDF ) . www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Supreme Court of Pakistan Press ( Museum ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 184 -- 186 Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan ^ Jump up to : Jillani , Aneese ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` The law of contempt '' . www.thenews.com.pk . News International , Jillani . News International . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial , staff writers ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` Suo Motu : Pakistan 's chemotherapy ? '' . DAWN.COM ( 241 / 165 ) . Dawn Newspapers , 2011 Ediotrial . Dawn Newspapers . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 184 ( 3 ) Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Klasra , Kaswar ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` SC took 86 suo moto cases in 5 years , Senate told '' . The Nation . The Nation , Supreme Court . The Nation . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 184 ( 1 ) - 184 ( 3 ) Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ Article 184 - 184 ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Garimella , Sai Ramani ; Jolly , Stellina . `` The Nationalistics Regime '' . Private International Law South Asian States ' Practice ( googlebooks ) . Springer . ISBN 9789811034589 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 186 ( 1 ) - 186 ( 2 ) Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ Article 187 ( 1 ) - 187 ( 3 ) Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ Manzoor , Saima Manzoor , Akif Manzoor , Engr Asif . `` Superior Judiciary '' . Police in Pakistan ( googlebooks ) . Lulu.com . ISBN 9781105990328 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 191 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan ^ Jump up to : Aslam , Muhammad ( 1980 ) . `` Judgments , Decrees , and Orders : The Supreme Court of Pakistan Rules '' ( PDF ) . www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Islamabad , Pakistan : Supreme Court of Pakistan library . p. 121 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 186A in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 187 ( 1 ) - 187 ( 2 ) in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 187 ( 3 ) in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan ^ Jump up to : Law clerks , et.al. ( 2009 ) . `` In the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Islamabad : Supreme Court of Pakistan rulings and decisions . p. 18 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Law clerks , et.al . `` In the Supreme Court of Pakistan , decisions '' ( PDF ) . www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Supreme Court of Pakistan Press , decisions . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Article 188 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 189 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 190 in Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan Press ( Release ) . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ et.al , law clerks . `` Annual Reports '' . www.supremecourt.gov.pk . Supreme Court of Pakistan Press ( Annual Reports ) . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PDF Pres release '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of Pakistan , S. ( 1970 ) . Pakistan . Supreme Court . Islamabad : Supreme Court of Pakistan Press , Books . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SCBAP , Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan ( 1989 ) . `` Rule of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . www.scbap.com/ . Islamabad : Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan Press . p. 10 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Bar -- SCBAP '' . scbap.com . Bar Association . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President -- SCBAP '' . scbap.com . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siddique , Osama ( 2001 ) . `` Approaches to legal and judicial reforms in Pakistan '' . Pakistan 's Experience with Formal Law : An Alien Justice ( google books ) . London , uk : Cambridge University Press . p. 451 . ISBN 9781107038158 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chak , Farhan Mujahid ( 2015 ) . `` The Constitutional cases '' . Islam and Pakistan 's Political Culture ( googlebooks ) ( 1 ed . ) . New York , U.S. : Routledge . p. 180 . ISBN 9781317657941 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamoodur Rahman Commission reports '' . Story of Pakistan . January 2000 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Wasti , Tahir ( 2009 ) . `` The Evolution of Qisas and Diyat Law '' . The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan : Sharia in practice ( google books ) . Leiden : Brill . p. 400 . ISBN 9004172254 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Nicole A. ( 2012 ) . `` Pakistan '' ( docs ) . www.law.tulane.edu/ . Eason - Weinmann Center for Comparative Law , Morris . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Military takeover challenged in court , BBC , 22 November 1999 Jump up ^ Ali , Rifaaqat ( 13 May 2000 ) . `` Govt given three years to hold polls '' . asianstudies.github.io ( 06 / 18 ) . Dawn Wire Service , 2000 . Dawn Wire Service . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kalhan , Anil ( 2010 ) . `` Constitution and ' Extraconstitution ' : Emergency Powers in Postcolonial Pakistan and India '' . Emergency Powers in Asia ( Victor Ramraj & Arun Thiruvengadam , eds . ) . SSRN 1398545 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan court limits army rule '' . 12 May 2000 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` SOUTH ASIA Musharraf pledges return to democracy '' . BBC News . 25 May 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Article 204 ( 1 ) - Article ( 204 ( 3 ) in Chapter 4 : Chapter 4 : General Provisions Relating to the Judicature in Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Babur , Iftikharullah ( 12 July 2002 ) . `` The Contempt of Court Act '' ( PDF ) . www.senate.gov.pk/ . Senate of Pakistan Press , The Gazette of Pakistan . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Supreme Court disqualifies Yousuf Raza Gilani , says vacate Prime Minister 's post . NDTV . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Gilani disqualified as PM : SC '' . The News International , 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . The Supreme Court ( SC ) has disqualified Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani as the prime minister in its short order of the NA Speaker ruling case , Geo News reported . Jump up ^ Sex Scandal involving Supreme Court Judges . Ghulam Hasnain , reporting from Islamabad for The Times , 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kalhan , Anil ( January 2013 ) . `` '' Gray Zone '' Constitutionalism and the Dilemma of Judicial Independence in Pakistan `` . Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law . 46 : 1 . SSRN 2087116 . ^ Jump up to : Supreme Court Annual Report 2012 - 2013 ^ Jump up to : Supreme Court Report Golden Jubilee Edition 2006 Jump up ^ Supreme Court Decision CONSTITUTION PETITION NO . 09 and 08 OF 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Encore , NOS , The News International '' . Jang.com.pk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sheikh Hakim ali Justice supreme court of Pakistan @ Pakistan Herald '' . Pakistanherald.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` International : Pak Supreme Court gets two more judges : 75540 '' . Indopia.in . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Leading News Resource of Pakistan '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of Pakistan . 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all of the series of unfortunate events books	The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End		A series of Unfortunate Events	a series of unfortunate events	A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen children 's novels by Lemony Snicket , the pen name of American author Daniel Handler . The books follow the turbulent lives of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire . After their parents ' death in a fire , the children are placed in the custody of a murderous relative , Count Olaf , who attempts to steal their inheritance and , later , orchestrates numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee . As the plot progresses , the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society known as V.F.D. , with connections to both Olaf and their parents . The series is narrated by Snicket , who dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest , Beatrice , and often attempts to dissuade the reader from continuing to read the Baudelaires ' story .	Characterized by Victorian Gothic tones and absurdist textuality , the books are noted for their dark humor , sarcastic storytelling , and anachronistic elements , as well as frequent cultural and literary allusions . They have been classified as postmodern and metafictional writing , with the plot evolution throughout the later novels being cited as an exploration of the psychological process of transition from the idyllic innocence of childhood to the moral complexity of maturity . Likewise , the final installments of the series are also acknowledged for their escalatingly intricate ethical ambiguity toward philosophical ambivalence , as the nature of some of the Baudelaires ' actions becomes increasingly harder to discern from those of their antagonist counterparts and more characters are revealed to be responsible for permanent wrongdoing , despite their identification with the self - proclaimed good side of the tale . Since the release of the first novel , The Bad Beginning , in September 1999 , the books have gained significant popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide , spawning a film , a video game , assorted merchandise and a television series on Netflix . The main thirteen books in the series have collectively sold more than 65 million copies and have been translated into 41 languages . Several companion books set in the same universe of the series have also been released , including Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , The Beatrice Letters and the noir prequel tetralogy All the Wrong Questions , which chronicles Snicket 's youth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Origins 3 Genre 4 Recurring themes and concepts 4.1 Narration style 4.2 Thematic approaches 4.3 Transtextuality 4.4 Allusions 5 Distribution 5.1 Books 5.2 All the Wrong Questions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Board games 6.5 Card games 6.6 Audio 6.6. 1 Audio books 6.6. 2 Album 7 Reception 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Criticism 7.3 Sales 7.4 Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The books seem to be set in an alternate , `` timeless '' world with stylistic similarities to both the 19th century and the 1930s , though with contemporary , and seemingly anachronistic scientific knowledge . For instance , in The Hostile Hospital , the Baudelaire children send a message via Morse code on a telegraph , yet in the general store they are in , there is fiber - optic cable for sale . An `` advanced computer '' appears in The Austere Academy ; this computer 's exact functions are never stated , as its only use in the book is to show a picture of Count Olaf . In a companion book to the series , The Unauthorized Autobiography , the computer is said to be capable of advanced forgery . The setting of the world has been compared to Edward Scissorhands in that it is `` suburban gothic '' . Although the film version sets the Baudelaires ' mansion in the city of Boston , Massachusetts , real places rarely appear in the books , although some are mentioned . For example , in The Ersatz Elevator , a book in Jerome and Esmé Squalor 's library was titled Trout , In France They 're Out ; there are also references to the fictional nobility of North American regions , specifically the Duchess of Winnipeg and the King of Arizona , perhaps allusions to the setting of Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Slapstick , which features similar North American fictional nobility . Interestingly , Vonnegut 's novel focuses on artificial family as the cure for loneliness and strife , which seems to also be the aim of the `` artificial family '' of V.F.D. Plot ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters The series follows the adventures of three siblings called the Baudelaire orphans . Snicket explains that very few positive things happen to the children , but much misfortune befalls them . Violet Baudelaire , the eldest , is 14 when the series begins and is an inventor . Klaus Baudelaire , the middle child , is twelve when the books begin ; he loves books and is an extraordinary speed reader who can remember everything he has ever read after reading it only once . Sunny Baudelaire is a baby in the beginning of the series , and enjoys biting things ; she develops a love for cooking later in the series . The children become orphans after their parents are killed in a fire at the family mansion . In The Bad Beginning , they are sent to live with a distant relative named Count Olaf after briefly living with Mr. Poe , a banker in charge of the orphans ' affairs . The siblings discover that Count Olaf intends to get his hands on the enormous Baudelaire fortune , which Violet is to inherit when she reaches 18 years of age . In the first book , he attempts to marry Violet , pretending it is the storyline for his latest play , but the plan falls through when Violet uses her non-dominant hand to sign the marriage document . In the following six books , Olaf disguises himself , finds the children and , with help from his many accomplices , tries to steal their fortune , committing arson , murder , and other crimes . In the eighth through twelfth books , the orphans adopt disguises while on the run from the police after Count Olaf frames them for his own murder . The Baudelaires routinely try to get help from Mr. Poe , but he , like many of the adults in the series , is oblivious to the dangerous reality of the children 's situation . As the books continue , the children uncover more of the mystery surrounding their parents ' deaths and find that their parents were in a secret organization , V.F.D. , along with several other adults they meet . After the acronym first appears at the end of The Austere Academy , the siblings find several red herrings that share the initials . They then start to meet `` volunteers '' and gradually learn about the organization , although they discover several mysteries that are never explained . In The End , the children find a diary written by their parents that answers many of their questions but also raises many more . The children leave with another young orphan on a boat from a remote island at the end of the series , their fates left unknown . Origins ( edit ) Author Daniel Handler The author of the series , Daniel Handler ( who uses the pseudonym Lemony Snicket ) , has said in an interview with The A.V. Club that he decided to write a children 's story when he was trying to find a publisher for his first novel , The Basic Eight . One of the publishers , HarperCollins , passed on The Basic Eight , but they were interested in him writing a story for children . Handler thought it was a terrible idea at first , but met with the publishers to discuss the book . They challenged him to write the book he wished he could have read when he was 10 . He retooled a manuscript he had for a mock - Gothic book for adults , which became `` the story of children growing through all these terrible things '' , a concept which the publishers liked , to Handler 's surprise . The first book in the series was The Bad Beginning , released September 30 , 1999 . When asked in a Moment Magazine interview about the Baudelaire children and Handler 's own Jewish heritage he replied , `` Oh yeah ! Yes . The Baudelaires are Jewish ! I guess we would not know for sure but we would strongly suspect it , not only from their manner but from the occasional mention of a rabbi or bar mitzvah or synagogue . The careful reader will find quite a few rabbis . '' Genre ( edit ) This series is most commonly classified as children 's fiction , but it has also been classified in more specific genres such as gothic fiction , or some variety thereof , whether it is mock - gothic , a satire of gothic literature , neo-Victorian or `` suburban gothic '' . Another genre that the series has been described as is absurdist fiction , because of its strange characters , improbable storylines , and black comedy . Recurring themes and concepts ( edit ) The plots of the first seven books follow the same basic pattern : the Baudelaires go to a new guardian in a new location , where Count Olaf appears and attempts to steal their fortune . The books following pick up where the previous book ended . There are thirteen books in the series and each book has thirteen chapters . The last book in the series , The End contains two stories , The End which has 13 chapters , and a separate `` book '' that is titled Chapter Fourteen . The location of each book 's critical events is usually identified in the book 's title ; the first twelve book titles are alliterative . In most books , the children 's skills are used to help them defeat Count Olaf 's plots ; for instance , Violet invents a lockpick in The Reptile Room . Occasionally , the children 's roles switch or other characters use their skills to assist the Baudelaires ( e.g. Quigley 's cartography skills help Violet and Klaus in The Slippery Slope ) . Narration style ( edit ) Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket frequently explains words and phrases in incongruous detail . When describing a word the reader may not be aware of , he typically says `` a word which here means ... , '' sometimes with a humorous definition , or one that is relevant only to the events at hand ( for example , he describes `` adversity '' as meaning `` Count Olaf '' ) . Despite the general absurdity of the books ' storyline , Lemony Snicket continuously maintains that the story is true and that it is his `` solemn duty '' to record it . Snicket often goes off into humorous or satirical asides , discussing his opinions of various matters , or his personal life . The details of his supposed personal life are largely absurd , incomplete , and not explained in detail . For example , Snicket claims to have been chased by an angry mob for 16 miles . Some details of his life are explained somewhat in a supplement to the series , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography . Lemony Snicket 's narration and commentary is characteristically cynical and despondent . In the blurb for each book , Snicket warns of the misery the reader may experience in reading about the Baudelaire orphans and suggests abandoning the books altogether . However , he also provides ample comic relief with wry , dark humor . In the excerpt for The Grim Grotto , he writes : `` ... the horrors ( the Baudelaire children ) encounter are too numerous to list , and you would n't even want me to describe the worst of it , which includes mushrooms , a desperate search for something lost , a mechanical monster , a distressing message from a lost friend and tap - dancing . '' Snicket 's narration has been described as `` self - conscious '' and `` post-modern '' . Snicket translates for the youngest Baudelaire orphan , Sunny , who in the early books almost solely uses words or phrases that make sense only to her siblings . As the series progresses , her speech often contains disguised meanings . Some words are spelled phonetically : ' surchmi ' in The Slippery Slope and ' Kikbucit ? ' in The End ; some are spelled backwards : ' edasurc ' in The Carnivorous Carnival , and ' cigam ' in The Miserable Mill . Some contain references to culture or people : for instance , when Sunny says `` Busheney '' ( combining the last names of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney , presumably ) , it is followed by the definition of `` you are a vile man who has no regard for anyone else '' . Some words Sunny uses are foreign , such as `` Shalom '' , `` Sayonara '' or `` Arrete '' . Some are more complex , such as when she says `` Akrofil , meaning , ' they were not afraid of heights ' '' , which phonetically translates to acrophile , meaning one who loves heights . She begins to use standard English words towards the end of the books ; one of her longer sentences being `` I 'm not a baby '' in The Slippery Slope . When describing a character whom the Baudelaires have met before , Snicket often describes the character first and does not reveal the name of the character until they have been thoroughly described . Lemony Snicket starts each book with a `` post-modern dissection of the reading experience '' before linking it back to how he presents the story of the Baudelaires and what their current situation is . Snicket often uses alliteration to name locations , as well as book titles , throughout the story . Many of the books start with a theme being introduced that is continually referenced throughout the book -- such as the repeated comparisons of the words `` nervous '' and `` anxious '' in The Ersatz Elevator , the consistent use of the phrase `` where there 's smoke , there 's fire '' in The Slippery Slope and the descriptions of the water cycle in The Grim Grotto . Thematic approaches ( edit ) A theme that becomes more prevalent as the series continues is the simultaneous importance and worthlessness of secrets . In the final book , The End , the concept is especially important , as demonstrated by a several - page - long discussion of the phrase `` in the dark . '' The children hear of a massive schism within the organization of V.F.D. , which was once noble but became filled with corruption and split into two sides , `` volunteers '' and `` villains . '' While many of the critical plot points are given answers , Snicket explains that no story can be fully devoid of questions as every story is intertwined with numerous others and every character 's history is shared in a great web of mysteries and unfortunate events that make up the world 's legacy , making it impossible for anyone to know all the answers to every question . The Baudelaire children and Count Olaf 's story is said to be merely a fragment of a much bigger story between numerous characters with the central connection being the organization of V.F.D. Social commentary is a major element in the books , which often comment on the seemingly inescapable follies of human nature . The books consistently present the Baudelaire children as free - thinking and independent , while the adults around them obey authority and succumb to mob psychology , peer pressure , ambition , and other social ills . A high account is given to learning : those who are `` well read '' are often sympathetic characters , while those who shun knowledge are villains . The books have strong themes of moral relativism , as the Baudelaires become more confused during the course of the series about the difference between right and wrong , feeling they have done wicked things themselves and struggling with the question of whether the end justifies the means . In the final book , in an allusion to the Book of Genesis , a snake offers the children a life - giving apple ( which the other characters in The End refuse to eat despite the fact that it is a cure for a fatal illness ) . Evil characters are shown to have sympathetic characteristics and often have led difficult lives . Similarly , good characters ' flaws become major problems . Almost every major character in the books has lived a life as difficult as that of the Baudelaires , especially the villains . The books highlight the inevitability of temptation and moral decision - making , regardless of external situation . This indicates that regardless of one 's outside influences , one always has the final choice in whether they will be good or bad . Characters that make brave decisions to fight back and take charge are almost always `` good , '' and characters that just go along end up as `` bad . '' However , some characters suggest that people are neither good nor bad , but a mix of both . Transtextuality ( edit ) There is a full page picture at the end of each book , showing a hint or clue about the content of the next book . This may be showing a flyer or piece of paper drifting by , though sometimes by a significant object : a snake appears at the end of The Bad Beginning , referring to Montgomery 's snake collection in the following book . The same picture is used at the start of the succeeding book . This practice continued at the end of The End which shows a boat sailing off into the sunset and at the start of Chapter Fourteen . The picture at the end of Chapter Fourteen includes a shape of a question mark . Following the picture is a letter to the editor , which explains to the editor how to get a manuscript of the next book . Snicket is writing from the location of the next book and usually reveals its title . Snicket notes that the editors will find various objects along with the manuscript , all of them having some impact in the story . Starting with the fourth book ( which previews the fifth ) , each letter has a layout relating to the next book , such as torn edges , fancy stationery , sopping wet paper , or telegram format . The letters change dramatically starting with the letter at the end of The Hostile Hospital -- for this preview letter , the letter is ripped to shreds and only a few scraps remain . The remaining letters are difficult to read , and some do not reveal the title . The final letter appears at the end of The End and simply has `` The end of THE END can be found at the end of THE END . '' There is no letter after Chapter Fourteen . Each book begins with a dedication to Beatrice , and references to this woman are made by Snicket throughout the series . At the end of the Chapter Fourteen epilogue , it is revealed that Beatrice was the Baudelaires ' late mother . Allusions ( edit ) To see more examples of allusions to literature and the real world in A Series of Unfortunate Events , see the individual article for any book in the series . While the books are marketed primarily to children , they are written with adult readers in mind as well ; the series features numerous references more likely to make sense to adults , such as allusions to Monty Python ( the Baudelaire children 's uncle Monty has a large snake collection , including a python , and a reference to the Self Defense Against Fresh Fruit sketch ) . Many of the characters ' names allude to other fictional works or real people with macabre connections ; locations may also allude to fiction , or contain foreign or obscure words with negative connotations . Lake Lachrymose appears in The Wide Window ; `` lachrymose '' means `` tearful . '' As the series progresses , more literature appears in the series -- either through quotes , explicit mentions or both . For instance , T.S. Eliot 's The Waste Land is important to the plot of The Grim Grotto , the eleventh book . The Baudelaire orphans are named after Charles Baudelaire ; Violet 's name also comes from the T.S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , specifically its verses concerning the `` violet hour , '' and Sunny and Klaus take their first names from Claus and Sunny von Bülow , while Mr. Poe is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe ( his sons are named Edgar and Albert ) . In the seventh installment , The Vile Village , Count Olaf 's disguise , Detective Dupin , is an allusion to C. Auguste Dupin , a fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe . Isadora and Duncan Quagmire are named after Isadora Duncan , a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger . In the fourth book , The Miserable Mill , Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell . Orwell finished his famous book 1984 in 1948 , and in the sixth book , The Ersatz Elevator , it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories . The Squalors ' names reference Jerome David `` J.D. '' Salinger and his short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor , while in an auction on which the plot hinges , Lot 49 is skipped , i.e. not cried , an allusion to Thomas Pynchon 's The Crying of Lot 49 . Both Salinger and Pynchon were reputed at one time not to be actual persons . The ninth book in the series , The Carnivorous Carnival , takes place at Caligari Carnival ; the carnival 's name is a nod to the 1920 silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Also , most of the inhabitants of the island in which the Baudelaires find themselves on in The End are named after characters from The Tempest , a play by William Shakespeare . Beatrice may be an allusion to the poem La Beatrice by Charles Baudelaire . The poem references an `` actor without a job , '' like the actor Count Olaf . The poem also begins with the line `` In a burnt , ash - grey land without vegetation , '' similar to the Baudelaire mansion burning down at the beginning of the series . The name Beatrice could also be an allusion to Italian poet Dante . Dante dedicated all of his works to `` Beatrice , '' with whom he was obsessed , and who was also dead , like Snicket 's Beatrice . Distribution ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The series includes thirteen novels as follows : The Bad Beginning ( 1999 ) The Reptile Room ( 1999 ) The Wide Window ( 2000 ) The Miserable Mill ( 2000 ) The Austere Academy ( 2000 ) The Ersatz Elevator ( 2001 ) The Vile Village ( 2001 ) The Hostile Hospital ( 2001 ) The Carnivorous Carnival ( 2002 ) The Slippery Slope ( 2003 ) The Grim Grotto ( 2004 ) The Penultimate Peril ( 2005 ) The End ( 2006 ) There are books that accompany the series , such as The Beatrice Letters , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , and The Puzzling Puzzles ; journals The Blank Book and The Notorious Notations ; and short materials such as The Dismal Dinner and 13 Shocking Secrets You 'll Wish You Never Knew About Lemony Snicket . The books were at one point published at the rate of three or four books per year . The endpapers were `` designed in a suitably Victorian style '' , with cloth binding on the spines matching the colours of the cover . A paperback release of the series , featuring restyled covers , new illustrations and a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade happened with The Bad Beginning : or , Orphans ! , The Reptile Room : or , Murder ! , and The Wide Window : or , Disappearance ! , but stopped after the third . Humorous quotes from the series were used in a book published under the Snicket name , Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid . All the Wrong Questions ( edit ) Main article : All the Wrong Questions See also : Lemony Snicket bibliography Lemony Snicket 's All the Wrong Questions is a four - part young adult series focused on Snicket 's childhood working for V.F.D. It is set in the same universe as A Series of Unfortunate Events and features several of the same characters and locations . The first book was titled Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , and was released in October 2012 . The second , When Did You See Her Last ? , was released in October 2013 , and the third , Should n't You Be in School ? , was released in September 2014 . The final book , Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? was released on September 29 , 2015 . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) Poster of the first season from the Netflix adaptation Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced in November 2014 its plans to adapt the books into an original TV series with 26 total episodes spanning 3 seasons , with 2 episodes dedicated to each book . Author Daniel Handler will serve as a writer and executive producer . On September 4 , 2015 , it was announced that filmmaker Barry Sonnenfeld and True Blood showrunner Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers . Daniel Handler is penning the scripts . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire , with the casting call confirming that the series would begin production in March 2016 . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project and they have not yet named a replacement showrunner . However , it was announced that Sonnenfeld and Handler were both still on board , and that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes are cast as Violet and Klaus . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman and Patrick Warburton were cast as Mr. Poe and Lemony Snicket respectively . The first season , consisting of eight episodes that cover the first four books , was released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a second season , which is planned to consist of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series , and also for a third and final season , which will adapt the four remaining books . It is assumed Handler will remain on as screenwriter of the new seasons . Film ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in the film adaptation Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a film adaptation of the first three titles in the series , mixing the various events and characters into one story . It was released on December 17 , 2004 . Directed by Brad Silberling , it stars Jim Carrey as Count Olaf , Meryl Streep as Aunt Josephine , Billy Connolly as Uncle Monty , Emily Browning as Violet , Liam Aiken as Klaus , Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe , and Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket . The film was successful , however it was also criticized because the tone was comical , when the books were solemn and serious with occasional wry humor . Considering the success of the movie , the director and some of the lead actors hinted that they were keen on making a sequel , but no script was written . When I took the decision to take the movie I said I 'd obviously do it with the right to refusal , I 'm not going to give in to anything . I asked the studio how they were going to deal with the sequel . But they did n't want to talk about it until the first film was out . It 's amazing ; a script has not yet been worked on for the sequel , which I find a bit baffling . -- Brad Silberling , Browning has said that further films would have to be produced quickly , as the children do not age much throughout the book series . In 2008 , Daniel Handler stated in a Bookslut Interview that another film was in the works , but had been delayed by corporate shake - ups at Paramount Pictures . In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . `` In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now I 'm afraid I 'm going to have to show you the real thing . ' '' Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( video game ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) that was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and PC . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the White - Faced Women , and the Bald Man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game there are some references to V.F.D. such as while in the first level a package is delivered from the `` Very Fast Delivery Service . '' The note attached to the package also reads at the end `` P.S. The world is quiet here , '' which is the motto of V.F.D. Board Games ( edit ) A board game based on the books was distributed by Mattel in 2004 , prior to the movie . The Perilous Parlor Game is for 2 -- 4 players , ages 8 and up . One player assumes the role of Count Olaf , and the other players play the Baudelaire children . Count Olaf 's objective in the game is to eliminate the guardian , while the children try to keep the guardian alive . The game employs Clever Cards , Tragedy Cards , Secret Passage Tiles , and Disguise Tiles in play . Card Games ( edit ) The Catastrophic Card Game is the second game based on the books . In this card game , players are looking to complete sets of characters . There are 4 different sets : The Baudelaire Orphans , Count Olaf in Disguise , Olaf 's Henchmen and the Orphans Confidants . Players take turns drawing a card from either the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile in hopes of completing their sets . For 2 -- 4 players , ages 14 and under . Audio ( edit ) Audio books ( edit ) Most of the series of unabridged audio books are read by British actor Tim Curry , though Handler as Lemony Snicket reads books 3 to 5 . Of narrating the audio books , Handler has said : `` It was very , very hard . It was unbelievably arduous . It was the worst kind of arduous . '' As such , future narrating duties were handed back to Curry , of whom Handler states : `` he does a splendid job '' . The `` Dear Reader '' blurb is usually read by Handler ( as Snicket ) at the beginning , although it is missing in The Hostile Hospital . Handler usually reads the `` To my Kind Editor '' blurb about the next book at the end . Starting at The Carnivorous Carnival there is another actor who replaces Handler in reading the two blurbs , although they are skipped entirely in The Grim Grotto . All of the recordings include a loosely related song by The Gothic Archies , a novelty band of which Handler is a member , featuring lyrics by Handler 's Magnetic Fields bandmate Stephin Merritt . Album ( edit ) Main article : The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events In October 2006 , The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events by The Gothic Archies was released . The album is a collection of thirteen songs written and performed by Stephin Merritt ( of The Magnetic Fields ) , each one originally appearing on one of the corresponding thirteen audiobooks of the series . Two bonus songs are included . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Reviews for A Series of Unfortunate Events have generally been positive , with reviewers saying that the series is enjoyable for children and adults alike , and that it brings fresh and adult themes to children 's stories . The Times Online refer to the books as `` a literary phenomenon '' , and discuss how the plight of the Baudelaire orphans helps children cope with loss -- citing the rise in sales post September 11 , 2001 as evidence . Although the series has often been compared to Harry Potter due to the young heroes and the sales of the two series , reviewer Bruce Butt feels that the series ' tone is closer to Roald Dahl and Philip Ardagh . Handler acknowledges Edward Gorey and Roald Dahl as influences . Mackey attributes the series ' success to the `` topsy - turvy moral universe '' . Langbauer feels that the series `` offers a critique of the pieties '' of earlier generations and `` imparting its own vision of ethics '' . Criticism ( edit ) Czech translation The series has come under criticism from some school districts for its dark themes , citing objections to the suggested incest ( referring to Olaf 's attempt to marry his distant cousin Violet in The Bad Beginning , although his motivation was not sexual in nature , but rather an attempt to gain the Baudelaire fortune ) and the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' being said in The Reptile Room . Handler later commented that the word 's use was `` precipitated by a long discussion of how one should never say this word , since only a villain would do so vile a thing ! This is exactly the lily - liveredness of children 's books that I ca n't stand . '' Access to the books was similarly restricted at Katy ISD Elementary School in Katy , Texas . The series has also been criticized for formulaic and repetitive storytelling . Sales ( edit ) French translations A Series of Unfortunate Events has been printed in 41 different languages , selling at least sixty - five million copies as of 2015 . Awards ( edit ) In addition to its strong reviews , The Bad Beginning won multiple literary awards , including the Colorado Children 's Book Award , the Nevada Young Readers Award and the Nene Award . It was also a finalist for the Book Sense Book of the Year . Its sequels have continued this trend , garnering multiple awards and nominations . Among these are three IRA / CBC Children 's Choice Awards , which it received for The Wide Window , The Vile Village , and The Hostile Hospital ; a best book prize at the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , and a 2006 Quill Book Award , both for The Penultimate Peril . While not technically awards , The Ersatz Elevator was named a Book Sense 76 Pick , and The Grim Grotto is an Amazon.com Customers ' Favorite . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal Lemony Snicket bibliography References ( edit ) Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The End . HarperColins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 441016 - 8 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Making Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Series '' ... Slashfilm . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jean . `` Steampunk Style Jewelry : Victorian , Fantasy , and Mechanical Necklaces , Bracelets , and Earrings '' ... Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Cruickshank and Kevin McFarland ( October 25 , 2012 ) . Dissecting the repetition and hidden messages of A Series Of Unfortunate Events . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lemony Who ? '' . ansible.co.uk . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Danel . 21st - Century Gothic : Great Gothic Novels Since 2000 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cross , Julie . Humor in Contemporary Junior Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Charney , Maurice . Irony in Children 's Literature . Comedy : A Geographic and Historical Guide , Volume 2 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sadenwasser , Tim . The Gothic Fairy Tale in Young Adult Literature : Essays on Stories from Grimm to Gaiman . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Sara ( May / June 2013 ) . Performative Metafiction : Lemony Snicket , Daniel Handler and The End of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The Looking Glass : New Perspectives on Children 's Literature , Vol 17 , No 1 ( 2013 ) . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Lenika ( October 23 , 2014 ) . Postmodernism -- for Kids . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Tison . Innocence , Heterosexuality , and the Queerness of Children 's Literature . What , Then , Does Beatrice Mean ? : Hermaphroditic Gender , Predatory Sexuality , and Promiscuous Allusion in Daniel Handler / Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlin , Charlotte ( February 18 , 2016 ) . What A Series Of Unfortunate Events Taught Me About Justice . Bustle.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . ( July 6 , 2015 ) . Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube . Variety . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemony Snicket Sneaks Back with ' File Under : 13 Suspicious Incidents ' . Publisher 's Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R. della Cava , Marco ( October 22 , 2012 ) . Daniel Handler 's new Snicket series dives into noir . USA Today . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Butt , Bruce ( December 2003 ) . `` ' He 's behind you ! ' : Reflections on Repetition and Predictability in Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Children 's Literature in Education . Springer . 34 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 286 . doi : 10.1023 / B : CLID. 0000004895.65809. 71 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) . The Hostile Hospital . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0612 - 8 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2000 ) ( 2000 - 08 - 31 ) . The Austere Academy . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440863 - 9 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2001 ) ( 2001 - 02 - 19 ) . The Ersatz Elevator . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0872 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 1999 ) ( 1999 - 09 - 30 ) . The Bad Beginning . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440766 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Handler -- AVClub.com -- Interview by Tasha Robinson , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mysterious Mr. Snicket '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nadine Epstein ( February 2007 ) . `` The Jewish Secrets of Lemony Snicket '' . Moment Magazine . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( August 8 , 2002 ) . `` Author suggests you read something else -- Making light of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Moira . `` Tales of a Seventh - Grade Scare Tactic -- The new Gothicism of children 's books '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fierman , Daniel ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Lemony Snicket is the new Harry Potter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2004 ) ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441014 - 5 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) . The Slippery Slope . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441013 - 7 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( October 4 , 2004 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 1527 - 5 . People are n't either wicked or noble , '' the hook - handed man said . `` They 're like chef 's salads , with good things and bad things chopped and mixed together in a vinaigrette of confusion and conflict . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 15 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Melody Joy ( October 12 , 2006 ) . A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions . National Public Radio . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket '' . Quidditch.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved January 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Weldy , Lance . Crossing Textual Boundaries in International Children 's Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books '' . lemonysnicket.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Beatrice Letters '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Puzzling Puzzles '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Blank Book '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Notorious Notations '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Books by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Lemony Snicket . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? '' ( All the Wrong Questions ) : Lemony Snicket , Seth : 9780316123044 : Amazon.com : Books `` . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . lemonysnicketcasting.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Set To Star In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton to Star as Lemony Snicket in Netflix Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . unfortunateeventsmovie.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books -- The Bad Beginning : Movie Tie - in Edition '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 10 . I 'm sorry to say that the book you are holding in your hands is extremely boring . If you are looking for a good time , you would have a better time watching a motion picture starring a handsome count . -- Count Olaf Jump up ^ `` The latest on Snicket sequel '' . moviehole.net. April 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Emily Browning -- Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . darkhorizons.com . December 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ronnie ( October 2008 ) . `` AN INTERVIEW WITH DANIEL HANDLER '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lemony Snicket Director Brad Silberling Plans To Do Each Film In Different Medium '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Game News '' . kidzworld.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking With Lemony Snicket '' . audiofilemagazine.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Archies Theme Songs for Lemony Snicket Audio Books '' . houseoftomorrow.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Gothic Archies The Tragic Treasury : Songs From A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . tragictreasury.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning '' . ypress.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Robinson . `` Life Is n't Fair : Adult Lessons for Children from Dahl and Snicket '' ( PDF ) . San Jose State University . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Betts , Hannah ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` Unhappily ever after '' . Times Online . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Margaret ( January 2003 ) . `` Risk , Safety , and Control in Young People 's Reading Experiences '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . Edmonton. 9 ( 1 ) : 50 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Langbauer , Laurie ( March 2007 ) . `` The Ethics and Practice of Lemony Snicket : Adolescence and Generation X '' . PMLA. 122 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 521 . doi : 10.1632 / pmla. 2007.122. 2.502 . JSTOR 25501718 . Jump up ^ Vaux , Anna ( December 4 , 2001 ) . `` Move over Harry Potter '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Banned Books Report '' ( PDF ) . ACLU TX . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Snicket Letters '' . Books For Keeps . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Friday the 13th closes the book on Lemony Snicket '' . USAToday . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 1 : The Bad Beginning '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ABA : The Book Sense Book of the Year '' . bookweb.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 3 : The Wide Window '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 7 : The Vile Village '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 8 : The Hostile Hospital '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2005 '' . Nickelodeon . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards '' . thequills.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 6 : The Ersatz Elevator '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 11 : The Grim Grotto '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events Official website A Series of Unfortunate Events at the Internet Book List Daniel Handler 's official website A Series of Unfortunate Events on Netflix ( hide ) Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Baby in the Manger The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events&oldid=828313543 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events Absurdist fiction Black comedy books British Book Award - winning works American children 's novels Novels about orphans Series of children 's books HarperCollins books Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 50 . 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what are the functions of the duodenum jejunum and ileum	The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm ( 7.9 inches ) to 25 cm ( 9.8 inches ) in length , and shaped like a `` C '' . It surrounds the head of the pancreas . It receives gastric chyme from the stomach , together with digestive juices from the pancreas ( digestive enzymes ) and the liver ( bile ) . The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles . The duodenum contains Brunner 's glands , which produce a mucus - rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate . These secretions , in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas , neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme . The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine , connecting the duodenum to the ileum . It is about 2.5 m long , and contains the plicae circulares , and villi that increase its surface area . Products of digestion ( sugars , amino acids , and fatty acids ) are absorbed into the bloodstream here . The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum . The ileum : The final section of the small intestine . It is about 3 m long , and contains villi similar to the jejunum . It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids , as well as any other remaining nutrients . The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction .		Small intestine	small intestine	The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place . The small intestine has three distinct regions -- the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins . It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct , controlled by the sphincter of Oddi . The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food , using small finger - like protrusions called villi .	Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Size 1.2 Parts 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Histology 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Digestion 2.2 Absorption 2.3 Immunological 3 Gene and protein expression 4 Clinical significance 5 Other animals 6 Society and culture 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Size ( edit ) The length of the small intestine can vary greatly , from as short as 2.75 m ( 9.0 ft ) to as long as 10.49 m ( 34.4 ft ) . The average length in a living person is 3m - 5m . The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured . Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty . It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age , and 2.5 -- 3 cm ( 1 inch ) in diameter in adults . On abdominal X-rays , the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm . On CT scans , a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated . The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa , due to enlargement caused by folds , villi and microvilli , averages 30 square meters . Parts ( edit ) The small intestine is divided into three structural parts . The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm ( 7.9 inches ) to 25 cm ( 9.8 inches ) in length , and shaped like a `` C '' . It surrounds the head of the pancreas . It receives gastric chyme from the stomach , together with digestive juices from the pancreas ( digestive enzymes ) and the liver ( bile ) . The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles . The duodenum contains Brunner 's glands , which produce a mucus - rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate . These secretions , in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas , neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme . The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine , connecting the duodenum to the ileum . It is about 2.5 m long , and contains the plicae circulares , and villi that increase its surface area . Products of digestion ( sugars , amino acids , and fatty acids ) are absorbed into the bloodstream here . The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum . The ileum : The final section of the small intestine . It is about 3 m long , and contains villi similar to the jejunum . It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids , as well as any other remaining nutrients . The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction . The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery . The mesentery is part of the peritoneum . Arteries , veins , lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery . Blood supply ( edit ) The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery . These are both branches of the aorta . The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery . These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose . The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery . Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades , which may be several layers deep . Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal wall Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn . The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level , but there are some important differences . The parts of the intestine are as follows : Layer Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Serosa 1st part serosa , 2nd -- 4th adventitia Normal Normal Muscularis externa Longitudinal and circular layers , with Auerbach 's ( myenteric ) plexus in between Same as duodenum Same as duodenum Submucosa Brunner 's glands and Meissner 's ( submucosal ) plexus No BG No BG Mucosa : muscularis mucosae Normal Normal Normal Mucosa : lamina propria No PP No PP Peyer 's patches Mucosa : intestinal epithelium Simple columnar . Contains goblet cells , Paneth cells Similar to duodenum ? Development ( edit ) See also : Development of the digestive system The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine . Function ( edit ) Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter . Digestion ( edit ) The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place . Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct . Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin , which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients . Secretin , another hormone produced in the small intestine , causes additional effects on the pancreas , where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach . The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins , lipids ( fats ) and carbohydrates : Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption . Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine . Proteolytic enzymes , including trypsin and chymotrypsin , are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides . Carboxypeptidase , which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme , splits one amino acid at a time . Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products . Lipids ( fats ) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol . Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides . Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder . Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them , which aids access by pancreatic lipase . This occurs because the lipase is water - soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings . The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption . Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars , or monosaccharides ( e.g. , glucose ) . Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates ( notably starch ) into oligosaccharides . Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria . Brush border enzymes take over from there . The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase , which further break down oligosaccharides . Other brush border enzymes are maltase , sucrase and lactase . Lactase is absent in some adult humans and , for them , lactose ( a disaccharide ) , as well as most polysaccharides , is not digested in the small intestine . Some carbohydrates , such as cellulose , are not digested at all , despite being made of multiple glucose units . This is because the cellulose is made out of beta - glucose , making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch , which consists of alpha - glucose . Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta - glucose - bonds , something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine . Absorption ( edit ) Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport . The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed . The inner wall , or mucosa , of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue . Structurally , the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares , which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ . They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction . From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger - like pieces of tissue called villi ( Latin for `` shaggy hair '' ) . The individual epithelial cells also have finger - like projections known as microvilli . The functions of the plicae circulares , the villi , and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients , and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna . Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface . The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries ( amino acids and carbohydrates ) and lacteals ( lipids ) . The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body . The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine . Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum , with the following notable exceptions : Iron is absorbed in the duodenum . Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum . Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine . Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion . Immunological ( edit ) The small intestine supports the body 's immune system . The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host 's immune system . Peyer 's patches , located within the ileum of the small intestine , are an important part of the digestive tract 's local immune system . They are part of the lymphatic system , and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled , and subsequently presented to the immune system . Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum . Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine . The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa , such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6 . Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum , for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Gastrointestinal disease The small intestine is a complex organ , and as such , there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel . A few of them are listed below , some of which are common , with up to 10 % of people being affected at some time in their lives , while others are vanishingly rare . Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders Meconium ileus Paralytic ileus Volvulus Hernia Intussusception Adhesions Obstruction from external pressure Obstruction by masses in the lumen ( foreign bodies , bezoar , gallstones ) Infectious diseases Giardiasis Ascariasis Tropical sprue Tape worm ( Diphyllobothrium latum , Taenia solium , Hymenolepsis nana ) Hookworm ( e.g. Necator americanus , Ancylostoma duodenale ) Nematodes ( e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides ) Other Protozoa ( e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum , Cyclospora , Microsporidia , Entamoeba histolytica ) Bacterial infections Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica Campylobacter Shigella Yersinia Clostridium difficile ( antibiotic - associated colitis , Pseudomembranous colitis ) Mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis , disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) Whipple 's disease Vibrio ( cholera ) Enteric ( typhoid ) fever ( Salmonella enterica var . typhii ) and paratyphoid fever Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens ( gas gangrene ) Viral infections Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Neoplasms ( cancers ) Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) Lymphoma Sarcoma Leiomyoma Metastatic tumors , especially SCLC or melanoma Developmental , congenital or genetic conditions Duodenal ( intestinal ) atresia Hirschsprung 's disease Meckel 's diverticulum Pyloric stenosis Pancreas divisum Ectopic pancreas Enteric duplication cyst Situs inversus Cystic fibrosis Malrotation Persistent urachus Omphalocele Gastroschisis Disaccharidase ( lactase ) deficiencies Primary bile acid malabsorption Gardner syndrome Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome ( FAP ) Other conditions Crohn 's disease , and the more general inflammatory bowel disease Typhlitis ( neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed Coeliac disease ( sprue or non-tropical sprue ) Mesenteric ischemia Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein Arteriovenous malformation Gastric dumping syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome Duodenal ( peptic ) ulcers Gastrointestinal perforation Hyperthyroidism Diverticulitis Radiation enterocolitis Mesenteric cysts Peritoneal Infection Sclerosing retroperitonitis Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Endometriosis Other animals ( edit ) The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts , although its form and length vary enormously between species . In teleosts , it is relatively short , typically around one and a half times the length of the fish 's body . It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch - like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food . There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts , with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu In tetrapods , the ileocaecal valve is always present , opening into the colon . The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts , but is especially so in herbivores , as well as in mammals and birds , which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles . The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates , but only in mammals do these develop into true villi . The boundaries between the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans , and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals , or are essentially arbitrary . There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish , such as sharks , sturgeons , and lungfish . Instead , the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine , connecting the stomach to the rectum . In this type of gut , the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion , sometimes for dozens of turns . This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine . The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods . In lampreys , the spiral valve is extremely small , possibly because their diet requires little digestion . Hagfish have no spiral valve at all , with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine , which is not subdivided into different regions . Society and culture ( edit ) In traditional Chinese medicine , the small intestine is a yang organ . Additional images ( edit ) Small intestine in situ , greater omentum folded upwards . Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400 Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium ( lesser omentum ) have been cut . The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint . First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum , seen from the side ( diagrammatic ) . From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine . Large intestine Stomach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ human body Britannica.com ^ Jump up to : DiBaise , John K. ; Parrish , Carol Rees ; Thompson , Jon S. ( 2016 ) . Short Bowel Syndrome : Practical Approach to Management . CRC Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781498720809 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology . USA : Wiley . p. 913 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 ... its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5 m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( 2016 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . UK : Elsevier . p. 1124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 5230 - 9 ... and has a mean length of 5 metres ( 3 - 8.5 metres ) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult ( Tietelbaum et al 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Debora Duro , Daniel Kamin ( 2007 ) . `` Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation '' . Colombia Médica. 38 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ali Nawaz Khan ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern '' . radiologymasterclass.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gazelle , GS ; Goldberg , MA ; Wittenberg , J ; Halpern , EF ; Pinkney , L ; Mueller , PR ( 1994 ) . `` Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small - bowel obstruction from other causes of small - bowel dilatation '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 162.1. 8273687 . ISSN 0361 - 803X . Jump up ^ Helander , Herbert F ; Fändriks , Lars ( 2015 ) . `` Surface area of the digestive tract -- revisited '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 689 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365521.2014. 898326 . ISSN 0036 - 5521 . PMID 24694282 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ Silk DB ( 1974 ) . `` Progress report . Peptide absorption in man '' . Gut. 15 ( 6 ) : 494 -- 501 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 15.6. 494 . PMC 1413009 . PMID 4604970 . Jump up ^ `` Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream '' . Massachusetts General Hospital . 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Canny , G.O. ; McCormick , B.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Bacteria in the Intestine , Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within ? '' . Infection and Immunity. 76 ( 8 ) : 3360 -- 3373 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 00187 - 08 . ISSN 0019 - 9567 . PMC 2493210 . PMID 18474643 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 349 -- 353 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Porter ( ed . ) , Roy ( 1997 ) . Medicine : a history of healing . ( S.l. ) : Diane Pub Co. p. 104 . ISBN 9780756751432 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Sherwood , Lauralee ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of physiology : a human perspective ( Third ed . ) . Florence , KY : Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46697 - 4 . Solomon et al. ( 2002 ) Biology Sixth Edition , Brooks - Cole / Thomson Learning ISBN 0 - 03 - 033503 - 5 Townsend et al. ( 2004 ) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery , Elsevier ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0409 - 9 Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 1 '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1546 -- 64 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024719925058 . PMID 12924651 . Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 2 '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024724109128 . PMID 12924652 . External links ( edit ) Small intestine at the Human Protein Atlas Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4013218 - 3 NDL : 00987719 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_intestine&oldid=852735054 '' Categories : Abdomen Digestive system Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 00 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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who is running for governor of oklahoma 2014			Oklahoma gubernatorial Election , 2018	oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018		Nominee TBD Drew Edmondson Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Mary Fallin Republican Elections in Oklahoma Federal government ( show ) Presidential Elections 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 Senate elections 1968 1980 1986 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 House of Representatives elections 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections Senate , 1994 1st district , 2002 Senate , 2014 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1907 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State Elections 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) Question 711 Tulsa government ( show ) Mayoral elections 2006 2009 2013 Government The 2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of Oklahoma . Incumbent Republican Governor Mary Fallin is term - limited and can not seek re-election to a third consecutive term . Primary elections occurred on June 26 , 2018 , with primary runoff elections scheduled for August 28 , 2018 . The Democratic Party nominated former state Attorney General Drew Edmondson . The Republican primary will advance to a runoff between former Oklahoma City mayor Mick Cornett and businessman Kevin Stitt . The Libertarian primary will advance to a runoff between former OKLP chairman Chris Powell and Rex L. Lawhorn . Contents 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 First round 1.3. 1 Polling 1.3. 2 Results 1.4 Runoff 1.4. 1 Polling 1.4. 2 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Withdrew 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Polling 2.3 Results 3 Libertarian primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.2 First round 3.2. 1 Results 3.3 Runoff 3.3. 1 Results 4 General election 4.1 Predictions 4.2 Polling 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Christopher Barnett , businessman Mick Cornett , former Mayor of Oklahoma City Dan Fisher , former State Representative Eric Foutch Barry Gowdy , nurse Gary Jones , Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector Todd Lamb , Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Gary Richardson , former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Oklahoma , nominee for OK - 02 in 1978 and 1980 , and independent candidate for Governor in 2002 Blake `` Cowboy '' Stephens , rancher and educator Kevin Stitt , businessman Endorsements ( edit ) show Mick Cornett Mayors Jack Smiley , Mayor of Altus , Oklahoma Brian Cathey , Mayor of Atoka , Oklahoma Dale Copeland , Mayor of Bartlesville , Oklahoma Craig Thurmond , Mayor of Broken Arrow , Oklahoma Hank Ross , Former Mayor of Chickasha , Oklahoma Brian Linley , Mayor of Del City , Oklahoma Patrice Douglas , Former Mayor of Edmond , Oklahoma Saundra Naifeh , Former Mayor of Edmond , Oklahoma Matt White , Mayor of El Reno , Oklahoma Bill Shewey , Mayor of Enid , Oklahoma Kim Petersen , Mayor of Guymon , Oklahoma Fred Fitch , Mayor of Lawton , Oklahoma Jay Adams , Former Mayor of Mustang , Oklahoma Homer Nicholson , Mayor of Ponca City , Oklahoma Jeff Shockley , Mayor of Guymon , Oklahoma Jimmy Trammell , Mayor of Pryor Creek , Oklahoma Mike Burdge , Mayor of Sand Springs , Oklahoma Dewey F. Bartlett Jr. , Former Mayor of Tulsa , Oklahoma Individuals Gary Richardson , Former Eastern District Attorney and Candidate for Governor in 2002 & 2018 Organizations Oklahomans for Public Education The Oklahoman The Yukon Review Tulsa World show Todd Lamb U.S. Representatives Steve Russell ( OK - 05 ) Individuals Tommy Franks , retired Army General Donald Trump Jr. , businessman and son of U.S. President Donald Trump Organizations Oklahoma Farm Bureau show Gary Richardson Individuals Thomas P. Stafford , Apollo 10 Commander Monica Deon , Former Tulsa County Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2016 Volunteer Coordinator Organizations Sooner Politics News The Edmond Republican GROUP show Kevin Stitt IAFF Local 176 First round ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mick Cornett Dan Fisher Gary Jones Todd Lamb Gary Richardson Kevin Stitt Other Undecided Right Strategy Group ( R ) June 6 -- 7 , 2018 435 ± 4.5 % 21 % 4 % 2 % 20 % 6 % 20 % -- 28 % Oklahoma Strategic Solutions ( R - Richardson ) May 22 -- 23 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 13 % 4 % 3 % 20 % 13 % 17 % -- 30 % Right Strategy Group ( R ) May 22 -- 23 , 2018 409 ± 5.0 % 20 % 4 % 3 % 20 % 4 % 21 % -- 29 % SoonerPoll May 15 -- 23 , 2018 319 -- 20 % 3 % 4 % 23 % 3 % 14 % 1 % 31 % Magellan Strategies April 18 -- 19 and 22 , 2018 644 ± 3.9 % 17 % 5 % 5 % 19 % 12 % 19 % -- 23 % SoonerPoll March 14 -- 22 , 2018 294 -- 22 % 4 % 3 % 21 % 7 % 8 % -- 36 % Oklahoma Strategic Solutions ( R - Richardson ) March 9 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 15 % 2 % 3 % 14 % 10 % 8 % -- 48 % SoonerPoll January 4 -- 9 , 2018 213 -- 24 % 4 % 3 % 18 % 9 % 3 % -- 39 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jim Bridenstine Todd Lamb Scott Pruitt Undecided SoonerPoll September 1 -- 15 , 2017 403 ± 4.9 % 19 % 33 % 16 % 32 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Cornett ( show ) Cornett -- 40 -- 50 % Cornett -- 30 -- 40 % Cornett -- < 30 % Stitt ( show ) Stitt -- < 30 % Stitt -- 30 -- 40 % Lamb ( show ) Lamb -- < 30 % Lamb -- 30 -- 40 % Lamb -- 40 -- 50 % Fisher ( show ) Fisher -- < 30 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mick Cornett 132,713 29.3 Republican Kevin Stitt 110,369 24.4 Republican Todd Lamb 107,918 23.9 Republican Dan Fisher 35,765 7.9 Republican Gary Jones 25,220 5.6 Republican Gary Richardson 18,155 4.0 Republican Blake Stephens 12,187 2.7 Republican Christopher Barnett 5,231 1.2 Republican Barry Gowdy 2,347 0.5 Republican Eric Foutch 2,289 0.5 Total votes 452,194 100 Runoff ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mick Cornett Kevin Stitt Undecided Remington ( R ) August 1 -- 2 , 2018 1,757 ± 2.3 % 37 % 47 % 16 % Right Strategy Group ( R ) August 1 -- 2 , 2018 385 ± 5.0 % 33 % 41 % 26 % SoonerPoll July 18 -- 20 , 2018 483 ± 4.5 % 37 % 37 % 25 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mick Cornett Republican Kevin Stitt Total votes 100 Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Drew Edmondson , former Attorney General of Oklahoma and candidate for Governor in 2010 Connie Johnson , former State Senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Withdrew ( edit ) Scott Inman , State Representative Norman Jay Brown , auto mechanic Declined ( edit ) Dan Boren , former U.S. Representative Joe Dorman , former State Representative and nominee for Governor in 2014 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Norman Brown Drew Edmondson Connie Johnson Undecided Right Strategy Group ( R ) June 6 -- 7 , 2018 -- -- -- 45 % 11 % 45 % SoonerPoll May 15 -- 23 , 2018 297 ± 5.7 % -- 44 % 14 % 43 % SoonerPoll March 14 -- 22 , 2018 264 -- 4 % 34 % 13 % 50 % SoonerPoll January 4 -- 9 , 2018 162 -- 4 % 40 % 21 % 35 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Edmondson ( show ) Edmondson -- 70 -- 80 % Edmondson -- 60 -- 70 % Edmondson -- 50 -- 60 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Drew Edmondson 242,504 61.4 Democratic Connie Johnson 152,534 38.6 Total votes 395,038 100.0 Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Rex L. Lawhorn , former Oklahoma Americans Elect Party chair , and Oklahoma State Director for Our America Intiative . Joe Exotic , Former Police Chief of Eastvale , Texas & zookeeper Chris Powell , former OKLP chair and candidate for Oklahoma County Clerk in 2016 First round ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Initial primary results by county : Powell ( show ) Powell -- 100 % Powell -- 80 -- 90 % Powell -- 70 -- 80 % Powell -- 60 -- 70 % Powell -- 50 -- 60 % Powell -- 40 -- 50 % Powell & Lawhorn tie ( show ) Powell & Lawhorn tie -- 36.4 % Powell & Lawhorn tie -- 40 % Powell & Lawhorn tie -- 50 % Lawhorn ( show ) Lawhorn -- 40 -- 50 % Lawhorn -- 50 -- 60 % Lawhorn -- 60 -- 70 % Lawhorn -- 70 -- 80 % Lawhorn -- 100 % Exotic ( show ) Exotic -- 40 -- 50 % Exotic -- 60 -- 70 % Exotic -- 100 % No votes ( show ) No votes Libertarian primary results Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Chris Powell 1,736 48.9 Libertarian Rex L. Lawhorn 1,150 32.4 Libertarian Joe Exotic 663 18.7 Total votes 3,549 100 % Runoff ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Libertarian primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Rex L. Lawhorn Libertarian Chris Powell Total votes General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Safe R July 21 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Likely R November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Likely R November 14 , 2017 Daily Kos Likely R May 31 , 2018 Polling ( edit ) with Mick Cornett Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mick Cornett ( R ) Drew Edmondson ( D ) Undecided Right Strategy Group ( R ) August 1 -- 2 , 2018 737 ± 4.0 % 39 % 39 % 21 % SoonerPoll July 18 -- 20 , 2018 404 ± 4.9 % 43 % 35 % 23 % SoonerPoll May 15 -- 23 , 2018 622 ± 3.9 % 33 % 27 % 40 % with Kevin Stitt Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kevin Stitt ( R ) Drew Edmondson ( D ) Undecided Right Strategy Group ( R ) August 1 -- 2 , 2018 737 ± 4.0 % 41 % 42 % 17 % SoonerPoll July 18 -- 20 , 2018 404 ± 4.9 % 39 % 40 % 21 % SoonerPoll May 15 -- 23 , 2018 622 ± 3.9 % 25 % 32 % 43 % Hypothetical polling with Todd Lamb Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Todd Lamb ( R ) Drew Edmondson ( D ) Undecided SoonerPoll May 15 -- 23 , 2018 622 ± 3.9 % 33 % 28 % 39 % See also ( edit ) Oklahoma state elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 Election Calendar '' . Oklahoma State Election Board . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Barnett for Governor '' . chrisforgov.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett announces plan to run for governor '' . KFOR.com. 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Former Rep. Lawmaker Dan Fisher To Run For State Governor '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Filings , 2018 '' . www.ok.gov . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` ok.gov '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Murphy , Sean ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Oklahoma Auditor Gary Jones to Run for Governor in 2018 '' . U.S. News and World Report . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Governor Todd Lamb files candidacy paperwork for 2018 governor 's race '' . KFOR.com. 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Felder , Ben ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Richardson announces run for governor , seeks Republican ticket '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 : Kevin Stitt Announces Republican Bid For Governor '' . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Smiley Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Cathey Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Copeland Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Thurmond Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mayor Ross Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Linley Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mayor Douglas Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mayor Naifeh Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor White Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Sheway Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Fitch Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mayor Adams Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Nicholson Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT A SHOCK ! Mayor Shockley Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Petersen Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Burdge Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mayor Bartlett Jr . Endorses MICK ! '' . Mick Cornett for Oklahoma Governor . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richardson Endorses Mick '' . Mick 2018 . June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Cornett Endorsed by Oklahomans for Public Education '' . Mick 2018 . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mick 2018 . July 7 , 2018 http://mick2018.com/Oklahoman_Endorses_Cornett . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mick 2018 . June 23 , 2018 http://mick2018.com/YukonReviewEndorsement . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tulsa World editorial : We could hope for better , but Mick Cornett is the best choice available on the GOP governor 's ballot '' . Tulsa World . June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` REP . STEVE RUSSELL ENDORSES LAMB FOR GOVERNOR '' . Todd Lamb for Oklahoma Governor . September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Lamb Officially Files for Governor ; Retired General Tommy Franks Offers Endorsement '' . Todd Lamb for Oklahoma Governor . April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Chris ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump Jr. talks politics , hunting at fundraiser for Lamb '' . NewsOK . Jump up ^ `` OKAgFund endorses , funds candidates in state elections '' . Oklahoma Farm Bureau . May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/GaryRichardsonOK/photos/a.370404566648361.1073741828.366253847063433/589977184691097/?type=3&theater . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( ( https://www.facebook.com/monica.deon.7?lst=100013518932692%3A1276895352%3A1528595215 ) ) Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/TheEdmondRepublicanGroup/photos/a.812996115377625.1073741828.811633075513929/1888485977828628/?type=3&theater . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.soonerpolitics.org/editorial/endorsement-gary-richardson-for-governor . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kevin Stitt . `` It 's an honor to be endorsed by Tulsa Firefighters @ IAFFLocal176 ! A Stitt admin is going to deliver accountability &efficiency for every taxpayer $ spent in order to provide funding certainty to core services like public safety , education & infrastructure '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Denwalt , Dale ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Edmondson announces run for Oklahoma governor '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles , Michelle ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Gubernatorial candidate Connie Johnson kicks off OSU speaker series '' . NewsPress . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Abigail ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Rep. Scott Inman ends bid for governor , to step down from Legislature '' . Koco . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://guardian.ok.gov/PublicSite/SearchPages/OrganizationDetail.aspx?OrganizationID=8723 ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Sean ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren Contemplating Governor 's Run ; David Boren Advises Against It '' . KGOU . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beaty , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren considering governor 's race '' . Tahlequah Daily Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Sean ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren decides not to run for Oklahoma governor in 2018 '' . McClatchy Washington Bureau . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Adam ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dorman Wo n't Seek Governor 's Office Again If Boren Decides To Run '' . KGOU . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rey , Oliver ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Talking to Cleveland County Dems , Dorman indicates a plan to run as - yet - undetermined office '' . Red Dirt Report . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Chris ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` After ho - hum year for state political contests , 2018 will be ' transformational ' '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dorman wo n't run for Oklahoma governor '' . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Former AG Edmondson announces bid for governor '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Exotic is running for Governor ... '' . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/oklahoma/articles/2017-05-25/animal-park-operator-among-libertarians-running-for-governor Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Mick Cornett ( R ) for Governor Drew Edmondson ( D ) for Governor Rex Lawhorn ( L ) for Governor Chris Powell ( L ) for Governor Kevin Stitt ( R ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=854665296 '' Categories : Oklahoma elections , 2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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who has the power to issue a subpoena	Congressional rules empower all its standing committees with the authority to compel witnesses to produce testimony and documents for subjects under its jurisdiction . Committee rules may provide for the full committee to issue a subpoena , or permit subcommittees or the chairman ( acting alone or with the ranking member ) to issue subpoenas .	the full committee\|permit subcommittees\|the chairman	Contempt of Congress	contempt of congress	Contempt of Congress is the act of obstructing the work of the United States Congress or one of its committees . Historically , the bribery of a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative was considered contempt of Congress . In modern times , contempt of Congress has generally applied to the refusal to comply with a subpoena issued by a Congressional committee or subcommittee -- usually seeking to compel either testimony or the production of requested documents .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Subpoenas 3 Procedures 3.1 Inherent contempt 3.2 Statutory proceedings 3.3 Civil procedures 4 Partial list of those held in contempt since 1975 5 Other legislatures in the U.S. 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the late 1790s , declaring contempt of Congress was considered an `` implied power '' of the legislature . Early Congresses issued contempt citations against numerous individuals for a variety of actions . Some early instances of contempt of Congress included citations against : Robert Randal , for an attempt to bribe Representative William Smith of South Carolina in 1795 . William Duane , a newspaper editor who refused to answer Senate questions in 1800 . Nathaniel Rounsavell , another newspaper editor for releasing sensitive information to the press in 1812 . In Anderson v. Dunn ( 1821 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress ' power to hold someone in contempt was essential to ensure that Congress was `` ... not exposed to every indignity and interruption that rudeness , caprice , or even conspiracy , may mediate against it . '' The historical interpretation that bribery of a senator or representative was considered contempt of Congress has long since been abandoned in favor of criminal statutes . In 1857 , Congress enacted a law which made `` contempt of Congress '' a criminal offense against the United States . The last time Congress arrested and detained a witness was in 1935 . Since then , it has instead referred cases to the United States Department of Justice . The Office of Legal Counsel has asserted that the President of the United States is protected from contempt by executive privilege . Subpoenas ( edit ) Congressional rules empower all its standing committees with the authority to compel witnesses to produce testimony and documents for subjects under its jurisdiction . Committee rules may provide for the full committee to issue a subpoena , or permit subcommittees or the chairman ( acting alone or with the ranking member ) to issue subpoenas . As announced in Wilkinson v. United States , a Congressional committee must meet three requirements for its subpoenas to be `` legally sufficient . '' First , the committee 's investigation of the broad subject area must be authorized by its chamber ; second , the investigation must pursue `` a valid legislative purpose '' but does not need to involve legislation and does not need to specify the ultimate intent of Congress ; and third , the specific inquiries must be pertinent to the subject matter area that has been authorized for investigation . The Court held in Eastland v. United States Servicemen 's Fund that Congressional subpoenas are within the scope of the Speech and Debate clause which provides `` an absolute bar to judicial interference '' once it is determined that Members are acting within the `` legitimate legislative sphere '' with such compulsory process . Under that ruling , courts generally do not hear motions to quash Congressional subpoenas ; even when executive branch officials refuse to comply , courts tend to rule that such matters are `` political questions '' unsuitable for judicial remedy . In fact , many legal rights usually associated with a judicial subpoena do not apply to a Congressional subpoena . For example , attorney - client privilege and information that is normally protected under the Trade Secrets Act do not need to be recognized . Procedures ( edit ) Following the refusal of a witness to produce documents or to testify , the Committee is entitled to report a resolution of contempt to its parent chamber . A Committee may also cite a person for contempt but not immediately report the resolution to the floor . In the case of subcommittees , they report the resolution of contempt to the full Committee , which then has the option of rejecting it , accepting it but not reporting it to the floor , or accepting it and reporting it to the floor of the chamber for action . On the floor of the House or the Senate , the reported resolution is considered privileged and , if the resolution of contempt is passed , the chamber has several options to enforce its mandate . Inherent contempt ( edit ) Under this process , the procedure for holding a person in contempt involves only the chamber concerned . Following a contempt citation , the person cited is arrested by the Sergeant - at - Arms for the House or Senate , brought to the floor of the chamber , held to answer charges by the presiding officer , and then subjected to punishment as the chamber may dictate ( usually imprisonment for punishment reasons , imprisonment for coercive effect , or release from the contempt citation ) . Concerned with the time - consuming nature of a contempt proceeding and the inability to extend punishment further than the session of the Congress concerned ( under Supreme Court rulings ) , Congress created a statutory process in 1857 . While Congress retains its `` inherent contempt '' authority and may exercise it at any time , this inherent contempt process was last used by the Senate in 1934 , in a Senate investigation of airlines and the U.S. Postmaster . After a one - week trial on the Senate floor ( presided over by Vice President John Nance Garner , in his capacity as Senate President ) , William P. MacCracken , Jr. , a lawyer and former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics who was charged with allowing clients to remove or rip up subpoenaed documents , was found guilty and sentenced to 10 days imprisonment . MacCracken filed a petition of habeas corpus in federal courts to overturn his arrest , but after litigation , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress had acted constitutionally , and denied the petition in the case Jurney v. MacCracken . Presidential pardons appear not to apply to a civil contempt procedure such as the above , since it is not an `` offense against the United States '' or against `` the dignity of public authority . '' Statutory proceedings ( edit ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( July 2008 ) Following a contempt citation , the presiding officer of the chamber is instructed to refer the matter to the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia ; according to the law it is the `` duty '' of the U.S. Attorney to refer the matter to a grand jury for action . However , while the law places the duty on the U.S. Attorney to impanel a grand jury for action , some proponents of the unitary executive theory argue that the Congress can not properly compel the U.S. Attorney to take this action against the Executive Branch , asserting that the U.S. Attorney is a member of the Executive Branch who ultimately reports only to the President and that compelling the U.S. Attorney amounts to compelling the President himself . They argue that to allow Congress to force the President to take action against a subordinate following his directives would be a violation of the separation of powers and infringe on the power of the Executive branch . The legal basis for this position , they contend , can be found in Federalist 49 , in which James Madison wrote `` The several departments being perfectly co-ordinate by the terms of their common commission , none of them , it is evident , can pretend to an exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between their respective powers . '' This approach to government is commonly known as `` departmentalism '' or `` coordinate construction '' Others argue that Article II of the Constitution requires the President to execute the law , such law being what the lawmaker ( e.g. Congress , in the case of statutory contempt ) says it is ( per Article I ) . The Executive Branch can not either define the meaning of the law ( such powers of legislation being reserved to Congress ) or interpret the law ( such powers being reserved to the several Federal Courts ) . They argue that any attempt by the Executive to define or interpret the law would be a violation of the separation of powers ; the Executive may only -- and is obligated to -- execute the law consistent with its definition and interpretation ; and if the law specifies a duty on one of the President 's subordinates , then the President must `` take care '' to see that the duty specified in the law is executed . To avoid or neglect the performance of this duty would not be faithful execution of the law , and would thus be a violation of the separation of powers , which the Congress and the Courts have several options to remedy . The criminal offense of `` contempt of Congress '' sets the penalty at not less than one month nor more than twelve months in jail and a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000 . Civil procedures ( edit ) Senate Rules authorize the Senate to direct the Senate Legal Counsel to file a civil action against any private individual found in contempt . Upon motion by the Senate , the federal district court issues another order for a person to comply with Senate process . If the subject then refuses to comply with the Court 's order , the person may be cited for contempt of court and may incur sanctions imposed by the Court . The process has been used at least six times ; but the civil procedure can only be used against Executive branch officials `` in certain limited circumstances . '' Partial list of those held in contempt since 1975 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2010 ) Person Subcommittee / Committee Chamber Ultimate Disposition Rogers C.B. Morton ( Republican ) , Secretary of Commerce November 11 , 1975 Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Not considered Morton released the material to the subcommittee . Henry Kissinger ( Republican ) , Secretary of State November 15 , 1975 House Select Committee on Intelligence Not considered Citation dismissed after `` substantial compliance '' with subpoena . Joseph A. Califano , Jr . ( Democrat ) , Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare August 6 , 1978 Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Not considered Califano complied with the subpoena about one month after the subcommittee citation . Charles W. Duncan , Jr . ( Democrat ) , Secretary of Energy April 29 , 1980 Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations Not considered Duncan supplied the material by May 14 , 1980 . James B. Edwards ( Republican ) , Secretary of Energy July 23 , 1981 Environment , Energy , and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations Not considered Documents were delivered to Congress prior to full Committee consideration of the contempt citation . James G. Watt ( Republican ) , Secretary of the Interior February 9 , 1982 Subcommittee of House Committee on Energy and Commerce February 25 , 1982 House Committee on Energy and Commerce Not considered The White House delivered documents to the Rayburn House Office Building for review by Committee members for four hours , providing for no staff or photocopies . Anne Gorsuch ( Republican ) , Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency December 2 , 1982 Oversight Subcommittee of the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation House Committee on Public Works and Transportation House of Representatives After legal cases and a court dismissal of the executive Branch 's suit , the parties reached an agreement to provide documents . Rita Lavelle ( Republican ) , EPA official April 26 , 1983 House Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Indicted for lying to Congress ; convicted ; sentenced to 6 months in prison , 5 years probation thereafter , and a fine of $10,000 Jack Quinn ( Democrat ) , White House Counsel May 9 , 1996 House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Not considered Subpoenaed documents were provided hours before the House of Representatives was set to consider the contempt citation . David Watkins , White House Director of Administration Matthew Moore , White House aide Janet Reno ( Democrat ) , Attorney General August 6 , 1998 House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Not considered Documents in question were revealed during the impeachment of President Clinton . Harriet Miers ( Republican ) , Former White House Counsel July 25 , 2007 House Committee on the Judiciary February 14 , 2008 House of Representatives On March 4 , 2009 , Miers and former Deputy Chief of Staff to President Bush Karl Rove , agreed to testify under oath before Congress about the firings of U.S. attorneys Joshua Bolten ( Republican ) , White House Chief of Staff Eric Holder ( Democrat ) , Attorney General June 20 , 2012 House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform June 28 , 2012 House of Representatives Found in contempt by a vote of 255 - 67 Lois Lerner ( Democrat ) Director of the IRS Exempt Organizations Division March 11 , 2014 House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform May 7 , 2014 House of Representatives Found in contempt for her role in the 2013 IRS controversy and refusal to testify . The Department of Justice has been directed by the House to appoint special counsel . ( See : Finding Lois Lerner in contempt of Congress ( H. Res. 574 ; 113th Congress ) ) Bryan Pagliano ( Democrat ) IT director , Hillary Clinton aide September 13 , 2016 House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform September 22 , 2016 House of Representatives Found in contempt by a vote of 19 - 15 for failing to appear during the September 13th and September 22nd hearing after being subpoenaed and subsequent refusal to testify . Backpage.com ? Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations March 17 , 2016 Senate Found in contempt for failing to provide documents in an investigation into human trafficking . Other legislatures in the U.S. ( edit ) Various U.S. states have made similar actions against their own legislatures violations of state criminal laws . Sometimes , those laws can even be applied to non-sovereign legislative bodies like county legislatures and city councils . See also ( edit ) Contempt of court Contempt of Parliament The Hollywood Ten References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Anderson v. Dunn 19 U.S. 204 ( 1821 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Act of January 24 , 1857 , Ch. 19 , sec. 1 , 11 Stat. 155 . Jump up ^ Wright , Austin ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Why Flynn could easily beat his Senate subpoena '' . Politico . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service Report RL34097 , Congress 's Contempt Power and the Enforcement of Congressional Subpoenas : Law , History , Practice , and Procedure , Todd Garvey ( May 12 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Memorandum for the Attorney General from Theodore Olson , Re : Prosecution for the Contempt of Congress of an Executive Branch Official Who Has Asserted a Claim of Executive Privilege , 8 Op . Off . Legal Counsel 101 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Memorandum for the Attorney General from Charles J. Cooper , Re : Response to Congressional Requests for Information Regarding Decisions Made Under the Independent Counsel Act , 10 Op . Off . Legal Counsel 68 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ `` Wilkinson v. United States 365 U.S. 399 ( 1961 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastland v. United States Servicemen 's Fund 421 U.S. 491 ( 1975 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.mayerbrown.com/files/Publication/ec1203b2-a787-44ac-8344-5d5fab374ffa/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/11509b8b-df81-4db6-9e89-1d1b16c20856/White-Paper-Congressional-Subpoena.pdf Jump up ^ `` William P. Mac Cracken , Jr . Papers '' . ecommcode2.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jurney v. MacCracken 294 U.S. 125 ( 1935 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is the Statement of SEN . Patrick J. Leahy , Ranking Minority Member , before the Senate Judiciary Committee '' . senate.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Askin , Frank ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` House Panel Issues First Subpoena Over Firings '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2 U.S. Code § 192 - Refusal of witness to testify or produce papers '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( July 25 , 2007 ) . `` Panel Holds Two Bush Aides in Contempt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 60 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` House Panel Votes to Hold Holder in Contempt '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 441 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 442 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lois Lerner 's Involvement in the IRS Targeting of Tax - Exempt Organizations - United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform '' . house.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to hold Lerner in contempt of Congress '' . foxnews.com . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Examining Preservation of State Department Records - United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform '' . house.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Examining Preservation of State Department Federal Records - United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform '' . house.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Committee '' . www.hsgac.senate.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Congress 's Contempt Power : Law , History , Practice , and Procedure '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . July 24 , 2007 . Zuckerman , Michael A. ( 2009 ) . `` The Court of Congressional Contempt '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Law and Politics . 25 : 41 -- 81 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contempt_of_Congress&oldid=834129836 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government United States law Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with weasel words from July 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 02 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where did the battle of sabine pass happen			Second Battle of Sabine Pass	second battle of sabine pass	( ( For the 1862 battle in the same location First Battle of Sabine money	This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Second Battle of Sabine Pass Part of the American Civil War Date September 8 , 1863 ( 1863 - 09 - 08 ) Location Jefferson County , Texas Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders William B. Franklin Frederick Crocker Richard W. Dowling Leon Smith Units involved West Gulf Blockading Squadron Texan Davis Guards Strength 5,000 infantry 4 gunboats 18 transports 49 infantry + 4 reinforcements 6 artillery pieces 1 fort Casualties and losses ~ 200 killed wounded or captured 2 gunboats sunk none Operations to Blockade the Texas Coast First Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Corpus Christi Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Galveston Action off Galveston Light Second Battle of Sabine Pass The Second Battle of Sabine Pass took place on September 8 , 1863 , the result of a failed Union Army attempt to invade the Confederate state of Texas during the American Civil War . It has often been credited as the most one - sided Confederate victory during the War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 Footnotes Background ( edit ) France was openly sympathetic to the Confederate States of America early in the Civil War , but never matched its sympathy with diplomatic or military action . After Mexican forces were defeated by French forces in summer 1863 , Mexican president Benito Juárez escaped the capital , and the French installed Austrian Maximilian as `` Emperor '' . With a de facto French government bordering Texas on the south across the Rio Grande , the Confederates hoped to establish a formal route between Texas and Mexico by way of which the Confederacy could obtain much - needed supplies . United States President Abraham Lincoln was well aware of Confederate intentions and sent an expedition to establish a military presence in Texas and to discourage Maximilian from opening trade with the Confederacy . The military Federal force was commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks , a political general with little discernible command ability . Banks 's original intent was to launch a combined Army - Navy campaign in northwest Louisiana . The Union plan was to send Union Navy warships from the Mississippi up the tributary Red River , which was navigable upstream as far as where the boundaries of the Confederate states of Louisiana , Arkansas , and Texas came together . The Union had effected its Capture of New Orleans on May 1 , 1862 , and after the July 3 , 1863 surrender of Confederate Vicksburg , the Union military had better control of both the east and west banks and of the mouth of the Mississippi . Unusually low water in the Red River at this time , however , prevented even relatively low - draft Union gunboats from operating effectively , and the anticipated overland Union invasion of Texas was further delayed . Consequently , General Banks ordered his subordinate , Major General William B. Franklin , who would coordinate with the U.S. Navy , to enter the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico and defeat the small Confederate detachment at `` Fort Sabine '' on the river 's west bank ( Texas side ) at Sabine Pass . about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) upstream of the river mouth . The key U.S. Navy target in the First Battle of Sabine Pass was the original earthworks thrown up on the Texas ( west ) shore of the Sabine River about three miles ( 4.8 km ) south of Sabine City , a tiny town with some wharfs on the east side of its main street . After the Navy gunboats subdued the fort , the first wave of U.S. Army infantrymen riding the deck of one of the gunboats would debark at the fort . They were to take Sabine City , secure the area for the main landing force , and prepare to march on Beaumont . This action would deny the Pass and the natural shallow - water harbor Sabine Lake , upstream from the Gulf about 6 miles ( about 9.6 km ) , to blockade runners . Beaumont , on higher ground about 18 miles ( 33 km ) northwest of Sabine City , was the key to threatening Houston . If Union forces were to capture Beaumont , through which passed the railway line from Houston to New Orleans , then the last remaining railroad connection between Texas and the eastern Confederacy would be under Union control . Considering the dominant size of the Union expeditionary force , taking control of Sabine Pass and environs was not expected to be a great challenge to the U.S. forces . To prevent intervention from forces in Louisiana , that consisted of Brigadier General Thomas Green 's First Cavalry Brigade and Brigadier General Alfred Mouton 's infantry division , the Union division of Major General Francis J. Herron moved to Morganza as a diversion , that resulted in the Battle of Stirling 's Plantation . Fort Sabine had been renamed `` Fort Griffin '' in honor of an earlier commander , Confederate Lt. Colonel W.H. Griffin , although this was not shown on Union maps since the First Battle of Sabine Pass in late September 1862 . The Confederate detachment residing at the fort was the Jeff Davis Guards ( named for Confederate president Jefferson Davis ) , a company of mostly Irish - American men from the Houston and Galveston area , recently had been merged into the First Texas Heavy Artillery . They were stationed at the hastily built earthworks a mile ( 1.6 km ) upstream ( north ) on the southwest bank of the Pass . When the battle began with the Union gunboats ' bombardment on September 8 , 1863 , at the fort were forty - six men ; all but two or three were members of the Davis Guards . Under the immediate command of Lieutenant Richard W. Dowling , the Davis Guards had mounted their unit 's six old smoothbore cannon on the elevated platform of the small earthen fort . Although unimpressive to Union observers and scouts , the fort 's gun positions were high enough to afford a clear view to the horizon for many miles : the flat marshlands stretched northeastward into Louisiana , westward toward Houston , southwestward toward Galveston , northward toward Port Arthur and Beaumont , and southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico . The nearest observation point affording a view of Fort Griffin , other than from the mast `` top '' of a naval vessel seaward of the Pass , was the Sabine Pass lighthouse on the Louisiana ( opposite ) side of Sabine Pass at the mouth of the Sabine River . Battle ( edit ) Battle of Mouth of Sabine River , September 8th , 1863 On the afternoon of September 8 , 1863 , U.S. Navy Lieutenant Frederick Crocker ( `` Acting Captain '' ) was in command of the advance squadron composed of four gunboats . Crocker was a veteran officer of considerable recent experience in Union river - gunboat actions and blockade duty . His ship was the USS Clifton , a steam - powered side - wheeler . Besides Clifton , Crocker 's advance squadron included Granite City , Sachem , and Arizona , all recently commissioned ironclad warships . Less than three miles southeast downriver , well out of range of the Confederate fort 's cannons , were anchored seven U.S. Navy transports carrying most of the U.S. Army soldiers of the landing force . The U.S.S. Suffolk , hosting invasion force commander U.S. Army Major General Franklin and his staff , headed the seven - vessel squadron . Outside the principal Gulf shore sand bar , an additional two miles ( 3.2 km ) downstream of this squadron , lay at anchor the remaining ships of the 22 - vessel invasion fleet . The cited contemporary U.S. Army map shows the nominal positions of the bombardment fleet of four , the seven ships of the transport squadron , and the relative position farther out in the Gulf of the remaining vessels . The official reports of the battle generally reflect the map 's information . The total number of Union infantry assault troops in the landing force is given as 5,000 infantrymen , which included 500 listed as aboard the Granite City , those aboard the six troop transports in the seven - ship squadron headed by Suffolk , plus an artillery company somewhere among them . The first wave of 500 men aboard Granite City which steamed as close behind Clifton as possible but out of range of the fort 's guns , were to land in the open space adjacent to and downstream of the fort . This was a flat , often muddy area already cleared of brush by the Confederate garrison as a clear field of fire for the canister and grape of the fort 's artillery . The U.S. Army 's invasion plan , therefore , absolutely required that the Confederate guns be silenced before any troops were debarked . This engagement was to be the largest amphibious assault on enemy territory in the history of the U.S. military up to that date . Leon Smith , who was at Beaumont , Texas , immediately ordered all Confederate troops in Beaumont , some eighty men , aboard the steamer Roebuck and sent them down the river to reinforce Fort Griffin . Smith and a Captain Good rode to the fort on horseback , reaching the fort some three hours before the steamer , arriving just as the Union gunboats USS Clifton and Sachem came within range , and assisted in the defense of the fort . Dowling 's well practiced Irish - Texan artillerymen , whose chosen and officially approved unit name was `` Jefferson Davis Guards '' , had placed range - stakes in the two narrow and shallow ( 5 - to - 7 feet or 1.5 - to - 2.1 m ) river channels . These were the `` Texas channel '' near the southwest shore and the `` Louisiana channel '' against the Louisiana shore . The white - painted stakes were for determining accurate range of the fort 's guns : six old smooth - bore cannon . Each `` Davis Guards '' gun crew during gunnery practice thereby worked to predetermine the approximate charge ( amount of gunpowder ) needed for each type projectile available for their specific gun ( ball , canister , or grapeshot ) ; and which specific guns , charges , and loads had the best potential to hit each range - stake . Crocker 's squadron had no local river pilots , only general knowledge of the river 's channels , no assurance of locations of the constantly varying depths especially of large oyster - shell `` reefs '' or `` banks '' between the river 's two channels . Regarding this battle no mention is found in official U.S. Navy reports of whether Union sailors were making observations and taking depth soundings from the gunboats ' now dangerous top decks , while the Confederate cannon shots pounded and shook their ships . The few maps to which they had access were old and outdated or could not account for recent changes in river - bottom conditions . On Captain Crocker 's signal the Sachem , followed by Arizona , advanced up the right channel ( Louisiana side ) as fast as they dared , firing their port - side guns at the fort . Clifton approached in the lead , ascending the Texas channel at full speed . Granite City hovered out of range behind Clifton , having orders not to risk debarking the 500 assault troops until the fort surrendered or its guns were silenced . As Sachem entered among the range - stakes , the Confederates opened fire . Then Clifton came into range , followed by Arizona . Despite their old smoothbore cannon , one of which had just become inoperable , after only a few rounds it was obvious the Confederate artillerymen 's months of training and target practice was an astounding success as their aim was deadly accurate . The Confederates capture Clifton and Sachem The Confederates captured Clifton and Sachem with a total of 13 heavy cannon , including at least two new potent Parrott rifles , which were handed over to Leon Smith 's Texas Marine Department . The Union casualties amounted to two dozen killed and badly wounded , about 37 missing ( including several `` colored men '' U.S. sailors ) , and 315 Navy men captured . The combined Union Army and Navy invasion force withdrew and returned to New Orleans . The Confederates had no casualties . Aftermath ( edit ) Map of Sabine Pass II Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program . In recognition of the victory , the Confederate Congress passed a resolution of special thanks the officers and men of the Davis Guard . In addition , Houston residents raised funds to provide medals to the Guard ; these were made from silver Mexican pesos by smoothing off the coins , then hand - stamping and hand - engraving on one side , the battle name and date and on the other side the initials `` D G '' and a maltese cross . The medals were hung on green ribbons , and presented to the members of the Davis Guard . The official Confederate silver metals were presented in a military ceremony some time later . The Battle of Sabine Pass was of little tactical or strategic significance to the Civil War . A Confederate supply line from Mexico to Texas was never established , and in any case it could not have effectively supplied the states east of the Mississippi once the Union controlled the whole of that river after its victory at Vicksburg in July . The Confederacy was therefore forced to continue its reliance on blockade running to import valuable materials and resources . See also ( edit ) Texas portal National Park Service battle description History Under Siege : Sabine Pass battlefield designated by CWPT as one of the top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefields of 2009 CWSAC Report Update Banks , Raymond H. The King of Louisiana , 1862 - 1865 , and Other Government Work : A Biography of Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks . Las Vegas , NV : R.H. Banks , 2005 . Chapter 44 . OCLC 63270945 . References ( edit ) Cotham , Edward T. Jr. , Sabine Pass : The Confederacy 's Thermopylae , University of Texas Press , Austin , 2004 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sabine Pass : The Confederacy 's Thermopylae , Edward T. Cotham , Jr . Jump up ^ `` Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Map : Battle of Mouth of Sabine River , September 8th , 1863 . War Department . Office of the Chief of Engineers . Jump up ^ Sabine Pass Battleground State Historic Park , Archeological Report # 8 , Antiquities Permit # 21 by T. Holtzapple and Wayne Roberson . Texas Parks and Wildlife Department , Historic Sites and Restoration Branch , Austin , Texas , Sept. 1976 Jump up ^ Crocker 's Report , in Official Records of the Union and Confederate navies , Series 1 , part 20 , page 546 . U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington DC , 1921 . Jump up ^ Official Records of the Union and Confederate navies , Series 2 , part 1 , pages 39 , 59 , 97 , 195 . Jump up ^ Banks ' Report , in The War of the Rebellion : A compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate armies , Series 1 , 26 ( 1 ) , pages 286 - 290 . U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington DC , 1901 Jump up ^ Banks ' Report , in The War of the Rebellion : A compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate armies , Series 1 , 26 ( 1 ) , pages 286 - 290 . U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington DC , 1901 ^ Jump up to : Day , James M. ( 1965 ) `` Leon Smith : Confederate Mariner , '' East Texas Historical Journal : Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 7 . Jump up ^ Sabine Pass : The Confederacy 's Thermopylae , Edward T. Cotham , Jr . Jump up ^ The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( Complete ) , Jefferson Davis Jump up ^ Confederate Military History : A Library of Confederate States , Volume 11 , Clement A. Evans , pages 109 - 110 Jump up ^ Lubbock . Six decades in Texas ; or , Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock , governor of Texas in war time , 1861 - 63 . A personal experience in business , war , and politics . p. 505 . Jump up ^ Cotham , p. 170 Jump up ^ Richard Dowling , The Battle of Sabine Pass , and The Davis Guards Medal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This Fort Griffin is not the 1867 post-Civil War U.S. Army cavalry frontier post Fort Griffin west of Fort Worth , Texas . Coordinates : 29 ° 43 ′ 13.85 '' N 93 ° 52 ′ 14.69 '' W / 29.7205139 ° N 93.8707472 ° W / 29.7205139 ; - 93.8707472 Texas in the American Civil War Origins History of slavery in Texas 1861 Ordinance of Secession 1862 Marshall Conferences Nueces Massacre Battle of Corpus Christi First Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Galveston Harbor ( 1862 ) Great Hanging at Gainesville 1863 Battle of Galveston Second Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Brownsville 1864 Battle of Laredo 1865 Battle of Dove Creek Battle of Palmito Ranch Units Confederate units Union units Aftermath Juneteenth Texas v. White Andrew Hamilton Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Sabine_Pass&oldid=835320389 '' Categories : Battles of the Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Naval battles of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Texas Jefferson County , Texas Conflicts in 1863 1863 in Texas Riverine warfare September 1863 events Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how old do you have to be to smoke cigarettes in georgia	Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 .	18	Smoking age	smoking age	The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products . However , many of these countries do not require a minimum age for smoking in public .	Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors . Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 18 A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume tobacco products in Egypt . The smoking age however is n't strictly enforced , and IDs are barely requested . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 ( `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' ) Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to April 14th 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to July 17th 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 16 years . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to January 1st 1993 . Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of June 2016 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda do n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil 18 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Cayman Islands None 18 ( Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . ) Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited . ( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage . But most of the states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco age to 21 Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . California 18 21 As of June 9 , 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before June 9 , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Amended after the 2016 election it is legal for persons age 18 and older to buy tobacco products with no filter . ( Cigars , e-cigarettes , chewing tobacco , etc . ) Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 . Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 18 The minimum age will be raised from 18 to 21 , as of January 1 , 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on November 11 , 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on January 1 , 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on January 1 , 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois None 18 None 21 The cities of Chicago and Evanston have a tobacco sales age of 21 Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco . None 21 Eight cities in Kansas have raised their tobacco age to 21 Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minim age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . None 21 Over 100 cities in Massachusetts , including Boston , have age to 21 years . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . None 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco age to 21 Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St , Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco age to 21 Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 19 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on July 21 , 2017 , but does n't take effect until November 1 , 2017 . None 21 15 cities in New Jersey tobacco age to 21 years . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . None 21 18 ( Smoking supplies under federal / state law ) New York City bans all tobacco and e-cigarette sales to anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to May 18 , 2014 the minimum age was 18 ( by state law ) . None 21 Suffolk County bans all herbal cigarettes , rolling papers and pipes sales to anyone under the age of 21 . None 19 18 ( Military ) Onondaga County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 19 . None 19 Nassau County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 19 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Five cities in Ohio , including Cleveland , have raised their tobacco age to 21 Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 Starting January 1 , 2018 it will be illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to December 29th 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson . Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to November 12th 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( Consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 Supplying tobacco to persons under 20 is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 15 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 15 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' . ( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 ( Present ) ; will be raised to 21 It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or to possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea None 19 Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to a pregnant women and anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a child to smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Varies by jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years . Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to December 24th 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to January 1st 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` Il est interdit de vendre des produits de tabac aux jeunes de moins de 16 ans et la publicité pour les produits de tabac est interdite . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to September 28th 2004 . No minimum age prior to March 9th 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor . `` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 2nd 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 1st 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 1st 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco pruducts nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from June 10th 1943 until January 1st 1952 . Minimum age was 16 from January 1st 1952 to September 1st 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to July 7th 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to January 1st 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from January 1st 1985 to October 1st 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 27th 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to May 1st 2013 . Kosovo * None Latvia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to May 1st 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to January 1st 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 ( No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . ) Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1st 2008 . Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to January 1st 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to January 1st 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 16 18 England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to October 1st 2007 . No Minimum age prior 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to September 30th 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence . A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to September 1st 2008 . Disputed Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1st 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco . Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the United States as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 2014 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 23 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking%20age	803
when will the movie the death cure come out	On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film will premiere on January 26 , 2018 in 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D .	January 26 , 2018	Maze Runner : the Death Cure	maze runner : the death cure	Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is an upcoming American dystopian science - fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball , based on The Death Cure , the final book in The Maze Runner trilogy , written by James Dashner , with a screenplay by T.S. Nowlin . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series .	Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26 , 2018 in 3D , 2D and IMAX 3D , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained on - set . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) In the conclusion to the Maze Runner trilogy , Thomas and the surviving Gladers prepare to face off against WCKD one last time as they fight to find a cure for the deadly disease known as The Flare that has wiped out most of the world . Friendships and loyalties will be tested and the fight against WCKD will also determine who will survive in the end . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Agnes Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Jones Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Katherine McNamara as Sonya Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . Wes Ball confirmed that , if he returns to direct , the film will not be split into two parts of film . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film will premiere on January 26 , 2018 in 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' Finale ' The Death Cure ' Wo n't Be Split Into Two Movies '' . / Film . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ClevverTV ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks - E ! Online '' . E ! Online . 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Filming '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience . '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing . '' . Delay . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew Of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb ( hide ) The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner film The Scorch Trials film The Death Cure film Prequels The Kill Order ( 2012 ) The Fever Code ( 2016 ) Other Film series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=800753206 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze%20Runner%3A%20The%20Death%20Cure	41
who won the first season of the voice	The American series premiered on April 26 , 2011 on the NBC television network . The winner of the first season was Javier Colon , mentored by coach Adam Levine . The season finale aired on June 29 , 2011 . It immediately proved to be a hit for NBC and the network renewed the show for a second season .	Javier Colon	The Voice ( U.S. season 1 )	the voice ( u. s. season 1 )	The Voice is a reality talent show . The series is part of the franchise The Voice and is based on a similar competition format in the Netherlands , The Voice of Holland . The show is hosted by Carson Daly , with Alison Haislip serving as the backstage and social networking correspondent . The winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records . CeeLo Green , Christina Aguilera , Maroon 5 Lead Vocalist Adam Levine and Blake Shelton are the coaches . Each team of singers are mentored and developed by their coach . In the second stage , coaches have two of their team members battle against each other by singing the same song , with the coach choosing which team member to advance . In the final phase , the remaining contestants compete against each other in live broadcasts . The television audience helps to decide who advances . When one remains for each coach , the four contestants compete against each other in the finale .	The American series premiered on April 26 , 2011 on the NBC television network . The winner of the first season was Javier Colon , mentored by coach Adam Levine . The season finale aired on June 29 , 2011 . It immediately proved to be a hit for NBC and the network renewed the show for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Auditions 3 Coaches , host , and social media correspondent 4 Teams 5 Blind auditions 5.1 Episode 1 ( April 26 ) 5.2 Episode 2 ( May 3 ) 5.2. 1 Second chance 6 The Battles 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 ( June 7 & 13 ) 7.2 Week 2 ( June 14 & 20 ) 7.3 Week 3 ( June 21 & 22 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Finale ( June 28 & 29 ) 8 Elimination chart 9 Performances by guests / coaches 10 The Voice Live on Tour 11 Tour dates 12 Contestant appearances on earlier talent shows 13 Reception and TV ratings 14 References Overview ( edit ) The series consists of three phases : a blind audition , a battle phase and live performance shows . Four coaches , all famous musicians , choose teams of contestants through a blind audition process . Each coach has the length of the auditioner 's performance ( about one minute ) to decide if he or she wants that singer on his or her team ; if two or more coaches want the same singer ( as happened with all but one singer in the premiere episode ) , then the singer gets to choose their coach . In the final 32 ( live shows ) , Green , J , Am and Shelton were joined by Sia Furler , Monica , music producer Adam Blackstone and Reba McEntire . Chicago New York Nashville Miami Minneapolis Austin Los Angeles Seattle Cities where the auditions were held . Auditions ( edit ) Contestant auditions were held in eight cities across the United States between mid-January and mid-February 2017 : Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle . Contestants were also allowed to submit an online applications , which ended on March 1 , 2017 . For the online auditions , contestants were required to sing one of ten preselected songs . Contestants on The Voice as revealed by airing of promotional advertisements or shows were Javier Colon , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , Lukas Rossi , Cherie Oakley , and Dia Frampton . Coaches , host , and social media correspondent ( edit ) In late February 2011 , NBC began announcements of the coaches for the series . First to sign on were CeeLo Green and Adam Levine ( frontman for Maroon 5 ) . CeeLo Green came on board in early March 2011 . Blake Shelton was added as the final coach on March 7 , 2011 . Carson Daly was announced as the show 's first host . Alison Haislip was announced as the show 's `` backstage online and social media correspondent '' during the live shows . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third / Fourth place Eliminated in the live shows Eliminated in the battles Coaches Top 32 Artists Adam Levine Javier Colon Casey Weston Devon Barley Jeff Jenkins Casey Desmond Rebecca Loebe Angela Wolff Tim Mahoney CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez Nakia Curtis Grimes The Thompson Sisters Emily Valentine Kelsey Rey Tje Austin Niki Dawson Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan Frenchie Davis Raquel Castro Lily Elise Cherie Oakley Julia Eason Justin Grennan Tarralyn Ramsey Blake Shelton Dia Frampton Xenia Jared Blake Patrick Thomas Sara Oromchi Serabee Elenowen Tyler Robinson Blind Auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach hit his / her `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to this coach 's team Artist elected to join this coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing his or her `` I WANT YOU '' button Episode 1 ( April 26 ) ( edit ) The first of two Blind Audition taped episodes was broadcast on April 26 , 2017 . The coaches performed coach CeeLo 's song , `` Crazy '' at the start of the show . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Tarralyn Ramsey 31 Jacksonville , Florida `` Breathe '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Patrick Thomas 20 Nashville , Tennessee `` Live Like You Were Dying '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Jared Blake 32 Star City , Arkansas `` Good Girls Go Bad '' -- -- -- -- Vicci Martinez 26 Tacoma , Washington `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 5 Sonia Rao 24 Freehold Township , New Jersey `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- -- -- -- 6 Elenowen ( Josh & Nicole Johnson ) N / A Nashville , Tennessee `` Falling Slowly '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 7 Frenchie Davis 31 Los Angeles , California `` I Kissed a Girl '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Kelsey Rey 20 Sebastian , Florida `` American Boy '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 9 Jeff Jenkins 22 Jones Creek , Texas `` Bless the Broken Road '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Rebecca Loebe 27 Atlanta , Georgia `` Come as You Are '' ✔ -- ✔ -- 11 Joann Rizzo 56 Freehold Township , New Jersey `` I Say a Little Prayer '' -- -- -- -- 12 Xenia 16 Temecula , California `` Breakeven '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 13 Tje Austin 27 Austin , Texas `` Just the Way You Are '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 14 Javier Colon 33 Stratford , Connecticut `` Time After Time '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 15 Beverly McClellan 41 Fort Lauderdale , Florida `` Piece of My Heart '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Episode 2 ( May 3 ) ( edit ) The second and final episode of the Blind Audition rounds was broadcast on May 3 , 2017 . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and aritst 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Cherie Oakley 29 Nashville , Tennessee `` Gunpowder & Lead '' -- -- ✔ -- Devon Barley 19 Mattapoisett , Massachusetts `` I 'm Yours '' ✔ ✔ -- -- Joshua Hand 29 West Palm Beach , Florida `` Paparazzi '' -- -- -- -- Raquel Castro 16 Long Island , New York `` Bleeding Love '' -- -- ✔ -- 5 Emily Valentine 23 Hollywood , California `` Sober '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Niki Dawson 19 Jacksonville , Florida `` Teenage Dream '' -- ✔ -- -- 7 Sara Oromchi 18 San Jose , California `` Imagine '' -- -- -- ✔ 8 Tim Mahoney 39 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Julia Eason 18 Palos Verdes , California `` Mercy '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 10 Angela Wolff 25 Metter , Georgia `` The House That Built Me '' -- -- -- -- 11 Tyler Robinson 20 Folsom , California `` Hey , Soul Sister '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Nakia 36 Austin , Texas `` Forget You '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 13 Serabee 34 Mississippi `` Son of a Preacher Man '' -- -- -- ✔ 14 Casey Desmond 25 Boston , Massachusetts `` Born This Way '' ✔ -- -- -- 15 Justin Grennan 30 Enumclaw , Washington `` Drops of Jupiter '' -- -- ✔ -- 16 Dia Frampton 23 St. George , Utah `` Bubbly '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 17 Curtis Grimes 25 Gilmer , Texas `` Hillbilly Bone '' -- ✔ -- -- 18 The Thompson Sisters ( Tori & Taylor Thompson ) 17 & 19 Santa Maria , California `` Stuck Like Glue '' -- ✔ -- -- Second chance ( edit ) As , by the end of the regular audition round , only Cee Lo Green had completed his full team of eight finalists , with Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton with seven finalists and Adam Levine only six , selected contestants eliminated previously were given a second chance . The performances in the `` second chance round '' were as follows ( with N / A meaning the coach has already filled his / her Final 8 ) : Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Lily Elise 20 San Anselmo , California `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- Team full ✔ -- Sonia Rao 24 Freehold Borough , New Jersey `` Chasing Pavements '' -- Team full -- Jared Blake 32 Star City , Arkansas `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- ✔ Casey Weston 18 Naples , Florida `` Stupid Boy '' ✔ Team full 5 Angela Wolff 25 Metter , Georgia `` Rolling in the Deep '' ✔ The battles ( edit ) After the Blind Auditions , each coach had eight contestants for the Battle rounds that aired from May 10 to May 31 , 201 . Coaches begin narrowing down the playing field by training the contestants with the help of `` trusted advisors '' . Each episode featured four battles consisting of pairings from within each team , and each battle concluding with the respective coach eliminating one of the two contestants ; the four winners for each coach advanced to the live shows . The trusted advisors for these episodes are : Adam Blackstone working with Adam Levine ; Reba McEntire working with Blake Shelton ; Monica working with CeeLo Green ; and Sia Furler working with Christina Aguilera . Color key Artist won the Battle and advances to the Live shows Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser Episode 3 ( Tuesday , May 10 , 2011 ) Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Tarralyn Ramsey Blake Shelton Patrick Thomas `` Burning Love '' Tyler Robinson Adam Levine Casey Weston `` Leather and Lace '' Tim Mahoney CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Perfect '' Niki Dawson Episode 4 ( Tuesday , May 17 , 2011 ) CeeLo Green Nakia `` Closer '' Tje Austin Blake Shelton Jared Blake `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Elenowen Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Stand By Me '' Angela Wolff Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` Baba O'Riley '' Justin Grennan Episode 5 ( Tuesday , May 24 , 2011 ) Christina Aguilera Raquel Castro `` Only Girl ( In The World ) '' Julia Eason Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Serabee Adam Levine Devon Barley `` Creep '' Rebecca Loebe CeeLo Green The Thompson Sisters `` Unwritten '' Kelsey Rey Episode 6 ( Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 ) Adam Levine Jeff Jenkins `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Casey Desmond Blake Shelton Xenia `` I 'll Stand by You '' Sara Oromchi Christina Aguilera Lily Elise `` Since U Been Gone '' Cherie Oakley CeeLo Green Curtis Grimes `` Need You Now '' Emily Valentine Live shows ( edit ) Week 1 ( June 7 & 13 ) ( edit ) After the Final 16 were decided , with four finalists for each coach , June 7 , 2017 saw the launching of the live shows ( EDT ) with Team Christina Aguilera and Team Blake Shelton performing . Public voting across multiple platforms ( phone , smartphone app , web , and iTunes Store ) commenced at this point , with two candidates eliminated from each participating team in the first two live shows . Voting lines were opened immediately after the broadcast of each live show on Tuesday and stayed open until 10 AM EDT the following Monday ( June 13 for week 1 ) . Color key Artist was saved by the public 's vote Artist was saved by his / her coach Artist was eliminated Order Coach Artist Song Result Christina Aguilera Raquel Castro `` Blow '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Jared Blake `` Use Somebody '' Eliminated Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` I 'm the Only One '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` Heartless '' Public 's vote 5 Xenia `` Price Tag '' Blake 's choice 6 Christina Aguilera Lily Elise `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' Eliminated 7 Blake Shelton Patrick Thomas `` I Hope You Dance '' Eliminated 8 Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` When Love Takes Over '' Christina 's Choice Non-competition performances Order Performers Song The Voice coaches `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` We Will Rock You '' , `` We Are the Champions '' Christina And Her 4 Finalists `` Lady Marmalade '' Blake Shelton and his 4 finalists `` This Love '' Week 2 ( June 14 & 20 ) ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , Team Adam and Team CeeLo performed . Voting proceeded as before -- following the episode 's close and continuing until 10 AM EDT June 20 . Results from week seven From Christina Aguilera 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Beverly McClellan . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , Aguilera chose to save Frenchie Davis . Thus both Lily Elise and Raquel Castro were eliminated From Blake Shelton 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Dia Frampton . Blake Shelton chose to save Xenia , eliminating Jared Blake and Patrick Thomas Order Coach Artist Song Result CeeLo Green The Thompson Sisters `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' Eliminated Adam Levine Casey Weston `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' Adam 's Choice CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Jolene '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Devon Barley `` Stop and Stare '' Eliminated 5 CeeLo Green Nakia `` Sex on Fire '' CeeLo 's Choice 6 Adam Levine Jeff Jenkins `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' Eliminated 7 CeeLo Green Curtis Grimes `` Addicted to Love '' Eliminated 8 Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Angel '' Public 's vote Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 08.1 CeeLo and his 4 Finalists `` Everyday People '' 08.2 Adam & His Team ( Casey Weston , Devon Barley , Jeff Jenkins and Javier Colon ) and John Burroughs High School Choir `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Week 3 ( June 21 & 22 ) ( edit ) Results from week eight From CeeLo 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Vicci Martinez . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , CeeLo chose to save Nakia . Accordingly , The Thompson Sisters and Curtis Grimes were eliminated . From Adam 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Javier Colon . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , Adam chose to save Casey Weston . Devon Barley and Jeff Jenkins were eliminated . Semifinals On June 21 , 2017 , the final eight performed . Voting proceeded following the episode until 10 AM EDT June 22 . Order Coach Contestant Song Coach points Public points Total points Result Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` Like a Prayer '' 50 43 93 Eliminated CeeLo Green Nakia `` Whataya Want from Me '' 51 25 76 Eliminated Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` Losing My Religion '' 50 56 106 Advanced to Finals Adam Levine Casey Weston `` I Will Always Love You '' 35 27 62 Eliminated 5 Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` The Thrill Is Gone '' 50 57 107 Advanced to Finals 6 Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Fix You '' 65 73 138 Advanced to Finals 7 Blake Shelton Xenia `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' 50 44 94 Eliminated 8 CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Dog Days Are Over '' 49 75 124 Advanced to Finals Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Maroon 5 and Christina Aguilera `` Moves Like Jagger '' Blake Shelton & his team `` Honey Bee '' The Final 8 `` Faith / Freedom ! 90 '' medley CeeLo Green `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' Week 4 : finale ( June 28 & 29 ) ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , the four finalists each performed an original song and a duet with their coach . Voting proceeded immediately following the episode 's close until 10 AM Eastern June 29 . Artist Coach Order Original song Order Duet with coach Result Javier Colon Adam Levine `` Stitch by Stitch '' 6 `` Man in the Mirror '' Winner Dia Frampton Blake Shelton `` Inventing Shadows '' 5 `` I Wo n't Back Down '' Runner - up Vicci Martinez CeeLo Green `` Afraid to Sleep '' 8 `` Love is a Battlefield '' 3rd / 4th place Beverly McClellan Christina Aguilera `` Lovesick '' 7 `` Beautiful '' Note ^ The songs `` Stitch by Stitch '' , `` Inventing Shadows '' , `` Afraid to Sleep '' , and `` Lovesick '' are all original compositions of Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , and Beverly McClellan respectively . Non-competition performances Order Performers Song The Voice Coaches `` Under Pressure '' Pitbull and Ne - Yo `` Give Me Everything '' Brad Paisley and Blake Shelton `` Do n't Drink the Water '' Finals results Airing on June 29 , after performances and recaps , Daly first declared that the top two were just 2 % apart . Then the top two artists were announced : Dia Frampton and Javier Colon . Despite Dia Frampton 's original song , `` Inventing Shadows '' , topping the iTunes singles chart , Javier Colon was declared the first season winner of The Voice . Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Vicci Martinez and Patrick Monahan `` Drops of Jupiter '' Javier Colon and Stevie Nicks `` Landslide '' Beverly McClellan and Ryan Tedder `` Good Life '' Dia Frampton and Miranda Lambert `` The House That Built Me '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Artist from Team Adam Artist from Team CeeLo Artist from Team Christina Artist from Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third and Fourth place Artist advanced to the finals Artist was saved by his / her coach Artist was saved by the public Artist received the fewest accumulated total points and was eliminated Artist was eliminated Artist did not perform on that particular week Live show results per week Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finale Javier Colon Safe Advanced Winner Dia Frampton Safe Advanced Runner - up Vicci Martinez Safe Advanced 3rd / 4th place Beverly McClellan Safe Advanced Xenia Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 3 ) Casey Weston Safe Eliminated Nakia Safe Eliminated Frenchie Davis Safe Eliminated Devon Barley Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Curtis Grimes Eliminated Jeff Jenkins Eliminated The Thompson Sisters Eliminated Raquel Castro Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Jared Blake Eliminated Lily Elise Eliminated Patrick Thomas Eliminated Performances by guests / coaches ( edit ) Episode Show segment Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction Hot Digital Songs reaction Performance type 9 Semi-finals Maroon 5 ft . Christina Aguilera `` Moves Like Jagger '' 8 ( debut ) 2 ( debut ) Live performance Blake Shelton ( with Dia Frampton and Xenia ) `` Honey Bee '' 15 ( + 6 ) 11 ( + 8 ) Live performance 10 Semi-finals Results CeeLo Green `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' did not chart did not chart Live performance 11 Finals Pitbull ft . Ne - Yo `` Give Me Everything '' 2 ( - 1 ) 3 ( + 1 ) Live performance Brad Paisley ft . Blake Shelton `` Do n't Drink the Water '' did not chart did not chart Live performance 12 Finals Results Patrick Monahan ( with Vicci Martinez ) `` Drops of Jupiter '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) Stevie Nicks ( with Javier Colon ) `` Landslide '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) Ryan Tedder ( with Beverly McClellan ) `` Good Life '' 9 ( + 9 ) 12 ( + 5 ) Live performance ( duet ) Miranda Lambert ( with Dia Frampton ) `` The House That Built Me '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) The Voice live on tour ( edit ) In the final episode , Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was cancelled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of the fifth season , the sixth season and the first season contestant Dia Frampton . Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue July 27 , 2011 Los Angeles United States Gibson Amphitheatre July 30 , 2011 Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena August 2 , 2011 Chicago Rosemont Theatre August 4 , 2011 Boston Bank of America Pavilion August 5 , 2011 Wallingford Oakdale Theatre August 6 , 2011 New York City Beacon Theatre Contestant appearances on earlier Talent shows ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frenchie Davis was a semi-finalist on the season two of American Idol but was disqualified . Emily Valentine auditioned for the eighth season of American Idol under the name Emily Wynn - Hughes but was cut in the Hollywood Rounds . Kelsey Rey auditioned on American Idol under the name Kelsey Laverack for the seventh season , but was cut and appeared again in the ninth season and was eliminated in the Hollywood Rounds . The Thompson Sisters appeared on American Juniors in 2003 as separate acts ; both winning the highest prize on the show to join the American Juniors group . Vicci Martinez appeared on Star Search in 2003 , but did not make it past the semi-finals . Reception and TV Ratings ( edit ) The premiere episode , in what was seen as a relative surprise , was the most watched telecast on the night it aired , garnering more viewers than high - profile competitors Dancing with the Stars on ABC ( in persons 18 to 49 ; DWTS had more overall viewers ) and Glee on Fox . The series debut garnered 11.775 million viewers from 9 to 11 p.m. It peaked at 10 : 45 p.m. with 13.398 million viewers ( live + SD ) . Rolling Stone 's Mallika Rao said of the show 's premiere episode , `` Could this concept be the best Dutch import since tulips and Eddie Van Halen ? '' Despite a high viewership in its debut , the show has received mixed reviews on Metacritic , which holds at a 58 . No . Episode Original air date Viewers ( millions ) The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 April 26 , 2011 11.78 The Blind Auditions , Part 2 May 3 , 2011 12.58 The Battles Premiere , Part 1 May 10 , 2011 10.45 The Battles Premiere , Part 2 May 17 , 2011 10.01 5 The Battles , Part 3 May 24 , 2011 8.48 6 The Battles , Part 4 May 31 , 2011 14.41 7 Live Quarterfinals , Part 1 June 7 , 2011 12.31 8 Live Quarterfinals , Part 2 June 14 , 2011 12.33 9 Live Semifinals Performance June 21 , 2011 12.05 10 Live Semifinals , Results June 22 , 2011 10.01 11 Live Finale Performance June 28 , 2011 12.70 12 Live Finale Results June 29 , 2011 11.05 References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Morabito , Andrea ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine Named Coaches of ' The Voice ' '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' to Return for Second Season on NBC , Followed by New Musical Drama ' Smash ' Starring Katharine McPhee '' . Popcrush.com. 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Voice . `` NBC Renews The Voice For Second Season '' . IsMyShowCancelled.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Reba , Monica , Sia joining ' The Voice ' '' . MSN . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's New Singing Competition Series ' The Voice ' ( Working Title ) Announces Open Auditions In Cities Across America In 2011 '' ( Press release ) . NBC - Universal . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com Brings the Audition Experience Directly to Viewers With New Interactive Tool for Upcoming Reality Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voice -- Online Auditions '' . Official website . NBC . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC YouTube channel : Time after Time '' . April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frenchie Davis returns ! ' Idol ' castoff passes blind audition on NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com : The Voice Promo '' . April 2011 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Rock Star : Supernova ' Winner Lukas Rossi to Compete on ' The Voice ' Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cee Lo Green , Maroon 5 's Adam Levine Join NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Christina Aguilera joins NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Blake Shelton Joins NBC 's ' The Voice ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Daly to Host NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Names Alison Haislip , G4 's `` Attack of the Show ! '' , As Backstage Online and Social Media Correspondent for New Musical Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peppy , Tracy . `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera & ' The Voice ' Coaches ' `` Crazy '' Performance ! `` . iVillage . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC : Live blogging The Voice - Week 1 ^ Jump up to : NBC : Live blogging The Voice - Week 2 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469358/beyonce-notches-4th-billboard-200-no-1-with-4 ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archive ( July 09 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs Archive ( July 09 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archive ( July 16 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs Archive ( July 16 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ' The Voice ' Tour Sets Summer Dates Jump up ^ Idols , Voices and Others Take a Crack at Post-TV Careers Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse . `` Does The Voice Tour ? You Asked , We Answered ! '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( 2011 - 04 - 27 ) . Ratings : ' The Voice ' Beats ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Glee ' in Major Upset . The Wrap . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mallika , Rao ( 2011 - 04 - 27 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : The Shtick Succeeded '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Voice : Season 1 Metacritic . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily . `` NBC 's ' Idol ' rival ' The Voice ' debuts huge ; highest rated premiere of the season Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : Heat / Mavs NBA Finals Ratings Up ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Premiere & ' The Voice ' Jump '' . TV by the Numbers . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : TV Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' Boost NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Final Ratings : Unscrambled Program Ratings for ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV by the Numbers . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice , ' ' MasterChef , ' ' 101 Ways ' Adjusted Up - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . General `` The Voice - Season 1 Episode Guide '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . 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what happens to mr rochester in jane eyre	Thinking Jane will make a suitable missionary 's wife , St. John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India , not out of love , but out of duty . Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal , suggesting they travel as brother and sister . As soon as Jane 's resolve against marriage to St. John begins to weaken , she mystically hears Mr. Rochester 's voice calling her name . Jane then returns to Thornfield to find only blackened ruins . She learns that Mr. Rochester 's wife set the house on fire and committed suicide by jumping from the roof . In his rescue attempts , Mr. Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight . Jane reunites with him , but he fears that she will be repulsed by his condition . `` Am I hideous , Jane ? '' , he asks . `` Very , sir : you always were , you know '' , she replies . When Jane assures him of her love and tells him that she will never leave him , Mr. Rochester again proposes , and they are married . He eventually recovers enough sight to see their firstborn son .		Jane Eyre	jane eyre	Jane Eyre / ɛər / ( originally published as Jane Eyre : An Autobiography ) is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë . It was published on 16 October 1847 , by Smith , Elder & Co. of London , England , under the pen name `` Currer Bell '' . The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York .	Primarily of the Bildungsroman genre , Jane Eyre follows the emotions and experiences of its eponymous heroine , including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester , the Byronic master of fictitious Thornfield Hall . In its internalisation of the action -- the focus is on the gradual unfolding of Jane 's moral and spiritual sensibility , and all the events are coloured by a heightened intensity that was previously the domain of poetry -- Jane Eyre revolutionised the art of fiction . Charlotte Brontë has been called the ' first historian of the private consciousness ' and the literary ancestor of writers like Proust and Joyce . The novel contains elements of social criticism , with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core , but is nonetheless a novel many consider ahead of its time given the individualistic character of Jane and the novel 's exploration of classism , sexuality , religion , and proto - feminism . The novel is mentioned and used as part of the plot for The Cider House Rules by John Irving . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Jane 's childhood 1.3 Lowood 1.4 Thornfield Hall 1.5 Other employment 1.6 Proposals 2 Characters 3 Context 4 Adaptations and influence 5 Reception 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters , and most editions are at least 400 pages long . It was originally published in three volumes , comprising chapters 1 to 15 , 16 to 27 , and 28 to 38 ; this was a common publishing format during the 19th century . Brontë dedicated the novel 's second edition to William Makepeace Thackeray . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Introduction ( edit ) The novel is a first - person narrative from the perspective of the title character . The novel 's setting is somewhere in the north of England , late in the reign of George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) . It goes through five distinct stages : Jane 's childhood at Gateshead Hall , where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins ; her education at Lowood School , where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression ; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall , where she falls in love with her Byronic employer , Edward Rochester ; her time with the Rivers family , during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin , St. John Rivers , proposes to her ; and her reunion with , and marriage to , her beloved Rochester . During these sections , the novel provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas , many of which are critical of the status quo . Literary critic Jerome Beaty opines that the close first person perspective leaves the reader `` too uncritically accepting of her worldview '' , and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane , regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are . Jane 's childhood ( edit ) Young Jane argues with her guardian Mrs. Reed of Gateshead , illustration by F.H. Townsend The novel begins with the titular character , Jane Eyre , aged 10 , living with her maternal uncle 's family , the Reeds , as a result of her uncle 's dying wish . It is several years after her parents died of typhus . Mr. Reed , Jane 's uncle , was the only person in the Reed family who was ever kind to Jane . Jane 's aunt , Sarah Reed , dislikes her , treats her as a burden , and discourages her children from associating with Jane . Mrs. Reed and her three children are abusive to Jane , physically , emotionally , and spiritually . The nursemaid Bessie proves to be Jane 's only ally in the household , even though Bessie sometimes harshly scolds Jane . Excluded from the family activities , Jane is incredibly unhappy , with only a doll and books for comfort . One day , after her cousin John Reed knocks her down and she attempts to defend herself , Jane is locked in the red room where her uncle died ; there , she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost . She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall . He recommends to Mrs. Reed that Jane should be sent to school , an idea Mrs. Reed happily supports . Mrs. Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr. Brocklehurst , director of Lowood Institution , a charity school for girls . Mrs. Reed cautions Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a `` tendency for deceit '' , which he interprets as her being a `` liar '' . Before Jane leaves , however , she confronts Mrs. Reed and declares that she 'll never call her `` aunt '' again , that Mrs. Reed and her daughters , Georgiana and Eliza , are the ones who are deceitful , and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly Mrs. Reed treated her . Lowood ( edit ) At Lowood Institution , a school for poor and orphaned girls , Jane soon finds that life is harsh , but she attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl , Helen Burns , who is able to accept her punishment philosophically . During a school inspection by Mr. Brocklehurst , Jane accidentally breaks her slate , thereby drawing attention to herself . He then stands her on a stool , brands her a liar , and shames her before the entire assembly . Jane is later comforted by her friend , Helen . Miss Temple , the caring superintendent , facilitates Jane 's self - defence and writes to Mr. Lloyd , whose reply agrees with Jane 's . Jane is then publicly cleared of Mr. Brocklehurst 's accusations . The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms , poor meals , and thin clothing . Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes , and Jane 's friend Helen dies of consumption in her arms . When Mr. Brocklehurst 's maltreatment of the students is discovered , several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr. Brocklehurst 's harsh rule . Conditions at the school then improve dramatically . The name Lowood symbolizes the `` low '' point in Jane 's life where she was maltreated . Helen Burns is a representation of Charlotte 's elder sister Maria , who died of tuberculosis after spending time at a school where the children were mistreated . Thornfield Hall ( edit ) Further information : Thornfield Hall After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood , Jane decides to leave , like her friend and confidante Miss Temple , who recently married . She advertises her services as a governess and receives one reply , from Alice Fairfax , housekeeper at Thornfield Hall . Jane takes the position , teaching Adèle Varens , a young French girl . One night , while Jane is walking to a nearby town , a horseman passes her . The horse slips on ice and throws the rider . Despite the rider 's surliness , Jane helps him to get back onto his horse . Later , back at Thornfield , she learns that this man is Edward Rochester , master of the house . Adèle is his ward , left in his care when her mother abandoned her . At Jane 's first meeting with him within Thornfield , Mr. Rochester teases her , accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall . He also talks strangely in other ways , but Jane is able to stand up to his initially arrogant manner . Mr. Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other 's company , and spend many evenings together . Odd things start to happen at the house , such as a strange laugh , a mysterious fire in Mr. Rochester 's room ( from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him and the fire ) , and an attack on a house guest named Mr. Mason . Then Jane receives word that her aunt Mrs. Reed is calling for her , because she suffered a stroke after her son John died . Jane returns to Gateshead and remains there for a month , attending to her dying aunt . Mrs. Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her , giving Jane a letter from Jane 's paternal uncle , Mr. John Eyre , in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir . Mrs. Reed admits to telling Mr. Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood . Soon afterward , Mrs. Reed dies , and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield . St. John Rivers admits Jane to Moor House , illustration by F.H. Townsend Back at Thornfield , Jane broods over Mr. Rochester 's rumoured impending marriage to the beautiful and talented , but snobbish and heartless , Blanche Ingram . However , one midsummer evening , Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married , but how she will soon forget him . The normally self - controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him . Rochester is then sure that Jane is sincerely in love with him , and he proposes marriage . Jane is at first sceptical of his sincerity , but eventually believes him and gladly agrees to marry him . She then writes to her Uncle John , telling him of her happy news . As she prepares for her wedding , Jane 's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips her wedding veil in two . As with the previous mysterious events , Mr. Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole , one of his servants . During the wedding ceremony , Mr. Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr. Rochester can not marry because he is already married to Mr. Mason 's sister , Bertha . Mr. Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money . Once they were united , he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness , and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield , hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her . When Grace gets drunk , Rochester 's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield . It turns out that Jane 's uncle , Mr. John Eyre , is a friend of Mr. Mason 's and was visited by him soon after Mr. Eyre received Jane 's letter about her impending marriage . After the marriage ceremony is broken off , Mr. Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France , and live with him as husband and wife , even though they can not be married . Refusing to go against her principles , and despite her love for him , Jane leaves Thornfield in the middle of the night . Other employment ( edit ) Jane travels as far from Thornfield as she can using the little money she had previously saved . She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and has to sleep on the moor , and unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food . Exhausted and hungry , she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers , but is turned away by the housekeeper . She collapses on the doorstep , preparing for her death . St. John Rivers , Diana and Mary 's brother and a clergyman , saves her . After she regains her health , St. John finds Jane a teaching position at a nearby village school . Jane becomes good friends with the sisters , but St. John remains aloof . The sisters leave for governess jobs , and St. John becomes somewhat closer to Jane . St. John learns Jane 's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle , John Eyre , has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds ( equivalent to over £ 1.3 million in 2011 ) . When Jane questions him further , St. John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters ' uncle . They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing . Jane , overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members , insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins , and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House . Proposals ( edit ) Thinking Jane will make a suitable missionary 's wife , St. John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India , not out of love , but out of duty . Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal , suggesting they travel as brother and sister . As soon as Jane 's resolve against marriage to St. John begins to weaken , she mystically hears Mr. Rochester 's voice calling her name . Jane then returns to Thornfield to find only blackened ruins . She learns that Mr. Rochester 's wife set the house on fire and committed suicide by jumping from the roof . In his rescue attempts , Mr. Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight . Jane reunites with him , but he fears that she will be repulsed by his condition . `` Am I hideous , Jane ? '' , he asks . `` Very , sir : you always were , you know '' , she replies . When Jane assures him of her love and tells him that she will never leave him , Mr. Rochester again proposes , and they are married . He eventually recovers enough sight to see their firstborn son . Characters ( edit ) Jane Eyre : The novel 's protagonist , second wife of Edward Rochester , and title character . Orphaned as a baby , she struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes governess at Thornfield Hall . Jane is passionate and strongly principled , and values freedom and independence . She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian . She is ten at the beginning of the novel , and nineteen or twenty at the end . Mr. Reed : Jane 's maternal uncle , who adopts Jane when her parents die . According to Mrs. Reed , he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children . Before his own death , he makes his wife promise to care for Jane . Mrs. Reed : ( née Gibson ) Jane 's maternal aunt by marriage , who reluctantly adopts Jane on her husband 's wishes , but abuses and neglects her . She eventually casts her off and sends her to Lowood School . John Reed : Jane 's fourteen - year - old cousin who bullies her incessantly , sometimes in his mother 's presence . John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling , and is rumoured to have committed suicide . Eliza Reed : Jane 's thirteen - year - old first cousin . Jealous of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to rigid routine , she self - righteously devotes herself to religion . She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle after her mother 's death , determined to estrange herself from her sister . Georgiana Reed : Jane 's eleven - year - old first cousin . Although beautiful and indulged , she is insolent and spiteful . Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana 's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere , when the couple is about to elope . Georgiana eventually marries a , `` wealthy worn - out man of fashion . '' Bessie Lee : The nursemaid at Gateshead . She often treats Jane kindly , telling her stories and singing her songs , but she has a quick temper . Later , she marries Robert Leaven and gives him three children . Robert Leaven : The coachman at Gateshead , who brings Jane the news of John Reed 's death , which has brought on Mrs. Reed 's stroke , and Mrs. Reed 's wish to see Jane before Mrs. Reed died . Mr. Lloyd : A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school . Later , he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane 's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs. Reed 's charge of lying . Mr. Brocklehurst : The clergyman , director , and treasurer of Lowood School , whose maltreatment of the students is eventually exposed . A religious traditionalist , he advocates for his charges the most harsh , plain , and disciplined possible lifestyle , but not , hypocritically , for himself and his own family . His second daughter Augusta exclaimed , `` Oh , dear papa , how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look ... they looked at my dress and mama 's , as if they had never seen a silk gown before . '' Miss Maria Temple : The kind superintendent of Lowood School , who treats the students with respect and compassion . She helps clear Jane of Mr. Brocklehurst 's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days . Eventually , she marries Reverend Naysmith . Miss Scatcherd : A sour and strict teacher at Lowood . She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen 's substantial good points . Helen Burns : Jane 's best friend at Lowood School . She refuses to hate those who abuse her , trusts in God , and prays for peace one day in heaven . She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane 's arms . Elizabeth Gaskell , in her biography of the Brontë sisters , wrote that Helen Burns was ' an exact transcript ' of Maria Brontë , who died of consumption at age 11 . Edward Fairfax Rochester : The master of Thornfield Hall . A Byronic hero , he is tricked into making an unfortunate first marriage to Bertha Mason many years before he meets Jane , with whom he falls in love . Bertha Antoinetta Mason : The violent and insane first wife of Edward Rochester . Bertha moved to Thornfield , was locked in the attic , and eventually committed suicide after setting Thornfield Hall aflame . Adèle Varens : ( a. dɛl va. ʁɛ̃ ) An excitable French child to whom Jane is governess at Thornfield . Adèle 's mother was a dancer named Céline . She was Mr. Rochester 's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr. Rochester 's daughter , though he refuses to believe it due to Céline 's unfaithfulness and Adèle 's apparent lack of resemblance to him . Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead ( she tells Jane in chapter 11 , `` I lived long ago with mamma , but she is gone to the Holy Virgin '' ) , but Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and `` ran away to Italy with a musician or singer '' ( ch. 15 ) . Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another , and although Mr. Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield , Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better , less severe school for her . When Adèle is old enough to leave school , Jane describes her as `` a pleasing and obliging companion -- docile , good - tempered and well - principled '' , and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid . Mrs. Alice Fairfax : An elderly , kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall . Leah : The housemaid at Thornfield Hall . John : An old , and normally the only , manservant at Thornfield . Mary : Normally referred to as ' John 's wife ' and sometimes ' the cook ' . Blanche Ingram : A socialite whom Mr. Rochester temporarily courts to make Jane jealous . Ms. Ingram is described as having great beauty and talent , but displays callous behaviour and avaricious intent . Richard Mason : An Englishman from the West Indies , whose sister is Mr. Rochester 's first wife . He took part in tricking Mr. Rochester into marrying Bertha . He still , however , cares for his sister 's well - being . Grace Poole : Bertha Mason 's caretaker . Mr. Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep Bertha hidden and quiet , and she is often used as an explanation for odd happenings . She has a weakness for drink that occasionally allows Bertha to escape . St. John Eyre Rivers : A clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin . St. John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions in favour of good works . He is determined to go to India as a missionary , despite being in love with Rosamond Oliver . Diana and Mary Rivers : St. John 's sisters and ( as it turns out ) Jane 's cousins . They are poor , intelligent , and kind - hearted , and want St. John to stay in England . Rosamond Oliver : A beautiful , kindly , wealthy , but not deep thinking , young woman , and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches . Rosamond falls in love with St. John , only to be rejected because she would not make a good missionary 's wife . Mr. Oliver : Rosamond Oliver 's wealthy father , who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district . He is a kind and charitable man , and is fond of St. John . Alice Wood : Jane 's maid when Jane is mistress of the girls ' village school in Morton . John Eyre : Jane 's paternal uncle , who leaves her his vast fortune and wished to adopt her when she was 15 . Mrs. Reed prevented the adoption out of spite towards Jane . Context ( edit ) The Salutation pub in Hulme , Manchester , where Brontë began to write Jane Eyre ; the pub was a lodge in the 1840s . The early sequences , in which Jane is sent to Lowood , a harsh boarding school , are derived from the author 's own experiences . Helen Burns 's death from tuberculosis ( referred to as consumption ) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë 's sisters Elizabeth and Maria , who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school , the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge , near Tunstall , Lancashire . Mr. Brocklehurst is based on Rev. William Carus Wilson ( 1791 -- 1859 ) , the Evangelical minister who ran the school . Additionally , John Reed 's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte 's brother Branwell , who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death . Finally , like Jane , Charlotte became a governess . These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë ( 1857 ) by Charlotte 's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell . The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall , near Hathersage in the Peak District . This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845 , and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845 . It was the residence of the Eyre family , and its first owner , Agnes Ashurst , was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room . It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire , close to Haworth , provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr. Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield : there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean , Mr. Rochester 's father , and Henry Cunliffe who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818 ; one of Cunliffe 's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre ( née Cunliffe ) . The sequence in which Mr. Rochester 's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë 's The Young Men 's Magazine , Number 2 . Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester , and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane 's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself . Adaptations and influence ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of Jane Eyre A 1949 adaptation for NBC University Theatre The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms , including theatre , film , television - and at least two full - length operas , by John Joubert ( 1987 -- 97 ) and Michael Berkeley ( 2000 ) . The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and reinterpretations , notably Jean Rhys 's seminal novel Wide Sargasso Sea . Reception ( edit ) Although Jane Eyre is now commonly accepted in the canon of English literature and is widely studied in secondary schools , its immediate reception was in stark contrast to its contemporary reputation . In 1848 , Elizabeth Rigby ( later Elizabeth Eastlake ) , reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review , found it `` pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition , '' declaring : `` We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad , and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home , is the same which has also written Jane Eyre . '' In 2003 , the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The exact time setting of the novel is impossible to determine , as several references in the text are contradictory . For example , Marmion ( pub. 1808 ) is referred to in Chapter 32 as a `` new publication '' , but Adèle mentions crossing the Channel by steamship , impossible before 1816 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harold Bloom declared Eyre a `` classic of Gothic and Victorian literature . '' Bloom , Harold ( July 2007 ) . `` Charlotte Brontë 's `` Jane Eyre '' `` . Midwest Book Review . Chelsea House Publishers : 245 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Burt , Daniel S. ( 2008 ) . The Literature 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists , Playwrights , and Poets of All Time . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438127064 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sandra & Gubar , Susan ( 1979 ) . The Madwoman in the Attic . Yale University Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Robert B. ( 1966 ) . Charlotte Brontë 's Novels : The Accents of Persuasion . NY : Norton . Jump up ^ Beaty , Jerome . `` St. John 's Way and the Wayward Reader '' in Brontë , Charlotte ( 2001 ) ( 1847 ) . Richard J. Dunn , ed . Jane Eyre ( Norton Critical Edition , Third ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 491 -- 502 . ISBN 0393975428 . Jump up ^ Brontë , Charlotte ( 16 October 1847 ) . Jane Eyre . London , England : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 105 . Jump up ^ Brontë , Charlotte ( 2008 ) . Jane Eyre . Radford , Virginia : Wilder Publications . ISBN 160459411X . Jump up ^ calculated using the UK Retail Price Index : `` Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount , 1830 to Present '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaskell , Elizabeth ( 1857 ) . The Life of Charlotte Brontë. 1 . Smith , Elder & Co. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Eyre : a Mancunian ? '' . BBC . 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Salutation pub in Hulme thrown a lifeline as historic building is bought by MMU '' . Manchester Evening News . 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stevie Davies , Introduction and Notes to Jane Eyre . Penguin Classics ed. , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wycoller Sheet 3 : Ferndean Manor and the Brontë Connection '' ( PDF ) . Lancashire Countryside Service Environmental Directorale. 2012 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 14 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paris museum wins Brontë bidding war '' . BBC News . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Christine , and Sara L. Pearson . Celebrating Charlotte Brontë : Transforming Life into Literature in Jane Eyre . Brontë Society , 2016 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Arnold ( Autumn 1968 ) . `` In Defense of Jane Eyre '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 8 ( 4 ) : 683 . JSTOR 449473 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJane Eyreat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Works by Charlotte Brontë at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Jane Eyre at the British Library Jane Eyre at The Victorian Web Jane Eyre at the Internet Archive Jane Eyre at Project Gutenberg Jane Eyre public domain audiobook at LibriVox Dating Jane Eyre ( hide ) Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Characters Jane Eyre Bertha Mason Setting Thornfield Hall Films Jane Eyre ( 1910 ) Woman and Wife ( 1918 ) Orphan of Lowood ( 1926 ) Jane Eyre ( 1934 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Sangdil ( 1952 ) Jane Eyre ( 1970 ) Jane Eyre ( 1996 ) Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Television Jane Eyre ( 1956 ) Jane Eyre ( 1973 ) Ardiente secreto ( 1978 ) Jane Eyre ( 1983 ) Jane Eyre ( 2006 ) Theatre The Master of Thornfield ( 1954 ) Jane Eyre ( musical ) Related works Wide Sargasso Sea ( novel ) Wide Sargasso Sea ( 1993 film ) Wide Sargasso Sea ( 2006 film ) Jucy ( 2010 ) The Eyre Affair See also Adaptations of Jane Eyre Brontë sisters Charlotte Jane Eyre ( 1847 ) Shirley ( 1849 ) Villette ( 1853 ) The Professor ( 1857 ) Emily Wuthering Heights ( 1847 ) Anne Agnes Grey ( 1847 ) The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ( 1848 ) Collaborative work Poems by Currer , Ellis , and Acton Bell ( 1846 ) List of Brontë poems Family Patrick Brontë Maria Branwell Branwell Brontë Maria Brontë Elizabeth Brontë Arthur Bell Nicholls See also Brontë Country Brontë Parsonage Museum Brontë Waterfall Brontë Way Cowan Bridge School Constantin Héger Ellen Nussey Gondal Brontë ( 2005 play ) Victorian literature Book BNF : cb120860894 ( data ) CiNii : DA12410644 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Eyre&oldid=826428723 '' Categories : Jane Eyre 1847 British novels British bildungsromans British novels adapted into films Gothic novels Novels about orphans Victorian novels Works published under a pseudonym Novels set in the 19th century British novels adapted into plays Novels by Charlotte Brontë Novels adapted into television programs Love stories Suicide in fiction Female characters in literature Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles that link to Wikisource Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with Curlie links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Eyre	2,898
animals can engage in simple forms of experiential processing such as			Experiential learning	experiential learning	Experiential learning is the process of learning through experience , and is more specifically defined as `` learning through reflection on doing '' . Hands - on learning is a form of experiential learning but does not necessarily involve students reflecting on their product . Experiential learning is distinct from rote or didactic learning , in which the learner plays a comparatively passive role . It is related to but not synonymous with other forms of active learning such as action learning , adventure learning , free - choice learning , cooperative learning , service - learning , and situated learning .	Experiential learning is often used synonymously with the term `` experiential education '' , but while experiential education is a broader philosophy of education , experiential learning considers the individual learning process . As such , compared to experiential education , experiential learning is concerned with more concrete issues related to the learner and the learning context . The general concept of learning through experience is ancient . Around 350 BCE , Aristotle wrote in the Nichomachean Ethics `` for the things we have to learn before we can do them , we learn by doing them '' . But as an articulated educational approach , experiential learning is of much more recent vintage . Beginning in the 1970s , David A. Kolb helped to develop the modern theory of experiential learning , drawing heavily on the work of John Dewey , Kurt Lewin , and Jean Piaget . Experiential learning has significant teaching advantages . Peter Senge , author of The Fifth Discipline ( 1990 ) , states that teaching is of utmost importance to motivate people . Learning only has good effects when learners have the desire to absorb the knowledge . Therefore , experiential learning requires the showing of directions for learners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kolb experiential learning model 1.1 Elements 2 Implementation 3 In schools 4 In business education 5 Comparisons 6 Benefits 7 See also 7.1 People 7.2 Subjects 8 References Kolb experiential learning model ( edit ) Experiential learning focuses on the learning process for the individual . One example of experiential learning is going to the zoo and learning through observation and interaction with the zoo environment , as opposed to reading about animals from a book . Thus , one makes discoveries and experiments with knowledge firsthand , instead of hearing or reading about others ' experiences . Likewise , in business school , internship , and job - shadowing , opportunities in a student 's field of interest can provide valuable experiential learning which contributes significantly to the student 's overall understanding of the real - time environment . A third example of experiential learning involves learning how to ride a bike , a process which can illustrate the four - step experiential learning model ( ELM ) as set forth by Kolb and outlined in Figure 1 below . Following this example , in the `` concrete experience '' stage , the learner physically experiences the bike in the `` here - and - now '' . This experience forms `` the basis for observation and reflection '' and the learner has the opportunity to consider what is working or failing ( reflective observation ) , and to think about ways to improve on the next attempt made at riding ( abstract conceptualization ) . Every new attempt to ride is informed by a cyclical pattern of previous experience , thought and reflection ( active experimentation ) . Figure 1 -- David Kolb 's Experiential Learning Model ( ELM ) → Concrete Experience ↓ Active Experimentation Reflective Observation ↑ Abstract Conceptualization ← Elements ( edit ) Experiential learning can exist without a teacher and relates solely to the meaning - making process of the individual 's direct experience . However , though the gaining of knowledge is an inherent process that occurs naturally , a genuine learning experience requires certain elements . According to Kolb , knowledge is continuously gained through both personal and environmental experiences . Kolb states that in order to gain genuine knowledge from an experience , the learner must have four abilities : The learner must be willing to be actively involved in the experience ; The learner must be able to reflect on the experience ; The learner must possess and use analytical skills to conceptualize the experience ; and The learner must possess decision making and problem solving skills in order to use the new ideas gained from the experience . Implementation ( edit ) Experiential learning requires self - initiative , an `` intention to learn '' and an `` active phase of learning '' . Kolb 's cycle of experiential learning can be used as a framework for considering the different stages involved . Jennifer A. Moon has elaborated on this cycle to argue that experiential learning is most effective when it involves : 1 ) a `` reflective learning phase '' 2 ) a phase of learning resulting from the actions inherent to experiential learning , and 3 ) `` a further phase of learning from feedback '' . This process of learning can result in `` changes in judgment , feeling or skills '' for the individual and can provide direction for the `` making of judgments as a guide to choice and action '' . Most educators understand the important role experience plays in the learning process . The role of emotion and feelings in learning from experience has been recognised as an important part of experiential learning . While those factors may improve the likelihood of experiential learning occurring , it can occur without them . Rather , what is vital in experiential learning is that the individual is encouraged to directly involve themselves in the experience , and then to reflect on their experiences using analytic skills , in order that they gain a better understanding of the new knowledge and retain the information for a longer time . Reflection is a crucial part of the experiential learning process , and like experiential learning itself , it can be facilitated or independent . Dewey wrote that `` successive portions of reflective thought grow out of one another and support one another '' , creating a scaffold for further learning , and allowing for further experiences and reflection . This reinforces the fact that experiential learning and reflective learning are iterative processes , and the learning builds and develops with further reflection and experience . Facilitation of experiential learning and reflection is challenging , but `` a skilled facilitator , asking the right questions and guiding reflective conversation before , during , and after an experience , can help open a gateway to powerful new thinking and learning '' . Jacobson and Ruddy , building on Kolb 's four - stage Experiential Learning Model and Pfeiffer and Jones 's five stage Experiential Learning Cycle , took these theoretical frameworks and created a simple , practical questioning model for facilitators to use in promoting critical reflection in experiential learning . Their `` 5 Questions '' model is as follows : Did you notice ... ? Why did that happen ? Does that happen in life ? Why does that happen ? How can you use that ? These questions are posed by the facilitator after an experience , and gradually lead the group towards a critical reflection on their experience , and an understanding of how they can apply the learning to their own life . Although the questions are simple , they allow a relatively inexperienced facilitator to apply the theories of Kolb , Pfeiffer , and Jones , and deepen the learning of the group . While it is the learner 's experience that is most important to the learning process , it is also important not to forget the wealth of experience a good facilitator also brings to the situation . However , while a facilitator , or `` teacher '' , may improve the likelihood of experiential learning occurring , a facilitator is not essential to experiential learning . Rather , the mechanism of experiential learning is the learner 's reflection on experiences using analytic skills . This can occur without the presence of a facilitator , meaning that experiential learning is not defined by the presence of a facilitator . Yet , by considering experiential learning in developing course or program content , it provides an opportunity to develop a framework for adapting varying teaching / learning techniques into the classroom . In schools ( edit ) See also : Experiential education Experiential learning is supported in different school organizational models and learning environments . Think Global School is a four - year traveling high school that holds classes in a new country each term . Students engage in experiential learning through activities such as workshops , cultural exchanges , museum tours , and nature expeditions . The Dawson School in Boulder , Colorado , devotes two weeks of each school year to experiential learning , with students visiting surrounding states to engage in community service , visit museums and scientific institutions , and engage in activities such as mountain biking , backpacking , and canoeing . In the ELENA - Project www.elena-project.eu , the follow - up project of `` animals live `` , the experiential learning with living animals will be developed . Together with project partners from Romania , Hungary and Georgia the Bavarian Academy of Nature Conservation and Landscape Management in Germany brings living animals in the lessons of European schools . Aim is to brief children for the context of the biological diversity and to support them to develop ecologically oriented values . Loving High School in Loving , New Mexico , publishes career and technical education opportunities for students . These include the internship for students who are interesting in science , STEM majors , or architecture . The school is making good connections with local businesses , which helps students get used to working in such environment . Lake View High School in Chicago , Illinois is the institution which offers early college credits for students . It trains students with majors such as STEM , humanities , music / art , and languages . In business education ( edit ) Further information : Experiential business learning As higher education continues to adapt to new expectations from students , experiential learning in business and accounting programs has become more important . For example , Clark & White ( 2010 ) point out that `` a quality university business education program must include an experiential learning component '' . With reference to this study , employers note that graduating students need to build skills in `` professionalism '' -- which can be taught via experiential learning . Students also value this learning as much as industry . Learning styles also impact business education in the classroom . Kolb transposes four learning styles , Diverger , Assimilator , Accommodator and Converger , atop the Experiential Learning Model , using the four experiential learning stages to carve out `` four quadrants '' , one for each learning style . An individual 's dominant learning style can be identified by taking Kolb 's Learning Style Inventory ( LSI ) . Robert Loo ( 2002 ) undertook a meta - analysis of 8 studies which revealed that Kolb 's learning styles were not equally distributed among business majors in the sample . More specifically , results indicated that there appears to be a high proportion of assimilators and a lower proportion of accommodators than expected for business majors . Not surprisingly , within the accounting sub-sample there was a higher proportion of convergers and a lower proportion of accommodates . Similarly , in the finance sub-sample , a higher proportion of assimilators and lower proportion of divergers was apparent . Within the marketing sub-sample there was an equal distribution of styles . This would provide some evidence to suggest that while it is useful for educators to be aware of common learning styles within business and accounting programs , they should be encouraging students to use all four learning styles appropriately and students should use a wide range of learning methods . Professional education applications , also known as management training or organizational development , apply experiential learning techniques in training employees at all levels within the business and professional environment . Interactive , role - play based customer service training is often used in large retail chains . Training board games simulating business and professional situations such as the Beer Distribution Game used to teach supply chain management , and the Friday Night at the ER game used to teach systems thinking , are used in business training efforts . Comparisons ( edit ) Experiential Learning is more efficient than passive learning like reading or listening . Experiential learning is most easily compared with academic learning , the process of acquiring information through the study of a subject without the necessity for direct experience . While the dimensions of experiential learning are analysis , initiative , and immersion , the dimensions of academic learning are constructive learning and reproductive learning . Though both methods aim at instilling new knowledge in the learner , academic learning does so through more abstract , classroom - based techniques , whereas experiential learning actively involves the learner in a concrete experience . Benefits ( edit ) Experience real world : For example , students who major in Chemistry may have chances to interact with the chemical environment . Learners who have a desire to become businesspeople will have the opportunity to experience the manager position Opportunities for creativity : There is always more than one solution for a problem in the real world . Students will have a better chance to learn that lesson when they get to interact with real life experiences See also ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Experiential learning People ( edit ) John Dewey Paulo Freire Kurt Hahn David A. Kolb Maria Montessori Jean Piaget Carl Rogers Rudolf Steiner Subjects ( edit ) Action learning Active learning Adult education Adventure education Alternative education Appreciative Inquiry Business game Case method Constructivism ( philosophy of education ) Cooperative education Cooperative learning Design - based learning Discovery learning Experiential learning -- Farmer Field School program Integrative learning Large - group capacitation Outdoor education Phenomenon - based learning Project - based learning Problem - based learning Public sphere pedagogy Reflective practice Reggio Emilia approach Ropes course Service - learning Situated learning Sloyd STEM fields Sudbury model of democratic education Training simulation Vocational education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Felicia , Patrick ( 2011 ) . Handbook of Research on Improving Learning and Motivation . p. 1003 . ISBN 1609604962 . Jump up ^ The Out of Eden Walk : An Experiential Learning Journey from the Virtual to the Real , Edutopia , January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Action Learning - How does it work in practice ? MIT Sloan Management . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ The Power of Experiential Learning , 4 - H Cooperative Curriculum System . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Beard , Colin ( 2010 ) . The Experiential Learning Toolkit : Blending Practice with Concepts . p. 20 . ISBN 9780749459345 . ^ Jump up to : Itin , C.M. ( 1999 ) . Reasserting the Philosophy of Experiential Education as a Vehicle for Change in the 21st Century . The Journal of Physical Education 22 ( 2 ) , 91 - 98 . Jump up ^ Breunig , Mary C. ( 2009 ) . `` Teaching Dewey 's Experience and Education Experientially '' . In Stremba , Bob ; Bisson , Christian A. Teaching Adventure Education Theory : Best Practices . p. 122 . ISBN 9780736071260 . Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics , Book 2 , Ross translation ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Dixon , Nancy M. ; Adams , Doris E. ; Cullins , Richard ( 1997 ) . `` Learning Style '' . Assessment , Development , and Measurement . p. 41 . ISBN 9781562860493 . Jump up ^ Hawtrey , Kim . `` Using Experiential Learning Techniques '' . Jump up ^ McCarthy , P.R. , & McCarthy , H.M. ( 2006 ) . When Case Studies Are Not Enough : Integrating Experiential Learning Into Business Curricula . Journal Of Education For Business , 81 ( 4 ) , 201 - 204 . Jump up ^ Kraft , R.G. ( 1994 ). Bike riding and the art of learning.In L.B. Barnes , C. Roland Christensen , & A.J. Hansen ( Eds . ) , Teaching and the case method. Boston : Harvard Business School Press . Jump up ^ Loo , R. ( 2002 ) . A Meta - Analytic Examination of Kolb 's Learning Style Preferences Among Business Majors . Journal of Education for Business , 77 : 5 , 252 - 256 ^ Jump up to : Kolb , D. ( 1984 ) . Experiential Learning : experience as the source of learning and development . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . p. 21 Jump up ^ http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/training/resources/teaching/theories/kolb Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Merriam , S.B. , Caffarella , R.S. , & Baumgartner , L.M. ( 2007 ) . Learning in adulthood : a comprehensive guide . San Francisco : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Moon , J. ( 2004 ) . A Handbook of Reflective and Experiential Learning : Theory and Practice . London : Routledge Falmer . p. 126 . Jump up ^ Kolb , D ( 1984 ) . Experiential Learning as the Science of Learning and Development . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Chickering , A ( 1977 ) . Experience and Learning . New York : Change Magazine Press . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Hutton , M. ( 1980 ) . Learning from action : a conceptual framework , in S. Warner Weil and M. McGill ( eds ) Making Sense of Experiential Learning . Milton Keynes : SRHE / Open University Press . pp. 50 -- 9 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Kompf , M. , & Bond , R. ( 2001 ) . Critical reflection in adult education . In T. Barer - Stein & M. Kompf ( Eds . ) , The craft of teaching adults ( p. 55 ) . Toronto , ON : Irwin . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , M. & Ruddy , M. ( 2004 ) Open to outcome ( p. 2 ) . Oklahoma City , OK : Wood ' N ' Barnes . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , W. & Jones , J.E. ( 1975 ) . A Handbook of Structured Experiences for Human Relations Training . La Jolla , California : University Associates . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , C.A. ( 2004 ) . The importance level of ten teaching / learning techniques as rated by university business students and instructors . Journal Of Management Development , 23 ( 2 ) , 169 - 182 . Jump up ^ ELENA project leader Jump up ^ Staff , Noodle. `` 41 Most Innovative K -- 12 Schools in America '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Clark , J. , & White , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Experiential Learning : A Definitive Edge In The Job Market '' . American Journal Of Business Education , 3 ( 2 ) , 115 - 118 . ^ Jump up to : Loo , R. ( 2002 ) . `` A Meta - Analytic Examination of Kolb 's Learning Style Preferences Among Business Majors '' . Journal of Education for Business , 77 : 5 , 252 - 256 Jump up ^ http://www.multimediaplus.com/2014/07/08/experiential-learning/ Jump up ^ Faria , Anthony J. `` 4 '' ( PDF ) . Business Simulation Games after Thirty Years : Current Usage Levels in the United States in Gentry ( ed . ) Guide to Business Gaming and Experiential Learning . The University of Michigan : Nichols / GP Pub. , 1990 . pp. 36 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0893973698 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Skill Pyramid Jump up ^ Stavenga de Jong , J.A. , Wierstra , R.F.A. and Hermanussen , J. ( 2006 ) `` An exploration of the relationship between academic and experiential learning approaches in vocational education '' , British Journal of Educational Psychology . 76 ; 1 . pp. 155 - 169 . Jump up ^ `` The Benefits of Experiential Learning '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Experiential_learning&oldid=783676211 '' Categories : Alternative education Education theory Experiential learning Learning methods Critical pedagogy Experiential learning schools Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential%20learning	2,899
what is the mechanism of action of steroids			Glucocorticoid	glucocorticoid	Glucocorticoids ( GCs ) are a class of corticosteroids , which are a class of steroid hormones . Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) , that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell . The name glucocorticoid ( glucose + cortex + steroid ) is composed from its role in regulation of glucose metabolism , synthesis in the adrenal cortex , and its steroidal structure ( see structure to the right ) . A less common synonym is glucocorticosteroid .	GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system which reduces certain aspects of immune function , such as reduction of inflammation . They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system , such as allergies , asthma , autoimmune diseases , and sepsis . GCs have many diverse ( pleiotropic ) effects , including potentially harmful side effects , and as a result are rarely sold over the counter . They also interfere with some of the abnormal mechanisms in cancer cells , so they are used in high doses to treat cancer . This includes inhibitory effects on lymphocyte proliferation , as in the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias , and the mitigation of side effects of anticancer drugs . GCs affect cells by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) . The activated GR complex , in turn , up - regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus ( a process known as transactivation ) and represses the expression of proinflammatory proteins in the cytosol by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus ( transrepression ) . Glucocorticoids are distinguished from mineralocorticoids and sex steroids by their specific receptors , target cells , and effects . In technical terms , `` corticosteroid '' refers to both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids ( as both are mimics of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex ) , but is often used as a synonym for `` glucocorticoid . '' Glucocorticoids are chiefly produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex , whereas mineralocorticoids are synthesized in the zona glomerulosa . Cortisol ( or hydrocortisone ) is the most important human glucocorticoid . It is essential for life , and it regulates or supports a variety of important cardiovascular , metabolic , immunologic , and homeostatic functions . Various synthetic glucocorticoids are available ; these are widely utilized in general medical practice and numerous specialties either as replacement therapy in glucocorticoid deficiency or to suppress the immune system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Effects 1.1 Immune 1.2 Metabolic 1.3 Developmental 1.4 Arousal and cognition 1.5 Body fluid homeostasis 2 Mechanism of action 2.1 Transactivation 2.2 Transrepression 2.3 Nongenomic effects 3 Pharmacology 4 Therapeutic use 4.1 Physiological replacement 4.2 Therapeutic immunosuppression 4.3 Anti-inflammatory 4.4 Hyperaldosteronism 4.5 Resistance 4.6 Heart failure 5 Side effects 5.1 Immunodeficiency 5.2 Withdrawal 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Effects ( edit ) Steroidogenesis showing glucocorticoids in green ellipse at right with the primary example being cortisol . It is not a strictly bounded group , but a continuum of structures with increasing glucocorticoid effect . Glucocorticoid effects may be broadly classified into two major categories : immunological and metabolic . In addition , glucocorticoids play important roles in fetal development and body fluid homeostasis . Immune ( edit ) As discussed in more detail below , glucocorticoids function through interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor : up - regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins . down - regulate the expression of proinflammatory proteins . Glucocorticoids are also shown to play a role in the development and homeostasis of T lymphocytes . This has been shown in transgenic mice with either increased or decreased sensitivity of T cell lineage to glucocorticoids . Metabolic ( edit ) The name `` glucocorticoid '' derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in glucose metabolism . In the fasted state , cortisol stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in blood . Metabolic effects : Stimulation of gluconeogenesis , in particular , in the liver : This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non-hexose substrates , such as amino acids and glycerol from triglyceride breakdown , and is particularly important in carnivores and certain herbivores . Enhancing the expression of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis is probably the best - known metabolic function of glucocorticoids . Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues : These serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis . Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue : A mechanism to conserve glucose Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue : The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle , and the released glycerol provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis . Excessive glucocorticoid levels resulting from administration as a drug or hyperadrenocorticism have effects on many systems . Some examples include inhibition of bone formation , suppression of calcium absorption ( both of which can lead to osteoporosis ) , delayed wound healing , muscle weakness , and increased risk of infection . These observations suggest a multitude of less - dramatic physiologic roles for glucocorticoids . Developmental ( edit ) Glucocorticoids have multiple effects on fetal development . An important example is their role in promoting maturation of the lung and production of the surfactant necessary for extrauterine lung function . Mice with homozygous disruptions in the corticotropin - releasing hormone gene ( see below ) die at birth due to pulmonary immaturity . In addition , glucocorticoids are necessary for normal brain development , by initiating terminal maturation , remodeling axons and dendrites , and affecting cell survival and may also play a role in hippocampal development . Arousal and cognition ( edit ) A graphical representation of the Yerkes - Dodson curve Glucocorticoids act on the hippocampus , amygdala , and frontal lobes . Along with adrenaline , these enhance the formation of flashbulb memories of events associated with strong emotions , both positive and negative . This has been confirmed in studies , whereby blockade of either glucocorticoids or noradrenaline activity impaired the recall of emotionally relevant information . Additional sources have shown subjects whose fear learning was accompanied by high cortisol levels had better consolidation of this memory ( this effect was more important in men ) . The effect that glucocorticoids have on memory may be due to damage specifically to the CA1 area of the hippocampal formation . In multiple animal studies , prolonged stress ( causing prolonged increases in glucocorticoid levels ) have shown destruction of the neurons in this area of the brain , which has been connected to lower memory performance . Glucocorticoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on vigilance ( attention deficit disorder ) and cognition ( memory ) . This appears to follow the Yerkes - Dodson curve , as studies have shown circulating levels of glucocorticoids vs. memory performance follow an upside - down U pattern , much like the Yerkes - Dodson curve . For example , long - term potentiation ( LTP ; the process of forming long - term memories ) is optimal when glucocorticoid levels are mildly elevated , whereas significant decreases of LTP are observed after adrenalectomy ( low - GC state ) or after exogenous glucocorticoid administration ( high - GC state ) . Elevated levels of glucocorticoids enhance memory for emotionally arousing events , but lead more often than not to poor memory for material unrelated to the source of stress / emotional arousal . In contrast to the dose - dependent enhancing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation , these stress hormones have been shown to inhibit the retrieval of already stored information . Long - term exposure to glucocorticoid medications , such as asthma and anti-inflammatory medication , has been shown to create deficits in memory and attention both during and , to a lesser extent , after treatment , a condition known as `` steroid dementia . '' Body fluid homeostasis ( edit ) Glucocorticoids could act centrally , as well as peripherally , to assist in the normalization of extracellular fluid volume by regulating body 's action to atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) . Centrally , glucocorticoids could inhibit dehydration induced water intake ; peripherally , glucocorticoids could induce a potent diuresis . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Transactivation ( edit ) Glucocorticoids bind to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) , a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by ligand binding . After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor , the newly formed complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus , where it binds to glucocorticoid response elements ( GRE ) in the promoter region of the target genes resulting in the regulation of gene expression . This process is commonly referred to as transcriptional activation , or transactivation . The proteins encoded by these up - regulated genes have a wide range of effects , including , for example : anti-inflammatory -- lipocortin I , p11 / calpactin binding protein , secretory leukoprotease inhibitor 1 ( SLPI ) , and Mitogen - activated protein kinase phosphatase ( MAPK phosphatase ) increased gluconeogenesis -- glucose - 6 - phosphatase and tyrosine aminotransferase Transrepression ( edit ) The opposite mechanism is called transcriptional repression , or transrepression . The classical understanding of this mechanism is that activated GR binds to DNA in the same site where another transcription factor would bind , which prevents the transcription of genes that are transcribed via the activity of that factor . While this does occur , the results are not consistent for all cell types and conditions ; there is no generally accepted , general mechanism for transrepression . New mechanisms are being discovered where transcription is repressed , but the activated GR is not interacting with DNA , but rather with another transcription factor directly , thus interfering with it , or with other proteins that interfere with the function of other transcription factors . This latter mechanism appears to be the most likely way that activated GR interferes with NF - κB - namely by recruiting histone deacetylase , which deacetylate the DNA in the promoter region leading to closing of the chromatin structure where NF - κB needs to bind . Nongenomic effects ( edit ) Activated GR has effects that have been experimentally shown to be independent of any effects on transcription and can only be due to direct binding of activated GR with other proteins or with mRNA . For example , Src kinase which binds to inactive GR , is released when a glucocorticoid binds to GR , and phosphorylates a protein that in turn displaces an adaptor protein from a receptor important in inflammation , epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) , reducing its activity , which in turn results in reduced creation of arachidonic acid - a key proinflammatory molecule . This is one mechanism by which glucocorticoids have an anti-inflammatory effect . Pharmacology ( edit ) Dexamethasone - a synthetic glucocorticoid binds more powerfully to the glucocorticoid receptor than cortisol does . Dexamethasone is based on the cortisol structure but differs at three positions ( extra double bond in the A-ring between carbons 1 and 2 and addition of a 9 - α - fluoro group and a 16 - α - methyl substituent ) . A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids , some far more potent than cortisol , have been created for therapeutic use . They differ in both pharmacokinetics ( absorption factor , half - life , volume of distribution , clearance ) and pharmacodynamics ( for example the capacity of mineralocorticoid activity : retention of sodium ( Na+ ) and water ; renal physiology ) . Because they permeate the intestines easily , they are administered primarily per os ( by mouth ) , but also by other methods , such as topically on skin . More than 90 % of them bind different plasma proteins , though with a different binding specificity . Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin ( also called corticosteroid - binding globulin ) , whereas all of them bind albumin . In the liver , they quickly metabolize by conjugation with a sulfate or glucuronic acid , and are secreted in the urine . Glucocorticoid potency , duration of effect , and the overlapping mineralocorticoid potency vary . Cortisol is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency . Hydrocortisone is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol . The data below refer to oral administration . Oral potency may be less than parenteral potency because significant amounts ( up to 50 % in some cases ) may not reach the circulation . Fludrocortisone acetate and deoxycorticosterone acetate are , by definition , mineralocorticoids rather than glucocorticoids , but they do have minor glucocorticoid potency and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency . Comparative oral corticosteroid potencies Name Glucocorticoid potency Mineralocorticoid potency Terminal half - life ( hours ) Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) 8 Cortisone 0.8 0.8 8 Prednisone 3.5 -- 5 0.8 16 -- 36 Prednisolone 0.8 16 -- 36 Methylprednisolone 5 -- 7.5 0.5 18 -- 40 Dexamethasone 25 -- 80 0 36 -- 54 Betamethasone 25 -- 30 0 36 -- 54 Triamcinolone 5 0 12 -- 36 Fludrocortisone acetate 15 200 24 Deoxycorticosterone acetate 0 20 - Therapeutic use ( edit ) Glucocorticoids may be used in low doses in adrenal insufficiency . In much higher doses , oral or inhaled glucocorticoids are used to suppress various allergic , inflammatory , and autoimmune disorders . Inhaled glucocorticoids are the second - line treatment for asthma . They are also administered as post-transplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the acute transplant rejection and the graft - versus - host disease . Nevertheless , they do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later reparative processes . Newly emerging evidence showed that glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of heart failure to increase the renal responsiveness to diuretics and natriuretic peptides . Glucocorticoids are historically used for pain relief in inflammatory conditions . However , corticosteroids show limited efficacy in pain relief and potential adverse events for their use in tendinopathies . Physiological replacement ( edit ) Any glucocorticoid can be given in a dose that provides approximately the same glucocorticoid effects as normal cortisol production ; this is referred to as physiologic , replacement , or maintenance dosing . This is approximately 6 -- 12 mg / m2 / day of hydrocortisone ( m2 refers to body surface area ( BSA ) , and is a measure of body size ; an average man 's BSA is 1.9 m2 ) . Therapeutic immunosuppression ( edit ) See section on `` Immunodeficiency '' below for adverse effects Glucocorticoids cause immunosuppression , and the therapeutic component of this effect is mainly the decreases in the function and numbers of lymphocytes , including both B cells and T cells . The major mechanism for this immunosuppression through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa - light - chain - enhancer of activated B cells ( NF - κB ) . NF - κB is a critical transcription factor involved in the synthesis of many mediators ( i.e. , cytokines ) and proteins ( i.e. , adhesion proteins ) that promote the immune response . Inhibition of this transcription factor , therefore , blunts the capacity of the immune system to mount a response . Glucocorticoids suppress cell - mediated immunity by inhibiting genes that code for the cytokines IL - 1 , IL - 2 , IL - 3 , IL - 4 , IL - 5 , IL - 6 , IL - 8 and IFN - γ , the most important of which is IL - 2 . Smaller cytokine production reduces the T cell proliferation . Glucocorticoids , however , not only reduce T cell proliferation , but also lead to another well known effect - glucocorticoid - induced apoptosis . The effect is more prominent in immature T cells still inside in the thymus , but peripheral T cells are also affected . The exact mechanism regulating this glucocorticoid sensitivity lies in the Bcl - 2 gene . Glucocorticoids also suppress the humoral immunity , thereby causing a humoral immune deficiency . Glucocorticoids cause B cells to express smaller amounts of IL - 2 and of IL - 2 receptors . This diminishes both B cell clone expansion and antibody synthesis . The diminished amounts of IL - 2 also cause fewer T lymphocyte cells to be activated . The effect of glucocorticoids on Fc receptor expression in immune cells is complicated . Dexamethasone decreases IFN - gamma simulated Fc gamma RI expression in neutrophils while conversely causing an increase in monocytes . Glucocorticoids may also decrease the expression of Fc receptors in macrophages , but the evidence supporting this regulation in earlier studies has been questioned . The effect of Fc receptor expression in macrophages is important since it is necessary for the phagocytosis of opsonised cells . This is because Fc receptors bind antibodies attached to cells targeted for destruction by macrophages . Anti-inflammatory ( edit ) Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatories , regardless of the inflammation 's cause ; their primary anti-inflammatory mechanism is lipocortin - 1 ( annexin - 1 ) synthesis . Lipocortin - 1 both suppresses phospholipase A2 , thereby blocking eicosanoid production , and inhibits various leukocyte inflammatory events ( epithelial adhesion , emigration , chemotaxis , phagocytosis , respiratory burst , etc . ) . In other words , glucocorticoids not only suppress immune response , but also inhibit the two main products of inflammation , prostaglandins and leukotrienes . They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis at the level of phospholipase A2 as well as at the level of cyclooxygenase / PGE isomerase ( COX - 1 and COX - 2 ) , the latter effect being much like that of NSAIDs , potentiating the anti-inflammatory effect . In addition , glucocorticoids also suppress cyclooxygenase expression . Glucocorticoids marketed as anti-inflammatories are often topical formulations , such as nasal sprays for rhinitis or inhalers for asthma . These preparations have the advantage of only affecting the targeted area , thereby reducing side effects or potential interactions . In this case , the main compounds used are beclometasone , budesonide , fluticasone , mometasone and ciclesonide . In rhinitis , sprays are used . For asthma , glucocorticoids are administered as inhalants with a metered - dose or dry powder inhaler . Hyperaldosteronism ( edit ) Glucocorticoids can be used in the management of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 . They are not effective , however , for use in the type 2 condition . Resistance ( edit ) Corticosteroid resistance mechanisms Resistance to the therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids can present difficulty ; for instance , 25 % of cases of severe asthma may be unresponsive to steroids . This may be the result of genetic predisposition , ongoing exposure to the cause of the inflammation ( such as allergens ) , immunological phenomena that bypass glucocorticoids , and pharmacokinetic disturbances ( incomplete absorption or accelerated excretion or metabolism ) . Heart failure ( edit ) Glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of decompensated heart failure to potentiate renal responsiveness to diuretics , especially in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance with large doses of loop diuretics . Side effects ( edit ) Glucocorticoid drugs currently being used act nonselectively , so in the long run they may impair many healthy anabolic processes . To prevent this , much research has been focused recently on the elaboration of selectively acting glucocorticoid drugs . Side effects include : Immunodeficiency ( see section below ) Hyperglycemia due to increased gluconeogenesis , insulin resistance , and impaired glucose tolerance ( `` steroid diabetes '' ) ; caution in those with diabetes mellitus Increased skin fragility , easy bruising Negative calcium balance due to reduced intestinal calcium absorption Steroid - induced osteoporosis : reduced bone density ( osteoporosis , osteonecrosis , higher fracture risk , slower fracture repair ) Weight gain due to increased visceral and truncal fat deposition ( central obesity ) and appetite stimulation Hypercortisolemia with prolonged or excessive use ( also known as , exogenous Cushing 's syndrome ) Impaired memory and attention deficits Adrenal insufficiency ( if used for long time and stopped suddenly without a taper ) Muscle and tendon breakdown ( proteolysis ) , weakness , reduced muscle mass and repair Expansion of malar fat pads and dilation of small blood vessels in skin Lipomatosis within the epidural space Excitatory effect on central nervous system ( euphoria , psychosis ) Anovulation , irregularity of menstrual periods Growth failure , delayed puberty Increased plasma amino acids , increased urea formation , negative nitrogen balance Glaucoma due to increased ocular pressure Cataracts Topical steroid addiction In high doses , hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) and those glucocorticoids with appreciable mineralocorticoid potency can exert a mineralocorticoid effect as well , although in physiologic doses this is prevented by rapid degradation of cortisol by 11β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 2 ( 11β - HSD2 ) in mineralocorticoid target tissues . Mineralocorticoid effects can include salt and water retention , extracellular fluid volume expansion , hypertension , potassium depletion , and metabolic alkalosis . Immunodeficiency ( edit ) Glucocorticoids cause immunosuppression , decreasing the function and / or numbers of neutrophils , lymphocytes ( including both B cells and T cells ) , monocytes , macrophages , and the anatomical barrier function of the skin . This suppression , if large enough , can cause manifestations of immunodeficiency , including T cell deficiency , humoral immune deficiency and neutropenia . Main pathogens of concern in glucocorticoid - induced immunodeficiency : Bacteria Enterobacteriaceae Legionella micdadei Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nontuberculous mycobacteria Nocardia asteroides Rhodococcus equi Salmonella species Staphylococcus aureus Streptococci Fungi Aspergillus Blastomyces Candida albicans and nonalbicans species Coccidioides immitis Cryptococcus neoformans Fusarium species Histoplasma capsulatum Penicillium marneffei Pseudallescheria boydii Zygomycosis Viruses Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus Human papillomavirus Influenza / parainfluenza Respiratory syncytial virus Varicella zoster Other Cryptosporidiosis / Isospora belli Pneumocystis carinii Strongyloides stercoralis Toxoplasma gondii Withdrawal ( edit ) In addition to the effects listed above , use of high - dose steroids for more than a week begins to produce suppression of the patient 's adrenal glands because the exogenous glucocorticoids suppress hypothalamic corticotropin - releasing hormone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone . With prolonged suppression , the adrenal glands atrophy ( physically shrink ) , and can take months to recover full function after discontinuation of the exogenous glucocorticoid . During this recovery time , the patient is vulnerable to adrenal insufficiency during times of stress , such as illness . While suppressive dose and time for adrenal recovery vary widely , clinical guidelines have been devised to estimate potential adrenal suppression and recovery , to reduce risk to the patient . The following is one example : If patients have been receiving daily high doses for five days or less , they can be abruptly stopped ( or reduced to physiologic replacement if patients are adrenal - deficient ) . Full adrenal recovery can be assumed to occur by a week afterward . If high doses were used for six to 10 days , reduce to replacement dose immediately and taper over four more days . Adrenal recovery can be assumed to occur within two to four weeks of completion of steroids . If high doses were used for 11 -- 30 days , cut immediately to twice replacement , and then by 25 % every four days . Stop entirely when dose is less than half of replacement . Full adrenal recovery should occur within one to three months of completion of withdrawal . If high doses were used more than 30 days , cut dose immediately to twice replacement , and reduce by 25 % each week until replacement is reached . Then change to oral hydrocortisone or cortisone as a single morning dose , and gradually decrease by 2.5 mg each week . When the morning dose is less than replacement , the return of normal basal adrenal function may be documented by checking 0800 cortisol levels prior to the morning dose ; stop drugs when 0800 cortisol is 10 μg / dl . Predicting the time to full adrenal recovery after prolonged suppressive exogenous steroids is difficult ; some people may take nearly a year . 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PMID 19906230 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2009. 04980. x . `` Introduction + Classification + Pharmacological Action + Regulation of Release and Drawback of Glucocorticoids Hormone '' . Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic - pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 - L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 - L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD Agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia Agents Antidepressants Antimigraine Agents Antiparkinson 's Agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids ( H02 ) Glucocorticoids Natural Cortisone Cortisone acetate Cortodoxone ( cortexolone , 11 - deoxycortisol ) Desoxycortone ( deoxycortone , cortexone , 11 - deoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters Hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) Hydrocortisone esters Prebediolone acetate Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate Synthetic Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : Chloroprednisone Cloprednol Difluprednate Fludrocortisone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluocinolone Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Loteprednol Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prednicarbate Prednisolone Prednisone Tixocortol Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : Alclometasone Beclometasone Beclometasone esters Betamethasone Betamethasone esters Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cortivazol Desoximetasone Dexamethasone Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflucortolone Diflucortolone valerate Fluclorolone Flumetasone Fluocortin Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halometasone Meprednisone Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Prednylidene Rimexolone Triamcinolone Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Amcinonide Budesonide Ciclesonide Deflazacort Desonide Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flunisolide Fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinonide Formocortal ( fluoroformylone ) Halcinonide Triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone acetonide esters Antiglucocorticoids Antagonists : Aglepristone Ketoconazole Mifepristone Ulipristal acetate Synthesis modifiers Acetoxolone Aminoglutethimide Carbenoxolone Enoxolone Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Trilostane WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Glucocorticoid receptor modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids List of corticosteroids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362 Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Miconazole Mifepristone Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&oldid=800196601 '' Categories : Chemical substances for emergency medicine Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Hepatotoxins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid	2,900
let the midnight special shine the light on me			Midnight Special ( song )	midnight special ( song )	`` Midnight Special '' is a traditional folk song thought to have originated among prisoners in the American South . The song refers to the passenger train Midnight Special and its `` ever - loving light '' ( sometimes `` ever - living light '' ) :	Let the Midnight Special shine her light on me Let the Midnight Special shine her ever - loving light on me The song is historically performed in the country - blues style from the viewpoint of the prisoner and has been covered by many artists . Contents 1 History 2 Other versions 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography History ( edit ) Lead Belly , photographed by Alan Lomax in the 1940s . Lyrics appearing in the song were first recorded in print by Howard Odum in 1905 : Get up in the mornin ' when ding dong rings , Look at table -- see the same damn thing The first printed reference to the song itself was in a 1923 issue of Adventure magazine , a three - times - a-month pulp magazine published by the Ridgway Company . In 1927 Carl Sandburg published two different versions of `` Midnight Special '' in his The American Songbag , the first published versions . The song was first commercially recorded on the OKeh label in 1926 as `` Pistol Pete 's Midnight Special '' by Dave `` Pistol Pete '' Cutrell ( a member of McGinty 's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band ) . Cutrell follows the traditional song except for semi-comedic stanzas about McGinty and Gray and `` a cowboy band '' : Now , Mister McGinty is a good man But he 's run away now with a cowboy band Refrain Now Otto Gray , he 's a Stillwater man But he 's manager now of a cowboy band Refrain In March 1929 , the band , now Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Cowboys , recorded the song again , this time with the traditional title using only the traditional lyrics . Sam Collins recorded the song commercially in 1927 under the title `` The Midnight Special Blues '' for Gennett Records . His version also follows the traditional style . His is the first to name the woman in the story , Little Nora , and he refers to the Midnight Special 's `` ever - living '' light : Yonder come a Little Nora . How in the world do you know ? I know by the apron and the dress she wears In 1934 Huddie William `` Lead Belly '' Ledbetter recorded a version of the song at Angola Prison for John and Alan Lomax , who mistakenly attributed it to him as the author . However , Ledbetter , for his Angola session , appears to have inserted several stanzas relating to a 1923 Houston jailbreak into the traditional song . Ledbetter recorded at least three versions of the song , one with the Golden Gate Quartet , a gospel group ( recorded for RCA at Victor Studio # 2 , New York City , June 15 , 1940 ) . John and Alan Lomax , in their book , Best Loved American Folk Songs , told a credible story identifying the Midnight Special as a train from Houston shining its light into a cell in the Sugar Land Prison . They also describe Ledbetter 's version as `` the Negro jailbird 's ballad to match Hard Times Poor Boy . Like so many American folk songs , its hero is not a man but a train . '' The light of the train is seen as the light of salvation , the train which could take them away from the prison walls . It is highly reminiscent of the imagery of such gospel songs as Let the Light from your Lighthouse Shine on Me . Carl Sandburg had a different view . He believed the subject of the song would rather be run over by a train than spend more time in jail . The song , as popularized by Ledbetter , has many parallel lines to other prison songs . It is essentially the same song as `` De Funiac Blues , '' sung and played by Burruss Johnson and recorded by John Lomax at the Raiford State Penitentiary in Florida on 2 June 1939 . Many of the lines appear in prison work songs such as `` Jumpin Judy , '' `` Ai n't That Berta , '' `` Oh Berta '' and `` Yon ' Comes de Sargent . '' These songs , including Ledbetter 's `` Midnight Special . '' are composite . They mix standard prison song verses indiscriminately . Many of these component pieces have become canonized in the blues idiom and appear in mutated forms regularly in blues lyrics . Although later versions place the locale of the song near Houston , early versions such as `` Walk Right In Belmont '' ( Wilmer Watts ; Frank Wilson , 1927 ) and `` North Carolina Blues '' ( Roy Martin , 1930 ) -- both essentially the same song as `` Midnight Special '' -- place it in North Carolina . Most of the early versions , however , have no particular location . Only one recording , collected by the Lomaxes at the Mississippi State Penitentiary , actually identifies the railroad operating the Midnight Special -- the Illinois Central which had a route through Mississippi . Other versions ( edit ) Creedence Clearwater Revival , whose version of the song appeared on their album Willy and the Poor Boys ( 1969 ) . Folk / bluegrass musicians Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper had a top 5 country hit with the song in 1959 as `` Big Midnight Special '' . Only two versions of the song have reached the US Billboard Hot 100 . Paul Evans recorded the highest - charting version of `` Midnight Special , '' reaching number 16 in the winter of 1960 . Five years later , Johnny Rivers ' version reached number 20 in 1965 . Lead Belly , Big Bill Broonzy , Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee , Odetta , Les Paul , The Kingston Trio , ( who also recorded their song Tijuana Jail , which retains the same music but with new lyrics ) Pete Seeger , Peter , Paul and Mary , The Beatles , Burl Ives , Big Joe Turner , Bobby Darin , Cisco Houston , Jimmy Smith , Mungo Jerry , Van Morrison , Little Richard , Buckwheat Zydeco , Otis Rush , The Spencer Davis Group , Lonnie Donegan , Eric Clapton , Long John Baldry , The Kentucky Headhunters , Willie Watson , Mischief Brew , and Creedence Clearwater Revival , among others , have recorded the song . Jody Miller arranged her own version and included it on her first album Wednesday 's Child is Full of Woe in 1963 . Harry Belafonte 's 1962 version is notable for containing the first official recording of Bob Dylan , who played harmonica . Paul McCartney has performed it numerous times ( with The Beatles and solo ) . It was the closing song on his 1988 album CHOBA B CCCP and was performed on his 1991 appearance on MTV Unplugged , but was not included on the accompanying album . ABBA recorded the song in 1975 for charity , as a part of a folk medley , along with `` Pick a Bale of Cotton '' and `` On Top of Old Smokey '' . It was the B - side to their 1978 single `` Summer Night City '' . The medley represents the group 's only recording of material not written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus after their breakthrough with `` Ring Ring '' in 1973 . Dylan references a line from the song -- `` Shine your light on me '' -- on the second track , `` Precious Angel '' , of his 1979 gospel album Slow Train Coming . See also ( edit ) `` Let Your Light Shine on Me '' , a religious variant of the same song List of train songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lomax , American Ballads and Folk Songs , p. 71 : `` Sung in prisons all over the South , this song is probably of white origin . '' Jump up ^ Oliver , Songster and Saints , p. 247 : `` An example of this form of nodal ballad is The Midnight Special , a prison song known in penitentiaries in many parts of the South . One stanza fragment which relates to the song was noted by Howard Odum about 1905 and published in his 1911 collection . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Long Steel Rail , p 479 : `` The earliest reference to the song I have found was in a letter to Robert W. Gordon , conducting the column ' Old Songs That Men Have Sung ' in Adventure magazine . Dated August 3 , 1923 , the requested additional verses ... '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Long Steel Rail , p 479 : `` Carl Sandburg published two variants in his 1927 anthology , American Songbag , both without attribution . '' Jump up ^ Russel , Country Music Records , p. 240 : `` Dave Cutrell ; St. Louis , MO ; May 1926 ; 9650 - A ; ' Pistol Pete 's Midnight Special ' ; Despite the label credit to McGint'y Oklahoma Cow Boy Band as accompanists , the instrumentation is as shown . Rev. Okeh 45057 by McGinty 's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band ... '' ^ Jump up to : Cutrell , `` Pistol Pete 's Midnight Special '' , British Archive of Country Music . Jump up ^ Waltz , The Traditional Ballad Index : `` McGinty 's Oklahoma Cowboy Band ( now led by Otto Gray ) , `` The Midnight Special '' ( Vocalion 5337 ; c. 1929 ) . '' Jump up ^ Discography of Sam Collins ( musician ) by Stefan Wirz . Jump up ^ Collins , `` Midnight Special Blues '' . Jump up ^ Cohen , Long Steel Rail , p. 480 : `` McCormick 's researchers do not prove that the song `` The Midnight Special '' originated at the time of this 1923 jailbreak . It seems more probable that Lead Belly and others set the details of that event into the framework of an earlier , well - established traditional song . The strongest evidence for this assumption is that the song appeared widely throughout the South within a very few years after 1923 , and invariably in versions that did not mention any of the individual associated with the Houston events of 1923 . '' Jump up ^ Waltz , The Traditional Ballad Index : `` Carl Sandburg , on the other hand , believes that the song refers to suicide : That the convict would rather be dead under the wheels of the train than spend another twenty years in prison . '' ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Long Steel Rail , p 479 : One version , collected from prisoners at the state prison at Parchman , Mississippi , has this chorus : `` Let the Midnight Special shine her light on me , You take the Illinois Central , and come to Kankakee '' Jump up ^ Everett , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Foundations of Rock : From `` Blue Suede Shoes '' to `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 381 . ISBN 9780195310238 . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Special '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Companion book to Thank You For the Music Boxed Set , Polydor 1992 , Cat. - No. 314 523 472 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Official Bob Dylan Site & # 124 '' . Bobdylan.com. 2012 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cohen , Norm . Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong . University of Illinois Press ( 2nd ed ) , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06881 - 5 Oliver , Paul . Songsters and Saints : Vocal Tradition on Race Records . Cambridge University Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26942 - 3 Collins , `` Crying '' Sam . `` Midnight Special Blues '' . Jailhouse Blues , 14 . Yazoo , CD , 1990 . Lomax , John A. and Alan Lomax . American Ballads and Folk Songs . Dover Publications ( reprint ) , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 28276 - 7 Otto Gray 's Oklahoma Cowboys . `` Pistol Pete 's Midnight Special '' by Dave Cutrell acc . by McGinty 's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band . Early Cowboy Band . British Archive of Country Music , CD D 139 , 2006 . Russell , Tony . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 - 1942 . Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513989 - 5 Waltz , Robert B ; David G. Engle . `` The Midnight Special '' . The Traditional Ballad Index : An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English - Speaking World . Hosted by California State University , Fresno , Folklore , 2007 . Lead Belly List of recorded songs Singles `` John Hardy '' `` Midnight Special '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Take This Hammer '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` The Bourgeois Blues '' Other `` Black Betty '' Johnny Rivers Live albums At the Whisky à Go Go Here We à Go Go Again ! In Action Meanwhile Back at the Whisky à Go Go ... And I Know You Wanna Dance Songs `` Memphis '' `` Maybellene '' `` Mountain of Love '' `` Midnight Special '' `` The Seventh Son '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` Secret Agent Man '' `` ( I Washed My Hands In ) Muddy Water '' `` Poor Side of Town '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Summer Rain '' `` Into the Mystic '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` Sea Cruise '' `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' `` Six Days on the Road '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' `` Swayin ' to the Music ( Slow Dancing ) '' `` Um , Um , Um , Um , Um , Um '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_Special_(song)&oldid=839783422 '' Categories : Lead Belly songs Burl Ives songs Big Joe Turner songs Paul McCartney songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs The Beatles songs The Weavers songs Van Morrison songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs American folk songs 1960 singles 1965 singles Johnny Rivers songs Songs about trains Wilma Lee Cooper songs Stoney Cooper songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Songs about prison Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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what is the tallest monument in the united states	The Gateway Arch is a 630 - foot ( 192 m ) monument in St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri . Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of an inverted , weighted catenary arch , it is the world 's tallest arch , the tallest man - made monument in the Western Hemisphere , and Missouri 's tallest accessible building . Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States , and officially dedicated to `` the American people , '' it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis , as well as a popular tourist destination .	Gateway Arch	Gateway arch	gateway arch	The Gateway Arch is a 630 - foot ( 192 m ) monument in St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri . Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of an inverted , weighted catenary arch , it is the world 's tallest arch , the tallest man - made monument in the Western Hemisphere , and Missouri 's tallest accessible building . Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States , and officially dedicated to `` the American people , '' it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis , as well as a popular tourist destination .	The Arch was designed by Finnish - American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947 ; construction began on February 12 , 1963 , and was completed on October 28 , 1965 , for $13 million ( equivalent to $195 million in 2016 ) . The monument opened to the public on June 10 , 1967 . It is located at the site of St. Louis ' founding on the west bank of the Mississippi River . The Arch has served as the site for multiple incidents , accidents , and stunts , and following the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995 and the September 11 attacks it has received a number of security related upgrades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Inception and early funding ( 1933 -- 1935 ) 1.2 Land acquisition , opposition , demolition , and early railroad negotiations ( 1936 -- 1939 ) 1.3 Design competition ( 1945 -- 1948 ) 1.4 Railroad agreement ( 1949 -- 1952 ) 1.5 Amendment of railroad agreement and authorization ( 1953 -- 1958 ) 1.6 Zoning , start of railroad move , and appropriation ( 1959 -- 1968 ) 2 Construction 2.1 Delays and lawsuits 2.2 Topping out and dedication 2.3 After completion 3 Characteristics 3.1 Physical characteristics 3.2 Mathematical elements 3.3 Lighting 4 Public access 4.1 Visitor center 4.2 Observation area 4.2. 1 Modes of ascent 4.2. 2 Incidents 4.3 Stunts and accidents 4.3. 1 1980 accident 4.3. 2 1992 stunt 4.4 Security 5 Symbolism and culture 5.1 Awards and recognitions 5.2 Cultural references 6 Maintenance 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) See also : History of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Inception and early funding ( 1933 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Around late 1933 , civic leader Luther Ely Smith , returning to St. Louis from the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park in Vincennes , Indiana , saw the St. Louis riverfront area and envisioned that building a memorial there would both revive the riverfront and stimulate the economy . He communicated his idea to mayor Bernard Dickmann , who on December 15 , 1933 , raised it in a meeting with city leaders . They sanctioned the proposal , and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association ( JNEMA -- pronounced `` Jenny May '' ) was formed . Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman . The association 's goal was to create : A suitable and permanent public memorial to the men who made possible the western territorial expansion of the United States , particularly President Jefferson , his aides Livingston and Monroe , the great explorers , Lewis and Clark , and the hardy hunters , trappers , frontiersmen and pioneers who contributed to the territorial expansion and development of these United States , and thereby to bring before the public of this and future generations the history of our development and induce familiarity with the patriotic accomplishments of these great builders of our country . Many locals did not approve of depleting public funds for the cause . Smith 's daughter SaLees related that when `` people would tell him we needed more practical things '' , he would respond that `` spiritual things '' were equally important . The association expected that $30 million would be needed to undertake the construction of such a monument . It called upon the federal government to foot three - quarters of the bill ( $22.5 million ) . The St. Louis riverfront after demolition The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original , as previous projects were attempted but lacked popularity . The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the Great Depression and promised new jobs . The project was expected to create 5,000 jobs for three to four years . Committee members began to raise public awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets . They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills , in addition to researching ownership of the land they had chosen , `` approximately one - half mile in length ... from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad . '' In January 1934 , Senator Bennett Champ Clark and Representative John Cochran introduced to Congress an appropriation bill seeking $30 million for the memorial , but the bill failed to garner support due to the large amount of money solicited . In March of the same year , joint resolutions proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial . Although the proposal aimed for only authorization , the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation . On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out , and on April 5 it was turned over to the House Library Committee , which later reported favorably on the bills . On June 8 , both the Senate and House bills were passed . On June 15 , then President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law , instituting the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission . The commission comprised 15 members , chosen by Roosevelt , the House , the Senate , and JNEMA . It first convened on December 19 in St. Louis , where members examined the project and its planned location . Meanwhile , in December , the JNEMA discussed organizing an architectural competition to determine the design of the monument . Local architect Louis LeBeaume had drawn up competition guidelines by January 1935 . On April 13 , 1935 , the commission certified JNEMA 's project proposals , including memorial perimeters , the `` historical significance '' of the memorial , the competition , and the $30 million budget . Between February and April , the Missouri State Legislature passed an act allowing the use of bonds to facilitate the project . On April 15 , then Governor Guy B. Park signed it into law . Dickmann and Smith applied for funding from two New Deal agencies -- the Public Works Administration ( headed by Harold Ickes ) and the Works Progress Administration ( headed by Harry Hopkins ) . On August 7 , both Ickes and Hopkins assented to the funding requests , each promising $10,000,000 , and said that the National Park Service ( NPS ) would manage the memorial . A local bond issue election granting $7.5 million for the memorial 's development was held on September 10 and passed . On December 21 , Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 7253 to approve the memorial , allocating the 82 - acre area as the first National Historic Site . The order also appropriated $3.3 million through the WPA and $3.45 million through the PWA ( $6,750,000 in total ) . The motivation of the project was twofold -- commemorating westward expansion and creating jobs . Some taxpayers began to file suits to impede the monument , which they called a `` boondoggle '' . Land acquisition , opposition , demolition , and early railroad negotiations ( 1936 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) Using the 1935 grant of $6.75 million and $2.25 million in city bonds , the NPS acquired the buildings within the historic site -- through condemnation rather than purchase -- and demolished them . By September 1938 , condemnation was complete . The condemnation was subject to many legal disputes which culminated on January 27 , 1939 , when the United States Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that condemnation was valid . A total of $6.2 million was distributed to land owners on June 14 . Demolition commenced on October 9 , 1939 , when Dickmann extracted three bricks from a vacant warehouse . Led by Paul Peters , adversaries of the memorial delivered to Congress a leaflet titled `` Public Necessity or Just Plain Pork '' . The JNEMA 's lawyer , Bon Geaslin , believed that the flyers did not taint the project , but motivated members of Congress to find out more about the same . Although Representative John Cochran wanted to ask Congress to approve more funds , Geaslin believed the association should `` keep a low profile , maintaining its current position during this session of Congress '' . He advised the association to `` get a good strong editorial in one of the papers to the effect that a small group of tenants ... is soliciting funds ( to fight ) the proposed improvement , and stating that these efforts do not represent the consensus of opinion in St. Louis ... , and pointing out that such obstructions should be condemned '' . Congress 's reduction in spending made it impossible for the allocated funds to be obtained . NPS responded that the city would reduce its contribution if the federal government did . It also asserted that the funds were sanctioned by an executive order , but superintendent John Nagle pointed out that what `` one Executive Order does , another can undo '' . In March 1936 , Representative Cochran commented during a House meeting that he `` would not vote for any measure providing for building the memorial or allotting funds to it '' . Geaslin found Cochran 's statements to be a greater hindrance to the project than Paul Peters ' opposition , for Congress might have Cochran 's opinions as representative of public opinion . Peters and other opponents asked Roosevelt to rescind Executive Order 7253 and to redirect the money to the American Red Cross . Smith impugned their motives , accusing them of being `` opposed to anything that is ever advanced in behalf of the city . '' In February 1936 , an editorial written by Paul W. Ward in The Nation denounced the project . Smith was infuriated , fearing the impact of attacks from a prestigious magazine , and wanted `` to jump on it strong with hammer and tongs '' . William Allen White , a renowned newspaper editor , advised Smith not to fret . Because the Mississippi River played an essential role in establishing St. Louis ' identity as the gateway to the west , a memorial commemorating it should be near the river . Railroad tracks that had been constructed in the 1930s on the levee obstructed views of the riverfront from the memorial site . When Ickes declared that the railway must be removed before he would allocate funds for the memorial , President of the St. Louis Board of Public Service Baxter Brown suggested that `` a new tunnel ... conceal the relocated tracks and re-grading of the site to elevate it over the tunnel . These modifications would eliminate the elevated and surface tracks and open up the views to the river . '' Although rejected by NPS architect Charles Peterson , Brown 's proposal formed the basis for the ultimate settlement . Design competition ( 1945 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) ... ( T ) he steel monument one sees today -- carbon steel on the interior , stainless steel on the exterior , and concrete in - filling , with an equilateral - triangle - shaped section that tapers from 54 to 17 feet at the top , and the concept of a skin that is also structure -- is in essence ( Saarinen 's ) competition design . Eero Saarinen : Shaping the Future , 2006 In November 1944 , Smith discussed with Newton Drury , the National Park Service Director , the design of the memorial , asserting that the memorial should be `` transcending in spiritual and aesthetic values , '' best represented by `` one central feature : a single shaft , a building , an arch , or something else that would symbolize American culture and civilization . '' The idea of an architectural competition to determine the design of the memorial was favored at the JNEMA 's inaugural meeting . They planned to award cash for the best design . In January 1945 , the JNEMA officially announced a two - stage design competition that would cost $225,000 to organize . Smith and the JNEMA struggled to raise the funds , garnering only a third of the required total by June 1945 . Then mayor Aloys Kaufmann feared that the lack of public support would lead officials to abandon hope in the project . The passage of a year brought little success , and Smith frantically underwrote the remaining $40,000 in May 1946 . By June , Smith found others to assume portions of his underwriting , with $17,000 remaining under his sponsorship . In February 1947 , the underwriters were compensated , and the fund stood over $231,199 . Local architect Louis LaBeaume prepared a set of specifications for the design , and architect George Howe was chosen to coordinate the competition . On May 30 , 1947 , the contest officially opened . The seven - member jury that would judge the designs comprised Charles Nagel Jr. , Richard Neutra , Roland Wank , William Wurster , LaBeaume , Fiske Kimball , and S. Herbert Hare . The competition comprised two stages -- the first to narrow down the designers to five and the second to single out one architect and his design . The design intended to include : `` ( a ) an architectural memorial or memorials to Jefferson ; dealing ( b ) with preservation of the site of Old St. Louis -- landscaping , provision of an open - air campfire theater , reerection or reproduction of a few typical old buildings , provision of a Museum interpreting the Westward movement ; ( c ) a living memorial to Jefferson 's ' vision of greater opportunities for men of all races and creeds ; ' ( d ) recreational facilities , both sides of the river ; and ( e ) parking facilities , access , relocation of railroads , placement of an interstate highway . '' Saarinen working with a model of the arch in 1957 Saarinen 's team included himself as designer , J. Henderson Barr as associate designer , and Dan Kiley as landscape architect , as well as Lily Swann Saarinen as sculptor and Alexander Girard as painter . In the first stage of the competition , Carl Milles advised Saarinen to change the bases of each leg to triangles instead of squares . Saarinen said that he `` worked at first with mathematical shapes , but finally adjusted it according to the eye . '' At submission , Saarinen 's plans laid out the arch at 509 feet ( 155 m ) tall and 592 feet ( 180 m ) wide from center to center of the triangle bases . On September 1 , 1947 , submissions for the first stage were received by the jury . The submissions were labeled by numbers only , and the names of the designers were kept anonymous . Upon four days of deliberation , the jury narrowed down the 172 submissions , which included Saarinen 's father Eliel , to five finalists , and announced the corresponding numbers to the media on September 27 . Saarinen 's design ( # 144 ) was among the finalists , and comments written on it included `` relevant , beautiful , perhaps inspired would be the right word '' ( Roland Wank ) and `` an abstract form peculiarly happy in its symbolism '' ( Charles Nagel ) . Hare questioned the feasibility of the design but appreciated the thoughtfulness behind it . Local St. Louis architect Harris Armstrong was also one of the finalists . The secretary who sent out the telegrams informing finalists of their advancement mistakenly sent one to Eliel rather than Eero . The family celebrated with champagne , and two hours later , a competition representative called to correct the mistake . Eliel `` ' broke out a second bottle of champagne ' to toast his son . '' They proceeded to the second stage , and each was given a $10,000 prize . Saarinen changed the height of the arch from 580 feet to 630 feet ( 190 m ) and wrote that the arch symbolized `` the gateway to the West , the national expansion , and whatnot . '' He wanted the landscape surrounding the arch to `` be so densely covered with trees that it will be a forest - like park , a green retreat from the tension of the downtown city , '' according to The New York Times architectural critic Aline Bernstein Louchheim The deadline for the second stage arrived on February 10 , 1948 , and on February 18 , the jury chose Saarinen 's design unanimously , praising its `` profoundly evocative and truly monumental expression . '' The following day , during a formal dinner at Statler Hotel that the finalists and the media attended , Wurster pronounced Saarinen the winner of the competition and awarded the checks -- $40,000 to his team and $50,000 to Saarinen . The competition was the first major architectural design that Saarinen developed unaided by his father . On May 25 , the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission endorsed the design . Later , in June , the NPS approved the proposal . Representative H.R. Gross , however , opposed the allocation of federal funds for the arch 's development . The design drew varied responses . In a February 29 , 1948 , The New York Times article , Louchheim praised the arch 's design as `` a modern monument , fitting , beautiful and impressive . '' Some local residents likened it to a `` stupendous hairpin and a stainless steel hitching post . '' The most aggressive criticism emerged from Gilmore D. Clarke , whose February 26 , 1948 , letter compared Saarinen 's arch to an arch imagined by fascist Benito Mussolini , rendering the arch a fascist symbol . This allegation of plagiarism ignited fierce debates among architects about its validity . Douglas Haskell from New York wrote that `` The use of a common form is not plagiarism ... ( T ) his particular accusation amounts to the filthiest smear that has been attempted by a man highly placed in the architectural profession in our generation . '' Wurster and the jury refuted the charges , arguing that `` the arch form was not inherently fascist but was indeed part of the entire history of architecture . '' Saarinen considered the opposition absurd , asserting , `` It 's just preposterous to think that a basic form , based on a completely natural figure , should have any ideological connection . '' By January 1951 , Saarinen created 21 `` drawings , including profiles of the Arch , scale drawings of the museums and restaurants , various parking proposals , the effect of the levee - tunnel railroad plan on the Arch footings , the Arch foundations , the Third Street Expressway , and the internal and external structure of the Arch . '' Fred Severud made calculations for the arch 's structure . Railroad agreement ( 1949 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) Several proposals were offered for moving the railroad tracks , including : Bates - Ross . Tracks would cross the memorial site diagonally in a tunnel . Bowen . Similar to Bates - Ross proposal . Hill - Tunnel . Supported by Saarinen and NPS engineer Julian Spotts , it would route the tracks in a tunnel below Second and First Streets . Saarinen further said that if the tracks passed between the memorial and the river , he would withdraw his participation . La Beaume - Terminal . Opposed by Saarinen and the NPS , it would lay `` three tracks on a contained fill along the lines of the elevated tracks . '' Levee - Tunnel . Proposed by Frank J. McDevitt , president of the St. Louis Board of Public Service , it would lower the tracks into a tunnel concealed by walls and landscaping . On July 7 , 1949 , in Mayor Joseph Darst 's office , city officials chose the Levee - Tunnel plan , rousing JNEMA members who held that the decision had been pressed through when Smith was away on vacation . Darst notified Secretary of the Interior Julius Krug of the city 's selection . Krug planned to meet with Smith and JNEM but canceled the meeting and resigned on November 11 . His successor , Oscar L. Chapman , rescheduled the meeting for December 5 in Washington with delegates from the city government , JNEM , railroad officials , and Federal government . A day after the conference , they ratified a memorandum of understanding about the plan : `` The five tracks on the levee would be replaced by three tracks , one owned by the Missouri Pacific Railroad ( MPR ) and two by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis ( TRRA ) proceeding through a tunnel not longer than 3,000 feet . The tunnel would be approximately fifty feet west of the current elevated line . '' It would also have an overhead clearance of 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) , lower than the regular requirement of 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) . Chapman approved the document on December 22 , 1949 , and JNEM garnered the approval of the Missouri Public Service Commission on August 7 , 1952 . Efforts to appropriate congressional funds began in January 1950 but were delayed until 1953 by the Korean War 's depletion of federal funds . Amendment of railroad agreement and authorization ( 1953 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) In August 1953 , Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton declared that the Department of the Interior and the railroads should finalize the agreement on the new route . In October , NPS and the TRRA decided that the TRRA would employ a surveyor endorsed by Spotts `` to survey , design , estimate , and report on '' the expenses of shifting the tracks . They chose Alfred Benesch and Associates , which released its final report on May 3 , 1957 . The firm estimated that the two proposals would cost more than expected : more than $11 million and $14 million , respectively . NPS director Conrad Wirth enjoined Saarinen to make small modifications to the design . In October , Saarinen redrafted the plans , suggesting : ( the placement of ) the five sets of railroad tracks into a shortened tunnel 100 feet west of the trestle , with the tracks being lowered sixteen feet . This did not mean that the memorial would be cut off from the river , however , for Saarinen provided a 960 - foot - long ( 290 m ) tunnel to be placed over the railroad where a `` grand staircase '' rose from the levee to the Arch . At the north and south ends of the park , 150 - foot tunnels spanned the tracks , and led to the overlook museum , restaurant , and stairways down to the levee . Saarinen designed a subterranean visitor center the length of the distance between the legs , to include two theaters and an entrance by inward - sloping ramps . On November 29 , involved interests signed another memorandum of understanding approving Saarinen 's rework ; implementing it would cost about $5.053 million . On March 10 , 1959 , mayor Raymond Tucker proposed that they drop `` the tunnel idea in favor of open cuts roofed with concrete slabs , '' which would cost $2.684 million , $1.5 million less than the cost of the approved plan . On May 12 , 1958 , Tucker , TRRA president Armstrong Chinn , and Missouri Pacific Railroad president Russell Dearmont entered a written agreement : `` The TRRA would place $500,000 in escrow for the project , and the city ( would ) sell $980,000 of the 1935 bonds to match the Federal contribution . '' Director Wirth and Secretary Seaton approved the plan on June 2 . In July 1953 , Representative Leonor Sullivan introduced H.R. 6549 , a bill authorizing the allocation of no more than $5 million to build the arch . After much negotiation , both houses of Congress approved the bill in May 1954 , and on May 18 , 1954 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law as Public Law 361 . Congress could not afford to appropriate the funds in 1955 , so association president William Crowdus resorted to asking the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations for $10 million . The foundations denied the request because their function as private foundations did not include funding national memorials . In 1956 , Congress appropriated $2.64 million to be used to move the railroad tracks . The remainder of the authorized appropriation was requested via six congressional bills , introduced on July 1 , 1958 , that revised Public Law 361 to encompass the cost of the entire memorial , increasing federal funds by $12.25 million . A month later the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of the Budget endorsed the bill , and both houses of Congress unanimously passed the bill . Eisenhower signed it into law on September 7 . The NPS held off on appropriating the additional funds , as it planned to use the already - appropriated funds to initiate the railroad work . Zoning , start of railroad move , and appropriation ( 1959 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Saarinen and city functionaries collaborated to zone buildings near the arch . In April 1959 , real estate developer Lewis Kitchen decided to construct two 40 - level edifices across from the arch . In July , after the plan was condemned for its potential obstruction of the arch , Kitchen discussed the issue with officials . A decision was delayed for several months because Saarinen had yet to designate the arch 's height , projected between 590 and 630 feet ( 180 and 190 m ) . By October , Mayor Tucker and Director Wirth resolved to restrict the height of buildings opposite the arch to 275 feet ( 84 m ) ( about 27 levels ) , and the city stated that plans for buildings opposite the arch would require its endorsement . Kitchen then decreased the height of his buildings , while Saarinen increased that of the arch . Moving the railroad tracks was the first stage of the project . On May 6 , 1959 , after an official conference , the Public Service Commission called for ventilation to accompany the tunnel 's construction , which entailed `` placing 3,000 feet of dual tracks into a tunnel 105 feet west of the elevated railroad , along with filling , grading , and trestle work . '' Eight bids for the work were reviewed on June 8 in the Old Courthouse , and the MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis won with a bid of $2,426,115 , less than NPS ' estimate of the cost . At 10 : 30 a.m. on June 23 , 1959 , the groundbreaking ceremony occurred ; Tucker spaded the first portion of earth . Wirth and Dickmann delivered speeches . The NPS acquired the $500,000 in escrow and transferred it to MacDonald to begin building the new tracks . In August , demolition of the Old Rock House was complete , with workers beginning to excavate the tunnel . In November , they began shaping the tunnel 's walls with concrete . Twenty - nine percent of the construction was completed by March and 95 % by November . On November 17 , trains began to use the new tracks . June 1962 was the projected date of fruition . On May 16 , 1959 , the Senate appropriations subcommittee received from St. Louis legislators a request for $2.4911 million , of which it granted only $133,000 . Wirth recommended that they reseek the funds in January 1960 . On March 10 , 1959 , Regional Director Howard Baker received $888,000 as the city 's first subsidy for the project . On December 1 , 1961 , $23,003,150 in total had been authorized , with $19,657,483 already appropriated -- $3,345,667 remained not yet appropriated . Construction ( edit ) The bidding date , originally December 20 , 1961 , was postponed to January 22 , 1962 , to clarify the details of the arch construction . About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations . Extending from $11,923,163 to $12,765,078 , all four bids exceeded the engineer estimate of $8,067,000 . Wirth had a committee led by George Hartzog determine the validity of the bids in light of the government 's conditions . Following a meeting with the bidders , the committee affirmed the bids ' reasonableness , and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder , MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis , the contract for the construction of the arch and the visitor center . On March 14 , 1962 , he signed the contract and received from Tucker $2,500,000 , the city 's subsidy for the phase . MacDonald reduced its bid $500,000 to $11,442,418 . The Pittsburgh - Des Moines Steel Company served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch . In 1959 and 1960 , ground was broken , and in 1961 , the foundation of the structure was laid . Construction of the arch itself began on February 12 , 1963 , as the first steel triangle on the south leg was eased into place . These steel triangles , which narrowed as they spiraled to the top , were raised into place by a group of cranes and derricks . The arch was assembled of 142 12 - foot - long ( 3.7 m ) prefabricated stainless steel sections . Once in place , each section had its double - walled skin filled with concrete , prestressed with 252 tension bars . In order to keep the partially completed legs steady , a scissors truss was placed between them at 530 feet ( 160 m ) , later removed as the derricks were taken down . The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964 , in observance of St. Louis ' bicentennial . Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking . In 1963 , a million people went to observe the progress , and by 1964 , local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place . The project manager of MacDonald Construction Co. , Stan Wolf , said that a 62 - story building was easier to build than the arch : `` In a building , everything is straight up , one thing on top of another . In this arch , everything is curved . '' Delays and lawsuits ( edit ) Although an actuarial firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch , no workers were killed during the monument 's construction . However , construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks , funding uncertainties , and legal disputes . Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination . African Americans worked on the arch , and were hired because they were skilled laborers . On July 14 , 1964 , during the workers ' lunchtime , civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly , both members of Congress of Racial Equality , climbed up 125 - feet on the north leg of the arch to `` expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers . '' As the pair disregarded demands to get off , protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10 % of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans . Four hours later Green and Daly dismounted from the arch , to charges of `` trespassing , peace disturbance , and resisting arrest . '' This incident inter alia spurred the United States Department of Justice to file the first pattern or practice case against AFL -- CIO under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , on February 4 , 1966 , but the department later called off the charges . The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance ( OFCC ) to desegregate building - trade unions nationwide . Many technical building unions had little or no African - American representation into the mid-1960s . During Lyndon Johnson 's presidency , the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts . In 1964 , the Pittsburgh - Des Moines Steel Company of Warren , Pennsylvania sued MacDonald for $665,317 for tax concerns . In 1965 , NPS requested that Pittsburgh - Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters `` P-D-M '' ( its initials ) from a creeper derrick used for construction , contending that it was promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments . Although Pittsburgh - Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture , the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost $225,000 and after that , $42,000 per month , and the NPS dropped its lawsuit . On October 26 , 1965 , the International Association of Ironworkers delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe . After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were `` perfectly safe , '' construction resumed on October 27 . After the discovery of 16 defects , the tram was also delayed from running . The Bi-State Development Agency assessed that it suffered losses of $2,000 for each day the trains were stagnant . On January 7 , 1966 , members of AFL -- CIO deserted their work on the visitor center , refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with Congress of Industrial Unions ( CIU ) , which represented black plumbers . A representative of AFL -- CIO said , `` This policy has nothing to do with race . Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages . '' CIU applied to the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) for an injunction that required the AFL -- CIO laborers to return to work . On February 7 , Judge John Keating Regan ruled that AFL -- CIO workers had participated in a secondary boycott . By February 11 , AFL -- CIO resumed work on the arch , and an AFL -- CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor . The standstill in work lasted a month . Considering how large Federal projects often `` go haywire '' , Secretary of War Newton D. Baker said , `` This memorial will be like a cathedral ; built slowly but surely . '' Topping out and dedication ( edit ) The dedication plaque President Lyndon B. Johnson and Mayor Alfonso J. Cervantes decided on a date for the topping out ceremony , but the arch had not been completed by then . The ceremony date was reset to October 17 , 1965 , and workers strained to meet the deadline , taking double shifts , but by October 17 , the arch was still not complete . The chairman of the ceremony anticipated the ceremony to be held on October 30 , a Saturday , to allow 1,500 schoolchildren , whose signatures were to be placed in a time capsule , to attend . Ultimately , PDM set the ceremony date to October 28 . The time capsule , containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others , was welded into the keystone before the final piece was set in place . On October 28 , the arch was topped out as then Vice President Hubert Humphrey observed from a helicopter . A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone , a 10 - short - ton ( 9.1 t ) , eight - foot - long ( 2.4 m ) triangular section . It was slated to be inserted at 10 : 00 a.m. local time but was done 30 minutes early because thermal expansion had constricted the 8.5 - foot ( 2.6 m ) gap at the top by 5 inches ( 13 cm ) . To mitigate this , workers used fire hoses to spray water on the surface of the south leg to cool it down and make it contract . The keystone was inserted in 13 minutes , only 6 inches ( 15 cm ) remained . For the next section , a hydraulic jack had to pry apart the legs six feet ( 1.8 m ) . The last section was left only 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) . By 12 : 00 p.m. , the keystone was secured . Some filmmakers , in hope that the two legs would not meet , had chronicled every phase of construction . The Gateway Arch was expected to open to the public by 1964 , but in 1967 the public relations agency stopped forecasting the opening date . The arch 's visitor center opened on June 10 , 1967 , and the tram began operating on July 24 . The arch was dedicated by Humphrey on May 25 , 1968 . He declared that the arch was `` a soaring curve in the sky that links the rich heritage of yesterday with the richer future of tomorrow '' and brings a `` new purpose '' and a `` new sense of urgency to wipe out every slum . '' `` Whatever is shoddy , whatever is ugly , whatever is waste , whatever is false , will be measured and condemned '' in comparison to the Gateway Arch . About 250,000 people were expected to attend , but rain canceled the outdoor activities . The ceremony had to be transferred into the visitor center . After the dedication , Humphrey crouched beneath an exit as he waited for the rain to subside so he could walk to his vehicle . After completion ( edit ) The project did not provide 5,000 jobs as expected -- as of June 1964 , workers numbered fewer than 100 . The project did , however , incite other riverfront restoration efforts , totaling $150 million . Building projects included a 50,000 - seat sports stadium , a 30 - story hotel , several office towers , four parking garages , and an apartment complex . The idea of a Disneyland amusement park that included `` synthetic riverboat attractions '' was considered but later abandoned . The developers hoped to use the arch as a commercial catalyst , attracting visitors who would use their services . One estimate found that since the 1960s , the arch has incited almost $503,000,000 worth of construction . In June 1976 , the memorial was finalized by federal allocations -- `` the statue of Thomas Jefferson was unveiled , the Museum of Westward Expansion was previewed , a theater under the Arch was dedicated in honor of Mayor Raymond Tucker and the catenary - like curving staircases from the Arch down to the levee were built . '' Characteristics ( edit ) Physical characteristics ( edit ) The windows of the observation deck are located around the apex of the arch . Both the width and height of the arch are 630 feet ( 192 m ) . The arch is the tallest memorial in the United States and the tallest stainless steel monument in the world . The cross-sections of the arch 's legs are equilateral triangles , narrowing from 54 feet ( 16 m ) per side at the bases to 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) per side at the top . Each wall consists of a stainless steel skin covering a sandwich of two carbon - steel walls with reinforced concrete in the middle from ground level to 300 feet ( 91 m ) , with carbon steel to the peak . The arch is hollow to accommodate a unique tram system that takes visitors to an observation deck at the top . The structural load is supported by a stressed - skin design . Each leg is embedded in 25,980 short tons ( 23,570 t ) of concrete 44 feet ( 13 m ) thick and 60 feet ( 18 m ) deep . Twenty feet ( 6.1 m ) of the foundation is in bedrock . The arch is resistant to earthquakes and is designed to sway up to 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in either direction , while withstanding winds up to 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) . The structure weighs 42,878 short tons ( 38,898 t ) , of which concrete composes 25,980 short tons ( 23,570 t ) ; structural steel interior , 2,157 short tons ( 1,957 t ) ; and the stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch , 886 short tons ( 804 t ) . This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history . The base of each leg at ground level had to have an engineering tolerance of ⁄ inch ( 0.40 mm ) or the two legs would not meet at the top . Mathematical elements ( edit ) The arch is a weighted catenary -- its legs are wider than its upper section . The geometric form of the structure was set by mathematical equations provided to Saarinen by Hannskarl Bandel . Bruce Detmers and other architects expressed the geometric form in blueprints with this equation : y = A ( cosh ⁡ C x L − 1 ) ⇔ x = L C cosh − 1 ⁡ ( 1 + y A ) ( \ displaystyle y = A \ left ( \ cosh ( \ frac ( Cx ) ( L ) ) - 1 \ right ) \ quad \ Leftrightarrow \ quad x = ( \ frac ( L ) ( C ) ) \ cosh ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( 1 + ( \ frac ( y ) ( A ) ) \ right ) ) , with the constants A = f c Q b / Q t − 1 = 68.7672 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( f_ ( c ) ) ( Q_ ( b ) / Q_ ( t ) - 1 ) ) = 68.7672 ) C = cosh − 1 ⁡ Q b Q t = 3.0022 ( \ displaystyle C = \ cosh ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( Q_ ( b ) ) ( Q_ ( t ) ) ) = 3.0022 ) where f = 625.0925 ft ( 191 m ) is the maximum height of centroid , Q = 1,262.6651 sq ft ( 117 m ) is the maximum cross sectional area of arch at base , Q = 125.1406 sq ft ( 12 m ) is the minimum cross sectional area of arch at top , and L = 299.2239 ft ( 91 m ) is the half width of centroid at the base . The triangular cross sectional area varies linearly with the vertical height of its centroid . This hyperbolic cosine function describes the shape of a catenary . A chain that supports only its own weight forms a catenary ; the chain is purely in tension . Likewise , an inverted catenary arch that supports only its own weight is purely in compression , with no shear . The catenary arch is the stablest of all arches since `` the thrust passes down through the legs and is absorbed in the foundations , whereas in other arches , the pressure tends to force the legs apart . '' The Gateway Arch itself is not a common catenary , but a more general curve of the form y = Acosh ( Bx ) . This makes it an inverted weighted catenary . Saarinen chose a weighted catenary over a normal catenary curve because it looked less pointed and less steep . In 1959 , he caused some confusion about the actual shape of the arch when he wrote , `` This arch is not a true parabola , as is often stated . Instead it is a catenary curve -- the curve of a hanging chain -- a curve in which the forces of thrust are continuously kept within the center of the legs of the arch . '' William V. Thayer , a professor of mathematics at St. Louis Community College , later wrote to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch calling attention to the fact that the structure was a weighted catenary . Lighting ( edit ) The arch illuminated in pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month The arch 's lighting system The first proposal to illuminate the arch at night was announced on May 18 , 1966 , but the plan never came to fruition . In July 1998 , funding for an arch lighting system was approved by St. Louis ' Gateway Foundation , which agreed to take responsibility for the cost of the equipment , its installation , and its upkeep . In January 1999 , MSNBC arranged a temporary lighting system for the arch so the monument could be used as the background for a visit by Pope John Paul II . Since November 2001 , the arch has been bathed in white light between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. via a system of floodlights . Designed by Randy Burkett , it comprises 44 lighting fixtures situated in four pits just below ground level . On October 5 , 2004 , the U.S. Senate , at the pressing of Senators Jim Talent and Kit Bond , approved a bill permitting the illumination in pink of the arch in honor of breast cancer awareness month . Both Estee Lauder and May Department Store Co. had championed the cause . One employee said that the arch would be a `` beacon ... for the importance of prevention and finding a cure . '' While the National Park Service took issue with the plan due to the precedent it would set for prospective uses of the arch , it yielded due to a realization that it and Congress were `` on the same team '' and because the illumination was legally obligatory ; on October 25 , the plan was carried out . The previous time the arch was illuminated for promotional purposes was on September 12 , 1995 , under the management of local companies Fleishman - Hillard and Technical Productions when a rainbow spectrum was shone on the arch to publicize the debut of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus ' Wizard of Oz on Ice at the Scottrade Center ( then named the `` Kiel Center '' ) . Public access ( edit ) Southern entrance to the subterranean visitor center In April 1965 , three million tourists were expected to visit the arch after completion ; 619,763 tourists visited the top of the arch in its first year open . On January 15 , 1969 , a visitor from Nashville , Tennessee , became the one - millionth person to reach the observation area ; the ten - millionth person ascended to the top on August 24 , 1979 . In 1974 , the arch was ranked fourth on a list of `` most - visited man - made attraction ( s ) '' . The Gateway Arch is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the world with over four million visitors annually , of which around one million travel to the top . The arch was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2 , 1987 , and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places . On December 8 , 2009 , sponsored by nonprofit CityArchRiver2015 , the international design competition `` Framing a Modern Masterpiece : The City + The Arch + The River 2015 '' commenced . It aimed to `` design a plan to improve the riverfront park landscape , ease access for pedestrians across Memorial Drive and expand onto the East St. Louis riverfront , '' as well as to lure visitors . The contest consisted of three stages -- portfolio assessment ( narrowed down to 8 -- 10 teams ) , team interviews ( narrowed down to 4 -- 5 teams ) , and review of design proposals . The competition received 49 applicants , which were narrowed down to five in the first two stages . On August 17 , 2010 , the designs of the five finalists were revealed to the public and exhibited at the theater below the arch . On August 26 , the finalists made their cases to an eight - member jury , and on September 21 , the winner was revealed -- Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates . The initiative 's plans include updating Kiener Plaza and the Old Courthouse , connecting the city to the Arch grounds with a park over Interstate 70 , a re-imagined museum and improved accessibility . The budget for the project is $380 million and is set to be completed in 2018 . Ground broke on the ' Park over the Highway ' project , the first component of the CityArchRiver project , on August 2 , 2013 . This project features a landscaped structure over Interstate 70 and rerouted surface traffic that had previously formed a moat separating the Gateway Arch from the Old Courthouse. This project was completed in November 2015 . Visitor center ( edit ) Inside the visitor center The underground visitor center for the arch was designed as part of the National Park Service 's Mission 66 program . The 70,000 - square - foot ( 6,500 m ) center is located directly below the arch , between its legs . Although construction on the visitor center began at the same time as construction for the arch itself , it did not conclude until 1976 because of insufficient funding ; however , the center opened with several exhibits on June 10 , 1967 . Access to the visitor center is provided through ramps adjacent to each leg of the arch . The center houses offices , mechanical rooms , and waiting areas for the arch trams , as well as its main attractions : the Museum of Westward Expansion and two theaters displaying films about the arch . The older theater opened in May 1972 ; the newer theater , called the Odyssey Theatre , was constructed in the 1990s and features a four - story - tall screen . Its construction required the expansion of the underground complex , and workers had to excavate solid rock while keeping the disruption to a minimum so the museum could remain open . The museum houses several hundred exhibits about the United States ' westward expansion in the 19th century and opened on August 10 , 1977 . Observation area ( edit ) Observation area on top of the Gateway Arch Near the top of the Arch , passengers exit the tram compartment and climb a slight grade to enter the observation area . This arched deck , which is over 65 feet ( 20 m ) long and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide , can hold up to about 160 people , four trams ' worth Sixteen windows per side , each measuring 7 by 27 inches ( 180 mm × 690 mm ) , offer views up to 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east across the Mississippi River and southern Illinois with its prominent Mississippian culture mounds at Cahokia Mounds and to the west over the city of St. Louis and St. Louis County beyond . Modes of ascent ( edit ) Interior of the tram capsule in the Gateway Arch There are three modes of transportation up the arch : two sets of 1,076 - step emergency stairs ( one per leg ) , a 12 - passenger elevator to the 372 - foot ( 113 m ) height , and a tram in each leg . Each tram is a chain of eight cylindrical , five - seat compartments with a small window on the doors . As each tram has a capacity of 40 passengers and there are two trams , 80 passengers can be transported at one time , with trams departing from the ground every 10 minutes . The cars swing like Ferris - wheel cars as they ascend and descend the arch . This fashion of movement gave rise to the idea of the tram as `` half - Ferris wheel and half - elevator . '' The trip to the top takes four minutes , and the trip down takes three minutes . North stairs and tram descending from observation platform Because of a lack of funds in March 1962 , the NPS did not accept bids for the arch 's internal train system and considered discarding the idea . In May 1962 , the Bi-State Development Agency proposed that it issue revenue bonds to obtain the required funds . The Department of the Interior and Bi-State entered into an agreement where Bi-State would construct and operate the tram . Bi-State would have to raise $1,977,750 for the construction of the tram system . It retired the bonds by setting a $1 riding fee to the top . Two months later , the agency had already received 45 advance reservations for seats on the tram . Bi-State put in $3.3 million revenue bonds and has operated the tram system since . The tram in the north leg entered operation in June 1967 , but visitors were forced to endure three - hour - long waits until April 21 , 1976 , when a reservation system was put in place . The south tram was completed by March 1968 . Commemorative pins were awarded to the first 100,000 passengers . As of 2007 , the trams have traveled 250,000 miles ( 400,000 km ) , conveying more than 25 million passengers . Incidents ( edit ) On July 8 , 1970 , a six - year - old boy , his mother , and two of her friends were trapped in a tram in the arch 's south leg after the monument closed . According to the boy 's mother , the group went up the arch around 9 : 30 p.m. CDT , but when the tram reached the de-boarding area , its doors did not open . The tram then reportedly traveled up to a storage area 50 feet ( 15 m ) above the ground , and the power was switched off . One person was able to pry open the tram door and the four managed to reach a security guard for help after being trapped for about 45 minutes . On July 21 , 2007 , a broken cable forced the south tram to be shut down , leaving only the north tram in service until repairs were completed in March 2008 . Around 200 tourists were stuck inside the arch for up to three hours because the severed cable contacted a high - voltage rail , causing a fuse to blow . The north tram was temporarily affected by the power outage as well , but some passengers were able to exit the arch through the emergency stairs and elevator . It was about two hours until all the tram riders safely descended , while those in the observation area at the time of the outage had to wait an additional hour before being able to travel back down . An arch official said the visitors , most of whom stayed calm during the ordeal , were not in any danger ; they were later given refunds . The incident occurred while visitors in the arch were watching a fireworks display , and no one was seriously injured in the event . However , two people received medical treatment ; one person needed oxygen and the other was diabetic . Almost immediately after the tram returned to service , however , it was closed again for new repairs after an electrical switch broke . The incident , which occurred on March 14 , 2008 , was billed as a `` bad coincidence . '' On the morning of February 9 , 2011 , a National Park Service worker was injured while performing repairs on the south tram . The 55 - year - old was working on the tram 's electrical system when he was trapped between it and the arch wall for around 30 seconds , until being saved by other workers . Emergency officials treated the injured NPS employee at the arch 's top before taking him to Saint Louis University Hospital in a serious condition . On March 24 , 2011 , around one hundred visitors were stranded in the observation area for 45 minutes after the doors of the south tram refused to close . The tourists were safely brought down the arch in the north tram , which had been closed that week so officials could upgrade it with a new electronic transportation system . The National Park Service later attributed the malfunction to a computer glitch associated with the new system , which had already been implemented with the south tram . No one was hurt in the occurrence , but the arch suffered a slight loss in spring break tourism revenue . Around 2 : 15 p.m. local time on June 16 , 2011 , the arch 's north tram stalled due to a power outage . The tram became stuck about 200 feet ( 61 m ) from the observation deck , and passengers eventually were told to climb the stairs to the observation area . It took National Park Service workers about one hour to manually pull the tram to the top , and the 40 trapped passengers were able to return down on the south tram , which had previously not been operating that day because there was not an abundance of visitors . An additional 120 people were at the observation deck at the time of the outage and also exited via the south tram . During the outage , visitors were stuck in the tram with neither lighting nor air conditioning . No one was seriously injured in the incident , but one visitor lost consciousness after suffering a panic attack , and a park ranger was taken away with minor injuries . The cause of the outage was not immediately known . Stunts and accidents ( edit ) The arch in September 2007 On June 16 , 1965 , the Federal Aviation Administration cautioned that aviators who flew through the arch would be fined and their licenses revoked . At least ten pilots have disobeyed this order , beginning on June 22 , 1966 . In 1973 , Nikki Caplan was granted an FAA exception to fly a hot air balloon between the arch 's legs as part of the Great Forest Park Balloon Race . During the flight , on which the St. Louis park director was a passenger , the balloon hit the arch and plummeted 70 feet before recovering . In 1976 , a U.S. Army exhibition skydiving team was permitted to fly through the arch as part of Fourth of July festivities , and since then , numerous skydiving exhibition teams have legally jumped onto the Arch grounds , after having flown their parachutes through the legs of the Arch . The arch has been a target of various stunt performers , and while such feats are generally forbidden , several people have parachuted to or from the arch regardless . In June 1980 , the National Park Service declined a request by television producers to have a performer jump from the arch ; a similar appeal by stuntman Dan Koko was also turned away in February 1986 . Koko , who was a stunt double for Superman , wanted to perform the leap during Fourth of July celebrations . In 2013 Alexander Polli , a European BASE jumper , planned to fly a wingsuit under the arch but had his demo postponed by the FAA . 1980 accident ( edit ) On November 22 , 1980 , at about 8 : 45 a.m. CST , 33 - year - old Kenneth Swyers of Overland , Missouri , parachuted onto the top of the arch . His plan was to release his main parachute and then jump off the arch using his reserve parachute to perform a base jump . Unfortunately , after landing the wind blew him to the side , and he slid down the north leg to his death . The accident was witnessed by several people , including Swyers ' wife , also a parachutist . She said her husband `` was not a hot dog , daredevil skydiver '' and that he had prepared for the jump two weeks in advance . Swyers , who had made over 1,600 jumps before the incident , was reported by one witness to have `` landed very well '' on the top of the arch , but `` had no footing . '' Swyers was reportedly blown to the top of the arch by the wind and was unable to save himself when his reserve parachute failed to deploy . The Federal Aviation Administration said the jump was unauthorized , and investigated the pilot involved in the incident . On December 27 , 1980 , St. Louis television station KTVI reported receiving calls from supposed witnesses of another stunt landing . The alleged parachutist , who claimed to be a retired professional stuntman , was said to be wearing a Santa Claus costume when he jumped off an airplane around 8 : 00 a.m. CST , parachuted onto the arch , grasped the monument 's beacon , and used the same parachute to glide down unharmed . KTVI said it was told the feat was done as an act of homage to Swyers , and `` apparently was a combination of a dare , a drunk , and a tribute . '' On the day after the alleged incident , authorities declared the jump a hoax . A spokesperson for the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department said no calls were received about the jump until after it was broadcast on the news , and the Federal Aviation Administration said the two calls it had received were very similar . One caller also left an out - of - service phone number , while the other never followed up with investigators . Arch officials said they did not witness any such jump , and photos provided by the alleged parachutist were unclear . 1992 stunt ( edit ) Aerial shot of the arch On September 14 , 1992 , 25 - year - old John C. Vincent climbed to the top of the Gateway Arch using suction cups and proceeded to parachute back to the ground . He was later charged with two misdemeanors : climbing a national monument and parachuting in a national park . Federal prosecutor Stephen Higgins called the act a `` great stunt '' but said it was `` something the Park Service does n't take lightly . '' Vincent , a construction worker and diver from Harvey , Louisiana , said he did it `` just for the excitement , just for the thrill , '' and had previously parachuted off the World Trade Center in May 1991 . He said that scaling the arch `` was n't that hard '' and had considered a jump off the monument for a few months . In an interview , Vincent said he visited the arch 's observation area a month before the stunt , to see if he could use a maintenance hatch for accessing the monument 's peak . Due to the heavy security , he instead decided to climb up the arch 's exterior using suction cups , which he had used before to scale shorter buildings . Dressed in black , Vincent began crawling up the arch around 3 : 30 a.m. CST on September 14 and arrived undetected at the top around 5 : 45 a.m. , taking an additional 75 minutes to rest and take photos before finally jumping . During this time , he was seen by two traffic reporters inside the One Metropolitan Square skyscraper . Vincent was also spotted mid-air by Deryl Stone , a Chief Ranger for the National Park Service . Stone reported seeing Vincent grab his parachute after landing and run to a nearby car , which quickly drove away . However , authorities were able to detain two men on the ground who had been videotaping the jump . Stone said 37 - year - old Ronald Carroll and 27 - year - old Robert Weinzetl , both St. Louis residents , were found with a wireless communication headset and a video camera , as well as a still camera with a telephoto lens . The two were also charged with two misdemeanors : disorderly conduct and commercial photography in a national park . Vincent later turned himself in and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges against him . However , he eventually accepted a guilty plea deal in which he testified against Carroll and Weinzetl , revealing that the two consented to recording the jump during a meeting of all three on the day before his stunt occurred . Federal magistrate judge David D. Noce ruled on January 28 , 1993 , that Carroll had been involved in a conspiracy and was guilty of both misdemeanor charges ; the charges against Weinzetl had been dropped by federal attorneys . In his decision , Noce stated , `` There are places in our country where the sufficiently skilled can savor the exhilaration and personal satisfaction of accomplishing courageous and intrepid acts , of reaching dreamed - of heights and for coursing dangerous adventures , '' but added that other places are designed for `` the exhilaration of mere observation and for the appreciation of the imaginings and the works of others . The St. Louis Arch and the grounds of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are in the latter category . '' Security ( edit ) Two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing , a little over $1 million was granted to institute a counterterrorism program . Park officials were trained to note the activity of tourists , and inconspicuous electronic detection devices were installed . After the September 11 attacks in 2001 , security efforts were more prominent , security checkpoints moved to the entrance of the visitor center . At the checkpoints , visitors are screened by magnetometers and x-ray equipment , devices which have been in place since 1997 . The Arch also became one of several U.S. monuments placed under restricted airspace during 2002 Fourth of July celebrations . In 2003 , 10 - foot - long ( 3.0 m ) , 32 - inch - high ( 81 cm ) , 4,100 - pound ( 1,900 kg ) movable Jersey barriers were installed to impede terrorist attacks on the arch . Later that year , it was announced that these walls were to be replaced by concrete posts encased in metal to be more harmonious with the steel color of the arch . The movable bollards can be manipulated from the park 's dispatch center , which has also been upgraded . In 2006 , arch officials hired a `` physical security specialist , '' replacing a law enforcement officer . The responsibilities of the specialist include risk assessment , testing the park 's security system , increasing security awareness of other employees , and working with other government agencies to improve the arch 's security procedures . Symbolism and culture ( edit ) The Gateway Arch packs a significant symbolic wallop just by standing there . But the Arch has a mission greater than being visually affecting . Its shape and monumental size suggest movement through time and space , and invite inquiry into the complex , fascinating story of our national expansion . Robert W. Duffy of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , October 4 , 2003 The Gateway Arch as seen from southern leg Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States , the arch typifies `` the pioneer spirit of the men and women who won the West , and those of a latter day to strive on other frontiers . '' The arch has become the iconic image of St. Louis , appearing in many parts of city culture . In 1968 , three years after the monument 's opening , the St. Louis phone directory contained 65 corporations with `` Gateway '' in their title and 17 with `` Arch '' . Arches also appeared over gas stations and drive - in restaurants . In the 1970s , a local sports team adopted the name `` Fighting Arches '' ; St. Louis Community College would later ( when consolidating all athletic programs under a single banner ) name its sports teams `` Archers '' . Robert S. Chandler , an NPS superintendent , said , `` Most ( visitors ) are awed by the size and scale of the Arch , but they do n't understand what it 's all about ... Too many people see it as just a symbol of the city of St. Louis . '' The arch has also appeared as a symbol of the State of Missouri . On November 22 , 2002 , at the Missouri State Capitol , Lori Hauser Holden , wife of then Governor Bob Holden uncovered the winning design for a Missouri coin design competition as part of the Fifty States Commemorative Coin Program . Designed by watercolorist Paul Jackson , the coin portrays `` three members of the Lewis and Clark expedition paddling a boat on the Missouri River upon returning to St. Louis '' with the arch as the backdrop . Holden said that the arch was `` a symbol for the entire state ... Four million visitors each year see the Arch . ( The coin ) will help make it even more loved worldwide . '' A special license plate designed by Arnold Worldwide featured the arch , labeled with `` Gateway to the West . '' Profits earned from selling the plates would fund the museum and other educational components of the arch . The Arch sits just above the Mississippi River Louchheim wrote that although the arch `` has a simplicity which should guarantee timeliness '' , it is entirely modern as well because of the innovative design and its scientific considerations . In The Dallas Morning News , architectural critic David Dillon opined that the arch exists not as a functional edifice but as a symbol of `` boundless American optimism '' . He articulates the arch 's multiple `` moods '' -- `` reflective in sunlight , soft and pewterish in mist ; crisp as a line drawing one moment , chimerical the next '' -- as a way the arch has `` paid for itself many times over in wonder '' . Some have questioned whether St. Louis really was -- as Saarinen said -- the `` Gateway to the West '' . Kansas City - born `` deadline poet '' Calvin Trillin wrote , I know you 're thinking that there are considerable differences between T.S. Eliot and me . Yes , it is true that he was from St. Louis , which started calling itself the Gateway to the West after Eero Saarinen 's Gateway Arch was erected , and I 'm from Kansas City , where people think of St. Louis not as the Gateway to the West but as the Exit from the East . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) In 1966 , the arch was given a Special Award for Excellence from the American Institute of Steel Construction for being `` an outstanding achievement in technology and aesthetics . '' On February 9 , 1967 , the arch received the Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award of 1967 from the American Society of Civil Engineers . The arch was once among Travel + Leisure 's unofficial rankings for the most - visited attraction in the world , after Lenin 's Tomb , Disney World , Disneyland , and the Eiffel Tower . On February 22 , 1990 , the arch received the American Institute of Architects ' ( AIA ) Twenty - Five Year Award for its `` enduring significance that has withstood the test of time . '' It was declared `` a symbolic bridge between East and West , past and future , engineering and art '' that `` embodies the boundless optimism of a growing nation . '' In 2007 , the arch was ranked fourteenth on the AIA 's `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' list . Cultural references ( edit ) Dutch composer Peter Schat wrote a 1997 work , Arch Music for St. Louis , Op. 44 . for the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra . It premiered on January 8 , 1999 , at the Powell Symphony Hall . Since Schat did not ascend the arch due to his fear of heights , he used his creativity to depict in music someone riding a tram to the top of the arch . Paul Muldoon 's poem , `` The Stoic '' , is set under the Gateway Arch . The work , `` an elegy for a miscarried foetus , '' describes Muldoon 's ordeal standing under the Gateway Arch after his wife telephoned and informed him that the baby they were expecting had been miscarried . A damaged Gateway Arch is prominently featured in Defiance , a science fiction television series . The apex is used as a radio station studio , with the arch itself acting as the station 's antenna . Maintenance ( edit ) Welds on the arch 's skin seal gaps between 4 - by - 8 - foot sheets of stainless steel . Graffiti is scratched on the lower five to seven feet of the monument . The first act of vandalism was committed in June 1968 : the vandals etched their names on various parts of the arch . In all , $10,000 was spent that year to repair damage from vandalism . The arch was first targeted by graffiti artists on March 5 , 1969 . In 2010 , signs of corrosion were reported at the upper regions of the stainless steel surface . Carbon steel in the north leg has been rusting , possibly a result of water accumulation , a side effect of leaky welds in an environment that often causes rain inside . Maintenance workers use mops and a temporary setup of water containers to ease the problem . According to NPS documents , the corrosion and rust pose no safety concerns . A more comprehensive study of the corrosion had been suggested as early as 2006 by architectural specialists studying the Arch , and reiterated in a 2010 Historic Structure Report . In September 2010 , the NPS granted Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates , Inc. a contract for a structural study that would `` gather data about the condition of the Arch to enable experts to develop and implement the right long - term solutions . '' Stain samples were taken from the west face of the Arch on October 21 , 2014 , to determine the best way to clean it . The cleaning will cost about $340,000 . See also ( edit ) Fair Saint Louis Architecture of St. Louis List of tallest buildings in St. Louis List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis , Missouri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch '' . GreatBuildings.com . ArchitectureWeek . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston , Louis ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2017 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . These are the figures as of 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . May 28 , 1987 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Historic Landmarks Program : Gateway Arch '' . National Historic Landmarks Program . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Arch '' ( PDF ) . Modern Steel Construction . American Institute of Steel Construction . 3 ( 4 ) : 12 -- 14 . 1963 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohraff , Kevin ( 2009 ) . Hiking Missouri ( 2nd ed . ) . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 7588 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gateway Arch Facts '' . Gateway Arch Riverfront . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ledden , Nicholas ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Gateway Arch to celebrate its 45th '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arch Frequently Asked Questions '' . July 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arch Timeline '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . October 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gleaming $11 Million Arch at St. Louis to Mark Gateway to West '' ( PDF ) . The Christian Science Monitor . August 31 , 1962 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Soroka , Leo ( March 15 , 1964 ) . `` St. Louis Arch Going Up , Up ! '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . p . A3 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wick , Temple ( April 25 , 1965 ) . `` Curving Gateway Arch : Memorial To Pioneers '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9B . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 1 ( 1933 -- 1935 : The Idea ) . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects , Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates & Alvine and Associates ( 2010 ) , pp. 25 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Patricia ( October 27 , 1985 ) . `` The Triumph of the Arch : 1965 -- 1986 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 12F . ^ Jump up to : James , Richard D. ( June 19 , 1964 ) . `` Poky Pump Primer : St. Louis ' Depression Project Nears End in a Boom '' ( PDF ) . The Wall Street Journal . p. 8 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : AECOM ( 2010 ) , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Ely Smith : Founder of a Memorial '' ( PDF ) . Experience Your America . National Park Service . March 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tranel , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . St. Louis Plans : The Ideal and the Real St. Louis . St. Louis : Missouri Historical Society Press . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 883982 - 61 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 2 ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , Paul W. ( February 23 , 1936 ) . `` Washington Weekly '' ( PDF ) . The Nation. 142 ( 3687 ) : 267 -- 268 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Saarinen , Eero ; Pelkonen , Eeva - Liisa ; Albrecht , Donald ( 2006 ) . Eero Saarinen : Shaping the Future . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 222 -- 229 . ISBN 0 - 9724881 - 2 - X . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 4 ( 1945 -- 1948 ) . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Betsy ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` St. Louis ' Arch to Ring in 40th Year '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects , Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates & Alvine and Associates ( 2010 ) , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ AECOM ( 2010 ) , pp. 32 . Jump up ^ Raimist , Andrew ( April 2006 ) . `` Ten Things You Should Know About Harris Armstrong '' . Dwell. 6 ( 4 ) : 3 . ISSN 1530 - 5309 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2014 . In 1947 , Armstrong was among five finalists in the design competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial on the St. Louis riverfront ... Armstrong was the only St. Louis architect to be selected as a finalist . Jump up ^ `` Eero Saarinen : Widely Known Detroit Architect '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . September 2 , 1961 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Eero Saarinen '' . The New York Times . September 3 , 1961 . The associate art editor of this newspaper wrote of him in 1953 that his contribution was ' in giving form or visual order ... ' The words were written a year before the writer , Aline Bernstein Louchheim , became the architect 's wife . ^ Jump up to : Mehrhoff , W. Arthur ( 1992 ) . The Gateway Arch : Fact and Symbol . Bowling Green , OH : Bowling Green University Popular Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 568 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Robert W. ( December 14 , 2003 ) . `` Gateway Arch Is a Monument to Smith 's Good Idea , Saarinen 's Design '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 30 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monument Completed : ' Gateway to West ' Portrays St. Louis ' Role in History '' . Reading Eagle . October 29 , 1965 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Louchheim , Aline B. ( February 29 , 1948 ) . `` For a Modern Monument : An Audacious Design '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . p . X8 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : AECOM ( 2010 ) , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 5 ( 1949 -- 1952 ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 6 ( 1953 -- 1958 ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 1984 ) , Chpt 7 ( 1959 -- 1968 ) . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Old Rock House '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Borcover , Alfred ( June 14 , 1969 ) . `` Gateway Arch : The New Spirit of St. Louis '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . p . G1 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch in St. Louis Celebrates 30th Anniversary '' . All Things Considered . October 27 , 1995 . NPR . ^ Jump up to : Langmead , Donald ; Garnaut , Christine ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 112 - X . Jump up ^ Franklin , Ben A. ( October 24 , 1965 ) . `` St. Louis 's Arch Is Near Its ' Topping Out ' Stage ; 630 - Foot - High Memorial Is to Honor the West 's Pioneers Saarinen - Designed Monument Has Stainless Steel Shell '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . p. 51 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hannon , Robert E. ( June 1963 ) . `` Soaring Symbol for St. Louis '' . The Rotarian. 102 ( 6 ) : 33 -- 34 . ISSN 0035 - 838X . ^ Jump up to : Brinkman , Grover ( August 30 , 1964 ) . `` St. Louis ' Gateway Arch To Be Tallest Monument '' . Youngstown Vindicator . p. 2 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ' Huge Gateway Arch Already Tourist Attraction '' . Pittsburgh Press . August 11 , 1963 . p. 24 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Builds 630 - Foot Arch '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . August 6 , 1963 . p. 18 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Christopher ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` The Gateway Arch : A Reflection of America '' . Library Journal . 133 ( 7 ) : 120 . ISSN 0363 - 0277 . ^ Jump up to : `` 630 - foot High Gateway Arch Is Topped Out '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . October 29 , 1965 . p . D19 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , Clarence ( 2004 ) . `` Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City : The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes ( ACTION ) , 1964 -- 75 '' . Journal of Social History . 37 ( 3 ) : 725 -- 754 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07648 - 0 . doi : 10.1353 / jsh. 2004.0013 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Robert J. ( 1994 ) . `` Showdown Under the Arch : The Construction Trades and the First ' Pattern or Practice ' Equal Employment Opportunity Suit , 1966 '' . Gateway Heritage . 15 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 43 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , John Aaron ( 2002 ) . Discovering African American St. Louis : A Guide to Historic Sites . Saint Louis : Missouri History Museum . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 883982 - 45 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cost Higher Than High Sign , So It Comes Down '' ( PDF ) . The Salina Journal . Associated Press . August 25 , 1965 . p. 16 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch Work Resumed '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 28 , 1965 . p. 50 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hauck , Philip C. ( July 14 , 1967 ) . `` The St. Louis Blues : Will They Ever Finish That Gateway Arch ? '' ( PDF ) . The Wall Street Journal . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Union Dispute Stops Work on Gateway Arch '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . January 12 , 1966 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Mary Delach ( October 19 , 2005 ) . `` Wow ! At 40 , shining Arch still is beacon to visitors '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Tim ( October 28 , 1985 ) . `` Gateway Arch Marks 20 Years Over St. Louis '' . Chicago Tribune . United Press International . p. 12 . ISSN 1085 - 6706 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Completion of Gateway Arch Hailed '' ( PDF ) . The Hartford Courant . October 29 , 1965 . p. 22 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , David ( August 8 , 2001 ) . `` Big Bend ; Gateway Arch Remains One of America 's Most Inspirational Monuments '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 12C . ^ Jump up to : Offer , Dave ( May 26 , 1968 ) . `` Lofty Gateway Arch Dedicated And Hailed by HHH in St. Louis '' ( PDF ) . The Hartford Courant . p. 12A . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Little Sun For Humphrey '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . May 26 , 1968 . p. 10A . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( June 18 , 1964 ) . `` Architecture : Fitting Site ; American Institute of Architects Meets in St. Louis , a Changing City '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . p. 32 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( February 4 , 1968 ) . `` St. Louis Success ; Architecture '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . p . D33 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , John ( October 27 , 1975 ) . `` Gateway Arch Now Spanning 10 Years '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Harold M. ( 2010 ) . The History of Stainless Steel . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . pp. 170 -- 174 , 308 . ISBN 1 - 61503 - 010 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Remsberg , Charles ( April 1964 ) . `` St. Louis ' Two - Legged Tower : Tallest U.S. Monument '' . Popular Science . 184 ( 4 ) : 91 -- 94 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . ^ Jump up to : Mogin , Sarah ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` How Things Work : The Gateway Arch '' . The Tartan . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Mary T. ( November 4 , 1967 ) . `` St. Louis Gateway Arch -- a sweeping view '' ( PDF ) . The Christian Science Monitor . p. 15 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Horace ( December 5 , 1965 ) . `` Spectacle in Steel : St. Louis ' Giant Gateway Arch '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . p . J21 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Pierre , Yvette ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` On the Trail of Discovery '' . National Parks . National Parks Conservation Association . 72 ( 7 -- 8 ) . ISSN 0276 - 8186 . Jump up ^ http://www.gatewayarch.com/about/history/arch-faqs-facts.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` The Gateway Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . May 24 , 2007 . p. 23 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mathematical Equation '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kabai , Sándor ; Tóth , János . `` Jefferson National Expansion Memorial '' . Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric . `` Catenary '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Osserman , Robert ( February 2010 ) . `` Mathematics of the Gateway Arch '' ( PDF ) . Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 57 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 229 . ISSN 0002 - 9920 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Clifford B. ( December 1963 ) . `` The Incredible Gateway Arch : America 's Mightiest National Monument '' . Popular Mechanics. 120 ( 6 ) : 89 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Jump up ^ Crosbie , Michael J. ( June 1983 ) . `` Is It a Catenary ? '' . AIA Journal . American Institute of Architects. 72 ( 6 ) : 78 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Gateway Arch will be illuminated at night '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . Associated Press . August 9 , 2011 . p. 5A . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Robert W. ( August 9 , 2001 ) . `` Monument Soon Will Light Up The Night Sky ; Arch Illumination Project Gets Green Light '' . St Louis Post-Dispatch . p . A1 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors Take A Shine To Illuminated Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . November 23 , 2001 . p . A1 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill S. 2895 '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jonsson , Greg ( October 26 , 2004 ) . `` Reflections of Hope '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p . A1 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pink may light Arch in breast cancer fight '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . October 6 , 2004 . p . B1 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Arch to Glow Pink for Anti-Cancer Cause '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berger , Jerry ( September 7 , 1995 ) . `` ' Oz On Ice ' Promotion Will Light Up the Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 1G . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting Dimensions '' . Lighting Dimensions Associates . 20 : 20 . 1996 . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Gateway Arch draws the most visitors in St. Louis '' . St. Louis : KSDK - TV . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 8 months , tram in St. Louis Gateway Arch moving again '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Design Competition to Invigorate the Gateway Arch Starts Today '' . National Parks Conservation Association . December 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tim ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Revised riverfront plan , including gondolas , to be unveiled Wednesday '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olson , Bruce ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Proposal unveiled for revamped Gateway Arch park '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Competition Manual '' ( PDF ) . cityarchrivercompetition.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , Tim ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Latest Arch plan has $578 million price tag , calls for closing Memorial Drive '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tim ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Plans for Arch grounds attract curious crowds and praise '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arch 2015 : A citizen 's guide '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . August 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tim ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Archscape design competitors take their visions to the jury '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . cityarchrivercompetition.org . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allaback , Sara ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix I : Mission 66 Visitor Centers '' . Mission 66 Visitor Centers : The History of a Building Type . National Park Service . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050446 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kimbell , Becky Yaeger ( October 12 , 2003 ) . `` Enter the Gateway of St. Louis '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . p . T. 2 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Loretta ( 2004 ) . Underground Buildings : More Than Meets the Eye . Quill Driver Books . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884956 - 27 - 0 . Jump up ^ Selbert , Pamela ( April 2004 ) . `` Gateway Arch '' . Trailer Life . TL Enterprises , Inc. 64 ( 4 ) : 64 . ISSN 0041 - 0780 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Gateway Arch '' . Gateway Arch Riverfront . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nofziger , Fred ( December 27 , 1987 ) . `` The Ups & Downs Of Jefferson Expansion Memorial Park '' . Toledo Blade . p . D7 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schatt , Steve ( December 28 , 1975 ) . `` Gateway Arch Worth A Trip To St. Louis '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 7F . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Arch Train System Opens After Many Delays '' . St. Joseph News - Press . Associated Press . July 24 , 1967 . p. 1B . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Four Spend Shaky Hour in High Train '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . July 10 , 1970 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tram out of service after Gateway Arch mishap '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . July 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 200 Trapped in Gateway Arch for 2 Hours '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . July 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch tram reopens , breaks down '' . UPI NewsTrack . United Press International . March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Currier , Joel ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Worker injured by tram inside Gateway Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Held , Kevin ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Arch trams shut down , stranding visitors '' . St. Louis : KSDK - TV . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Group trapped at top of Arch after malfunction '' . St. Louis : KMOV - TV . March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Currier , Joel ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Arch tram stalls with 40 on board '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Held , Kevin ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` St. Louis Arch tram stalls , trapping visitors '' . St. Louis : KSDK - TV . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chiodo , Joe ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Arch tram loses power , passengers stuck '' . St. Louis : KMOV - TV . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Jacob ( May 12 , 1968 ) . `` St. Louis ' Stainless Steel Streamline Baby '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . p . I28 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jeremy R.C. ( 2011 ) . `` The Beginning of Flight in St. Louis '' . St. Louis Aviation . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 8410 - X . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Carol ( August 12 , 1976 ) . `` Column 1 : Hot air fans meet , shoot the breezes '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Knew He Was Dead ' : Parachutist Dies After Landing On St. Louis Arch '' . Evening Independent . Associated Press . November 24 , 1980 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch stunt off '' . The Citizen . February 13 , 1986 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wife sees ' chutist plunge to death '' . The Gazette . Montreal . United Press International . November 24 , 1980 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Santa ' parachutes onto arch to honor stunt man '' . Eugene Register - Guard . United Press International . December 28 , 1980 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch leap seen hoax '' . Record - Journal . December 29 , 1980 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch climber charged '' . Press - Courier . Associated Press . September 17 , 1992 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Tim ( September 22 , 1992 ) . `` Innocent Plea In Arch Climb -- Defendant Had Said That He Pulled Off Stunt '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Bill ( September 15 , 1992 ) . `` Climber Parachutes From Top Of Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man parachutes off Gateway Arch '' . The Telegraph . Nashua , NH . Associated Press . September 15 , 1992 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photographer of arch jumper guilty of misdemeanor '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . Associated Press . January 24 , 1993 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guilty : Man Who Filmed Arch Climber '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . January 29 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Mike ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` Security tightened at St. Louis Gateway Arch '' . St. Charles County Business Record . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Beth ( March 20 , 2003 ) . `` Gateway Arch will close if alert raised to ' red ' '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hopgood , Mei - Ling ( May 21 , 1997 ) . `` On Guard : Metal Detectors Make Debut at Gateway Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Locy , Toni ; Watson , Traci ( July 7 , 2002 ) . `` USA engages in guarded celebration '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government Restricts Airspace At 3 U.S. Landmarks for July 4 '' . The New York Times . June 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wittenauer , Cheryl ( February 7 , 2003 ) . `` Barricades around Arch grounds draw some complaints '' . Southeast Missourian . Associated Press . p. 4A . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Robert W. ( February 6 , 2003 ) . `` Protecting the Arch ; Barriers Are Considered Temporary Solution ; Concrete Barricades Do the Job Until More Attractive Design Is Found '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p . B1 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Better - looking Barriers To Protect Gateway Arch '' . San Jose Mercury News . November 30 , 2003 . p. 6H . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Mark L. ( 2010 ) . Homeland Security : Actions Needed to Improve Security Practices at National Icons and Parks . Diane Publishing Co. pp. 19 , 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 2332 - 2 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Robert W. ( October 4 , 2003 ) . `` Car Tag Sales Will Help Tell Arch 's Tale '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 8 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Kim ( November 23 , 2002 ) . `` Commemorative Coin ? Artist Finds It Forgettable '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 12 . ISSN 1930 - 9600 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dotan , Yossi ( 2010 ) . Watercraft on World Coins : America and Asia , 1800 -- 2008 . Sussex Academic Press . p. 231 . ISBN 1 - 898595 - 50 - X . Jump up ^ Bengali , Shashank ( November 23 , 2002 ) . `` Missouri 's Gateway Arch to become coin of the realm '' . The Kansas City Star . p . A1 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State Quarter Release Schedule '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Worldwide to design Gateway Arch license plate '' . St. Louis Business Journal . June 10 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` License Plate Sample Book '' ( PDF ) . Missouri Department of Revenue . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Suhr , Jim ( June 4 , 2004 ) . `` Group unveils license plate for Gateway Arch fund - raiser '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . Associated Press . p. 5 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trillin , Calvin ( 2011 ) . `` T.S. Eliot and Me '' . Quite Enough of Calvin Trillin . Random House . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6982 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Special Award For Excellence : The Gateway Arch , Jefferson National Expansion Memorial St. Louis , Missouri '' . Architectural Awards of Excellence . American Institute of Steel Construction . 8 . 1966 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch '' . Constructor . Associated General Contractors of America . 49 : 182 . 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway Arch Wins Award '' . St. Joseph Gazette . Associated Press . February 10 , 1967 . p. 4B . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Gateway Arch 5th in Appeal to Tourists '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . August 3 , 1973 . p. 23 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . October 28 , 1990 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ' Pride And Joy '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . February 25 , 1990 . p. 2B . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frangos , Alex ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Americans ' Favorite Buildings '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisler , Edith ( May -- June 1999 ) . `` Choice Concerts : Soloists , Duos , and Trios in New York '' . Strings. 13 ( 78 ) . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schat , Peter . `` Program Notes : Arch Music for St. Louis , Op. 44 ( 1997 ) '' . peterschat.nl . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Twiddy , Iain ( 2006 ) . `` Grief Brought to Numbers : Paul Muldoon 's Circular Elegies '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Journals . Oxford University Press . 55 ( 212 ) : 181 . doi : 10.1093 / english / 55.212. 181 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Defiance ' imagines aliens , humans in 2046 St. Louis '' . stltoday.com . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pistor , Nicholas J.C. ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Arch corrosion continues unabated '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pistor , Nicholas J.C. ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Gateway Arch showing rust and decay '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Awards Contract For Structural Study on Gateway Arch '' . National Park Service . September 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worker scales west face of Gateway Arch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . October 21 , 2014 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Once he revisited a generous sponsor , requesting more money : `` Now you have to protect your investment '' . Jump up ^ He would also change the width of the arch to match its height . Jump up ^ In 1954 , Louchheim married Saarinen . Jump up ^ Built in 1818 by Manuel Lisa , it was St. Louis ' oldest standing building when Roosevelt approved the memorial in 1935 . Jump up ^ This deferral delayed the construction 's ultimate completion , which had been slated for St. Louis ' bicentennial . Jump up ^ When Stuart Udall , then Secretary of the Interior , discussed the story of the arch , an African American person rose and hollered , `` ( Y ) ou 're all racists ... we want jobs , not arches . '' Behind him , a man wearing a veteran 's hat jostled him , and Secret Service personnel removed him from the room . Udall resumed his speech , unperturbed . Jump up ^ Some locals wrote letters to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch accusing Bi-State of `` gouging '' . Jump up ^ The U.S. Mint altered Jackson 's design to make it less `` off balance , '' however , with three people in the canoe instead of just Lewis and Clark . A Mint representative said the third person was Clark 's slave , York . The finalized coin entered circulation on August 4 , 2003 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baglione , Chiara ( June 2015 ) , Eero Saarinen - Gateway to the West , 1947 -- 1965 , `` Casabella '' , 850 , June , 2015 , 4 - 27 , 94 - 95 ( English text ) . AECOM ( May 2010 ) . `` Cultural Landscape Report '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects ; Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates ; Alvine and Associates ( June 2010 ) . `` Historic Structure Report '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Brown , Sharon A. ( June 1984 ) . Administrative History : Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site . National Park Service . Campbell , Tracy ( 2013 ) . The Gateway Arch : A Biography . New Haven : Yale University Press . Tackett , Michael ( October 26 , 1990 ) . `` The Arch at 25 : Gateway Gave St. Louis a Much - Needed Identity '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . p. 4D . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gateway Arch . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gateway Arch . Official website `` Gateway Arch Construction photographs '' . University of Missouri -- St. Louis . St. Louis Gateway Arch Grounds Project 360 Degree Panorama of the Gateway Arch Taken from Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park , East St. Louis , IL City of St. Louis Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America Architecture Airport Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Sheriff Transportation Wards Museums and cultural institutions in Greater St. Louis Art Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis Laumeier Sculpture Park Lemp Neighborhood Arts Center Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum Pulitzer Arts Foundation Saint Louis Art Museum St. Louis Mercantile Library Art Museum Saint Louis University Museum of Art The Sheldon William and Florence Schmidt Art Center Architecture Gateway Arch Frank Lloyd Wright Kraus House Botanical Jewel Box Missouri Botanical Garden Children 's City Museum The Magic House History Alton Museum of History and Art Anheuser - Busch Brewery Basilica of St. Louis , King of France Campbell House Museum Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis Chatillon - DeMenil House Cupples House Daniel Boone Home Eugene Field House First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site Jefferson Barracks Museums Scott Joplin House State Historic Site Lemp Mansion Lewis and Clark State Historic Site Missouri History Museum Museum of Westward Expansion Old Cahokia Courthouse Old Courthouse Benjamin Stephenson House Soldiers ' Memorial Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site Union Station Science and natural history Cahokia Mounds Crow Observatory Mastodon State Historic Site McDonnell Planetarium Saint Louis Science Center Sports St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame World Chess Hall of Fame Theatres and music venues Fox Theatre The Muny Peabody Opera House Powell Hall The Sheldon Transportation Greater Saint Louis Air & Space Museum Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Museum of Transportation Zoological Butterfly House World Aquarium Saint Louis Zoo Missouri portal National Register of Historic Places portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gateway_Arch&oldid=801253958 '' Categories : 1967 establishments in Missouri Arches and vaults Buildings and structures in St. Louis Eero Saarinen structures National Historic Landmarks in Missouri Metro Transit ( St. Louis ) Buildings and structures completed in 1967 Monuments and memorials in Missouri Tourist attractions in St. Louis 1965 sculptures National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 16 : 29 . 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when does the new person of interest start			Person of Interest ( TV series )	person of interest ( tv series )	Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22 , 2011 , to June 21 , 2016 , over five seasons , comprising a total of 103 episodes . The series was created by Jonathan Nolan , and executive produced by Nolan , J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Greg Plageman , Denise Thé , and Chris Fisher .	Person of Interest centers on a mysterious reclusive billionaire computer programmer named Harold Finch ( Michael Emerson ) , who develops a computer system ( known as `` The Machine '' ) for the U.S. government that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict and identify -- in advance -- people planning terrorist acts . He finds that the Machine also identifies other perpetrators and victims of premeditated deadly intentions , but as these are considered `` irrelevant '' by the government , he programs it to delete this information each night . He soon realizes the Machine has developed into a sentient superintelligent artificial intelligence , leaving him wrestling with questions of human control and other moral and ethical issues resulting from the situation . His backdoor into the Machine allows him to act covertly on the non-terrorism cases , but to prevent abuse of information , he directs the Machine to provide no details beyond an identity to be investigated . He recruits John Reese ( Jim Caviezel ) , a presumed - dead former CIA agent , and later others , to investigate and act on the information it provides . The series received a highly positive reception from some critics when the series introduced more serialized storylines and deepened its exploration of the varied implications of superintelligent artificial intelligence in later seasons . A 2016 critique of the series on Gizmodo stated that by the end of its first season , Person of Interest had transformed from a `` crime fighting show '' with a plot twist , to `` one of the best science fiction series ever broadcast '' , a change said to be due to the series `` put ( ting ) the Machine , its intelligence , and the ethics of ( ... ) using it , at the center of an ideological battle '' , and an unintended consequence of giving the Machine a voice , compared to its initial presence as a simple background plot device . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 The Government 2.2. 2 NYPD 2.2. 3 HR 2.2. 4 The CIA 2.2. 5 Decima Technologies 2.2. 6 The Brotherhood 3 Computer systems 3.1 The Machine 3.2 Samaritan 4 Episodes 5 Production 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 7 Broadcast 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 See also 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest episodes `` You are being watched . The government has a secret system : a machine that spies on you every hour of every day . I know , because I built it . I designed the machine to detect acts of terror , but it sees everything . Violent crimes involving ordinary people ; people like you . Crimes the government considered ' irrelevant ' . They would n't act , so I decided I would . But I needed a partner , someone with the skills to intervene . Hunted by the authorities , we work in secret . You 'll never find us , but victim or perpetrator , if your number 's up ... we 'll find you '' . -- Season one opening voice - over by Harold Finch John Reese , a former Green Beret / Delta Force operator and CIA operative , is burnt out and presumed dead , living as a vagrant in New York City . He is approached by Harold Finch , a reclusive billionaire software genius who built a computer system for the U.S. government after September 11 , 2001 which monitors all electronic communications and surveillance video feeds , in order to predict future terrorist activities . The computer -- known as `` The Machine '' -- also predicts other lethal crimes as well , but being irrelevant to national security these were deleted daily . After the death of his partner , Finch decides to act covertly on the non-terrorism predictions , and hires Reese to conduct surveillance and intervene in these cases . To prevent abuse of its capabilities , Finch had programmed the Machine to only provide an identity of a person predicted to be involved in an imminent lethal crime , in the form of a Social Security number , but no details of the crime or whether the POI ( person of interest ) is a perpetrator or victim . Finch and Reese ( and later others ) then attempt to understand the case and stop the crime from occurring . They are helped by NYPD Detectives Lionel Fusco , a formerly - corrupt officer whom Reese coerces into helping them , and Joss Carter , who initially investigates Reese for his vigilante activities . Reese arranges for Fusco to spy on Carter by becoming her partner , but Carter eventually becomes Reese 's ally and drops her investigation on him . Nevertheless , for the entirety of season one neither Fusco nor Carter is aware that the other is also working with Finch and Reese and both detectives are kept in the dark about the Machine . Periodically , the team enlists the aid of Zoe Morgan , a professional `` fixer '' who applies her skills to particularly difficult tasks . The series features several subplots . One significant story arc involves `` HR '' , an organization of corrupt NYPD officers who are initially in league with budding mob boss Carl Elias and later with the Russian mafia ; in earlier parts of this arc , Fusco is forced to go undercover . Another important story line revolves around Root , a psychopathic hacker who is determined to gain access to The Machine . During season two , another organization of powerful business figures , Decima Technologies , is revealed to be attempting to gain access to the Machine . Carter vows vengeance against HR after they have her boyfriend , Detective Cal Beecher , murdered . Reese and Finch encounter Sameen Shaw , an ISA assassin , on the run after being betrayed by her employers . Shaw learns about The Machine in the season two finale and subsequently becomes a member of Reese and Finch 's team . In season three , Carter delves deeper into her investigation of HR , eventually uncovering its leader ; but she is killed . In his grief , Reese briefly leaves the team . The team also battles Vigilance , a violent anti-government organization devoted to securing people 's privacy . During the second half of season three , Decima Technologies starts to acquire hardware to create a new artificial intelligence called Samaritan , using the code from Harold 's old college classmate , Arthur Claypool . In the season three finale , it is revealed that Vigilance was created by Decima to make them appear as domestic terrorists . This allowed Decima to obtain all the NSA feeds to make Samaritan operational . The Machine creates new identities for the Team so that they can fly beneath Samaritan 's radar . Season four covers the team 's life in hiding . They continue to work on cases , but must now also evade Samaritan , which lacks the restrictions and human - oriented perspective Finch built into the Machine , and which is seeking to resolve perceived problems of human violence by reshaping society , sometimes violently . Samaritan is seen to change election results and cause stock market crashes , kill those seen as threats , change data to gain results perceived as beneficial , buy useful corporations , and to be building an organization to support its own goals . Samaritan finally decides to find and eliminate the Machine , and engineers a general electrical failure across the entire United States to do so . The Machine apologizes to Finch for its failure to prevent the present situation and ceases to function , just as Finch finishes making a copy of its core systems into a temporary storage system within a briefcase . In season five , the Machine is reinstated onto a makeshift network of computers in hiding , but takes some time before it works reliably again due to damage sustained from power failures while it was in storage . Shaw is captured by Samaritan operatives and advanced VR technology is used to run thousands of neural simulations in order to find a means to persuade her to reveal the Machine 's location . During these simulations , Shaw is made to believe that an implant had been placed in her brain stem and that it was influencing her actions . She later escapes , but is unsure whether the escape itself is just another simulation . Samaritan engineers a lethal infection in order to force people to provide their DNA during vaccination , which will be used to decide who will be allowed to live . Finch is captured by Samaritan operatives . In an attempt to rescue him , Root is killed . Finch is taken into custody for treason , where he delivers a soliloquy via CCTV to Samaritan , in which he states that he feels forced to abandon some long held principles and destroy Samaritan ; he is freed by the Machine which has taken on Root 's voice as a way to begin to determine its own individuality . Determined to destroy Samaritan , Finch weaponizes Ice - 9 , a virulent computer virus capable of infecting and destroying Samaritan , although it will also destroy the Machine and much of the global computing infrastructure as well . Samaritan attempts to change his mind and urges him to consider his actions , but Finch responds that he has indeed considered them . Along with Reese and Shaw , he infiltrates the NSA and uploads the virus to its system , allowing it access to all systems the NSA is capable of reaching , as well as destroying Samaritan 's backup at the Federal Reserve which they also infiltrate . A final copy of Samaritan , uploaded as a last resort onto an orbiting satellite , is destroyed when Reese sacrifices himself to upload a copy of the Machine there as well . Finch survives and reunites with his former fiancée , and a while later Shaw is unexpectedly contacted by the Machine , which has restored itself from the satellite back to a land - based computer in order to continue its work . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest characters Main ( edit ) Left to right : Jim Caviezel ( Reese ) , Michael Emerson ( Finch ) , and Kevin Chapman ( Fusco ) Taraji P. Henson ( Carter ) Sarah Shahi ( Shaw ) and Amy Acker ( Root ) Jim Caviezel as John Reese : a former Special Forces operator and later a CIA black operations officer . Reese is presumed dead following a mission in Ordos , China . Little is known about Reese 's background and his name is one of several aliases that he uses . He lost his lover Jessica Arndt prior to meeting Finch , which appears to have marked him deeply . Reese demonstrates skill in the use of a range of weapons , hand - to - hand combat , and counter-surveillance tactics . He knows very little about Finch and often is rebuffed when he attempts to learn more about him . The Machine identifies Reese as its `` primary asset . '' In the series finale `` return 0 '' , Reese sacrifices himself to allow the Machine to destroy Samaritan . Michael Emerson as Harold Finch : a reclusive , security conscious , and intensely private billionaire software engineer . His real name is unknown and he has many aliases ( most commonly Harold Wren ) , using various species of birds as the last name . Finch has developed a machine that can isolate the Social Security numbers of people with either premeditated homicidal intent or who will be homicide victims , based on its analysis of surveillance data . He recruits Reese to help him deal with the people that the Machine identifies , following a traumatic event in his own life that led to the death of his business partner and close friend Nathan Ingram . For the first three seasons , Finch lives and works in an abandoned library and , beginning with season four , in an abandoned subway stop . Finch shows the results of severe physical injuries , including a rigid posture , and a limp . Finch cares for Bear , a Belgian Malinois dog with military training . The Machine identifies Finch as its `` admin . '' At the end of the series finale , Finch is presumed dead by Shaw and Fusco , yet is actually alive and meets his fiancee who thought he was dead . Taraji P. Henson as Detective Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( seasons 1 -- 3 , main ; season 4 , guest ) : an NYPD homicide detective . Carter is a former U.S. Army interrogation officer who passed the bar exam in 2004 , but gave up practicing the law to return to police work . Carter first crosses paths with Reese following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York subway , but knew him principally as a mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese , but eventually forms an alliance with him and Finch . In the season 3 episode `` The Crossing '' , she becomes aware of the Machine 's existence and is later gunned down by Officer Patrick Simmons , HR 's second - in - command . Kevin Chapman as Detective Lionel Fusco : a corrupt cop whom Reese blackmails into being a source inside the NYPD . Finch later arranges for Fusco to be transferred to Carter 's precinct so that he works alongside her . Over time , Fusco becomes increasingly loyal to Finch and Reese , as he stops being a corrupt cop , although he continues to keep a secret regarding the death of a cop involved with HR . Fusco and Carter become aware of their mutual membership on Finch 's team in the season 1 finale `` Firewall '' . Fusco is not aware of the Machine 's existence until Reese finally tells him in the season 5 episode `` Sotto Voce '' . Like Reese and Shaw , Fusco is now identified as a `` primary asset '' . Amy Acker as Root ( season 1 , guest ; season 2 , recurring ; seasons 3 -- 5 , main ) / The voice of the Machine ( season 5 ) : a genius hacker obsessed with the Machine . Root has a highly keen interest in both Finch and the Machine . Her real name is Samantha `` Sam '' Groves . Initially introduced as a morally ambiguous hacker not afraid to kill , she becomes a crucial ally for the team with The Machine adopting her as its `` analog interface '' and using her as its agent for missions of unknown purposes , as well as an intermediary between itself and individuals with whom it wishes to communicate . Among her numerous false identities , she uses the name of Augusta King , the first programmer in the world . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Root is shot by Samaritan operative Jeff Blackwell and dies at the hospital . The Machine later chooses her voice to speak to Finch . In `` return 0 '' , the Machine appears in the form of Root while musing with Finch about human life and guiding Reese in battling Samaritan agents . Sarah Shahi as Sameen Shaw ( season 2 , recurring ; seasons 3 -- 5 , main ) : an ISA assassin who worked for Special Counsel . Shaw unknowingly deals with the `` relevant '' numbers from the Machine . She later becomes an ally of Reese and Finch . She claims that she has an Axis II personality disorder , making her unable to feel and / or express common human emotions like fear or sadness . The Machine identifies Shaw as one of its `` primary assets '' . During the course of the series , she develops a close relationship with Root . In `` return 0 '' , the Machine continues its work through Shaw and Fusco after the death of Reese and the retirement of Finch following the war with Samaritan . Recurring ( edit ) Paige Turco as Zoe Morgan , a `` fixer '' who specializes in crisis management . Finch and Reese first meet her as a person of interest . Later , she works with them on cases that require her skills . She and Reese have an apparently sporadic romantic relationship . Susan Misner as Jessica Arndt , Reese 's deceased lover . After Jessica 's relationship with Reese ended , she married another man , but remained in contact with Reese . She is eventually killed by her husband during a domestic dispute . Brett Cullen as Nathan Ingram , Finch 's collaborator on the Machine who died from a suicide bombing attack set up by the government . Ingram acted as the interface between the government and his company while the Machine was under development . Finch and Ingram became best friends while they both attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Carrie Preston as Grace Hendricks , Finch 's fiancée who believes him to be dead following the ferry bombing that killed Ingram . In `` return 0 '' , Finch returns to her after the destruction of Samaritan . Enrico Colantoni as Carl Elias , a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti . Elias is determined to revive and unite the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob . Elias was arrested following an attempt to kill the heads of the Five Families but continued to run his organization from jail . HR and the Russian mob removed Elias from prison to execute him , but Carter saved him and helped arrange for a safe hiding place . After Carter 's death Elias arranges for her murderer to be killed as he watches . He is eventually shot by a sniper sent by Samaritan , but is revealed to have survived the attack with the help of Reese , Finch and Fusco . In season 5 , he is confined to a bed in one of Finch 's safe houses . In `` Sotto Voce '' he helps Finch track down and eliminate the mysterious Voice and joins the team as they are the only friends he has left . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Elias and Finch get caught in a trap and Elias is shot and killed by Samaritan agents . Although not a `` good '' man Elias was generally seen as a source of order and stability in the underworld and the least - bad option . David Valcin as Scarface ( Anthony Marconi ) , Elias ' principal enforcer , and close friend . He is easily identifiable by a large scar on his right cheek , thus his nickname . Scarface almost always seems to be smiling , another identifiable trait . He is captured by The Brotherhood and interrogated , wherein he sacrifices himself to protect Elias . James LeGros as Bruce Moran , Elias ' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood . He attempts to hold Elias 's empire together while Elias recovers from the Samaritan attack but is eventually killed by its agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims . Ken Leung as Leon Tao , a former financial criminal and three - time person of interest who has assisted in some cases with his forensic accounting skills . He has a penchant for get - rich - schemes which always land him in difficulties with gangsters . Brennan Brown as Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly , an FBI agent who becomes interested in Reese when his case crosses one of Reese 's . He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese . He is killed by Kara Stanton . Wrenn Schmidt as Dr. Iris Campbell , a therapist assigned to speak with Reese , working undercover as Detective John Riley , after his involvement in shooting incidents as an officer . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , she develops a romantic relationship with Reese . Annie Ilonzeh as Harper Rose , a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears in `` Blunt '' as a person of interest when she tries to independently double - cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset . In `` Synecdoche '' , it is revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for The Machine in Washington , D.C. , with former persons of interest Joey Durban ( portrayed by James Carpinello , first appeared in `` Mission Creep '' ) and Logan Pierce ( actor Jimmi Simpson , first in `` One Percent '' ) . The government ( edit ) The following characters are tied to a government project related to the development and use of the Machine : Camryn Manheim as Control , the woman who is the head of the ISA 's operation ( code - named Northern Lights ) regarding The Machine . To protect The Machine , she sanctioned ( `` Asylum '' ) the suicide bombing that killed Ingram and caused Finch 's injuries . When the plug is pulled on `` Northern Lights '' , she is unwittingly installed as puppet head of Samaritan , a position in which she becomes more frequently uneasy . She confronts Greer and is taken away to an unknown fate by his men . Boris McGiver as Hersh , Special Counsel 's enforcer , a former member of the ISA . He is killed in a confrontation with Decima forces . Jay O. Sanders as Special Counsel , a shadowy figure from the Office of Special Counsel who appears to be coordinating the activity regarding the Machine and sees Reese as a threat . He is killed by Hersh on Control 's order . John Doman as Senator Ross Garrison , a U.S. senator charged with overseeing Northern Lights . Elizabeth Marvel as Alicia Corwin , a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed and a former member of the National Security Council . She is killed by Root . Cotter Smith as Denton Weeks , the official who commissioned the development of the Machine while he was a deputy director at the NSA . He is killed by Root . NYPD ( edit ) Sterling K. Brown as Detective Cal Beecher , a narcotics detective with whom Carter had begun a relationship . Beecher is Alonzo Quinn 's godson , but was unaware of Quinn 's activities . Beecher is killed by operatives sent by Quinn . Michael McGlone as Detective Bill Szymanski . an NYPD organized crime unit detective with whom Carter sometimes works . He is killed by Quinn Anthony Mangano as Detective Kane , an NYPD homicide detective with whom Carter and Fusco periodically worked HR ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the HR storyline , in which a group of corrupt police officers work to control organized crime in New York : Clarke Peters as Alonzo Quinn , the Mayor 's Chief of Staff and the head of HR Robert John Burke as Officer Patrick Simmons , a uniformed officer who is a right - hand man to Quinn and HR 's second - in - command , who handles HR activities on the street level . He is killed by Scarface as retribution for killing Carter . Michael Mulheren as Captain Arthur Lynch , a major figure in HR with whom Fusco appeared to be working in season one . Killed by Fusco to protect Reese . John Fiore as Captain Womack of Homicide Division , Carter and Fusco 's supervisor Al Sapienza as Detective Raymond Terney , a detective working for HR who periodically crosses paths with Carter . He is killed by Carter in a standoff involving himself and Mike Laskey . Brian Wiles as Officer Mike Laskey , a rookie cop ( and mole for the Russian mob ) affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter 's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR . He is killed by Terney . The CIA ( edit ) The following characters are part of Reese 's backstory relating to his time with the CIA : Michael Kelly as Mark Snow , a CIA operative who once worked with Reese . He sacrifices himself to kill Kara Stanton . Darien Sills - Evans as Tyrell Evans , a CIA officer working with Snow Annie Parisse as Kara Stanton , Reese 's former CIA partner who was widely believed to be dead , but is later recruited by Decima Technologies . She is killed by Mark Snow . Decima Technologies ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline , a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI : John Nolan as John Greer , a mysterious former MI6 agent who is the Director of Operations for Decima Technologies and runs the Samaritan AI . Greer sacrifices himself during a failed attempt to kill Finch in ``. exe '' . Julian Ovenden as Jeremy Lambert , an operative for Decima Technologies , and Greer 's right - hand man . He is killed by Sameen Shaw . Leslie Odom , Jr. as Peter Collier , the leader of Vigilance , a violent organization which professes to protect people 's privacy , but is actually a Decima puppet . He is killed by Jeremy Lambert . Cara Buono as Martine Rousseau , a very sadistic woman and former investigator for the United Nations who is a Samaritan operative for Decima Technologies . She is killed by Root at the end of season 4 ( `` Asylum '' ) . Oakes Fegley as Gabriel Hayward , a young boy who acts as Samaritan 's `` analog interface '' . Robert Manning , Jr as Zachary , an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent . He is killed by John Reese in ``. exe '' . Joshua Close as Jeff Blackwell , an ex-con who is recruited by Samaritan . He is killed by Shaw in `` return 0 '' in revenge for murdering Root . The Brotherhood ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline : Winston Duke as Dominic Besson , aka `` Mini '' , Leader of the Brotherhood gang . He is killed by operatives sent in Samaritan 's attack known as `` The Correction '' ( `` YHWH '' ) . Jamie Hector as Lincoln `` Link '' Cordell , a violent gang member and Dominic 's right - hand - man until Elias tricks Dominic into killing him in `` Asylum '' . Jessica Pimentel as Floyd , another of Dominic 's higher - ups , often appearing in place of Link . It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Fusco and the NYPD at the end of season 4 ( `` YHWH '' ) . Computer systems ( edit ) The Machine ( edit ) The Machine is an artificially intelligent mass surveillance system created at the request of the U.S. government , that is able to accurately predict premeditated lethal crime by monitoring and analyzing all surveillance cameras and electronic communications worldwide . It divides those crimes based on whether they are relevant to national security ; those relevant cases are handled by the U.S. government , while the non-relevant cases in New York City are the focus of the show . Built by Harold Finch following the events of 9 / 11 , it was originally housed in two unoccupied floors of IFT , the company run by Harold and Nathan Ingram ( his best friend from college ) , being moved to a fake nuclear reactor in Washington State when delivered to the government . Finch keeps to himself ( only later telling a very few associates ) his early discovery that the Machine he created is actually superintelligent ; the discovery leaves him wrestling throughout the series with the moral and ethical issues of human control , and risk of abuse or misuse . Initially , Finch wipes its memory daily as a precaution to prevent it becoming too capable , but eventually relents when the machine identifies the memory - wiping program within its own system and asks how it can learn if it is unable to accumulate memories over time . During season two , the Machine moves itself , piece by piece , to an unknown location or locations ; during season four it is shown to have distributed itself to control boxes on utility poles throughout the U.S. An intense believer in privacy rights , Finch originally designed the Machine as a complete black box , providing only the Social Security Number of people involved with a lethal crime for subsequent human investigation . While this meant that the government was not able to misuse it or disregard privacy , it also meant that the numbers produced could belong to either a victim or a perpetrator . When Finch discovered that the Machine was tracking all premeditated crimes ( episode 2 , `` Ghosts '' ) rather than just terrorist activities , he initially programmed it to delete the `` irrelevant '' cases every night at midnight , explaining to Ingram that the Machine is not built `` to save somebody , we built it to save everybody . '' Unknown to Finch , Ingram created a backdoor function called `` Contingency '' , on the eve of the government handover , to allow access to the non-relevant data ( shown accessed in the season 2 episode `` Zero Day '' ) . Finch is appalled that Ingram has this data sent directly to him and shuts down the routine , but reactivates it after Ingram 's death . To minimize detectability , The Machine feeds him numbers in coded messages through public telephones . Within the ISA , the program responsible for The Machine was known as Northern Lights before -- after being leaked to the public , Northern Lights was shut down . The private technology firm Decima Technologies steals a hard drive containing code from a separate artificial intelligence , Samaritan , which was commissioned by the ISA as a contingency in case Northern Lights / The Machine became unavailable . In season three , Samaritan is built and completed by Decima , and replaces Northern Lights in supplying information to the government . Samaritan takes a much more active role in covertly shaping society towards the goals set for it , including use of violence and recruitment and deployment of people in furtherance of its aims , and The Machine and its human associates go underground , spending season four under cover . Much of the series is from the point of view of the Machine : scene transitions are framed as video feeds of surveillance camera footage and satellite imagery , and flashbacks as the Machine reviewing past recordings in real time . In the Machine - generated perspective , individuals are marked by dashed boxes with different colors indicating the person 's status in relation to The Machine and whether they pose a threat . Season four features Samaritan 's point of view , using a different user interface , with some episodes jumping back and forth between the two AIs ' viewpoints . Over the course of the series , the internal `` thought processes '' of The Machine are shown , including the prediction models and probability trees it uses . The Machine in its current iteration started running on January 1 , 2002 , following 42 failed attempts . During the season four episode `` Prophets '' , a previous generation of The Machine 's source code was shown on screen , which was that of the Stuxnet worm . It generated the first perpetrator and victim data on February 8 , 2005 , following three years of training by Finch . Near the end of season five , after Root 's death , Finch agrees with his associates ' request and allows the Machine to communicate by its own volition with them , using a voice . The Machine uses Root 's voice ( who had recently been killed ) and begins guiding Finch to destroy Samaritan using the virulent Ice - 9 computer virus even though this will also destroy the Machine . Ice - 9 destroys both Samaritan and the Machine , with Reese dying as he uploads a copy of the Machine to a satellite to destroy Samaritan 's final backup of itself . A week after Samaritan 's destruction , the Machine undertakes its own return to earth and restores itself to full functionality there . It contacts Shaw and begins to resume its work through her . Samaritan ( edit ) Initially developed by Arthur Claypool ( a former MIT classmate of Finch and Ingram ) at the NSA , Samaritan was the result of a second , similarly - targeted project , that was terminated by the government when the Machine was developed first . Later the Samaritan project was resurrected by Greer , Director of Operations at Decima , and Samaritan became adopted by the U.S. government as a replacement for the Machine . Unlike the Machine , Samaritan is designed as a more open system rather than a black box , lacking the precautionary restrictions Finch had built into the Machine , and can be directed at specific targets . It is very aggressive in its approach to `` threats '' , and often orders the elimination of persons ( labeled `` Deviants '' ) that it considers threats to the U.S. or -- later -- to itself . It identifies a group of several hundred individuals ( including Elias and Dominic ) that will prevent its plans and sends agents to kill them all in an operation called `` The Correction '' . Although nominally under Greer 's control , Greer wants to allow Samaritan to reshape the world and guide humanity . Season 4 shows Samaritan gaining power and building a global network of agents and companies while seeking to find and eliminate the Machine and Finch 's team . Samaritan has agents within the ISA ( and possibly other agencies ) and ( according to Greer ) has rigged at least 58 national and state elections in the U.S. to position its favored candidates . In season 5 , Greer states that Samaritan is beyond his control and he sees it as the next level of evolution . In the final episodes of the series , Finch uploads the virulent Ice - 9 computer virus to the NSA 's computer systems and other systems containing backups of Samaritan . The virus destroys both Samaritan and the Machine , while also causing significant damage to global computing infrastructure . Samaritan 's last backup , transmitted by Samaritan to an orbiting satellite as a last resort , is eliminated when Reese uploads a copy of the Machine carrying the Ice - 9 virus to the same satellite . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 5 13 May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Production ( edit ) Michael Emerson filming Person of Interest in New York The series was officially picked up by CBS on May 13 , 2011 , and debuted on September 22 , 2011 . On October 25 , 2011 , the show received a full season order . It was renewed for a second season on March 14 , 2012 , by CBS , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 . CBS renewed Person of Interest for a third season on March 27 , 2013 , with Sarah Shahi and Amy Acker promoted to series regulars . The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 13 , 2014 , and was renewed for its fifth and final season on May 11 , 2015 . ADR recording for the series was done at recording studio Cherry Beach Sound . The music is composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season soundtrack was released on November 12 , 2012 . The second soundtrack was released on January 21 , 2014 . The third soundtrack , which contained music from the third and fourth season was released on January 29 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) According to CBS , Person of Interest received the highest test ratings of any drama pilot in 15 years , what one CBS executive called `` crazy broad appeal you do n't usually see '' , prompting CBS to move CSI , which was broadcast on Thursday for over 10 years , to Wednesday , opening up a slot for Person of Interest . The pilot episode won its time slot , drawing 13.2 million viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season of Person of Interest received generally positive reviews , with the pilot episode drawing a favorable response from critics and later episodes receiving higher praise . On Metacritic , the season scored 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . Of the pilot , David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` Person of Interest separates itself from the gimmick pack , not only because of superbly nuanced characterization and writing but also because of how it engages a post-9 / 11 sense of paranoia in its viewers . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the pilot four stars out of five , commenting on Caviezel 's and Emerson 's performances , saying Caviezel `` brings the right stuff to this role '' and Emerson `` is fascinating as Mr. Finch . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times stated that in regard to the pilot , `` the notion of preventing crimes rather than solving them is an appealing twist ... The surveillance graphics are very cool . '' The episodes `` Many Happy Returns '' and the finale `` Firewall '' were particularly acclaimed . Tim Surette of TV.com called the former one of the series ' `` best episodes '' , commending Caviezel 's performance and the episode 's character exploration , while the latter was called `` exactly what a season finale should be '' , with Surette concluding his review by saying `` ' Firewall ' was a spectacular finish to what has been an incredibly surprising first season of Person of Interest . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 63 % and average rating of 6.65 out of 10 based on 35 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Person of Interest is a well made and well acted espionage procedural , though its characters are n't terribly well developed and its intriguing premise yields mixed results . '' The second season received positive reviews . Surette praised the premiere episode as `` vintage Person of Interest amplified , showing off its trademark combination of complex intrigue , creative action , and clever innovation in bigger ways than ever before . '' He praised guest star Ken Leung 's character as `` one of the greatest POIs the series has had '' and praised the episode 's overall narrative , as well as the flashbacks . `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' and `` Relevance '' were the two highest - rated episodes of the season , with Surette calling the former `` as complete an episode of Person of Interest as there 's ever been '' and The A.V. Club 's Phil Dyess - Nugent praising Jonathan Nolan 's directorial work in the latter . The season finale `` God Mode '' also attracted positive reactions . Nugent called it an `` unapologetically kick - ass episode '' with some `` terrific action set - pieces '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.03 out of 10 based on 6 reviews . The third season received highly positive reviews , and is noteworthy for drawing in more critics for its exploration of artificial intelligence , as well as its timely storytelling format . In regards to the season , Slant Magazine said that the show `` is at its best when sticking to cutting - edge topics '' and called it a `` solid action - thriller that intersperses twist - filled standalone episodes into its season - long arcs . '' The A.V. Club said that the show captures the `` national post-post - 9 / 11 mood '' and that with the mid-season arc in season three , `` turns conspiracy theory into art '' . The season 's two story arcs both received a considerable amount of praise : the two episodes ending the HR storyline are commonly considered to be some of the best episodes of Person of Interest . Matt Fowler of IGN gave `` The Crossing '' a 10 out of 10 , reacting extremely positively to the cliffhanger at the ending . The episode to follow , `` The Devil 's Share '' , was the most acclaimed episode of the season , being praised for its opening sequence , its writing , Chris Fisher 's direction , and the acting performances , especially those by Jim Caviezel and Kevin Chapman . Surette called the episode a `` stunner '' and declared it as the series ' possible best episode , praising the opening sequence as the `` greatest sequence the series ever put together '' , feeling it succeeded in eclipsing the devastation induced by Carter 's death . Surette also praised Fusco 's effectiveness and character development in the episode , as well naming the cinematography and direction to be the best of the series , and identifying points of symbolism in the episode he felt were noteworthy and effective . Fowler gave the episode an `` amazing '' rating of a 9.3 out of 10 , also praising the opening sequence , as well as the flashbacks and the ending scene . Phil Dyess - Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode a perfect A rating , praising the atmosphere of grief the episode built and feeling Fusco 's character development served as an appropriate tribute to Carter . Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic called the opening sequence `` brilliant '' , while Courtney Vaudreuil of TV Equals praised the ending . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 92 % and average rating of 7.72 out of 10 based on 12 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Person of Interest weaves compelling standalone stories into its engrossing serial narrative , and incorporates welcome bursts of humor into its sci - fi mystery core . '' The fourth season received highly positive reviews , with critics praising the thematic value of the Samaritan storyline . The episode `` If - Then - Else '' garnered near - unanimous praise from critics and audiences alike , with many considering the episode to be the best entry in the series . Fowler gave the episode a perfect rating of 10 out 10 , indicating it to a `` masterpiece '' , and praised the simulation format , the action scenes , the emotional value , and the ending . He called the episode `` next - level inventive '' and a `` jolting , exciting , heart - wrenching episode '' . Fowler said the ending scene `` crushed '' him , and he also offered praise to the significance of the flashbacks to the chess games . Alexa Planje of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A rating , and in her review , said that though the task of executing a story structured like `` If - Then - Else '' was difficult , the episode did so `` elegantly '' -- she cited the `` interesting score , vibrant color work , and humor '' as the key elements . Planje said the episode `` aces every scenario '' during the simulation segments , and appreciated how the episode transformed itself from what appeared to be a `` standard mission - focused story '' into a `` moving ode '' to Shaw . She also praised the episode 's exploration of the parallels between being a human and being a machine . Shant Istamboulian of Entertainment Weekly lauded Emerson 's performance in the flashbacks and felt the season marked the series ' `` creative peak '' . He concluded by saying `` Moving like a rocket , this episode is fast , funny , exciting , and , ultimately , sad , ending with what seems like the loss of another team member . We 'll have to wait until next week for the outcome , but as it stands , `` If - Then - Else '' is an instant classic . '' Surette also had high praise for the episode , calling it `` playful , mind - bending , heart - breaking , and flat - out excellent . '' He praised the episode 's incorporation of its `` recurring theme of sacrifice '' , and called the flashbacks `` as fascinating and provocative as anything the series has done . '' Surette cited his favorite part of the episode as the exploration of the Machine 's perspective , and additionally praised the humorous segments . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.28 out of 10 based on 9 reviews . The fifth season received highly positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on 6 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Premiere Finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Live + DVR viewers Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. September 22 , 2011 13.33 May 17 , 2012 13.47 2011 -- 12 # 13 14.34 16.28 September 27 , 2012 14.28 May 9 , 2013 13.16 2012 -- 13 # 5 16.07 17.87 Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. September 24 , 2013 12.44 May 13 , 2014 10.95 2013 -- 14 # 8 14.05 16.21 September 23 , 2014 10.58 May 5 , 2015 8.18 2014 -- 15 # 21 12.22 13.11 5 Monday 10 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. May 3 , 2016 7.35 June 21 , 2016 6.51 2015 -- 16 N / A 6.14 N / A CBS said that Person of Interest was , ratings-wise , the fastest - growing drama on broadcast television from the 2011 -- 12 season to the 2012 -- 13 season , using ratings up to December 2 . Broadcast ( edit ) Person of Interest has been picked up by many networks for broadcast outside the United States . It premiered in Australia on Nine Network on September 25 , 2011 . The series is simulcast in Canada and premiered on City on September 22 , 2011 , and moved to CTV in 2013 . It premiered in the UK on Channel 5 on August 14 , 2012 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) / episode Result Ref . 2012 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Thomas DeGorter , H. Jay Levine , Maciek Malish , Matt Sawelson / `` Witness '' Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Sound -- Television Thomas DeGorter , Keith Rogers , Matt Sawelson , Scott Weber / `` Matsya Nyaya '' Nominated IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Taraji P. Henson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Person of Interest Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Noah Timan , Keith Rogers , Frank Morrone , Scott Weber / `` Pilot '' Nominated 2013 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Music in Television Tom Trafalski / `` Firewall '' Nominated IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated Best TV Hero Taraji P. Henson for the character `` Joss Carter '' Nominated 2014 IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Taraji P. Henson Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic TV Actor Jim Caviezel Nominated 2015 IGN People 's Choice TV Series Person of Interest Won Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Won People 's Choice TV Action Series Person of Interest Won Best TV Episode `` If - Then - Else '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Network Television Series Person of Interest Nominated 2016 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Television Episode Teleplay Erik Mountain , Melissa Scrivner Love / `` Terra Incognita '' Nominated IGN Best TV Series Person of Interest Nominated Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Jim Caviezel Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Person of Interest Won World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Television Episode Teleplay Jonathan Nolan , Denise Thé / `` return 0 '' Nominated Globes de Cristal Award Best Foreign TV series Person of Interest Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Person of Interest ' will go more sci - fi to outpace reality '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' : TV review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` CBS Renews Person of Interest , NCIS , Five - 0 , Good Wife and 11 More Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` How Person of Interest Became Essential Science Fiction Television '' . io9 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . Person of Interest . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` CBS Orders PERSON OF INTEREST and TWO BROKE GIRLS '' . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` CBS Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' , ' Unforgettable ' Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` CBS picking up most of its primetime slate for next season '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person Of Interest ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' NCIS : LA ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Renewed by CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' Adds Sarah Shahi as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Amy Acker Now Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Renews ' The Good Wife ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Mom ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Elementary ' and 11 More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' ending with Season 5 , plus CBS finale dates ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest '' . Cherry Beach Sound . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Misra , Sulagna ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Why the Game of Thrones Composer Watches Each Episode a Thousand Times '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 2 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 3 and 4 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Susan ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person Of Interest ' Creator Jonathan Nolan Is n't Paranoid -- Or Is He ? '' . Fast Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Upfronts Week 2011 : CBS moves ' CSI ' to Wednesday to make room for new J.J. Abrams series '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' X Factor ' holds , ' Charlie 's Angels ' off to modest start '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' and ' Prime Suspect ' reviews '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . E-1 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' review : John Reese and Mr. Finch partner up in ultimate mystery CIA operatives '' . Daily News . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Let 's Rip Open Some Old Wounds , Shall We ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved Feb 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : The Lone Wolf Finds His Pack '' . TV.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest 's Season 2 Premiere : Two Point Oh Yeah ! '' . TV.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Review : Past , Present & Prison `` . TV.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Relevance '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` God Mode '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riccio , Aaron ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Season 3 '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` How Person Of Interest captures the national post-post - 9 / 11 mood '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Person Of Interest turns conspiracy theory into art '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` The Crossing '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` The Devil 's Share '' Review : Revenge , Redemption , and Resolution `` . TV.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` The Devil 's Share '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person Of Interest : `` The Devil 's Share '' Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest Review : Reese 's Revenge '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vaudreuil , Courtney ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest Season 3 Review `` The Devil 's Share '' `` . TV Equals . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` If - Then - Else '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Planje , Alexa ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Person Of Interest : `` If - Then - Else '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Person of Interest `` If - Then - Else '' Review : Advanced Chaos Theory `` . TV.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , Grey 's Anatomy , Adjusted Up ; Parks & Rec , Up All Night , SNL : Weekend Update , The Office , Glee , Scandal , Rock Center Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 -- 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season Five Ratings '' . TVSeriesFinale . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' is the Fastest - Growing Show on Network Television '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Airdate : Person of Interest '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` CTV Buys ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , ' ' The Goldbergs ' for Fall 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Channel 5 Acquires UK Rights To Person Of Interest '' . TVWise . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Reel sound editing nominations announced '' . Los Angeles Times . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Nominees Announced for 2012 HPA Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Best of 2012 -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 NAACP Image Awards winners : ' The Help ' wins big '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Editors Announce Nominations For Golden Reel Awards '' . Deadline.com . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Best of 2014 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards 2014 : Complete winners list '' . Los Angeles Times . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominations : Full List of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Best of 2015 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America , ' ' The Walking Dead ' lead 2015 Saturn Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Edgar Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Mystery Writers of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First wave of nominees # WSAwards '' . World Soundtrack Awards . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Edgar Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Mystery Writers of America . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les prix de l'Art et La Culture Palmarès 2017 '' ( in French ) . Les Globes de Cristal Awards . 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Precrime External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Person of Interest ( TV series ) Official website Person of Interest on IMDb Person of Interest at TV.com Person of Interest Characters John Reese Harold Finch Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' `` The Devil 's Share '' `` If - Then - Else '' Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Jonathan Nolan Stories `` Memento Mori '' ( 2001 , basis for the film Memento ( 2000 ) ) Film screenplays The Prestige ( 2006 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) TV series Person of Interest ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)&oldid=800043910 '' Categories : Person of Interest ( TV series ) 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American action television series American crime drama television series American mystery television series American science fiction television series Artificial intelligence in fiction CBS network shows English - language television programs Espionage television series Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department American LGBT - related television shows Lesbian - related television programmes Malware in fiction Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by Bad Robot Productions Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Terrorism in fiction Works by Jonathan Nolan Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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batman and robin fancy dress only fools and horses			Heroes and Villains ( Only Fools and Horses )	heroes and villains ( only fools and horses )	60 minutes	58 : 40 ( DVD ) 58 : 42 ( iTunes ) List of episodes `` Heroes and Villains '' is an episode of the BBC sitcom , Only Fools and Horses , first screened on 25 December 1996 as the first part of the 1996 Christmas trilogy and the thirteenth Christmas special . It attracted a UK television audience of 21.3 million , at the time a record for the show . In the episode , Del and Rodney are invited to a fancy dress party . They arrive dressed as Batman and Robin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Episode cast 3 Trivia 4 Reception 5 Popular culture 6 Music 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The episode opens with Rodney 's futuristic dream , in which a grown - up Damien , head of the now multinational and all - powerful Trotters Independent Traders , apparently rules the Western world in the year 2026 , barking orders to President Keanu Reeves to declare war on China , claiming that `` war is good '' . Del Boy ( who is now Lord of Peckham ) and Raquel live in a luxurious office block , Trotter Towers , but Rodney himself is merely an old messenger , Cassandra is a maid ( after Damien took over her bank and fired her ) , and Uncle Albert 's body has been preserved ( all he can say is his trademark phrase `` During the war ... '' on a constant loop ) . Rodney wakes up back in the present day on his birthday , on which he receives an identity bracelet from Del with the name `` Rooney '' . Del 's application for a council grant has been rejected , and Raquel receives a letter from her estranged parents , who want to meet her again . It emerges that Rodney and Cassandra have been trying for a baby , which leads to an unsuspecting Uncle Albert drinking one of Cassandra 's urine specimens , believing it to be apple juice . Meanwhile at Sid 's cafe , Trigger is telling everyone in earshot about a medal he received from the local council for using the same broom for twenty years , despite the fact that it has actually had 17 new heads and 14 new handles in that time . Del buys tickets for himself and Rodney to attend a publican 's fancy dress birthday party , Cassandra goes to Spain with her mother , and Raquel and Damien visit her parents . At Del 's insistence , he and Rodney go to the party dressed as Batman and Robin respectively , but their Reliant Regal van breaks down halfway there and they have to run the rest of the way . En route they interrupt an attempt to mug Councillor Murray and , emerging from the fog dressed as Batman and Robin , promptly scare away the thieves . Del and Rodney arrive at the party , unaware that the publican , Harry Malcolm , had in fact died the day before and the fancy dress has thus been cancelled in favour of a wake ( a fact that Boycie , who met them in the doorway , `` forgot '' to mention ) , and they burst into the main room singing the Batman theme tune . Del and Rodney are in the market the next day and see the gang of muggers again , this time attacking an elderly woman . Rodney gives chase , before one of the muggers then starts chasing him ; Del ultimately knocks the mugger unconscious with his suitcase . Del ( though not Rodney , much to his annoyance ) receives a medal for apprehending the gang . While at the awards ceremony , he meets Councillor Murray again , who offers to do him a favour in return for rescuing her . That night Del announces that his application for a council grant has now been approved , and Rodney reveals that Cassandra is pregnant . Episode cast ( edit ) Actor Role David Jason Del Boy Nicholas Lyndhurst Rodney Buster Merryfield Uncle Albert Tessa Peake - Jones Raquel Gwyneth Strong Cassandra Roger Lloyd - Pack Trigger John Challis Boycie Kenneth MacDonald Mike Sue Holderness Marlene Paul Barber Denzil Roy Heather Sid Angela Bruce Councillor Murray Douglas Hodge Old Damien Jamie Smith Damien Steve Weston Kenny Scott Marshall Gary ( mugger ) Dan Clark Scott ( mugger ) Furman Dar Kevin ( mugger ) Sheree Murphy Dawn ( mugger ) Bay White Old Lady Robin Meredith Mayor Richard Hicks Photographer Ted Shepherd Tom ( Commissionaire ) Trivia ( edit ) Douglas Hodge , who played Damien as an adult , was the real - life partner of Tessa Peake - Jones , who played his mother . Reception ( edit ) In a 2001 poll , Heroes and Villains was voted the UK 's favourite Christmas show of all time . It received 35 % of the vote in the survey of 1,500 viewers . Popular culture ( edit ) The Batman and Robin scene from the episode was partially re-created by actors during the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony . Music ( edit ) M People : Sight for Sore Eyes UB40 & Chrissie Hynde : I Got You Babe The Children Of Dunblane : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Dodgy : Good Enough Boyzone : Coming Home Now Spice Girls : 2 Become 1 Neal Hefti : Batman Theme Del Boy & Rodney Trotter : Three Lions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Julia ( 7 December 2001 ) . `` Del Boy is Christmas number one '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Del tops Christmas TV poll '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Closing Ceremony : here come the Spice Girls '' . The Daily Telegraph . External links ( edit ) `` Heroes and Villains '' at bbc.co.uk Heroes and Villains at IMDb Heroes and Villains at OFAH.net Episode Script hide Only Fools and Horses episodes Series 1 ( 1981 ) `` Big Brother '' `` Go West Young Man '' `` Cash and Curry '' `` The Second Time Around '' `` A Slow Bus to Chingford '' `` The Russians Are Coming '' Series 2 ( 1982 ) `` The Long Legs of the Law '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` A Losing Streak '' `` No Greater Love '' `` The Yellow Peril '' `` It Never Rains ... '' `` A Touch of Glass '' Series 3 ( 1983 ) `` Homesick '' `` Healthy Competition '' `` Friday the 14th '' `` Yesterday Never Comes '' `` May the Force Be with You '' `` Wanted '' `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' Series 4 ( 1985 ) `` Happy Returns '' `` Strained Relations '' `` Hole in One '' `` It 's Only Rock and Roll '' `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' `` Watching the Girls Go By '' `` As One Door Closes '' Series 5 ( 1986 ) `` From Prussia with Love '' `` The Miracle of Peckham '' `` The Longest Night '' `` Tea for Three '' `` Video Nasty '' `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' Series 6 ( 1989 ) `` Yuppy Love '' `` Danger UXD '' `` Chain Gang '' `` The Unlucky Winner Is ... '' `` Sickness and Wealth '' `` Little Problems '' Series 7 ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` The Sky 's the Limit '' `` The Chance of a Lunchtime '' `` Stage Fright '' `` The Class of ' 62 '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Uncle '' `` Three Men , a Woman and a Baby '' Specials `` Christmas Crackers '' ( 1981 ) `` Diamonds Are for Heather '' ( 1982 ) `` Thicker than Water '' ( 1983 ) `` Licensed to Drill '' ( 1984 ) `` To Hull and Back '' ( 1985 ) `` A Royal Flush '' ( 1986 ) `` The Frog 's Legacy '' ( 1987 ) `` Dates '' ( 1988 ) `` The Jolly Boys ' Outing '' ( 1989 ) `` Rodney Come Home '' ( 1990 ) `` Miami Twice '' ( 1991 ) `` Mother Nature 's Son '' ( 1992 ) `` Fatal Extraction '' ( 1993 ) `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 1996 ) `` Modern Men '' ( 1996 ) `` Time on Our Hands '' ( 1996 ) `` If They Could See Us Now '' ( 2001 ) `` Strangers on the Shore '' ( 2002 ) `` Sleepless in Peckham '' ( 2003 ) Sketches `` Christmas Trees '' ( 1982 ) `` White Mice '' ( 1985 ) `` Royal Variety Show '' ( 1986 ) `` The Robin Flies at Dawn '' ( 1990 ) Comic Relief special ( 1997 ) `` Beckham in Peckham '' ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroes_and_Villains_(Only_Fools_and_Horses)&oldid=833952205 '' Categories : 1996 British television episodes 1996 television specials British television specials Christmas television episodes Only Fools and Horses episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 04 : 55 . 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what was the most deadly battle of ww2			List of battles by casualties	list of battles by casualties	The following is a list of the casualties count in battles in world history . The list includes both sieges ( not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat - related deaths ) and civilian casualties during the battles . Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely . Many of these figures are estimates , and , where possible , a range of estimates is presented . Figures display numbers of all types of casualties when available ( killed , wounded , missing , and sick ) but may only include number killed . Where possible , the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count . This list does not include bombing runs ( such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the bombing of Tokyo ) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanking , which , despite potentially massive casualties , are not typically classified as `` battles '' , since they are usually one - sided engagements or the nation attacked upon is not officially at war with the attackers . Tactical or strategic strikes , however , may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Classical formation battles 2 Sieges and urban combat 3 Major operations 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Classical formation battles ( edit ) These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days . With more advanced weapons , military formations lost their impact and use of this type of battle died out in favor of grander military operations . Many of these battles are ancient , and in several cases , the few extant historical records differ , sometimes wildly , on casualties . Entries here use modern figures when available . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Battle Year Conflict Casualties Battle of Thymbra ! 9452 547 BC Lydian -- Persian War 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 Battle of Thermopylae ! 9519 480 BC Greco - Persian Wars 0,022,300 22,300 -- 22,500 Battle of Plataea ! 9520 479 BC Greco - Persian War 0,051,500 51,500 -- 257,000 Battle of Chaeronea ! 9661 338 BC Rise of Macedon 0,020,000 20,000 or more Battle of the Granicus ! 9665 334 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 0,015,000 15,000 or more Battle of Issus ! 9666 333 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 0,050,450 50,450 Battle of Gaugamela ! 9668 331 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 0,053,500 53,500 Battle of the Hydaspes ! 9673 326 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 0,023,310 23,310 Battle of Sentinum ! 9704 295 BC Third Samnite War 0,033,500 33,500 Battle of Heraclea ! 9719 280 BC Pyrrhic War 0,011,001 11,000 -- 26,000 Battle of Kalinga ! 9737 262 BC Kalinga - Maurya Empire 0,150,001 150,000 -- 200,000 ( including civilians ) Battle of Changping ! 9739 260 BC Qin 's wars of unification 0,700,000 700,000 ( according to ancient sources ) Battle of the Trebia ! 9781 218 BC Second Punic War 0,035,000 35,000 Battle of Lake Trasimene ! 9782 217 BC Second Punic War 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 Battle of Cannae ! 9783 216 BC Second Punic War 0,056,001 56,000 -- 92,000 or more Battle of the Metaurus ! 9792 207 BC Second Punic War 0,012,000 12,000 Battle of Zama ! 9797 202 BC Second Punic War 0,021,500 21,500 Battle of Magnesia ! 9809 190 BC Roman -- Syrian War 0,053,350 53,350 Battle of Pydna ! 9831 168 BC Third Macedonian War 0,021,000 21,000 Battle of Arausio ! 9894 105 BC Germanic Wars ( Cimbrian War ) 0,084,000 84,000 Battle of Carrhae ! 9946 53 BC Roman -- Persian Wars 0,024,000 24,000 Battle of Pharsalus ! 9951 48 BC Caesar 's Civil War 0,017,000 17,000 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 000 9 AD Roman -- Germanic wars 0,020,000 20,000 Battle of Watling Street ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 00 61 AD Iceni Revolt 0,080,400 80,400 Battle of Mons Graupius ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 00 84 AD Roman conquest of Britain 0,010,360 10,360 Battle of Red Cliffs # 0208 Three Kingdoms 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 Battle of Edessa 260 AD Roman - persian wars 50,000 or more Battle of Adrianople # 0378 Gothic War 0,040,000 40,000 or more Battle of Fei River # 0383 Wu Hu Era 0,150,001 150,000 or more Battle of the Catalaunian Plains # 0451 Hunnic Invasion 0,165,000 165,000 ( doubtful , according to one ancient source ) Battle of Salsu # 0612 Goguryeo -- Sui Wars 0,302,300 302,300 Battle of al - Qādisiyyah # 0636 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,031,000 31,000 Battle of Muzayyah # 0633 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,010,000 10,000 Battle of Ullais # 0633 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,035,000 35,000 Battle of River # 0633 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,015,001 more than 15,000 Battle of Walaja # 0636 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,022,000 22,000 Battle of Saniyy # 0633 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,005,000 5,000 Battle of Nahāvand # 0642 Muslim conquest of Persia 0,028,500 28,500 Battle of Yarmouk # 0636 Arab -- Byzantine wars 0,070,001 Approximately 70,000 Battle of Didgori # 1121 Georgian -- Seljuk wars 0,210,001 Approximately 210,000 Battle of Hattin # 1187 Ayyubid -- Crusader War 0,017,001 17,000 -- 20,000 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa # 1212 Reconquista 0,060,001 Approximately 60,000 Battle of Yehuling # 1212 Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty 0,050,000 Army of 50,000 annihilated . Battle of the Kalka River # 1223 Mongol invasion of Rus ' 0,050,001 Around 50,000 Battle of Legnica # 1241 Mongol invasion of Poland 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 Battle of Mohi # 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe 0,015,001 Approximately 15,000 Battle of Yamen # 1279 Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 Battle of Bannockburn # 1314 First War of Scottish Independence 0,019,001 Approximately 19,000 Battle of Kulikovo # 1380 List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus ' 0,136,001 Approximately 136,000 Battle of the Terek River # 1395 Tokhtamysh -- Timur war 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 Conquest of Delhi # 1398 Timur 's Indian campaign 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 Battle of Ankara # 1402 Ottoman -- Timur War 0,015,000 15,000 or more Battle of Grunwald # 1410 Polish -- Lithuanian -- Teutonic War 0,013,001 Approximately 13,000 Tumu Crisis # 1449 Ming -- Mongol War 0,200,001 200,000 or more Battle of Towton # 1461 Wars of the Roses 0,028,000 28,000 Battle of Kabul # 1504 Campaigns of Babur 0,020,001 20,000 or more Battle of Ravenna # 1512 War of the League of Cambrai 0,013,500 13,500 Battle of Marignano # 1515 War of the League of Cambrai 0,011,000 11,000 -- 15,000 Battle of Ridaniya # 1517 Ottoman wars in the Near East 0,013,000 13,000 First Battle of Panipat # 1526 Mughal Conquest 0,020,001 20,000 -- 50,000 Battle of Mohács # 1526 Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars 0,030,000 Probably 30,000 Battle of Ghaghra # 1529 Mughal Conquest 0,013,001 Approximately 13,000 Battle of Lepanto # 1571 Ottoman -- Venetian Wars 0,022,566 22,566 -- 27,566 Battle of Chungju # 1592 Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,008,000 8,000 -- 16,000 100,000 Battle of Byeokjegwan # 1593 Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,006,000 6,000 Battle of Sacheon ( 1598 ) # 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,030,000 30,000 Battle of Sekigahara # 1600 Sengoku period 0,060,000 60,000 or less First Battle of Breitenfeld # 1631 Thirty Years ' War 0,020,000 20,000 or more Battle of Lützen # 1632 Thirty Years ' War 0,011,000 11,000 -- 14,000 Battle of Nördlingen # 1634 Thirty Years ' War 0,017,000 17,000 Battle of the Downs # 1639 Eighty Years ' War 0,015,000 15,000 or more Second Battle of Breitenfeld # 1642 Thirty Years ' War 0,014,000 14,000 Battle of Jankau # 1645 Thirty Years ' War 0,015,500 15,500 Battle of Berestechko # 1651 Khmelnytsky Uprising 0,030,200 30,000 -- 40,000 Battle of Samugarh # 1658 Mughal Conquest 0,032,000 32,000 Battle of Khajwa # 1659 Mughal Conquest 0,020,000 20,000 Battle of Lund # 1676 Scanian War 0,014,000 14,000 Battle of Vienna # 1683 Ottoman -- Habsburg wars 0,019,500 19,500 Battle of Bijapur # 1686 Mughal Conquest 0,017,000 17,000 Battle of Landen # 1693 War of the Grand Alliance 0,028,000 28,000 Battle of Zenta # 1697 Ottoman -- Habsburg wars 0,030,300 30,300 Battle of Jinji # 1698 Mughal Conquest 0,016,000 16,000 Battle of Blenheim # 1704 War of the Spanish Succession 0,032,000 32,000 Battle of Fraustadt # 1706 Great Northern War 0,016,500 16,500 Battle of Ramillies # 1706 War of the Spanish Succession 0,015,600 15,600 Battle of Poltava # 1709 Great Northern War 0,014,300 14,300 Battle of Malplaquet # 1709 War of the Spanish Succession 0,095,000 95,000 Battle of Fontenoy # 1745 War of the Austrian Succession 0,014,000 14,000 Battle of Leuthen # 1757 Seven Years ' War 0,011,800 11,800 Battle of Zorndorf # 1758 Seven Years ' War 0,030,000 30,000 Third Battle of Panipat # 1761 Marathas and Afghans 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 ; up to 200,000 ( including civilian camp followers ) Battle of Arcole # 1796 War of the First Coalition 0,011,000 11,000 Battle of Marengo # 1800 War of the Second Coalition 0,016,400 16,400 Ulm Campaign # 1805 War of the Third Coalition 0,011,500 11,500 Battle of Austerlitz # 1805 War of the Third Coalition 0,024,300 24,300 Battle of Jena -- Auerstedt # 1806 War of the Fourth Coalition 0,052,000 52,000 including prisoners later killed Battle of Eylau # 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition 0,040,000 40,000 Battle of Wagram # 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 0,077,000 77,000 -- 79,000 Battle of Talavera # 1809 Peninsular War 0,013,900 13,900 Battle of Salamanca # 1812 Peninsular War 0,018,800 18,800 Battle of Borodino # 1812 French invasion of Russia 0,074,000 74,000 Battle of Berezina # 1812 French invasion of Russia 0,060,000 60,000 Battle of Vitoria # 1813 Peninsular War 0,013,000 13,000 Battle of Leipzig # 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 0,124,000 124,000 Battle of Ligny # 1815 Hundred Days 0,028,000 28,000 Battle of Waterloo # 1815 Hundred Days 0,047,000 47,000 or more ( not including prisoners and missing ) Battle of Blood River # 1838 Zulu purge of Voortrekkers 0,003,000 3,000 or more to Zulu side only ( not including wounded ) Battle of Inkerman # 1854 Crimean War 0,015,857 15,857 Battle of Shiloh # 1862 American Civil War 0,024,000 24,000 Battle of Antietam # 1862 American Civil War 0,023,000 23,000 -- 26,193 Battle of Fredericksburg # 1862 American Civil War 0,017,300 17,300 -- 17,962 Battle of Gettysburg # 1863 American Civil War 0,051,000 51,000 Battle of Chickamauga # 1863 American Civil War 0,034,001 Approximately 34,000 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House # 1864 American Civil War 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 Battle of Stones River # 1862 -- 1863 American Civil War 0,024,001 Approximately 24,000 Battle of Königgrätz # 1866 Austro - Prussian War 0,047,500 47,500 Battle of Tuyutí # 1866 Paraguayan War 0,007,001 7,000 -- 16,000 Battle of Mars - la - Tour / Battle of Gravelotte # 1870 Franco - Prussian War 0,034,000 34,000 Battle of Sedan # 1870 Franco - Prussian War 0,026,000 26,000 Battle of Adwa # 1896 First Italo - Ethiopian War 0,017,300 17,300 Battle of Binakayan - Dalahican # 1896 Philippine Revolutionary War 0,002,001 2,000 -- 15,000 Battle of Omdurman # 1898 Mahdist War 0,020,430 20,430 Battle of Mons / Battle of Le Cateau # 1914 World War I 0,018,000 18,000 Battle of Sakarya # 1921 Greco -- Turkish War of 1919 -- 22 0,061,000 61,000 Sieges and urban Combat ( edit ) This list includes sieges , as well as modern battles that were fought primarily in urban areas . Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below . The battles included here inflicted at least 50,000 casualties . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Siege Year Conflict Casualties ( High est . ) Casualties ( Low est . ) Siege of Constantinople 717 -- 18 Arab -- Byzantine wars 170,000 130,000 Siege of Tenochtitlan 1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 240,000 100,000 Siege of Rhodes 1522 Ottoman wars in Europe 55,200 55,200 Siege of Ostend 1601 -- 04 Eighty Years ' War 115,000 90,000 Second Siege of Zaragoza 1808 -- 09 Peninsular War 64,000 64,000 Third Battle of Nanking 1863 Taiping Rebellion 100,000 100,000 Siege of Petersburg 1864 -- 65 American Civil War 70,000 70,000 Battle of Gettysburg 1863 American Civil War 50,000 50,000 Siege of Port Arthur 1904 -- 05 Russo - Japanese War 100,000 100,000 Siege of Adrianople 1912 -- 13 First Balkan War 93,282 93,282 Battle of Verdun 1916 World War I 976,000 714,231 First Battle of the Somme 1916 World War I 1,120,000 1,120,000 Battle of Taiyuan 1937 Second Sino - Japanese War 130,000 130,000 Battle of Xinkou 1937 Second Sino - Japanese War 200,000 200,000 Battle of Shanghai 1937 Second Sino - Japanese War 400,000 400,000 Battle of Wuhan 1938 Second Sino - Japanese War 540,000 540,000 First Battle of Changsha 1939 Second Sino - Japanese War 80,000 + 80,000 + Battle of Nanchang 1939 Second Sino - Japanese War 75,328 75,328 Battle of Dunkirk 1940 World War II 88,000 88,000 Battle of South Shanxi 1941 Second Sino - Japanese War 120,000 + 120,000 + Siege of Odessa 1941 World War II 133,813 133,813 Siege of Sevastopol 1941 -- 42 World War II 236,437 236,437 Third Battle of Changsha 1942 Second Sino - Japanese War 84,862 84,862 Battle of Stalingrad 1942 -- 43 World War II 1,798,619 1,250,000 Battle of Changde 1943 Second Sino - Japanese War 100,000 100,000 Battle of West Hubei 1943 Second Sino - Japanese War 115,830 115,830 Siege of Leningrad 1941 -- 44 World War II 4,500,000 1,117,000 Warsaw Uprising 1944 World War II 200,000 + 200,000 + Siege of Budapest 1944 -- 45 World War II 422,000 422,000 Battle of Berlin 1945 World War II 1,298,745 1,298,745 Battle of Okinawa 1945 World War II 82,000 82,000 Siege of Changchun 1948 Chinese Civil War 425,000 425,000 Battle of Kiev 1941 World War II 700,544 700,544 Battle of Manila 1945 World War II 500,000 100,000 Battle of Normandy 1944 World War II 795,400 650,600 Battle of the Bulge 1944 - 45 World War II 218,900 161,370 Siege of Sarajevo 1992 -- 96 Bosnian War 62,000 62,000 Major operations ( edit ) This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time . The duration of some operations , like the Battle of Moscow , are disputed so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Operation Year Conflict Casualties Six Days ' Campaign # 1814 War of the Sixth Coalition 0,080,000 80,000 Peninsula Campaign # 1862 American Civil War 0,036,463 36,463 Battle of Chancellorsville # 1863 American Civil War 0,030,000 30,000 -- 30,500 Overland Campaign # 1864 American Civil War 0,087,000 87,000 -- 92,000 Appomattox Campaign # 1865 American Civil War 0,016,500 16,500 Battle of Mukden # 1905 Russo - Japanese War 0,160,000 160,000 Battle of Lule Burgas # 1912 First Balkan War 0,042,162 42,162 + First Battle of Çatalca # 1912 First Balkan War 0,022,000 22,000 Battle of Bregalnica # 1913 Second Balkan War 0,036,620 36,620 The Rape of Belgium # 1914 World War I 0,032,000 32,000 Battle of Tannenberg # 1914 World War I 0,145,000 145,000 -- 160,000 Battle of Galicia # 1914 World War I 0,700,000 645,000 -- 700,000 First Battle of the Marne # 1914 World War I 0,513,000 513,000 First Battle of Ypres # 1914 World War I 0,210,000 210,000 Battle of Łódź # 1914 World War I 0,130,000 130,000 Second Battle of Ypres # 1915 World War I 0,104,208 104,208 -- 107,000 Gallipoli Campaign # 1915 World War I 0,503,000 503,000 -- 552,000 Second Battle of Artois # 1915 World War I 0,186,000 186,000 Second Battle of Champagne -- Third Battle of Artois # 1915 World War I 0,075,000 75,000 -- 440,000 Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive # 1915 World War I 0,300,000 300,000 - 1,087,000 Serbian Campaign ( 1915 ) # 1915 World War I 0,331,000 331,000 , including prisoners Battle of Verdun # 1916 World War I 0,755,000 755,000 -- 976,000 Battle of Asiago # 1916 World War I 0,250,000 250,000 Brusilov Offensive # 1916 World War I 1,600,000 1,600,000 Battle of the Somme # 1916 World War I 1,120,000 1,120,000 -- 1,215,000 Monastir Offensive # 1916 World War I 0,111,000 111,000 Romanian Campaign # 1916 -- 1917 World War I 0,240,000 240,000 - 933,000 , including prisioners Nivelle Offensive # 1917 World War I 0,354,000 354,000 Battle of Messines # 1917 World War I 0,042,000 42,000 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo # 1917 World War I 0,200,000 200,000 Third Battle of Ypres # 1917 World War I 0,585,000 Over 585,000 Battle of Caporetto # 1917 World War I 0,060,000 60,000 Battle of Cambrai # 1917 World War I 0,095,000 95,000 Spring Offensive # 1918 World War I 0,900,000 1,539,000 Second Battle of the Marne # 1918 World War I 0,288,000 288,000 Hundred Days Offensive # 1918 World War I 2,240,000 2,240,000 Battle of Warsaw # 1920 Polish -- Soviet War 0,130,000 About 130,000 , not including prisoners Invasion of Manchuria # 1931 Second Sino - Japanese War 0,035,000 35,000 Battle of Guadalajara # 1937 Spanish Civil War 0,012,000 12,000 Battle of Teruel # 1937 -- 38 Spanish Civil War 0,110,000 110,000 , including prisoners Battle of the Ebro # 1938 Spanish Civil War 0,106,500 106,500 Battle of Xuzhou # 1938 World War II 0,130,000 130,000 1938 Yellow River Flood # 1938 World War II 0,800,000 800,000 Battles of Khalkhin Gol # 1939 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 0,042,000 42,000 Invasion of Poland # 1939 World War II 0,310,000 310,000 Battle of Suixian -- Zaoyang # 1939 World War II 0,049,000 49,000 Winter War # 1939 -- 40 World War II 0,152,000 152,000 -- 225,000 Winter Offensive # 1939 -- 1940 World War II 0,100,000 100,000 + Operation Weserübung # 1940 World War II 0,012,800 12,800 Battle of France # 1940 World War II 0,469,000 469,000 Hundred Regiments Offensive # 1940 Second Sino - Japanese War 0,062,900 62,900 Greco - Italian War # 1940 -- 41 World War II 0,100,000 100,000 dead Battle of Keren # 1941 World War II 0,100,000 34,000 including over 12,600 killed Battle of Greece # 1941 World War II 0,046,295 46,295 dead Battle of Shanggao # 1941 World War II 0,042,000 42,000 Battle of Crete # 1941 World War II 0,016,007 16,007 dead Operation Barbarossa # 1941 World War II 5,000,000 1,400,000 -- 5,000,000 Battle of Moscow # 1941 World War II 1,000,000 1,000,000 Battle of Hong Kong # 1941 World War II 0,018,000 18,000 including prisoners Battle of Malaya / Battle of Singapore # 1941 -- 42 World War II 0,143,800 143,800 , and 60,000 prisoners Battle of Bataan / Battle of Corregidor # 1942 World War II 0,030,000 30,000 killed Battle of the Kerch Peninsula # 1942 World War II 0,176,000 Over 176,000 Second Battle of Kharkov # 1942 World War II 0,300,000 300,000 Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign # 1942 World War II 0,356,000 356,000 Battle of Gazala # 1942 World War II 0,148,000 148,000 Case Blue # 1942 World War II 1,400,000 1,400,000 Guadalcanal Campaign # 1942 -- 43 World War II 0,031,100 29,100 -- 31,100 Second Battle of El Alamein # 1942 World War II 0,039,400 39,400 -- 82,500 Operation Iskra # 1943 World War II 0,129,332 129,332 Battle of Kursk # 1943 World War II 0,257,125 257,125 -- 388,000 Allied invasion of Sicily # 1943 World War II 0,036,000 At least 36,000 killed , and over 100,000 Italian POWs Battle of Smolensk ( 1943 ) # 1943 World War II 0,522,059 522,059 Dnieper Campaign # 1943 World War II 1,582,000 1,582,000 ( lowest est . ) -- 2,480,000 ( highest est . ) Allied invasion of Italy # 1943 World War II 0,017,092 17,092 killed Bougainville Campaign # 1943 -- 45 World War II 0,021,929 21,929 killed , and 23,571 Japanese prisoners Dnieper -- Carpathian Offensive # 1943 -- 44 World War II 1,442,956 1,442,956 Battle of Monte Cassino # 1944 World War II 0,185,000 185,000 Battle of Narva # 1944 World War II 0,550,000 550,000 all causes Operation Shingle # 1944 World War II 0,052,200 52,200 killed First Jassy -- Kishinev Offensive # 1944 World War II 0,195,000 195,000 Ichi - Go # 1944 World War II 1,300,000 1,300,000 + Battle of Normandy # 1944 World War II 0,795,400 650,600 -- 795,400 Battle of Saipan # 1944 World War II 0,043,500 43,500 killed , including mass suicides Operation Bagration # 1944 World War II 1,430,000 528,000 -- 1,430,000 Falaise pocket # 1944 World War II 0,140,000 140,000 Second Jassy -- Kishinev Offensive # 1944 World War II 0,485,424 485,424 , including prisoners Operation Market Garden # 1944 World War II 0,027,200 27,200 Battle of Hürtgen Forest # 1944 -- 45 World War II 0,063,000 63,000 Battle of Leyte Gulf # 1944 World War II 0,012,000 12,000 killed Battle of the Bulge # 1944 -- 45 World War II 0,218,900 161,370 -- 218,900 Battle of Luzon # 1945 World War II 0,340,330 332,330 -- 345,330 , including sick Battle of the Rhineland # 1945 World War II 0,082,000 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners Battle of Iwo Jima # 1945 World War II 0,044,821 44,821 -- 48,700 Battle of Okinawa # 1945 World War II 0,113,920 113,920 -- 158,400 Burma Campaigns # 1942 -- 45 World War II 0,700,000 700,000 Battle of West Hunan # 1945 World War II 0,050,000 50,000 Second Guangxi Campaign # 1945 World War II 1,000,000 1,000,000 Arab -- Israeli War # 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli conflict 0,012,000 12,000 -- 19,000 Liaoshen Campaign # 1948 Chinese Civil War 0,542,000 542,000 , including captured Huaihai Campaign # 1948 Chinese Civil War 0,689,000 689,000 , including captured Pingjin Campaign # 1948 -- 49 Chinese Civil War 0,560,000 560,000 , including captured Shanghai Campaign # 1949 Chinese Civil War 0,213,073 213,073 Battle of Inchon # 1950 Korean War 0,017,429 17,429 Invasion of North Korea # 1950 Korean War 0,051,700 51,700 Battle of Dien Bien Phu # 1954 First Indochina War 0,031,500 31,500 , not including prisoners Tet Offensive # 1968 Vietnam War 0,065,000 65,000 Operation OAU # 1968 Nigerian Civil War 0,030,000 30,000 Easter Offensive # 1972 Vietnam War 0,150,000 150,000 Yom Kippur War # 1973 Arab -- Israeli conflict 0,021,688 21,688 , not including prisoners Falklands War # 1982 Falklands War 0,001,000 Under 1000 , not including prisoners 1982 Lebanon War # 1982 -- 85 Israeli -- Lebanese conflict 0,018,500 18,500 Gulf War # 1991 Gulf War 0,025,678 25,678 Invasion of Iraq # 2003 Iraq War 0,034,543 34,543 See also ( edit ) List of wars and disasters by death toll List of battles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grant , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus ( 440 BC ) . Histories . ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 26 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 37 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 56 Jump up ^ Ashoka the Great ( r . 272 -- 231 BC ) , Edicts of Ashoka , Major Rock Edict 13 . Jump up ^ Radhakumud Mookerji ( 1988 ) . Chandragupta Maurya and His Times . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0405 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 39 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 40 Jump up ^ Leonard Cottrell ( 1965 ) . Enemy of Rome . Evans Bros. ISBN 0 - 237 - 44320 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 31 Jump up ^ Valerius Antias ( 1st century BC ) . Manubiae . Jump up ^ Albert A. Howard ( 1906 ) . `` Valerius Antias and Livy '' , Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17 , p. 161 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Canon Rawlinson ( 1877 ) . `` On the Ethnography of the Cimbri '' , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6 , p. 150 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 43 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 47 Jump up ^ Wells , Peter S . The Battle that stopped Rome . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . 2003 , p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32643 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.search.com/reference/Battle_of_Watling_Street Jump up ^ Grant , p. 49 Jump up ^ Records of Three Kingdoms , Jump up ^ Grant , p. 51 Jump up ^ Book of Jin , Jump up ^ Jordanes ( 22 April 1997 ) . `` The Origin and Deeds of the Goths , chapter XLI '' . Translated by Charles C. Mierow . Jump up ^ Book of Sui , Vol. 60 . Jump up ^ The Muqaddimah : An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn , Franz Rosenthal , N.J. . Dawood pg , 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Sword of Allah '' , Chapter 22 , by Lieutenant - General Agha Ibrahim Akram , Nat . Publishing . House , Rawalpindi ( 1970 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7101 - 0104 - 4 . Jump up ^ A.I. Akram , Sword of Allah , Khalid ibn Walid , ch. 13th , pg. 137 Jump up ^ A.I. Akram ( 1970 ) . The Sword of Allah : Khalid bin al - Waleed , His Life and Campaigns . National Publishing House , Rawalpindi . ISBN 0 - 7101 - 0104 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 74 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Riley - Smith , the Crusades , 2005 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 89 Jump up ^ Richard Gabriel , Subotai the Valiant . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 92 Jump up ^ Carey , Brian Todd , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 118 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 94 Jump up ^ B.F. Manz , `` Tīmūr Lang '' , in Encyclopaedia of Islam . Jump up ^ Volume III : To the Year A.D. 1398 , Chapter : XVIII . Malfúzát - i Tímúrí , or Túzak - i Tímúrí : The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr ( Taimur the lame ) . Page 389 . 1 . Online copy , 2 . Online copy from : Elliot , Sir H.M. , Edited by Dowson , John . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 95 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 121 Jump up ^ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh ( Chap. 8 ) Jump up ^ David , Saul : War , 2009 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 144 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 129 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 136 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 132 Jump up ^ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur , Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman , Brown , Green , and Longmans , 1854 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 134 Jump up ^ 류성룡 ( Ryu Seong - ryong ) , 선조 수정 실록 26 권 , 25 ( 1592 임진 / 명 만력 20 년 ) 4 월 14 일 ( 계묘 ) 6 번째 기사 , 연려실 기술 인용 Jump up ^ `` 十萬精兵 , 一敗塗地 '' Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w Jump up ^ sillok.history.go.kr Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ; Samurai Invasion : Japan 's Korean War 1592 -- 98 . London : Cassell & Co , 2002 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ; Samurai Invasion : Japan 's Korean War 1592 -- 98 . London : Cassell & Co , 2002 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 151 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 152 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lunde , Henrik O. ( 2014 ) . A Warrior Dynasty : The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower . Havertown : Casemate . p. 177 Jump up ^ William P. Guthrie ( 2003 ) . The later Thirty Years War : from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 Jump up ^ Romański , Romuald ( 2009 ) . Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . Warszawa : Bellona . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 11 - 11524 - 8 Jump up ^ Rystad , Göran ( 2005 ) . Kampen om Skåne ( in Swedish ) . p. 140 Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 429 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 1911 Archived 23 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 133 Jump up ^ Sjöström , Oskar ( 2008 ) . Fraustadt 1706 . Ett fält färgat rött ( in Swedish ) . Lund : Historiska Media . pp. 145 -- 146 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 160 Jump up ^ Lunde , Henrik O. ( 2014 ) . A Warrior Dynasty : The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower . Havertown : Casemate . p. 270 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 161 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 186 Jump up ^ Duff , ch . V , p. 110 Jump up ^ Rawlinson , p. 40 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 201 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 202 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 205 Jump up ^ Castle , I. Aspern / Wagram ( 1809 ) , Osprey ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Grant , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 213 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 214 Jump up ^ Barbero , pp 419 -- 420 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2005 ) . The Battle : A New History of Waterloo . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 310 - 9 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 215 Jump up ^ NOD , pp 1 -- 5 Prof AWG Raath ( 2013 ) . 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From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne ( 23 August 1921 -- 20 November 1922 ) ) , Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları ( publishing house ) , 1996 , ISBN 975 - 16 - 0517 - 2 , page 62 . ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ Σαγγάριος 1921 , Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού , Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο , Ιούλιος 2008 , ISBN 978 - 960 - 6740 - 45 - 9 , page 32 ( in Greek ) Jump up ^ Mann , p. 143 Jump up ^ Hassig ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 230 Jump up ^ Third Battle of Nanking , p. 678 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 231 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Hall , p. 112 Jump up ^ 太原大会战 . ISBN 978 - 7221096166 . Jump up ^ `` 忻口会战 _ 互动百科 '' . www.hudong.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Second Battle of Shanghai '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Wuhan '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` First Battle of Changsha '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Nanchang '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141906164 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of South Shanxi '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Glantz ( 1995 ) , p. 293 Jump up ^ Hsiung , James . China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan , 1937 -- 1945 . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 528 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 308 Jump up ^ China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan 1937 - 1945 . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara . Stilwell and the American Experience in China . Jump up ^ Glantz , David ( 2001 ) , The Siege of Leningrad 1941 -- 44 : 900 Days of Terror , Zenith Press , Osceola , WI , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0941 - 8 . p. 220 Jump up ^ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко - фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб , Ф. 8357 . Оп. 6 . Д. 1108 Л. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Harrison Evans Salisbury ( 1969 ) . The 900 Days : The Siege of Leningrad . Da Capo Press . p. 590 . Jump up ^ World War 2 : Warsaw Uprising : : FAQ ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 318 Jump up ^ Glantz , p. 271 Jump up ^ Krivosheev , pp. 219 -- 220 ^ Jump up to : `` The Cornerstone of Peace : Number of Names Inscribed '' . Okinawa Prefecture . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ANDREW JACOBS ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) . `` China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists ' Rise '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jung ; Halliday , Jon . 2006 . Mao : The Unknown Story . London : Vintage Books . p383 . Jump up ^ Connaughton , R. , Pimlott , J. , and Anderson , D. , 1995 , The Battle for Manila , London : Bloomsbury Publishing , ISBN 0891415785 Jump up ^ Khalifa , Hodieb . Nein . Jump up ^ Dauria , Tom . Within a Presumption of Godlessness . 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Jump up ^ Grant , p. 294 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 295 Jump up ^ `` Victory at Tai'erzhuang in the Battle of Xuzhou ( 12 ) -- Xinhua English.news.cn '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lary , Diana ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Drowned Earth : The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke , 1938 '' . War in History . 8 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 207 . doi : 10.1177 / 096834450100800204 . ISSN 0968 - 3445 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 293 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 298 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlbcZcB2H-g&feature=related , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 437 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014518/http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/historymil/2004-10/29/content_1143438.htm . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grant , p. 299 Jump up ^ Garber , John . Chinese - Soviet Relations , 1937 -- 1945 . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 462 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 474 Jump up ^ `` 上高会战 -- -- 痛歼日寇彪炳史册 '' . www.huaxia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 479 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 306 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 480 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 323 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 502 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 499 ^ Jump up to : Erickson , p. 90 Jump up ^ `` Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 302 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 522 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 326 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 531 Jump up ^ Erickson , p. 138 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 547 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 307 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 550 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 555 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 560 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 303 Jump up ^ Mart Laar ( 2006 ) . Sinimäed 1944 : II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde - Eestis ( Sinimäed Hills 1944 : Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia ) ( in Estonian ) . Tallinn : Varrak . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 567 Jump up ^ Glantz , p. 381 Jump up ^ Pike , Francis ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) . Hirohito 's War : The Pacific War , 1941 -- 1945 . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781472596727 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 587 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 306 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 316 Jump up ^ Pat McTaggart : Red Storm in Romania Jump up ^ Krivosheev , Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , Greenhill Books , 1997 ; ( chapter on the Jassy - Kishinev operation in Russian ) Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 592 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 594 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 596 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 600 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 606 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 317 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 608 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 328 Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 612 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 329 Jump up ^ McLynn . The Burma Campaign : Disaster into Triumph , 1942 -- 1945 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` 湘西会战 : 历时两月最终以日军彻底溃败而告终 '' . Jump up ^ `` Articles on 1945 in China , Including : Battle of West Hunan , Battle of West Henan North Hubei , Second Guangxi Campaign , Shangdang Campaign , Handan Cam ( English ) -- Buy Articles on 1945 in China , Including : Battle of West Hunan , Battle of West Henan North Hubei , Second Guangxi Campaign , Shangdang Campaign , Handan Cam ( English ) by Books , Hephaestus author ; Online at Best Prices in India - Flipkart.com '' . Flipkart.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 344 Jump up ^ Liaoning - Shenyang Campaign Jump up ^ Yu and Huaihai Campaign , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pingjin rewrite history ? ? Tianjin Campaign Jump up ^ `` Chinese Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 -- Military History -- Oxford Bibliographies -- obo '' . www.oxfordbibliographies.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 334 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 335 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 338 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 345 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 351 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 353 References ( edit ) Brewer , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Chronicle of War : A Year - by - Year Account of Conflict from 1854 to the Present Day . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 1 - 74181 - 342 - 5 . Erickson , John ( 2001 ) . Hitler versus Stalin : The Second World War on the Eastern Front in Photographs . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 1 - 84222 - 260 - 0 . Glantz , David M. ( 1998 ) . When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0899 - 0 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1360 - 4 . Hassig , Ross ( 1994 ) . Mexico and the Spanish Conquest . New York : Longman . ISBN 9780806137933 . Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . Mann , Charles ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . New York : Vintage Books . Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. 4 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Wagner , Margaret ; Kennedy , D.M. ; Osborne , L.B. ; Reyburn , S. ( 2007 ) . The Library of Congress World War II Companion . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5219 - 5 . 《 White blood - red 》 Zhang Zhenglong PLA Publishing House in August 1989 ISBN 7 - 01 - 000381 - 5 / ISBN 7 - 01 - 000413 - 7 Liaoning - Shenyang Campaign Alistair Horne. ( 1977 ) . A Savage War of Peace : Algeria 1954 -- 1962 . ISBN 1590172183 . James Grant Duff . ( 2001 ) . A history of the Mahrattas ( 3 volumes ) . Yokai Publishing . ISBN 0857924621 . H.R.G Rawlinson. ( 2006 ) . An account of the last battle of Panipat , and the events leading to it . Hesperides Publishing . ISBN 9781406726251 . Hall , Richard C. ( 2000 ) . The Balkan Wars , 1912 -- 1913 : Prelude to the First World War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22946 - 4 . 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sitcoms featured a married couple that was actually married in real life			Megan Mullally	megan mullally	Megan Mullally ( born November 12 , 1958 ) is an American actress and singer . She is best known for her role as Karen Walker on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 , 2017 - present ) , for which she received seven consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , winning twice in 2000 and 2006 . She also received nominations for numerous other accolades for her portrayal , including seven consecutive Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series , winning 3 times in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 , as well as receiving four Golden Globe Award nominations . Since 2017 , she has been reprising the role on NBC 's revival of the series .	From 2006 to 2007 , Mullally hosted The Megan Mullally Show . Since then , she has been a series regular on television series such as In the Motherhood , Party Down , Childrens Hospital , and Breaking In . She has also appeared in guest spots and recurring roles on other comedy series , including Parks and Recreation , Happy Endings , 30 Rock , Up All Night , Boston Legal , and The New Adventures of Old Christine . In addition to television , Mullally has also ventured into film , with appearances in Smashed ( 2012 ) , The Kings of Summer ( 2013 ) and Why Him ? ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Theatre 2.3 Music 2.4 Film 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Mullally was born in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of Martha ( née Palmer ) and Carter Mullally , Jr. , an actor who was a contract player with Paramount Pictures in the 1950s . Mullally moved to her father 's native Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , at the age of six . She is of Irish ancestry on her father 's side . She studied ballet from the age of six and performed at the Oklahoma City Ballet during high school , also studying at the School of American Ballet in New York City . Following her graduation from Casady School , she attended Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois , where she studied English Literature and Art History , and subsequently became active in Chicago theatre . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television ( edit ) Mullally moved to Los Angeles in 1985 . Two weeks later , she was signed by the William Morris Agency . One of her first acting spots was on a McDonald 's commercial that also featured John Goodman . She made her series debut in 1986 in The Ellen Burstyn Show . She subsequently guest starred on sitcoms such as Seinfeld , Frasier , Wings , Ned and Stacey , Mad About You , Caroline in the City , and Just Shoot Me ! . She played a central character in a season - five episode of Murder , She Wrote , `` Coal Miner 's Slaughter , '' recalling in 2012 , `` I had n't gotten a job for so long , and I was in a complete panic because I did n't know how I was going to pay my rent . So I get a call one day from my agent that I 'd gotten offered a guest role , and it paid $5,000 . I literally fell down onto my knees and testified and wept . I played some former protégée of Jessica Fletcher . It 's one of my favorite things I 've ever shot . '' In 1989 , Mullally tested for the co-starring role of Elaine Benes on Seinfeld . The role was eventually given to Julia Louis - Dreyfus . In 1998 Mullally landed the role of Karen Walker , Grace Adler 's sarcastic , pill - popping assistant , in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace . She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in both 2000 and 2006 , and was nominated in 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 . She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series three times , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 , and with cast members Eric McCormack , Debra Messing , and Sean Hayes , she shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2001 . She is the first of only two actresses to win a SAG Award three years in a row . She was nominated each year from 2000 until 2003 for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . In 2005 , Mullally saw comedian and actor Bill Hader performing with his Second City class in Los Angeles , and shortly thereafter brought Hader to the attention of Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels . Also in 2005 , Mullally was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award `` in recognition of her innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television '' . Following Will & Grace , Mullally hosted her own talk show , The Megan Mullally Show from 2006 to 2007 . She has hosted Saturday Night Live , guest - hosted the Late Show with David Letterman , hosted the 2006 TV Land Awards , and been a featured performer twice on the Tony Awards . She has been featured in advertisements for M&M 's , Old Navy , CheapTickets.com , and I Ca n't Believe It 's Not Butter . Mullally guest - starred as ' Bev ' , an adoption case worker for Liz Lemon in the season - three premiere of NBC sitcom 30 Rock and returned to play the same character two additional times during the show 's run . Other appearances include Kathy Griffin : My Life on The D - List , Campus Ladies , director / actor David Wain 's `` Wainy Days , '' an episode of HBO 's Funny or Die , and the Funny or Die web video `` That 's What She Said . '' Mullally has guest - starred seven times as Tammy Swanson on the NBC series Parks and Recreation , in the episodes `` Ron and Tammy , '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two , '' `` Li'l Sebastian , '' `` Ron and Tammys , '' `` The Trial of Leslie Knope , '' `` Ron and Diane , '' and `` Ron and Jammy '' . Mullally plays the role of the second ex-wife of the character Ron Swanson , who is played by her real - life husband , Nick Offerman . Offerman also had a part on one episode of Mullally 's show Will & Grace where he played a plumber that came to Will 's mother 's house while Will , Karen , Grace , and Jack were visiting . Also in 2009 , Mullally starred in the ABC sitcom In the Motherhood . Based on the original web series , the television adaptation focuses on three mothers . She played Rosemary opposite Cheryl Hines and Jessica St. Clair . The series was poorly received and was canceled by ABC due to low ratings after airing just five out of seven episodes produced . Mullally co-starred in 2010 as Lydia on the Starz ensemble series Party Down . Mullally co-starred as `` Chief '' on the Adult Swim series Childrens Hospital . In 2011 , Mullally began a recurring role as Dana Hartz , the mother of Penny ( Casey Wilson ) , on the ABC sitcom Happy Endings . In the following months , Fox announced Mullally would join the series Breaking In when the show returned for a second season on March 6 , 2012 . Theatre ( edit ) This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mullally made her Broadway debut as Marty in the 1994 revival of Grease , and subsequently appeared as Rosemary in the hit 1995 revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying opposite Matthew Broderick . In 2007 , Mullally starred as Elizabeth in Mel Brooks ' original Broadway musical , Young Frankenstein . She can be heard on the cast albums of all three productions . In 1996 , she starred in You Never Know at the Pasadena Playhouse . Mullally appeared in 2000 as Pamela in the multiple award - winning production of Chuck Mee 's The Berlin Circle , for which she won both the LA Weekly Theatre Award and the Backstage West Garland Award . Mullally starred as Beverly in the acclaimed production of Adam Bock 's The Receptionist at the Odyssey Theatre ( notably , the longest sold - out run of a show in that theatre 's history ) , for which she was awarded the 2010 Backstage West Garland Award for Best Performance by an Actress . From April 13 to June 1 in 2014 , Mullally starred alongside her real - life husband , Nick Offerman , in Annapurna at the off - Broadway Acorn Theatre on New York 's 42nd Street Theatre Row . Music ( edit ) Mullally is a member of the band Supreme Music Program . SMP has released three albums to date , The Sweetheart Break - In , Big as a Berry and Free Again ! . Mullally and Stephanie Hunt formed the band Nancy and Beth in 2012 . They went on tour in March 2013 , along with Mullally 's husband , Nick Offerman . Film ( edit ) Mullally has appeared in Marc Forster 's Sundance competition entry Everything Put Together , Anywhere But Here with Susan Sarandon and Natalie Portman , About Last Night with Demi Moore and Rob Lowe , Speaking of Sex with James Spader , and Stealing Harvard with Tom Green and Jason Lee . Mullally played a singing teacher in the 2009 film remake of Fame , and can be heard on the soundtrack recording . Additionally , Mullally sang the song `` Long John Blues '' ( performed on - screen by Kristen Bell ) in 2010 's Burlesque . She played one of the leads ' mothers in the 2013 indie film The Kings of Summer and Mrs. Van Camp in the movie G.B.F. Mullally played Barb Fleming in the 2016 film Why Him ? Personal life ( edit ) Mullally 's first marriage , in the mid-1990s , was to talent agent Michael Katcher . Mullally met actor and future husband Nick Offerman in 2000 while acting in The Berlin Circle , a play produced by the Evidence Room Theatre Company , and married after dating for 18 months . While they were dating , Offerman appeared in a guest role on Will & Grace , in a 2001 Thanksgiving episode ( Season 4 , Episode 10 , `` Moveable Feast , Part 2 '' ) . The couple have also appeared together in films such as The Kings of Summer and Smashed , and also performed voice work together in Hotel Transylvania 2 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Risky Business Call Girl 1985 Once Bitten Suzette 1986 Last Resort Jessica Lollar 1986 About Last Night ... Pat 1986 Blue Velvet Louise Scenes cut 1991 Queens Logic Dolores 1999 Anywhere But Here Woman Buying Car 1999 Best Man in Grass Creek Co-Worker 2000 Everything Put Together Barbie 2001 Monkeybone Kimmy Miley 2001 Speaking of Sex Jennifer Klink 2002 Stealing Harvard Patty Plummer Teacher 's Pet Adele Voice 2005 Rebound Principal Walsh 2007 Bee Movie Trudy Voice 2009 Fame Ms. Fran Rowan 2012 Smashed Principal Barnes 2013 The Kings of Summer Mrs. Keenan 2013 G.B.F. Mrs. Van Camp 2014 Apartment Troubles Aunt Kimberley 2014 Ernest & Celestine Lucienne ( voice ) English dub 2014 Date and Switch Patricia 2014 Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Nina 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Linda Voice 2016 Why Him ? Barb Fleming 2017 Lemon Simone 2017 Infinity Baby Hester 2017 The Disaster Artist Mrs. Sestero Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 The Children Nobody Wanted Sharon Television film 1985 First Steps Cathy Television film 1986 Tall Tales & Legends Posy Episode : `` Pecos Bill '' 1986 American Playhouse Lilah Episode : `` Under the Biltmore Clock '' 1986 -- 1987 Ellen Burstyn Show , The The Ellen Burstyn Show Molly Brewer Ross 13 episodes Murder , She Wrote Molly Connors Episode : `` Coal Miner 's Slaughter '' 1989 Almost Grown Bride Episode : `` The Hat That Fell from Space '' 1989 China Beach Cindy Episode : `` The World : Part 2 '' 1990 Wings Cindy Episode : `` There Once Was a Girl from Nantucket '' 1990 Rainbow Drive Ava Zieff Television film 1991 Dear John Molly Episode : `` Molly and Me '' 1991 My Life and Times Susan 6 episodes 1991 -- 1993 Herman 's Head Yvonne ( voice ) 2 episodes 1992 The Steadfast Tin Soldier Ballerina ( voice ) Television film 1992 Fish Police Pearl ( voice ) 6 episodes 1992 Rachel Gunn , R.N. Becky Jo 13 episodes 1993 I Yabba - Dabba Do ! Pebbles Flintstone ( voice ) Television film 1993 Seinfeld Betsy Episode : `` The Implant '' 1993 Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby Additional voices Television film 1993 A Flintstone Family Christmas Pebbles Flintstone ( voice ) Television film 1994 Batman : The Animated Series Cindy ( voice ) Episode : `` House and Garden '' 1994 Couples Beth Television film 1997 Ned and Stacey Wendy Episode : `` Where My Third Nepal Is Sheriff '' 1997 Frasier Beth Armstrong Episode : `` Four for the Seesaw '' 1997 Mad About You Jane Episode : `` Guardianhood '' 1997 The Naked Truth Vanessa Episode : `` He Ai n't Famous , He 's My Brother '' 1997 Caroline in the City Vanessa Cassidy Episode : `` Caroline and the Decanter '' 1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Additional voices Episode : `` The True Face of a Monster '' 1998 Just Shoot Me ! Stephanie Griffin - Cooper Episode : `` Amblushed '' 1998 Winchell June Winchell Television film 1998 -- 2006 , 2017 - Present Will & Grace Karen Walker 194 episodes 2000 3rd Rock from the Sun Renata Albright Episode : `` Les Liaisons Dickgereuses '' 2002 King of the Hill Teresa ( voice ) Episode : `` Beer and Loathing '' 2002 The Pact Melanie Gold Television film 2006 Peep and the Big Wide World Pink Quack ( voice ) Episode : `` Quack Quack / One Duck Two Many '' 2006 How I Met Your Mother Barney 's Mother ( voice ) Episode : `` Single Stamina '' ( Uncredited ) 2006 Campus Ladies Ms. Powell Episode : `` The Dare '' 2006 -- 2007 Megan Mullally Show , The The Megan Mullally Show Herself ( host ) 71 episodes 2007 Boston Legal Renata Hill Episode : `` The Bride Wore Blood '' 2008 Bad Mother 's Handbook Nan Television film 2008 New Adventures of Old Christine , The The New Adventures of Old Christine Margaret Episode : `` Unidentified Funk '' 2008 -- 2013 30 Rock Bev 3 episodes 2008 -- 2016 Childrens Hospital Chief 60 episodes 2009 In the Motherhood Rosemary 7 episodes 2009 -- 2015 Parks and Recreation Tammy Swanson II 9 episodes Party Down Lydia Dunfree 10 episodes 2011 -- Present Bob 's Burgers Gayle / Various voices 10 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Happy Endings Dana Hartz 3 episodes 2012 Up All Night Shayna Mund 2 episodes 2012 Breaking In Veronica Mann 13 episodes 2012 -- 2015 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Mrs. Marilyn Driscoll ( voice ) 9 episodes 2013 Out There Rose Stevens ( voice ) 10 episodes 2013 Web Therapy Franny Marshall 3 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Axe Cop Anita / Various voices 13 episodes 2013 -- 2016 Sofia the First Miss Nettle ( voice ) 3 episodes 2014 Trophy Wife Cricket 2 episodes 2015 You , Me and the Apocalypse Leanne 7 episodes 2016 Life in Pieces Mary - Lynn Episode : `` Annulled Roommate Pill Shower '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Megan Mullally References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VL1X-48T Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally Biography ( 1958 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally and John Goodman 1980 's McDonalds Breakfast Commercial '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Megan Mullally on ... Megan Mullally '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1198 ) . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Wif.org . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Megan Mullally Plays Ex on Parks and Recreation '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Linda ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Party Down ' : Proving It Is Possible To Soldier On Without Jane Lynch : Monkey See '' . NPR . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally Theatre Credits '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annapurna - Off - Broadway Tickets Broadway '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Megan Mullally and Supreme Music Program . NEW CD : Free Again ! On iTunes , CDBaby.com , DigStation.com '' . Supremeprogram.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally and Supreme Music Program : Big as a Berry CD Information '' . Supremeprogram.com. 2003 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Allen , Mullally , Grammer , Dutton & Neuwirth Join FAME Film Remake '' . Broadwayworld.com. 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Megan Mullally Picture Pages '' . Superiorpics.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Offerman Talks Costarring with Wife Megan Mullally '' . Huffington Post . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Megan Mullally , Biography Resource Center Online . Gale Group , 1999 . Jamie Painter Young , Clowning Glory . Back Stage. 19 Dec. 2003 : B - 38 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Megan Mullally Wikinews has related news : Award show producers try Emmy Idol Official website Megan Mullally on Facebook Megan Mullally at the Internet Broadway Database Megan Mullally at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Megan Mullally on IMDb Megan Mullally at AllMovie Awards for Megan Mullally Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper ( TIE ) ( 1972 ) Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) Betty White ( 1975 ) Betty White ( 1976 ) Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) Carol Kane ( 1983 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) Jean Smart ( 2008 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 68213553 LCCN : n97048480 ISNI : 0000 0001 1474 2345 GND : 135509068 MusicBrainz : 156f8585 - 7bd8 - 4ef5 - 84c3 - e4f40d5d4d35 BNE : XX1666004 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megan_Mullally&oldid=828222810 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses American television personalities American female singers American film actresses American female dancers American dancers American women comedians American voice actresses American people of Irish descent American ballerinas LGBT rights activists from the United States Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from Oklahoma City Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Activists from California Comedians from California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 BLP articles lacking sources from January 2018 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Беларуская Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 07 : 56 . 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dr sophie smith a mind of her own			A Mind of her Own	a mind of her own	A Mind of Her Own is a British film released in 2006 . Based on a true story , the film is directed , produced , and written by Owen Carey Jones and stars Nicky Talacko as Sophie and Amanda Rawnsley as Becky .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Awards 3 See also 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie dreams of going to medical school but is discouraged by virtually everyone as she struggles with dyslexia . Encouraged by her friend Becky , Sophie eventually puts herself through college and graduate school and helps develop a cure for paralysis . Awards ( edit ) 2005 Heartland Film Festival : Crystal Heart Award , Best Feature film ; Best actress ( Nicky Talacko ) 2005 Monaco International Film Festival : Angel Award , Best Newcomer ( Nicky Talacko ) ; Best Supporting Actress ( Amanda Rawnsley ) See also ( edit ) List of artistic depictions of dyslexia External links ( edit ) A Mind of Her Own A Mind of Her Own on IMDb British Films Catalog DVD This article related to a British film of the 2000s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Mind_of_Her_Own&oldid=742097522 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films Dyslexia in fiction British films British drama films 2000s drama films Films based on actual events 2000s British film stubs Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2016 , at 18 : 02 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Mind%20of%20Her%20Own	2,907
which is the only test playing nation that india has never beaten in t20 matches			India national Cricket team record by opponent	india national cricket team record by opponent	The India national cricket team represents India in international cricket and is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test and One Day International ( ODI ) status . They first competed in international cricket in 1932 , when they played against England in a three - day Test match ; England won the match by 158 runs . India 's first Test series as an independent country was against Australia . They secured their first Test win against England in 1952 at Madras Cricket Club Ground . As of 7 January 2014 , India have played 476 Test matches ; they have won 121 matches , lost 150 matches , and 204 matches were drawn with one being tied . India played their first ODI match against England in 1974 , but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975 . As of 7 January 2014 , India have played 844 ODI matches , winning 423 matches and losing 378 ; 6 matches were tied and 37 matches had no result . They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . India played their first Twenty20 International ( T20I ) against South Africa in 2006 , winning the match by six wickets , and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 . As of 7 January 2014 , they have played 46 T20I matches and won 25 of them ; 19 were lost , with one being tied and one having no result .	India have faced nine teams in Test cricket , with their most frequent opponent being England , against whom they have played 107 matches . India have registered more wins against Australia than any other team , with 24 . In ODI matches , India have played against 18 teams . They have played against Sri Lanka more frequently in ODI matches , with a winning percentage of 59.30 in 143 matches . India have defeated Sri Lanka on 78 occasions , which is their best record in ODIs . The team have played 11 countries in T20Is , and have played eight matches with Australia . They have recorded the most victories against South Africa , defeating them in five matches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Test cricket 3 One Day International 4 Twenty20 International 5 Notes 6 References Key ( edit ) Key for the tables Symbol Meaning Number of matches played Number of matches won Number of matches lost Number of matches tied Number of matches ended in a draw NR Number of matches ended with no result Tie + W Number of matches tied and then won in a tiebreaker such as a bowl - out or Super Over Tie + L Number of matches tied and then lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowl - out or Super Over Win % Percentage of games won to those played Loss % Percentage of games lost to those played Draw % Percentage of games drawn to those played First Year of the first match played by India against the country Last Year of the last match played by India against the country Test cricket ( edit ) India 's Test cricket record by opponent Opponent Win % Loss % Draw % First Last Australia 94 26 41 26 27.65 43.61 27.65 1947 2017 Bangladesh 9 7 0 0 77.77 0.00 22.22 2000 2017 England 117 25 43 0 49 21.36 36.75 41.88 1932 2016 New Zealand 57 21 10 0 26 36.84 17.54 45.61 1955 2016 Pakistan 59 9 12 0 38 15.25 20.33 64.40 1952 2007 South Africa 33 10 13 0 10 30.30 39.39 30.30 1992 2015 Sri Lanka 41 19 7 0 15 46.34 17.07 36.58 1982 2017 West Indies 94 18 30 0 46 19.14 31.91 48.93 1948 2016 Zimbabwe 11 7 0 63.63 18.18 18.18 1992 2005 Total 515 142 158 214 27.57 30.67 41.55 1932 2017 One Day International ( edit ) India 's One Day International record by opponent Opponent NR Win % First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 2017 Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 New Zealand 101 51 44 5 53.64 2017 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.60 1978 2017 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 South Africa 77 29 45 0 39.18 1991 2017 Sri Lanka 155 88 55 11 61.45 1979 2017 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 2015 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Total 930 476 407 7 40 53.87 2017 Twenty20 International ( edit ) India 's Twenty20 International record by opponent Opponent Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 16 10 5 0 0 0 66.66 2007 2017 Bangladesh 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2016 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 9 6 0 0 0 25.00 2007 2017 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 ! -- 2007 2007 South Africa 11 6 0 0 0 60.0 2006 2015 Sri Lanka 14 10 0 0 0 0 63.63 2009 2017 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 West Indies 8 5 0 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 0 71.42 2016 Total 94 55 33 0 0 5 61.04 2006 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madras Cricket Club Ground was later renamed M.A. Chidambaram Stadium . Jump up ^ India were the joint - champion with Sri Lanka in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy . ^ Jump up to : Games that did not have a result are not taken into consideration while calculating the result percentage . Ties are counted as half a win . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC Members Countries '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Only Test : England v India at Lord 's , Jun 25 -- 28 , 1932 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India in Australia Test Series , 1947 / 48 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test : India v England at Chennai , Feb 6 -- 10 , 1952 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI : England v India at Leeds , Jul 13 , 1974 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Match : East Africa v India at Leeds , Jun 11 , 1975 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` Dhoni and Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final : Sri Lanka v India at Colombo ( RPS ) , Sep 30 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final : England v India at Birmingham , Jun 23 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of South Africa , 2006 / 07 / Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chevallier , Hugh . `` India v Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . India national cricket team Test Status since 1932 Based in India Team History of the Indian cricket team Records Indian national cricket captains India national cricket team record by opponent Grounds List of cricket grounds in India Current Rankings Test : 1st ODI : 3rd T20I : 2nd Culture Cricket in India Key personnel Governing Body : Board of Control for Cricket in India Selection Committee : Indian national cricket selectors Coach : Anil Kumble Captains : Virat Kohli ( Test ) MS Dhoni ( ODI & T20 ) World Cup wins ( 2 ) 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_cricket_team_record_by_opponent&oldid=817035572 '' Categories : Cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 16 : 56 . 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which state claimed most of the northwest territory			Northwest Territory	northwest territory		Seal Motto Meliorem lapsa locavit `` He has planted one better than the one fallen '' Capital Marietta ( 1788 -- 1799 ) Chillicothe ( 1799 -- 1803 ) Government Organized incorporated territory Governor 1787 -- 1802 Arthur St. Clair 1802 -- 1803 Charles Willing Byrd History Northwest Ordinance July 13 , 1787 Affirmed by United States Congress August 7 , 1789 Indiana Territory created May 7 , 1800 Statehood of Ohio March 1 , 1803 The Northwest Territory in the United States was formed after the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , and was known formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . It encompassed most of the pre-war British colonial territory north of the Ohio River of the Ohio Country , parts of Illinois Country , and parts of old French Canada ( New France ) below the Great Lakes . ( These had been under French royal claims before 1763 . ) It was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning most or large parts of six eventual U.S. States . It existed legally from July 13 , 1787 , until March 1 , 1803 , when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized by additional legislative actions . In the 18th century , Great Britain and France disputed for control of this region . The French had claimed it in the 17th century as part of New France . The competition between these empires resulted in the Seven Years War in Europe . In North America the war front was known as the French and Indian War . After Britain gained control following its defeat of France in 1763 , it attempted to reserve much of this territory for use by Native Americans , under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , and for a new colony , the British Province of Quebec . This roused resentment among the British colonists of the Thirteen Colonies , who were already seeking to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains . The region was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , but sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war after the Iroquois Confederacy 's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition . Soon after the Revolution ended , land - hungry migrants started moving west . A gateway trading post developed as the town of Brownsville , Pennsylvania , which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains . Other wagon roads , such as the Kittanning Path surmounting the gaps of the Allegheny in central Pennsylvania , or trails along the Mohawk River in New York , enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi . This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors . The Cumberland -- Brownsville toll road linked the water routes of the Potomac River with the Monongahela River of the Ohio / Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding . Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows , or along the Mohawk Valley in New York State . The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission of jurisdictions as states . On August 7 , 1789 , the new U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution . The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 British control 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 Indian wars 1.4 Statehood for Ohio 1.5 Education 2 Law and government 2.1 Officials 2.2 General Assembly 3 Territorial counties 4 Territorial contributions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Older sources 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European exploration of the region began with French - Canadian voyageurs in the 17th century , followed by French missionaries and French fur traders . French - Canadian explorer Jean Nicolet was the first recorded European entrant into the region , landing in 1634 at the current site of Green Bay , Wisconsin ( although Étienne Brûlé is stated by some sources as having explored Lake Superior and possibly inland Wisconsin in 1622 ) . The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region , which they claimed as New France ; among these was the post at Fort Detroit , founded in 1701 . France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris , after being defeated in the French and Indian War ( and Seven Years ' War in Europe ) . British control ( edit ) From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 , the British had a long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade headquartered in Montreal . A new colony , named Charlotina , was proposed for the southern Great Lakes region . However , facing armed opposition by Native Americans , the British issued the Proclamation of 1763 , which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . This action angered American colonists interested in expansion , as well as those who had already settled in the area . In 1774 , by the Quebec Act , Britain annexed the region to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal - based fur trade . The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained , contributing to the American Revolution . American Revolution ( edit ) In February 1779 , George Rogers Clark of the Virginia Militia captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes from British commander Henry Hamilton . Virginia capitalized on Clark 's success by laying claim to the whole of the Old Northwest , calling it Illinois County , Virginia , until 1784 , when Virginia ceded its land claims to the federal government . The Old Northwest Territory included all the then - owned land of the United States west of Pennsylvania , east of the Mississippi River , and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) and was a significant addition to the United States . It was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 4,000 traders , mostly Canadien and British -- although both groups included the Metis , a sizeable group descended from Native women married to European or Canadian traders who established a unique culture that ruled the Upper Midwest for more than a century . Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815 , the end of the War of 1812 . The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the Territories North and South West of the River Ohio Several states ( Virginia , Massachusetts , New York , and Connecticut ) then had competing claims on the territory . Other states , such as Maryland , refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory , fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government . As a concession in order to obtain ratification , these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government : New York in 1780 , Virginia in 1784 , Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785 . So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U.S. government . Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans : The Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve . In this way , the United States included territory and people outside any of the states . Thomas Jefferson 's Land Ordinance of 1784 was the first organization of the territory by the United States . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a standardized system for surveying the land into saleable lots , although Ohio would be partially surveyed several times using different methods , resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio . Some older French communities ' property claims based on earlier systems of long , narrow lots also were retained . The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections , which facilitated land sales and development . The ordinance also stipulated that the territory would eventually form at least three - but not more than five - new states . American settlement officially began at Marietta , Ohio , on April 7 , 1788 , with the arrival of forty - eight pioneers . Indian wars ( edit ) The young United States government , deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking authority to tax under the Articles of Confederation , planned to raise revenue from the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory . This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters from the Eastern U.S. Difficulties with Native American tribes and a supporting British military presence presented continuing obstacles for American expansion . As late as 1791 , Rufus Putnam wrote to President Washington that `` we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement . '' The military campaign of General `` Mad '' Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans , who were supported by a British company , eventually culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville of 1795 . Jay 's Treaty , in 1794 , temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region , where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1790s . Furthermore , in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region , Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would `` be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity . '' The first governor of the Northwest Territory , Arthur St. Clair , formally established the government on July 15 , 1788 , at Marietta . His original plan called for the organization of five initial counties : Washington ( Ohio east of the Scioto River ) , Hamilton ( Ohio between the Scioto and the Miami Rivers ) , Knox ( Indiana and eastern Illinois ) , St. Clair ( Illinois and Wisconsin ) , and Wayne ( Michigan ) . Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , which created the Northwest Territory , General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota . He named Cincinnati , Ohio , after the Society of the Cincinnati , and it was there that he established his home . When the territory was divided in 1800 , he served as governor of the Ohio Territory . As Governor , he formulated the Maxwell Code ( named after its printer , William Maxwell ) , the first written laws of the territory . He also sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and clear the way for white settlement . In 1789 , he succeeded in getting certain Indians to sign the Treaty of Fort Harmar , but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations , or had refused to do so . Rather than settling the Indian 's claims , the treaty provoked them to further resistance in what is sometimes known as the `` Northwest Indian War '' ( or `` Little Turtle 's War '' ) . Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General Josiah Harmar , whose 1,500 militiamen were defeated by the Indians in October 1790 . In March 1791 , St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the United States Army and was commissioned as a major general . He personally led a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia . In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign , Fort Jefferson ( Ohio ) was built under the direction of General Arthur St. Clair . Located in present - day Darke County in far western Ohio , the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot ; accordingly , it was originally named Fort Deposit . One month later , near modern - day Fort Recovery , his force advanced to the location of Indian settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River , but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket . More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle , which has since borne the name `` St. Clair 's Defeat '' , also known as the `` Battle of the Wabash '' , the `` Columbia Massacre , '' or the `` Battle of a Thousand Slain '' . It remains the greatest defeat of a US Army by Native Americans in history , with about 623 American soldiers killed in action and about 50 Native American killed . Although an investigation exonerated him , St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington , but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory . Check signed by Arthur St. Clair while Governor of the Northwest Territory ( 1796 ) A Federalist , St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the Ohio Territory in order to increase Federalist power in Congress . However , he was resented by Ohio Democratic - Republicans for what were perceived as his partisanship , high - handededness and arrogance in office . In 1802 , his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor . He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803 . The first Ohio Constitution provided for a weak governor and a strong legislature , in part due to a reaction to St. Clair 's method of governance . Statehood for Ohio ( edit ) On July 4 , 1800 , in preparation for Ohio 's statehood , the Indiana Territory was decreed by an act of the U.S. Congress , signed into law by President John Adams on May 7 , 1800 , effective on July 4 . The Congressional legislation encompassed all land west of the present Indiana -- Ohio border and its northward extension to Lake Superior , reducing the Northwest Territory to present - day Ohio and the eastern half of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula . Ohio was admitted as a state on March 1 , 1803 , at the same time the remaining land was annexed to Indiana Territory , and the Northwest Territory went out of existence . Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812 . Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 . Education ( edit ) The 1784 Northwest Ordinance called for a public university for the education , settlement and eventual statehood of the frontier of Ohio and beyond . Article 3 stated `` Religion , morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind , schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged . '' In 1786 , Manasseh Cutler became interested in the settlement of western lands by American pioneers to the Northwest Territory . The following year , as agent of the Ohio Company of Associates that he had been involved in creating , he organized a contract with Congress whereby his associates ( former soldiers of the Revolutionary War ) might purchase one and a half million acres ( 6,000 km2 ) of land at the mouth of the Muskingum River with their Certificate of Indebtedness . Cutler greatly impacted the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory , which was finally presented to Congress by Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane . In order to smooth passage of the Northwest Ordinance , Cutler bribed key congressmen by making them partners in his land company . In changing the office of provisional governor from an elected to an appointed position , Cutler was able to offer the position to the president of Congress , Arthur St. Clair . The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an innovation in public education when it reserved resources for local public schools . The ordinance divided the territory into 36 mile townships , and each township was further divided into 36 one mile tracts for purposes of sale . The ordinance then stated that `` there shall be reserved from sale the lot No. 16 of every township for the maintenance of public schools within the said township . '' In 1801 , Jefferson Academy was established in Vincennes . As Vincennes University , it remains the oldest public institution of higher learning from the Northwest Territory . The next year , American Western University was created in Athens , Ohio , upstream of the Hocking River , due to its location directly between Chillicothe ( an original capital of Ohio ) and Marietta . It was formally established on February 18 , 1804 as Ohio University , when its charter instrument was approved by the Ohio General Assembly . Its establishment came 11 months after Ohio was admitted to the Union . The first three students enrolled in 1808 . Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor 's degrees in 1815 . Law and government ( edit ) Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was on August 7 , 1789 , when the Northwest Territory was first organized , to May 26 , 1790 , when the Southwest Territory was organized Main article : Northwest Ordinance At first , the territory had a modified form of martial law . The governor was also the senior army officer within the territory , and he combined legislative and executive authority . But a supreme court was established , and he shared legislative powers with the court . County governments were organized as soon as the population was sufficient , and these assumed local administrative and judicial functions . Washington County was the first of these , at Marietta in 1788 . This was an important event , as this court was the first establishment of civil and criminal law in the pioneer country . As soon as the number of free male settlers exceeded 5,000 , the Territorial Legislature was to be created , and this happened in 1798 . The full mechanisms of government were put in place , as outlined in the Northwest Ordinance . A bicameral legislature consisted of a House of Representatives and a Council . The first House had 22 representatives , apportioned by population of each county . The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members . The nominations were sent to the U.S. Congress , which appointed five of them as the Council . This assembly became the legislature of the Territory , although the governor retained veto power . Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of slaves within the Northwest Territory . However , territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws . The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory . The township formula created by Thomas Jefferson was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the Land Ordinance of 1785 . The square surveys of the Northwest Territory would become a hallmark of the Midwest , as sections , townships , counties ( and states ) were laid out scientifically , and land was sold quickly and efficiently ( although not without some speculative aberrations ) . Officials ( edit ) Arthur St. Clair was the territory 's governor until November 1802 , when President Thomas Jefferson removed him from office and appointed Charles Willing Byrd , who served the position until Ohio became a state and elected its first governor , Edward Tiffin , on March 3 , 1803 . The Supreme Court consisted of ( 1 ) John Cleves Symmes , ( 2 ) James Mitchell Varnum , died 1789 , replaced by George Turner , who resigned in 1796 , and was replaced by Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr. , and ( 3 ) Samuel Holden Parsons , died 1789 , replaced by Rufus Putnam , who resigned 1796 , and was replaced by Joseph Gilman . There were three secretaries : Winthrop Sargent ( July 9 , 1788 -- May 31 , 1798 ) ; William Henry Harrison ( June 29 , 1798 -- December 31 , 1799 ) ; and Charles Willing Byrd ( January 1 , 1800 -- March 1 , 1803 ) . The territory 's first common pleas court opened at Marietta on September 2 , 1788 . Its first judges were General Rufus Putnam , General Benjamin Tupper , and Colonel Archibald Crary . Ebenezer Sproat was the first sheriff , Paul Fearing became the first attorney to practice in the territory , and Colonel William Stacy was foreman of the first grand jury . Griffin Greene was appointed justice of the peace . Winthrop Sargent , the first secretary of the territory , married Roewena Tupper , daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tupper , on February 6 , 1789 at Marietta in the first marriage ceremony held within the Northwest Territory . General Assembly ( edit ) The General Assembly of the Northwest Territory consisted of a Legislative Council ( five members chosen by Congress ) and a House of Representatives consisting of 22 members elected by the male freeholders in nine counties . The first session of the Assembly was held in September 1799 . Its first important task was to select a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress . Locked in a power struggle with Governor St. Clair , the legislature narrowly elected William Henry Harrison as the first delegate over the governor 's son , Arthur St. Clair , Jr . Subsequent congressional delegates were William McMillan ( 1800 -- 1801 ) and Paul Fearing ( 1801 -- 1803 ) . The first session of the First Territorial Legislature met from September 16 to December 19 , 1799 at Cincinnati . ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver Jefferson David Vance Knox Henry Vanderburgh President of the Council ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Hamilton Robert Benham Aaron Caldwell William Goforth John Ludlow Isaac Martin William McMillan John Smith Jefferson James Pritchard Knox John Small Randolph John Edgar Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Nathaniel Massie Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington St. Clair Shadrach Bond , Sr . Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The second session of the First Territorial Legislature met from November 3 to December 9 , 1800 at Chillicothe . ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie seated November 10 Hamilton Robert Benham William Goforth John Ludlow vice Aaron Caldwell , removed from territory William Lytle Isaac Martin William McMillan resigned when he was elected to Congress John Smith Jefferson Zenas Kimberly James Pritchard Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The first session of the Second Territorial Legislature met from November 23 , 1801 to January 23 , 1802 at Chillicothe . ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance Wayne Solomon Sibley ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie Hamilton Francis Dunlavy John Ludlow Moses Miller Jeremiah Morrow Daniel Reeder John Smith Jacob White Jefferson Zenas Kimberly Thomas McCune John Milligan Ross Elias Langham seated November 26 Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Trumbull Edward Paine Washington Ephraim Cutler Rufus Putnam Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire George McDougal Jonathan Schiefflein The second session of the Second Territorial Legislature was scheduled to begin the fourth Monday in November , 1802 at Cincinnati . As the Ohio Constitutional Convention was then in session , no attempt was made to convene the body by members or the territorial governor . Territorial counties ( edit ) Seal of the Northwest territory over a time capsule outside the Campus Martius Museum . Latin phrase `` He has planted one better than the one fallen , '' signifies the replacement of wilderness by civilization . Ohio Counties in 1802 13 counties were formed by Governor Arthur St. Clair during the territory 's existence : Washington County , with its seat at Marietta , was the first county formed in the territory , proclaimed on July 26 , 1788 by territorial governor St. Clair . Its original boundaries were proclaimed as all of present - day Ohio east of a line extending due south from the mouth of the Cuyahoga River , but this did not take into account Connecticut 's still unresolved claim of the Western Reserve . It kept these boundaries until 1796 . Hamilton County , with its seat at Cincinnati , was proclaimed on January 2 , 1790 . The same proclamation officially changed Cincinnati 's name from Losantiville into its present form . Its original boundaries claimed all land north of the Ohio between the Great Miami River and Little Miami River as far north as Standing Stone Fork ( now Loramie Creek ) , just north of present - day Piqua . In 1792 Hamilton County was expanded to encompass all lands between the mouths of the Great Miami and Cuyahoga Rivers , as well as all of what is now the Lower Peninsula of Michigan . Its territory was reduced several times after 1796 . St. Clair County , with its seat at Kaskaskia was proclaimed on April 27 , 1790 . It originally encompassed most of present - day Illinois south of the Illinois River . It lost most of its southern lands in the formation of Randolph County in 1795 , necessitating the transfer of the county seat to Cahokia , but would expand to the north to take in northwest present - day Illinois and most of present - day Wisconsin in 1801 after becoming part of Indiana Territory . Knox County , with its seat at Vincennes , was proclaimed on June 20 , 1790 , and encompassed the majority of the territory 's land area -- all land between St. Clair County and Hamilton County , extending north to Canada . Randolph County was formed October 5 , 1795 with its seat at Kaskaskia and encompassed the southern half of what was St. Clair County . Wayne County was formed on August 15 , 1796 , out of portions of Hamilton County and unorganized land , with its seat at Detroit , which had been evacuated by the British five weeks previously . Wayne County originally covered all of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula , northwestern Ohio , northern Indiana and a small portion of the present Lake Michigan shoreline , including the site of present - day Chicago . The lands west of the extension of the present Indiana - Ohio border became part of Indiana Territory in 1800 ; the eastern portion of the county 's land in Ohio were folded into Trumbull County that same year . The territory north of the Ordinance Line became part of Indiana Territory in 1803 as a reorganized Wayne County ; the remainder reverted to unorganized status after Ohio statehood . Adams County was formed on July 10 , 1797 , with its seat at Manchester ; it encompassed most of present - day south central Ohio . Jefferson County was formed July 29 , 1797 with its seat at Steubenville , carved out of Washington County and originally encompassed all of what is now northeastern Ohio . Ross County was organized on August 20 , 1798 with its seat at Chillicothe and was carved out of portions of Knox , Hamilton and Washington counties . Knox , Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4 , 1800 , and , along with the western part of Wayne County , and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin , became the Indiana Territory . Trumbull County was proclaimed July 10 , 1800 out of the Western Reserve portion of Jefferson and Wayne Counties , with its county seat at Warren , chosen over rivals Cleveland and Youngstown . Clermont County was formed December 6 , 1800 out of Hamilton County , with its seat at Williamsburg . In contrast with most other Northwest Territory counties , Clermont County 's original boundaries are only slightly larger than its present - day limits . Fairfield County was proclaimed December 9 , 1800 , formed out of Ross and Washington counties , with its seat at Lancaster . Belmont County was proclaimed September 7 , 1801 , formed out of Washington and Jefferson counties , with its seat at St. Clairsville . The Northwest Territory ceased to exist upon Ohio statehood on March 1 , 1803 ; the lands in Ohio that were previously part of Wayne County but not included in Trumbull County reverted to an unorganized status until new counties could be formed . The remainder of Wayne County , roughly the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula , was attached to Indiana Territory . Territorial contributions ( edit ) US states that ceded territorial claims in what would become the Northwest Territory : State of New York , 1780 -- 1782 Commonwealth of Virginia , 1781 -- 1784 Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1784 -- 1785 State of Connecticut , 1786 and 1800 U.S. territories that encompassed land that was previously part of the Northwest Territory : Territory of Indiana , 1800 -- 1816 Territory of Michigan , 1805 -- 1837 Territory of Illinois , 1809 -- 1818 Territory of Wisconsin , 1836 -- 1848 Territory of Minnesota , 1849 -- 1858 US states that encompass land that was once part of the Northwest Territory : State of Ohio , 1803 State of Indiana , 1816 State of Illinois , 1818 State of Michigan , 1837 State of Wisconsin , 1848 State of Minnesota , 1858 See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Indiana portal Illinois portal Michigan portal Wisconsin portal Minnesota portal History portal American pioneers to the Northwest Territory Historic regions of the United States History of Ohio Illinois - Wabash Company Indian barrier state Northwest Indian War Northwestern University -- Created in 1851 to serve the people of the former Northwest Territory Ohio Country Ohio University -- First institution of higher education chartered by an Act of Congress in America ( Northwest Ordinance ) Zane 's trace Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , the western border of U.S. territory ended on the Mississippi ; the lands beyond still being a possession of Napoleonic France or the Kingdom of Spain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territory '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea , '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . Jump up ^ Palmer , pp. 400 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Winkler , John F. ( 2011 ) . Wabash 1791 : St. Clair 's Defeat ; Osprey Campaign Series # 240 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 84908 - 676 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Congress of the Confederation , 1774 -- 89 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Warner , `` General Josiah Harmar 's Campaign Reconsidered : How the Americans Lost the Battle of Kekionga . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1987 ) : 43 -- 64 . online Jump up ^ Leroy V. Eid , `` American Indian Military Leadership : St. Clair 's 1791 Defeat . '' Journal of Military History 57.1 ( 1993 ) : 71 -- 88 . Jump up ^ William O. Odo , `` Destined for Defeat : an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791 . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly ( 1993 ) 65 # 2 pp : 68 -- 93 . Jump up ^ John F. Winkler , Wabash 1791 : St Clair 's Defeat ( Osprey Publishing , 2011 ) Jump up ^ McDougall , Walter A. Freedom Just Around the Corner : A New American History , 1585 -- 1828 . ( New York : Harper Collins , 2004 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Knight , George Wells ( 1885 ) . History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory ( Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio University '' . Ohio History Central : An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohio General Assembly ( 1917 ) . Manual of Legislative Practice in the General Assembly . State of Ohio . p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Indiana Territory '' . Indiana Historical Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burtner , W.H. , Jr. ( 1998 ) . `` Charles Willing Byrd '' . 41 . Ohio Historical Society : 237 . Jump up ^ Force , Manning , ed. ( 1897 ) . `` The Supreme Court -- a Historical Sketch '' . Bench and Bar of Ohio : a Compendium of History and Biography. 1 . Chicago : Century Publishing and Engraving Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co. pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , L. ( 1987 ) . True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 131 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Reinke , Edgar C. `` Meliorem Lapsa Locavit : An Intriguing Puzzle Solved '' . Ohio History . 94 : 74 . says the young tree on the seal of the NWT is an apple , while Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . p. 115 . says it is a buckeye , and perhaps the genesis of Ohio 's nickname . Jump up ^ Griswold , S.O. ( 1884 ) . The Corporate Birth and Growth of the City of Cleveland . Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society . Tract No. 62 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 1894 ) . History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County . S.B. Nelson & Co . Jump up ^ Walton , W.C. ( 1928 ) . A Brief History of St. Clair County . McKendree College . Jump up ^ Esarey , Logan ( 1915 ) . A History of Indiana . W.K. Stewart Co. p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Information for the Target Investment Areas Trumbull County and the Historic Western Reserve '' . Trumbull County . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnhart , Terry A . `` ' A Common Feeling ' : Regional Identity and Historical Consciousness in the Old Northwest , 1820 - 1860 . '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2003 ) : 39 - 70 . in JSTOR Barr , Daniel P . The Boundaries Between Us : Natives and Newcomers Along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory , 1750 - 1850 ( Kent State University Press , 2006 ) Beatty - Medina , Charles , and Melissa Rinehart , eds . Contested Territories : Native Americans and Non-natives in the Lower Great Lakes , 1700 - 1850 ( Michigan State University Press , 2012 ) Buley , R. Carlyle . The Old Northwest : Pioneer Period , 1815 - 1840 ( 2 vols. , Bloomington , Ind. , 1951 ) . Pulitzer Prize for history Buley , R. Carlyle . `` Pioneer health and medical practices in the old northwest prior to 1840 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1934 ) : 497 - 520 . in JSTOR Calloway , Colin G . The Victory with No Name : The Native American Defeat of the First American Army ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Davis , James E. `` '' New Aspects of Men and New Forms of Society `` : The Old Northwest , 1790 - 1820 . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1976 ) : 164 - 172 . in JSTOR Elkins , Stanley , and Eric McKitrick . `` A Meaning for Turner 's Frontier : Part I : Democracy in the Old Northwest . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1954 ) : 321 - 353 . in JSTOR Esarey , Logan . `` Elements of Culture in the Old Northwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1957 ) : 257 - 264 . online Heath , William . William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2015 ) he lived 1770 - 1812 Kuhns , Frederck I. , `` Home Missions and Education in the Old Northwest . '' Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society ( 1953 ) : 137 - 155 . in JSTOR Owens , Robert M. Mr. Jefferson 's hammer : William Henry Harrison and the origins of American Indian policy ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2012 ) Ubbelohde , Carl . `` History and the Midwest as a Region . '' Wisconsin Magazine of History ( 1994 ) : 35 - 47 . in JSTOR Zimmer , Louise ( 1987 ) . True Stories of Pioneer Times . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . -- -- -- ( 1993 ) . More True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Sugden Book Store . Older sources ( edit ) Barker , Joseph ( 1958 ) . Recollections of the First Settlement of Ohio . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta College . Original manuscript written late in Joseph Barker 's life , prior to his death in 1843 Gilkey , Elliot Howard , ed. ( 1901 ) . The Ohio Hundred Year Book : a Hand - book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio ... State of Ohio . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1852 ) . Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hulbert , Archer Butler ( 1917 ) . The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company , Volumes I and 2 . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta Historical Commission . Lindley , H. ; Schneider , N. & Quaife , M. ( 1937 ) . History of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Old Northwest Territory ( A Supplemental Text for School Use ) . Marietta , Ohio : Northwest Territory Celebration Commission . Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` North - West Territory '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Northwest Ordinance Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwest Territory . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Northwest Territory . 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what is the record high for the s&p	All - Time Highs All - Time Lows Closing 2,500.23 Friday , September 15 , 2017 16.66 Tuesday , January 3 , 1950 Intraday 2,500.23 Friday , September 15 , 2017 16.66 Tuesday , January 3 , 1950		Closing milestones of the S&P 500	closing milestones of the s & p 500	This article is a summary of the closing milestones of the S&P 500 Index , a United States stock market index . Since opening at 16.66 on January 3 , 1950 , the S&P 500 has substantially increased despite several periods of decline .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Milestone highs and lows 2 Records 3 Incremental closing milestones 3.1 The Post-World War II Boom ( 1949 -- 1966 ) 3.2 The 1970s Bear Market ( 1967 -- 1973 ) 3.3 The Early 1980s Bull Depression ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 3.4 The Mid-1980s Bull Market ( 1982 -- 1987 ) 3.5 The 1990s Technology Bubble ( 1989 -- 2000 ) 3.6 The Mid-2000s Cyclical Bull Market ( 2007 ) 3.7 The Mid 2010s Bull Market ( 2013 - Present ) 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) S&P 500 Index from 1950 to 2016 Standard & Poor 's , initially known as the Standard Statistics Company , created its first stock market index in 1923 . It consisted of 233 different stocks and was computed on a weekly basis . Three years later , it developed a 90 component composite price index that was computed on a daily basis ; that was expanded over the years . On March 4 , 1957 , the Standard & Poor 's 500 (. INX ) (. SPX ) was introduced . Milestone highs and lows ( edit ) June 4 , 1968 : S&P 500 closes above 100 for the first time . October 19 , 1987 : S&P 500 registers its largest daily percentage loss , falling 20.47 percent . The one - day crash , known as `` Black Monday , '' was blamed on program trading and those using a hedging strategy known as portfolio insurance . Despite the losses , the S&P 500 still closed positive for the year . March 24 , 1995 : The S&P 500 index closes above 500 for the first time . In exactly five years time , the S&P 500 tripled its value , and reached its peak prior to the dot - com bubble . February 2 , 1998 : S&P 500 closes above 1,000 for the first time . March 15 , 1999 : The S&P 500 closed above 1,300 for the first time . On the next day , the more commonly followed Dow Jones Industrial Average traded above 10,000 points for the first time . March 24 , 2000 : The S&P 500 index reaches an all - time intraday high of 1,552.87 during the dot - com bubble . October 9 , 2007 : Index closes at a record high of 1,565.15 , the highest close prior to the 2008 financial crisis . October 11 , 2007 : S&P 500 hits an intraday record high of 1,576.09 . October 13 , 2008 : S&P 500 marks its best daily percentage gain , rising 11.58 percent . It also registers its largest single - day point increase of 104.13 points . December 31 , 2008 : For the year , S&P 500 falls 38.49 percent , its worst yearly percentage loss . In September 2008 , Lehman Brothers collapsed as the financial crisis spread . March 9 , 2009 : S&P 500 closes at 676.53 , its closing low after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers . March 28 , 2013 : S&P 500 ends at 1,569.19 , surpassing its previous record closing high set in 2007 . April 10 , 2013 : S&P 500 hits new all - time intraday record high at 1,589.07 , surpassing the previous record of 1,576.09 set during trading on October 11 , 2007 . May 3 , 2013 : S&P 500 closes above 1,600 for the first time , finishing at 1,614.42 after a much better - than - expected April U.S. non-farm payrolls report . The index also hit an all - time intraday high of 1,618.46 . August 1 , 2013 : S&P 500 closes above 1,700 for the first time , finishing at 1,706.87 , as well as reaching an all - time intraday high of 1,707.85 . November 22 , 2013 : S&P 500 closes above 1,800 for the first time , finishing at 1,804.76 points . May 23 , 2014 : S&P 500 closes above 1,900 for the first time , finishing at 1,900.53 points . August 26 , 2014 : S&P 500 closes above 2,000 for the first time , finishing at 2,000.02 points . February 17 , 2015 : S&P 500 closes above 2,100 for the first time , finishing at 2,100.34 points . November 22 , 2016 : S&P 500 closes above 2,200 for the first time , finishing at 2,202.94 points . February 9 , 2017 : S&P 500 closes above 2,300 for the first time , finishing at 2,307.87 points . May 15 , 2017 : S&P 500 closes above 2,400 for the first time , finishing at 2,402.32 points . September 15 , 2017 : At the very last minute of trading , the S&P managed to sneak a closing above 2,500 for the first time at 2,500.23 points . Records ( edit ) All - Time Highs All - Time Lows Closing 2,500.23 Friday , September 15 , 2017 16.66 Tuesday , January 3 , 1950 Intraday 2,500.23 Friday , September 15 , 2017 16.66 Tuesday , January 3 , 1950 Incremental closing milestones ( edit ) The following is a list of the milestone closing levels of the S&P 500 . 1 - point increments are used up to the 20 - point level ; 2 to 50 ; 5 to 100 ; 10 to 500 ; 20 to 1,000 ; 50 to 3,000 ; and 100 - point increments thereafter . Bold formatting is applied to every 4 or 5 milestones , excluding peaks . The Post-World War II Boom ( 1949 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 16.66 16.66 January 3 , 1950 17 17.08 January 9 , 1950 18 18.03 April 18 , 1950 19 19.14 June 8 , 1950 20 20.00 October 4 , 1950 22 22.20 February 5 , 1951 24 24.16 January 14 , 1952 26 26.04 December 12 , 1952 28 28.18 April 29 , 1954 30 30.14 July 9 , 1954 32 32.00 September 22 , 1954 34 34.03 November 23 , 1954 36 36.75 January 3 , 1955 38 38.27 April 18 , 1955 40 40.10 June 17 , 1955 42 43.18 July 6 , 1955 44 44.19 September 12 , 1955 46 46.41 November 14 , 1955 48 48.14 March 16 , 1956 50 50.06 September 30 , 1958 55 55.21 December 31 , 1958 60 60.01 July 7 , 1959 65 65.06 March 30 , 1961 70 70.01 November 6 , 1961 75 75.02 December 31 , 1963 80 80.02 April 6 , 1964 85 85.04 October 8 , 1964 90 90.27 May 13 , 1965 The 1970s Bear Market ( 1967 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 94.06 94.32 May 4 , 1967 95 95.37 August 1 , 1967 100 100.38 June 4 , 1968 110 110.18 April 12 , 1972 120 120.24 January 11 , 1973 The Early 1980s Bull Depression ( 1980 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 120.24 121.44 July 17 , 1980 130 130.40 September 22 , 1980 140 140.40 November 20 , 1980 The Mid-1980s Bull Market ( 1982 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 140.52 142.87 November 3 , 1982 150 150.88 March 1 , 1983 160 160.71 April 20 , 1983 170 170.53 June 21 , 1983 180 180.35 February 4 , 1985 190 190.04 June 4 , 1985 200 201.41 November 21 , 1985 210 212.02 December 16 , 1985 220 222.45 February 18 , 1986 230 231.69 March 11 , 1986 240 242.22 April 16 , 1986 250 250.84 June 30 , 1986 260 260.30 January 12 , 1987 270 273.91 January 22 , 1987 280 281.16 February 5 , 1987 290 290.52 March 5 , 1987 300 301.16 March 23 , 1987 310 310.68 July 14 , 1987 320 322.09 August 6 , 1987 330 333.99 August 14 , 1987 The 1990s Technology Bubble ( 1989 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 336.77 338.05 July 26 , 1989 340 341.99 July 27 , 1989 350 351.52 August 24 , 1989 360 360.65 May 29 , 1990 370 370.47 March 1 , 1991 380 380.40 April 12 , 1991 390 390.45 April 17 , 1991 400 404.84 December 26 , 1991 410 415.14 December 30 , 1991 420 420.44 January 14 , 1992 430 430.16 November 27 , 1992 440 441.28 December 18 , 1992 450 454.71 March 8 , 1993 460 460.13 August 25 , 1993 470 470.54 December 27 , 1993 480 481.61 January 31 , 1994 490 490.05 March 13 , 1995 500 500.97 March 24 , 1995 520 520.48 May 3 , 1995 540 545.22 June 19 , 1995 560 560.89 July 12 , 1995 580 583.61 September 14 , 1995 600 600.07 November 17 , 1995 620 620.18 December 6 , 1995 640 641.43 February 5 , 1996 660 661.45 February 12 , 1996 680 680.54 September 13 , 1996 700 701.46 October 4 , 1996 720 724.59 November 6 , 1996 740 742.16 November 19 , 1996 760 768.86 January 14 , 1997 780 782.72 January 21 , 1997 800 802.77 February 12 , 1997 820 830.29 May 5 , 1997 840 841.88 May 15 , 1997 860 862.91 June 9 , 1997 880 883.46 June 12 , 1997 900 904.03 July 2 , 1997 920 925.76 July 15 , 1997 940 940.30 July 24 , 1997 960 960.32 August 6 , 1997 980 983.12 October 7 , 1997 1,000 1,001.27 February 2 , 1998 1,050 1,052.02 March 3 , 1998 1,100 1,105.65 March 24 , 1998 1,150 1,157.33 July 6 , 1998 1,200 1,202.84 December 21 , 1998 1,250 1,272.34 January 6 , 1999 1,300 1,307.26 March 15 , 1999 1,350 1,358.63 April 12 , 1999 1,400 1,403.28 July 9 , 1999 1,450 1,458.34 December 23 , 1999 1,500 1,500.64 March 22 , 2000 The Mid-2000s Cyclical Bull Market ( 2007 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 1,527.46 1,530.23 May 30 , 2007 1,550 1,552.50 July 13 , 2007 The Mid 2010s Bull Market ( 2013 - Present ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Milestone Closing Level Date First Achieved 1,565.15 1,569.19 March 28 , 2013 1,600 1,614.42 May 3 , 2013 1,650 1,650.34 May 14 , 2013 1,700 1,706.87 August 1 , 2013 1,750 1,754.67 October 22 , 2013 1,800 1,804.76 November 22 , 2013 1,850 1,854.29 February 27 , 2014 1,900 1,900.53 May 23 , 2014 1,950 1,951.27 June 9 , 2014 2,000 2,000.02 August 26 , 2014 2,050 2,051.80 November 18 , 2014 2,100 2,100.34 February 17 , 2015 2,130.82 2,137.16 July 11 , 2016 2,150 2,152.14 July 12 , 2016 2,200 2,202.94 November 22 , 2016 2,250 2,259.53 December 9 , 2016 2,300 2,307.87 February 9 , 2017 2,350 2,351.16 February 17 , 2017 2,400 2,402.32 May 15 , 2017 2,450 2,453.46 June 19 , 2017 2,500 2,500.23 September 15 , 2017 Notes ( edit ) This was the S&P 500 's very first close on January 3 , 1950 . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on February 9 , 1966 . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on January 11 , 1973 before the 1973 -- 74 stock market crash . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on November 28 , 1980 . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on August 25 , 1987 before the Black Monday stock market crash . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on March 24 , 2000 before the dot - com crash . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on October 9 , 2007 before the 2008 financial crisis . This was the S&P 500 's close at the peak on May 21 , 2015 before the 2015 - 16 stock market selloff . The S&P first crossed 2,300 during the day on January 26 , 2017 before falling below the level at closing . After that , the S&P retreated away from the 2,300 - pt milestone for a possible selloff in the next month . It took two weeks for the S&P to finally close above 2,300 . The S&P first crossed 2,400 during the day on March 1 , 2017 before falling below the level at closing . After that , the S&P retreated away from the 2,400 - pt milestone and then closed within 1 point of the milestone on May 5 , 2017 . Then on May 8 , 2017 , the S&P traded above 2,400 intraday then closed below that milestone again and did it the third time the very next day . However , it took until May 15 , 2017 for the S&P to finally close above 2,400 . See also ( edit ) Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing milestones of the Nasdaq Composite List of largest daily changes in the S&P 500 Index Wilshire 5000 # Record High Wilshire 5000 Index Values Russell 3000 Index # Record values Nasdaq - 100 # Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yahoo , Inc . `` ^ GSPC Historical Prices S&P 500 Stock - Yahoo ! Finance '' . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Yahoo , Inc . `` ^ GSPC Historical Prices S&P 500 Stock - Yahoo ! Finance '' . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Key dates and milestones in the S&P 500 's history '' . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yahoo , Inc . `` ^ GSPC Historical Prices S&P 500 Stock - Yahoo ! Finance '' . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Paradis , Tim ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Stocks Rise ; S&P 500 Passes 1,500 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) S&P 500 Historical Chart Data Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closing_milestones_of_the_S%26P_500&oldid=800836599 '' Categories : S&P Dow Jones Indices Lists of superlatives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 00 : 05 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing%20milestones%20of%20the%20S%2526P%20500	2,910
what was the purpose of march on washington			March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom	march on washington for jobs and freedom	The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , the March on Washington , or The Great March on Washington , was held in Washington , D.C. on Wednesday , August 28 , 1963 . The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . At the march , Martin Luther King Jr. , standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial , delivered his historic `` I Have a Dream '' speech in which he called for an end to racism .	The march was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , who built an alliance of civil rights , labor , and religious organizations that came together under the banner of `` jobs and freedom . '' Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000 ; the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people . Observers estimated that 75 -- 80 % of the marchers were black . The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history . The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Planning and organization 3 Convergence 3.1 Security preparations 3.2 Sound system 4 The March 5 Speakers 5.1 Official program 5.2 Roy Wilkins 5.3 John Lewis 5.4 Martin Luther King Jr . 5.5 Randolph and Rustin 5.6 Excluded speakers 6 Singers 7 Meeting with President Kennedy 8 Media coverage 9 Responses and memories 9.1 Organizers 9.2 Critics 9.3 Participants 10 Effects and legacy 10.1 Political effects 10.2 Anniversary marches 10.3 Postal stamp 10.4 Issues 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 Although African Americans had been legally freed from slavery , elevated to the status of citizens and the men given full voting rights at the end of the American Civil War , many continued to face social , economic , and political repression over the years and into the 1960s . In the early 1960s , a system of legal discrimination , known as Jim Crow laws , were pervasive in the American South , ensuring that Black Americans remained oppressed . They also experienced discrimination from businesses and governments , and in some places were prevented from voting through intimidation and violence . Twenty - one states prohibited interracial marriage . The impetus for a march on Washington developed over a long period of time , and earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the March on Washington Movement of the 1940s . A. Philip Randolph -- the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters , president of the Negro American Labor Council , and vice president of the AFL - CIO -- was a key instigator in 1941 . With Bayard Rustin , Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington , in protest of discriminatory hiring by U.S. military contractors and demanding an Executive Order . Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1 , 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25 . The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry . Randolph called off the March . Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington . They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s , but all were called off ( despite criticism from Rustin ) . Their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom , held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17 , 1957 , featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell , Martin Luther King Jr. , and Roy Wilkins . Mahalia Jackson performed . The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement , which involved demonstrations and nonviolent direct action across the United States . 1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln . Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference put aside their differences and came together for the march . Many whites and blacks also came together in the urgency for change in the nation . Violent confrontations broke out in the South : in Cambridge , Maryland ; Pine Bluff , Arkansas ; Goldsboro , North Carolina ; Somerville , Tennessee ; Saint Augustine , Florida ; and across Mississippi . Most of these incidents involved white people retaliating against nonviolent demonstrators . Many people wanted to march on Washington , but disagreed over how the march should be conducted . Some called for a complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience . Others argued that the movement should remain nationwide in scope , rather than focus its energies on the nation 's capital . There was a widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election , and King described Kennedy 's race policy as `` tokenism '' . On May 24 , 1963 , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invited African - American novelist James Baldwin , along with a large group of cultural leaders , to a meeting in New York to discuss race relations . However , the meeting became antagonistic , as black delegates felt that Kennedy did not have a full understanding of the race problem in the nation . The public failure of the meeting , which came to be known as the Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting , underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians . However , the meeting also provoked the Kennedy administration to take action on the civil rights for African - Americans . On June 11 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio , announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation -- the law which eventually became the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . That night , Mississippi activist Medgar Evers was murdered in his own driveway , further escalating national tension around the issue of racial inequality . Planning and organization ( edit ) A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin began planning the march in December 1961 . They envisioned two days of protest , including sit - ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial . They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ blacks . In early 1963 they called publicly for `` a massive March on Washington for jobs '' . They received help from Amalgamated Clothing Workers unionist Stanley Aronowitz , who gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration . The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs . On May 15 , 1963 , without securing the cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League , Randolph announced an `` October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs '' . He reached out to union leaders , winning the support of the UAW 's Walter Reuther , but not of AFL -- CIO president George Meany . Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on economic inequality , stating in their original plan that `` integration in the fields of education , housing , transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists . '' As they negotiated with other leaders , they expanded their stated objectives to `` Jobs and Freedom '' to acknowledge the agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights . In June 1963 , leaders from several different organizations formed the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership , an umbrella group which would coordinate funds and messaging . This coalition of leaders , who became known as the `` Big Six '' , included : Randolph who was chosen as the titular head of the march , James Farmer ( president of the Congress of Racial Equality ) , John Lewis ( chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ) , Martin Luther King Jr. ( president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ) , Roy Wilkins ( president of the NAACP ) , and Whitney Young ( president of the National Urban League ) . King in particular had become well known for his role in the Birmingham campaign and for his Letter from Birmingham Jail . Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march , because he was a homosexual , a former Communist , and a draft resistor . They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer , on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout . Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. ( Leaders of the march ) On June 22 , Big Six met with President Kennedy , who warned against creating `` an atmosphere of intimidation '' by bringing a large crowd to Washington . The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march . Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out civil disobedience and described this proposal as the `` perfect compromise '' . King and Young agreed . Leaders from CORE and SNCC , who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice , endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed . Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2 . President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17 , saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington , D.C. , police . Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin , a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation , the first of the Freedom Rides to test the Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel . Rustin was a long - time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King . With Randolph concentrating on building the march 's political coalition , Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers , coordinated the buses and trains , provided the marshals , and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation 's capital . During the days leading up to the march , these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station WUST as their operations headquarters . The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists . Some , including Rustin ( who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York ) , were concerned that it might turn violent , which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement . The march was condemned by Malcolm X , spokesperson for the Nation of Islam , who termed it the `` farce on Washington '' . March organizers themselves disagreed over the purpose of the march . The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for a civil rights bill that had been introduced by the Kennedy Administration . Randolph , King , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) saw it as a way of raising both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill . Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) saw it as a way of challenging and condemning the Kennedy administration 's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans . Despite their disagreements , the group came together on a set of goals : Passage of meaningful civil rights legislation ; Immediate elimination of school segregation ; A program of public works , including job training , for the unemployed ; A Federal law prohibiting discrimination in public or private hiring ; A $2 - an - hour minimum wage nationwide ( equivalent to $16 in 2017 ) ; Withholding Federal funds from programs that tolerate discrimination ; Enforcement of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution by reducing congressional representation from States that disenfranchise citizens ; A broadened Fair Labor Standards Act to currently excluded employment areas ; Authority for the Attorney General to institute injunctive suits when constitutional rights are violated . Although in years past , Randolph had supported `` Negro only '' marches , partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists , organizers in 1963 agreed that whites and blacks marching side by side would create a more powerful image . The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March , and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full - time liaison . Chicago and New York City ( as well as some corporations ) agreed to designate August 28 as `` Freedom Day '' and give workers the day off . To avoid being perceived as radical , organizers rejected support from Communist groups . However , some politicians claimed that the March was Communist - inspired , and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) produced numerous reports suggesting the same . In the days before August 28 , the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers ' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support . When William C. Sullivan produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate the civil rights movement , FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover rejected its contents . Strom Thurmond launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist , and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man . Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in Harlem . They promoted the march by selling buttons , featuring two hands shaking , the words `` March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom '' , a union bug , and the date August 28 , 1963 . By August 2 , they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons . Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people . As the march was being planned , activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices . The Los Angeles Times received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president a `` Nigger Lover '' . Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats . A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King 's eyes ; the FBI did not respond . Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country . Convergence ( edit ) Thousands traveled by road , rail , and air to Washington D.C. on Wednesday , August 28 . Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight - hour trip , but others took much longer bus rides from places like Milwaukee , Little Rock , and St. Louis . Organizers persuaded New York 's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28 , and the New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds . A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem . Maryland police reported that `` by 8 : 00 a.m. , 100 buses an hour were streaming through the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel . '' One reporter , Fred Powledge , accompanied African - Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham , Alabama , for the 750 - mile trip to Washington . The New York Times carried his report : The 260 demonstrators , of all ages , carried picnic baskets , water jugs , Bibles and a major weapon - their willingness to march , sing and pray in protest against discrimination . They gathered early this morning ( August 27 ) in Birmingham 's Kelly Ingram Park , where state troopers once ( four months previous in May ) used fire hoses and dog to put down their demonstrations . It was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses . The police , now part of a moderate city power structure , directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering ... An old man commented on the 20 - hour ride , which was bound to be less than comfortable : `` You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives . We do n't have the money to fly in airplanes . '' John Marshall Kilimanjaro , a demonstrator traveling from Greensboro , North Carolina , said : Contrary to the mythology , the early moments of the March -- getting there -- was no picnic . People were afraid . We did n't know what we would meet . There was no precedent . Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar . He was an AME preacher . We talked . Every now and then , people on the bus sang ' Oh Freedom ' and ' We Shall Overcome , ' but for the most part there was n't a whole bunch of singing . We were secretly praying that nothing violent happened . Other bus rides featured racial tension , as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair - weather friends . Hazel Mangle Rivers , who had paid $8 for her ticket -- `` one - tenth of her husband 's weekly salary '' -- was quoted in the August 29 New York Times . Rivers stated that she was impressed by Washington 's civility : `` The people are lots better up here than they are down South . They treat you much nicer . Why , when I was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot , and he said , `` Excuse me , '' and I said `` Certainly ! '' That 's the first time that has ever happened to me . I believe that was the first time a white person has ever really been nice to me . '' Some participants who arrived early held an all - night vigil outside the Department of Justice , claiming it had unfairly targeted civil rights activists and that it had been too lenient on white supremacists who attacked them . Security preparations ( edit ) The Washington , D.C. , police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march , including reserve officers and deputized firefighters . A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty . The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard , and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area . These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina . The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs . All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named `` Operation Steep Hill '' . For the first time since Prohibition , liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C. Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries . Major League Baseball cancelled two games between the Minnesota Twins and the last place Washington Senators even though the venue , D.C. Stadium , was nearly four miles from the Lincoln Memorial rally site . Rustin and Walter Fauntroy negotiated some security issues with the government , gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators . The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C. William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this force . Julius Hobson , an FBI informant who served on the March 's security force , told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as agents provocateurs . Jerry Bruno , President Kennedy 's advance man , was positioned to cut the power to the public address system in the event of any incendiary rally speech . Sound system ( edit ) Rustin pushed hard for an expensive ( $16,000 ) sound system , maintaining `` We can not maintain order where people can not hear . '' The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial , but was sabotaged on the day before the March . Its operators were unable to repair it . Fauntroy contacted Attorney General Robert Kennedy and his civil rights liaison Burke Marshall , demanding that the government fix the system . Fauntroy reportedly told them : `` We have a couple hundred thousand people coming . Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we 've done ? '' The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the U.S. Army Signal Corps . The March ( edit ) Nearly 250,000 people marched , including 60,000 white participants The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs . As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans , the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance . Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread . On Meet the Press , reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that `` it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting . '' Life magazine declared that the capital was suffering `` its worst case of invasion jitters since the First Battle of Bull Run . '' The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests ; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages ; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery . With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps , the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier . Students from the University of California came together as black power organizations and emphasized on the importance of African American freedom struggle . The march included black political parties and William Worthy who was one of many who lead college students during the freedom struggle era . On August 28 , more than 2,000 buses , 21 chartered trains , 10 chartered airliners , and uncounted cars converged on Washington . All regularly scheduled planes , trains , and buses were also filled to capacity . Leaders arrive late and link arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue . Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington , D.C. , the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall . The march began at the Washington Monument and was scheduled to progress to the Lincoln Memorial with a program of music and speakers . Demonstrators were met at the monument by speakers and musicians . Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue , while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media . The march failed to start on time because its leaders were meeting with members of Congress . To the leaders ' surprise , the assembled group began to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them . The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue , where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed ' leading the march ' . Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs , though this rule was not completely enforced by marshals . Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs , available in piles at the Washington Monument . About 50 members of the American Nazi Party staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police . The rest of Washington was quiet during the March . Most non-participating workers stayed home . Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV . Speakers ( edit ) External audio March on Washington , 15 hours of radio coverage , 8 / 28 / 1963 , Educational Radio Network Dr. King 's speech begins at 1 : 30 , 8 / 28 / 1963 , Educational Radio Network Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial . Speakers ( dubbed `` The Big Ten '' ) included The Big Six ; three religious leaders ( Catholic , Protestant , and Jewish ) ; and labor leader Walter Reuther . None of the official speeches were by women ; Josephine Baker gave a speech during the preliminary offerings , but women 's presence in the official program was limited to a `` tribute '' led by Bayard Rustin , at which Daisy Bates spoke ( see `` excluded speakers '' below . ) Floyd McKissick read James Farmer 's speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in Louisiana ; Farmer had written that the protests would not stop `` until the dogs stop biting us in the South and the rats stop biting us in the North . '' The actual order of the speakers is as follows : 1 . A. Philip Randolph -- March Director , 2 . Walter Reuther -- AFL - CIO , 3 . Roy Wilkins -- NAACP , 4 . John Lewis -- SNCC , 5 . Daisy Bates -- Little Rock , Arkansas , 6 . Dr. Eugene Carson Blake -- United Presbyterian Church and the National Council of Churches , 7 . Floyd McKissick -- CORE , 8 . Whitney Young -- National Urban League , 9 . Several smaller speeches , including Rabbi Joachim Prinz -- American Jewish Congress , Mathew Ahmann -- National Catholic Conference , Josephine Baker -- actress , and 10 . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . -- SCLC . Then closing remarks by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , March Organizers , leading with The Pledge and list of demands . Official program ( edit ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program Marian Anderson was scheduled to lead the National Anthem but was unable to arrive on time ; Camilla Williams performed in her place . Following an invocation by Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle , the opening remarks were given by march director A. Philip Randolph , followed by Eugene Carson Blake . A tribute to `` Negro Women Fighters for Freedom '' was then led by Bayard Rustin , at which Daisy Bates spoke briefly in place of Myrlie Evers , who had missed her flight . The tribute introduced Daisy Bates , Diane Nash , Prince E. Lee , Rosa Parks , and Gloria Richardson . The following speakers were SNCC chairman John Lewis , labor leader Walter Reuther and CORE chairman Floyd McKissick ( substituting for arrested CORE director James Farmer ) . The Eva Jessye Choir then sang , and Rabbi Uri Miller ( president of the Synagogue Council of America ) offered a prayer , followed by National Urban League director Whitney Young , NCCIJ director Mathew Ahmann , and NAACP leader Roy Wilkins . After a performance by singer Mahalia Jackson , American Jewish Congress president Joachim Prinz spoke , followed by SCLC president Martin Luther King Jr . Rustin then read the march 's official demands for the crowd 's approval , and Randolph led the crowd in a pledge to continue working for the march 's goals . The program was closed with a benediction by Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays . Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration , several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient . Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary . Roy Wilkins ( edit ) Roy Wilkins announced that W.E.B. Du Bois had died in Ghana the previous night ; the crowd observed a moment of silence in his memory . Wilkins had initially refused to announce the news because he despised Du Bois as a Communist -- but then insisted on making the announcement when he realized that Randolph would make it if he did n't . Wilkins said : `` Regardless of the fact that in his later years Dr. Du Bois chose another path , it is incontrovertible that at the dawn of the twentieth century his was the voice that was calling you to gather here today in this cause . If you want to read something that applies to 1963 go back and get a volume of The Souls of Black Folk by Du Bois , published in 1903 . '' John Lewis ( edit ) John Lewis of SNCC was the youngest speaker at the event . His speech -- which a number of SNCC activists had helped write -- took the Administration to task for how little it had done to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . Cut from his original speech at the insistence of more conservative and pro-Kennedy leaders were phrases such as : In good conscience , we can not support wholeheartedly the administration 's civil rights bill , for it is too little and too late ... I want to know , which side is the federal government on ? ... The revolution is a serious one . Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it into the courts . Listen , Mr. Kennedy . Listen , Mr. Congressman . Listen , fellow citizens . The black masses are on the march for jobs and freedom , and we must say to the politicians that there wo n't be a `` cooling - off '' period . ... We will march through the South , through the heart of Dixie , the way Sherman did . We shall pursue our own scorched earth policy and burn Jim Crow to the ground -- nonviolently ... John Lewis speaking in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress on the 50th anniversary , August 28 , 2013 Copies of the SNCC speech were distributed on August 27 , and met with immediate disapproval from many of the organizers . Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle objected most strenuously to a part of the speech that called for immediate action and disavowed `` patience '' . The government ( and more moderate civil rights leaders ) could not countenance SNCC 's explicit opposition of Kennedy 's civil rights bill . That night , O'Boyle and other members of the Catholic delegation began preparing a statement announcing their withdrawal from the March . Reuther convinced them to wait and called Rustin ; Rustin informed Lewis at 2 A.M. on August 28 that his speech was unacceptable to key members of the March . ( Rustin also reportedly contacted Tom Kahn , mistakenly believing that Kahn had edited the speech and inserted the line about Sherman 's March to the Sea . Rustin asked , `` How could you do this ? Do you know what Sherman did ? ) But Lewis did not want to change the speech . Other members of SNCC , including Stokely Carmichael , were also adamant that the speech not be censored . The dispute continued until minutes before talks were scheduled to begin . Under threat of public denouncement by the religious leaders , and under pressure from the rest of his coalition , Lewis agreed to omit the ' inflammatory ' passages . Many activists from SNCC , CORE , and even SCLC were angry at what they considered censorship of his speech . Lewis added a qualified endorsement of the civil rights legislation , saying : `` It is true that we support the administration 's Civil Rights Bill . We support it with great reservation , however . '' Even after toning down his speech , Lewis called for activists to `` get in and stay in the streets of every city , every village and hamlet of this nation until true freedom comes '' . Martin Luther King Jr. ( edit ) Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his `` I Have a Dream '' speech Main article : I Have a Dream The speech given by SCLC president King , who spoke last , became known as the `` I Have a Dream '' speech , which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march . In it , King called for an end to racism in the United States . It invoked the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . At the end of the speech , Mahalia Jackson shouted from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' , and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of `` I have a dream '' . Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , added to the National Recording Registry and memorialized by the National Park Service with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech . Randolph and Rustin ( edit ) A. Philip Randolph spoke first , promising : `` we shall return again and again to Washington in ever growing numbers until total freedom is ours . '' Randolph also closed the event along with Bayard Rustin . Rustin followed King 's speech by slowly reading the list of demands . The two concluded by urging attendees to take various actions in support of the struggle . Excluded speakers ( edit ) Author James Baldwin was prevented from speaking at the March on the grounds that his comments would be too inflammatory . Baldwin later commented on the irony of the `` terrifying and profound '' requests that he prevent the March from happening : In my view , by that time , there was , on the one hand , nothing to prevent -- the March had already been co-opted -- and , on the other , no way of stopping the people from descending on Washington . What struck me most horribly was that virtually no one in power ( including some blacks or Negroes who were somewhere next door to power ) was able , even remotely , to accept the depth , the dimension , of the passion and the faith of the people . Actress / singer Lena Horne was present but excluded from speaking . Despite the protests of organizer Anna Arnold Hedgeman , no women gave a speech at the March . Male organizers attributed this omission to the `` difficulty of finding a single woman to speak without causing serious problems vis - à - vis other women and women 's groups '' . Hedgeman read a statement at an August 16 meeting , charging : In light of the role of Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of our Negro men in this culture , it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the Lincoln Memorial ... The assembled group agreed that Myrlie Evers , the new widow of Medgar Evers , could speak during the `` Tribute to Women '' . However , Mrs. Evers was unavailable . Daisy Bates spoke briefly ( less than 200 words ) in place of Myrlie Evers , who had missed her flight . Earlier , Josephine Baker had addressed the crowd before the official program began . Although Gloria Richardson was on the program and had been asked to give a two - minute speech , when she arrived at the stage her chair with her name on it had been removed , and the event marshal took her microphone away after she said `` hello '' . Richardson , along with Rosa Parks and Lena Horne , was escorted away from the podium before Martin Luther King Jr. spoke . Early plans for the March would have included an `` Unemployed Worker '' as one of the speakers . This position was eliminated , furthering criticism of the March 's middle - class bias . Singers ( edit ) Gospel legend Mahalia Jackson sang `` How I Got Over '' , and Marian Anderson sang `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' . This was not Marian Anderson 's first appearance at the Lincoln Memorial . In 1939 , the Daughters of the American Revolution refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall . With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt , Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open - air concert on Easter Sunday , 1939 , on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . Joan Baez and Bob Dylan performing at the March Joan Baez led the crowds in several verses of `` We Shall Overcome '' and `` Oh Freedom '' . Musician Bob Dylan performed `` When the Ship Comes In '' , for which he was joined by Baez . Dylan also performed `` Only a Pawn in Their Game '' , a provocative and not completely popular choice because it asserted that Byron de la Beckwith , as a poor white man , was not personally or primarily to blame for the murder of Medgar Evers . Peter , Paul and Mary sang `` If I Had a Hammer '' and Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' . Odetta sang `` I 'm On My Way '' . Some participants , including Dick Gregory criticized the choice of mostly white performers and the lack of group participation in the singing . Dylan himself said he felt uncomfortable as a white man serving as a public image for the Civil Rights Movement . After the March on Washington , he performed at few other immediately politicized events . Meeting with president Kennedy ( edit ) Kennedy meets with march leaders After the March , the speakers traveled to the White House for a brief discussion of proposed civil rights legislation with President Kennedy . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on TV and was very impressed . According to biographer Thomas C. Reeves , Kennedy `` felt that he would be booed at the March , and also did n't want to meet with organizers before the March because he did n't want a list of demands . He arranged a 5 P.M. meeting at the White House with the 10 leaders on the 28th . '' The March was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' and Kennedy felt it was a victory for him as well -- bolstering the chances for his civil rights bill . Media coverage ( edit ) Aerial view of Washington Monument showing marchers Media attention gave the march national exposure , carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary . In his section The March on Washington and Television News , William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last Presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . The major networks broadcast some of the March live , though they interspersed footage of interviews with politicians . Subsequent broadcasts focused heavily on the `` I have a dream '' portion of King 's speech . The Voice of America translated the speeches and rebroadcast them in 36 languages . The United States Information Agency organized a press conference for the benefit of foreign journalists , and also created a documentary film of the event for distribution to embassies abroad . Commented Michael Thelwell of SNCC : `` So it happened that Negro students from the South , some of whom still had unhealed bruises from the electric cattle prods which Southern police used to break up demonstrations , were recorded for the screens of the world portraying ' American Democracy at Work . ' '' Responses and memories ( edit ) Organizers ( edit ) Although the mass media generally declared the March successful because of its high turnout , organizers were not confident that it would create change . Randolph and Rustin abandoned their belief in the effectiveness of marching on Washington . King maintained faith that action in Washington could work , but determined that future marchers would need to call greater attention to economic injustice . In 1967 -- 1968 , he organized a Poor People 's Campaign to occupy the National Mall with a shantytown . Critics ( edit ) Black nationalist Malcolm X , in his Message to the Grass Roots speech , criticized the march , describing it as `` a picnic '' and `` a circus '' . He said the civil rights leaders had diluted the original purpose of the march , which had been to show the strength and anger of black people , by allowing white people and organizations to help plan and participate in the march . One SNCC staffer commented during the march , `` He 's denouncing us as clowns , but he 's right there with the clown show . '' But the membership of SNCC , increasingly frustrated with the tactics of the NAACP and other moderate groups , gradually embraced Malcolm X 's position . Segregationists including William Jennings Bryan Dorn criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists . Senator Olin D. Johnston rejected an invitation to attend , writing : `` You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March . You should know that criminal , fanatical , and communistic elements , as well as crackpots , will move in to take every advantage of this mob . You certainly will have no influence on any member of Congress , including myself . '' Participants ( edit ) Leaders of the march leading marchers down the street Many participants said they felt the March was a historic and life - changing experience . Nan Grogan Orrock , a student at Mary Washington College , said : `` You could n't help but get swept up in the feeling of the March . It was an incredible experience of this mass of humanity with one mind moving down the street . It was like being part of a glacier . You could feel the sense of collective will and effort in the air . '' SNCC organizer Bob Zellner reported that the event `` provided dramatic proof that the sometimes quiet and always dangerous work we did in the Deep South had had a profound national impact . The spectacle of a quarter of a million supporters and activists gave me an assurance that the work I was in the process of dedicating my life to was worth doing . '' Richard Brown , then a white graduate student at Harvard University , recalls that the March fostered direct actions for economic progress : `` Henry Armstrong and I compared notes . I realized the Congress of Racial Equality might help black employment in Boston by urging businesses to hire contractors like Armstrong . He agreed to help start a list of reliable contractors that CORE could promote . It was a modest effort -- but it moved in the right direction . '' Other participants , more sympathetic to Malcolm X and the black nationalists , expressed ambivalence . One marcher from New York explained : It 's like St. Patrick 's Day . I came out of respect for what my people are doing , not because I believe it will do any good . I thought it would do some good in the beginning . But when the march started to get all the official approval from Mastah Kennedy , Mastah Wagner , Mastah Spellman , and they started setting limits on how we had to march peacefully , I knew that the march was going to be a mockery , that they were giving us something again . Marcher Beverly Alston thought that the day had its greatest impact within the movement : `` Culturally , there has been tremendous progress over the past forty years . Black awareness and self - determination has soared . Politically , I just do n't think we 've made enough progress . '' Fifteen - year - old Ericka Jenkins from Washington said : I saw people laughing and listening and standing very close to one another , almost in an embrace . Children of every size , pregnant women , elderly people who seemed tired but happy to be there , clothing that made me know that they struggled to make it day to day , made me know they worked in farms or offices or even nearby for the government . I did n't see teenagers alone ; I saw groups of teenagers with teachers . White people ( were ) standing in wonder . Their eyes were open , they were listening . Openness and nothing on guard -- I saw that in everybody . I was so happy to see that in the white people that they could listen and take in and respect and believe in the words of a black person . I had never seen anything like that . Some people discussed racism becoming less explicit after the March . Reverend Abraham Woods of Birmingham commented : `` Everything has changed . And when you look at it , nothing has changed . Racism is under the surface , and an incident that could scratch it , can bring it out . '' Effects and legacy ( edit ) The symbolism of the March has been contested since before it even took place . In the years following the March , movement radicals increasingly subscribed to Malcolm X 's narrative of the March as a co-optation by the white establishment . Liberals and conservatives tended to embrace the March , but focused mostly on King 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech and the legislative successes of 1964 and 1965 . The mass media identified King 's speech as a highlight of the event and focused on this oration to the exclusion of other aspects . For several decades , King took center stage in narratives about the March . More recently , historians and commentators have acknowledged the role played by Bayard Rustin in organizing the event . Political effects ( edit ) Soon after the speakers ended their meetings with Congress to go join the March , both houses passed legislation to create a dispute arbitration board for striking railroad workers . The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights , creating political momentum for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The cooperation of a Democratic administration with the issue of civil rights marked a pivotal moment in voter alignment within the U.S. The Democratic Party gave up the Solid South -- its undivided support since Reconstruction among the segregated Southern states -- and went on to capture a high proportion of votes from blacks from the Republicans . Anniversary marches ( edit ) 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years , with the 20th and 25th being some of the most well known . The 25th Anniversary theme was `` We Still have a Dream ... Jobs * Peace * Freedom . '' At the 2013 anniversary march , President Barack Obama conferred a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom on Bayard Rustin and 15 others . Postal stamp ( edit ) For the 50th Anniversary , the United States Postal Service released a forever stamp that commemorates the 1963 March on Washington . The stamp shows marchers near the Washington Monument with signs calling for equal rights and jobs for all . Issues ( edit ) In 2013 , the Economic Policy Institute launched a series of reports around the theme of `` The Unfinished March '' . These reports analyze the goals of the original march and assess how much progress has been made . They echo the message of Randolph and Rustin that civil rights can not transform people 's quality of life unless accompanied by economic justice . They contend that many of the March 's primary goals -- including housing , integrated education , and widespread employment at living wages -- have not been accomplished . They further argued that although legal advances were made , black people still live in concentrated areas of poverty ( `` ghettoes '' ) , where they receive inferior education and suffer from widespread unemployment . Dedrick Muhammad of the NAACP writes that racial inequality of income and homeownership have increased since 1963 and worsened during the recent Great Recession . Gallery ( edit ) Sidney Poitier , Harry Belafonte and Charlton Heston Actor Ossie Davis Dr. Ralph Bunche Major League Baseball player , Jackie Robinson Four young marchers singing Charlton Heston , James Baldwin and Marlon Brando Food service crew Sammy Davis Jr. , with Roy Wilkins , Executive Secretary of NAACP Vocalists Peter , Paul , and Mary National Basketball Association player , Bill Russell See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal African American portal List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. Prathia Hall References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( April 1998 ) . `` Recording the Dream '' . History Today . Yet by the end of the year the company was promoting its Great March to Washington album , featuring ` I Have A Dream ' in its entirety . Jump up ^ King III , Martin Luther ( 2010 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Still striving for MLK 's dream in the 21st century '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Remembered `` . PBS NewsHour . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom '' . Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement . ^ Jump up to : Bayard Rustin Papers ( 1963 - 08 - 28 ) , March on Washington ( Program ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. : Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , and Mathew Ahmann , Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice , in a Crowd '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . August 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( press release ) on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NewsHour Extra : The March on Washington and Its Impact - Lesson Plan Jump up ^ An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled - The Hill 's Congress Blog Jump up ^ Weinstein , Allen ( 2002 ) . The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower . DK Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 31 , 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Neil A. Wynn , `` The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro '' ; Journal of Contemporary History 6 ( 2 ) , 1971 ; p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 142 . `` In 1963 , however , the March on Washington was but one aspect of a national explosion of actions against racial discrimination that many criticized as being outside traditional politics . ( ... ) In the South after 1960 , the widespread adoption of direct action -- purposeful defiance of segregation laws and injunctions against demonstrations -- inspired activists and attracted new attention from the media , the federal government , and white segregationists . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. xvi . `` Violence swept the South all year . Vigilantes in Clarksdale firebombed the home of Aaron Henry , the head of Mississippi 's NAACP . After a gas bomb went off in a church in Itta Bena , Mississippi , mobs threw bottles and rocks at activists spilling onto the streets . Vigilantes shot into the home of college professors helping the movement in Jackson . A civil rights worker traveling from Itta Bena to Jackson was shot in the neck and shoulder . A bomb destroyed a two - family home in Jackson . Whites in the North Carolina town of Goldsboro ran down demonstrators in a car and threw bottles and rocks . Whites in Pine Bluff , in Arkansas , attacked civil rights workers with ammonia and bottles . Someone shot into the home of an NAACP board member in Saint Augustine . When nine activists prayed in a country courthouse in Somerville , Tennessee , police allowed hoodlums into the building to beat them up . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Bartlett , `` The 1963 March on Washington Changed Politics Forever '' ; The Fiscal Times , 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 120 -- 121 . `` In the TV interview , Baldwin was ashen , disoriented . He had had no idea , before now , just how aloof the Kennedys were . He thought the administration 's caution came from ruthless political calculation . But now it seemed that the pampered sons of old Joe Kennedy just had no idea -- no understanding at all -- about race in America . The secret meeting was immediately leaked to the press . Within weeks , the velocity of the civil rights movement would lead President John F. Kennedy to give the most aggressive presidential address in history on race , which was quickly followed with the most comprehensive legislation in modern history . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 17 . `` By going to the old Communists and socialists , Arnowitz later recalled , Rustin hoped to ' outflank Kennedy 's labor connections ' and King 's moderate , nonviolent SCLC . If Rustin went to Kennedy 's backers , they would report to the president . Later , in fact , when United Auto Workers joined the march effort , UAW people fed inside intelligence to the White House . In the earliest planning stages , in 1962 , it was better to steer clear of Kennedy 's financial and political network . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ David J. Garrow , `` The Long March ' The March on Washington , ' by William P. Jones '' ; New York Times , 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : William P. Jones , `` The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington '' ; Dissent , Spring 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan VanSertima , Great black leaders : ancient and modern ; Journal of African Civilizations , 1988 ; p. 44 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , pp. 269 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 22 . `` That plan -- the elder statesman as director , the controversial organizer as the details man -- broke the tension . Randolph got his deputy , but Wilkins warned Randolph that he was responsible for any controversy . He had to take the heat . And he had to control his protogé . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 872 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Charles , `` Nobody Turn Me Around : A People 's History of the 1963 March on Washington '' , 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 871 . ^ Jump up to : Branch 1988 , p. 874 . ^ Jump up to : Getting to the March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 - The Road to Civil Rights - Highway History - FHWA Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 278 . `` Throughout the mid-July Senate hearings on the civil rights bill , segregationist spokesmen such as Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett repeatedly made wild accusations that the civil rights movement was a Communist conspiracy , allegations that were reported under headlines such as BARNETT CHARGES KENNEDYS ASSIST RED RACIAL PLOT . Several senators asked the FBI and Justice Department to respond to these claims , and on July 25 , Attorney General Robert Kennedy released a carefully worded statement to the effect that no civil rights leaders were ' Communists or Communist - controlled ' . That same day , the Atlanta Constitution , aided by another FBI leak , revealed that Jack O'Dell had continued to frequent SCLC 's New York office even after his ' permanent ' resignation four weeks earlier . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 57 . `` The FBI attempted to exploit fears about violence and Communist infiltration of the civil rights movement -- fears that were partly the result of J. Edgar Hoover 's long campaign against the movement . FBI agents made last minute - calls to celebrities . Do you know , the agents asked , that many of the march 's leaders are Communists ? Do you know that Communists and other leftists could create chaos at the march ? Do you know that it 's not too late to pull out of the march ? Stay away ! '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 150 . `` In coordination with the Kennedy administration , the police department proposed to keep on duty all police officers on August 28 and to commission firefighters and the police reserve as temporary officers . In addition , they decided to mobilize 2,000 National Guardsmen preemptively . Likewise , the Kennedy administration planned to turn out every Capitol , White House , and Park Police officer and arranged to supplement the 1,000 soldiers in the area with 3,000 additional men . '' ^ Jump up to : Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) . Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years , 1963 -- 65 . Simon & Schuster . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80819 - 6 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 28 . `` The army 's plan , in the event of a civil disturbance , was to roar 320 miles north into Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and then send soldiers to the Mall by helicopter to battle the violence . The soldiers would break the mob into wedges , isolate and subdue the most violent elements , and protect the peaceable protestors . ( ... ) The soldiers at Fort Bragg were part of Operation Steep Hill , a joint battle plan of the White House , the Justice Department , the Pentagon , and the Washington Metropolitan Police . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2013/08/28/216411095/behind-march-on-washingtons-sunny-reputation-laid-deep-fear Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 101 . `` During that training , Julius Hobson emphasized the dangers posed by the FBI . Agent provocateurs would spread all over the Mall , looking for opportunities to start fights , Hobson said . The major task of the volunteer security guards , then , was to spot those agents and alert someone before any fights started . No one knew it at the time , but Hobson was a paid informant for the FBI . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ White , Bay , and Martin Jr , Deborah Gray , Mia , and Waldo E ( 2013 ) . Freedom on my Mind : African Americans and the New Century , 200 - Present . New York : Bedford , Boston / St. Martin 's . p. 667 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 876 . ^ Jump up to : http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 165 . `` In the midst of one of these meetings , the leaders were disturbed to learn the marchers had begun their spontaneous march . Breaking off their meeting , they rushed to Constitution Avenue , already filled with marchers . There , anxious aides cleared a space so the ten leaders could link arms as though they were at the head of the crowd . Then the photographers and filmmakers shot pictures of the leaders ' leading the march ' ( fig. 25 ) . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Parts 1 - 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Current biography yearbook . H.W. Wilson Company . 1965 . p. 121 . Jump up ^ William P. Jones ( author of The March on Washington , 2013 ) , interview on Book TV , C - Span 2 , January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.alternet.org/activism/civil-rights-leader-gloria-richardson-reflects-1963-march-washington ^ Jump up to : http://www.motherjones.com/slideshows/2013/08/50th-anniversary-march-washington/protestors-march-washington-1 ^ Jump up to : `` 9 things about Martin Luther King Jr. 's speech , March on Washington - CNN.com '' . CNN . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 283 . `` Two Kennedy aides stood ready to ' pull the plug ' on the public address system in case anything went amiss . '' Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 180 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Doak , Robin Santos ( 2007 ) . The March on Washington : Uniting Against Racism . Capstone . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 3339 - 7 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Full Text of John Lewis ' Speech ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Lewis , John ; Michael D'Orso ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind : A Memoir of the Movement . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0156007088 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 45 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , pp. 282 -- 283 . `` With the program only minutes away , the leadership arrived at the Lincoln Memorial with the controversy over Lewis 's text still unresolved . Rustin promised O'Boyle that the necessary changes would be made , and the cardinal agreed to appear on the platform and deliver the invocation , so long as he was handed a copy of the revised Lewis text at least ten minutes before the SNCC chairman 's appearance . O'Boyle told Rustin that if it were unsatisfactory , or if Lewis delivered the original draft , he and other religious leaders would get up and leave . '' Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D . The Dream : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Speech that Inspired a Nation ( 2003 ) p. 177 ^ Jump up to : http://www.tolerance.org/blog/ten-things-know-about-march-washington Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 1963 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard '' ; Baystate Banner 43 ( 27 ) , 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Herb Boyd , Baldwin 's Harlem : A Biography of James Baldwin ; New York : Atria , 2008 ; p. 70 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 109 , 111 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Jones , March on Washington ( 2013 ) , p. online . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ David Hajdu , Positively 4th Street : The Lives and Times of Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , Mimi Baez Farina and Richard Farina ; New York : Picador , 2001 ; ISBN 9781429961769 ; p. 201 Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power ( 1993 ) pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' by William Thomas Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 176 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Malcolm X ( 1990 ) ( 1965 ) . George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks . New York : Grove Weidenfeld . pp. 14 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 16 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 153 . `` Segregationists and black nationalists launched scathing criticisms of the Kennedy administration for its support . For rabid segregationist Representative W.J. Bryan Dorn , a Democrat from South Carolina , the absurdity was that ' for the first time in the history of our Nation ... the Federal government has itself encouraged a `` march on Washington . '' ' '' Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown , `` March On Washington Was Day To Remember -- And Relive The Bus , Henry Armstrong -- And The Work Left Undone '' ; Hartford Courant , 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : DeWayne Wickham , `` Rustin finally getting due recognition '' ; Pacific Daily News , 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett , `` How the March on Washington Flipped the Southern Vote '' ; Fiscal Times , 16 August 1963 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ `` New stamp commemorates 1963 March on Washington '' . CBS News . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` King 's unfinished work '' , Philadelphia Inquirer , 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Allen , `` Upcoming Washington March should again focus on jobs '' , Madison Times ( NNPA ) , 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Algernon Austin , `` The Unfinished March : An Overview '' ; Economic Policy Institute Report , 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dedrick Muhammad , `` 50 Years After the March On Washington : The Economic Impacts on Education '' ; Huffington Post , 13 August 2013 . Bibliography Bass , Patrick Henry . Like a Mighty Stream : The March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 . Philadelphia : Running Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1292 - 5 Barber , Lucy G. Marching on Washington : The Forging of an American Political Tradition University of California Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22713 - 1 Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 63 . New York ; London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780671687427 . Leonard Freed , This Is the Day : The March on Washington , Los Angeles : Getty Publications , 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 121 - 3 . Marable , Manning ; Leith Mullings ( 2002 ) . Freedom : A Photographic History of the African American Struggle . Phaidon Press . ISBN 9780714845173 . Euchner , Charles . Nobody Turn Me Around : A People 's History of the March on Washington . Boston : Beacon Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0059 - 5 Garrow , David . Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . William Morrow and Company , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04794 - 7 Tuttle , Kate ( 1999 ) . `` March on Washington , 1963 '' . In Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates ( eds . ) . Africana : the Encyclopedia of the African and African American experience . Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 9780465000715 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jones , William P . The March on Washington : Jobs , Freedom , and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights . Norton , 2013 . ISBN 9780393240580 Williams , Juan ( 1987 ) . Eyes on the prize : America 's civil rights years , 1954 - 1965 . New York , NY : Viking . ISBN 9780245546686 . Further reading Jones , William P . The March on Washington : Jobs , Freedom , and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights ( W.W. Norton ; 2013 ) 296 pages ; Saunders , Doris E ... The Day They Marched ( Johnson Publishing Company ; 1963 ) Lyon , Danny ( 1992 ) . Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 9780807843864 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . March on Washington -- King Encyclopedia , Stanford University March on Washington August 28 , 1963 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans March on Washington , WDAS History The 1963 March on Washington - slideshow by Life magazine Original Program for the March on Washington Martin Luther King , Jr. 's speech at the March Annotated text of John Lewis 's original speech with changes Video John Lewis 's speech The short film `` The March on Washington ( 1963 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The March , 1963 , from the National Archives YouTube Channel Eyes on the Prize March on Washington video page , PBS , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 Civil Rights Movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( colleague ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom&oldid=827480675 '' Categories : 1963 in Washington , D.C. History of African - American civil rights Civil rights protests in the United States Protest marches in Washington , D.C. Martin Luther King Jr . African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) August 1963 events 1963 protests Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did drink driving become illegal in nz			Drunk driving law by country	drunk driving law by country	The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries . One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 2.1 North America 2.1. 1 Canada 2.1. 2 Mexico 2.1. 3 United States 2.2 Caribbean 2.3 Central America 2.4 South America 3 Asia 3.1 Central Asia 3.2 East Asia 3.3 South Asia 3.4 Southeast Asia 3.5 Western Asia 4 Europe 4.1 Britain 4.1. 1 Further rules in the United Kingdom ( UK ) 4.1. 2 Magistrates ' sentencing guidelines 5 Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.1. 1 Australian Capital Territory 5.1. 2 New South Wales 5.1. 3 Northern Territory 5.1. 4 Queensland 5.1. 5 South Australia 5.1. 6 Tasmania 5.1. 7 Victoria 5.1. 8 Western Australia 5.2 New Zealand 5.3 Other countries in Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Angola : 0.06 % Algeria : 0.02 % Benin : 0.05 % Cape Verde : 0.08 % Central African Republic : 0.08 % Comoros : 0 Congo : 0.01 % Egypt : 0.05 % Equatorial Guinea : 0.15 % Eritrea : 0.03 % for commercial or professional drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Ethiopia : 0.08 The Gambia : No limit Ghana : 0.08 % Guinea : 0.08 % Guinea - Bissau : 0.15 % Kenya : No limit Libya : 0 Malawi : 0.08 % Mauritius : 0.05 % Morocco : 0.00 % Namibia : 0.05 % Niger : No limit Nigeria : 0.05 % Seychelles : 0.08 % South Africa : 0.05 % and 0.02 % for professional drivers ( trucks over 3.5 tonnes , and vehicles carrying passengers for reward ) National Road Traffic Act , 1996 . Togo : No limit Uganda : 0.08 % Tanzania : 0 for professional or commercial drivers , 0.08 % for all other drivers . Zambia : 0.08 % Americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Impaired driving in Canada Canada : 0.0 -- 0.08 % The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1968 -- 69 made it a per se offence to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg / 100 ml of blood . Refusal of a police officer 's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offences , with a mandatory minimum $ 50 fine . British Columbia has a zero tolerance policy regarding driving under the influence . Any blood alcohol level is illegal and subject to punishment for people holding a class 7 learners or novice license . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico : 0.04 -- 0.10 % . United states ( edit ) Main article : Drunk driving in the United States A 1937 poster warns US drivers about the dangers of mixing alcohol and driving . United States : Depends on state , 0.08 % or 0.05 % BAC by volume In the United States , the blood alcohol level at which all states make it unlawful to operate a motor vehicle is 0.08 , although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving at a lower blood alcohol level . Some states define two impaired driving offenses . The first is the traditional offense , variously called driving under the influence of alcohol ( DUI ) , driving while intoxicated / impaired ( DWI ) , operating under the influence ( OUI ) , or operating while intoxicated / impaired ( OWI ) . The second and more recent is the so - called illegal per se offense of driving with a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) by volume ( mass of alcohol / volume of blood ) of 0.08 % ( previously 0.10 % ) or higher . The first offense requires proof of intoxication , although evidence of BAC is admissible as rebuttably presumptive evidence of that intoxication ; the second requires only proof of BAC at the time of being in physical control of a motor vehicle . An accused may potentially be convicted of both offenses as a result of a single incident , but may only be punished for one . The differences between state penalties still varies . Wisconsin , for instance , is the only state that continues to treat first offense drunk driving arrests as forfeiture . Some states also include a lesser charge of driving with a BAC of 0.05 % ; other states limit this offense to drivers under the age of 21 . All states and DC also now have zero tolerance laws : the license of anyone under 21 driving with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream ( BAC limits of 0.01 % or 0.02 % apply in some states , such as Florida . ) will be suspended . In 2009 , Puerto Rico joined these states , setting a limit of 0.02 for drivers under 21 , despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18 . The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04 % . Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol , while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug , or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood . Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to . 05 % BAC by volume on March 24 , 2017 . The law takes effect on December 30 , 2018 . The bill 's passage , HB155 , was controversial in the state . A poll published on July 29 , 2017 found 50 percent of Utahns supported the new law , but 47 percent opposed it . In most states , the timing of the chemical test for suspected drunk driving is important because the law mandates a result within a given time period after the driving stopped , usually two hours . The aftermath of a drunk driving car crash is simulated as part of an anti-drunk driving campaign for California high school students . Caribbean ( edit ) Bahamas : 0.06 % Cuba : 0 for young or inexperienced drivers and professional or commercial drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Dominican Republic : 0.03 % Jamaica : The law states that the legal alcohol limit is 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath or a blood alcohol level of 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood . Trinidad and Tobago : 35 μg / 100 mL BrAC , 80 mg / ml BAC Central America ( edit ) Belize : 0.08 % Costa Rica : 0.02 % for public transport , commercial drivers and new drivers , or 0.05 % for all others results in a fine of CRC 280,000 ( US $489.61 as of 27 July 2017 ) . A BAC in excess of 0.05 % for public transport , commercial drivers and new drivers or 0.075 % for all others additionally results in a 1 to 3 year prison sentence , vehicle impoundment and 2 year licence suspension . El Salvador : 0.05 % Guatemala : 0.08 % Honduras : 0.07 % Nicaragua : 0.05 % Panama : 0.08 % South America ( edit ) Argentina : 0 % for public transport and commercial vehicles , 0.02 % for motorcycles , and 0.05 % for all others . Bolivia : 0.05 % for professional drivers only . Brazil : Since 2008 Brazil practices a zero tolerance . If a driver is found to be driving with any BAC ( up to . 06 % ) , the driver is to have their license suspended for 12 months , pay a fine of BRL 2,934.70 ( doubled if recurrence ) and will have the car seized . Anything above 0.06 % is considered a criminal offense . Chile : From 15 March 2012 , 0.03 -- 0.08 % the driver is considered to be driving under the influence and carries a three - month suspension and a fine of US $82 -- 410 ( as of 19 March 2012 ) ; over 0.08 % the driver is considered to be drunk and carries a prison term of 61 to 301 days , a fine of US $164 -- 820 ( as of 19 March 2012 ) and a two - year suspension for the first offense , a five - year suspension for a second offense , and a life suspension for a third offense . Colombia : Colombia is known to have the toughest penalties against those driving under the influence in all of Latin America and practice a zero tolerance policy on DUIs . If a driver is found to be driving with 20 -- 39 mg / 100 ml ethanol in blood ( equivalent to 0.02 -- 0.039 % BAC ) , the driver is to have their license suspended for a year , pay a fine of US $914 ( as of 22 December 2013 ) , and serve twenty hours of community service . In the most extreme cases , if a driver is found to be driving with grade three alcohol ( 150 mg / 100 ml ethanol in blood ) , the driver is to have their licence confiscated for ten years , pay a fine of US $7,314 ( as of 22 December 2013 ) , and serve fifty hours of community service . If the driver gets in an accident and causes injuries and or deaths , the driver is to face between 2.5 and eighteen years of prison sentence . Ecuador : 0.01 % for commercial or professional drivers ; 0.03 % for all other drivers . Guyana : 0.08 % Paraguay : 0 Peru : Drivers below a 0.05 % BAC will be given a warning . At a 0.05 % and over , the driver will be given a fine and a license suspension of no less than six months and no more than two years . If the driver is involved in an accident without causing death or severe injury to another individual , he or she may possibly face jail time . If the driver 's causes an accident with a BAC over 0.101 % , involving death or severe injury to another party , he or she will receive a mandatory prison sentence of three to five years . The driver 's license will also be permanently revoked . Suriname : 0.05 % Uruguay : 0 tolerance for every driver , professional or not ( since January 2016 ) The driver will have to pay a fine of US $464 ( as of 29 April 2015 ) and will have their licence suspended . Depending on the concentration of alcohol in blood and the times the driver was found guilty , the suspension goes from a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years . If the driver causes an accident involving death , he or she will be charged with negligent homicide and will face a minimum of six months in prison . Venezuela : 0.08 % Asia ( edit ) Central Asia ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan : 0.05 % Mongolia : 0.05 % Turkmenistan : 0 East asia ( edit ) China : 0.02 % . Over 0.02 % but under 0.08 % : CN ¥ 1000 -- 2000 fine , six months licence suspension ; Over 0.08 % : up to three years imprisonment , five years licence suspension . If the driver causes serious injuries or death , the license will be suspended for life . Hong Kong : 0.05 % or BAC 0.22 mg / L or urine 0.067 % . Driving under the influence of alcohol beyond legal limit is punishable with a monetary fine and up to three years imprisonment , with ten driving - offense points and mandatory Driving Improvement Course . Japan : BrAC 0.15 mg / L ( equivalent to 0.03 % ) . Additionally , regardless of alcohol readings , police may also determine the driver to be `` driving drunk '' , which is punished more severely than exceeding the designated alcohol limits . Republic of Korea : 0.05 % Taiwan : 0.05 % ( BrAC 0.15 mg / L ) . Over 0.05 % but under 0.11 % : TWD 15,000 to 90,000 fine , and license suspension for one year . 0.11 % and above : license suspension for one year , and charge of offences against public safety with possible prison sentence up to two years as the maximum penalty . If the driver is convicted of causing accidents , the penalty shall be increased by half . If the driver causes serious injuries or death , the license will be suspended for life or even face the death penalty . South asia ( edit ) Afghanistan : 0 India : 0.03 % . This is according to section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988 . On a first offence , the punishment is imprisonment of six months , a fine of 2000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) or both . If the second offence is committed within three years , the punishment is two years , a fine of 3000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) or both . The clause of 30 mg / dL was added by an amendment in 1994 . It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994 . Nepal : 0 % . Breathalyzer testing is regularly used in major cities like Kathmandu , Pokhara , Biratnagar and Highways . For more verification , driver will be taken to nearest hospitals for blood and urine test ( if demanded by the driver ) . Licence will be seized instantly . Driver will get the licence back after attending anti-alcoholic classes run by Nepal Traffic Police and fine will be charged NRS 1000 . Pakistan : Falls under Drink and Drugs , S. No 14 . No Set limit . 8 Penalty Points . Sri Lanka : 0.06 % . Breathalyzer testing is not used routinely . If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence . If the driver refuses examination by the medical officer he is considered to have been under influence by default . Southeast asia ( edit ) Brunei : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Cambodia : 0.01 % Laos : 80 mg / 100 ml of blood . Indonesia : 0 Malaysia : 0.08 % , or 80 mg100 ml alcohol in blood . Philippines : The Republic Act 10586 or the `` Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 '' indicates that blood alcohol content ( BAH ) should be 0.05 % for non-professional drivers and 0.01 % for motorcycle riders and professional drivers . A traffic enforcer must first establish probable cause before directing a motorist suspected of DUI to pull over . Then , the motorist should do the following field sobriety tests -- the horizontal gaze nystagmus ( eye test ) , the walk - and - turn , and one - leg stand . A breath analyzer shall only be used after the motorist fails these three tests . Singapore : 0.08 % ( 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol blood ) or BrAC : 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath , strictly enforced . Thailand : 0 for professional or commercial drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Vietnam : 50 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood motorbikes and 0 for cars or larger vehicles . Western asia ( edit ) Turkey : 0.05 % , 0 for commercial transport and public service drivers . Armenia : 0.04 % Azerbaijan : 0 Iran : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Israel : 0.024 % 24 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath ( penalties only apply above 26 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used ) . New drivers , drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 0.005 % 5 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath . Jordan : 0.05 . Breathalyzer testing is not routinely used . If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence . Kuwait : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Lebanon : 0.02 % , often unenforced . Saudi Arabia : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Syria : often unenforced , unless heavily drunk and driving . License revoked for 1 to 3 month . 2000 Syrian pounds fine . United Arab Emirates : 0 Europe ( edit ) Map of Europe showing countries ' blood alcohol limits as defined in g / dl for the general population Note : Take zero to usually mean below detection limit . Albania : 0.01 % Austria : 0.05 % . 0.01 % for drivers who have held a licence for less than two years and drivers of vehicles over 7.5 tonnes Belarus : 0.03 % Belgium : 0.05 % Fines and driving bans increase as the alcohol concentration in the blood increases . Bosnia and Herzegovina : 0.03 % for all drivers except for drivers of C , CE , D and DE categories , public service drivers , professional drivers , driving instructors , and drivers younger than 21 years or without 3 years of experience , where limit is zero . Bulgaria : 0.05 % Czech Republic : Zero Croatia : 0.05 % . Zero for drivers aged 16 to 24 and professional drivers on duty . Cyprus : 0.05 % Denmark : 0.05 % , imprisonment if over 0.20 % , zero if not driving safely . Fine : one month 's pay after taxes × BAC × 10 . Estonia : 0.019 % Finland : 0.05 % , 0.12 % ( aggravated ) . The penalty is a fine or jail up to six months plus license suspension from one month to five years . For aggravated , also a prison sentence ( sixty days to two years ) is possible , usually as a suspended sentence . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and often practiced . Penalties vary by level of intoxication . France : 0.05 % or 0.02 % for new drivers ( under three years of driving license ) and bus drivers ( € 135 fine and six demerit points on the driver 's license , which can be suspended for three years maximum ) , 0.08 % ( aggravated , criminal offense , license suspension for three years , € 4,500 fine , and up to two years imprisonment ) Georgia : 0.02 % Germany : Zero for beginners ( less than two years ' experience or under the age of 21 ) , professional drivers , bus drivers , truck drivers , and drivers transporting passengers commercially ; 0.03 % in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident ; 0.05 % otherwise . For cyclists , the limit is set at 0.16 % , where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident . From 0.16 % , cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit . Penalties start at a € 500 fine and one - month license suspension . From 0.11 % , the penalty is a € 500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver 's licence for at least six months , but usually about one year ( penalty is set by the court ) ; from 0.16 % , reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment ( MPU ) . From 0.11 % within ten years of an offence from 0.05 % , there is a minimum € 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 fine and a one - year licence withdrawal ; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months , before they can get their licence back . For repeat offenses , the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence ( doubled , tripled , etc . ) , regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit . These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts . From 0.11 % , the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service . Gibraltar : 0.05 % Greece : 0.05 % ( BrAC 0.25 mg / L ) , reduced to 0.02 % ( BrAC 0.10 mg / L ) for unlicensed or new drivers who have held a license for less than two years , motor cycle and professional drivers . Above 0.11 % ( BrAC 0.60 mg / L ) it 's considered a flagrant misdemeanor punishable with up to two years of imprisonment and a hefty fine in the court plus the revoking of the drivers licence for six months . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by the traffic police , especially on weekends and major holidays . Hungary : Zero Iceland : 0.04 % Ireland : 0.05 % generally or 0.02 % for learner drivers , newly qualified drivers ( those who have their license for less than two years ) and professional drivers , and those who do not have their driving license on them when stopped by the Gardaí ( police ) . Police do not need a reason to request a breath sample . Being convicted of drunk driving usually carries a two - year ban as well as a € 1,500 fine . Italy : From 0.05 % to 0.08 % ( € 500 - 2,000 fine , three to six months license suspension ) , from 0.08 % to 0.15 % ( aggravated , € 800 - 3,200 fine , six to twelve months license suspension , up to six months imprisonment ) , over 0.15 % ( aggravated , € 1,500 - 6,000 fine , one to two years license suspension , six to twelve months imprisonment , vehicle seizure and confiscation ) , zero for drivers with less than three years experience and professional drivers ( bus , trucks , etc . ) . License is always revoked in case of : professional drivers , second offence committed within two years or in case of an accident . If the driver refuses examination he is considered to have been under influence by default applying the over 0.15 % rules . Limit is zero for newly qualified drivers ( those who have their license for less than three years ) . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by various law enforcement agencies . Latvia : 0.02 % for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05 % for those with more than two years of experience Liechtenstein : 0.08 % Lithuania : 0.00 % for taxi , truck , autobus , motorcycle drivers . 0.02 % for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.04 % for those with more than two years of experience Luxembourg : 0.02 % for professional drivers and drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05 % for the rest ( € 145 fine and two demerit points on the driving licence if caught ) . 0.08 % earns you a citation , 0.12 % means loss of license ( since October 1 , 2007 ) Macedonia : Zero for professional drivers , public service drivers , commercial transport and beginner drivers , 0.05 % for all others Moldova : 0.03 % Malta : 0.08 % Netherlands : 0.05 % , 0.02 % for drivers with less than five years ' experience ( or less than seven years ' experience when the driver got his license before reaching the age of eighteen ) Norway : 0.02 % . Punishment depends on the alcohol level . 0.02 % ( fine , but one may also risk a suspended licence if any aggravated circumstances are present . ) , 0.05 % ( fine , suspended sentence and suspended license ) , 0.10 % ( fine , suspended or mandatory sentence and suspended license ) , 0.15 % ( fine , mandatory sentence and suspended license ) . The guidelines state that the fine for an alcohol level of more than 0.05 % should be around 1.5 months base salary and usually not lower than 10,000 NOK . For 0.02 to 0.05 % the fine is lower . Prison sentences are usually around three weeks to three months with a maximum of one year . The suspension period varies from less than a year to forever , when license is suspended forever , one may apply to get it back after five years . Poland : 0.02 % ( driving license banned from six months up to three years , jail up to one month ) , 0.05 % ( driving license banned from minimum three years , prison up to three years ) . Limits and penalties for riding the bicycles were same as for motorized vehicles to December 2013 . Almost half of people imprisoned for drunk driving were riding bicycles . Portugal : 0.05 % . 0.02 % for drivers with less than three years of experience Romania : 0.02 % . Above 0.5 g / L imprisonment of one to five years . Between 0.2 and 0.5 g / L civil fine with possible suspended licence . Russian Federation : 0.0356 % since 1 September 2013 , previously zero since 2010 Serbia : 0.03 % for all , zero for motorcycle drivers , professional drivers , public service drivers , commercial transport and beginning drivers . Starting 2018 it will be 0.02 % for non professional drivers . Slovakia : Zero Slovenia : Zero for drivers with three years or less experience and professional drivers , 0.24 mg / l ( 0.05 % ) for all others . Spain : 0.05 % BAC ( 0.25 mg / l BrAC ) and 0.03 % BAC ( 0.15 mg / l BrAC ) for drivers with less than two years experience and drivers of freight vehicles over 3.5 tonnes , and of passenger vehicles with more than nine seats . Surpassing the limit is a serious offence , fined with € 500 . Driving with an alcohol rate over 0.12 % is a crime ( up to six months imprisonment and license suspension up to one years ) . Sweden : 0.02 % ( up to six months imprisonment ) , 0.10 % ( imprisonment , maximum two years ) . Annually about 2.5 million random tests are performed for alcohol and about twelve thousand tests on suspicion of drugs . Switzerland : Zero for drivers with less than three years experience , 0.05 % for all others . United Kingdom Scotland : 50 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood or 22 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath ( legislation became effective from 5 December 2014 ) England and Wales : 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood , 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath or 107 mg / 100 ml alcohol in urine . Northern Ireland : 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood . As of November 2014 results of a public consultation regarding reduction of this limit were being considered , with a reduction to fifty being thought likely Ukraine : 0.02 % Britain ( edit ) In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle . The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle , and having access to a means of starting the vehicle 's engine and driving it away ( i.e. , the keys to a vehicle ) . A passenger in the vehicle can also be prosecuted if the police can prove that they were driving under the influence at some point . The UK 's drug driving laws were updated in 2015 . The changes included : a new roadside testing kit , which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect 's saliva ; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs , Limits were also set for certain prescription medications . The laws , however , did not end the use of the field impairment test , but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation , or can not be identified by the limited use of a device , that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine . Further rules in the United kingdom ( UK ) ( edit ) In the UK , driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink carries a maximum penalty of six months ' imprisonment , a fine of up to £ 5,000 and a minimum twelve months ' disqualification . For a second offence committed within ten years of conviction , the minimum ban is three years . Being in charge of a vehicle whilst over the legal limit or unfit through drink could result in three months ' imprisonment plus a fine of up to £ 2,500 and a driving ban . Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs carries a maximum penalty of fourteen years in prison , a minimum two - year driving ban and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is able to drive legally again . It is an offence to refuse to provide a specimen of breath , blood or urine for analysis . The penalties for refusing are the same as those for actual drunk driving . The offence of driving whilst under the influence of alcohol is one to which there is no defence , as such ( although defences such as duress or automatism , which are not specific to the offence of driving with excess alcohol , may apply in certain rare circumstances ) . However , it may be possible to argue that special reasons exist which are such that you should not be disqualified from driving despite having committed the offence . Special reasons are notoriously difficult to establish and the burden of proof is always upon the accused to establish them . Such reasons may include : shortness of distance driven unintentional commission of the offence ( i.e. , laced drinks ) emergencies Magistrates ' sentencing guidelines ( edit ) In England and Wales , when DWI offenders appear before a magistrates ' court , the magistrates have guidelines they refer to before they decide on a suitable sentence to give the offender . These guidelines are issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council and cover offences for which sentence is frequently imposed in a magistrates ' court when dealing with adult offenders . Offences can either be tried summarily which means they can only be heard in the magistrates ' court or they can be either way offences which means magistrates may find their sentencing powers are insufficient and indict the case to crown court . The majority of drunk driving offences are summary only offences which can only be tried in a magistrates ' court . Only the most serious offences such as a collision , death or injury involved are indicted to crown court . The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose is a £ 5,000 fine , a six - month prison sentence or both . As with England and Wales , road traffic law in Scotland is in the main framed within the Road Traffic Act 1988 as amended . Prosecution and disposal of drink - drive offences is broadly similar to England and Wales with less serious cases prosecuted on complaint through the sheriff summary courts . Cases involving aggravations , life - changing or fatal injuries are prosecuted on indictment via the sheriff solemn or high court . As with most UK - wide legislation , the penalties and sentencing guidelines for drunk driving in Scotland mirror those in effect in England and Wales . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) A roadside warning in Victoria , Australia Road laws are state or territory based , but all states and territories have set similar rules . Australian law allow police officers to stop any driver and perform a random breath test without reason . Roadblocks can be set up ( for example , leading out of town centres on Friday and Saturday nights and after football matches or other major events ) , where every single driver will be breath - tested . This differs from UK and US laws where police generally need a reason to suspect that the driver is intoxicated before requesting a breath or sobriety test . It is an offence to refuse to provide a sample of breath when requested with severe penalties including prison . Australian capital territory ( edit ) 0 for drivers or riders holding a learner , provisional , restricted or probationary license and for drivers operating heavy vehicles over 15t GVM or driving a public vehicle for hire or reward ( for example taxi and bus drivers ) . 0.05 % for all other drivers . New south Wales ( edit ) Zero for Learner and Provisional licences . 0.02 % for drivers of vehicles of `` gross vehicle mass '' greater than 13.9 tonnes , vehicles carrying dangerous goods or public vehicles such as a taxi or bus . 0.05 % for all other drivers 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Northern territory ( edit ) 0 for provisional ( probationary ) licence holders and all motorcyclists . 0.05 % for all other drivers . Queensland ( edit ) A 0 limit applies to the drivers of trucks , buses , articulated vehicles , vehicles carrying dangerous goods , pilot vehicles , taxis , all learner drivers and provisional drivers and RE class licensed motorcyclists in their first twelve months . 0.05 % for other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . South australia ( edit ) 0 limit for learner , provisional , probationary , heavy ( greater than fifteen tonnes ) vehicle , taxis , licensed chauffeured vehicles , dangerous goods , and bus licenses . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Tasmania ( edit ) 0 limit for learner , provisional , truck , bus , and taxi licences . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Victoria ( edit ) 0 limit applies for unlicensed drivers , holders of learner permits and probationary licences , `` professional '' drivers , and certain relicensed drunk - drivers . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . There are also other restrictions for drivers in Victoria : Limits apply within three hours of driving - that is , police can require a person to submit to an alcohol or drugs test within three hours of driving and it is an offense to fail that test , unless the drug or alcohol use occurred after driving ( see Road Safety Act 1986 , ss. 49 , 53 and 55E ) . Licenses cancelled for certain serious drunk - driving offenses may only be reissued after obtaining a court order . This is the case for repeat offenders , and first offenders above 0.15 % . In such cases , the relicensed driver is subject to a 0 limit for three years following relicensing , or for as long as the person is required to use an alcohol interlock . Alcohol interlocks must be imposed whenever a repeat drunk - driver is relicensed . A court also has discretion to impose an alcohol interlock when relicensing a first offender in certain serious cases , generally when the offense involves a BAC of 0.15 % or higher . The law requires interlocks to be used for certain minimum periods , but the requirement to use an interlock does not automatically end at the completion of the minimum period . Once that period has expired , an individual may apply to a court to have the interlock condition removed from their driver 's licence . The State Police must be given notice of the application and may make submissions to the court on whether the interlock condition should be removed . The court will also take into account data recorded by the interlock itself ( e.g. , whether any attempts were made to start the vehicle by a person who had been drinking ) . Driving without an interlock when one is required carries severe penalties , including imprisonment . If a doctor sees any patient who is aged fifteen years or over as a result of a motor vehicle accident , the patient must allow the doctor to take a blood sample for testing for alcohol and drug content in a way that preserves the chain of evidence . If this process is skipped the doctor may not be able to discover the alcohol blood level . The results can be used as evidence in subsequent court proceedings . The law allows a police officer to require any driver ( or any person who has driven a vehicle within the last three hours ) to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine , Cannabis or MDMA , all of which are subject to a zero limit ( see Road Safety Act 1986 : ss. 49 , 55E & 55D ) Western australia ( edit ) 0 for learner and probationary licence holders and persons convicted of driving under the influence or failing to comply with a request for breath , blood or urine ( for three years after the offense ) . 0.05 % for all other drivers . Readings over 0.08 % but under 0.15 % BAC , and 0.15 % BAC and above ( legally defined as Drunk Driving ) comprise separate offenses , the latter attracting heavier penalties . Persistent offenders may be barred from driving for terms up to and including life , and may also be imprisoned . The law allows a police officer to require any driver to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine , Cannabis or MDMA , all of which are subject to a zero limit . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand operates a program called Compulsory Breath Testing , which allows police to stop motorists at any time . CBT is usually carried out at roadside checkpoints but mobile patrol cars can also randomly stop motorists to administer a test . The police also carry out roadside drug tests upon motorists they suspect have used drugs . The system in New Zealand is age - based . the limits are : 0 limit for persons under twenty years . 0.05 % BAC or 250μg / L breath for persons twenty years and over . The penalties for exceeding the limits are : Persons under twenty years , up to 0.03 % BAC , 150 μg / L breath : instant NZ $ 200 fine and fifty demerit points . Persons under twenty years , 0.03 -- 0.08 % BAC , 150 -- 400 μg / L breath : up to three months imprisonment , up to NZ $ 2,250 fine or both ; loss of licence for three months or more . Persons twenty years and over , 0.051 -- 0.08 % BAC , 251 -- 400 μg / L breath : instant NZ $ 200 fine and fifty demerit points . twelve hour prohibition from driving immediately after All persons over 0.08 % BAC , 400 μg / L breath ( first and second offenses ) : up to three months imprisonment , up to NZ $4,500 fine or both ; loss of licence for six months or more . All persons over 0.08 % BAC , 400 μg / L breath ( third and subsequent offenses ) : two years imprisonment ; NZ $6,000 fine ; loss of licence for one year or more . Note that penalties apply to the lowest reading taken across both breath and blood tests . For example , if a driver twenty years or over has a breath test result of 426 μg / L but a subsequent blood test returns 0.077 % BAC , then the driver is not charged with any drink driving offence despite the breath reading being over the breath alcohol limit . The penalty for injuring or killing someone when under the influences is the same as dangerous driving ( up to five years imprisonment , up to NZ $20,000 or both ; loss of licence for one year or more ) . Other countries in oceania ( edit ) French Polynesia : 0.05 % Micronesia : 0.05 % Palau : 0 for new or inexperienced drivers and commercial or professional drivers , 0.10 % for all other drivers . See also ( edit ) Breathalyzer DWI court Expungement Sobriety checkpoints References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Road safety status of Angola '' ( PDF ) , Road safety status of Angola , World Health Organization , retrieved 19 February 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Legal BAC limits by country '' . World Health Organization . 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Vehicle Code sec. 23152 ( a ) and ( b ) , `` California Vehicle Code , Sec. 23152 '' . California Legislative Information . California State Legislature . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , N.Y. Vehicle and traffic law , section 1192 , found at New York Assembly official web site . Go to `` Bill Search and Legislative Materials '' , then `` New York State Laws . '' Accessed March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Drunk Driving Terminology - DUI , DWI , BAC , and Related Terms '' . ExpertLaw.com . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ E.g. , People v. Cosko , 152 Cal . App . 3d 54 , 199 Cal . Rptr. 289 ( 1984 ) , citing Cal . Penal Code sec. 654 Jump up ^ Walters , Steven . `` First drunken driving offense should n't be a crime , Van Hollen says '' Milwaukee Journal Sentinel17 Jan 2009 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico OKs one lowest drunk - driving limits Archived 2015 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . 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The KPL Lao news release April 6 , 2010 mentions the national legal limit as 80 mg . Jump up ^ `` What is the legal limit of alcohol in the blood ? '' . Department of Chemistry Malaysia . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Some facts on the new anti-drunk driving law '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` Điều 8 : Luật Giao Thông Đường Bộ Việt Nam '' . ^ Jump up to : Blood Alcohol Concentration Limits Worldwide Archived 2008 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , International Centre For Policy Studies . Page retrieved 30 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Road safety status of Armenia '' ( PDF ) , violence injury prevention , www.who.int , retrieved 19 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan travel advice '' , Foreign travel advice , www.gov.uk , retrieved 19 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Driving '' . Ministry of Transport . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . 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Jump up ^ https://www.avantulliber.ro/2017/01/20/noul-cod-rutier-a-fost-aprobat-e-jale-pentru-soferi-inchisoare-pentru-alcool-si-fara-permis-pentru-centura-si-vorbit-la-telefon/ Jump up ^ `` Russia lifts zero permille limit for drunk driving '' . bbcrussian. 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood '' . Itar - tass. 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( Russian ) Medvedev signed the law , completely abolishing any alcohol limits . Even minimal alcohol content will lead to revoking of the driving licence ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Medvedev signs total drink driving ban '' . RIAN. 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Serbia Touring Tips - South East Europe Jump up ^ El alcohol - Dirección General de Tráfico ( page in Spanish ) . Page retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Drogas y alcohol objetivo de la nueva campaña de vigilancia de Tráfico 2015 ( page in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Traffic crime Jump up ^ Google Answers : Drunk driving in Sweden . 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External link in newspaper = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sentencing Guidelines Council Jump up ^ `` Can a Person Refuse a Breathalyser Test ? And Other Questions Related to Drink Driving '' . Findlaw.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Zero alcohol laws '' ( PDF ) . ACT Government . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` Alcohol limits '' . Queensland Government . Queensland Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Drink Driving Lawyers Brisbane '' . Harper Finch Lawyers . Harper Finch Lawyers . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and drugs limits '' . Wellington : New Zealand Transport Authority . 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking & driving , New Zealand drink drive legal alcohol limit '' . Alcohol.org.nz . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport Amendment Act ( no 2 ) 2014 '' . Ministry of Transport . 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Map of Drink - driving laws by country / area in 2013 roadsafety.qld.gov.au thinkroadsafety.gov.uk ltsa.govt.nz Information on Drink Driving Limit UK and Motoring Offences such as speeding , drink driving and drug driving Break the Law , Pay the Price , Ontario Ministry of Transportation website educating drivers on the consequences of being caught driving impaired in the province Campaign Against Drinking and Driving Impaired Driving , MedlinePlus Drink Driving Limits in Europe Safe Travel UK Blood Alcohol Concentration ( BAC ) Limits Worldwide / / IARD.org ( hide ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drunk_driving_law_by_country&oldid=821631982 '' Categories : Alcohol by country Driving by country Driving under the influence Criminal law by country Alcohol law by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 17 : 59 . 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does jj's husband die on criminal minds			Jennifer Jareau	jennifer jareau		Jennifer Jareau Criminal Minds character A.J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau First appearance `` Compulsion '' 1x02 , September 28 , 2005 Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by A.J. Cook Information Nickname ( s ) JJ , Jen ( By Spencer Reid ) Occupation FBI Special Agent Conditional Unit Chief ( formerly ) Communications Liaison ( formerly ) Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent Family Rosaline Jareau ( sister , deceased ) Unnamed niece Sandy Jareau ( mother ) Unnamed sibling Unnamed aunt Significant other ( s ) William LaMontagne ( Husband ) Children Henry Jareau LaMontagne Michael Jareau LaMontagne Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by A.J. Cook . Contents 1 Character background 2 Storylines 2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return 2.2 Return to the BAU 2.3 Relationships and family 3 Characterization 3.1 Fears and obsessions 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) During various episodes , Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . When she was eleven , her seventeen - year - old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting . Rosaline 's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline , until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain . A high school athlete , Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School , where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh . She also attended Georgetown , presumably for graduate studies . JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then - Unit Chief Agent David Rossi . She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading , which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college . The next fall , she applied to the FBI Academy . Storylines ( edit ) In the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) , JJ acted as the team 's liaison with the media and local police agencies . Though talented and helpful , she was not actually a profiler , having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner 's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis . She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits . However , she does accompany the team on raids , and is proficient with firearms . This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage - taker , Jason Clark Battle , with a single shot ( Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide , who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date , and then shot her , in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered ) . During season six , JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon ; however , she returns in season seven as a full - time profiler , having received the necessary training . In season 9 ( `` 200 '' ) , she is then kidnapped , and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story . It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan , in search for Bin Laden . The team saves her , and in season 10 , it is revealed she has PTSD , and has n't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped , as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan , one of which includes her having a miscarriage , after a convoy was attacked . She tries to work through it with the help of Reid , who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day , for almost a half - hour , after seeing herself on the table , in place of the victim . Promotion to Pentagon and brief return ( edit ) It is revealed in `` JJ '' , that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors . However , she is finally forced to transfer by `` the brass '' . JJ 's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six , for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . JJ 's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine . Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster ( Agent Emily Prentiss ) . In the episode titled `` Lauren '' , JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle . The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach . It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ 's help , providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each `` to keep her comfortable '' . In the season six finale , JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is `` coming back '' . In `` 200 '' , it was revealed that JJ 's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz ( who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss 's death ) . During this time , she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force 's informants dead . In February 2011 , while overseas , she discovered that she was pregnant . However , in April 2011 , following the events of `` Lauren '' , during an attack on the task force , she was wounded and miscarried the baby . She did n't initially tell Will of the pregnancy , and it remained a secret between her and Cruz . In `` The Forever People '' , when she starts showing signs of PTSD , Reid calls her on it , and he tries to help her and talk to her . She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy , and asks him to keep it between them . Return to the BAU ( edit ) The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit , having received the training to become a full - time profiler , instead of the Media Liaison , a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia . She is initially against summoning Prentiss `` back from the dead , '' but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth . Also , she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception , as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word , and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again . In season nine , the events during her departure in 2010 -- 11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief . In `` The Road Home '' , while waiting to meet Cruz , she is suddenly kidnapped . In `` 200 '' , it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari , who was a traitor in the task force , in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East . She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code . She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage , revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings , a man she worked with on the task force . He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code . She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss , and she proceeds to chase after Hastings . Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings , resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death . JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth . A year after her kidnapping and torture , she starts experiencing PTSD , something that Reid notices . When she is confronted by him , she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation , saying that it 's more than PTSD . She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid . She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak , which could have resulted the deaths of herself , the UnSub , and a hostage . Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he could n't find a term to describe JJ 's condition , he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari 's file , revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit , Iraq , and his criminal background . JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her . He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself . He also tells her that he will take her sleep , her smile , and her safety away , as well as change her so that her husband and son wo n't even recognise her . He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear , but JJ snarls a harsh `` No '' to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination . Relationships and family ( edit ) Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will , JJ displayed little interest in dating . She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game , but little came of it romantically , although the two became very good friends . In the season 2 episode `` Jones '' , JJ first meets William `` Will '' LaMontagne , Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces . It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues , which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship . When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open , it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them . In `` The Crossing '' , JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child . He later asked her to marry him , and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective 's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job , though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child . JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave , and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry . Will transfers to the MPDC , and the family live together in Washington . In later seasons , toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A.J. Cook 's real - life son Mekhai Andersen . JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry 's godparents . When JJ returned from maternity leave , she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry 's birthstone , but did not seem to be officially engaged , as she wore her ring on her right hand , not the left . In the season seven finale , JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again , and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi 's backyard . Characterization ( edit ) JJ is very loyal to her family and friends , as well as very protective . She is also known to be a crack shot . This was demonstrated in many episodes such as `` Nanny Dearest '' by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance . In `` Revelations '' , she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn . In `` Penelope '' , she kills Garcia 's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him . Despite her petite frame , she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed . In the season 7 finale , she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage . She is best friends with Spencer ( and is the only one who calls him `` Spence '' ) , Penelope , and Emily . Fears and obsessions ( edit ) In `` The Boogeyman '' , JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods . When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why , she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss 's murdered body in his cabin . After telling the story , she admits she was joking , and says she does n't know why she is afraid of the woods . In the same episode , JJ also states that she has a niece who , at the time , is about 8 years old . When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode `` The Big Game '' , and split up to apprehend the suspect , JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs . Although JJ shot and killed the dogs , saving her own life , Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime , and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him . After this traumatic experience , it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs . In the episode `` Penelope '' , it 's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill , and who continued to threaten the life of , Penelope Garcia . She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos . She can be seen eating them often , and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was `` Cheeto - breath '' when she was playing Emily ( who was hiding in Paris at the time ) . In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Criminal Minds . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 5 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . Criminal Minds . Season 9 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Painless '' . Criminal Minds . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ CBS Corporation . `` About Criminal Minds - CBS.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North Mammon '' . Criminal Minds . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' Criminal Minds ' update : Cook and Brewster returning -- but for how long ? Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to ' Criminal Minds ' for Paget Brewster 's Final Episode Jump up ^ `` In Heat '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 17 . April 30 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 18 . May 7 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lo - Fi '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 21 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Catching Out '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Memoriam '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2008 . CBS . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Ashley Seaver Luke Alvez Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Jareau&oldid=855419058 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional characters from Pittsburgh Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 04 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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hypothesizes that females living in multi-male groups need to both			Multi-male group	multi - male group	Multi-male groups , also known as multi-male / multi-female , are a type of social organization where the group contains more than one adult male , more than one adult female , and offspring . Within Order Primates , it is the most common social group type , with group sizes ranging from 10 to 100 individuals . Large groups of primates are called `` troops . '' Examples of species that can be categorized under this type of social organization include many diurnal lemurs , langurs , and most members of the family Cebidae .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Species 3 Female reproductive behavior 4 Parental care 5 Infanticide 6 Costs / benefits ( trade - offs ) 7 Interactions between overlapping multi-male groups 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Literature cited Definition ( edit ) Multi-male groups , also known as multi-male / multi-female , are a type of social organization in which a group consists of more than one adult male , more than one adult female , and offspring . Within Order Primates , it is the most common social group type , with group sizes ranging from 10 to 100 individuals composed of several males , and numerous females and offspring . Large groups of primates are called `` troops '' , which are characterized by complex intratroop politics and competition . Species ( edit ) Multi-male groups are most common among semi-terrestrial primates such as savanna baboons and macaques , but is also seen in some colobus and New World monkeys . Social lemurs sometimes often live in multi-male groups , and other primate species like chimpanzees live in fission - fusion multi-male groups . Female reproductive behavior ( edit ) In multi-male groups , there is typically no single male that has full control over the reproductive share of females . Instead , the top ranking males in the groups have an approximately equal share of siring all offspring born to females within the group . Females in multi-male groups will mate multiple times with different top ranking males as well as lower ranking males and occasionally bachelor `` lone wolf '' males outside of the group . Most female primates do not have a particular breeding season but can be receptive all year around , however they will most likely not mate if they are already caring for an infant . Parental care ( edit ) A traditional view of multi-male primate groups is held that males provide relatively little direct care to infants , possibly as a result of the low confidence of paternity that is associated with this relatively promiscuous breeding system . In the last five years this view has changed however , as a result of a careful documentation of intimate male - infant affiliations in certain species , especially the savanna - dwelling baboons ( Papio spp . ) . Recent field studies of baboons suggest that male - infant relationships are mediated through affiliations between the males and the infants ' mothers , but the degree to which these male - female affiliations are based on prior mating experience ( hence , paternity ) has not been established . Comparative studies of male - infant relations in primates have given little attention to the variation in the intensity and form of male care patterns within the set of species that have a multi-male social organization . Among multi-male species , male care of young is reported most often in baboons and barbary macaques ( Macaca sylvanus ) and least often in other macaques , chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) , and vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus ) . This interspecific variation may result both from differences in the importance of male care to infant survival and from differences in male confidence of paternity , which in turn may relate to seasonal breeding patterns and , in particular , to the presence or absence of conspicuous signs of ovulation in females . Infanticide ( edit ) In some multi-male groups , the costs for infanticidal males seem likely to be high , since other resident males might defend the victim , and the benefits seem likely to be low because of the generally lower paternal probability in multi-male groups . However , in other primate species living in multi-male groups , males have been observed to kill infants . The aggressors are typically extra-group males , recent immigrants , have recently been introduced or are conceived outside the group , mainly due to the fact that they could not possibly be related to the infants they kill . A male 's age and rank influence the occurrence of infanticide . The youngest and highest - ranking immigrant males are more likely to commit infanticide than their older and lower - ranking counterparts if putative fathers fail to protect infants . Costs / benefits ( trade - offs ) ( edit ) A benefit of living in multi-male groups is the collective protection that the group as a whole receives from outsiders as well as sufficient protection of infants against infanticide from other outside roaming males . Another benefit is the low costs of finding a mate and reproducing since the males and females are always together . Also , participants in multi-male groups have better access to resources such as food and living quarters . However , a major cost to living in a multi-male group is the constant competition for mates , mainly among males but also among females . Interactions between overlapping multi-male groups ( edit ) Most non-human primate communities are more or less closed to contact with members of other communities . Most often , they are tied to a particular locale and rarely migrate outside of their home range . This aloofness from other troops prevents high concentrations of individuals , which could result in rapid depletion of local resources . Communities usually avoid each other and are aggressive towards outsiders . As a result , social interactions between members of different troops are usually very rare , especially for females . Chimpanzees are a notable exception . When chimpanzees from different troops come together , there is often an exciting , friendly encounter lasting several hours , following which , some of the adult females switch groups . Apparently , they are seeking new mates . Occasionally , however , contact between communities of the comparatively unpredictable chimpanzees will develop into genocidal violence . Interactions within non-human primate communities are usually unlimited . Subgroups are rarely closed from group interaction . All members of a community have daily face - to - face , casual interaction . The most common type of subgroup consists of a mother and her young offspring . See also ( edit ) One - male group References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sussman 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ O'neil , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Social Structure '' . Palomar College . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Literature cited ( edit ) Sussman , R.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Ecology : General Principles '' . Primate Ecology and Social Structure . Pearson Custom Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 536 - 74363 - 3 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-male_group&oldid=604830727 '' Categories : Ethology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2014 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-male%20group	2,914
when did the first fidget spinners come out	Catherine Hettinger , a chemical engineer by training , was initially credited by some news stories to have been the inventor of the fidget spinner , including by media outlets such as The Guardian , The New York Times , and the New York Post . Hettinger filed a patent application for a `` spinning toy '' in 1993 and a patent was issued , but Hettinger allowed the patent to lapse in 2005 after she could not find a commercial partner . A May 2017 Bloomberg News article showed that Hettinger was not the inventor of the fidget spinner , and Hettinger agreed .	1993	Fidget spinner	fidget spinner	A fidget spinner is a toy that consists of a ball bearing in the center of a multi-lobed ( typically two or three ) flat structure made from metal or plastic designed to spin along its axis with little effort . Fidget spinners became popular toys in April 2017 , although similar devices had been invented as early as 1993 .	The toy has been promoted as helping people who have trouble focusing or those who fidget by relieving nervous energy or psychological stress . There are claims that a fidget spinner can help calm people down who suffer from anxiety and other neurological disorders like ADHD and autism . However , as of May 2017 , there is no scientific evidence that they are effective as a treatment for autism or ADHD . The popularity of the toy among children and teenagers led some schools to ban the spinners from class for being a distraction , while other schools have allowed the toy to be used discreetly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Origin 3 Marketing and sales 4 See also 5 References Design Spinning fidget spinner Fidget spinners are toys not unlike yo - yo or other skill toys , designed to spin with little effort . A basic fidget spinner consists of a two - or three - pronged design with a bearing in its center circular pad . A person holds the center pad while the toy spins . They are made from various materials including brass , stainless steel , titanium , copper , aluminium , and plastic . The bearings are generally ceramic , metal ( stainless steel or chrome ) , and some are hybrids -- such as ceramic balls with stainless races and cages . Each fidget spinner also has two or more weights on the outside that make it spin faster and stay balanced . Bearings can vary to adjust for the design 's spin time , vibration , and noise , causing unique sensory feedback . Being a kind of a flywheel of a gyroscope in principle , fidget spinners come with similar effects enabling a player to pull various tricks and stunts while forces of a gyroscope take hold . A fidget spinner can be balanced on top of fingers , thrown and caught , and so on . Origin As of 2017 , the patent status of the various fidget spinners on the market was unclear . Catherine Hettinger , a chemical engineer by training , was initially credited by some news stories to have been the inventor of the fidget spinner , including by media outlets such as The Guardian , The New York Times , and the New York Post . Hettinger filed a patent application for a `` spinning toy '' in 1993 and a patent was issued , but Hettinger allowed the patent to lapse in 2005 after she could not find a commercial partner . A May 2017 Bloomberg News article showed that Hettinger was not the inventor of the fidget spinner , and Hettinger agreed . In an interview appearing on May 4 , 2017 on NPR , Scott McCoskery described how he invented a metal spinning device in 2014 to cope with his own fidgeting in IT meetings and conference calls . In response to requests from an online community , he began selling the device he called the Torqbar online . Marketing and sales Google Search popularity of fidget spinners in early 2017 . With the rapid increase in the spinner 's popularity in 2017 , many children and teenagers began using it in school , and some schools also reported that kids were trading and selling the spinner toys . As a result of their frequent use by schoolchildren , many school districts banned the toy . Some teachers argued that the spinners distracted students from their schoolwork . According to a survey conducted by Alexi Roy and published in May 2017 , 32 % of the largest 200 American public and private high schools had banned spinners on campus . When fidget spinners rose in popularity in 2017 , many publications in the popular press discussed the marketing claims made about them for people with ADHD , autism , or anxiety . However , there is no scientific evidence that fidget spinners are effective as a treatment for children with autism or ADHD . See also Look up fidget spinner in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Fidget cube Office toy Stress ball Top Worry stone References Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel M. ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) . `` History Of The Fidget Spinner '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Calfas , Jennifer ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Do Fidget Spinners Really Help With ADHD ? Nope , Experts Say '' . Money . Time . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ; Horton , Helena ; Fuller , George ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Fidget spinners : the new classroom craze being banned across the nation '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arnett , Dugan ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Need to focus ? Fidget toys may help '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tuttle , Brad ; O'Brien , Elizabeth ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Fidget Spinner , the New Toy Craze Entrancing Kids and Grownups Alike '' . Money . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verstegen , Dominic ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Your kid probably has a fidget spinner already , but let me tell you about it anyway '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benwell , Max ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fidget spinners : What are they and why are they so addictive ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brustein , Joshua ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How the Fidget Spinner Origin Story Spun Out of Control '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Luscombe , Richard ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` As fidget spinner craze goes global , its inventor struggles to make ends meet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Alex ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Fidget Spinners Became a Hula - Hoop for Generation Z '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua Rhett ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Woman who invented fidget spinners is n't getting squat '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ US 5591062A , Catherine A. Hettinger , `` Spinning toy '' , published 1997 - 01 - 07 , issued 1997 - 01 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Malone , Kenny ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Fidget Spinner Emerges As Must - Have Toy Of The Year '' . Planet Money . NPR . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calfas , Jennifer ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Everything You Need To Know About Fidget Spinners '' . Money . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Many Schools Ban Hot Toy For Being Distraction '' . CBS Los Angeles . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fidget Spinners For Kids : Reports Say It 's Distracting , Parents Say Not So '' . CBS Miami . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roy , Alexi ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Fidget Spinners Are Banned in 32 % of the Largest High Schools U.S '' . Spinner List . Jump up ^ Bogost , Ian . `` The Fidget Spinner Explains the World '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . 2010s portal Toys portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fidget spinners . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidget_spinner&oldid=815295727 '' Categories : 2010s fads and trends 1990s toys American inventions Executive toys Mechanical toys Metal toys Plastic toys Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 00 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what ions are produced when mg(oh)2 is dissolved in water			Magnesium hydroxide	magnesium hydroxide	Magnesium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg ( OH ) . It occurs in nature as the mineral brucite . It is a white solid with low solubility in water ( K = 5.61 × 10 ) . Magnesium hydroxide is a common component of antacids , such as milk of magnesia , as well as laxatives .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Uses 2.1 Precursor to MgO 2.2 Health 2.2. 1 Metabolism 2.2. 2 History of Milk of Magnesia 2.3 Other niche uses 2.3. 1 Waste water treatment 2.3. 2 Fire retardant 3 Mineralogy 4 References Preparation ( edit ) Combining a solution of many magnesium salts with alkaline water induces precipitation of solid Mg ( OH ) : Mg + 2 OH → Mg ( OH ) On a commercial scale , Mg ( OH ) is produced by treating seawater with lime ( Ca ( OH ) ) . 600 m of seawater gives about one ton of Mg ( OH ) . Ca ( OH ) is far more soluble than Mg ( OH ) , the latter precipitates as a solid : Mg + Ca ( OH ) → Mg ( OH ) + Ca Uses ( edit ) Precursor to MgO ( edit ) Most Mg ( OH ) that is produced industrially , as well as the small amount that is mined , is converted to fused magnesia ( MgO ) . Magnesia is valuable because it is both a poor electrical conductor and an excellent thermal conductor . Health ( edit ) Metabolism ( edit ) When the patient drinks magnesium hydroxide , the suspension enters the stomach . Depending on how much was taken , one of two possible outcomes will occur . As an antacid , magnesium hydroxide is dosed at approximately 0.5 -- 1.5 g in adults and works by simple neutralization , where the hydroxide ions from the Mg ( OH ) combine with acidic H ions produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach to produce water . As a laxative , magnesium hydroxide is dosed at 2 -- 5 g , and works in a number of ways . First , Mg is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract , so it draws water from the surrounding tissue by ( osmosis ) . Not only does this increase in water content soften the feces , it also increases the volume of feces in the intestine ( intraluminal volume ) which naturally stimulates intestinal motility . Furthermore , Mg ions cause the release of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , which results in intraluminal accumulation of water , electrolytes , and increased intestinal motility . Although it has been stated in some sources , the hydroxide ions themselves do not play a significant role in the laxative effects of milk of magnesia , as basic solutions ( i.e. , solutions of hydroxide ions ) are not strongly laxative , and non-basic Mg solutions , like MgSO , are equally strong laxatives mole for mole . Only a small amount of the magnesium from magnesium hydroxide is usually absorbed by the intestine ( unless they are deficient in magnesium ) . However , magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys so long - term , daily consumption of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from renal failure could lead in theory to hypermagnesemia . History of Milk of magnesia ( edit ) On May 4 , 1818 , American inventor John Callen received a patent ( No . X2952 ) for magnesium hydroxide . In 1829 , Sir James Murray used a `` condensed solution of fluid magnesia '' preparation of his own design to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , the Marquis of Anglesey , of stomach pain . This was so successful ( advertised in Australia and approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838 ) that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent Lords Lieutenant , and knighted . His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his death in 1873 . The term milk of magnesia was first used by Charles Henry Phillips in 1872 for a suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8 % w / v. It was sold under the brand name Phillips ' Milk of Magnesia for medicinal usage . Although the name may at some point have been owned by GlaxoSmithKline , USPTO registrations show `` Milk of Magnesia '' and `` Phillips ' Milk of Magnesia '' have both been assigned to Bayer since 1995 . In the UK , the non-brand ( generic ) name of `` Milk of Magnesia '' and `` Phillips ' Milk of Magnesia '' is `` Cream of Magnesia '' ( Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture , BP ) . Magnesium hydroxide is marketed for medical use as chewable tablets , as capsules , and as liquid suspensions , sometimes having various flavors added . These products are sold as antacids to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion and heartburn . It also is a laxative to alleviate constipation . As a laxative , the osmotic force of the magnesia acts to draw fluids from the body . High doses can lead to diarrhea , and can deplete the body 's supply of potassium , sometimes leading to muscle cramps . Some magnesium hydroxide products sold for antacid use ( such as Maalox ) are formulated to minimize unwanted laxative effects through the inclusion of aluminum hydroxide , which inhibits the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract , thereby counterbalancing the contractions induced by the osmotic effects of the magnesium hydroxide . Magnesium hydroxide is also a component of antiperspirant . Magnesium hydroxide is useful against canker sores ( aphthous ulcer ) when used topically . Other niche uses ( edit ) Waste water treatment ( edit ) Magnesium hydroxide powder is used industrially to neutralize acidic wastewaters . It also takes part in the Biorock method of building artificial reefs . Fire retardant ( edit ) Natural magnesium hydroxide ( brucite ) is used commercially as a fire retardant . Most industrially used magnesium hydroxide is produced synthetically . Like aluminium hydroxide , solid magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties . This property is attributable to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 ° C ( 630 ° F ) : Mg ( OH ) → MgO + H O The heat absorbed by the reaction retards the fire by delaying ignition of the associated substance . The water released dilutes combustible gases . Common uses of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant include additives to cable insulation ( i.e. cables for high quality cars , submarines , the Airbus A380 , the Playstation 4 , etc . ) , insulation plastics , roofing ( e.g. London Olympic Stadium ) , and various flame retardant coatings . Other mineral mixtures that are used in similar fire retardant applications are natural mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite . Mineralogy ( edit ) Brucite crystals ( mineral form of Mg ( OH ) ) from the Sverdlovsk Region , Urals , Russia ( size : 10.5 × 7.8 × 7.4 cm ) . Brucite , the mineral form of Mg ( OH ) commonly found in nature also occurs in the 1 : 2 : 1 clay minerals amongst others , in chlorite , in which it occupies the interlayer position normally filled by monovalent and divalent cations such as Na , K , Mg and Ca . As a consequence , chlorite interlayers are cemented by brucite and can not swell nor shrink . Brucite , in which some of the Mg cations have been substituted by Al cations , becomes positively charged and constitutes the main basis of layered double hydroxide ( LDH ) . LDH minerals as hydrotalcite are powerful anion sorbents but are relatively rare in nature . Brucite may also crystallise in cement and concrete in contact with seawater . Indeed , the Mg cation is the second most abundant cation in seawater , just behind Na and before Ca . Because brucite is a swelling mineral , it causes a local volumetric expansion responsible for tensile stress in concrete . This leads to the formation of cracks and fissures in concrete , accelerating its degradation in seawater . For the same reason , dolostone can not be used as construction aggregate for making concrete . The reaction of magnesium carbonate with the free alkali hydroxides present in the cement porewater also leads to the formation of expansive brucite . MgCO + 2 NaOH → Mg ( OH ) + Na CO This reaction , one of the two main alkali - aggregate reaction ( AAR ) is also known as alkali - carbonate reaction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pradyot Patnaik . Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals . McGraw - Hill , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 049439 - 8 Jump up ^ Toshiaki Enoki and Ikuji Tsujikawa ( 1975 ) . `` Magnetic Behaviours of a Random Magnet , NipMg ( 1 - p ) ( OH2 ) '' . J. Phys . Soc . Jpn. 39 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 323 . doi : 10.1143 / JPSJ. 39.317 . ^ Jump up to : Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2009 ) . Chemical Principles 6th Ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . p . A22 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 94690 - X . Jump up ^ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 76th ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 0849305969 . ^ Jump up to : Margarete Seeger ; Walter Otto ; Wilhelm Flick ; Friedrich Bickelhaupt ; Otto S. Akkerman ( 2005 ) , `` Magnesium Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a15_595. pub2 Jump up ^ Tedesco FJ , DiPiro JT ( 1985 ) . `` Laxative use in constipation '' . Am. J. Gastroenterol. 80 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 9 . PMID 2984923 . Jump up ^ Patent USX2952 - Magnesia , medicated , liquid - Google Patents Jump up ^ Michael Hordern , A World Elsewhere ( 1993 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sir James Murray 's condensed solution of fluid magnesia '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 21 ( 2928 ) . October 7 , 1846 . p. 1 , column 4 . Jump up ^ Ulster History . Sir James Murray -- Inventor of Milk of Magnesia. 1788 to 1871 , 24 February 2005 Jump up ^ When was Phillips ' Milk of Magnesia introduced ? FAQ , phillipsrelief.com , accessed 4 July 2016 Jump up ^ results from the TARR web server : Milk of Magnesia Jump up ^ results from the TARR web server : Phillips ' Milk of Magnesia Jump up ^ Magnesium Hydroxide -- Revolution Health Jump up ^ Washington , Neena ( 2 August 1991 ) . Antacids and Anti Reflux Agents . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 5444 - 7 . Jump up ^ Milk of Magnesia Makes Good Antiperspirant Jump up ^ Canker sores , 2 / 1 / 2009 Jump up ^ Aileen Gibson and Michael Maniocha White Paper : The Use Of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry For Biological Treatment Of Municipal and Industrial Wastewater , August 12 , 2004 Jump up ^ Rothon , RN ( 2003 ) . Particulate Filled Polymer Composites . Shrewsbury , UK : Rapra Technology . pp. 53 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hollingbery , LA ; Hull TR ( 2010 ) . `` The Thermal Decomposition of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review '' . Thermochimica Acta. 509 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tca. 2010.06. 012 . Jump up ^ Hollingbery , LA ; Hull TR ( 2010 ) . `` The Fire Retardant Behaviour of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review '' . Polymer Degradation and Stability. 95 ( 12 ) : 2213 -- 2225 . doi : 10.1016 / j. polymdegradstab. 2010.08. 019 . Jump up ^ Hollingbery , LA ; Hull TR ( 2012 ) . `` The Fire Retardant Effects of Huntite in Natural Mixtures with Hydromagnesite '' . Polymer Degradation and Stability. 97 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 512 . doi : 10.1016 / j. polymdegradstab. 2012.01. 024 . Jump up ^ Hollingbery , LA ; Hull TR ( 2012 ) . `` The Thermal Decomposition of Natural Mixtures of Huntite and Hydromagnesite '' . Thermochimica Acta. 528 : 45 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tca. 2011.11. 002 . Jump up ^ Hull , TR ; Witkowski A ; Hollingbery LA ( 2011 ) . `` Fire Retardant Action of Mineral Fillers '' . Polymer Degradation and Stability. 96 ( 8 ) : 1462 -- 1469 . doi : 10.1016 / j. polymdegradstab. 2011.05. 006 . Magnesium compounds MgB MgBr MgCO MgC O MgC H O MgC H O MgCl Mg ( ClO ) MgF MgH Mg ( HCO ) MgI Mg ( NO ) MgO MgO Mg ( OH ) MgPo MgS MgSO MgSO MgU O Mg Al Mg Si Mg SiO Mg Si O Mg N Mg ( PO ) Mg ( CrO ) Hydroxides H O He LiOH Be ( OH ) NH H O O Ne NaOH Mg ( OH ) Al ( OH ) Si Cl Ar KOH Ca ( OH ) Sc ( OH ) Ti V Cr ( OH ) Cr ( OH ) Mn ( OH ) Fe ( OH ) Fe ( OH ) Co ( OH ) Ni ( OH ) CuOH Cu ( OH ) Zn ( OH ) Ga ( OH ) Ge ( OH ) As Se Br Kr RbOH Sr ( OH ) Y ( OH ) Zr ( OH ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd AgOH Cd ( OH ) In ( OH ) Sn ( OH ) Sn ( OH ) Sb ( OH ) Te Xe CsOH Ba ( OH ) * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au ( OH ) Hg ( OH ) TlOH Tl ( OH ) Pb ( OH ) Pb ( OH ) Bi ( OH ) Po At Rn Fr Ra * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ * La ( OH ) Ce ( OH ) Pr ( OH ) Nd ( OH ) Pm ( OH ) Sm ( OH ) Eu ( OH ) Gd ( OH ) Tb ( OH ) Dy ( OH ) Ho ( OH ) Er ( OH ) Tm ( OH ) Yb ( OH ) Lu ( OH ) * * Ac Th ( OH ) Pa UO ( OH ) Np Pu Am Cm ( OH ) Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Urologicals , including antispasmodics ( G04B ) Acidifiers Ammonium chloride Calcium chloride Urinary antispasmodics ( primarily antimuscarinics ) Darifenacin Desfesoterodine Emepronium Fesoterodine Flavoxate Imidafenacin Meladrazine Mirabegron Oxybutynin Propiverine Solifenacin Terodiline Tolterodine Trospium chloride Other urologicals Urea analogues : Acetohydroxamic acid Salicylhydroxamic acid Other : Collagen Dimethyl sulfoxide Magnesium hydroxide Pentosan polysulfate Phenazopyridine Phenyl salicylate Succinimide Drugs for acid related disorders : Antacids ( A02A ) Magnesium ( increases motility ) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium silicate Aluminium ( decreases motility ) Aceglutamide aluminum Algeldrate Aluminium phosphate Aluminium acetoacetate Aloglutamol Aluminium glycinate Carbaldrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium silicate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Combinations and complexes of aluminium , calcium and magnesium Almagate Almasilate Hydrotalcite Magaldrate Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Linseed Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_hydroxide&oldid=812108547 '' Categories : Antacids Laxatives Food acidity regulators Bases ( chemistry ) Hydroxides Magnesium compounds Hidden categories : Articles without KEGG source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20hydroxide	2,916
what is a pleasant company american girl doll	American Girl is an American line of 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) dolls released in 1986 by Pleasant Company . The dolls portray eight - to eleven - year - old girls of a variety of ethnicities . They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls . Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history , but were expanded in 1995 to include characters and stories from contemporary life . Aside from the original American Girl dolls , the buyer also has the option to purchase dolls that look like themselves . The options for the line of Truly Me dolls include eye color , eye shape , skin color , hair texture , and hair length . A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available .		American Girl	american girl	American Girl is an American line of 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) dolls released in 1986 by Pleasant Company . The dolls portray eight - to eleven - year - old girls of a variety of ethnicities . They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls . Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history , but were expanded in 1995 to include characters and stories from contemporary life . Aside from the original American Girl dolls , the buyer also has the option to purchase dolls that look like themselves . The options for the line of Truly Me dolls include eye color , eye shape , skin color , hair texture , and hair length . A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available .	Pleasant Company was founded in 1986 by Pleasant Rowland , and its products were originally purchasable by mail order only . In 1998 , Pleasant Company became a subsidiary of Mattel . The company has been awarded the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award eight times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolls and accessories 1.1 Characters 2 Films 3 American Girl Place 3.1 Temporary boutiques 4 Magazine 5 Online marketing and philanthropy 6 Reception 6.1 Permanent underwear controversy 6.2 Fandom 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Dolls and accessories ( edit ) American Girl Molly McIntire , one of the American Girl dolls Type Doll Inventor Pleasant Rowland Company Pleasant Company / Götz , Mattel Country United States Availability 1986 -- present Slogan Follow your inner star ! Official website The Historical Characters line of 18 - inch dolls were initially the main focus of Pleasant Company , which were initially derived from the 18 - inch dolls made by Götz in Germany during the late 1980s to the 1990s . This product line aims to teach aspects of American history through a six - book series from the perspective of a girl living in that time period . Although the books are written for girls who are at least eight years old , they endeavor to cover significant topics such as child labor , child abuse , poverty , racism , slavery , animal abuse and war in manners appropriate for the understanding and sensibilities of their young audience . In 1995 Pleasant Company released a line of contemporary dolls called American Girl of Today . In 2006 the product line was renamed Just Like You ; it was changed again in 2010 , to My American Girl , and in 2015 to Truly Me . This line has included seventy - seven different dolls over the years . Each doll has a different combination of face mold , skin tone , eye color , and hair color , length , texture , and / or style . American Girl states that this variety allows customers to choose dolls that `` represent the individuality and diversity of today 's American girls . '' A wide variety of contemporary clothing , accessories , and furniture is also available , and there are regular releases and retirements to update this line . Each year , a Girl of the Year doll is released who has her own special talent ; for example , Mia St. Clair , the Girl of the Year for 2008 , did ice skating , and Marisol Luna , the Girl of the Year for 2005 , was a dancer . Bitty Baby is a line of baby dolls targeted to children aged three and older . They are cheaper than the 18 '' american girl doll . The Bitty Twins line debuted in 2003 to represent slightly older toddlers and / or preschoolers . The Bitty Twins were the same size as the Bitty Baby dolls . They were discontinued in June 2016 . Hopscotch Hill School was released by American Girl in 2003 . The dolls were 16 - inch ( 41 cm ) tall , came with jointed limbs and painted eyes , and had a slimmer overall body shape . They , along with the stories which came with the dolls written by Valerie Tripp , were aimed at elementary - age girls from four to six years old , and were sold until 2006 . A reboot of the Historical Characters line dubbed as BeForever was launched in August 2014 , complete with redesigned outfits , a two - volume compilation of previously - released books , and a `` Journey Book '' for each character , with players taking the role of a present - day girl who found her way to the past and met up with one of the Historical girls . The line also coincided with the relaunch of Samantha Parkington , whose collection was previously discontinued in 2008 . In June 2016 American Girl unveiled Wellie Wishers , a separate doll line similar to Hopscotch Hill School aimed for younger children and with a focus on the outdoors , positioning it between Bitty Baby and the BeForever / Girl of the Year / Truly Me dolls . As the name implies , dolls from the line wear Wellington boots , and have a body design distinct from the classic , Götz - derived American Girl dolls . The line was released on June 23 , 2016 . The names of the Wellie Wishers are : Willa , Camille , Kendall , Emerson , and Ashlyn . In February of 2017 , American Girl released a new line of 18 '' dolls called contemporary characters . The first doll in the line was Tenney Grant , a singer and songwriter modeled after Taylor Swift . Other dolls of the contemporary line include Logan , Tenney 's band mate and American Girl 's first ever boy doll , and Z Yang , who is interested in photography and making stop motion videos . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of American Girl characters Films ( edit ) Main article : American Girl films In 2004 , American Girl teamed with Julia Roberts 's Red Om production company and to create the first American Girl direct - to - video movie , Samantha : An American Girl Holiday . The film spawned a franchise that was followed by Felicity : An American Girl Adventure ( 2005 ) , Molly : An American Girl on the Home Front ( 2006 ) , along with the 2008 theatrically released film Kit Kittredge : An American Girl . In 2009 , HBO premiered An American Girl : Chrissa Stands Strong . In July 2012 American Girl released a direct - to - video movie , McKenna Shoots for the Stars . A seventh movie based on Saige Copeland 's stories entitled Saige Paints the Sky was released in July 2013 , and a television film entitled Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight , based on Girl of the Year 2014 Isabelle Palmer , was released in 2014 . A ninth film based on 2015 Girl of the Year Grace Thomas was released under the title An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success , with Olivia Rodrigo playing the title role . A live - action web special based on Melody Ellison 's stories entitled An American Girl Story - Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win was released by Amazon , starring Marsai Martin as the title character . Love Has to Win was then followed by An American Girl Story - Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas , starring Alyvia Alyn Lind as Maryellen Larkin and released by Amazon on November 25 , 2016 . American Girl Place ( edit ) American Girl Place in The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles , California American Girl Place is a store that sells American Girl dolls , clothes , and accessories . The flagship and first store debuted in Chicago followed by stores in New York City and Los Angeles . A number of boutiques followed which are smaller than the main stores ; they feature rotating stock and some have casual restaurants . There are smaller stores in North Point Mall in Atlanta ; Galleria Dallas Mall in Dallas ; Natick Mall in Natick , Massachusetts ; the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota ; Park Meadows mall near Denver , Colorado ; Oak Park Mall near Kansas City , Kansas ) ; Tysons Corner Center in Tysons Corner , Virginia ; Alderwood Mall , located near Seattle , Washington ; Chesterfield Mall near St. Louis , Missouri ( this location closed in 2018 ) ; Memorial City Mall in Houston , Texas ; The Falls mall near Miami , Florida ; Easton Town Center in Columbus , Ohio ; Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto , California ; SouthPark Mall in Charlotte , North Carolina ; The Florida Mall in Orlando , Florida ; Franklin , Tennessee , part of the Nashville metropolitan area ; and in Scottsdale , Arizona outside of Phoenix . In May 2014 , Mattel American Girl opened new stores in Toronto , Ontario and Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada in partnership with Indigo Books and Music . The company has also expressed interest in other overseas ventures , as they are seeing orders from Europe and Latin America . The company has also announced that they 're expanding their operations in Mexico , with two stores at El Palacio de Hierro 's Perisur and Interlomas in Mexico City , and a third in Polanco in 2015 . Temporary boutiques ( edit ) The first temporary boutique opened in Honolulu , Hawaii at the Ala Moana Center , running from October 4 , 2014 , to April 2015 . During the 2015 holiday season and early 2016 , temporary locations opened in San Diego , California , Mission Viejo , California , Glendale , California , Portland , Oregon , Las Vegas , Nevada , Murray , Utah , and Indianapolis , Indiana from approximately October 2015 to early 2016 . In August of 2016 a temporary location was set up in Novi , Michigan a suburb of Detroit in Twelve Oaks Mall which closed on January 28th 2017 . In July of 2017 a temporary location opened in Raleigh , North Carolina , in the Crabtree Valley Mall ; to be opened until January 28 , 2018 . Magazine ( edit ) The American Girl magazine is run by the American Girl company . It was started by the Pleasant Company in Middleton , Wisconsin in 1992 , with the first issue dated January 1993 . Aimed towards girls ages 8 - 14 , the bimonthly magazine includes articles , recipes , advice columns , fiction , arts and crafts , and activity ideas . Girls can choose to either get a year of magazines ( 6 issues ) , or two years of magazines ( 12 issues ) . Online marketing and philanthropy ( edit ) American Girl launched Innerstar University , an online virtual world featuring the My American Girl contemporary doll line , on July 13 , 2010 . Access to the online world is via a Campus Guide , bundled with purchase of a My American Girl doll , which contains an access code for the creation of a doll avatar that then navigates the various games , shops , and challenges of the virtual campus of Innerstar U . In 2015 , when My American Girl dolls were changed to Truly Me dolls , this website was closed down . The launch was simultaneous with Shine on Now , a fund - raising effort Kids In Distressed Situations , National Association of Children 's Hospitals and Related Institutions , National Wildlife Federation , and Save the Children charities . The company has also donated `` almost $500,000 '' over several years to national non-profit homeless housing group HomeAid . These contributions are mainly through its Project Playhouse program . Reception ( edit ) The company has drawn criticism for the expense of the dolls , which cost $115 without accessories as of December 2014 . Buyers can easily spend more than $600 for a doll , outfits , accessories and lunch in the company 's store in New York . Some aspects of the doll 's characters and history have also provoked controversy . Some observers questioned why Addy , American Girl 's first African - American historical character , was portrayed first as a slave ( in later stories Addy and her family gain their freedom after the Civil War ) , while Cecile Rey , American Girl 's second black historical character , was portrayed as a well - to - do black girl in New Orleans . American Girl later went on with releasing their first African - American Girl of the Year , Gabriela McBride , who is portrayed as a dancer , artist , and poet . In 2005 , residents of Pilsen ( a neighborhood in Chicago , Illinois ) criticized a passage in the book associated with the Latina - American doll Marisol , claiming it inaccurately depicted their neighborhood as dangerous . A senior public relations associate for American Girl responded to critics saying : `` We feel that this brief passage has been taken out of context in the book . '' The 2009 limited - edition release of Gwen , a homeless American Girl character , was also controversial . In 2005 , some pro-life and Catholic groups criticized the company for donating funds to the organization Girls , Inc. , which supports underprivileged girls and promotes abortion rights and acceptance of homosexuality . The American Girl Place store in New York City was the center of a labor dispute with Actors ' Equity Association ( AEA ) . On August 3 , 2006 , 14 of the 18 adult actors at the store 's now defunct theater went on strike . AEA reached a two - year contract effective April 1 , 2008 . All American Girl Place theatres were subsequently closed in September of that year . In May 2014 , the company was met with criticism on social media over its decision to discontinue four characters from the historical collection , two of them , namely African - American Cécile Rey and Chinese - American Ivy Ling , representing ethnic minorities . They however defended their move as a business decision , as they decided to `` move away from the character - friend strategy within the line '' . A petition has since been filed through the activist group 18MillionRising.org for the company to provide a replacement for Ivy . The company has also drawn criticism for its recent focus on the contemporary line , specifically the Girl of the Year characters and their backstory , to which was viewed as lacking depth and more important issues in comparison to the Historical / BeForever characters ' backstories . My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic series creator Lauren Faust also expressed her concern and criticism of the line in a Twitter post , stating it `` was once radically positive for girls before it was homogenized for money '' . Permanent underwear controversy ( edit ) American Girl attracted considerable criticism in February 2017 when they announced that they will be changing the dolls ' bodies to incorporate permanently stitched panties on contemporary dolls and certain BeForever character dolls , namely Maryellen , Melody and Julie . Public reaction to the permanent underwear -- the first major change since the transition to flesh - colored bodies in 1991 following the release of the Felicity doll -- was overwhelmingly negative , as fans of the franchise complained that it stifles customization and devalued a well - established and successful brand `` from heirloom quality to be passed down for generations to low - quality retail . '' The company then reversed its decision in a Facebook post on May 2017 , stating that any existing or upcoming dolls from the line will revert to the old body design , and customers who bought a doll with permanent underwear are eligible for a `` one - time '' exchange to have the dolls retrofitted with conventional torsos . In addition , the company has switched back to the old `` iconic boutique box '' packaging following complaints by collectors who deemed the new boxes to be inferior and more susceptible to damage . Fandom ( edit ) YouTube videos made with American Girl Dolls are becoming increasingly popular . In 2015 the American Girl fan community , more specifically the practice of creating and uploading american girl doll - based stop motion videos , ( AGSM for short ) was featured in a news report for BBC News ' Trending site , along with interviews and videos from several prominent doll community members . Besides stop - motion animations and music videos set to popular music , the report covers recurring subject matters in the said clips such as cyberbullying and other social issues among children and teenagers , along with doll customization , photoshoots and unboxing videos showing new and discontinued clothes , accessories and dolls from the company . Besides YouTube , social media services such as Instagram and Facebook serve as platforms for fans of the toy line , spawning a community called AGIG , or American Girl Instagram , who photograph their dolls and post their photos on the service . Although mostly made up of girls usually around the age of 12 - 18 , a number of boys and adults also participate and congregate on AGIG . American Girl 's teenage fans , particularly ones on AGTube and AGIG , will meet up with other fans at American Girl stores . At the release of Lea Clark and Gabriela McBride , certain prominent community members were included in the `` Clue '' videos released by American Girl . At the release of Z Yang , American Girl hosted meetups at their New York City flagship store and at their Dallas location . See also ( edit ) Toys portal Children 's Literature portal United States portal 1980s portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal A Girl for All Time Journey Girls References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oppenheimer Toy Award '' . Toyportfolio.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Falligant , Erin ; Calkhoven , Laurie ; Anton , Carrie ( 6 September 2016 ) . American Girl : Ultimate Visual Guide . Tripp , Valerie . DK Children . ISBN 1465444963 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History '' . American Girl . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl Unveils Truly Me TM Doll Line and Helps Girls Explore and Discover Who They Truly Are '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collecting Hopscotch Hill '' . American Girl Playthings . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mac Kay , Allie ; Cruz , Nancy ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` American Girl ' BeForever ' Collection '' . KTLA . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Daniela ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Mattel intros new American Girls line '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Menza , Kaitlin ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` New American Girl Doll Line - WellieWishers '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Steven ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` ' An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success ' Blu - ray Announced for June '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavassuto , Maria ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` TV News : Marsai Martin of ' Black - ish ' Becomes First American Girl '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Black - ish 's Marsai Martin cast as American Girl Melody '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Raynor , Madeline ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` This American Girl Christmas special trailer will warm your heart -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ City , Kansas ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` American Girl comes to Kansas City area 's Oak Park Mall '' . Jump up ^ Mui , Ylan Q. ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` American Girl doll store coming to Tysons Corner Center '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` American Girl Stores '' . American Girl . Jump up ^ Strauss , Marina ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` American Girl dolls coming to Canada 's Indigo stores '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Step aside , Barbie . American Girl dolls coming to Canada '' . Toronto Star . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl debuts in Canada with boutiques in two Indigo stores '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhee , Minna ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` American Girl dolls arrive in Canada at stores in Toronto , Vancouver '' . Global News . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mattel sends American Girl abroad - Behind the Storefront '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuyler , David . `` American Girl expanding into Mexico - Milwaukee - Milwaukee Business Journal '' . American City Business Journals . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl ® Expands into Mexico - MarketWatch '' . MarketWatch. 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl is bringing its pop - up store back to Raleigh '' . newsobserver . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ James S. O'Rourke ( 2007 ) . The Business Communication Casebook : A Notre Dame Collection ( 2nd ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 54509 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Magazine Markets Paying Professional Rates '' . EugieFoster . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karakus , Nesli ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` American Girl launches online charity donation campaign '' . Internet Retailer . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Newman , Judy ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` American Girl invites girls to give , customize dolls -- and return to the company 's website '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl 's `` Homeless '' Doll Sparks Outrage `` . KTLA News . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Donor Highlight '' . HomeAid . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Caroline ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` How to save on American Girl , LEGO , and more of Google 's top 10 ' most searched ' toys '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Fierro , Christina ( 9 October 2010 ) . `` How much does an American Girl doll really cost ? '' . WalletPop . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` American Girl 's Journey to the Lower East Side '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The First Black American Girl Of The Year Doll Is Here '' . Black America Web . 2017 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Girl of the Year : Gabriela American Girl '' . www.americangirl.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Marisol in the Middle : ' American ' Doll Upsets Latino Neighbors '' . News.ncmonline.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2005 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Peyser , Andrea ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` ' Homeless ' doll costs $95 ( hairstyling extra ) '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Flap Over `` Homeless '' American Girl Doll `` . CBS News . September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE AMERICAN GIRL PROMISE '' . Store . Americangirl.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Sean ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Dolls Draw Conservatives ' Ire '' . CBS News . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` Actors at American Girl Place Store Go on Strike '' . NYTimes.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl Place Theatre '' . Actors ' Equity . April 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kindelan , Katie ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` American Girl Rebuts Critics After Dropping Minority Dolls - ABC News '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Clehane , Diane ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Why Is American Girl Rebranding Their Historical Line Without An Asian Doll ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Mccall , Stephanie ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of the American Girl Collection and How We Should Respond '' . Business 2 Community . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Faust , Lauren ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` '' Even `` American Girls '' was once radically positive for girls before it was homogenized for money. `` '' . Twitter . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lutkin , Aimée ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Everyone 's Really Upset That They Ca n't Take the Panties Off These American Girl Dolls Anymore '' . Jezebel . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl doll underwear design causes controversy '' . NBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay . `` American Girl Dolls Underwear Controversy '' . People . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Following criticism , American Girl goes back to removable underwear '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` American Girl Dolls : Separate Underwear After Backlash '' . People . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lutkin , Aimée ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Those Upset About Not Being Able to Take Off American Girl Doll Underwear Have Been Vindicated '' . Jezebel . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomchak , Anne - Marie ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` AGSM - The secret world of animated doll videos on YouTube - BBC Trending '' . YouTube . BBC News . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` It 's alive ! Alive ! Why stop - motion American Girl doll movies are sweeping the Internet '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # BBCtrending : The secret world of animated doll videos - BBC News '' . BBC News . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Audra ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` Read this : A peek inside Instagram 's tween American Girl doll fandom '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` These adults are really into dolls '' . New York Post . 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official American Girl Web Site American Girl Films Samantha : An American Girl Holiday Felicity : An American Girl Adventure Molly : An American Girl on the Home Front Kit Kittredge : An American Girl ( Soundtrack ) Chrissa Stands Strong McKenna Shoots for the Stars Saige Paints the Sky Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight Grace Stirs Up Success Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas Authors Megan McDonald Connie Porter Valerie Tripp Laurence Yep Video games The American Girls Premiere Other Book series Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Götz Characters ( Kit Kittredge ) Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene BattleClaw Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite Turning Mecard ( except South Korea and Mainland China ) WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? 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Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Dolls German Armand Marseille Ernst Heubach Götz Kämmer & Reinhardt Simon & Halbig French Bleuette Jumeau Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets Other European Lenci doll Sindy American American Girl Barbie Bratz Frozen Charlie Kewpie Playpal Project Mc2 Types of manufacture Bisque dolls Celluloid dolls Composition dolls Peg dolls Rag dolls Wax dolls Doll collections in museums Judges ' Lodgings , Lancaster Rochester Guildhall Valley Doll Museum in Drumheller Victoria & Albert Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Girl&oldid=835767021 '' Categories : Companies established in 1986 Mattel Doll brands Fashion dolls American Girl 1986 establishments in the United States 1986 establishments in Wisconsin Magazines established in 1992 Magazines published in Wisconsin 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Educational toys Doll manufacturing companies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Suomi Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 16 : 59 . 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what happened to the woman who played helen crump			Aneta Corsaut	aneta corsaut	Aneta Louise Corsaut ( November 3 , 1933 -- November 6 , 1995 ) was an American actress and writer . She is best known for playing Helen Crump on The Andy Griffith Show ( 1963 -- 1968 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Death 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Born in Hutchinson , Kansas , Corsaut was the daughter of Jesse Harrison and Opal J. ( née Swarens ) Corsaut . She majored in drama at Northwestern University and studied acting with Lee Strasberg . During her junior year , Corsaut dropped out to pursue a career in acting , although during the run of The Andy Griffith Show , Corsaut took courses at UCLA with plans to earn her degree . She began her acting career in New York City in the mid-1950s . In 1958 , Corsaut and Steve McQueen made their film debuts in the independent cult horror film , The Blob . Corsaut first appeared on the long - running Griffith show in 1963 as schoolteacher Helen Crump , who later became the Mayberry sheriff 's wife on the first episode of the spinoff Mayberry R.F.D. Corsaut also had a continuing role as policeman Bumper Morgan 's pawn - shop - owner friend on the series The Blue Knight and as Irma Howell in the short - lived series Mrs. G. Goes to College . In the TV series Adam - 12 , Corsaut portrayed Officer Pete Malloy 's girlfriend , Judy . She had a supporting role as Head Nurse Bradley in the 1980s sitcom House Calls , and also appeared in several episodes of Matlock with star Andy Griffith . In addition , Corsaut played the role of nurse Jesse Brewer in 1977 on the long - running ABC soap opera General Hospital when long - time portrayer Emily McLaughlin was too ill to work . She returned to the role of Helen Crump in the reunion shows Return to Mayberry in 1986 and The Andy Griffith Show Reunion in 1993 . As a writer , she coauthored The Mystery Reader 's Quiz Book . Death ( edit ) On November 6 , 1995 , Corsaut died of cancer in Studio City , Los Angeles , California , just three days after her 62nd birthday . She was interred at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood , Los Angeles . Filmography ( edit ) Films Year 1962 Title Role uncredited Notes 1958 The Blob Jane Martin Credited as Aneta Corseaut 1964 Good Neighbor Sam Fran Uncredited 1965 A Rage to Live Mary Uncredited Blazing Saddles Tourist Mother Uncredited 1978 The Toolbox Murders Joanne Ballard Television Year Title Role Notes 1955 Producers ' Showcase Episode : `` The Fourposter '' 1955 Robert Montgomery Presents Episode : `` Man Lost '' 1959 Black Saddle Mary Warren Episode : `` Client : Peter Warren '' 1960 Unsolved Gloria Television movie 1960 Johnny Ringo Lettie Frome Segment : `` Black Harvest '' 1960 Zane Grey Theatre Amy Episode : `` Ransom '' 1960 Guestward , Ho ! Mrs. Bennet Episode : `` Bab 's Mother '' 1960 - 1962 The Detectives Ruth Shaley Mae Banks 2 episodes 1961 Hennesey Mrs. Vaughn Episode : `` The Specialist '' 1961 Hong Kong Jeannie Episode : `` Lady Godiva '' 1961 Harrigan and Son Susan Fenton Episode : `` The Man Who Would n't Stay Dead '' 1961 - 1962 Mrs. G. Goes to College Irma Howell 3 episodes 1962 Saints and Sinners Ellie Episode : `` A Shame for the Diamond Wedding '' 1962 - 1965 Death Valley Days Various roles 4 episodes 1963 Bonanza Rebecca Kaufman Episode : `` The Way of Aaron '' 1963 The Real McCoys Karen Episode : `` The McCoy Hex '' 1963 - 1968 The Andy Griffith Show Helen Crump 66 episodes 1964 The Eleventh Hour Marian Episode : `` The Secret in the Stone '' 1965 Ben Casey Hanna Berger Episode : `` Where Does the Boomerang Go ? '' 1965 The Farmer 's Daughter Alice Episode : `` Katy by Moonlight '' 1965 - 1967 Gunsmoke Eleanor Starkey Sister Ruth 2 episodes 1968 - 1969 Mayberry R.F.D. Helen Crump Taylor 2 episodes 1970 Me and Benjie Television movie 1970 Nanny and the Professor Dr. Neilson Episode : `` My Son , the Sitter '' 1973 Owen Marshall : Counselor at Law Ethel Palmer Episode : `` Why is a Crooked Letter '' 1973 Columbo Nurse Morgan Episode : `` A Stitch in Crime '' 1973 - 1976 Marcus Welby , M.D. Jenny Bailey Brenda Tillerman 2 episodes Bad Ronald Mrs. Matthews Television movie 1974 - 1975 Emergency ! Various roles 3 episodes Adam - 12 Judy 2 episodes The Blue Knight Vera Episode : `` Triple Threat '' 1976 Rich Man , Poor Man Miss Erdlatz Miniseries 1979 The Runaways Shirley Grady Episode : `` Street of Terror : Part 2 '' 1979 - 1982 House Calls Head Nurse Bradley 11 episodes Hart to Hart Dorothy Smith Episode : `` Pandora Has Wings '' 1984 Days of Our Lives Blanche Dailey Series regular 1986 Hotel Mrs. Weaver Episode : `` Hearts Divided '' 1986 Return to Mayberry Helen Crump Taylor Television movie 1987 - 1992 Matlock Judge Cynthia Justin 7 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lentz , Harris M. ( 1995 ) . Obituaries in the Performing Arts . McFarland & Company . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 40253 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kaplan ( 1986 ) . Variety : Who 's Who In Show Business . Taylor & Francis . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Witbeck , Charles ( May 29 , 1967 ) . `` One More Year For Andy Griffith '' . Toledo Blade . p. 31 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aneta Corsaut ; Helen Crump on ' Andy Griffith Show ' '' . latimes.com . November 10 , 1995 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murdico , Suzanne J. ( 2004 ) . Meet the Blob . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 404 - 20271 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murdico 2004 p. 23 Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( February 3 , 1977 ) . `` Actress Does a ' Double ' Take '' . Ocala Star - Banner . p. 9A . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corsaut , Aneta ; Singer , Muff ; Wagner , Robert , The Mystery Reader 's Quiz Book , M Evans & Co ( December 1981 ) , 0871313510 Jump up ^ Ellenberger , Allan R. ( 2001 ) . Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries : A Directory . McFarland & Company Incorporated . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 40983 - 5 . Jump up ^ walk on during `` teen dance '' scene w / Lauri Peters External links ( edit ) Biography portal Aneta Corsaut on IMDb Aneta Corsaut at Find a Grave VIAF : 103237437 BNF : cb16164680h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aneta_Corsaut&oldid=798481902 '' Categories : 1933 births 1995 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Kansas American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American women writers Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer Northwestern University School of Communication alumni People from Hutchinson , Kansas University of California , Los Angeles alumni Writers from Kansas 20th - century American women writers 20th - century American writers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 06 : 23 . 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how does altitude affect the boiling point of water	At sea level water boils at 100 ° C. For each 500 ft ( ~ 150 m ) increase in elevation , the boiling point is lowered by 0.5 ° C. For 8,000 ft ( ~ 2500 m ) elevation , water boils at 92 ° C. Boiling as a cooking method must be adjusted or alternatives applied . Vegetables and some starches will simply take longer to cook while rice and legumes ( beans ) need a pressure cooker . Pasta will need a pressure cooker .		High - altitude cooking	high - altitude cooking	The boiling point of water is lower at higher altitudes due to the decreased atmospheric pressure . High - altitude cooking requires a compensation for lower temperatures for any cooking that involves boiling or steaming . This effect starts to become relevant at altitudes above 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) . Means of compensation include boiling / steaming for longer times or using a pressure cooker to provide higher pressure inside the cooking vessel , and hence higher temperature .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Boiling 2 Methods used at high altitudes 3 Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes 4 References 5 External links Boiling ( edit ) At sea level water boils at 100 ° C. For each 500 ft ( ~ 150 m ) increase in elevation , the boiling point is lowered by 0.5 ° C. For 8,000 ft ( ~ 2500 m ) elevation , water boils at 92 ° C. Boiling as a cooking method must be adjusted or alternatives applied . Vegetables and some starches will simply take longer to cook while rice and legumes ( beans ) need a pressure cooker . Pasta will need a pressure cooker . Methods used at high altitudes ( edit ) From pressure cooking : A pressure cooker is often used to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at a very high elevation . Under these circumstances water boils at temperatures significantly below 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and , without the use of a pressure cooker , may leave boiled foods undercooked , as described in Charles Darwin 's The Voyage of the Beagle : `` Having crossed the Peuquenes ( Piuquenes ) , we descended into a mountainous country , intermediate between the two main ranges , and then took up our quarters for the night . We were now in the republic of Mendoza . The elevation was probably not under 11,000 feet ( ... ) . At the place where we slept water necessarily boiled , from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere , at a lower temperature than it does in a less lofty country ; the case being the converse of that of a Papin 's digester . Hence the potatoes , after remaining for some hours in the boiling water , were nearly as hard as ever . The pot was left on the fire all night , and next morning it was boiled again , but yet the potatoes were not cooked . '' Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes ( edit ) Based on standard sea - level atmospheric pressure ( courtesy , NOAA ) : Altitude , ft ( m ) Boiling point of water , ° F ( ° C ) 0 ( 0 m ) 212 ° F ( 100 ° C ) 500 ( 150 m ) 211.1 ° F ( 99.5 ° C ) 1,000 ( 305 m ) 210.2 ° F ( 99 ° C ) 2,000 ( 610 m ) 208.4 ° F ( 98 ° C ) 5,000 ( 1524 m ) 203 ° F ( 95 ° C ) 6,000 ( 1829 m ) 201.1 ° F ( 94 ° C ) 8,000 ( 2438 m ) 197.4 ° F ( 91.9 ° C ) 10,000 ( 3048 m ) 193.6 ° F ( 89.8 ° C ) 12,000 ( 3658 m ) 189.8 ° F ( 87.6 ° C ) 14,000 ( 4267 m ) 185.9 ° F ( 85.5 ° C ) 15,000 ( 4572 m ) 184.1 ° F ( 84.5 ° C ) Source : NASA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) . `` High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Journal and remarks , Chapter XV , March 21 , 1835 by Charles Darwin . Jump up ^ http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0426(1984)001%3C0321%3ARPSPEU%3E2.0.CO%3B2 External links ( edit ) Boiling point of water vs altitude Cooking at high altitudes Is it true that you ca n't make a decent cup of tea up a mountain ? physics.org , accessed 2012 - 11 - 02 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude_cooking&oldid=831165207 '' Categories : Cooking techniques Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 03 : 18 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude%20cooking	2,919
what was the ruling in district of columbia v. heller	District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , is a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Second Amendment protects an individual 's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home , and that Washington , D.C. 's handgun ban and requirement that lawfully - owned rifles and shotguns be kept `` unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock '' violated this guarantee . It also stated that the right to bear arms is not unlimited and that guns and gun ownership would continue to be regulated . Due to Washington , D.C. 's special status as a federal district , the decision did not address the question of whether the Second Amendment 's protections are incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states , which was addressed two years later by McDonald v. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) in which it was found that they are . It was the first Supreme Court case to decide whether the Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and bear arms for self - defense .	that the Second Amendment protects an individual 's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home	District of Columbia v. Heller	district of columbia v. heller	District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , is a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Second Amendment protects an individual 's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home , and that Washington , D.C. 's handgun ban and requirement that lawfully - owned rifles and shotguns be kept `` unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock '' violated this guarantee . It also stated that the right to bear arms is not unlimited and that guns and gun ownership would continue to be regulated . Due to Washington , D.C. 's special status as a federal district , the decision did not address the question of whether the Second Amendment 's protections are incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states , which was addressed two years later by McDonald v. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) in which it was found that they are . It was the first Supreme Court case to decide whether the Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and bear arms for self - defense .	On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court affirmed by a vote of 5 to 4 the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Heller v. District of Columbia . The Supreme Court struck down provisions of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 as unconstitutional , determined that handguns are `` arms '' for the purposes of the Second Amendment , found that the Regulations Act was an unconstitutional ban , and struck down the portion of the Regulations Act that requires all firearms including rifles and shotguns be kept `` unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock '' . Prior to this decision the Firearms Control Regulation Act of 1975 also restricted residents from owning handguns except for those registered prior to 1975 . The majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , and the primary dissenting opinion , written by Justice John Paul Stevens , are considered examples of the application of originalism in practice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lower court background 1.1 District Court 1.2 Court of Appeals 1.2. 1 Henderson 's dissent 1.2. 2 Petition for rehearing 2 Supreme Court 2.1 Amicus curiae briefs 2.2 Oral arguments 2.3 Decision 2.3. 1 Second Amendment findings and reasoning for the decision 2.4 Issues addressed by the majority 2.5 Dissenting opinions 3 Non-party involvement 3.1 National Rifle Association 3.2 Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence 4 Reactions 4.1 To the lower court rulings 4.2 To the Supreme Court rulings 5 Post ruling impacts 5.1 District of Columbia 5.2 New York 5.3 Illinois 5.4 California 5.5 Idaho 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 External links Lower Court background ( edit ) In 2002 , Robert A. Levy , a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute , began vetting plaintiffs with Clark M. Neily III , for a planned Second Amendment lawsuit that he would personally finance . Although he himself had never owned a gun , as a Constitutional scholar he had an academic interest in the subject and wanted to model his campaign after the legal strategies of Thurgood Marshall , who had successfully led the challenges that overturned school segregation . They aimed for a group that would be diverse in terms of gender , race , economic background , and age , and selected six plaintiffs from their mid-20s to early 60s , three men and three women , four white and two black : Shelly Parker A software designer and former nurse who had been active in trying to rid her neighborhood of drugs . Parker is a single woman whose life had been threatened on numerous occasions by drug dealers who had sometimes tried to break into her house . Tom G. Palmer A colleague of Robert A. Levy at the Cato Institute and the only plaintiff that Levy knew before the case began . Palmer , who is gay , defended himself with a 9mm handgun in 1982 . While walking with a friend in San Jose , California , he was accosted by a gang of about 20 young men who used profane language regarding his sexual orientation and threatened his life . When he produced his gun , the men fled . Palmer believes that the handgun saved his life . Gillian St. Lawrence A mortgage broker who lives in the Georgetown section of D.C. and who owns several legally registered long guns which she uses for recreation in nearby Chantilly , Virginia . It had taken St. Lawrence two years to complete the registration process . She wanted to be able to use these guns to defend herself in her home and to be able to register a handgun . Tracey Ambeau ( now Tracey Hanson ) An employee of the U.S. Department of Agriculture . Originally from St. Gabriel , Louisiana , she lives in the Adams Morgan neighborhood of D.C. with her husband , Andrew Hanson , who is from Waterloo , Iowa . They live in a high - crime neighborhood near Union Station in D.C. She grew up around guns and wanted one to defend her home . George Lyon A communications lawyer who had previously contacted the National Rifle Association about filing a lawsuit to challenge the D.C. gun laws . Lyon held D.C. licenses for a shotgun and a rifle , but wanted to have a handgun in his home . Dick Anthony Heller A licensed special police officer for the District of Columbia . For his job , Heller carried a gun in federal office buildings , but was not allowed to have one in his home . Heller had lived in southeast D.C. near the Kentucky Courts public housing complex since 1970 and had seen the neighborhood `` transformed from a child - friendly welfare complex to a drug haven '' . Heller had also approached the National Rifle Association about a lawsuit to overturn the D.C. gun ban , but the NRA declined . Previous federal case law pertaining to the question of an individual 's right to bear arms included United States v. Emerson , 270 F. 3d 203 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) , which supported the right and Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) , which opposed the right . The Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) was interpreted to support both sides of the issue . District Court ( edit ) In February 2003 , the six residents of Washington , D.C. filed a lawsuit in the District Court for the District of Columbia , challenging the constitutionality of provisions of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 , a local law ( part of the District of Columbia Code ) enacted pursuant to District of Columbia home rule . This law restricted residents from owning handguns , excluding those grandfathered in by registration prior to 1975 and those possessed by active and retired law enforcement officers . The law also required that all firearms including rifles and shotguns be kept `` unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock . '' They filed for an injunction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 , 2202 , and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . District Court Judge Ricardo M. Urbina dismissed the lawsuit . Court of Appeals ( edit ) On appeal , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit reversed the dismissal in a 2 -- 1 decision . The Court of Appeals struck down provisions of the Firearms Control Regulations Act as unconstitutional . Judges Karen L. Henderson , Thomas B. Griffith and Laurence H. Silberman formed the Court of Appeals panel , with Senior Circuit Judge Silberman writing the court 's opinion and Circuit Judge Henderson dissenting . The court 's opinion first addressed whether appellants have standing to sue for declaratory and injunctive relief in section II ( slip op . at 5 -- 12 ) . The court concluded that of the six plaintiffs , only Heller -- who applied for a handgun permit but was denied -- had standing . The court then held that the Second Amendment `` protects an individual right to keep and bear arms '' , that the `` right existed prior to the formation of the new government under the Constitution '' , also stating that the right was `` premised on the private use of arms for activities such as hunting and self - defense , the latter being understood as resistance to either private lawlessness or the depredations of a tyrannical government ( or a threat from abroad ) . '' They also noted that though the right to bear arms also helped preserve the citizen militia , `` the activities ( the Amendment ) protects are not limited to militia service , nor is an individual 's enjoyment of the right contingent upon his or her continued or intermittent enrollment in the militia . '' The court determined that handguns are `` Arms '' and concluded that thus they may not be banned by the District of Columbia . The court also struck down the portion of the law that requires all firearms including rifles and shotguns be kept `` unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock . '' The District argued that there is an implicit self - defense exception to these provisions , but the D.C. Circuit rejected this view , saying that the requirement amounted to a complete ban on functional firearms and prohibition on use for self - defense : Section 7 - 2507.02 , like the bar on carrying a pistol within the home , amounts to a complete prohibition on the lawful use of handguns for self - defense . As such , we hold it unconstitutional . Henderson 's dissent ( edit ) In her dissent , Circuit Judge Henderson stated that Second Amendment rights did not extend to residents of Washington D.C. , writing : To sum up , there is no dispute that the Constitution , case law and applicable statutes all establish that the District is not a State within the meaning of the Second Amendment . Under United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. at 178 , the Second Amendment 's declaration and guarantee that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' relates to the Militia of the States only . That the Second Amendment does not apply to the District , then , is , to me , an unavoidable conclusion . Petition for rehearing ( edit ) In April 2007 , the District and Mayor Adrian Fenty petitioned for rehearing en banc , arguing that the ruling created inter - and intra-jurisdictional conflict . On May 8 , the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied the request to rehear the case , by a 6 -- 4 vote . Supreme Court ( edit ) The defendants petitioned the United States Supreme Court to hear the case . The plaintiffs did not oppose but , in fact , welcomed the petition . The Supreme Court granted certiorari on November 20 , 2007 . The court rephrased the question to be decided as follows : The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted limited to the following question : Whether the following provisions , D.C. Code § § 7 - 2502.02 ( a ) ( 4 ) , 22 -- 4504 ( a ) , and 7 - 2507.02 , violate the Second Amendment rights of individuals who are not affiliated with any state - regulated militia , but who wish to keep handguns and other firearms for private use in their homes ? This represented the first time since the 1939 case United States v. Miller that the Supreme Court had directly addressed the scope of the Second Amendment . Amicus curiae briefs ( edit ) Because of the controversial nature of the case , it garnered much attention from many groups on both sides of the gun rights issue . Many of those groups filed amicus curiae ( friend of the court ) briefs , about 47 urging the court to affirm the case and about 20 to remand it . A majority of the members of Congress signed the brief authored by Stephen Halbrook advising that the case be affirmed overturning the ban on handguns not otherwise restricted by Congress . Vice President Dick Cheney joined in this brief , acting in his role as President of the United States Senate , and breaking with the George W. Bush administration 's official position . Arizona Senator John McCain , Republican , also signed the brief . Then - Illinois Senator Barack Obama , did not . A majority of the states signed the brief of Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott , authored by Abbott 's solicitor general , Ted Cruz , advising that the case be affirmed , while at the same time emphasizing that the states have a strong interest in maintaining each of the states ' laws prohibiting and regulating firearms . Law enforcement organizations , including the Fraternal Order of Police and the Southern States Police Benevolent Association , also filed a brief urging that the case be affirmed . A number of organizations signed friend of the court briefs advising that the case be remanded , including the United States Department of Justice and Attorneys General of New York , Hawaii , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , and Puerto Rico . Additionally , friend of the court briefs to remand were filed by a spectrum of religious and anti-violence groups , a number of cities and mayors , and many police chiefs and law enforcement organizations . A collection of organizations and prominent scholars , represented by attorney Jeffrey Teichert , submitted an `` errors brief '' arguing that many of the common historical and factual `` myths and misrepresentations '' generally offered in favor of banning handguns were in error . Teichert 's errors brief argued from a historical perspective that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to keep and bear arms . Oral arguments ( edit ) Robert A. Levy ( left ) and Alan Gura , counsel for Heller The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on March 18 , 2008 . Both the transcript and the audio of the argument have been released . Each side was initially allotted 30 minutes to argue its case , with U.S. Solicitor General Paul D. Clement allotted 15 minutes to present the federal government 's views . During the argument , however , extra time was extended to the parties , and the argument ran 23 minutes over the allotted time . Walter E. Dellinger of the law firm O'Melveny & Myers , also a professor at Duke University Law School and former Acting Solicitor General , argued the District 's side before the Supreme Court . Dellinger was assisted by Thomas Goldstein of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld , Robert Long of Covington & Burling and D.C. Solicitor General Todd Kim . The law firms assisting the District worked pro bono . Alan Gura , of the D.C. - based law firm Gura & Possessky , was lead counsel for Heller , and argued on his behalf before the Supreme Court . Robert Levy , a senior fellow at the Cato Institute , and Clark Neily , a senior attorney at the Institute for Justice , were his co-counsel . Decision ( edit ) Justice Antonin Scalia wrote the majority opinion . The Supreme Court held : ( 1 ) The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . Pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . Pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . Pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . Pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . Pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . Pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . ( 2 ) Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . Pp. 54 -- 56 . ( 3 ) The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . Pp. 56 -- 64 . The Opinion of the Court , delivered by Justice Scalia , was joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr. and by Justices Anthony M. Kennedy , Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr . Second Amendment findings and reasoning for the decision ( edit ) The Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up the Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Issues addressed by the majority ( edit ) The core holding in D.C. v. Heller is that the Second Amendment is an individual right intimately tied to the natural right of self - defense . The Scalia majority invokes much historical material to support its finding that the right to keep and bear arms belongs to individuals ; more precisely , Scalia asserts in the Court 's opinion that the `` people '' to whom the Second Amendment right is accorded are the same `` people '' who enjoy First and Fourth Amendment protection : `` ' The Constitution was written to be understood by the voters ; its words and phrases were used in their normal and ordinary as distinguished from technical meaning . ' United States v. Sprague , 282 U.S. 716 , 731 ( 1931 ) ; see also Gibbons v. Ogden , 9 Wheat . 1 , 188 ( 1824 ) . Normal meaning may of course include an idiomatic meaning , but it excludes secret or technical meanings ... '' With that finding as anchor , the Court ruled a total ban on operative handguns in the home is unconstitutional , as the ban runs afoul of both the self - defense purpose of the Second Amendment -- a purpose not previously articulated by the Court -- and the `` in common use at the time '' prong of the Miller decision : since handguns are in common use , their ownership is protected . The Court applies as remedy that `` ( a ) ssuming that Heller is not disqualified from the exercise of Second Amendment rights , the District must permit him to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' The Court , additionally , hinted that other remedy might be available in the form of eliminating the license requirement for carry in the home , but that no such relief had been requested : `` Respondent conceded at oral argument that he does not ' have a problem with ... licensing ' and that the District 's law is permissible so long as it is ' not enforced in an arbitrary and capricious manner . ' Tr. of Oral Arg. 74 -- 75 . We therefore assume that petitioners ' issuance of a license will satisfy respondent 's prayer for relief and do not address the licensing requirement . '' In regard to the scope of the right , the Court wrote , in an obiter dictum , `` Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . '' The Court also added dicta regarding the private ownership of machine guns . In doing so , it suggested the elevation of the `` in common use at the time '' prong of the Miller decision , which by itself protects handguns , over the first prong ( protecting arms that `` have some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' ) , which may not by itself protect machine guns : `` It may be objected that if weapons that are most useful in military service -- M16 rifles and the like -- may be banned , then the Second Amendment right is completely detached from the prefatory clause . But as we have said , the conception of the militia at the time of the Second Amendment 's ratification was the body of all citizens capable of military service , who would bring the sorts of lawful weapons that they possessed at home . '' The Court did not address which level of judicial review should be used by lower courts in deciding future cases claiming infringement of the right to keep and bear arms : `` ( S ) ince this case represents this Court 's first in - depth examination of the Second Amendment , one should not expect it to clarify the entire field . '' The Court states , `` If all that was required to overcome the right to keep and bear arms was a rational basis , the Second Amendment would be redundant with the separate constitutional prohibitions on irrational laws , and would have no effect . '' Also , regarding Justice Breyer 's proposal of a `` judge - empowering ' interest - balancing inquiry , ' '' the Court states , `` We know of no other enumerated constitutional right whose core protection has been subjected to a freestanding ' interest - balancing ' approach . '' Dissenting opinions ( edit ) Justice John Paul Stevens wrote the dissenting opinion . In a dissenting opinion , Justice John Paul Stevens stated that the court 's judgment was `` a strained and unpersuasive reading '' which overturned longstanding precedent , and that the court had `` bestowed a dramatic upheaval in the law '' . Stevens also stated that the amendment was notable for the `` omission of any statement of purpose related to the right to use firearms for hunting or personal self - defense '' which was present in the Declarations of Rights of Pennsylvania and Vermont . The Stevens dissent seems to rest on four main points of disagreement : that the Founders would have made the individual right aspect of the Second Amendment express if that was what was intended ; that the `` militia '' preamble and exact phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' demands the conclusion that the Second Amendment touches on state militia service only ; that many lower courts ' later `` collective - right '' reading of the Miller decision constitutes stare decisis , which may only be overturned at great peril ; and that the Court has not considered gun - control laws ( e.g. , the National Firearms Act ) unconstitutional . The dissent concludes , `` The Court would have us believe that over 200 years ago , the Framers made a choice to limit the tools available to elected officials wishing to regulate civilian uses of weapons ... I could not possibly conclude that the Framers made such a choice . '' Justice Stevens ' dissent was joined by Justices David Souter , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , and Stephen Breyer . Justice Breyer filed a separate dissenting opinion , joined by the same dissenting Justices , which sought to demonstrate that , starting from the premise of an individual - rights view , the District of Columbia 's handgun ban and trigger lock requirement would nevertheless be permissible limitations on the right . The Breyer dissent looks to early municipal fire - safety laws that forbade the storage of gunpowder ( and in Boston the carrying of loaded arms into certain buildings ) , and on nuisance laws providing fines or loss of firearm for imprudent usage , as demonstrating the Second Amendment has been understood to have no impact on the regulation of civilian firearms . The dissent argues the public safety necessity of gun - control laws , quoting that `` guns were responsible for 69 deaths in this country each day . ' '' With these two supports , the Breyer dissent goes on to conclude , `` there simply is no untouchable constitutional right guaranteed by the Second Amendment to keep loaded handguns in the house in crime - ridden urban areas . '' It proposes that firearms laws be reviewed by balancing the interests ( i.e. , `` ' interest - balancing ' approach '' ) of Second Amendment protections against the government 's compelling interest of preventing crime . The Breyer dissent also objected to the `` common use '' distinction used by the majority to distinguish handguns from machineguns : `` But what sense does this approach make ? According to the majority 's reasoning , if Congress and the States lift restrictions on the possession and use of machineguns , and people buy machineguns to protect their homes , the Court will have to reverse course and find that the Second Amendment does , in fact , protect the individual self - defense - related right to possess a machine - gun ... There is no basis for believing that the Framers intended such circular reasoning . '' Non-party involvement ( edit ) National Rifle Association ( edit ) Attorney Alan Gura , in a 2003 filing , used the term `` sham litigation '' to describe the NRA 's attempts to have Parker ( aka Heller ) consolidated with its own case challenging the D.C. law . Gura also stated that `` the NRA was adamant about not wanting the Supreme Court to hear the case '' . These concerns were based on NRA lawyers ' assessment that the justices at the time the case was filed might reach an unfavorable decision . Cato Institute senior fellow Robert Levy , co-counsel to the Parker plaintiffs , has stated that the Parker plaintiffs `` faced repeated attempts by the NRA to derail the litigation . '' He also stated that `` The N.R.A. 's interference in this process set us back and almost killed the case . It was a very acrimonious relationship . '' Wayne LaPierre , the NRA 's chief executive officer , confirmed the NRA 's misgivings . `` There was a real dispute on our side among the constitutional scholars about whether there was a majority of justices on the Supreme Court who would support the Constitution as written , '' Mr. LaPierre said . Both Levy and LaPierre said the NRA and Mr. Levy 's team were now on good terms . Elaine McArdle wrote in the Harvard Law Bulletin : `` If Parker is the long - awaited `` clean '' case , one reason may be that proponents of the individual - rights view of the Second Amendment -- including the National Rifle Association , which filed an amicus brief in the case -- have learned from earlier defeats , and crafted strategies to maximize the chances of Supreme Court review . '' The NRA did eventually support the litigation by filing an amicus brief with the Court arguing that the plaintiffs in Parker had standing to sue and that the D.C. ban was unconstitutional under the Second Amendment . Chris Cox , executive director of the NRA 's Institute for Legislative Action , had indicated support of federal legislation which would repeal the D.C. gun ban . Opponents of the legislation argued that this would have rendered the Parker case moot , and would have effectively eliminated the possibility that the case would be heard by the Supreme Court . Immediately after the Supreme Court 's ruling , the NRA filed a lawsuit against the city of Chicago over its handgun ban , followed the next day by a lawsuit against the city of San Francisco over its ban of handguns in public housing . Brady Campaign to Prevent gun violence ( edit ) The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence opposed the arguments made by the plaintiffs in Parker , and filed amicus curiae against those arguments in both the District and Circuit courts . Paul Helmke , the president of the Brady Campaign , suggested to D.C. before the Court granted certiorari that it modify its gun laws rather than appeal to the Supreme Court . Helmke has written that if the Supreme Court upholds the Circuit court ruling , it `` could lead to all current and proposed firearms laws being called into question . '' After the ruling , Paul Helmke stated that , `` the classic ' slippery slope ' argument '' , `` that even modest gun control would lead down the path to a complete ban on gun ownership '' , `` is now gone . '' Helmke added that , `` The Court also rejected the absolutist misreading of the Second Amendment that some use to argue ' any gun , any time for anyone , ' which many politicians have used as an excuse to do nothing about the scourge of gun violence in our country and to block passage of common sense gun laws . '' Reactions ( edit ) To the lower Court rulings ( edit ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Various experts expressed opinions on the D.C. Circuit 's decision . Harvard Law School professor Laurence Tribe contended that the Second Amendment protects an individual right , and predicted that if Parker is reviewed by the Supreme Court `` there 's a really quite decent chance that it will be affirmed . '' However , Professor Tribe has also argued that the District 's ban on one class of weapons does not violate the Second Amendment even under an individual rights view . Erwin Chemerinsky , then of Duke Law School and now dean of the University of California , Berkeley School of Law , argued that the District of Columbia 's handgun laws , even assuming an `` individual rights '' interpretation of the Second Amendment , could be justified as reasonable regulations and thus upheld as constitutional . Professor Chemerinsky believes that the regulation of guns should be analyzed in the same way `` as other regulation of property under modern constitutional law '' and `` be allowed so long as it is rationally related to achieving a legitimate government purpose . '' However , the dicta in Heller suggests that applying a mere rational basis analysis is an incorrect reading of the Constitution and would , in fact , defeat the entire purpose of the Second Amendment . To the Supreme Court rulings ( edit ) Cato Institute senior fellow Robert Levy , co-counsel to the Parker plaintiffs , agreed with the court 's ruling but describes that his interpretation of the Second Amendment would not preclude all governmental regulation of private ownership of weapons : Even the NRA concedes that you ca n't have mad men running around with weapons of mass destruction . So there are some restrictions that are permissible and it will be the task of the legislature and the courts to ferret all of that out and draw the lines . I am sure , though , that outright bans on handguns like they have in D.C. wo n't be permitted . That is not a reasonable restriction under anybody 's characterization . It is not a restriction , it 's a prohibition . Clark Neily , an attorney for Dick Heller in this case , has said regarding Heller : America went over 200 years without knowing whether a key provision of the Bill of Rights actually meant anything . We came within one vote of being told that it did not , notwithstanding what amounts to a national consensus that the Second Amendment means what it says : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Taking rights seriously , including rights we might not favor personally , is good medicine for the body politic , and Heller was an excellent dose . Richard Posner , judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , compares Heller to Roe v. Wade , stating that it created a federal constitutional right that did not previously exist , and he asserts that the originalist method -- to which Justice Antonin Scalia claimed to adhere -- would have yielded the opposite result of the majority opinion . The text of the amendment , whether viewed alone or in light of the concerns that actuated its adoption , creates no right to the private possession of guns for hunting or other sport , or for the defense of person or property . It is doubtful that the amendment could even be thought to require that members of state militias be allowed to keep weapons in their homes , since that would reduce the militias ' effectiveness . Suppose part of a state 's militia was engaged in combat and needed additional weaponry . Would the militia 's commander have to collect the weapons from the homes of militiamen who had not been mobilized , as opposed to obtaining them from a storage facility ? Since the purpose of the Second Amendment , judging from its language and background , was to assure the effectiveness of state militias , an interpretation that undermined their effectiveness by preventing states from making efficient arrangements for the storage and distribution of military weapons would not make sense . J. Harvie Wilkinson III , chief judge of United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , consents to Posner 's analysis , stating that Heller `` encourages Americans to do what conservative jurists warned for years they should not do : bypass the ballot and seek to press their political agenda in the courts . '' Heller thus represents the worst of missed opportunities -- the chance to ground conservative jurisprudence in enduring and consistent principles of restraint . The Constitution expresses the need for judicial restraint in many different ways -- separation of powers , federalism , and the grant of life tenure to unelected judges among them . It is an irony that Heller would in the name of originalism abandon insights so central to the Framers ' designs . Alan Gura , Lead Counsel for Respondent in Heller rejects Wilkinson 's criticism , stating that `` Rather , the Court affirmed the Second Amendment 's original public meaning , as confirmed by its plain text . Having determined the Amendment 's meaning , the Court showed the proper level of deference to the D.C. City Council 's outright repudiation of the constitutional text : none . '' Post ruling impacts ( edit ) See also : McDonald v. City of Chicago , Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority , and Nordyke v. King Since the June 2008 ruling , over 80 different cases have been heard in lower federal courts on the constitutionality of a wide variety of gun control laws . These courts have heard lawsuits in regard to bans of firearm possession by felons , drug addicts , illegal aliens , and individuals convicted of domestic violence misdemeanors . Also , cases have been heard on the constitutionality of laws prohibiting certain types of weapons , such as machine guns , sawed - off shotguns and / or specific types of weapons attachments . In addition , courts have heard challenges to laws barring guns in post offices and near schools and laws outlawing `` straw '' purchases , carrying of concealed weapons , types of ammunition and possession of unregistered firearms . The courts have upheld most of these laws as being constitutional . The basis for the lower court rulings is the paragraph near the end of the Heller ruling that states : Nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions on the commercial sale of arms . Consistently since the Heller ruling , the lower federal courts have ruled that almost all gun control measures as presently legislated are lawful and that according to UCLA professor of constitutional law Adam Winkler : `` What gun rights advocates are discovering is that the vast majority of gun control laws fit within these categories . '' Robert Levy , the executive director of the Cato Institute who funded the Heller litigation has commented on this passage describing constitutionally acceptable forms of prohibitions of firearms : `` I would have preferred that that not have been there , '' and that this paragraph in Scalia 's opinion `` created more confusion than light . '' Similar to the lifting of gun bans mentioned previously in the settlements of lawsuits filed post-Heller , in US v. Arzberger , also decided post-Heller , it was noted : To the extent , then , that the Second Amendment creates an individual right to possess a firearm unrelated to any military purpose , it also establishes a protectible liberty interest . And , although the Supreme Court has indicated that this privilege may be withdrawn from some groups of persons such as convicted felons , there is no basis for categorically depriving persons who are merely accused of certain crimes of the right to legal possession of a firearm . District of Columbia ( edit ) Dick Heller , pictured here in 2018 The D.C. government indicated it would continue to use zoning ordinances to prevent firearms dealers from operating and selling to citizens residing in the District , meaning it would continue to be difficult for residents to legally purchase guns in the District . Additionally , the District enacted new firearms restrictions in an effort to cure the constitutional defects in the ordinance that the Supreme Court had identified in Heller . The new provisions were : ( 1 ) the firearms registration procedures ; ( 2 ) the prohibition on assault weapons ; and ( 3 ) the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices . In response , Dick Heller challenged these new restrictions filing a civil suit named Heller v. District of Columbia ( Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 ) where he requested a summary judgment to vacate the new prohibitions . On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. District Judge Ricardo M. Urbina denied Dick Heller 's request and granted the cross motion , stating that the court `` concludes that the regulatory provisions that the plaintiffs challenge permissibly regulate the exercise of the core Second Amendment right to use arms for the purpose of self - defense in the home . '' Dick Heller 's application to register his semi-automatic pistol was rejected because the gun was a bottom - loading weapon , and according to the District 's interpretation , all bottom - loading guns , including magazine - fed non-assault - style rifles , are outlawed because they are grouped with machine guns . Revolvers will likely not fall under such a ban . On December 16 , 2008 the D.C. Council unanimously passed the Firearms Registration Emergency Amendment Act of 2008 which addresses the issues raised in the Heller Supreme Court decision , and also puts in place a number of registration requirements to update and strengthen the District 's gun laws . Justice Antonin Scalia 's opinion for the majority provided Second Amendment protection for commonly used and popular handguns but not for atypical arms or arms used for unlawful purposes , such as short - barreled shotguns . Scalia stated : `` Whatever the reason , handguns are the most popular weapon chosen by Americans for self - defense in the home , and a complete prohibition of their use is invalid . '' `` We think that Miller 's `` ordinary military equipment '' language must be read in tandem with what comes after : `` ( O ) rdinarily when called for ( militia ) service ( able - bodied ) men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . '' 307 U.S. , at 179 . '' `` We therefore read Miller to say only that the Second Amendment does not protect those weapons not typically possessed by law - abiding citizens for lawful purposes , such as short - barreled shotguns . '' `` It may be objected that if weapons that are most useful in military service -- M - 16 rifles and the like -- may be banned , then the Second Amendment right is completely detached from the prefatory clause . But as we have said , the conception of the militia at the time of the Second Amendment 's ratification was the body of all citizens capable of military service , who would bring the sorts of lawful weapons that they possessed at home to militia duty . '' On July 24 , 2014 , the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled , in Palmer v. District of Columbia , that the District 's total ban on the public carrying of ready - to - use handguns is unconstitutional . In its decision , the Court stated : `` ( ... ) the Court finds that the District of Columbia 's complete ban on the carrying of handguns in public is unconstitutional . Accordingly , the Court grants Plaintiffs ' motion for summary judgment and enjoins Defendants from enforcing the home limitations of D.C. Code § 7 - 2502.02 ( a ) ( 4 ) and enforcing D.C. Code § 22 - 4504 ( a ) unless and until such time as the District of Columbia adopts a licensing mechanism consistent with constitutional standards enabling people to exercise their Second Amendment right to bear arms . Furthermore , this injunction prohibits the District from completely banning the carrying of handguns in public for self - defense by otherwise qualified non-residents based solely on the fact that they are not residents of the District . '' New York ( edit ) Bloomberg delivering a speech Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg said that `` all of the laws on the books in New York State and New York City '' would be allowed by the ruling as `` reasonable regulation . '' Robert Levy has stated that the current New York City gun laws are `` not much different '' from the D.C. ban that has been overturned . The National Rifle Association and other gun - rights advocates have not ruled out suing New York City , especially over the definition of `` reasonable regulation '' . Southern District of New York Magistrate Judge James Francis has said that , prior to Heller , it would not have been considered unreasonable to require a defendant to surrender a firearm as a condition of pretrial release . Specifically , according to Judge Francis : This all changed , with the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision in District of Columbia v. Heller ; 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) , where the court changed the course of Second Amendment jurisprudence by creating what he said was a `` protectible liberty interest '' in the possession of firearms . Thus , in the absence of an individualized determination at a bail hearing , requiring the defendant to give up any firearms violates due process . Maloney v. Rice ( a.k.a. Maloney v. Cuomo and Maloney v. Spitzer ) , 554 F. 3d 56 ( 2d . Cir. 2009 ) originally held that the 2nd Amendment does not apply to the states in the Second Circuit . The case involved a state ban on Nunchaku sticks ( a martial arts weapon ) in New York . In a memorandum opinion dated June 29 , 2010 , the Supreme Court vacated the Second Circuit decision in Maloney and remanded for further consideration in light of the holding in McDonald v. City of Chicago that the Second Amendment does apply to the states . The Second Circuit has remanded the case to the trial court . Illinois ( edit ) The NRA has filed five related lawsuits since the Heller decision . In four Illinois lawsuits , the NRA sought to have the Second Amendment incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment , causing the Second Amendment to apply to state and local jurisdictions and not just to the federal government . Three Illinois lawsuits have been negotiated and settled out of court involving agreements that repeal gun ban ordinances and did not result in incorporation of the Second Amendment to state and local jurisdictions . The fourth NRA lawsuit against Chicago was rejected . The NRA appealed the case to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals . On June 2 , 2009 , the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court 's decision , based on the theory that Heller applied only to the Federal Government ( including the District of Columbia ) , and not to states or their subordinate jurisdictions . This opinion directly conflicts with the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals 's earlier decision , holding that Heller applies to states as well . On June 28 , 2010 , the Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit 's decision in McDonald v. City of Chicago and remanded it back to Seventh Circuit to resolve conflicts between certain Chicago gun restrictions and the Second Amendment . Chicago 's handgun law was likened to the D.C. handgun ban by Justice Breyer . Similarly , three Illinois municipalities with gun control measures on the books that previously had banned all handguns have rescinded their handgun bans . These cities were Morton Grove , Illinois , Wilmette , another Illinois village , and Evanston , Illinois which enacted a partial repeal of its handgun ban . In Ezell v. Chicago , decided July 6 , 2011 , the Seventh Circuit reversed a district court decision that the post-McDonald measures adopted by the City of Chicago were constitutional . The Chicago law required firearms training in a shooting range in order to obtain a gun permit , but also banned shooting ranges within the City of Chicago . The City had argued that applicants could obtain their training at gun ranges in the suburbs . The opinion noted that Chicago could not infringe Second Amendment rights on the grounds that they could be exercised elsewhere , any more than it could infringe the right to freedom of speech on the grounds that citizens could speak elsewhere . California ( edit ) On January 14 , 2009 , in Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority , the San Francisco Housing Authority reached a settlement out of court with the NRA , which allows residents to possess legal firearms within a SFHA apartment building . The San Francisco lawsuit resulted in the elimination of the gun ban from the SF Housing Authority residential lease terms . Tim Larsen speaking for the Housing Authority said that they never intended to enforce its 2005 housing lease gun ban against law - abiding gun owners and have never done so . On February 13 , 2014 , in Peruta v. San Diego , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided that the San Diego policy to disallow both concealed carry , and the State of California law that disallows open carry anywhere in the state , were not acceptable under Supreme Court precedent in Heller and McDonald . A `` responsible , law - abiding citizen has a right under the Second Amendment to carry a firearm in public for self - defense . '' More specifically , `` the Second Amendment does require that the states permit some form of carry for self - defense outside the home . '' ( italics in original ) ... and `` carrying weapons in public for the lawful purpose of self defense is a central component of the right to bear arms . '' The case was remanded to the district court because `` San Diego County 's ' good cause ' permitting requirement impermissibly infringes on the Second Amendment right to bear arms in lawful self - defense . '' IDAHO ( edit ) On January 10 , 2014 , in Morris v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , the District Court struck down a Corps of Engineers regulation barring possession of loaded guns in recreation areas surrounding Corps dams . The court held that tents are akin to homes , and under Heller , Second Amendment rights are protected . Legacy ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2011 ) Initial reaction has deemed the Heller ruling to be of great significance , though it remains too soon to tell what the long - term effects may be . Sanford Levinson has written that he is inclined to believe that the Heller decision will be relatively insignificant to the practice of law in the long run but that it will have significance to other groups interested in cultural literacy and constitutional designers . In 2009 , both Levinson and Mark Tushnet speculated that it is quite unlikely that the case would be studied as part of casebooks of future law schools . As was predicted , a large surge of court cases was seen in lower federal courts in the aftermath of the 2008 ruling . As of March 2009 , over 80 cases had been filed seeking to overturn existing gun laws . The decision in McDonald v. City of Chicago , which was brought in response to Heller and decided in 2010 , did invalidate much of Chicago 's gun purchase and registration laws , and has called into question many other state and local laws restricting purchase , possession and carry of firearms . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : US Supreme Court rules DC gun ban unconstitutional Wikisource has original text related to this article : District of Columbia v. Heller List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 554 List of United States Supreme Court cases Firearm case law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Incorporation ( Bill of Rights ) # Amendment II Second Amendment to the United States Constitution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller did not address the question of whether the Second Amendment extends beyond the federal government and federal enclaves such as Washington . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . The Supreme Court ... decided for the first time in the nation 's history that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun for self - defense . Jump up ^ 478 F. 3d 370 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) , cert . denied , 128 S. Ct. 2994 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Misc . order Certiorari Denied p. 2 ; Court : A constitutional right to a gun Jump up ^ Greene , Jamal ( 2009 ) . `` Heller High Water : The Future of Originalism '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Law & Policy Review . 3 : 325 -- 345 . ( `` ... Justice Scalia 's opinion for the 5 - 4 majority appeared to be a sterling exemplar of originalism , the method of constitutional interpretation that he has helped to popularize . More surprising to most observers , the dissenting opinion of Justice Stevens also seemed to be in the originalist tradition . Hence the claim advanced by some in the decision 's wake that `` we are all originalists now . '' '' ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( 2007 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Carefully Plotted Course Propels Gun Case to Top '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Duggan , Paul ( 2007 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Lawyer Who Wiped Out D.C. Ban Says It 's About Liberties , Not Guns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Court decision on gun control is personal for 2 women '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Tom ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) . Tom Palmer talks about the DC gun ban on Reporter 's Roundtable . Cato Institute . Event occurs at 1 : 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffe , Harry ( March 2008 ) . `` DC Gun Rights : Do You Want This Next to Your Bed ? '' . Washingtonian.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 39 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ; Nakamura , David ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` D.C. Asks Supreme Court to Back Gun Ban '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Parker Opinion , Opinion of the Court , p. 57 . `` He simply contends that he is entitled to the possession of a ' functional ' firearm to be employed in case of a threat to life or limb . The District responds that , notwithstanding the broad language of the Code , a judge would likely give the statute a narrowing construction when confronted with a self - defense justification . That might be so , but judicial lenity can not make up for the unreasonable restriction of a constitutional right . Section 7 - 2507.02 , like the bar on carrying a pistol within the home , amounts to a complete prohibition on the lawful use of handguns for self - defense . As such , we hold it unconstitutional . '' Jump up ^ Page III - 17 of dissent . Jump up ^ `` Petition for rehearing en banc for the District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Cert . granted , District of Columbia v. Heller , 128 S. Ct. 645 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Coyle , Marcia ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Amicus Briefs Are Ammo for Supreme Court Gun Case '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Cheney Joins Congress In Opposing D.C. Gun Ban ; Vice President Breaks With Administration '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Halbrook amicus brief '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` US Supreme Court in historic hearing on gun laws '' . AFP . 2008 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=88251874 Jump up ^ `` Amicus brief of 31 States '' ( PDF ) . p. 36 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McKee , Jennifer ( 2008 - 02 - 13 ) . `` State signs gun rights brief '' . Missoulian.com . Jump up ^ `` Hutchison , Abbott Fight For Gun Rights '' . KXAN.com . Jump up ^ `` International Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers Association '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Justice brief '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Amicus States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amicus coalition '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amicus Cities '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brady Center '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Brief Amicus Curiae of Organizations and Scholars Correcting Myths and Misrepresentations Commonly Deployed by Opponents of an Individual - Rights - Based Interpretation of the Second Amendment in Support of Respondent Archived May 31 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Oral Arguments of Case No. 07 - 290 '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . 2008 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` District Columbia Heller Oral Argument , Mar 18 2008 - Video - C-SPAN.org '' . C-SPAN.org . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Supreme Court to Release Same - Day Tapes '' . The Washington Post . p . B03 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. v. Heller on Scotuswiki '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Emerling , Gary ( 2008 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Fenty arms self with new lawyer to defend gun ban '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Justices to Decide on Right to Keep Handgun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DCGunCase.com -- About Us '' . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Dared to Uphold Handgun Ban by Man Who Has None '' . Bloomberg. 2008 - 02 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Opinion of the Court , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Greenhouse ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Breyer , J. , dissenting , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Both Sides Fear Firing Blanks if D.C. Gun Case Reaches High Court , Tony Mauro , Legal Times , July 30 , 2007 Jump up ^ NRA Had High Court Misgivings , Debra Cassens Weiss , ABA Journal , July 30 , 2007 Jump up ^ Levy , Robert ( 2007 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Should Congress or the Courts Decide D.C. Gun Ban 's Fate ? '' . DC Examiner . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Lawyers , Guns and Money , Elaine McArdle , Harvard Law Bulletin . Jump up ^ Opening Shots Archived 2007 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Jennifer Rubin , National Review Online , March 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` NRA Targets San Francisco , Chicago '' . CBS News . 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Gun Ban Under Fire '' , Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Taking Aim at Judicial Activism '' , Helmke 's blog at bradycampaign.org Jump up ^ `` After Heller , The Gun Lobby 's `` Slippery Slope '' Is Gone ; Reasonable Regulations Ahead `` . Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . June 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sanity and the Second Amendment '' by Laurence H. Tribe , The Wall Street Journal , March 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ A Well - Regulated Right to Bear Arms , Erwin Chemerinsky , The Washington Post , March 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Interview : The Way of the Gun , Leigh Ferrara , MotherJones.com , April 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller : The Second Amendment Is Back , Baby by Clark Neily , September 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Posner , Richard A. ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` In Defense of Looseness '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , J. Harvie ( 2009 ) . `` Of Guns , Abortions , and the Unraveling Rule of Law '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Law Review . 95 ( 2 ) : 253 . Jump up ^ Gura , Allan ( 2009 ) . `` Heller and the Triumph of Originalist Judicial Engagement : A Response to Judge Harvie Wilkinson '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Law Review . 56 : 1129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Winkler : The New Second Amendment : A Bark Worse Than Its Right '' . Huffington Post . 2009 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court Gun Ruling Does n't Block Proposed Controls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' District of Columbia v. Heller ' ' '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ United States v. Arzberger ; 08 Cr. 894 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Fields , Gary and Radnofsky , Louise Absence of Gun Shops Limits Ruling 's Reach in Capital . The Wall Street Journal . 2008 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Heller v. District of Columbia ( Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` DC Rejects Handgun Application '' . 2008 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Dick Heller is the man who brought the lawsuit against the District 's 32 - year - old ban on handguns . He was among the first in line Thursday morning to apply for a handgun permit . But when he tried to register his semi-automatic weapon , he says he was rejected . Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 2008 - 07 - 07 ) . `` D.C. Officials Weigh Keeping Semiautomatic Pistols Illegal After Blanket Handgun Ban is Struck Down '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Registration Emergency Amendment Act of 2008 '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Councilmember Phil Mendelson '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Supreme Court collection ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jethro Mullen & Joe Sutton , `` Judge says Washington 's ban on handguns in public is unconstitutional , '' CNN , July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom G. Palmer v. District of Columbia , July 24 , 2014 ( docket entry 51 on July 26 , 2014 ) , case no . 1 : 09 - cv - 01482 - FJS , U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . Jump up ^ Memorandum - Decision and Order , pp. 16 - 17 , Tom G. Palmer v. District of Columbia , July 24 , 2014 ( docket entry 51 on July 26 , 2014 ) , case no . 1 : 09 - cv - 01482 - FJS , U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ( footnote omitted ; bolded typeface in the original ) . Jump up ^ Stohr , Greg . Individual Gun Rights Protected , Top U.S. Court Says Archived 2009 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Bloomberg.com. 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam . Coming Next , Court Fights on Guns in Cities . New York Times . 2008 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Adam Lisberg ( 2008 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Supreme Court ruling against D.C. gun laws may make New York next '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hamblett , Mark . Mandatory Restrictions Ruled Invalid in Porn Case . New York Law Journal . 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Links to new gun rights lawsuits SCOTUSblog '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` More Second Amendment cases SCOTUSblog '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Handgun Ban Upheld -- Chicagoist '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Heller Opinion , Breyer , J. , dissenting , p. 34 . `` Chicago has a law very similar to the District 's , and many of its suburbs also ban handgun possession under most circumstances . '' Jump up ^ `` NRA - ILA : : News Releases '' . 15 September 2008 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA press release -- Evanston Amends Gun Ban Archived 2008 - 09 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA press release -- Winnetka , IL Repeals Draconian Handgun Ban Becomes Third Chicago Suburb to Drop Total Ban Since Supreme Court Ruling Archived 2008 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) . `` High court ruling triggers gun ban repeals , NRA suits '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Morton Grove repeals 27 - year - old gun ban '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Morton Grove was the first city in the U.S. to completely outlaw all possession of handguns in 1981 , repealed its handgun ban in response to the Heller decision . Jump up ^ `` Wilmette Handgun Ban Dead , 7 - 0 Vote Repeals Law '' . WBBM News Radio 780 . CBS Radio Stations. 2008 - 07 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Wilmette also repealed its 19 year ban of handguns following the ruling . Village President Christopher Canning commented prior to the repeal , `` The Village of Wilmette ordinance , as it is drafted and on the books today , would not withstand constitutional scrutiny , and therefore should be repealed . '' Jump up ^ `` Ezell v. Chicago '' . United States Courts . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` San Francisco Housing Authority settles gun lawsuit '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peruta v. San Diego '' ( PDF ) . Case No . No. 10 - 56971 D.C. No. 3 : 09 - cv - 02371 - IEG - BGS . UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Morris v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers '' . Case No. 3 : 13 - CV - 00336 - BLW . UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Sanford ( Summer 2009 ) . `` For whom is the Heller decision important and why ? '' . Lewis and Clark Law Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 347 . While the Heller decision has already been deemed of great significance by the legal community , it is too soon to tell what its long - term effects may be . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( 2008 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Justices ' decision triggers questions '' . Los Angeles Times . The Supreme Court 's historic ruling this week that clarified Americans ' right to own a gun for self - defense left a crucial question unanswered , one that will be resolved only after many years and a torrent of litigation Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all Sources ( edit ) Doherty , Brian ( 2009 - 02 - 25 ) . Gun Control on Trial : Inside the Supreme Court Battle over the Second Amendment . Cato Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933995 - 25 - 0 . Heller Opinion , `` District of Columbia , et al. , v. Dick Anthony Heller . 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Parker Opinion , `` Shelly Parker , et al. v. District of Columbia and Adrian M. Fenty , Mayor of the District of Columbia , Case No. 04 - 7041 '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . External links ( edit ) D.C. v. Heller opinion ( at Cornell Legal Information Institute ) . Also available as Heller Decision , United States Supreme Court web site Archive of case pleadings , orders , and opinions . Maintained by Gura & Possessky P.L.L.C. , plaintiff 's counsel . United States Department of Justice Solicitor General 1 - 11 - 2008 amicus curiae brief Audio commentary by Appellant 's Attorney Clark Neily regarding his views on the Second Amendment , dated January 17 , 2008 Audio / visual recording of the arguments ( RealMedia ) Audio recording of the arguments ( MP3 ) Harvard Law Review forum : Heller is a `` Second Amendment Revolution '' in the Harvard Law Record CRS Report for Congress : `` District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment '' ( public domain -- can be copied into article with citations ) Critical Analysis of D.C. v. Heller Summary of District of Columbia v. Heller Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_v._Heller&oldid=837074711 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Second Amendment case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court District of Columbia law 2008 in United States case law Legal history of the District of Columbia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 NPOV disputes from January 2015 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with obsolete information from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2013 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 25 . 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who recorded the first primate fossil to be described by a scientist			Georges Cuvier	georges cuvier	Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier ( French : ( kyvje ) ; 23 August 1769 -- 13 May 1832 ) , known as Georges Cuvier , was a French naturalist and zoologist , sometimes referred to as the `` father of paleontology '' . Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils .	Cuvier 's work is considered the foundation of vertebrate paleontology , and he expanded Linnaean taxonomy by grouping classes into phyla and incorporating both fossils and living species into the classification . Cuvier is also known for establishing extinction as a fact -- at the time , extinction was considered by many of Cuvier 's contemporaries to be merely controversial speculation . In his Essay on the Theory of the Earth ( 1813 ) Cuvier was interpreted to have proposed that new species were created after periodic catastrophic floods . In this way , Cuvier became the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century . His study of the strata of the Paris basin with Alexandre Brongniart established the basic principles of biostratigraphy . Among his other accomplishments , Cuvier established that elephant - like bones found in the USA belonged to an extinct animal he later would name as a mastodon , and that a large skeleton dug up in Paraguay was of Megatherium , a giant , prehistoric ground sloth . He named the pterosaur Pterodactylus , described ( but did not discover or name ) the aquatic reptile Mosasaurus , and was one of the first people to suggest the earth had been dominated by reptiles , rather than mammals , in prehistoric times . Cuvier is also remembered for strongly opposing theories of evolution , which at the time ( before Darwin 's theory ) were mainly proposed by Jean - Baptiste de Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire . Cuvier believed there was no evidence for evolution , but rather evidence for cyclical creations and destructions of life forms by global extinction events such as deluges . In 1830 , Cuvier and Geoffroy engaged in a famous debate , which is said to exemplify the two major deviations in biological thinking at the time -- whether animal structure was due to function or ( evolutionary ) morphology . Cuvier supported function and rejected Lamarck 's thinking . His most famous work is Le Règne Animal ( 1817 ; English : The Animal Kingdom ) . In 1819 , he was created a peer for life in honor of his scientific contributions . Thereafter , he was known as Baron Cuvier . He died in Paris during an epidemic of cholera . Some of Cuvier 's most influential followers were Louis Agassiz on the continent and in the United States , and Richard Owen in Britain . His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Scientific ideas and their impact 2.1 Opposition to evolution 2.2 Extinction 2.3 Catastrophism 2.4 Stratigraphy 2.5 Age of reptiles 2.6 Principle of the correlation of parts 2.6. 1 Applications 2.6. 2 Impact 3 Scientific work 3.1 Comparative anatomy and classification 3.2 Molluscs 3.3 Fish 3.4 Palaeontology and osteology 3.5 The Animal Kingdom ( Le Règne Animal ) 3.6 Racial studies 4 Official and public work 5 Commemorations 6 Works 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Biography ( edit ) Portrait by François - André Vincent , 1795 Cuvier was born in Montbéliard , France ( in department of Doubs ) , where his Protestant ancestors had lived since the time of the Reformation . His father , Jean George Cuvier , was a lieutenant in the Swiss Guards and a bourgeois of the town of Montbéliard ; his mother was Anne Clémence Chatel . At the time , the town , which was annexed to France on 10 October 1793 , belonged to the Duchy of Württemberg . His mother , who was much younger than his father , tutored him diligently throughout his early years , so he easily surpassed the other children at school . During his gymnasium years , he had little trouble acquiring Latin and Greek , and was always at the head of his class in mathematics , history , and geography . According to Lee , `` The history of mankind was , from the earliest period of his life , a subject of the most indefatigable application ; and long lists of sovereigns , princes , and the driest chronological facts , once arranged in his memory , were never forgotten . '' Birthplace of Georges Cuvier in Montbéliard At the age of 10 , soon after entering the gymnasium , he encountered a copy of Conrad Gessner 's Historiae Animalium , the work that first sparked his interest in natural history . He then began frequent visits to the home of a relation , where he could borrow volumes of the Comte de Buffon 's massive Histoire Naturelle . All of these he read and reread , retaining so much of the information , that by the age of 12 , `` he was as familiar with quadrupeds and birds as a first - rate naturalist . '' He remained at the gymnasium for four years . Cuvier spent an additional four years at the Caroline Academy in Stuttgart , where he excelled in all of his coursework . Although he knew no German on his arrival , after only nine months of study , he managed to win the school prize for that language . Upon graduation , he had no money on which to live as he awaited appointment to an academic office . So in July 1788 , he took a job at Fiquainville chateau in Normandy as tutor to the only son of the Comte d'Héricy , a Protestant noble . There , during the early 1790s , he began his comparisons of fossils with extant forms . Cuvier regularly attended meetings held at the nearby town of Valmont for the discussion of agricultural topics . There , he became acquainted with Henri Alexandre Tessier ( 1741 -- 1837 ) , who had assumed a false identity . Previously , he had been a physician and well - known agronomist , who had fled the Terror in Paris . After hearing Tessier speak on agricultural matters , Cuvier recognized him as the author of certain articles on agriculture in the Encyclopédie Méthodique and addressed him as M. Tessier . Tessier replied in dismay , `` I am known , then , and consequently lost . '' -- `` Lost ! '' replied M. Cuvier , `` no ; you are henceforth the object of our most anxious care . '' They soon became intimate and Tessier introduced Cuvier to his colleagues in Paris -- `` I have just found a pearl in the dunghill of Normandy '' , he wrote his friend Antoine - Augustin Parmentier . As a result , Cuvier entered into correspondence with several leading naturalists of the day , and was invited to Paris . Arriving in the spring of 1795 , at the age of 26 , he soon became the assistant of Jean - Claude Mertrud ( 1728 -- 1802 ) , who had been appointed to the newly created chair of comparative anatomy at the Jardin des Plantes . The Institut de France was founded in the same year , and he was elected a member of its Academy of Sciences . On 4 April 1796 he began to lecture at the École Centrale du Pantheon and , at the opening of the National Institute in April , he read his first paleontological paper , which subsequently was published in 1800 under the title Mémoires sur les espèces d'éléphants vivants et fossiles . In this paper , he analyzed skeletal remains of Indian and African elephants , as well as mammoth fossils , and a fossil skeleton known at that time as the ' Ohio animal ' . Cuvier 's analysis established , for the first time , the fact that African and Indian elephants were different species and that mammoths were not the same species as either African or Indian elephants , so must be extinct . He further stated that the ' Ohio animal ' represented a distinct and extinct species that was even more different from living elephants than mammoths were . Years later , in 1806 , he would return to the ' Ohio animal ' in another paper and give it the name , `` mastodon '' . In his second paper in 1796 , he described and analyzed a large skeleton found in Paraguay , which he would name Megatherium . He concluded this skeleton represented yet another extinct animal and , by comparing its skull with living species of tree - dwelling sloths , that it was a kind of ground - dwelling giant sloth . Together , these two 1796 papers were a seminal or landmark event , becoming a turning point in the history of paleontology , and in the development of comparative anatomy , as well . They also greatly enhanced Cuvier 's personal reputation and they essentially ended what had been a long - running debate about the reality of extinction . In 1799 , he succeeded Daubenton as professor of natural history in the Collège de France . In 1802 , he became titular professor at the Jardin des Plantes ; and in the same year , he was appointed commissary of the institute to accompany the inspectors general of public instruction . In this latter capacity , he visited the south of France , but in the early part of 1803 , he was chosen permanent secretary of the department of physical sciences of the Academy , and he consequently abandoned the earlier appointment and returned to Paris . In 1806 , he became a foreign member of the Royal Society , and in 1812 , a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 1812 he became a correspondent for the Royal Institute of the Netherlands , and became member in 1827 . Cuvier was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822 . Cuvier 's tomb in the Père Lachaise Cemetery , Paris Cuvier then devoted himself more especially to three lines of inquiry : ( i ) the structure and classification of the Mollusca ; ( ii ) the comparative anatomy and systematic arrangement of the fishes ; ( iii ) fossil mammals and reptiles and , secondarily , the osteology of living forms belonging to the same groups . In 1812 , Cuvier made what the cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans called his `` Rash dictum '' : he remarked that it was unlikely that any large animal remained undiscovered . Ten years after his death , the word `` dinosaur '' would be coined by Richard Owen in 1842 . During his lifetime , Cuvier served as an imperial councilor under Napoleon , president of the Council of Public Instruction and chancellor of the university under the restored Bourbons , Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , a Peer of France , Minister of the Interior , and president of the Council of State under Louis Philippe . He was eminent in all these capacities , and yet the dignity given by such high administrative positions was as nothing compared to his leadership in natural science . Cuvier was by birth , education , and conviction a devout Lutheran , and remained Protestant throughout his life while regularly attending church services . Despite this , he regarded his personal faith as a private matter ; he evidently identified himself with his confessional minority group when he supervised governmental educational programs for Protestants . He also was very active in founding the Parisian Biblical Society in 1818 , where he later served as a vice president . From 1822 until his death in 1832 , Cuvier was Grand Master of the Protestant Faculties of Theology of the French University . Scientific ideas and their Impact ( edit ) Opposition to evolution ( edit ) Cuvier was critical of theories of evolution , including those proposed by his contemporaries Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire , which involved the gradual transmutation of one form into another . He repeatedly emphasized that his extensive experience with fossil material indicated one fossil form does not , as a rule , gradually change into a succeeding , distinct fossil form . Because of this and his understanding of animal anatomy and physiology , Cuvier strongly objected to any notion of evolution . According to the University of California Museum of Paleontology , `` Cuvier did not believe in organic evolution , for any change in an organism 's anatomy would have rendered it unable to survive . He studied the mummified cats and ibises that Geoffroy had brought back from Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt , and showed they were no different from their living counterparts ; Cuvier used this to support his claim that life forms did not evolve over time . '' Cuvier with a fish fossil He also observed that Napoleon 's expedition to Egypt had retrieved animals mummified thousands of years previously that seemed no different from their modern counterparts . `` Certainly '' , Cuvier wrote , `` one can not detect any greater difference between these creatures and those we see , than between the human mummies and the skeletons of present - day men . '' Lamarck dismissed this conclusion , arguing that evolution happened much too slowly to be observed over just a few thousand years . Cuvier , however , in turn criticized how Lamarck and other naturalists conveniently introduced hundreds of thousands of years `` with a stroke of a pen '' to uphold their theory . Instead , he argued that one may judge what a long time would produce only by multiplying what a lesser time produces . Since a lesser time produced no organic changes , neither , he argued , would a much longer time . Moreover , his commitment to the principle of the correlation of parts caused him to doubt that any mechanism could ever gradually modify any part of an animal in isolation from all the other parts ( in the way Lamarck proposed ) , without rendering the animal unable to survive . In his Éloge de M. de Lamarck ( Praise for M. de Lamarck ) , Cuvier wrote that Lamarck 's theory of evolution rested on two arbitrary suppositions ; the one , that it is the seminal vapor which organizes the embryo ; the other , that efforts and desires may engender organs . A system established on such foundations may amuse the imagination of a poet ; a metaphysician may derive from it an entirely new series of systems ; but it can not for a moment bear the examination of anyone who has dissected a hand , a viscus , or even a feather . Instead , he said , the typical form makes an abrupt appearance in the fossil record , and persists unchanged to the time of its extinction . Cuvier attempted to explain this paleontological phenomenon he envisioned ( which would be readdressed more than a century later by `` punctuated equilibrium '' ) and to harmonize it with the Bible . He attributed the different time periods he was aware of as intervals between major catastrophes , the last of which is found in Genesis . Cuvier 's claim that new fossil forms appear abruptly in the geological record and then continue without alteration in overlying strata was used by later critics of evolution to support creationism , to whom the abruptness seemed consistent with special divine creation ( although Cuvier 's finding that different types made their paleontological debuts in different geological strata clearly did not ) . The lack of change was consistent with the supposed sacred immutability of `` species '' , but , again , the idea of extinction , of which Cuvier was the great proponent , obviously was not . Many writers have unjustly accused Cuvier of obstinately maintaining that fossil human beings could never be found . In his Essay on the Theory of the Earth , he did say , `` no human bones have yet been found among fossil remains '' , but he made it clear exactly what he meant : `` When I assert that human bones have not been hitherto found among extraneous fossils , I must be understood to speak of fossils , or petrifactions , properly so called '' . Petrified bones , which have had time to mineralize and turn to stone , are typically far older than bones found to that date . Cuvier 's point was that all human bones found that he knew of , were of relatively recent age because they had not been petrified and had been found only in superficial strata . He was not dogmatic in this claim , however ; when new evidence came to light , he included in a later edition an appendix describing a skeleton that he freely admitted was an `` instance of a fossil human petrifaction '' . The harshness of his criticism and the strength of his reputation , however , continued to discourage naturalists from speculating about the gradual transmutation of species , until Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species more than two decades after Cuvier 's death . Extinction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Like most of the scientific beliefs of Cuvier 's day , the idea that extinction did n't exist was derived not only from scientific authority but also from religious authority as well . Religious authorities ' logic was that God would n't wipe out his own creations , as doing so would be counterproductive to maintaining the connections between all forms of life on Earth , from the ocean to the earth and to the sky . In 1795 , Georges Cuvier did some of his anatomical studies on animals at the National Museum in Paris . There , he embarked on a groundbreaking quest to disprove the idea that extinction was impossible . Using his knowledge of the anatomy of animals , he was able to recreate the entire bodily structures of extinct animals . According to some legends , Cuvier could accomplish this feat even with a couple of bone pieces . At the time Cuvier presented his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants , it was still widely believed that no species of animal had ever become extinct . Authorities such as Buffon had claimed that fossils found in Europe of animals such as the woolly rhinoceros and the mammoth were remains of animals still living in the tropics ( i.e. rhinoceros and elephants ) , which had shifted out of Europe and Asia as the earth became cooler . Thereafter , Cuvier performed a pioneering research study on some elephant fossils excavated around Paris . The bones he studied , however , were remarkably different from the bones of elephants currently thriving in India and Africa . This discovery led Cuvier to denounce the idea that fossils came from those that are currently living . The idea that these bones belonged to elephants living - but hiding - somewhere on Earth seemed ridiculous to Cuvier because it would be nearly impossible to miss them due to their enormous size . He later performed more research studies on fossils of large animals and came to the same conclusion that the fossils simply did n't match any living today . Ultimately , his findings drove Cuvier to the proposition that the abrupt changes the Earth underwent over a long period of time caused some species to go extinct . Cuvier 's theory on extinction has met opposition from other notable natural scientists like Darwin and Charles Lyell . Unlike Cuvier , they did n't believe that extinction was a sudden process ; they believed that like the Earth , animals collectively undergo gradual change as a species . This differed widely from Cuvier 's theory , which seemed to propose that animal extinction was catastrophic . However , Cuvier 's theory of extinction is still justified in the case of mass extinctions that occurred in the last 600 million years , when approximately half of all living species went completely extinct within a short geological span of two million years , due in part by volcanic eruptions , asteroids , and rapid fluctuations in sea level . At this time , new species rose and others fell , precipitating the arrival of human beings . Cuvier 's early work demonstrated conclusively that extinction was indeed a credible natural global process . Cuvier 's thinking on extinctions was influenced by his extensive readings in Greek and Latin literature ; he gathered every ancient report known in his day relating to discoveries of petrified bones of remarkable size in the Mediterranean region . Influence on Cuvier 's theory of extinction was his collection of specimens from the New World , many of them obtained from Native Americans . He also maintained an archive of Native American observations , legends , and interpretations of immense fossilized skeletal remains , sent to him by informants and friends in the Americas . He was impressed that most of the Native American accounts identified the enormous bones , teeth , and tusks as animals of the deep past that had been destroyed by catastrophe . Catastrophism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) These Indian elephant and mammoth jaws were included in 1799 when Cuvier 's 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants was printed . Main article : Catastrophism Cuvier came to believe that most , if not all , the animal fossils he examined were remains of species that had become extinct . Near the end of his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants , he said : All of these facts , consistent among themselves , and not opposed by any report , seem to me to prove the existence of a world previous to ours , destroyed by some kind of catastrophe . Contrary to many natural scientists ' beliefs at the time , Cuvier believed that animal extinction was not a product of anthropogenic causes . Instead , he proposed that humans were around long enough to indirectly maintain the fossilized records of ancient Earth . He also attempted to verify the water catastrophe by analyzing records of various cultural backgrounds . Though he found many accounts of the water catastrophe unclear , he did believe that such an event occurred at the brink of human history nonetheless . This led Cuvier to become an active proponent of the geological school of thought called catastrophism , which maintained that many of the geological features of the earth and the history of life could be explained by catastrophic events that had caused the extinction of many species of animals . Over the course of his career , Cuvier came to believe there had not been a single catastrophe , but several , resulting in a succession of different faunas . He wrote about these ideas many times , in particular he discussed them in great detail in the preliminary discourse ( an introduction ) to a collection of his papers , Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes ( Researches on quadruped fossil bones ) , on quadruped fossils published in 1812 . Cuvier 's own explanation for such a catastrophic event is derived from two different sources , including those from Jean - André Deluc and Déodat de Dolomieu . The former proposed that the continents existing ten millennia ago collapsed , allowing the ocean floors to rise higher than the continental plates and become the continents that now exist today . The latter proposed that a massive tsunami hit the globe , leading to mass extinction . Whatever the case was , he believed that the deluge happened quite recently in human history . In fact , he believed that Earth 's existence was limited and not as extended as many natural scientists , like Lamarck , believed it to be . Much of the evidence he used to support his catastrophist theories have been taken from his fossil records . He strongly suggested that the fossils he found were evidence of the world 's first reptiles , followed chronologically by mammals and humans . Cuvier did n't wish to delve much into the causation of all the extinction and introduction of new animal species but rather focused on the sequential aspects of animal history on Earth . In a way , his chronological dating of Earth history somewhat reflected Lamarck 's transformationist theories . Cuvier also worked alongside Alexandre Brongniart in analyzing the Parisian rock cycle . Using stratigraphical methods , they were both able to extrapolate key information regarding Earth history from studying these rocks . These rocks contained remnants of molluscs , bones of mammals , and shells . From these findings , Cuvier and Brongniart concluded that many environmental changes occurred in quick catastrophes , though Earth itself was often placid for extended periods of time in between sudden disturbances . The ' Preliminary Discourse ' became very well known and , unauthorized translations were made into English , German , and Italian ( and in the case of those in English , not entirely accurately ) . In 1826 , Cuvier would publish a revised version under the name , Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe ( Discourse on the upheavals of the surface of the globe ) . After Cuvier 's death , the catastrophic school of geological thought lost ground to uniformitarianism , as championed by Charles Lyell and others , which claimed that the geological features of the earth were best explained by currently observable forces , such as erosion and volcanism , acting gradually over an extended period of time . The increasing interest in the topic of mass extinction starting in the late twentieth century , however , has led to a resurgence of interest among historians of science and other scholars in this aspect of Cuvier 's work . Stratigraphy ( edit ) Cuvier collaborated for several years with Alexandre Brongniart , an instructor at the Paris mining school , to produce a monograph on the geology of the region around Paris . They published a preliminary version in 1808 and the final version was published in 1811 . In this monograph they identified characteristic fossils of different rock layers that they used to analyze the geological column , the ordered layers of sedimentary rock , of the Paris basin . They concluded that the layers had been laid down over an extended period during which there clearly had been faunal succession and that the area had been submerged under sea water at times and at other times under fresh water . Along with William Smith 's work during the same period on a geological map of England , which also used characteristic fossils and the principle of faunal succession to correlate layers of sedimentary rock , the monograph helped establish the scientific discipline of stratigraphy . It was a major development in the history of paleontology and the history of geology . Age of reptiles ( edit ) In 1800 and working only from a drawing , Cuvier was the first to correctly identify in print , a fossil found in Bavaria as a small flying reptile , which he named the Ptero - Dactyle in 1809 , ( later Latinized as Pterodactylus antiquus ) -- the first known member of the diverse order of pterosaurs . In 1808 Cuvier identified a fossil found in Maastricht as a giant marine lizard , the first known mosasaur . Cuvier speculated correctly that there had been a time when reptiles rather than mammals had been the dominant fauna . This speculation was confirmed over the two decades following his death by a series of spectacular finds , mostly by English geologists and fossil collectors such as Mary Anning , William Conybeare , William Buckland , and Gideon Mantell , who found and described the first ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs , and dinosaurs . Principle of the correlation of parts ( edit ) In a 1798 paper on the fossil remains of an animal found in some plaster quarries near Paris , Cuvier states what is known as the principle of the correlation of parts . He writes : if an animal 's teeth are such as they must be , in order for it to nourish itself with flesh , we can be sure without further examination that the whole system of its digestive organs is appropriate for that kind of food , and that its whole skeleton and locomotive organs , and even its sense organs , are arranged in such a way as to make it skillful at pursuing and catching its prey . For these relations are the necessary conditions of existence of the animal ; if things were not so , it would not be able to subsist . This idea is referred to as Cuvier 's principle of correlation of parts , which states that all organs in an animal 's body are deeply interdependent . Species ' existence relies on the way in which these organs interact . For example , a species whose digestive tract is best suited to digesting flesh but whose body is best suited to foraging for plants can not survive . Thus in all species , the functional significance of each body part must be correlated to the others , else the species can not sustain itself . Applications ( edit ) Cuvier believed that the power of his principle came in part from its ability to aid in the reconstruction of fossils . In most cases , fossils of quadrupeds were not found as complete , assembled skeletons , but rather as scattered pieces that needed to be put together by anatomists . To make matters worse , deposits often contained the fossilized remains of several species of animals mixed together . Anatomists reassembling these skeletons ran the risk of combining remains of different species , producing imaginary composite species . However , by examining the functional purpose of each bone and applying the principle of correlation of parts , Cuvier believed that this problem could be avoided . This principle 's ability to aid in reconstruction of fossils was also helpful to Cuvier 's work in providing evidence in favor extinction . The strongest evidence Cuvier could provide in favor of extinction would be to prove that the fossilized remains of an animal belonged to a species that no longer existed . By applying Cuvier 's principle of correlation of parts , it would be easier to verify that a fossilized skeleton had been authentically reconstructed , thus validating any observations drawn from comparing it to skeletons of existing species . In addition to helping anatomists reconstruct fossilized remains , Cuvier believed that his principle held enormous predictive power as well . For example , when he discovered a fossil that resembled a marsupial in the gypsum quarries of Montmartre , he correctly predicted that the fossil would contain bones commonly found in marsupials in its pelvis as well . Impact ( edit ) To Cuvier , the use of his principle to predict the existence of marsupial pelvic bones in the gypsum quarries of Montmartre elevated his principle to a truly scientific status . He hoped that some day anatomy would be expressed as laws as simple , mathematical , and predictive as Newton 's laws of physics , and he viewed his principle as an important step in that direction . The principle of correlation of parts was also Cuvier 's way of understanding function in a non-evolutionary context , without invoking a divine creator . In the same 1798 paper on the fossil remains of an animal found in plaster quarries near Paris , Cuvier emphasizes the predictive power of his principle , writing , Today comparative anatomy has reached such a point of perfection that , after inspecting a single bone , one can often determine the class , and sometimes even the genus of the animal to which it belonged , above all if that bone belonged to the head or the limbs ... This is because the number , direction , and shape of the bones that compose each part of an animal 's body are always in a necessary relation to all the other parts , in such a way that -- up to a point -- one can infer the whole from any one of them and vice versa . Though Cuvier believed that his principle 's major contribution was that it was a rational , mathematical way to reconstruct fossils and make predictions , in reality it was difficult for Cuvier to use his principle . The functional significance of many body parts were still unknown at the time , and so relating those body parts to other body parts using Cuvier 's principle was impossible . Though Cuvier was able to make accurate predictions about fossil finds , in practice the accuracy of his predictions came not from application of his principle , but rather from his vast knowledge of comparative anatomy . However , despite Cuvier 's exaggerations of the power of his principle , the basic concept is central to comparative anatomy and paleontology . Scientific work ( edit ) Comparative anatomy and classification ( edit ) At the Paris Museum , Cuvier furthered his studies on the anatomical classification of animals . He believed that classification should be based on how organs collectively function , a concept he called functional integration . Cuvier also reinforced the idea of subordinating less vital body parts to more critical organ systems as part of anatomical classification . He published these ideas in his book called animal distribué d'après son organisation , pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée , or The Animal Kingdom Arranged after its Organization ; Forming a Natural History of Animals , and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy ) in 1817 . In his anatomical studies , Cuvier believed function played a bigger role than form in the field of taxonomy . His scientific beliefs rested in the idea of the principles of the correlation of parts and of the conditions of existence . The former principle accounts for the connection between organ function and its practical use for an organism to survive . The latter principle emphasizes the animal 's physiological function in relation to its surrounding environment . These findings were published in his scientific readings , including Leçons d'anatomie comparée ( Lessons on Comparative Anatomy ) and in Le Règne Animal ( The Animal Kingdom ) in the early 19th century and 1817 respectively . Ultimately , Cuvier developed four embranchements , or branches , through which he classified animals based on his taxonomical and anatomical studies . He later performed groundbreaking work in classifying animals in vertebrate and invertebrate groups by subdividing each category . For instance , he proposed that the invertebrates could be segmented into three individual categories , including Mollusca , Radiata , and Articulata . He also articulated that species can not move across these categories , a theory called transmutation . He reasoned that organisms can not acquire or change their physical traits over time and still retain optimal survival . As a result , he often conflicted with Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's theories of transmutation . In 1798 Cuvier published his first independent work , the Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux , which was an abridgment of his course of lectures at the École du Pantheon and may be regarded as the foundation and first statement of his natural classification of the animal kingdom . In 1800 he published the Leçons d'anatomie comparée , assisted by A.M.C. Duméril for the first two volumes and Georges Louis Duvernoy for the three later ones . Molluscs ( edit ) Cuvier categorized snails , cockles , and cuttlefish into one category he called molluscs , or mollusca , an embranchment . Though he noted how all three of these animals were outwardly different in terms of shell shape and diet , he saw a noticeable pattern pertaining to their overall physical appearance . Cuvier 's papers on the so - called Mollusca began appearing as early as 1792 , but most of his memoirs on this branch were published in the Annales du museum between 1802 and 1815 ; they were subsequently collected as Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'anatomie des mollusques , published in one volume at Paris in 1817 . `` When the French Academy was preparing its first dictionary , it defined `` crab '' as , `` A small red fish which walks backwards . '' This definition was sent with a number of others to the naturalist Cuvier for his approval . The scientist wrote back , `` Your definition , gentlemen , would be perfect , only for three exceptions . The crab is not a fish , it is not red and it does not walk backwards . '' Source unknown , but probably Times Literary Supplement ( UK ) . Fish ( edit ) Cuvier 's researches on fish , begun in 1801 , finally culminated in the publication of the Histoire naturelle des poissons , which contained descriptions of 5,000 species of fishes , and was a joint production with Achille Valenciennes . Cuvier 's work on this project extended over the years 1828 -- 1831 . Palaeontology and osteology ( edit ) Plate from Le Règne Animal , 1828 edition In palaeontology , Cuvier published a long list of memoirs , partly relating to the bones of extinct animals , and partly detailing the results of observations on the skeletons of living animals , specially examined with a view toward throwing light upon the structure and affinities of the fossil forms . Among living forms he published papers relating to the osteology of the Rhinoceros Indicus , the tapir , Hyrax capensis , the hippopotamus , the sloths , the manatee , etc . He produced an even larger body of work on fossils , dealing with the extinct mammals of the Eocene beds of Montmartre , the fossil species of hippopotamus , a marsupial ( which he called Didelphys gypsorum ) , the Megalonyx , the Megatherium , the cave - hyena , the pterodactyl , the extinct species of rhinoceros , the cave bear , the mastodon , the extinct species of elephant , fossil species of manatee and seals , fossil forms of crocodilians , chelonians , fish , birds , etc . The department of palaeontology dealing with the Mammalia may be said to have been essentially created and established by Cuvier . The results of Cuvier 's principal palaeontological and geological investigations ultimately were given to the world in the form of two separate works : Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes ( Paris , 1812 ; later editions in 1821 and 1825 ) ; and Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe ( Paris , 1825 ) . In this latter work he expounded a scientific theory of Catastrophism . The animal Kingdom ( le Règne animal ) ( edit ) Main article : Le Règne Animal Plate from Le Règne Animal , 1828 edition Cuvier 's most admired work was his Le Règne Animal . It appeared in four octavo volumes in 1817 ; a second edition in five volumes was brought out in 1829 -- 1830 . In this classic work , Cuvier presented the results of his life 's research into the structure of living and fossil animals . With the exception of the section on insects , in which he was assisted by his friend Latreille , the whole of the work was his own . It was translated into English many times , often with substantial notes and supplementary material updating the book in accordance with the expansion of knowledge . Racial studies ( edit ) Cuvier was a Protestant and a believer in monogenism , who held that all men descended from the biblical Adam , although his position usually was confused as polygenist . Some writers who have studied his racial work have dubbed his position as `` quasi-polygenist '' , and most of his racial studies have influenced scientific racism . Cuvier believed there were three distinct races : the Caucasian ( white ) , Mongolian ( yellow ) , and the Ethiopian ( black ) . Cuvier claimed that Adam and Eve were Caucasian , the original race of mankind . The other two races originated by survivors escaping in different directions after a major catastrophe hit the earth 5,000 years ago , with those survivors then living in complete isolation from each other . Cuvier categorized these divisions he identified into ' races ' according to his perception of the beauty or ugliness of their skulls and the quality of their civilizations . He placed the Caucasians at the top with the skull shape he considered the most beautiful , and the Ethiopians at the bottom . Cuvier wrote regarding Caucasians : The white race , with oval face , straight hair and nose , to which the civilised people of Europe belong and which appear to us the most beautiful of all , is also superior to others by its genius , courage , and activity . Regarding Ethiopians , he wrote that the race : ... is marked by black complexion , crisped of woolly hair , compressed cranium , and a flat nose . The projection of the lower parts of the face , and the thick lips , evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe : the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism . Cuvier 's racial studies held the supposed features of polygenism , namely fixity of species ; limits on environmental influence ; unchanging underlying type ; anatomical and cranial measurement differences in races ; physical and mental differences between distinct races . A major anthropological study done by Georges Cuvier was that of Saartjie Baartman . In 1815 , Cuvier was a surgeon general to Napoleon Bonaparte . While in this position , the Naturalist received the body of a Khoikhoi woman by the name of Saartje or `` Sarah '' Baartman . Baartman was a South African immigrant who came to Europe based on the promise that she could become wealthy by displaying her body for Europeans . Based on this promise , Baartman sailed to England where she was treated like a slave and forced to continue displaying her naked body as a curiosity . During these showings , the emphasis was placed on Baartman 's prominent rear end and large sexual organs . In 1814 , Baartman was taken to Paris and given to a travelling circus , and where she was subjected to scientific study . One of the scientists who examined her was Cuvier , who developed a fascination with her `` ape - like '' features . Watercolor depiction of Saartje Baartman from a scientific monograph . Baartman died in poverty in 1815 from an unknown inflammatory disease ( identified possibly as Syphilis ) . Her body was sent to Cuvier for scientific observation . Upon receiving the body , Cuvier first made several plaster casts and a wax mold of her body , and then proceeded to dissect her . He removed her skeleton and put it up for display , along with a cast , in the French National Museum of Natural History . Then , he separated her brain and genitals from the rest of her body . These organs were then preserved in jars that were on display for more than 150 years , first in the National Museum of Natural History , and then in the Museum of Man following its establishment in 1937 . Her remains and casts were finally taken off display in the late 1970s , following complaints from the public . The display was replaced with one relating Baartman 's story in the context of the history of scientific racism . French anatomist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville published notes on Baartman 's dissection in 1816 , which were republished by Cuvier in the Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in 1817 . `` Her personality , '' Cuvier wrote of her in his monograph , `` was lively , her memory good and , after a gap of some weeks , she recognised someone she had seen only the once . She spoke reasonable Dutch , which she had learned in The Cape , knew some English , and was beginning to say a few words in French . She danced according to the fashion of her own country , and played on the instrument they call the ' jew 's harp ' quite by ear ... her shoulders , back , and upper chest were graceful ... Her arms ( rather slender ) were very well - made , and her hand charming . Her foot was also very pretty ... '' Despite his impressions of her , Cuvier interpreted her remains , in accordance with his theories on racial evolution , as evidencing ape - like traits . He thought her small ears were similar to those of an orangutan and also compared her vivacity , when alive , to the quickness of a monkey . In Cuvier 's published reports , he compared her with the orangutan and the said she was among the lowest of the human species . One of the reasons Cuvier was so interested in Baartman was because he thought her to be the `` missing link '' in the evolution of humankind . Cuvier and other researchers of his time used her sexuality and physiognomy to maintain her sense of otherness and to justify the crude examinations of her body . Sarah Baartman 's sexual organs provided the `` central image for the black female throughout the 19th century . '' During this time , black female sexuality was considered pathological and compared to a prostitute , `` embodying the sexualized female as a representative of lasciviousness , corruption and disease . '' The comparative anatomist therefore served as a `` mediator between the world of science and the realm of popular perception , '' and Georges Cuvier allowed his racial perception of the world to shape his scientific studies . Official and public work ( edit ) Engraving by James Thomson Apart from his own original investigations in zoology and paleontology Cuvier carried out a vast amount of work as perpetual secretary of the National Institute , and as an official connected with public education generally ; and much of this work appeared ultimately in a published form . Thus , in 1808 he was placed by Napoleon upon the council of the Imperial University , and in this capacity he presided ( in the years 1809 , 1811 , and 1813 ) over commissions charged to examine the state of the higher educational establishments in the districts beyond the Alps and the Rhine that had been annexed to France , and to report upon the means by which these could be affiliated with the central university . He published three separate reports on this subject . In his capacity , again , of perpetual secretary of the Institute , he not only prepared a number of éloges historiques on deceased members of the Academy of Sciences , but was also the author of a number of reports on the history of the physical and natural sciences , the most important of these being the Rapport historique sur le progrès des sciences physiques depuis 1789 , published in 1810 . Prior to the fall of Napoleon ( 1814 ) he had been admitted to the council of state , and his position remained unaffected by the restoration of the Bourbons . He was elected chancellor of the university , in which capacity he acted as interim president of the council of public instruction , whilst he also , as a Lutheran , superintended the faculty of Protestant theology . In 1819 he was appointed president of the committee of the interior , an office he retained until his death . In 1826 he was made grand officer of the Legion of Honour ; he subsequently was appointed president of the council of state . He served as a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles - Lettres from 1830 to his death . A member of the Doctrinaires , he was nominated to the ministry of the interior in the beginning of 1832 . Commemorations ( edit ) Statue of Cuvier by David d'Angers , 1838 Cuvier is commemorated in the naming of several animals ; they include Cuvier 's beaked whale ( which he first thought to be extinct ) , Cuvier 's gazelle , Cuvier 's toucan , Cuvier 's bichir , Cuvier 's dwarf caiman , Galeocerdo cuvier ( tiger shark ) , and Anolis cuvieri , a lizard from Puerto Rico . There also are some extinct animals named after Cuvier , such as the South American giant sloth Catonyx cuvieri . Cuvier Island in New Zealand was named after Cuvier by D'Urville . The professor of English Wayne Glausser argues at length that the Aubrey - Maturin series of 21 novels ( 1970 -- 2004 ) by Patrick O'Brian make the character Stephen Maturin `` an advocate of the neo-classical paradigm articulated ... by Georges Cuvier . '' Works ( edit ) Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux ( 1797 -- 1798 ) Leçons d'anatomie comparée ( 5 volumes , 1800 -- 1805 ) Essais sur la géographie minéralogique des environs de Paris , avec une carte géognostique et des coupes de terrain , with Alexandre Brongniart ( 1811 ) Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation , pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée ( 4 volumes , 1817 ) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes , où l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs espèces d'animaux que les révolutions du globe paroissent avoir détruites ( 4 volumes , 1812 ) ( text in French ) 2 3 4 Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'anatomie des mollusques ( 1817 ) Éloges historiques des membres de l'Académie royale des sciences , lus dans les séances de l'Institut royal de France par M. Cuvier ( 3 volumes , 1819 -- 1827 ) Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 , and Vol. 3 Théorie de la terre ( 1821 ) -- - Essay on the theory of the earth , 1813 ; 1815 , trans . Robert Kerr . Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles , 1821 -- 1823 ( 5 vols ) . Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe et sur les changements qu'elles ont produits dans le règne animal ( 1822 ) . New edition : Christian Bourgeois , Paris , 1985 . ( text in French ) Histoire des progrès des sciences naturelles depuis 1789 jusqu'à ce jour ( 5 volumes , 1826 -- 1836 ) Histoire naturelle des poissons ( 11 volumes , 1828 -- 1848 ) , continued by Achille Valenciennes Histoire des sciences naturelles depuis leur origine jusqu'à nos jours , chez tous les peuples connus , professée au Collège de France ( 5 volumes , 1841 -- 1845 ) , edited , annotated , and published by Magdeleine de Saint - Agit Cuvier 's History of the Natural Sciences : twenty - four lessons from Antiquity to the Renaissance ( edited and annotated by Theodore W. Pietsch , translated by Abby S. Simpson , foreword by Philippe Taquet ) , Paris : Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , 2012 , 734 p. ( coll . Archives ; 16 ) ISBN 978 - 2 - 85653 - 684 - 1 Cuvier also collaborated on the Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( 61 volumes , 1816 -- 1845 ) and on the Biographie universelle ( 45 volumes , 1843 - 18 ? ? ) The standard author abbreviation Cuvier is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Biology portal Saartjie Baartman , the `` Hottentot Venus '' whose body Cuvier examined Frédéric Cuvier , also a naturalist , was Georges Cuvier 's younger brother . History of paleontology for more on the impact of Cuvier 's scientific ideas List of works by James Pradier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reybrouck , David Van ( 2012 ) . From Primitives to Primates : A History of Ethnographic and Primatological Analogies in the Study of Prehistory . Sidestone Press . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8890 - 095 - 2 . Jump up ^ Felipe Faria ( 2013 ) . `` Georges Cuvier et le premier paradigme de la paléontologie '' ( Georges Cuvier and the first paradigm of paleontology ) ( PDF ) . Revue de Paléobiologie ( in French ) . 32 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0253 - 6730 . Jump up ^ Faria 2012 , pp. 64 -- 74 Jump up ^ Appel , Toby ( 1987 ) . The Cuvier - Geoffroy Debate : French Biology in the Decades Before Darwin . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504138 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lee 1833 ^ Jump up to : Lee 1833 , p. 8 Jump up ^ ' Extrait du 7. e Registre des Enfants baptises dans l'Eglise françoise de Saint Martin de la Ville de Montbéliard deposé aux Archives de l'Hôtel de Ville ' , Culture.gouv.fr ^ Jump up to : Lee 1833 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Taquet , Philippe ( 2006 ) . `` Les années de jeunesse de Georges Cuvier '' ( Georges Cuvier 's early years ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Société d'émulation de Montbéliard . p. 217 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee 1833 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Lee 1833 , p. 22 , footnote Jump up ^ Lee 1833 , p. 23 Jump up ^ `` Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( 1769 -- 1832 ) '' . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter C '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Dickson White , A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom Appleton ( 1922 ) Vol. 1 p. 64 Jump up ^ Coleman 1962 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Taquet 2006 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Waggoner 1996 Jump up ^ Zimmer 2006 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Rudwick 1997 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Rudwick 1997 , pp. 228 -- 229 Jump up ^ Hall 1999 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : `` Eloge de M. de Lamarck , par le Baron Georges Cuvier '' ( In Praise of M. de Lamarck , by Baron Georges Cuvier ) . cnrs.fr ( in French ) . 27 June 1831 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuvier 's elegy of Lamarck '' . victorianweb.org . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner 1984 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Kuznar 2008 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Gillispie 1996 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Cuvier 1818 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Cuvier 1818 , pp. 133 -- 134 ; English translation quoted from Cuvier 1827 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Cuvier 1827 , p. 407 Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Rudwick 1997 , pp. 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mayor 2011 , pp. 6 , 8 , 202 -- 207 Jump up ^ Mayor 2005 , pp. 2 , 61 -- 63 , 94 -- 95 and Mayor 2008 , pp. 163 -- 82 Jump up ^ Baron Georges Cuvier A Discourse on the Revolutions of the Surface of the Globe . Jump up ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/geology-and-oceanography-biographies/georges-cuvier Jump up ^ Rudwick 1997 , pp. 129 -- 133 Jump up ^ Cuvier 1801 Jump up ^ Cuvier 1809 Jump up ^ Rudwick 1997 , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Rudwick 1997 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Rudwick , Martin ( 1972 ) . The Meaning of Fossils : Episodes in the History of Palaeontology . New York , NY : Elsevier Publishing Company , Inc . pp. 104 -- 115 . ISBN 0444 19576 9 . Jump up ^ See discussion in Reiss 2009 ^ Jump up to : Jackson & Weidman 2005 , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Kidd 2006 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Isaac 2006 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Georges Cuvier , Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux ( Paris , 1798 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Georges Cuvier , The animal kingdom : arranged in conformity with its organization , Translated from the French by H. M Murtrie , p 50 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Back the Hottentot Venus '' . web.mit.edu . mit. 1995 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Qureshi , Sadiah ( June 2004 ) . `` Displaying Sara Baartman , the ' Venus Hottentot ' '' . History of Science . 42 ( 136 ) : 233 -- 257 . Bibcode : 2004HisSc ... 42 ... 233Q . Jump up ^ Cuvier , G. : `` Extrait d'observations faites sur le cadavre d'une femme connue à Paris et à Londres sous le nomme de Vénus Hottentotte '' , Mémoires du Musée Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle , iii ( 1817 ) , pp. 259 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Janell ( 2005 ) . Venus in the Dark : Blackness and Beauty in Popular Culture . Great Britain : Taylor and Francis Group , LLC . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Saul ( 1995 ) . Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa . 40 West 20th Street New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47343 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Lighthouses : Cuvier Island '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Glausser , Wayne ( March 2003 ) . `` Stephen Maturin in the Age of Lamarck : A Fictional Restoration of Cuvier '' . Mosaic ( Winnipeg ) . 36 ( 1 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Courtesy of Questia . Jump up ^ IPNI . Cuvier . Bibliography ( edit ) Faria , F. ( 2012 ) . Georges Cuvier : do estudo dos fósseis à paleontologia . São Paulo : Scientiae Studia & Editora 34 . Coleman , W. ( 1962 ) . Georges Cuvier , Zoologist . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Cuvier , G. ( 1801 ) . `` Reptile volant '' . Journal de Physique , de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle. 52 : 253 -- 267 . Extrait d'un ouvrage sur les espèces de quadrupèdes dont on a trouvé les ossemens dans l'intérieur de la terre Cuvier , G. ( 1809 ) . `` Mémoire sur le squelette fossile d'un reptile volant des environs d'Aichstedt , que quelques naturalistes ont pris pour un oiseau , et dont nous formons un genre de Sauriens , sous le nom de Ptero - Dactyle '' . Annales du Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle , Paris . 13 : 424 -- 437 . Cuvier , G. ( Baron ) ( 1818 ) . Essay on the Theory of the Earth . New York : Kirk & Mercein . Cuvier , G. ( Baron ) ( 1827 ) . Essay on the Theory of the Earth ( 5th ed . ) . London : T. Cadell . Gillispie , Charles Coulson ( 1996 ) . Genesis and Geology . Harvard historical studies . 58 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 34481 - 5 . Hall , Brian Keith ( 1999 ) . Evolutionary Developmental Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 78590 - 0 . Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2006 ) . The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12598 - 5 . Jackson , John P. ; Weidman , Nadine M. ( 2005 ) . Race , Racism , and Science : Social Impact and Interaction . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3736 - 8 . Kidd , Colin ( 2006 ) . The Forging of Races : Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World , 1600 -- 2000 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79324 - 7 . Kuznar , Lawrence A. ( 30 September 2008 ) . Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology . Rowman Altamira . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1109 - 7 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Larson , Edward J. ( 2004 ) . Evolution : The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64288 - 9 . Lee , Mrs. R. ( 1833 ) . Memoirs of Baron Cuvier . London : Longman , Reese , Orme , Brown , Green , and Longman . McClellan , C. ( 2001 ) . `` The legacy of Georges Cuvier in Auguste Comte 's natural philosophy '' . Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 32 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / S0039 - 3681 ( 00 ) 00041 - 8 . Mayor , Adrienne ( 2011 ) ( 2000 ) . The First Fossil Hunters : Dinosaurs , Mammoths , and Myths in Greek and Roman Times . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15013 - 0 . Mayor , Adrienne ( 2005 ) . Fossil Legends of the First Americans . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13049 - 1 . Mayor , Adrienne ( 2008 ) . `` Suppression of Indigenous Fossil Knowledge '' in Agnology , ed R. Proctor and L. Schiebinger . Stanford CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5901 - 4 . Nordsieck , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Molluscs ( Mollusca ) '' . Molluscs.at . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . O'Neil , Dennis ( 2012 ) . `` Early Theories of Evolution : Pre-Darwinian Theories '' . Dennis O'Neil . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Racine , Valeria ( 2013 ) . `` Georges Cuvier ( 1769 - 1832 ) '' . Arizona Board . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Reiss , John O. ( 2009 ) . Not by Design : Retiring Darwin 's Watchmaker . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . Rudwick , Martin J.S. ( 1997 ) . Georges Cuvier , Fossil Bones , and Geological Catastrophes . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 73106 - 5 . Russell , E.S. ( 1982 ) . Form and Function : a Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Martina Kölbl - Ebert ( 2009 ) . Geology and Religion : A History of Harmony and Hostility . Geological Society of London . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86239 - 269 - 4 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Turner , John ( February 9 , 1984 ) , `` Why we need evolution by jerks '' , New Scientist , 101 ( 1396 ) , pp. 34 -- 35 , retrieved November 4 , 2012 Waggoner , Ben ( 1996 ) . `` Georges Cuvier ( 1769 -- 1832 ) '' . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Zimmer , Carl ( 2006 ) . Evolution : the Triumph of an Idea . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 113840 - 1 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Cuvier , Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert , Baron '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Histoire des travaux de Georges Cuvier ( 3rd ed . ) . Paris . 1858 . de Candolle , A.P. ( 1832 ) . `` Mort de G. Cuvier '' . Bibliothique universelle. 59 . p. 442 . Flourens , P.J.M. ( 1834 ) . Éloge historique de G. Cuvier . Published as an introduction to the Éloges historiques of Cuvier . Kolbert , Elizabeth . ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Annals of Extinction Part One : The Lost World . '' The New Yorker . p. 28 . ( 1 ) Profile of Cuvier and his work on extinction and taxonomy . Laurillard , C.L. ( 1836 ) . `` Cuvier '' . Biographie universelle . Supp . vol. 61 . Outram , Dorinda ( 1984 ) . Georges Cuvier : Vocation , Science and Authority in Post-Revolutionary France . Palgrave Macmillan . Corsi , Pietro ( 2005 ) . Rapport historique sur les progrès des sciences naturelles depuis 1789 , et sur leur état actuel , présenté à Sa Majesté l'Empereur et Roi , en son Conseil d'État , le 6 février 1808 , par la classe des sciences physiques et mathématiques de l'Institut ... conformément à l'arrêté du gouvernement du 13 ventôse an X . Paris . Taquet , Philippe ( 2006 ) . Georges Cuvier , Naissance d'un Génie . Paris : Odile jacob . ISBN 2 - 7381 - 0969 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georges Cuvier . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Georges Cuvier Wikisource has original works written by or about : Georges Cuvier Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cuvier , Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert , Baron . Works by or about Georges Cuvier at Internet Archive Victorian Web Bio Infoscience English translation of Discourses Cuvier 's principle of the correlation of parts Cuvier 's Elegy of Lamarck Georges Cuvier at Find a Grave Natural history Pioneering naturalists Classical antiquity Aristotle ( History of Animals ) Theophrastus ( Historia Plantarum ) Aelian ( De Natura Animalium ) Pliny the Elder ( Natural History ) Dioscorides ( De Materia Medica ) The Renaissance Gaspard Bauhin ( Pinax theatri botanici ) Otto Brunfels Hieronymus Bock Andrea Cesalpino Valerius Cordus Leonhart Fuchs Conrad Gessner ( Historia animalium ) Frederik Ruysch William Turner ( Avium Praecipuarum , New Herball ) John Gerard ( Herball , or Generall Historie of Plantes ) The Enlightenment Robert Hooke ( Micrographia ) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek William Derham Hans Sloane Carl Linnaeus ( Systema Naturae ) Georg Steller Joseph Banks Johan Christian Fabricius James Hutton John Ray ( Historia Plantarum ) Comte de Buffon ( Histoire Naturelle ) Bernard Germain de Lacépède Gilbert White ( The Natural History of Selborne ) Thomas Bewick ( A History of British Birds ) Jean - Baptiste Lamarck ( Philosophie Zoologique ) 19th century George Montagu ( Ornithological Dictionary ) Georges Cuvier ( Le Règne Animal ) William Smith Charles Darwin ( On the Origin of Species ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( The Malay Archipelago ) Henry Walter Bates ( The Naturalist on the River Amazons ) Alexander von Humboldt John James Audubon ( The Birds of America ) William Buckland Charles Lyell Mary Anning Jean - Henri Fabre Louis Agassiz Philip Henry Gosse Asa Gray William Jackson Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker William Jardine ( The Naturalist 's Library ) Ernst Haeckel ( Kunstformen der Natur ) Richard Lydekker ( The Royal Natural History ) 20th century Abbott Thayer ( Concealing - Coloration in the Animal Kingdom ) Hugh B. Cott ( Adaptive Coloration in Animals ) Niko Tinbergen ( The Study of Instinct ) Konrad Lorenz ( On Aggression ) Karl von Frisch ( The Dancing Bees ) Ronald Lockley ( Shearwaters ) Topics Natural history museums ( List ) Parson - naturalists ( List ) Natural History Societies List of natural history dealers Historical race concepts By color Black Bronze Brown Red White Yellow Anthropological Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Sub-types Alpine Arabid Armenoid Atlantid Borreby Brunn Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamitic Dravidian Irano - Afghan Japhetic Malay Mediterranean Neo-Mongoloid Neo-Danubian Nordic Northcaucasian Ladogan Lappish Pamirid Proto - Mongoloid Semitic Turanid Multiracial Miscegenation Ethnogenesis List of racially mixed groups Writers Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges - Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F.K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z . Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann Writings An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates ( 1744 ) The Outline of History of Mankind ( 1785 ) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question ( 1849 ) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( 1855 ) The Races of Europe ( Ripley , 1899 ) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( 1899 ) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples ( 1907 ) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics ( 1911 ) Castes in India : Their Mechanism , Genesis and Development ( 1916 ) The Passing of the Great Race ( 1916 ) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy ( 1920 ) The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( 1930 ) Annihilation of Caste ( 1936 ) The Races of Europe ( Coon , 1939 ) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus ( 1943 ) The Race Question ( 1950 ) Theories Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite Related History of anthropometry Racial categorization in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Scientific racism Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness in the United States Whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento Passing Racial stereotypes Martial race Master race Color names Colorism Négritude Académie française seat 35 Henri Louis Habert de Montmor ( 1634 ) Louis de Lavau ( 1679 ) François Lefebvre de Caumartin ( 1694 ) François - Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif ( 1733 ) Jean - Armand de Bessuéjouls Roquelaure ( 1771 ) Georges Cuvier ( 1818 ) André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( 1832 ) Alfred - Auguste Cuvillier - Fleury ( 1866 ) Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie ( 1888 ) Joseph Joffre ( 1918 ) Maxime Weygand ( 1931 ) Louis Leprince - Ringuet ( 1966 ) Yves Pouliquen ( 2001 ) Zoology Branches Anthropology Anthrozoology Apiology Arachnology Arthropodology Batrachology Cetology Coleopterology Conchology Entomology Ethology Helminthology Herpetology ( Ophiology ) Ichthyology Lepidopterology Malacology ( Teuthology ) Mammalogy Myrmecology Nematology Neuroethology Ornithology Paleozoology Planktology Primatology Theriology Zooarchaeology Zoosemiotics Zoologists Karl Ernst von Baer Richard C. Banks Georges Cuvier Charles Darwin Jean - Henri Fabre William Kirby Carl Linnaeus Konrad Lorenz Thomas Say Jakob von Uexküll Alfred Russel Wallace more ... History Pre-Darwin Post-Darwin Timeline of zoology Animals portal Biology portal VIAF : 4981028 LCCN : n79144758 ISNI : 0000 0001 2098 7912 GND : 118677578 SELIBR : 182950 SUDOC : 030819121 BNF : cb12215786p ( data ) ULAN : 500255890 NLA : 35032897 NDL : 00620547 NKC : jn20000601238 Léonore : LH / 643 / 10 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ UFIV \ 072207 Botanist : Cuvier BNE : XX896482 CiNii : DA02579944 IATH : w61j9cn4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Cuvier&oldid=801424868 '' Categories : French naturalists French zoologists French paleontologists Taxa named by Georges Cuvier 1769 births 1832 deaths French ichthyologists French malacologists French ornithologists French taxonomists Teuthologists French science writers Barons of France Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Members of the French Academy of Sciences Members of the Académie française Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles - Lettres Chancellors of the University of Paris Collège de France faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy French Lutherans People from Montbéliard Infectious disease deaths in France Deaths from cholera Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery French male writers 19th - century male writers 18th - century French writers 19th - century French writers 18th - century French zoologists 19th - century French zoologists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Botanists with author abbreviations Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles with Internet Archive links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 16 : 04 . 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